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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonders_of_the_Solar_System_(book)
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Wonders of the Solar System (book)
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["1 References"]
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Book by Brian Cox
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Wonders of the Solar System AuthorBrian Cox, Andrew CohenLanguageEnglishSubjectPhysics, cosmology, universeGenreNon-fictionPublisherCollinsPublication date2010Pages256 pp.ISBN9780007386901Preceded byWhy Does E=mc2? Followed byWonders of the Universe
Wonders of the Solar System is a 2010 book by the theoretical physicists Brian Cox and Andrew Cohen. The book is about the universe, cosmology as well as the Solar System, and is explained in a way that is accessible to a general reader. The book is based on a series with the same name, Wonders of the Solar System.
References
^ Wollaston, Sam (8 March 2010). "Wonders of the Solar System and A Kick in the Head | TV Review". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
This article about a physics-related book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facing_the_Flag
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Facing the Flag
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["1 Plot","2 Response","3 Politics","4 Legacy","5 References","6 External links"]
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1896 novel by Jules Verne
Facing the Flag AuthorJules VerneOriginal titleFace au drapeauTranslatorCashel HoeyIllustratorLéon BenettLanguageFrenchSeriesThe Extraordinary Voyages #42GenreAdventure novel, Science fictionPublisherPierre-Jules HetzelPublication date1896Publication placeFrancePublished in English1897Media typePrint (Hardback)Preceded byPropeller Island Followed byClovis Dardentor
Facing the Flag or For the Flag (French: Face au drapeau) is an 1896 patriotic novel by Jules Verne. The book is part of the Voyages extraordinaires series.
Like The Begum's Millions, which Verne published in 1879, it has the theme of France and the entire world threatened by a super-weapon with the threat finally overcome through the force of French patriotism.
Plot
Thomas Roch, a brilliant French inventor, has designed the Fulgurator, a weapon so powerful that "the state which acquired it would become absolute master of earth and ocean." Unable to sell his unproven idea, Roch becomes bitter, megalomaniacal and paranoid. The United States Government reacts by tucking him away at a luxurious asylum in New Bern, North Carolina, where he is visited by Ker Karraje, a notorious pirate of Malagasy origin.
Karraje and his men kidnap Roch and his attendant Gaydon from the asylum and bring him to their hide-out—the island of Back Cup in the Bermudas. Here a wide cavern, accessible only by submerged submarine, has been made into a well-equipped pirate base. It is revealed that Gaydon is actually Simon Hart, a French engineer and explosives expert sent to spy on Roch and gain his confidence. Roch begins constructing his fearsome weapon, happily unaware that he is nothing but a glorified prisoner in the pirate's hands.
Hart succeeds in secretly sending out a message in a metal keg, giving the full details of Karraje's operations and his impending acquisition of the Fulgurator. The message gets through to the British authorities at their nearby naval base in Bermuda, and the British Navy sends a submarine, HMS Sword, to find Hart. The submarine's crew makes contact with Hart, and take him and Roch on board, but the Sword is discovered, attacked and sunk by the pirates. The unconscious Hart and Roch are extracted from the sunken British sub by pirate divers, leaving the entire British crew to perish. Hart manages to avoid suspicions of his actions.
Meanwhile, Roch's weapon is completed and becomes operational. Roch has no compunction in using it on British or American ships, and the first cruiser to approach the island is easily destroyed with only a handful of its crew surviving. Next, a ship arrives from France and Roch refuses to fire on his own country's ship. He struggles with the pirates, who try to seize the Deflagrator. During the struggle, Roch blows up himself, his weapon, and the pirates, along with the entire island. The single survivor of the cataclysm is Simon Hart, whose unconscious body with the diary at his side is found by the landing French sailors. Hart is eventually revived, to be amply rewarded for his dedication to his country.
Response
Following publication of the book, Verne was sued by the chemist Eugène Turpin, inventor of the explosive Melinite, who recognized himself in the character of Roch and was not amused. Turpin had tried to sell his invention to the French government, which in 1885 refused it, though later purchasing it (it was extensively used in the First World War); but Turpin had never gone mad, nor did he ever offer his invention to any but the Government of France, so he had some justified grievance. Verne was successfully defended by Raymond Poincaré, later president of France. A letter to Verne's brother Paul seems to suggest, however, that after all Turpin was indeed the model for Roch. The character of Roch and his revolutionary powerful explosive might also have been inspired by the real-life Alfred Nobel who invented dynamite and later reportedly regretted having introduced such a destructive force into the world.
Politics
The book was written and published when France was in the throes of the Dreyfus Affair, Frenchmen were deeply divided over whether or not the Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus was guilty of treason and espionage on behalf of the hated Germany (and over more fundamental issues bound up with the Dreyfus case). The question whether or not Verne was an anti-semite is hotly debated; while Walter A. McDougall finds "no overt evidence of anti-Semitism on Verne's part," Brian Taves and Jean-Michel Margot note that his Off on a Comet contains "unflattering Shylock-style stereotypes." In 1899 Verne came to support a judicial review of the Dreyfus case.
Legacy
Film historian Thomas C. Renzi considers Roch the archetype of the "mad scientist," the thriller fiction stock character of a monomaniac whose warped genius endangers the world. If so, much of 20th-century thriller fiction, including such films as Thunderball and Barbarella, may be considered direct descendants of Facing the Flag.
In 1958, Czech director Karel Zeman used the novel as the basis for his 1958 film Vynález zkázy (a.k.a. The Deadly Invention and The Fabulous World of Jules Verne). The film, which made considerable use of the steel engravings in the original editions of Verne's novels, won the Grand Prix at the International Film Festival at Expo 58 in Brussels.
In 2012 French comics artist Goux adapted the novel into a comic book, Le Fulgurateur Roch.
References
^ Canavan, Gerry (2018). The Cambridge History of Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-31-669437-4
^ a b Butcher, William. "A Chronology of Jules Verne". Jules Verne Collection. Zvi Har’El. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Pérez, Ariel; Garmt de Vries; Jean-Michel Margot. "Jules Verne FAQ". Jules Verne Collection. Zvi Har’El. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ McDougall, Walter (September 2001). "Journey to the Center of Jules Verne… and Us". Watch on the West: A Newsletter of FPRI's Center for the Study of America and the West. 2 (4). Archived from the original on 8 August 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Taves, Brian; Jean-Michel Margot (November 1997). "Books in Review: An Ordinary Treatment of the Voyages Extraordinaires". Science-Fiction Studies. XXIV (73). Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Evans, Arthur B. (November 1999). "An Exercise in Creative Genealogy". Science Fiction Studies. 26 (79). Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Pišťanek, Peter (2009-09-17). "Karel Zeman Génius animovaného filmu". SME. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
^ "Christian Goux".
External links
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Face au drapeau
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Facing the Flag.
Works related to Facing the Flag at Wikisource
Facing the Flag at Standard Ebooks
Facing the Flag at Project Gutenberg
Original French text Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
For the Flag English text version with full page cover and page images from the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature and the University of Florida Digital Collections
Facing the Flag public domain audiobook at LibriVox
vteWorks by Jules VerneVoyagesextraordinaires
Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863)
Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864)
From the Earth to the Moon (1865)
The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (1866)
In Search of the Castaways (1867–68)
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1869–70)
Around the Moon (1870)
A Floating City (1871)
The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (1872)
The Fur Country (1873)
Around the World in Eighty Days (1873)
The Mysterious Island (1874–75)
The Survivors of the Chancellor (1875)
Michael Strogoff (1876)
Off on a Comet (1877)
The Child of the Cavern (1877)
Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (1878)
The Begum's Fortune (1879)
Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (1879)
The Steam House (1880)
Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (1881)
Godfrey Morgan (1882)
The Green Ray (1882)
Kéraban the Inflexible (1883)
The Vanished Diamond (1884)
The Archipelago on Fire (1884)
Mathias Sandorf (1885)
The Lottery Ticket (1886)
Robur the Conqueror (1886)
North Against South (1887)
The Flight to France (1887)
Two Years' Vacation (1888)
Family Without a Name (1889)
The Purchase of the North Pole (1889)
César Cascabel (1890)
Mistress Branican (1891)
The Carpathian Castle (1892)
Claudius Bombarnac (1892)
Foundling Mick (1893)
Captain Antifer (1894)
Propeller Island (1895)
Facing the Flag (1896)
Clovis Dardentor (1896)
An Antarctic Mystery (1897)
The Mighty Orinoco (1898)
The Will of an Eccentric (1899)
The Castaways of the Flag (1900)
The Village in the Treetops (1901)
The Sea Serpent (1901)
The Kip Brothers (1902)
Travel Scholarships (1903)
A Drama in Livonia (1904)
Master of the World (1904)
Invasion of the Sea (1905)
Other worksNovels
A Priest in 1839 (ca. 1845)
The Waif of the Cynthia (1885)
The Lighthouse at the End of the World (1905)
The Golden Volcano (1906)
The Chase of the Golden Meteor (1908)
The Danube Pilot (1908)
The Survivors of the "Jonathan" (1909)
The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz (1910)
The Barsac Mission (1919)
Backwards to Britain (1989, written 1859)
Paris in the Twentieth Century (1994, written 1863)
Collections
Doctor Ox (1874)
Yesterday and Tomorrow (1910)
Shortstories
"A Drama in Mexico" (1851)
"A Drama in the Air" (1851)
"Martin Paz" (1852)
"Master Zacharius" (1854)
"A Winter amid the Ice" (1855)
"The Count of Chanteleine" (1864)
"The Blockade Runners" (1865)
"Dr. Ox's Experiment" (1872)
"An Ideal City" (1875)
"The Mutineers of the Bounty" (1879)
"Ten Hours Hunting" (1881)
"Frritt-Flacc" (1884)
"Gil Braltar" (1887)
"In the Year 2889" (1889)
"Adventures of the Rat Family" (1891)
"Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat" (1893)
"The Eternal Adam" (1910)
Plays
The Broken Straws (1850)
Mona Lisa (1852)
Blind Man's Buff (1853)
The Adoptive Son (1853
Knights of the Daffodil (1855)
Mr. Chimpanzee (1858)
The Inn in the Ardennes (1860)
Eleven Days' Siege (1861)
A Nephew from America (1873)
Around the World in 80 Days (1874)
The Children of Captain Grant (1878)
Michael Strogoff (1880)
Journey Through the Impossible (1882)
Kéraban the Pigheaded (1883)
Related
The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne (1907)
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Beluga Nomination incident
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Pirates inpopularcultureFictional pirates
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VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"patriotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Voyages extraordinaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyages_extraordinaires"},{"link_name":"The Begum's Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Begum%27s_Millions"}],"text":"Facing the Flag or For the Flag (French: Face au drapeau) is an 1896 patriotic novel by Jules Verne. The book is part of the Voyages extraordinaires series.Like The Begum's Millions, which Verne published in 1879, it has the theme of France and the entire world threatened by a super-weapon with the threat finally overcome through the force of French patriotism.","title":"Facing the Flag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inventor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor"},{"link_name":"New Bern, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_people"},{"link_name":"Bermudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudas"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"HMS Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sword"}],"text":"Thomas Roch, a brilliant French inventor, has designed the Fulgurator, a weapon so powerful that \"the state which acquired it would become absolute master of earth and ocean.\" Unable to sell his unproven idea, Roch becomes bitter, megalomaniacal and paranoid. The United States Government reacts by tucking him away at a luxurious asylum in New Bern, North Carolina, where he is visited by Ker Karraje, a notorious pirate of Malagasy origin.Karraje and his men kidnap Roch and his attendant Gaydon from the asylum and bring him to their hide-out—the island of Back Cup in the Bermudas. Here a wide cavern, accessible only by submerged submarine, has been made into a well-equipped pirate base. It is revealed that Gaydon is actually Simon Hart, a French engineer and explosives expert sent to spy on Roch and gain his confidence. Roch begins constructing his fearsome weapon, happily unaware that he is nothing but a glorified prisoner in the pirate's hands.Hart succeeds in secretly sending out a message in a metal keg, giving the full details of Karraje's operations and his impending acquisition of the Fulgurator. The message gets through to the British authorities at their nearby naval base in Bermuda, and the British Navy sends a submarine, HMS Sword, to find Hart. The submarine's crew makes contact with Hart, and take him and Roch on board, but the Sword is discovered, attacked and sunk by the pirates. The unconscious Hart and Roch are extracted from the sunken British sub by pirate divers, leaving the entire British crew to perish. Hart manages to avoid suspicions of his actions.Meanwhile, Roch's weapon is completed and becomes operational. Roch has no compunction in using it on British or American ships, and the first cruiser to approach the island is easily destroyed with only a handful of its crew surviving. Next, a ship arrives from France and Roch refuses to fire on his own country's ship. He struggles with the pirates, who try to seize the Deflagrator. During the struggle, Roch blows up himself, his weapon, and the pirates, along with the entire island. The single survivor of the cataclysm is Simon Hart, whose unconscious body with the diary at his side is found by the landing French sailors. Hart is eventually revived, to be amply rewarded for his dedication to his country.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugène Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Turpin"},{"link_name":"Melinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picric_acid"},{"link_name":"Raymond Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alfred Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel"},{"link_name":"dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butcher-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-3"}],"text":"Following publication of the book, Verne was sued by the chemist Eugène Turpin, inventor of the explosive Melinite, who recognized himself in the character of Roch and was not amused. Turpin had tried to sell his invention to the French government, which in 1885 refused it, though later purchasing it (it was extensively used in the First World War); but Turpin had never gone mad, nor did he ever offer his invention to any but the Government of France, so he had some justified grievance. Verne was successfully defended by Raymond Poincaré, later president of France. A letter to Verne's brother Paul seems to suggest, however, that after all Turpin was indeed the model for Roch. The character of Roch and his revolutionary powerful explosive might also have been inspired by the real-life Alfred Nobel who invented dynamite and later reportedly regretted having introduced such a destructive force into the world.[2][3]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dreyfus Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"anti-semite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-semite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDougall-4"},{"link_name":"Off on a Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_on_a_Comet"},{"link_name":"Shylock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taves-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butcher-2"}],"text":"The book was written and published when France was in the throes of the Dreyfus Affair, Frenchmen were deeply divided over whether or not the Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus was guilty of treason and espionage on behalf of the hated Germany (and over more fundamental issues bound up with the Dreyfus case). The question whether or not Verne was an anti-semite is hotly debated; while Walter A. McDougall finds \"no overt evidence of anti-Semitism on Verne's part,\"[4] Brian Taves and Jean-Michel Margot note that his Off on a Comet contains \"unflattering Shylock-style stereotypes.\"[5] In 1899 Verne came to support a judicial review of the Dreyfus case.[2]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Film historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_historian"},{"link_name":"archetype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"},{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"},{"link_name":"thriller fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_fiction"},{"link_name":"stock character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_character"},{"link_name":"thriller fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_fiction"},{"link_name":"Thunderball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderball_(film)"},{"link_name":"Barbarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarella_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-6"},{"link_name":"Karel Zeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Zeman"},{"link_name":"Vynález zkázy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyn%C3%A1lez_zk%C3%A1zy"},{"link_name":"steel engravings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_engraving"},{"link_name":"Expo 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_58"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SME-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Film historian Thomas C. Renzi considers Roch the archetype of the \"mad scientist,\" the thriller fiction stock character of a monomaniac whose warped genius endangers the world. If so, much of 20th-century thriller fiction, including such films as Thunderball and Barbarella, may be considered direct descendants of Facing the Flag.[6]In 1958, Czech director Karel Zeman used the novel as the basis for his 1958 film Vynález zkázy (a.k.a. The Deadly Invention and The Fabulous World of Jules Verne). The film, which made considerable use of the steel engravings in the original editions of Verne's novels, won the Grand Prix at the International Film Festival at Expo 58 in Brussels.[7]In 2012 French comics artist Goux adapted the novel into a comic book, Le Fulgurateur Roch.[8]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Butcher, William. \"A Chronology of Jules Verne\". Jules Verne Collection. Zvi Har’El. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100329104431/http://jv.gilead.org.il/butcher/chron.html","url_text":"\"A Chronology of Jules Verne\""},{"url":"http://jv.gilead.org.il/butcher/chron.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pérez, Ariel; Garmt de Vries; Jean-Michel Margot. \"Jules Verne FAQ\". Jules Verne Collection. Zvi Har’El. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180925031133/http://jv.gilead.org.il/FAQ/#C9","url_text":"\"Jules Verne FAQ\""},{"url":"http://jv.gilead.org.il/FAQ/#C9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDougall, Walter (September 2001). \"Journey to the Center of Jules Verne… and Us\". Watch on the West: A Newsletter of FPRI's Center for the Study of America and the West. 2 (4). Archived from the original on 8 August 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060808195155/http://www.fpri.org/ww/0204.200109.mcdougall.vernes.html","url_text":"\"Journey to the Center of Jules Verne… and Us\""},{"url":"http://www.fpri.org/ww/0204.200109.mcdougall.vernes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taves, Brian; Jean-Michel Margot (November 1997). \"Books in Review: An Ordinary Treatment of the Voyages Extraordinaires\". Science-Fiction Studies. XXIV (73). Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110425094844/http://jv.gilead.org.il/taves/taves73.html","url_text":"\"Books in Review: An Ordinary Treatment of the Voyages Extraordinaires\""},{"url":"http://jv.gilead.org.il/taves/taves73.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Arthur B. (November 1999). \"An Exercise in Creative Genealogy\". Science Fiction Studies. 26 (79). Retrieved 24 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/birs/bir79.htm","url_text":"\"An Exercise in Creative Genealogy\""}]},{"reference":"Pišťanek, Peter (2009-09-17). \"Karel Zeman Génius animovaného filmu\". SME. Retrieved 1 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://kultura.sme.sk/c/5019919/karel-zeman-genius-animovaneho-filmu.html","url_text":"\"Karel Zeman Génius animovaného filmu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SME_(newspaper)","url_text":"SME"}]},{"reference":"\"Christian Goux\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/goux.htm","url_text":"\"Christian Goux\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Ohm
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Jörg Ohm
|
["1 Honors","2 References"]
|
East German footballer (1944–2020)
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Jörg Ohm
Jörg Ohm in 1973Personal informationFull name
Jörg OhmDate of birth
(1944-03-14)14 March 1944Place of birth
Haldensleben, GermanyDate of death
21 May 2020(2020-05-21) (aged 76)Place of death
GermanyHeight
1.79 m (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
DefenderYouth career0000–1962
Lok HaldenslebenSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1962–1968
Chemie Leipzig
33
1968–1974
1. FC Magdeburg
78
1974–1976
1. FC Magdeburg II
International career1962
East Germany Under-21
4
Managerial career1976–1981
Stahl Blankenburg1981–1983
Lokomotive Stendal1983–1984
Chemie Ilmenau
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Jörg Ohm (14 March 1944 – 21 May 2020) was an East German football player who played in the DDR-Oberliga for both Chemie Leipzig and 1. FC Magdeburg. As a defender he won the championship four times between 1964 and 1975.
Ohm began to play football in the youth department of BSG Lokomotive Haldensleben, north of Magdeburg. In 1962 he joined the focus club of BSG Lokomotive, SC Lokomotive Leipzig, after playing four matches for the youth national team in the spring.
When football in Leipzig was reorganized in 1963, Ohm belonged to the players that joined BSG Chemie Leipzig – those players were thought to have less potential than their comrades who joined SC Leipzig. However, at the end of the 1963–64 season, BSG Chemie Leipzig won the championship, with Ohm appearing in four matches. He stayed with Chemie Leipzig until 1968 and appeared in 33 matches for the side. However, when they won the FDGB-Pokal in 1966, Ohm was missing from the final squad.
At the beginning of the 1968–69 season, Ohm joined 1. FC Magdeburg and won the cup for the first time in 1969. Not only did he play in the final this time, but also scored two goals in Magdeburg's 4–0 victory over FC Karl-Marx-Stadt. Three more seasons followed Ohm's second title. He was part of Magdeburg's championship squad in 1972 (7 matches), 1974 (3), and 1975 (3). However, he was neither part of the team that won the FDGB-Pokal again in 1973 nor did he play in the 1974 European Cup Winners' Cup Final when 1. FC Magdeburg won the title by defeating AC Milan. In fact, Ohm only played in one first round match in this European cup season. 1974 also marks the end of Ohm's Oberliga career. In his six years with 1. FC Magdeburg, he had played in 78 matches, bringing his total to 111. He went on to play for Magdeburg's reserve team until 1976, when the club retired him officially before Magdeburg met F.C. Hansa Rostock in the Oberliga.
After his playing career Ohm turned to managing, taking over second-tier club Stahl Blankenburg in 1976. The team had finished 9th in the previous season, and Ohm led them to four second and one third rank in the second-tier DDR-Liga, division C. Between 1981 and 1983 Ohm was in charge of another DDR-Liga side, Lokomotive Stendal, but saw the clubs relegated to the third-tier Bezirksliga in 1983. His last management job saw him take over Chemie Ilmenau for the 1983–84 season, but the team only finished in 9th place. Until 2006, Ohm served on the board of Lok Stendal.
Honors
DDR-Oberliga: 4
1964, 1972, 1974, 1975
FDGB-Pokal: 1
Winner 1969
References
^ "Jörg Ohm" (in German). abschied-nehmen.de. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ Mastrogiannopoulos, Alexander (16 October 2005). "East Germany 1963/64". RSSSF. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
^ Mastrogiannopoulos, Alexander (16 October 2005). "East Germany 1965/66". RSSSF. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
^ Mastrogiannopoulos, Alexander (16 October 2005). "East Germany 1968/69". RSSSF. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Chemie Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sachsen_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"1. FC Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"BSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebssportgemeinschaft_(GDR)"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"SC Lokomotive Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sachsen_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"SC Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Lok_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"1963–64 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FDGB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965%E2%80%9366_FDGB-Pokal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"FC Karl-Marx-Stadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitzer_FC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1974 European Cup Winners' Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"AC Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Milan"},{"link_name":"F.C. Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Hansa_Rostock"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"Lokomotive Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Lok_Stendal"}],"text":"Jörg Ohm (14 March 1944 – 21 May 2020)[1] was an East German football player who played in the DDR-Oberliga for both Chemie Leipzig and 1. FC Magdeburg. As a defender he won the championship four times between 1964 and 1975.Ohm began to play football in the youth department of BSG Lokomotive Haldensleben, north of Magdeburg. In 1962 he joined the focus club of BSG Lokomotive, SC Lokomotive Leipzig, after playing four matches for the youth national team in the spring.When football in Leipzig was reorganized in 1963, Ohm belonged to the players that joined BSG Chemie Leipzig – those players were thought to have less potential than their comrades who joined SC Leipzig. However, at the end of the 1963–64 season, BSG Chemie Leipzig won the championship, with Ohm appearing in four matches.[2] He stayed with Chemie Leipzig until 1968 and appeared in 33 matches for the side. However, when they won the FDGB-Pokal in 1966, Ohm was missing from the final squad.[3]At the beginning of the 1968–69 season, Ohm joined 1. FC Magdeburg and won the cup for the first time in 1969. Not only did he play in the final this time, but also scored two goals in Magdeburg's 4–0 victory over FC Karl-Marx-Stadt.[4] Three more seasons followed Ohm's second title. He was part of Magdeburg's championship squad in 1972 (7 matches), 1974 (3), and 1975 (3). However, he was neither part of the team that won the FDGB-Pokal again in 1973 nor did he play in the 1974 European Cup Winners' Cup Final when 1. FC Magdeburg won the title by defeating AC Milan. In fact, Ohm only played in one first round match in this European cup season. 1974 also marks the end of Ohm's Oberliga career. In his six years with 1. FC Magdeburg, he had played in 78 matches, bringing his total to 111. He went on to play for Magdeburg's reserve team until 1976, when the club retired him officially before Magdeburg met F.C. Hansa Rostock in the Oberliga.After his playing career Ohm turned to managing, taking over second-tier club Stahl Blankenburg in 1976. The team had finished 9th in the previous season, and Ohm led them to four second and one third rank in the second-tier DDR-Liga, division C. Between 1981 and 1983 Ohm was in charge of another DDR-Liga side, Lokomotive Stendal, but saw the clubs relegated to the third-tier Bezirksliga in 1983. His last management job saw him take over Chemie Ilmenau for the 1983–84 season, but the team only finished in 9th place. Until 2006, Ohm served on the board of Lok Stendal.","title":"Jörg Ohm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"FDGB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_FDGB-Pokal"}],"text":"DDR-Oberliga: 4\n1964, 1972, 1974, 1975\nFDGB-Pokal: 1\nWinner 1969","title":"Honors"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Junior_Judo_Championships
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European Junior Judo Championships
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["1 Competitions","2 Team competitions","3 See also","4 References"]
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Judo competition
European Junior Judo ChampionshipsCurrent event or competition:2024 European Junior Judo ChampionshipsCompetition detailsDisciplineJudoTypeAnnualOrganiserEuropean Judo Union (EJU)HistoryFirst edition1960 in Amsterdam, NetherlandsEditions64Most recentThe Hague 2023
The European Junior Judo Championships are annual judo competitions organized by the European Judo Union for European judoka aged 21 and younger.
The last contest took place in The Hague, Netherlands. The next will take place in Tallinn, Estonia.
Competitions
Edition
Year
Dates
City and host country
Venue
# Countries
# Athletes
Ref.
1
1960
14–15 May
Amsterdam, Netherlands
2
1961
10– March
Milan, Italy
3
1962
Essen, West Germany
4
1963
10 May
Geneva, Switzerland
5
1964
25–26 April
Berlin, East Germany
6
1965
13 May
Scheveningen, Netherlands
7
1966
19–20 March
Lyon, France
8
1967
1–2 April
Lisbon, Portugal
9
1968
9–10 March
London, United Kingdom
10
1969
21–22 March
West Berlin, West Germany
11
1970
14– March
Bordeaux, France
12
1971
13 March
Napoli, Italy
13
1972
11–12 March
Leningrad, Soviet Union
14
1973
10–11 March
Ostend, Belgium
15
1974
15–16 November
Tel Aviv, Israel
16
1975
15–16 November
Turku, Finland
17
1976
13–14 November
Łódź, Poland
18
1977
5–6 November
Berlin, East Germany
19
1978
15–19 November
Miskolc, Hungary
20
1979
1–4 November
Edinburgh, Scotland
21
1980
14–16 November
Lisbon, Portugal
22
1981
30 Oct – 1 Nov
San Marino, San Marino
23
1982
29–31 October
Târgoviște, Romania
24
1983
11–13 November
Arnhem, Netherlands
25
1984
2–4 November
Cádiz, Spain
26
1985
15–17 November
Delémont, Switzerland
27
1986
7–9 November
Leonding, Austria
28
1987
5–8 November
Wrocław, Poland
29
1988
24–27 November
Vienna, Austria
30
1989
23–26 November
Athens, Greece
31
1990
15–18 November
Ankara, Turkey
32
1991
14–17 November
Pieksämäki, Finland
33
1992
23–26 November
Jerusalem, Israel
34
1993
18–21 November
Arnhem, Netherlands
35
1994
17–20 November
Lisbon, Portugal
36
1995
16–19 November
Valladolid, Spain
37
1996
14–17 November
Monte Carlo, Monaco
38
1997
13–16 November
Ljubljana, Slovenia
39
1998
19–22 November
Bucharest, Romania
40
1999
19–21 November
Rome, Italy
41
2000
8–10 December
Nicosia, Cyprus
42
2001
16–18 November
Budapest, Hungary
43
2002
14–17 November
Rotterdam, Netherlands
44
2003
21–23 November
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
45
2004
10–12 September
Sofia, Bulgaria
46
2005
30 Sep – 7 Oct
Zagreb, Croatia
47
2006
8–10 September
Tallinn, Estonia
48
2007
5–7 October
Prague, Czech Republic
49
2008
12–14 September
Warsaw, Poland
50
2009
11–13 September
Yerevan, Armenia
51
2010
17–19 September
Samokov, Bulgaria
52
2011
16–18 September
Lommel, Belgium
Arena De Soeverein
53
2012
21–23 September
Poreč, Croatia
Žatika Sport Centre
54
2013
20–22 September
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zetra Olympic Hall
55
2014
19–21 September
Bucharest, Romania
Polyvalent Hall
40
409
56
2015
18–20 September
Oberwart, Austria
Burgenlandhalle Exhibition Hall
41
396
57
2016
16–18 September
Málaga, Spain
José María Martín Carpena Arena
41
405
58
2017
15–17 September
Maribor, Slovenia
Ljudski vrt Sports Hall
41
402
59
2018
13–16 September
Sofia, Bulgaria
Asics Arena Sports Hall
42
404
60
2019
12–15 September
Vantaa, Finland
Energia Areena
44
342
61
2020
4–6 November
Poreč, Croatia
Intersport Hall
37
356
62
2021
9–12 September
Luxembourg, Luxembourg
d'Coque
43
351
63
2022
15–18 September
Prague, Czech Republic
UNYP Arena
39
349
64
2023
7–10 September
The Hague, Netherlands
Sportcampus Zuiderpark
43
366
65
2024
5–8 September
Tallinn, Estonia
Team competitions
Men's team
Year
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Ref.
2014
Georgia
Ukraine
France
Germany
2015
Russia
Germany
Georgia
Belarus
2016
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Italy
Russia
2017
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Great Britain
Russia
Women's team
Year
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Ref.
2014
Croatia
France
Russia
Italy
2015
France
Slovenia
Russia
Germany
2016
Germany
Russia
Croatia
France
2017
France
Netherlands
Russia
Germany
Mixed team
Year
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Ref.
2018
Russia
France
Germany
Netherlands
2019
Russia
Italy
Germany
Georgia
2021
France
Turkey
Russia
Netherlands
2022
France
Turkey
Georgia
Azerbaijan
2023
Georgia
Netherlands
France
Portugal
See also
European Judo Championships
European U23 Judo Championships
European Cadet Judo Championships
References
^ a b EJU Media (16 September 2022). "The Hague to host Junior European Championships 2023". European Judo Union. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ a b "Tallinn European Judo Championships Juniors Tallinn (Ind.+MT) 2024". European Judo Union. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ "1960 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1961 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1962 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1963 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1964 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1965 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1966 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1967 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1968 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1969 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1970 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1971 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "1972 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1973 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1974 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1975 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1976 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1977 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1978 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1979 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1980 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1981 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1982 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1983 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1984 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1985 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1986 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1987 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1988 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1989 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1990 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1991 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1992 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1993 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1994 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1995 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1996 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1997 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1998 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "1999 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2000 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2001 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2002 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2003 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2004 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2005 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2006 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2007 European U20 Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2007 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2008 European U20 Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2008 European U20 Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2009 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2009 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2010 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2010 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2011 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2011 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2012 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2012 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2013 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2013 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2014 European Junior Championships – Individual". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2014 European Junior Championships – Teams". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2014 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2014 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2014 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2015 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2015 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2015 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2015 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2016 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2016 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2016 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2016 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2017 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2017 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2017 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2017 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2018 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2018 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2018 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2018 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2019 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2019 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2019 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2019 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2020 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2020 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2020 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2020 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2021 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2021 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2021 European Junior Championships". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ "2021 European Junior Championships". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "2022 European Junior Championships". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^ "2022 European Junior Championships". European Judo Union. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
^ "European Judo Championships Juniors Hague 2023". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ "Junior European Championships The Hague". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ "European Championship -21 years". Netherlands Judo Association (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ a b "European Junior Team Championships Bucharest". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "European Championships Juniors Teams". European Judo Union. 21 September 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "Junior European Judo Championships Team". European Judo Union. 20 September 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "Team Sheet" (PDF). European Judo Union. 20 September 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "European Junior Team Championships Oberwart". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "European Judo Championship Teams 2016" (PDF). European Judo Union. 18 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "European Junior Team Championships Malaga". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "Junior European Judo Championships Teams" (PDF). European Judo Union. 17 September 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ a b "European Junior Team Championships Maribor". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "Junior European Team Championships 2018" (PDF). European Judo Union. 15 September 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "European Junior Mixed Team Sofia". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "Junior European Judo Championships Mix Team" (PDF). European Judo Union. 15 September 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "European Junior Mixed Team Vantaa". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "European Junior Mixed Team Championships 2021 — Results". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "European Junior Mixed Team Championships 2021" (PDF). European Judo Union. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "European Junior Mixed Team Luxembourg". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "European Junior Mixed Team Championships 2022 — Results". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "European Judo Championships Junior Mixed Team The Hague 2023 — Results". Judo TV. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
vteEuropean Judo ChampionshipsIndividualMen's
Paris 1951
Paris 1952
London 1953
Brussels 1954
Paris 1955
Vienna 1956
Rotterdam 1957
Barcelona 1958
Vienna 1959
Amsterdam 1960
Milan 1961
Essen 1962
Geneva 1963
East Berlin 1964
Madrid 1965
Luxembourg 1966
Rome 1967
Lausanne 1968
Ostend 1969
East Berlin 1970
Gothenburg 1971
Voorburg 1972
Madrid 1973
London 1974
Lyon 1975
Kyiv 1976
Ludwigshafen 1977
Helsinki 1978
Brussels 1979
Vienna 1980
Debrecen 1981
Rostock 1982
Paris 1983
Liège 1984
Hamar 1985
Belgrade 1986
Women's
Munich 1976
Vienna 1976
Arlon 1977
Cologne 1978
Kerkrade 1979
Udune 1980
Madrid 1981
Oslo 1982
Genoa 1983
Pirmasens 1984
Landskrona 1985
London 1986
Combined
Paris 1987
Pamplona 1988
Helsinki 1989
Frankfurt 1990
Prague 1991
Paris 1992
Athens 1993
Gdańsk 1994
Birmingham 1995
The Hague 1996
Ostend 1997
Oviedo 1998
Bratislava 1999
Wrocław 2000
Paris 2001
Maribor 2002
Düsseldorf 2003
Bucharest 2004
Rotterdam 2005
Tampere 2006
Belgrade 2007
Lisbon 2008
Tbilisi 2009
Vienna 2010
Istanbul 2011
Chelyabinsk 2012
Budapest 2013
Montpellier 2014
Baku 2015
Kazan 2016
Warsaw 2017
Tel Aviv 2018
Minsk 2019
Prague 2020
Lisbon 2021
Sofia 2022
Montpellier 2023
Zagreb 2024
Podgorica 2025
Open weight
Budapest 2004
Moscow 2005
Novi Sad 2006
Warsaw 2007
TeamMen's
Madrid 1973
London 1974
Lyon 1975
Kyiv 1976
Ludwigshafen 1977
Paris 1978
Brescia 1979
The Hague 1980
Milan 1982
Paris 1984
Men's / Women's
Brussels 1985
Novi Sad 1986
Paris 1987
Visé 1988
Vienna 1989
Dubrovnik 1990
‘s-Hertogenbosch 1991
Leonding 1992
Frankfurt 1993
The Hague 1994
Trnava 1995
St. Petersburg 1996
Rome 1997
Villach 1998
Istanbul 1999
Aalst 2000
Madrid 2001
Maribor 2002
London/Oradea 2003
Paris 2004
Debrecen 2005
Belgrade 2006
Minsk 2007
Moscow 2008
Miskolc 2009
M
W
Vienna 2010
M
W
Istanbul 2011
M
W
Chelyabinsk 2012
M
W
Budapest 2013
M
W
Montpellier 2014
M
W
Baku 2015
M
W
Kazan 2016
M
W
Warsaw 2017
M
W
Mixed
Yekaterinburg 2018
Minsk 2019
Bucharest 2020
Ufa 2021
Mulhouse 2022
Kraków 2023
Zagreb 2024
European Cadet Judo Championships (U18)
European Junior Judo Championships (U21)
European U23 Judo Championships
IBSA European Judo Championships (Blind)
List of medalists
vteEuropean Junior Judo Championships1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
vteInternational judo
IJF
World Tour
World Masters
World Championships (U18, U21)
Olympic Games
Paralympics
World Combat Games
Universiade
Youth Olympic Games
Deaflympics
Achievements by nation
Africa
African Judo Union
African Championships
African Games
Asia
Judo Union of Asia
Asian Championships
Asian Games
East Asian Championships
East Asian Games
Asian Martial Arts Games
Southeast Asian Games
Americas
Pan American Judo Confederation
Pan American Championships (U21)
Pan American Games
South American Games
South American Championships
Europe
European Judo Union
European Championships (U23, U21, U18, EYOF)
European Games
Open Championships
Paralympic European Championships
Oceania
Oceania Judo Union
OJU Senior Championships
Pacific Games
Others
Arab Games
Commonwealth Games
Francophone Games
Goodwill Games
Lusophone Games
Mediterranean Games
|
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European Judo Union for European judoka aged 21 and younger.The last contest took place in The Hague, Netherlands.[1] The next will take place in Tallinn, Estonia.[2]","title":"European Junior Judo Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_JI_team-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_EJU_team-103"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_EJU_team_bracket-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_EJU_team_results-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_JI_team-106"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_EJU_team-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_JI_team-108"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_EJU_team-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_JI_team-110"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_JI_team-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_EJU_team-103"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_EJU_team_bracket-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_EJU_team_results-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_JI_team-106"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_EJU_team-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_JI_team-108"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_European_Junior_Judo_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_EJU_team-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_JI_team-110"}],"text":"Men's team\n\n\nYear\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nRef.\n\n\n2014\n\n Georgia\n\n Ukraine\n\n France\n\n Germany\n\n[102][103]\n\n\n2015\n\n Russia\n\n Germany\n\n Georgia\n\n Belarus\n\n[104][105][106]\n\n\n2016\n\n Georgia\n\n Azerbaijan\n\n Italy\n\n Russia\n\n[107][108]\n\n\n2017\n\n Azerbaijan\n\n Georgia\n\n Great Britain\n\n Russia\n\n[109][110]\n\n\n\n\nWomen's team\n\n\nYear\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nRef.\n\n\n2014\n\n Croatia\n\n France\n\n Russia\n\n Italy\n\n[102][103]\n\n\n2015\n\n France\n\n Slovenia\n\n Russia\n\n Germany\n\n[104][105][106]\n\n\n2016\n\n Germany\n\n Russia\n\n Croatia\n\n France\n\n[107][108]\n\n\n2017\n\n France\n\n Netherlands\n\n Russia\n\n Germany\n\n[109][110]","title":"Team competitions"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"European Judo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Championships"},{"title":"European U23 Judo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_U23_Judo_Championships"},{"title":"European Cadet Judo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cadet_Judo_Championships"}]
|
[{"reference":"EJU Media (16 September 2022). \"The Hague to host Junior European Championships 2023\". European Judo Union. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220916150443/https://www.eju.net/the-hague-to-host-junior-european-championships-2023/","url_text":"\"The Hague to host Junior European Championships 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"},{"url":"https://www.eju.net/the-hague-to-host-junior-european-championships-2023","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tallinn European Judo Championships Juniors Tallinn (Ind.+MT) 2024\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/-/282087","url_text":"\"Tallinn European Judo Championships Juniors Tallinn (Ind.+MT) 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"1960 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1040","url_text":"\"1960 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1961 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1039","url_text":"\"1961 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1962 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1442","url_text":"\"1962 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1963 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1445","url_text":"\"1963 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1964 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1038","url_text":"\"1964 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1965 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1037","url_text":"\"1965 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1966 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1036","url_text":"\"1966 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1967 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1035","url_text":"\"1967 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1968 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1034","url_text":"\"1968 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1969 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1033","url_text":"\"1969 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1970 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1032","url_text":"\"1970 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1971 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1031","url_text":"\"1971 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1972 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1030","url_text":"\"1972 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1973 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1029","url_text":"\"1973 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1974 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1028","url_text":"\"1974 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1975 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1027","url_text":"\"1975 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1976 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1026","url_text":"\"1976 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1977 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1025","url_text":"\"1977 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1978 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1024","url_text":"\"1978 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1979 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1022","url_text":"\"1979 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1980 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1020","url_text":"\"1980 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1981 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1019","url_text":"\"1981 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1982 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1018","url_text":"\"1982 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1983 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1017","url_text":"\"1983 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1984 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1016","url_text":"\"1984 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1985 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1015","url_text":"\"1985 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1986 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1014","url_text":"\"1986 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1012","url_text":"\"1987 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1988 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1011","url_text":"\"1988 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1989 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1010","url_text":"\"1989 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1990 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1009","url_text":"\"1990 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1008","url_text":"\"1991 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1992 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1007","url_text":"\"1992 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1006","url_text":"\"1993 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1005","url_text":"\"1994 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1004","url_text":"\"1995 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1003","url_text":"\"1996 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1002","url_text":"\"1997 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1001","url_text":"\"1998 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"1999 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1000","url_text":"\"1999 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1519","url_text":"\"2000 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1520","url_text":"\"2001 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2002 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1915","url_text":"\"2002 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/2937","url_text":"\"2003 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/3475","url_text":"\"2004 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/4056","url_text":"\"2005 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/4155","url_text":"\"2006 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 European U20 Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/european-u20-championships-prague","url_text":"\"2007 European U20 Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2007 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/4521","url_text":"\"2007 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 European U20 Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/european-u20-championships","url_text":"\"2008 European U20 Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2008 European U20 Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/5254","url_text":"\"2008 European U20 Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/ec-juniors","url_text":"\"2009 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/5649","url_text":"\"2009 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/european-junior-championships-samokov","url_text":"\"2010 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/6551","url_text":"\"2010 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/european-championships-juniors-2","url_text":"\"2011 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/6552","url_text":"\"2011 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/adidas-european-championships-juniors","url_text":"\"2012 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/7400","url_text":"\"2012 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/european-championships-juniors","url_text":"\"2013 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/8700","url_text":"\"2013 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 European Junior Championships – Individual\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/european-championships-juniors-individual","url_text":"\"2014 European Junior Championships – Individual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 European Junior Championships – Teams\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/european-championships-juniors-teams","url_text":"\"2014 European Junior Championships – Teams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 European Junior Championships\". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijf.org/competition/1431","url_text":"\"2014 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Judo_Federation","url_text":"International Judo Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/8900","url_text":"\"2014 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 European Junior Championships\". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://live.ijf.org/eju_jun2014","url_text":"\"2014 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/junior-european-judo-championships","url_text":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijf.org/competition/1295","url_text":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Judo_Federation","url_text":"International Judo Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/1500","url_text":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://live.ijf.org/eju_jun2015","url_text":"\"2015 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/junior-european-judo-championships-individual-team","url_text":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijf.org/competition/1382","url_text":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Judo_Federation","url_text":"International Judo Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/10900","url_text":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://live.ijf.org/eju_jun2016","url_text":"\"2016 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/junior-european-judo-championships-individual-team-2","url_text":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijf.org/competition/1507","url_text":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Judo_Federation","url_text":"International Judo Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/11427","url_text":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://live.ijf.org/eju_jun2017","url_text":"\"2017 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/junior-european-judo-championships-individual-team-3","url_text":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\". International Judo Federation. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijf.org/competition/1650","url_text":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Judo_Federation","url_text":"International Judo Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judoinside.com/event/12500","url_text":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\". live.ijf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://live.ijf.org/eju_jun2018","url_text":"\"2018 European Junior Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 European Junior Championships\". European Judo Union. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eju.net/event/junior-european-judo-championships-individual-mixed-team","url_text":"\"2019 European Junior Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Union","url_text":"European Judo Union"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 European Junior Championships\". International Judo Federation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306th_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron_(JASDF)
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306th Tactical Fighter Squadron (JASDF)
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["1 History","2 Tail marking","3 Aircraft operated","3.1 Fighter aircraft","3.2 Liaison aircraft","4 See also","5 References"]
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306th Tactical Fighter Squadron第306飛行隊306 Squadron Mitsubishi F-15s (2009)ActiveJune 30, 1981-presentCountry JapanBranch Japan Air Self-Defense ForcePart ofCentral Air Defense Force, 6th Air WingGarrison/HQKomatsu Air BaseAircraft flownFighterMitsubishi F-15J/DJTrainerKawasaki T-4Military unit
This article is about the Japan Air Self-Defense Force Squadron. For the inactive US Air Force Squadron, see 306th Tactical Fighter Squadron.
The 306th Tactical Fighter Squadron (第306飛行隊 (dai-sann-byaku-roku-hikoutai)) is a squadron of the 6th Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JSDAF) based at Komatsu Air Base, in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. It is equipped with Mitsubishi F-15J/DJ and Kawasaki T-4 aircraft.
History
The 306th Tactical Fighter Squadron was founded on at Hyakuri Air Base on December 1, 1981 with F-4EJ aircraft. The squadron was the successor to the Lockheed F-104J/DJ Starfighter-equipped 205th Tactical Fighter Squadron. It was the sixth and final squadron of the JASDF to be equipped with the F-4. One of the aircraft (17–8440) was the last of the 5,195 F-4 Phantoms to be produced. It was manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries on May 21, 1981. "The Final Phantom" later transferred to the 301st Tactical Fighter Squadron. In 1989 the squadron's aircraft were upgraded to F-4EJ Kai standard. In 1997 it converted from the F-4 and became the eighth and final of the F-15J squadrons existing at that time.
The squadron has participated in overseas exercises with US and other forces. 306th squadron aircraft have taken part in the Red Flag - Alaska exercise at Eielson Air Force Base in the United States on a number of occasions, including 2012–2, 2013-3, and 2015-3. It also participated in Cope North including in 1986, 2015 and 2016.
In July 2018 aircraft of the squadron trained in Japanese airspace with US B-52 bombers.
Tail marking
Tail marking (2016)
The squadron's aircraft carry a golden eagle as their tail marking, inside a stylized "6" indicating the 6th Air Wing. The golden eagle can be found in the mountains near Komatsu air base, and is also the prefectural bird of Ishikawa.
Aircraft operated
F-4EJ Kai. This aircraft was the very last of the 5,195 F-4s produced worldwide (1994)
Fighter aircraft
McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ (1981–1989)
McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ Kai (1989–1997)
Mitsubishi F-15J (1997–present)
Liaison aircraft
Lockheed T-33A (1981–1994)
Kawasaki T-4 (1992–present)
See also
Fighter units of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to No. 306 Squadron (JASDF).
^ a b Thompson, Paul JASDF – Order of Battle July 1, 2017 J-HangarSpace Retrieved September 17, 2017
^ a b Thompson, Paul JASDF – Squadron Histories J-HangarSpace Retrieved September 17, 2017
^ 17-8440 McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ Kai Retrieved September 28, 2017
^ JASDF crew chiefs in action Retrieved September 20, 2017
^ North Korea, Beware! F-15 Practice Armada Assembles in Alaska August 19, 2013 War Is Boring Retrieved September 20, 2017
^ RED FLAG-Alaska 15-3 officially begins at Eielson August 11, 2015 Retrieved September 20, 2017
^ Stunning air-to-air photography from Cope North 2015 February 20, 2015 Retrieved September 20, 2017
^ Exercise Cope North 2016 Alert 5 Retrieved September 20, 2017]
^ "US, Japan bomber-fighter integration training showcases strength of alliance". July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
^ Johnson, Jesse (July 28, 2018). "ASDF trains with B-52 heavy bombers in rare joint drill amid thaw with North Korea". Japan Times. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
^ "米軍との共同訓練の実施について" (PDF). www.mod.go. Ministry of Defense. July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018. (in Japanese)
vte Japan Air Self-Defense Force air staff
Air Staff Office
Chief of Staff, JASDF
structureAir DefenseCommandNorthern AirDefense Force
2nd Air Wing
201st Tactical Fighter Squadron
203rd Tactical Fighter Squadron
3rd Air Wing
301st Tactical Fighter Squadron
302nd Tactical Fighter Squadron
Northern Air Command Support Flight
Northern Aircraft Control & Warning Wing
Northern Air Defense Missile Group
Northern Air Civil Engineering Group
Northen Band
Central AirDefense Force
6th Air Wing
303rd Tactical Fighter Squadron
306th Tactical Fighter Squadron
7th Air Wing
3rd Tactical Fighter Squadron
Central Aircraft Control & Warning Wing
Central Air Defense Missile Group
4th Air Defense Missile Group
Central Air Command Support Squadron
Central Air Civil Engineering Group
Central Band
Iwo Jima Air Base Group
Western AirDefense Force
5th Air Wing
305th Tactical Fighter Squadron
8th Air Wing
6th Tactical Fighter Squadron
8th Tactical Fighter Squadron
Western Air Command Support Squadron
Western Aircraft Control & Warning Wing
Western Air Defense Missile Group
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Western Band
Southwestern AirDefense Force
9th Air Wing
204th Tactical Fighter Squadron
304th Tactical Fighter Squadron
Southwestern Air Command Support Flight
Southwestern Aircraft Control & Warning Wing
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Southwestern Band
Air TacticsDevelopment Wing
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Air Defense Missile Training Group
Electronic Warfare Operation Group
Base Defense Development & Training Squadron
Tactical Air Support Squadron
directlycontrolled units
Air Rescue Wing
Airborne Warning and Control Wing
Air Intelligence Wing
Operations Support Wing
Reconnaissance Group
Air SupportCommand
1st Tactical Airlift Group
401st Tactical Airlift Squadron
404th Tactical Airlift Tanker Squadron
2nd Tactical Airlift Group
402nd Tactical Airlift Squadron
3rd Tactical Airlift Group
403rd Tactical Airlift Squadron
405th Air Refuelling Squadron
Air Traffic Control Service Group
Air Weather Service Group
Flight Check Squadron
Special Airlift Group
Aero Medical Evacuation Squadron
Air TrainingCommand
1st Air Wing
31st Training Squadron
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4th Air Wing
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Blue Impulse (11th Squadron)
11th Flight Training Wing
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1st
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units controlled bythe Defense Minister
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history & tradition
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Category
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For the inactive US Air Force Squadron, see 306th Tactical Fighter Squadron.The 306th Tactical Fighter Squadron (第306飛行隊 (dai-sann-byaku-roku-hikoutai)) is a squadron of the 6th Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JSDAF) based at Komatsu Air Base, in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. 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The squadron was the successor to the Lockheed F-104J/DJ Starfighter-equipped 205th Tactical Fighter Squadron. It was the sixth and final squadron of the JASDF to be equipped with the F-4. One of the aircraft (17–8440) was the last of the 5,195 F-4 Phantoms to be produced. It was manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries on May 21, 1981. \"The Final Phantom\" later transferred to the 301st Tactical Fighter Squadron.[3] In 1989 the squadron's aircraft were upgraded to F-4EJ Kai standard. In 1997 it converted from the F-4 and became the eighth and final of the F-15J squadrons existing at that time.[1]The squadron has participated in overseas exercises with US and other forces. 306th squadron aircraft have taken part in the Red Flag - Alaska exercise at Eielson Air Force Base in the United States on a number of occasions, including 2012–2,[4] 2013-3,[5] and 2015-3.[6] It also participated in Cope North including in 1986, 2015[7] and 2016.[8]In July 2018 aircraft of the squadron trained in Japanese airspace with US B-52 bombers.[9][10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_eagle_tail_marking_of_306th_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force_F-15J.jpg"},{"link_name":"golden eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"6th Air Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Air_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histories-2"}],"text":"Tail marking (2016)The squadron's aircraft carry a golden eagle as their tail marking, inside a stylized \"6\" indicating the 6th Air Wing. 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This aircraft was the very last of the 5,195 F-4s produced worldwide (1994)","title":"Aircraft operated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II#Japan"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II#Japan"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi F-15J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-15J"}],"sub_title":"Fighter aircraft","text":"McDonnell Douglas F-4EJ (1981–1989)\nMcDonnell Douglas F-4EJ Kai (1989–1997)\nMitsubishi F-15J (1997–present)","title":"Aircraft operated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed T-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki T-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_T-4"}],"sub_title":"Liaison aircraft","text":"Lockheed T-33A (1981–1994)\nKawasaki T-4 (1992–present)","title":"Aircraft operated"}]
|
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[{"title":"Fighter units of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_units_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_Earle_Goddard
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Pliny Earle Goddard
|
["1 Life and works","1.1 The California years","1.2 The New York years","1.3 Dispute with Sapir over Athabaskan tone","1.4 Personal life","1.5 Personality","2 Major publications","3 References","4 External links"]
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American linguist and ethnologist
Pliny Earle GoddardBorn(1869-11-24)November 24, 1869Lewiston, Maine, U.S.DiedJuly 12, 1928(1928-07-12) (aged 58)NationalityAmericanEducationEarlham College (A.B., M.A.)University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D.)OccupationsLinguistethnologist
Pliny Earle Goddard (November 24, 1869 – July 12, 1928) was an American linguist and ethnologist noted for his extensive documentation of the languages and cultures of the Athabaskan peoples of western North America. His early research, carried out under the auspices of the University of California, Berkeley, focused on the Hupa and adjacent Athabaskan groups in northwestern California. After moving to New York in 1909 at the invitation of Franz Boas his scope expanded to include the Athabaskans of the Southwest, Canada, and Alaska. During the 1910s and 1920s. as Boas's junior colleague at the American Museum of Natural History and Columbia University, Goddard played a major role in creating the academic infrastructure for American Indian linguistics and anthropology in North America.
Life and works
The California years
Goddard was born in Lewiston, Maine, on November 24, 1869, into a Quaker family of modest means. He attended Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana (A.B. 1892, M.A. 1896), where he studied Classics. Between 1892 and 1896 he taught Latin in secondary schools in Indiana and Kansas, but the hard economic times of the mid-1890s led him to accept a position as an interdenominational missionary to the Hupa of northwestern California. Finding it necessary to learn enough of the Hupa language to communicate with his flock, Goddard soon became engrossed in analyzing a linguistic system radically different from any he had previously studied. In 1900 he resigned from his missionary post and began graduate study at Berkeley. The following year he was given an Assistantship in the university's newly formed Anthropology department, joining Alfred L. Kroeber, who had been hired to administer the fledgeling program.
Photograph by Goddard of Black Rock in Mendocino County, California
Goddard was awarded a Ph.D. in 1904 for a detailed grammatical study of Hupa, the first doctorate in anthropological linguistics granted by any American university. He was promoted to Assistant Professor in 1906 and had responsibility for much of the undergraduate instruction in anthropology and linguistics offered by the university. After finishing his documentation of Hupa, Goddard devoted most of his summers to amassing data on the other surviving varieties of California Athabaskan, traveling hundreds of miles on muleback in search of speakers of such languages as Kato, Wailaki, and Sinkyone. Goddard's preferred technique of working from narrative texts rather than wordlists was in advance of its time, and his notes continue to be of interest.
The most significant source of unpublished Goddard material is his set of notebooks, compiled between 1902 and 1908, that are archived at the American Philosophical Society (APS) in Philadelphia. The notebooks were originally housed at the University of California, Berkeley, but were sent to the APS in the 1940s to become part of that institution's Franz Boas Collection. The notebooks contain interviews with elderly Indians from several tribal groups, including those groups most commonly referred to as the Sinkyone, Mattole, Nongatl, Tolowa, Chilula, Whilkut, Tsnungwe, and Hupa. Much of the material consists of vocabularies and stories, but there are substantial sections containing precise geographical information. Transcriptions of the geographical information have been created by the Cultural Resources Facility, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. In addition to the APS notebooks relating to California Athabascan Indians, Professor Melville Jacobs of the University of Washington Department of Anthropology received four Goddard notebooks relating to the Lassik tribe.
The New York years
In 1909 the substantial subvention from Regent Phoebe Apperson Hearst that had supported much of UC's anthropological research during the early years of the century was greatly reduced, and a fierce contest ensued between Kroeber and Goddard for control of the diminished program. When Kroeber emerged victorious, Goddard resigned to take a curatorship in ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History, in New York, engineered for him by Franz Boas. From this position Goddard came to exert wide influence, primarily as a writer on general ethnological topics and as the editor of the American Anthropologist (1915–20). Goddard became a forceful proponent of Boas's views in anthropology and linguistics, in particular of Boas's conservative view of the validity of deep linguistic relationships. In 1917 Boas and Goddard co-founded and edited the International Journal of American Linguistics, which soon became the principal organ of American Indian linguistic scholarship.
Dispute with Sapir over Athabaskan tone
Goddard continued his Athabaskan linguistic research with trips to the Southwest and to Canada, as well as several return visits to California. This work, however, was increasingly overshadowed by that of Edward Sapir, who had begun his own research on Athabaskan in 1922 with a field study of Sarsi. Sapir's interest in Athabaskan was ultimately grounded in his conviction that the "Na-Dene" relationship that connected Athabaskan, Tlingit, and Haida was part of a much older historical relationship that included Chinese and Tibetan He believed that decisive evidence in support of the "Sino-Dene" hypothesis was his discovery in Sarsi of a tonal system "so fundamental...to the phonetic and morphological understanding of that it is inconceivable that it should not be shared by the other Athabaskan dialects as well." This claim brought Sapir into direct conflict with Goddard, who had reported no tonal contrasts in California Athabaskan, in Navajo or Apache, or in the three Canadian languages he had studied, Sarcee, Chipewyan, and Beaver. Goddard wisely chose not to dispute the presence of tonal contrasts in the Southwestern and Canadian languages (they are indeed tone languages), but he stood his ground with Hupa, devoting what would be his last published paper (1928) to a close examination of mechanical tracings of Hupa speech, none of which showed evidence of regular differences in pitch. By this time, however. Sapir had had ample opportunity to hear Hupa himself, and for his graduate student Li Fang-Kuei, a native speaker of Mandarin, to hear two other California Athabaskan languages, and to observe their complete lack of tonal contrasts. Goddard apparently did not see Sapir's concession before dying quite suddenly on July 12, 1928. during the heat of a New York summer, at the age of 59.
Personal life
One of Goddard's sons, David R. Goddard (1908-1985), also attended UC Berkeley, where he studied botany. He went on to have a distinguished academic career as a plant physiologist and geneticist. He was nominated to the National Academy of Science and served as Provost of the University of Pennsylvania.
In the early 1920s Goddard left his wife and children and began a relationship with Gladys A. Reichard (1893-1955), which continued until his death. Although the couple lived together openly, the relationship was as much an intellectual partnership as it was a romantic one. Reichard accompanied Goddard during his field trips to the Southwest and California and began her long-term research on Navajo under his tutelage.
Personality
A. L. Kroeber wrote of Goddard:
Where an issue concerned chiefly himself, a sense of futility seemed often to invade him: he became half-hearted, non-resistant, sometimes pacifistically resigned. He needed a cause to bring out his best; in a cause, his eye lit up, the steel in him flashed, and he rejoiced in the cleanness of combat. All his life he was a hero-worshipper: and he threw into the worship a quality of heroism of his own, as well as endless devotion. There flowed in him in these qualities much of his ancestral Quakerism, of which even external mannerisms persisted as symbols long after he had given up its formal tenets. Essentially he remained a Quaker to the end—idealist, devotee of the simple in humanity and the direct in relations, martyr if necessary. His habits were consistent. He was personally frugal to abstemiousness, fond of the homespun in speech and manner, distrustful of all incitements from the outer world, little susceptible to the esthetic forms of emotion, but sensitively responsive to the emotions of living beings. Often almost shy in casual company or official relation, he was frankness itself in the contact of man to man, and then not only at ease but overflowing with playfulness and quite unusual charm. His wit was pungent to bitingness; his fundamental humility unwavering and unabashed; his friendships were loyalties.
Major publications
Life and Culture of the Hupa (UC-PAAE 1, 1-88, 1903)
Hupa Texts (UC-PAAE 1, 89-364, 1904)
The Morphology of the Hupa Language (UC-PAAE 3, 1905)
Kato Texts (UC-PAAE 5, 65-238, 1909)
Athapascan (Hupa). In Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part 1, Franz Boas. ed. BAE Bulletin 40, Part 1, 85-158, 1911)
Jicarilla Apache Texts (1911)
Elements of the Kato Language (UC-PAAE 11, 1-176, 1912)
Chipewyan Texts and Analysis of the Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan (1912)
Indians of the Southwest (1913 and subsequent editions)
The present condition of our knowledge of North American languages. American Anthropologist 16, 555-592 (1914)
Notes on the Chilula Indians of Northwestern California and Chilula Texts (UCPAAE 10, 265-379, 1914)
The Beaver Indians, Beaver Texts, and The Beaver Dialect (1916–17)
San Carlos Apache Texts (1919)
White Mountain Apache Texts (1920)
Indians of the Northwest Coast (1924 and subsequent editions)
Pitch Accent in Hupa (UC-PAAE 23, 333-338, 1928)
The Bear River Dialect of Athabascan (UC-PAAE 24, 291-334, 1929)
Goddard, Pliny Earle (1905). "The Morphology of the Hupa Language". Berkeley, The University press. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Goddard, Pliny Earle; Alanson Skinner; Wilson Dallam Wallis (1919). Notes on the sun dance of the Sarsi. The Trustees. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Goddard, Pliny Earle (1907). "The Phonology of the Hupa Language". University of California Publications. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Goddard, Pliny Earle (1919). San Carlos Apache texts. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Goddard, Pliny Earle (1920). White Mountain Apache texts. The Trustees. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
References
^ Published as Goddard (1905).
^ Much of this material remains unpublished Finding Aid to the Ethnological Documents of the Department and Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 1875-1958.
^ A. L. Kroeber, Goddard's California Athabascan texts. IJAL 33, 269-275, 1967
^ Selected Notebooks of Pliny Earle Goddard Relating to Humboldt County Tribes. Jerry Rohde, ed. A set of PDF files archived at the Cultural Resources Facility, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.
^ Golla 1984
^ The Similarity of Chinese and Indian Languages, Science 62, no. 1607, supplement of 16 October 1925, p. xii (summary of an interview with Sapir)
^ Edward Sapir, Pitch accent in Sarcee, Journal, Société des Américanistes de Paris 17, 185, 1925
^ Edward Sapir. A summary report of field work among the Hupa, summer of 1927. American Anthropologist 30, 359-361, 1928
^ Julia S. Falk, Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American Stories from the First Half of the Twentieth Century. Routledge, 1999.
^ A. L. Kroeber, Pliny Earle Goddard. American Anthropologist 31:1-8, 1929.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pliny E. Goddard.
Works by Pliny Earle Goddard at Project Gutenberg
Finding aid to Pliny Earle Goddard American Indian Notebooks at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist"},{"link_name":"ethnologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologist"},{"link_name":"Athabaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskan"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Hupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupa"},{"link_name":"Franz Boas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"}],"text":"Pliny Earle Goddard (November 24, 1869 – July 12, 1928) was an American linguist and ethnologist noted for his extensive documentation of the languages and cultures of the Athabaskan peoples of western North America. His early research, carried out under the auspices of the University of California, Berkeley, focused on the Hupa and adjacent Athabaskan groups in northwestern California. After moving to New York in 1909 at the invitation of Franz Boas his scope expanded to include the Athabaskans of the Southwest, Canada, and Alaska. During the 1910s and 1920s. as Boas's junior colleague at the American Museum of Natural History and Columbia University, Goddard played a major role in creating the academic infrastructure for American Indian linguistics and anthropology in North America.","title":"Pliny Earle Goddard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewiston, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Earlham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlham_College"},{"link_name":"Hupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupa"},{"link_name":"Hupa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupa_language"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. Kroeber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landscape,_Black_Rock.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahto_language"},{"link_name":"Wailaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wailaki"},{"link_name":"Sinkyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkyone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"The California years","text":"Goddard was born in Lewiston, Maine, on November 24, 1869, into a Quaker family of modest means. He attended Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana (A.B. 1892, M.A. 1896), where he studied Classics. Between 1892 and 1896 he taught Latin in secondary schools in Indiana and Kansas, but the hard economic times of the mid-1890s led him to accept a position as an interdenominational missionary to the Hupa of northwestern California. Finding it necessary to learn enough of the Hupa language to communicate with his flock, Goddard soon became engrossed in analyzing a linguistic system radically different from any he had previously studied. In 1900 he resigned from his missionary post and began graduate study at Berkeley. The following year he was given an Assistantship in the university's newly formed Anthropology department, joining Alfred L. Kroeber, who had been hired to administer the fledgeling program.Photograph by Goddard of Black Rock in Mendocino County, CaliforniaGoddard was awarded a Ph.D. in 1904 for a detailed grammatical study of Hupa,[1] the first doctorate in anthropological linguistics granted by any American university. He was promoted to Assistant Professor in 1906 and had responsibility for much of the undergraduate instruction in anthropology and linguistics offered by the university. After finishing his documentation of Hupa, Goddard devoted most of his summers to amassing data on the other surviving varieties of California Athabaskan, traveling hundreds of miles on muleback in search of speakers of such languages as Kato, Wailaki, and Sinkyone.[2] Goddard's preferred technique of working from narrative texts rather than wordlists was in advance of its time, and his notes continue to be of interest.[3]The most significant source of unpublished Goddard material is his set of notebooks, compiled between 1902 and 1908, that are archived at the American Philosophical Society (APS) in Philadelphia. The notebooks were originally housed at the University of California, Berkeley, but were sent to the APS in the 1940s to become part of that institution's Franz Boas Collection. The notebooks contain interviews with elderly Indians from several tribal groups, including those groups most commonly referred to as the Sinkyone, Mattole, Nongatl, Tolowa, Chilula, Whilkut, Tsnungwe, and Hupa. Much of the material consists of vocabularies and stories, but there are substantial sections containing precise geographical information. Transcriptions of the geographical information have been created by the Cultural Resources Facility, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California.[4] In addition to the APS notebooks relating to California Athabascan Indians, Professor Melville Jacobs of the University of Washington Department of Anthropology received four Goddard notebooks relating to the Lassik tribe.","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoebe Apperson Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Apperson_Hearst"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Franz Boas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas"}],"sub_title":"The New York years","text":"In 1909 the substantial subvention from Regent Phoebe Apperson Hearst that had supported much of UC's anthropological research during the early years of the century was greatly reduced, and a fierce contest ensued between Kroeber and Goddard for control of the diminished program.[5] When Kroeber emerged victorious, Goddard resigned to take a curatorship in ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History, in New York, engineered for him by Franz Boas. From this position Goddard came to exert wide influence, primarily as a writer on general ethnological topics and as the editor of the American Anthropologist (1915–20). Goddard became a forceful proponent of Boas's views in anthropology and linguistics, in particular of Boas's conservative view of the validity of deep linguistic relationships. In 1917 Boas and Goddard co-founded and edited the International Journal of American Linguistics, which soon became the principal organ of American Indian linguistic scholarship.","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Sapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir"},{"link_name":"Sarsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcee_language"},{"link_name":"Na-Dene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Li Fang-Kuei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Dispute with Sapir over Athabaskan tone","text":"Goddard continued his Athabaskan linguistic research with trips to the Southwest and to Canada, as well as several return visits to California. This work, however, was increasingly overshadowed by that of Edward Sapir, who had begun his own research on Athabaskan in 1922 with a field study of Sarsi. Sapir's interest in Athabaskan was ultimately grounded in his conviction that the \"Na-Dene\" relationship that connected Athabaskan, Tlingit, and Haida was part of a much older historical relationship that included Chinese and Tibetan[6] He believed that decisive evidence in support of the \"Sino-Dene\" hypothesis was his discovery in Sarsi of a tonal system \"so fundamental...to the phonetic and morphological understanding of [the language] that it is inconceivable that it should not be shared by the other Athabaskan dialects as well.\"[7] This claim brought Sapir into direct conflict with Goddard, who had reported no tonal contrasts in California Athabaskan, in Navajo or Apache, or in the three Canadian languages he had studied, Sarcee, Chipewyan, and Beaver. Goddard wisely chose not to dispute the presence of tonal contrasts in the Southwestern and Canadian languages (they are indeed tone languages), but he stood his ground with Hupa, devoting what would be his last published paper (1928) to a close examination of mechanical tracings of Hupa speech, none of which showed evidence of regular differences in pitch. By this time, however. Sapir had had ample opportunity to hear Hupa himself, and for his graduate student Li Fang-Kuei, a native speaker of Mandarin, to hear two other California Athabaskan languages, and to observe their complete lack of tonal contrasts.[8] Goddard apparently did not see Sapir's concession before dying quite suddenly on July 12, 1928. during the heat of a New York summer, at the age of 59.","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David R. Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Goddard"},{"link_name":"Gladys A. Reichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_A._Reichard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"One of Goddard's sons, David R. Goddard (1908-1985), also attended UC Berkeley, where he studied botany. He went on to have a distinguished academic career as a plant physiologist and geneticist. He was nominated to the National Academy of Science and served as Provost of the University of Pennsylvania.In the early 1920s Goddard left his wife and children and began a relationship with Gladys A. Reichard (1893-1955), which continued until his death. Although the couple lived together openly, the relationship was as much an intellectual partnership as it was a romantic one. Reichard accompanied Goddard during his field trips to the Southwest and California and began her long-term research on Navajo under his tutelage.[9]","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. L. Kroeber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._L._Kroeber"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Personality","text":"A. L. Kroeber wrote of Goddard:Where an issue concerned chiefly himself, a sense of futility seemed often to invade him: he became half-hearted, non-resistant, sometimes pacifistically resigned. He needed a cause to bring out his best; in a cause, his eye lit up, the steel in him flashed, and he rejoiced in the cleanness of combat. All his life he was a hero-worshipper: and he threw into the worship a quality of heroism of his own, as well as endless devotion. There flowed in him in these qualities much of his ancestral Quakerism, of which even external mannerisms persisted as symbols long after he had given up its formal tenets. Essentially he remained a Quaker to the end—idealist, devotee of the simple in humanity and the direct in relations, martyr if necessary. His habits were consistent. He was personally frugal to abstemiousness, fond of the homespun in speech and manner, distrustful of all incitements from the outer world, little susceptible to the esthetic forms of emotion, but sensitively responsive to the emotions of living beings. Often almost shy in casual company or official relation, he was frankness itself in the contact of man to man, and then not only at ease but overflowing with playfulness and quite unusual charm. His wit was pungent to bitingness; his fundamental humility unwavering and unabashed; his friendships were loyalties.[10]","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Morphology of the Hupa Language\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/morphologyhupal00goddgoog"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"Notes on the sun dance of the Sarsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bii0AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"The Phonology of the Hupa Language\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hup_phon-1"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"San Carlos Apache texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sancarlosapache00goddgoog"},{"link_name":"White Mountain Apache texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/whitemountainap00goddgoog"}],"text":"Life and Culture of the Hupa (UC-PAAE 1, 1-88, 1903)\nHupa Texts (UC-PAAE 1, 89-364, 1904)\nThe Morphology of the Hupa Language (UC-PAAE 3, 1905)\nKato Texts (UC-PAAE 5, 65-238, 1909)\nAthapascan (Hupa). In Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part 1, Franz Boas. ed. BAE Bulletin 40, Part 1, 85-158, 1911)\n Jicarilla Apache Texts (1911)\nElements of the Kato Language (UC-PAAE 11, 1-176, 1912)\nChipewyan Texts and Analysis of the Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan (1912)\nIndians of the Southwest (1913 and subsequent editions)\nThe present condition of our knowledge of North American languages. American Anthropologist 16, 555-592 (1914)\nNotes on the Chilula Indians of Northwestern California and Chilula Texts (UCPAAE 10, 265-379, 1914)\nThe Beaver Indians, Beaver Texts, and The Beaver Dialect (1916–17)\nSan Carlos Apache Texts (1919)\nWhite Mountain Apache Texts (1920)\nIndians of the Northwest Coast (1924 and subsequent editions)\nPitch Accent in Hupa (UC-PAAE 23, 333-338, 1928)\nThe Bear River Dialect of Athabascan (UC-PAAE 24, 291-334, 1929)\nGoddard, Pliny Earle (1905). \"The Morphology of the Hupa Language\". Berkeley, The University press. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nGoddard, Pliny Earle; Alanson Skinner; Wilson Dallam Wallis (1919). Notes on the sun dance of the Sarsi. The Trustees. Retrieved 24 August 2012.\nGoddard, Pliny Earle (1907). \"The Phonology of the Hupa Language\". University of California Publications. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nGoddard, Pliny Earle (1919). San Carlos Apache texts. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 August 2012.\nGoddard, Pliny Earle (1920). White Mountain Apache texts. The Trustees. Retrieved 24 August 2012.","title":"Major publications"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfim_Peixoto
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Delfim Peixoto
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["1 Early life and education","2 Public life","3 Death","4 References"]
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Brazilian football administrator and politician
In this Portuguese name, "Filho" is a generational suffix meaning "son", which is used for someone whose name is the same as their father, like "Jr." in English.
Delfim PeixotoVice-president of the Brazilian Football ConfederationIn office2015–2016President of the Federação Catarinense de FutebolIn office1985–2016Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Santa CatarinaIn office1971–1983
Personal detailsBorn(1941-01-03)3 January 1941Itajaí, Santa Catarina, BrazilDied28 November 2016(2016-11-28) (aged 75)La Unión, Antioquia, ColombiaAlma materUniversity of Santa Catarina (Law)ProfessionLawyer
Delfim de Pádua Peixoto Filho (3 January 1941 – 28 November 2016), known as Delfim Peixoto, was a Brazilian politician and football administrator who died as a result of the crash of LaMia Airlines Flight 2933. At the time of his death he was a vice president of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) and president of the Federação Catarinense de Futebol (FCF), a position he had held since 1985.
Early life and education
Delfim Peixoto was born in 1941 in Itajaí in the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina. He studied law at the University of Santa Catarina's law school. While a student, Delfim Peixoto was active in student politics, serving as secretary of the Santa Catarina Union of Students and as a member of the National Union of Students.
Delfim Peixoto later lectured in criminal law and legal practice at the Universidade do Vale do Itajaí.
Public life
As a member of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), he was elected as a councillor in the Itajaí municipal elections in 1965.
Delfim Peixoto was elected three times – in 1970, 1974 and 1978 – as a deputy to the Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina, initially representing the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) and later the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).
In 1983, he joined the Federação Catarinense de Futebol (FCF) as vice president. He became FCF president two years later. In 2015, Delfim was elected a vice president of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF).
Death
Delfim was flying to the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals first leg in Medellín when LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 crashed, killing him and 70 other passengers including most of the Associação Chapecoense de Futebol team.
References
^ a b c "Do Partidão à FCF: trajetória mostra como Delfim se tornou influente em SC". Diário Catarinense (in Portuguese). 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ a b Joffre, Matheus; Vargas, Mateus (29 November 2016). "De preso político a dirigente da FCF por 31 anos: a trajetória de Delfim de Pádua Peixoto". Notícias do Dia (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ "Curso de Direito da UNIVALI é homenageado pela ALESC" (in Portuguese). Federação Catarinense de Futebol. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ "Eleições Catarinenses 1945-1998" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Tribunal Regional Eleitoral de Santa Catarina. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ "Opositor de Del Nero e vice da CBF, Delfim Peixoto estava no voo da Chapecoense". ESPN.com.br (in Portuguese). ESPN do Brasil. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ "Presidente da Federação Catarinense de Futebol estava em avião que caiu". G1 (in Portuguese). Globo. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
vteLaMia Flight 2933
28 November 2016
Survivors denoted in italics
Chapecoense players
Alan Ruschel
Ananias
Bruno Rangel
Ailton Canela
Mateus Caramelo
Danilo
Dener
Jakson Follmann
Josimar
Filipe Machado
Neto
Gil
Gimenez
Lucas Gomes
Kempes
Arthur Maia
Marcelo
Matheus Biteco
Sérgio Manoel
Cléber Santana
Thiego
Tiaguinho
Chapecoense staff
Caio Júnior (manager)
Media
Mário Sérgio
Victorino Chermont
Paulo Julio Clement
Rafael Henzel
Guests
Delfim Peixoto
2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"generational suffix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational_suffix"},{"link_name":"LaMia Airlines Flight 2933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaMia_Airlines_Flight_2933"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Federação Catarinense de Futebol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Catarinense_de_Futebol"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, \"Filho\" is a generational suffix meaning \"son\", which is used for someone whose name is the same as their father, like \"Jr.\" in English.Delfim de Pádua Peixoto Filho (3 January 1941 – 28 November 2016), known as Delfim Peixoto, was a Brazilian politician and football administrator who died as a result of the crash of LaMia Airlines Flight 2933. At the time of his death he was a vice president of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) and president of the Federação Catarinense de Futebol (FCF), a position he had held since 1985.","title":"Delfim Peixoto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Itajaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaja%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)"},{"link_name":"University of Santa Catarina's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Santa_Catarina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diario-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ndd-2"},{"link_name":"Universidade do Vale do Itajaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universidade_do_Vale_do_Itaja%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Delfim Peixoto was born in 1941 in Itajaí in the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina. He studied law at the University of Santa Catarina's law school. While a student, Delfim Peixoto was active in student politics, serving as secretary of the Santa Catarina Union of Students and as a member of the National Union of Students.[1][2]Delfim Peixoto later lectured in criminal law and legal practice at the Universidade do Vale do Itajaí.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Itajaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaja%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diario-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ndd-2"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Santa_Catarina"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Democratic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Democratic Movement Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diario-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Federação Catarinense de Futebol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Catarinense_de_Futebol"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn-5"}],"text":"As a member of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), he was elected as a councillor in the Itajaí municipal elections in 1965.[1][2]Delfim Peixoto was elected three times – in 1970, 1974 and 1978 – as a deputy to the Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina, initially representing the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) and later the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).[1][4]In 1983, he joined the Federação Catarinense de Futebol (FCF) as vice president. He became FCF president two years later. In 2015, Delfim was elected a vice president of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF).[5]","title":"Public life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana_Finals"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"LaMia Airlines Flight 2933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaMia_Airlines_Flight_2933"},{"link_name":"Associação Chapecoense de Futebol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Chapecoense_de_Futebol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globo-crash-6"}],"text":"Delfim was flying to the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals first leg in Medellín when LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 crashed, killing him and 70 other passengers including most of the Associação Chapecoense de Futebol team.[6]","title":"Death"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition
|
Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
|
["1 History and objectives","2 Members","2.1 Supporting Nations","2.2 Prospective Additional Members","3 Commanders","4 Reactions","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Intergovernmental counterterrorist military alliance
Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition التحالف الإسلامي العسكري لمحاربة الإرهابEmblemFlag Founding members Additional members Former membersFormationDecember 15, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-12-15)TypeMilitary allianceLegal statusActivePurposeAnti-terrorismHeadquartersRiyadh, Saudi ArabiaLocationAsia and AfricaRegion Muslim worldMembership 42
List
(Islamic RepublicTooltip Islamic Republic of Afghanistan)
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Benin
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Chad
Comoros
Cote d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Gabon
Gambia
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Jordan
Kenya
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Niger
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Sudan
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
United Arab Emirates
Yemen (PLCTooltip Presidential Leadership Council)
Official language Arabic, English, FrenchSecretary-General of the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism CoalitionMajor General Mohammad bin Saeed Al-MoghediCommander of the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism CoalitionGeneral Raheel ShareefWebsitewww.imctc.org/en/
The Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC) is an intergovernmental counter-terrorist military alliance between 42 member states in the Muslim world, united around the war against the Islamic State and other counter-terrorist activities. Its creation was first announced by Saudi Arabian defence minister Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, on 15 December 2015. The alliance was to have a joint operations center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
When the coalition was announced there were 34 members. Additional countries joined and the number of members reached 41 when Kenya joined on 1 September 2022. On 6 January 2017, the Former Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan General Raheel Sharif was named the IMCTC's first commander. Most of its participants are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
History and objectives
IMCTC has stated that its primary objective is to protect Muslim countries from all terrorist groups and terrorist organizations irrespective of their sect and name. The IMCTC affirmed that it would operate in line with the United Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) provisions on terrorism.
At the press conference to launch the IMCTC, Mohammad bin Salman said it would "coordinate" efforts to fight terrorism in Iraq, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Afghanistan. He said, "There will be international coordination with major powers and international organisations ... in terms of operations in Syria and Iraq."
The alliance does not include any countries with Shia-dominated governments, such as Iran, Iraq and Syria. According to a Euronews report, some analysts see formation of the alliance as part of Saudi Arabian efforts to take the leading role in the Middle East and the Muslim world, in rivalry with Iran. Due to the dominance of the alliance by states having majority Sunni Muslim populations, it has been called "a sectarian coalition" by Hakeem Azameli, a member of the Security and Defense Commission in the Iraqi parliament.
However, Oman, an Ibadi-dominant country has joined the alliance. Lebanon has also supported the alliance. Other countries who are part of the alliance or support it that have cordial or friendly relations with Iran include Bangladesh, Kuwait, Libya, and Pakistan.
In March 2016, it was reported that Saudi Arabia had asked the then Chief of Army Staff Raheel Sharif, to become commander of the ICMTC once he had retired from the Pakistan Army at the end of 2016.
Members
Saudi Arabia's original announcement of the alliance on 15 December 2015 listed 34 countries as participants, each also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and forming about 60% of all OIC member states. As of September 2022, there are 41 member countries with the joining of Kenya on 1 September 2022.
Country
Membership announcement
Military roleα
Supporter
References
Afghanistan (Islamic RepublicTooltip Islamic Republic of Afghanistan)
—
—
Bahrain
Original
Yes
Yes
Bangladesh
Original
Yes
Yes
Benin
Original
—
—
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Chad
Original
Yes
Yes
Comoros
Original
—
—
Côte d'Ivoire
Original
—
—
Djibouti
Original
—
—
Egypt
Original
Yes
Yes
Gabon
Original
—
—
Gambia
Guinea
Original
—
—
Guinea-Bissau
Jordan
Original
Yes
Yes
Kenya
1 September 2022
Yes
Yes
Kuwait
Original
Yes
Yes
Lebanon
Original
—
Yes
Libya
Original
Yes
Yes
Malaysia
Original
Yes
Yes
Maldives
Original
Yes
Yes
Mali
Original
—
—
Mauritania
Original
Yes
Yes
Morocco
Original
Yes
Yes
Niger
Original
Yes
Yes
Nigeria
Original
Yes
Yes
Oman
28 December 2016
Yes
Yes
Pakistan
Original
Yes
Yes
Palestine
Original
—
—
Qatar
Original
—
—
Saudi Arabia
Original
Yes
Yes
Senegal
Original
Yes
—
Sierra Leone
Original
—
—
Somalia
Original
Yes
Yes
Sudan
Original
Yes
Yes
Togo
Original
—
—
Tunisia
Original
Yes
Yes
Turkey
Original
Yes
Yes
Uganda
United Arab Emirates
Original
Yes
Yes
Yemen (PLCTooltip Presidential Leadership Council)
Original
Yes
Yes
^α These countries have offered to provide military assistance if needed.
Supporting Nations
The following are non-member supporting nations:
Iraq
France United Kingdom United States
Prospective Additional Members
At the time of the original announcement, more than ten other Islamic countries, including Indonesia (the world's largest Muslim populated nation), had expressed their support for the alliance, and Azerbaijan was discussing joining the alliance. In 2018, however, former deputy defense minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin remarked that Indonesia's non-alignment barred the country from joining a military alliance, adding that Vice President Jusuf Kalla had disagreed with Indonesia's accession.
By January 2017, Azerbaijan said that joining was "not on the agenda". Tajikistan's ambassador to Saudi Arabia confirmed that Tajikistan was seriously studying the possibility of joining.
On August 16, 2023, IMCTC's Secretary General, Maj. Gen. Al-Maghedi, pointed that the IMCTC looked forward for the United Republic of Tanzania to join IMCTC and work hand in hand with the rest of IMCTC member states in countering terrorism and violent extremism.
Commanders
Commander
Nationality
Start of tenure
End of tenure
General Raheel Shareef
Pakistan
6 January 2017
Incumbent
Reactions
State
Bangladesh: Bangladesh was one of the early members to join the alliance doing so on 15 December 2015. The country confirmed its membership in a joint statement by the founder nations that stated "a duty to protect the Islamic nation from the evils of all terrorist groups and organizations whatever their sect and name which wreak death and corruption on earth and aim to terrorize the innocent." However Bangladesh ruled out any military support.
China: China has expressed its willingness to cooperate with the alliance to fighting terrorism and appreciated Saudi efforts to create alliance.
Egypt: Egypt's Al-Azhar University called the alliance's formation "historic."
Germany: Germany's defense minister Ursula von der Leyen welcomed the alliance against terrorism but also stressed that it should be a part of the Vienna process involving all countries fighting against IS like the U.S., Europe, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, but also including Iran and China.
Malaysia: Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein expressed support for the alliance, but ruled out any military support from Malaysia.
Pakistan: After initial ambiguity Pakistan welcomed the initiative; its government confirmed its participation and stated that the country is waiting for further details in order to decide the extent of its participation in the different activities of the alliance.
Turkey: Turkey's Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu called it the "best response to those who are trying to associate terror and Islam".
United States: The new alliance has been welcomed by the United States, with then U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter saying, "We look forward to learning more about what Saudi Arabia has in mind in terms of this coalition. But in general it appears it is very much in line with something we've been urging for quite some time, which is greater involvement in the campaign to combat ISIL by Sunni Arab countries.
Other
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order: Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri the leader of the Naqshbandi Army released a statement in 2016 praising the alliance and calling on what he called Mujahideen to fight Shia militias in Iraq backed by Iran, while also saying "We consider everything that is happening in Iraq from Iran, its agents, militias, and its security apparatus, is the responsibility of the United States". He added: "If it did not move to save Iraq and its people from Iran's hegemony, control and occupation, and to stop bloodshed, destruction, burning and the changing demographic, then Iraqi people should resist the occupation."
References
^ "Military Commander". Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ a b c "Joint statement on formation of Islamic military alliance to fight terrorism". Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ "Islamic military coalition holds first meeting in Riyadh". Gulf News. 27 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
^ "Saudi Arabia Unveils 34-Country 'Islamic Military Alliance'". NBC News. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ a b DeYoung, Karen (2015-12-15). "Saudi Arabia launches 'Islamic military alliance' to combat terrorism". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
^ a b c d Oliver Miles (16 December 2015). "Is Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorist alliance real?". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ a b Cafiero, Giorgio (5 January 2017). "Why did Oman join Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorism alliance?". Al Monitor. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ "Defence minister confirms Raheel Sharif's appointment to Islamic military alliance". Geo News. January 6, 2017. Archived from the original on Nov 29, 2023.
^ PTI (8 Jan 2017). "Pak's Raheel Sharif appointed chief of Saudi-led military coalition". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ "UAE joins Muslim military alliance to fight terrorism". 7DAYS UAE. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Turkey joins Saudi-led Islamic military alliance against terrorism". TodaysZaman. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "UAE joins 34-nation anti-terrorist military coalition". The National. 15 December 2015. Archived from the original on Dec 22, 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ Naseer, Effat (December 22, 2015). "Islamic military alliance". Aaj News. Archived from the original on 2017-12-24. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
^ a b c Browning, Noah; Irish, John (2015-12-15). "Saudi Arabia announces 34-state Islamic military alliance against terrorism". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ a b "Turkey joins Sunni 'anti-terrorist' military coalition". Hürriyet Daily News. Agence France-Presse. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ a b Serguei Doubine; Behnam Masoumi; Riad Muasses; Rita Del Prete (15 December 2015). "What do Russia and Iran think about Saudi Arabia's coalition initiative?". euronews. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ a b c d Kayode Sesan (16 December 2015). "Turkey Confirms Membership of Sunni 'Islamic Military Alliance', Nigeria, Libya Also Members". SIGNAL. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ "Islamic anti-terror coalition chief receives Lebanese Army commander". Arab News. 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
^ Zain, Ali (10 March 2016). "Saudi Arabia 'wants' Gen Raheel Sharif to command 34-nation Saudi alliance". Daily Pakistan. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition. "Member Countries". Retrieved 27 May 2024.
^ Habib Toumi (16 December 2015). "Bahrain hails new Islamic military alliance". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "Bangladesh in 34-state Islamic military alliance". thedailystar.net. Reuters Dubai. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ "Saudi-based 'Islamic military alliance' formed to fight terror". New York Post. Associated Press. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ "Kenya joins Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition". September 2022.
^ a b "Malaysia's Role in Saudi Arabia's Islamic Military Alliance". 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
^ "Oman joins Saudi-led Islamic alliance: Gulf sources". Reuters. 28 December 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ Baqir Sajjad Syed (2015-12-16). "Pakistan surprised by its inclusion in 34-nation military alliance". DAWN. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
^ a b Baqir Sajjad Syed (2015-12-16). "Pakistan confirms participation in Saudi-led anti-terror alliance". DAWN. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
^ Bokhari, Farhan (2016-03-09). "Pakistan's Sharif visits Saudi Arabia amid debate over military ties". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
^ "Saudi Arabia forms Muslim 'anti-terrorism' coalition". Al Jazeera. 15 Dec 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
^ "Saudis announce Islamic anti-terrorism coalition". BBC News. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ a b "Member Countries". The Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition. Archived from the original on Jan 16, 2021.
^ Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition. "Supporting Nations". Retrieved 27 May 2024.
^ Wam (16 December 2015). "34-nation alliance to fight terrorism". Emirates 24/7. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ Marguerite Afra Sapiie (2015-12-16). "Indonesia yet to decide on Saudi-led military coalition". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
^ Sara Rajabova (2015-12-15). "Baku considers joining Riyadh-based coalition to fight terrorism". AzerNews. Archived from the original on 2015-12-18. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
^ Priyanto, Teguh (19 December 2018). Assegaf, Fardah (ed.). "Indonesia to not join IMCTC but shares similar spirit". Antara News. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
^ "Azerbaijan says joining Islamic Military Alliance not on its foreign policy agenda". Azeri-Press Agency. 9 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ Youssef, Fatah Al-Rahman (21 December 2015). "Tajikistan, Azerbaijan to Join Islamic Coalition". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
^ "Tajikistan reportedly plans to join Muslim anti-terror coalition formed by Saudi Arabia". Asia-Plus. Archived from the original on 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
^ "IMCTC receives the Ambassdor of the United Republic of Tanzania". Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition. 16 August 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
^ "Raheel Sharif appointed chief of Islamic military alliance, confirms Khawaja Asif". Dawn. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
^ Salman Masood; Ben Hubbard (2 April 2017). "Pakistan Approves Military Hero to Head Tricky Saudi-Led Alliance: Report". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
^ "Bangladesh in 34-state Islamic military alliance". 15 December 2015.
^ "Bangladesh joins Saudi-backed anti-IS alliance". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ "Bangladesh joins Saudi-led 'Islamic military alliance'".
^ Nizam Ahmed (13 January 2016). "Bangladesh takes up new challenge in Islamic military alliance". The Daily Observer.
^ "China backs Islamic Military Alliance to fight terrorism". Arab News. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
^ "Egypt's Azhar says Saudi decision to form Islamic military alliance 'historic'". Ahram Online. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ "Germany welcomes 34-state Islamic military alliance against terrorism". Business Insider. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
^ "Saddam's top aide appears, criticizes US on Iran". 7 April 2016.
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Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
vteIran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflictBackground
Iranian Revolution
1979 Khuzestan insurgency
Arab separatism in Khuzestan
Qatif conflict
1979 Qatif Uprising
Conflicts
Iran–Iraq War
Action of June 5, 1984
Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
Qatar diplomatic crisis
2011 Egyptian revolution
2011 Bahraini uprising
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insurgency in Bahrain
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Incidents
1987 Mecca incident
Khobar Towers bombing
2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
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Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
2015 Mina stampede
2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
2017–2020 Qatif unrest
2018 Riyadh missile strike
International Maritime Security Construct
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2019 Afif attack
Abha International Airport attacks
Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Iranian relationswith GCC member states
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
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Related topics
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Arab League–Iran relations
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Warsaw Middle East conference
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Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"war against the Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-formation-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"defence minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(Saudi_Arabia)"},{"link_name":"Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-5"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMiles-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cafiero_Oman-7"},{"link_name":"Raheel Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheel_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"}],"text":"The Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC) is an intergovernmental counter-terrorist military alliance between 42 member states in the Muslim world, united around the war against the Islamic State and other counter-terrorist activities.[2][3] Its creation was first announced by Saudi Arabian defence minister Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, on 15 December 2015.[4][5] The alliance was to have a joint operations center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[6]When the coalition was announced there were 34 members. Additional countries joined and the number of members reached 41 when Kenya joined on 1 September 2022.[7] On 6 January 2017, the Former Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan General Raheel Sharif was named the IMCTC's first commander.[8][9] Most of its participants are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.","title":"Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aaj-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-14"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP_20151215-15"},{"link_name":"Euronews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews"},{"link_name":"rivalry with Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euronews_20151215-16"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"sectarian coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-signalng-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euronews_20151215-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP_20151215-15"},{"link_name":"Ibadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chief of Army Staff Raheel Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheel_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"IMCTC has stated that its primary objective is to protect Muslim countries from all terrorist groups and terrorist organizations irrespective of their sect and name.[10][11][12] The IMCTC affirmed that it would operate in line with the United Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) provisions on terrorism.[13]At the press conference to launch the IMCTC, Mohammad bin Salman said it would \"coordinate\" efforts to fight terrorism in Iraq, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Afghanistan. He said, \"There will be international coordination with major powers and international organisations ... in terms of operations in Syria and Iraq.\"[14]The alliance does not include any countries with Shia-dominated governments, such as Iran, Iraq and Syria.[15] According to a Euronews report, some analysts see formation of the alliance as part of Saudi Arabian efforts to take the leading role in the Middle East and the Muslim world, in rivalry with Iran.[16] Due to the dominance of the alliance by states having majority Sunni Muslim populations, it has been called \"a sectarian coalition\" by Hakeem Azameli, a member of the Security and Defense Commission in the Iraqi parliament.[17][16][15]However, Oman, an Ibadi-dominant country has joined the alliance. Lebanon has also supported the alliance.[18] Other countries who are part of the alliance or support it that have cordial or friendly relations with Iran include Bangladesh, Kuwait, Libya, and Pakistan.[citation needed]In March 2016, it was reported that Saudi Arabia had asked the then Chief of Army Staff Raheel Sharif, to become commander of the ICMTC once he had retired from the Pakistan Army at the end of 2016.[19]","title":"History and objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-formation-2"},{"link_name":"OIC member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"^α","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Alpha"}],"text":"Saudi Arabia's original announcement of the alliance on 15 December 2015 listed 34 countries as participants,[2] each also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and forming about 60% of all OIC member states. As of September 2022, there are 41 member countries with the joining of Kenya on 1 September 2022.^α These countries have offered to provide military assistance if needed.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"sub_title":"Supporting Nations","text":"The following are non-member supporting nations:[33]Iraq\n France United Kingdom United States","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-formation-2"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wam-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JakPost1-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AzerNews-36"},{"link_name":"Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjafrie_Sjamsoeddin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjafrie_Sjamsoeddin"},{"link_name":"Jusuf Kalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Kalla"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Prospective Additional Members","text":"At the time of the original announcement, more than ten other Islamic countries, including Indonesia (the world's largest Muslim populated nation), had expressed their support for the alliance,[2] and Azerbaijan was discussing joining the alliance.[34][35][36] In 2018, however, former deputy defense minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin [id] remarked that Indonesia's non-alignment barred the country from joining a military alliance, adding that Vice President Jusuf Kalla had disagreed with Indonesia's accession.[37]By January 2017, Azerbaijan said that joining was \"not on the agenda\".[38] Tajikistan's ambassador to Saudi Arabia confirmed that Tajikistan was seriously studying the possibility of joining.[39][40]On August 16, 2023, IMCTC's Secretary General, Maj. Gen. Al-Maghedi, pointed that the IMCTC looked forward for the United Republic of Tanzania to join IMCTC and work hand in hand with the rest of IMCTC member states in countering terrorism and violent extremism.[41]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Al-Azhar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ursula von der Leyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Hishammuddin Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hishammuddin_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC1-25"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baqir_Sajjad_Syed-28"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Davutoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ash Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-14"},{"link_name":"Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order"},{"link_name":"Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri"},{"link_name":"Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"StateBangladesh: Bangladesh was one of the early members to join the alliance doing so on 15 December 2015. The country confirmed its membership in a joint statement by the founder nations that stated \"a duty to protect the Islamic nation from the evils of all terrorist groups and organizations whatever their sect and name which wreak death and corruption on earth and aim to terrorize the innocent.\"[44][45][46] However Bangladesh ruled out any military support.[47]\n China: China has expressed its willingness to cooperate with the alliance to fighting terrorism and appreciated Saudi efforts to create alliance.[48]\n Egypt: Egypt's Al-Azhar University called the alliance's formation \"historic.\"[49]\n Germany: Germany's defense minister Ursula von der Leyen welcomed the alliance against terrorism but also stressed that it should be a part of the Vienna process involving all countries fighting against IS like the U.S., Europe, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, but also including Iran and China.[50]\n Malaysia: Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein expressed support for the alliance, but ruled out any military support from Malaysia.[25]\n Pakistan: After initial ambiguity Pakistan welcomed the initiative; its government confirmed its participation and stated that the country is waiting for further details in order to decide the extent of its participation in the different activities of the alliance.[28]\n Turkey: Turkey's Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu called it the \"best response to those who are trying to associate terror and Islam\".\n United States: The new alliance has been welcomed by the United States, with then U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter saying, \"We look forward to learning more about what Saudi Arabia has in mind in terms of this coalition. But in general it appears it is very much in line with something we've been urging for quite some time, which is greater involvement in the campaign to combat ISIL by Sunni Arab countries.[5][14]OtherArmy of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order: Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri the leader of the Naqshbandi Army released a statement in 2016 praising the alliance and calling on what he called Mujahideen to fight Shia militias in Iraq backed by Iran, while also saying \"We consider everything that is happening in Iraq from Iran, its agents, militias, and its security apparatus, is the responsibility of the United States\". He added: \"If it [U.S.] did not move to save Iraq and its people from Iran's hegemony, control and occupation, and to stop bloodshed, destruction, burning and the changing demographic, then Iraqi people should resist the occupation.\"[51]","title":"Reactions"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Military Commander\". Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://imctc.org/English/Page/Index?title=Military%20Commander","url_text":"\"Military Commander\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joint statement on formation of Islamic military alliance to fight terrorism\". Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://embassies.mofa.gov.sa/sites/usa/EN/PublicAffairs/Statements/Pages/Joint-Statement-on-the-Formation-of-the-Islamic-Military-Alliance.aspx","url_text":"\"Joint statement on formation of Islamic military alliance to fight terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islamic military coalition holds first meeting in Riyadh\". Gulf News. 27 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/islamic-military-coalition-holds-first-meeting-in-riyadh-1.1698994","url_text":"\"Islamic military coalition holds first meeting in Riyadh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia Unveils 34-Country 'Islamic Military Alliance'\". NBC News. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/saudi-arabia-unveils-islamic-military-alliance-against-terrorism-n480016","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia Unveils 34-Country 'Islamic Military Alliance'\""}]},{"reference":"DeYoung, Karen (2015-12-15). \"Saudi Arabia launches 'Islamic military alliance' to combat terrorism\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2015-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/saudi-arabia-launches-islamic-military-alliance-to-combat-terrorism/2015/12/15/ad568a1c-a361-11e5-9c4e-be37f66848bb_story.html","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia launches 'Islamic military alliance' to combat terrorism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Oliver Miles (16 December 2015). \"Is Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorist alliance real?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/15/saudi-arabia-anti-terrorist-alliance-terrorism-muslim","url_text":"\"Is Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorist alliance real?\""}]},{"reference":"Cafiero, Giorgio (5 January 2017). \"Why did Oman join Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorism alliance?\". Al Monitor. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/01/oman-join-saudi-arabia-anti-terror-alliance.html","url_text":"\"Why did Oman join Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorism alliance?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defence minister confirms Raheel Sharif's appointment to Islamic military alliance\". Geo News. January 6, 2017. Archived from the original on Nov 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/126414-defence-minister-Asif-confirms-Raheel-Sharifs-appointment-to-Islamic-military-alliance-saudi-arabia-led","url_text":"\"Defence minister confirms Raheel Sharif's appointment to Islamic military alliance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231129145121/https://www.geo.tv/latest/126414-defence-minister-Asif-confirms-Raheel-Sharifs-appointment-to-Islamic-military-alliance-saudi-arabia-led","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"PTI (8 Jan 2017). \"Pak's Raheel Sharif appointed chief of Saudi-led military coalition\". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 14 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://khaleejtimes.com/international/pakistan/paks-raheel-sharif-appointed-chief-of-saudi-led-military-coalition","url_text":"\"Pak's Raheel Sharif appointed chief of Saudi-led military coalition\""}]},{"reference":"\"UAE joins Muslim military alliance to fight terrorism\". 7DAYS UAE. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20151222010203/http://7days.ae/uae-joins-muslim-military-alliance-fight-terrorism/77577","url_text":"\"UAE joins Muslim military alliance to fight terrorism\""},{"url":"http://7days.ae/uae-joins-muslim-military-alliance-fight-terrorism/77577","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey joins Saudi-led Islamic military alliance against terrorism\". TodaysZaman. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. 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Coalition\""},{"Link":"http://english.aawsat.com/2015/12/article55345930/55345930","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122190154/http://news.tj/en/news/tajikistan-reportedly-plans-join-muslim-anti-terror-coalition-formed-saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"\"Tajikistan reportedly plans to join Muslim anti-terror coalition formed by Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"http://news.tj/en/news/tajikistan-reportedly-plans-join-muslim-anti-terror-coalition-formed-saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imctc.org/en/MediaCenter/News/Pages/news16082023.aspx","external_links_name":"\"IMCTC receives the Ambassdor of the United Republic of Tanzania\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1306798/raheel-sharif-appointed-chief-of-islamic-military-alliance-confirms-khawaja-asif","external_links_name":"\"Raheel Sharif appointed chief of Islamic military alliance, confirms Khawaja 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alliance'\""},{"Link":"http://www.observerbd.com/2016/01/13/130709.php","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh takes up new challenge in Islamic military alliance\""},{"Link":"http://www.arabnews.com/world/news/852756","external_links_name":"\"China backs Islamic Military Alliance to fight terrorism\""},{"Link":"http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/173597/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Azhar-says-Saudi-decision-to-form-Islamic-m.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Egypt's Azhar says Saudi decision to form Islamic military alliance 'historic'\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/r-germany-welcomes-34-state-islamic-military-alliance-against-terrorism-2015-12","external_links_name":"\"Germany welcomes 34-state Islamic military alliance against terrorism\""},{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/04/07/Saddam-s-top-aide-appears-calls-to-line-up-against-Iran.html","external_links_name":"\"Saddam's top aide appears, criticizes US on Iran\""},{"Link":"https://imctc.org/en/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_(disambiguation)
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Daiwa
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["1 See also"]
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Look up daiwa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Daiwa may refer to:
Places:
Daiwa, Hiroshima, a former town in Kamo District, Hiroshima, Japan
Daiwa, Shimane, a former village in Ōchi District, Shimane, Japan
Companies and related:
Daiwa Securities Group, a Japanese security brokerage
Resona Holdings (formerly Daiwa Bank Holdings), a Japanese bank holding company
Daiwa House, a Japanese homebuilder
The Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation, a United Kingdom-based charity
Daiwa Adrian Prize, awarded by the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation
Globeride (formerly Daiwa Seiko Corporation), a Japanese producer of fishing and outdoor equipment
Daiwa Major, a Thoroughbred racehorse
See also
Yamoto (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Daiwa.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granai_airstrike
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Granai airstrike
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["1 Airstrike video","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 32°37′19″N 62°26′06″E / 32.62194°N 62.43500°E / 32.62194; 62.435002009 mass murder of civilians by American airmen during the Afghanistan War
Granai airstrikePart of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)DateMay 4, 2009LocationGranai, Bala Buluk District, Farah Province, Afghanistan32°37′19″N 62°26′06″E / 32.62194°N 62.43500°E / 32.62194; 62.43500Casualties and losses
Estimate: 86–147 killed, mostly women and childrenclass=notpageimage| Location within Afghanistan
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The Granai airstrike, sometimes called the Granai massacre, refers to the killing of approximately 86 to 147 Afghan civilians by an airstrike by a US Air Force B-1 Bomber on May 4, 2009, in the village of Granai (Pashto: گرانای, also Romanized Garani, Gerani, Granay) in Farah Province, south of Herat, Afghanistan.
The United States admitted significant errors were made in carrying out the airstrike, stating "the inability to discern the presence of civilians and avoid and/or minimize accompanying collateral damage resulted in the unintended consequence of civilian casualties".
The Afghan government said that around 140 civilians were killed, of whom 22 were adult males and 93 were children. Afghanistan's top rights body has said 97 civilians were killed, most of them children. Other estimates range from 86 to 147 civilians killed. An earlier probe by the US military had said that 20–30 civilians were killed along with 60–65 insurgents. A partially released American inquiry stated "no one will ever be able conclusively to determine the number of civilian casualties that occurred". The Australian had said that the airstrike resulted in "one of the highest civilian death tolls from Western military action since foreign forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001".
Airstrike video
A Combat Camera video of the airstrike was made by the bomber aircraft involved. When the Pentagon investigation on the incident was released in 2009, it did not include the video.
By May 2010, WikiLeaks had an encrypted copy of the video it had received from then U.S. Army Specialist Chelsea Manning and was attempting to decrypt it. In a March 2013 statement, Julian Assange disputed prior news reports claiming WikiLeaks had been unable to decrypt the file and alleged that the video "documented a massacre, a war crime."
Assange said WikiLeaks no longer had the video due to former spokesperson Daniel Domscheit-Berg deleting it and other files when he left WikiLeaks in September 2010 and a Swedish Intelligence operation conducted in September 2010 in which other copies of the video were also lost.
See also
Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike
Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike
Azizabad airstrike
Sangin airstrike
Civilian casualties in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
References
^ "Hollow Excuses". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English. September 12, 2009.
^ Campbell, Matthew (11 April 2010). "Whistleblowers on US 'massacre' fear CIA stalkers". The Times. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ a b c d de Luce, Dan (8 June 2009). "We failed to follow bombing rules: Pentagon". AFP. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ a b Shalizi, Hamid; Graff, Peter (16 May 2009). "U.S. strikes killed 140 villagers: Afghan probe". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ Gall, Carlotta; Shah, Taimoor (14 May 2009). "Afghan Villagers Describe Chaos of U.S. Strikes newspaper". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ Boone, Jon; MacAskill, Ewen; Tran, Mark (6 May 2009). "US air strikes kill dozens of Afghan civilians". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ a b c d Farmer, Ben (11 April 2010). "Wikileaks 'to release video of US strike on Afghan civilians'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ Tran, Mark (3 June 2009). "US military admits errors in air strikes that killed scores of Afghan civilians". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ Schmitt, Eric P; Shanker, Thom (2 June 2009). "US Report Finds Errors in Afghan Airstrikes". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ Denselow, James (23 June 2010). "Hail to the whistleblowers". The Guardian. London.
^ "'More than 100' die in US-led air strike in Afghanistan". The Australian. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ de Luce, Dan (18 June 2009). "US military debates release of Afghan air strike probe". AFP. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ McGreal, Chris (16 June 2010). "WikiLeaks to release video of deadly US Afghan attack". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
^ Poulsen, Kevin; Zetter, Kim (6 June 2010). "U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in Wikileaks Video Probe". Wired. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
^ Savage, Charlie (1 March 2013). "Soldier Admits Providing Files to WikiLeaks". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ a b "WikiLeaks has more US secrets, Assange says". March 5, 2013. AU: The Age. 2013-03-05. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
^ Assange, Julian (Verified User: _JulianAssange) (10 January 2017). "I am Julian Assange founder of WikiLeaks -- Ask Me Anything". Reddit. Retrieved 12 January 2017. {{cite web}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
^ Assange, Julian. "Affidavit of Julian Assange".
External links
Gregory, Thomas (26 Apr 2012). "Potential Lives, Impossible Deaths: Afghanistan, Civilian Casualties and the Politics of Intelligibility". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 14 (3): 327–347. doi:10.1080/14616742.2012.659851. S2CID 142864199.
Rethink Afghanistan (report from the scene), archived from the original (video) on February 1, 2013.
Destroyed buildings and victims (images), Rawa, archived from the original on June 19, 2013. ()
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(Sep)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_and_5_September_2019_Kabul_bombings"},{"link_name":"Charikar & Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_September_2019_Afghanistan_bombings"},{"link_name":"Qalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Qalat_bombing"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Haska Meyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haska_Meyna_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bagram_Airfield_attack"},{"link_name":"Kabul (6 Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting"},{"link_name":"Kabul 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incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_of_U.S._Marines_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters"},{"link_name":"Quran burning protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests"},{"link_name":"Insurgents' bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgents%27_bodies_incident"},{"link_name":"U.S.–Afghan agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Afghanistan_Strategic_Partnership_Agreement"},{"link_name":"United States–Taliban deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal"},{"link_name":"2011–2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"2020–2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_peace_process"},{"link_name":"2021 Kabul airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"B-1 Bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"Granai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granai"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Farah Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Province"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLuce8-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shalizi-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"unintended consequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLuce8-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shalizi-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLuce8-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLuce8-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer-7"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"2009 mass murder of civilians by American airmen during the Afghanistan WarvteWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)History\nTimeline\n\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\nBattles and operationsvteInvasion\nCrescent Wind\nRhino\nMazar-i-Sharif\nKunduz\nHerat\nKabul\nTarinkot\nTrent\nKandahar\nQala-i-Jangi\nShawali Kowt\nSayyd Alma Kalay\nTora Bora\nvteHelmand Province campaign\nLejay\nEagle Fury\nLashkar Gah\nMountain Thrust\n1st Sangin\nMountain Fury\nNawzad\nAchilles\nMusa Qala I\nVolcano\nKryptonite\nSilver\nPickaxe-Handle\nHammer\nNasrat\nMusa Qala II\nGarmsir\nEagle's Summit\nRed Dagger\nShahi Tandar\nDiesel\nMar Lewe\nPanther's Claw\nStrike of the Sword\nDahaneh\nCobra's Anger\nMoshtarak\nTor Shezada\nBattle of Sangin\nCamp Bastion\nJanuary 2017 Lashkargah\nSangin\nJune 2017 Lashkargah\nCamp Shorabak\nGrishk\nvteKandahar Province\n2001 Kandahar bombing\nFall of Kandahar\nTarnak Farm\nMongoose\nMedusa\nAvalanche\nKaika\nPanjwaii\nFalcon Summit\nHoover\nLuger\nKamin\nShah Wali Kot\n2008 Kandahar\nSpin Boldak\nSarposa\nArghandab\nWech Baghtu\n2009 Kandahar\nNadahan\nHamkari\nDragon Strike\nBaawar\nBattle of Kandahar\nKandahar massacre\n2017 Kandahar\n2020 Kandahar\nvteEastern Afghanistan\nHazar Qadam\nAnaconda (Takur Ghar)\nWarrior Sweep\nJacana\nHaven Denial\nMountain Resolve\nTar Heels\nKorangal valley (Red Wings)\nJaji border incident\nBagram (2007)\nSouth Korean hostages\nNangar Khel\nAranas\nWanat\nEbrahimkhel\nAlasay\nBari Alai\nGanjal\nKamdesh\nNarang\nKhataba\n2010 Badakhshan massacre\nBad Pakh\nBulldog Bite\nBarawala Kalay Valley\nDo Ab\nAsadabad\nBagram (2014)\nJalalabad (2015)\nBagram (2015)\nNangarhar\nJalalabad (2016)\nJanikhel\nBagram (2016)\nMohmand Valley\nTora Bora\nJalalabad (January 2018)\nJalalabad (July 2018)\nJalalabad (September 2018)\nCharikar\nJalalabad (2019)\nBagram (2019)\nMay 2020\nvteKabul Province\n2002\n2008 Serena Hotel\n2008 Indian embassy\nUzbin\n2009 raids\nNATO HQ\n2009 Indian embassy\nBakhtar\nJanuary 2010\nFebruary 2010\nMay 2010\n2011 Inter-Continental Hotel\nSeptember 2011\nDecember 2011\nApril 2012\nJune 2013\nPalace\nJanuary 2014\n2014 Serena Hotel\nDecember 2014\nPark Palace\nParliament\n7 August 2015\n10 August 2015\n22 August 2015\nSpanish Embassy\nApril 2016\nCanadian Embassy\nJuly 2016\nAmerican University\nSeptember 2016\nJanuary 2017\nMarch 2017\nMay 2017\nOctober 2017 mosque\n28 December 2017\n2018 Inter-Continental Hotel\nAmbulance\nMarch 2018\n22 April 2018\n30 April 2018\nSeptember 2018\n2019 mosque\n1 July 2019\n28 July 2019\n7 August 2019\n17 August 2019\n2 and 5 September 2019\n17 September 2019\n6 March 2020\nGurdwara\nMay 2020\nJune 2020\nJuly 2020\nAugust 2020\nSeptember 2020\nOctober 2020\nNovember 2020\nUniversity\nDecember 2020\n2021 school\nFall of Kabul (2021)\n2021 hospital\nvteKunduz Province\nAirlift\nSiege\nHarekate Yolo\nKarez\nOqab\n2009 airstrike\nSahda Ehlm\nGala-e Gorg\nHalmazag\n2015 battle\nHospital airstrike\nHostage crisis\n2016 battle\nBoz Qandahari\nKunduz madrassa\n2020\n\nMajor operations\n\nMountain Viper\nAsbury Park\nPerth\nChora\nFirebase Anaconda\nShewan\nBalamorghab\nSabzak\nDerapet\nDoan\nKunduz (2015)\nOmari\nTarinkot\nKunduz (2016)\nBoz Qandahari\nDarzab (2017)\nFarah\nDarzab (2018)\nKunar (2019–2020)\nGhazni\n2021 Taliban offensive\nZaranj\nKunduz\nHerat\nKandahar\nLashkargah\nKabul\nAirstrikes\n\nSayyd Alma Kalay\nUruzgan wedding\nHyderabad\nGora Prai\nHaska Meyna/Deh Bala\nAzizabad\nWech Baghtu\nGranai\nKunduz (2009)\nUruzgan helicopter\nSangin (2010)\nMano Gai\nBaraki Barak\nKapisa\nKunar\nKunduz hospital\nSangin (2017)\nNangarhar\nKunduz madrassa\nMajor insurgent attacks\n2002\n\nKabul\n2007\n\nBagram\nS Korean hostage\nBaghlan\n2008\n\nKandahar\nSpin Boldak\nKhost\nKabul Indian embassy\nKabul hotel\n2009\n\nKabul raids\nKabul NATO\nKandahar\nKabul Indian embassy\nKabul UN guesthouse\nCamp Chapman\n2010\n\nKabul (Jan)\nKabul (Feb)\nKabul (May)\nNadahan\n2011\n\nLogar\nKabul hotel\nNimruz\nZabul\nKabul (Sep)\nKabul & Mazar-e-Sharif\n2012\n\nRaids\nCamp Bastion\nFOB Salerno Attack\n2013\n\nFarah\nKabul court\nKabul palace\nJalalabad\nHerat\n2014\n\nKabul restaurant\nKabul hotel\nHerat Indian consulate\nBagram\n1st Paktika\n2nd Paktika\nKabul school\n2015\n\nJalalabad\nKabul hotel\nKabul Parliament\nKhost\nKabul police\nKabul Airport\nKabul NATO\nGhazni\nKandahar\nKabul Spanish embassy\nBagram\n2016\n\nJalalabad\nKabul NDS\nKunduz-Takhar highway\nKabul Canadian embassy\nWardak\nKabul Hazara protest\nKabul University\nKabul Defense Ministry\nMazar-i-Sharif\nBagram\n2017\n\nBombings (Jan)\nKabul hospital\nCamp Shaheen\nKabul (May)\nHerat (Jun)\nJune Lashkargah\nHerat (Aug)\nGardez & Ghazni\nKabul & Ghor\nKabul Shi'ite\n2018\n\nKabul hotel\nJalalabad (Save the Children)\nKabul ambulance\nKabul (Mar)\nKabul (22 Apr)\nKabul (30 Apr)\nJalalabad (Jul)\nBaghlan\nKabul (Sep)\nJalalabad (Sep)\n2019\n\nMaidan Shar\nCamp Shorabak\nKabul mosque\nKabul Defense Ministry\nGhazni\nKabul office\nFarah\nKabul police\nKabul wedding\nKabul (Sep)\nCharikar & Kabul\nQalat\nJalalabad\nHaska Meyna\nBagram\n2020\n\nKabul (6 Mar)\nKabul gurdwara\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAugust\nJalalabad\nSeptember\nOctober\nNovember\nKabul University\nDecember\n2021\n\nJan-Aug\nKabul school\nSpin Boldak\nMassacres\n\nDasht-i-Leili\nShinwar\nNangar\nNarang\nMaywand\nKhataba\nBadakhshan\nKandahar\nFOB Delhi\nOther\n\nU.S. urination incident\nQuran burning protests\nInsurgents' bodies\nU.S.–Afghan agreement\nUnited States–Taliban deal\nU.S. withdrawal\n2011–2016\n2020–2021\nPeace process\n2021 Kabul airliftThe Granai airstrike, sometimes called the Granai massacre, refers to the killing of approximately 86 to 147 Afghan civilians by an airstrike by a US Air Force B-1 Bomber on May 4, 2009, in the village of Granai (Pashto: گرانای, also Romanized Garani, Gerani, Granay)[1] in Farah Province, south of Herat, Afghanistan.[2][3][4][5][6]The United States admitted significant errors were made in carrying out the airstrike, stating \"the inability to discern the presence of civilians and avoid and/or minimize accompanying collateral damage resulted in the unintended consequence of civilian casualties\".[7][8][9]The Afghan government said that around 140 civilians were killed, of whom 22 were adult males and 93 were children.[3][4] Afghanistan's top rights body has said 97 civilians were killed, most of them children.[3] Other estimates range from 86 to 147 civilians killed.[7][10] An earlier probe by the US military had said that 20–30 civilians were killed along with 60–65 insurgents.[3] A partially released American inquiry stated \"no one will ever be able conclusively to determine the number of civilian casualties that occurred\".[7] The Australian had said that the airstrike resulted in \"one of the highest civilian death tolls from Western military action since foreign forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001\".[11]","title":"Granai airstrike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Camera"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLuce18-12"},{"link_name":"WikiLeaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Confession_to_10_crimes_Manning-15"},{"link_name":"Julian Assange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Assange"},{"link_name":"war crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheAge-16"},{"link_name":"Daniel Domscheit-Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Domscheit-Berg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheAge-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redditamaQ12017-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"A Combat Camera video of the airstrike was made by the bomber aircraft involved. When the Pentagon investigation on the incident was released in 2009, it did not include the video.[7][12]By May 2010, WikiLeaks had an encrypted copy of the video it had received from then U.S. Army Specialist Chelsea Manning and was attempting to decrypt it.[13][14][15] In a March 2013 statement, Julian Assange disputed prior news reports claiming WikiLeaks had been unable to decrypt the file and alleged that the video \"documented a massacre, a war crime.\"[16]Assange said WikiLeaks no longer had the video due to former spokesperson Daniel Domscheit-Berg deleting it and other files when he left WikiLeaks in September 2010 and a Swedish Intelligence operation conducted in September 2010 in which other copies of the video were also lost.[16][17][18]","title":"Airstrike video"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haska_Meyna_wedding_party_airstrike"},{"title":"Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wech_Baghtu_wedding_party_airstrike"},{"title":"Azizabad airstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azizabad_airstrike"},{"title":"Sangin airstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangin_airstrike"},{"title":"Civilian casualties in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hollow Excuses\". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English. September 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/hollow-excuses/","url_text":"\"Hollow Excuses\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Matthew (11 April 2010). \"Whistleblowers on US 'massacre' fear CIA stalkers\". The Times. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7094234.ece","url_text":"\"Whistleblowers on US 'massacre' fear CIA stalkers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"de Luce, Dan (8 June 2009). \"We failed to follow bombing rules: Pentagon\". AFP. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100810003158/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gYi4IDEtmbbgYaWKYw2vJ1kl2IEA","url_text":"\"We failed to follow bombing rules: Pentagon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"AFP"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gYi4IDEtmbbgYaWKYw2vJ1kl2IEA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shalizi, Hamid; Graff, Peter (16 May 2009). \"U.S. strikes killed 140 villagers: Afghan probe\". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE54E22V20090516","url_text":"\"U.S. strikes killed 140 villagers: Afghan probe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Gall, Carlotta; Shah, Taimoor (14 May 2009). \"Afghan Villagers Describe Chaos of U.S. Strikes newspaper\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlotta_Gall","url_text":"Gall, Carlotta"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/world/asia/15farah.html","url_text":"\"Afghan Villagers Describe Chaos of U.S. Strikes newspaper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Boone, Jon; MacAskill, Ewen; Tran, Mark (6 May 2009). \"US air strikes kill dozens of Afghan civilians\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/06/us-air-strikes-afghan-civilians","url_text":"\"US air strikes kill dozens of Afghan civilians\""}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Ben (11 April 2010). \"Wikileaks 'to release video of US strike on Afghan civilians'\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7579132/Wikileaks-to-release-video-of-US-strike-on-Afghan-civilians.html","url_text":"\"Wikileaks 'to release video of US strike on Afghan civilians'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Tran, Mark (3 June 2009). \"US military admits errors in air strikes that killed scores of Afghan civilians\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/03/afghanistan-us-airstrikes-errors","url_text":"\"US military admits errors in air strikes that killed scores of Afghan civilians\""}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Eric P; Shanker, Thom (2 June 2009). \"US Report Finds Errors in Afghan Airstrikes\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt","url_text":"Schmitt, Eric P"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/world/asia/03military.html","url_text":"\"US Report Finds Errors in Afghan Airstrikes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Denselow, James (23 June 2010). \"Hail to the whistleblowers\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/23/hail-whistleblowers-wikileaks","url_text":"\"Hail to the whistleblowers\""}]},{"reference":"\"'More than 100' die in US-led air strike in Afghanistan\". The Australian. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/more-than-100-die-in-us-air-strike/story-e6frg6so-1225710397371","url_text":"\"'More than 100' die in US-led air strike in Afghanistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"de Luce, Dan (18 June 2009). \"US military debates release of Afghan air strike probe\". AFP. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100810003201/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iHR81hAa4Ww2mp2_gWIG8PAHnvnA","url_text":"\"US military debates release of Afghan air strike probe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"AFP"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iHR81hAa4Ww2mp2_gWIG8PAHnvnA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGreal, Chris (16 June 2010). \"WikiLeaks to release video of deadly US Afghan attack\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McGreal","url_text":"McGreal, Chris"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/16/wikileaks-us-military-afghanistan-garani","url_text":"\"WikiLeaks to release video of deadly US Afghan attack\""}]},{"reference":"Poulsen, Kevin; Zetter, Kim (6 June 2010). \"U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in Wikileaks Video Probe\". Wired. Retrieved 15 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Poulsen","url_text":"Poulsen, Kevin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Zetter","url_text":"Zetter, Kim"},{"url":"https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/leak/","url_text":"\"U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in Wikileaks Video Probe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"Savage, Charlie (1 March 2013). \"Soldier Admits Providing Files to WikiLeaks\". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_(author)","url_text":"Savage, Charlie"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/us/bradley-manning-admits-giving-trove-of-military-data-to-wikileaks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"\"Soldier Admits Providing Files to WikiLeaks\""}]},{"reference":"\"WikiLeaks has more US secrets, Assange says\". March 5, 2013. AU: The Age. 2013-03-05. Retrieved March 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/national/wikileaks-has-more-us-secrets-assange-says-20130305-2fihd.html","url_text":"\"WikiLeaks has more US secrets, Assange says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia","url_text":"AU"}]},{"reference":"Assange, Julian (Verified User: _JulianAssange) (10 January 2017). \"I am Julian Assange founder of WikiLeaks -- Ask Me Anything\". Reddit. Retrieved 12 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5n58sm/i_am_julian_assange_founder_of_wikileaks_ask_me/dc8piiv/","url_text":"\"I am Julian Assange founder of WikiLeaks -- Ask Me Anything\""}]},{"reference":"Assange, Julian. \"Affidavit of Julian Assange\".","urls":[{"url":"https://wikileaks.org/IMG/html/Affidavit_of_Julian_Assange.html","url_text":"\"Affidavit of Julian Assange\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Thomas (26 Apr 2012). \"Potential Lives, Impossible Deaths: Afghanistan, Civilian Casualties and the Politics of Intelligibility\". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 14 (3): 327–347. doi:10.1080/14616742.2012.659851. S2CID 142864199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616742.2012.659851","url_text":"10.1080/14616742.2012.659851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142864199","url_text":"142864199"}]},{"reference":"Rethink Afghanistan (report from the scene), archived from the original (video) on February 1, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130201085515/http://rethinkafghanistan.com/blog/?p=350","url_text":"Rethink Afghanistan"},{"url":"http://rethinkafghanistan.com/blog/?p=350","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Destroyed buildings and victims (images), Rawa, archived from the original on June 19, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619040303/http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/rawagallery.php?mghash=2d722373add25313a93a1227927fa4f9&mggal=6","url_text":"Destroyed buildings and victims"},{"url":"http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/rawagallery.php?mghash=2d722373add25313a93a1227927fa4f9&mggal=6","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Granai_airstrike¶ms=32_37_19_N_62_26_06_E_source:kolossus-ptwiki","external_links_name":"32°37′19″N 62°26′06″E / 32.62194°N 62.43500°E / 32.62194; 62.43500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Granai_airstrike¶ms=32_37_19_N_62_26_06_E_source:kolossus-ptwiki","external_links_name":"32°37′19″N 62°26′06″E / 32.62194°N 62.43500°E / 32.62194; 62.43500"},{"Link":"https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/hollow-excuses/","external_links_name":"\"Hollow Excuses\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7094234.ece","external_links_name":"\"Whistleblowers on US 'massacre' fear CIA stalkers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100810003158/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gYi4IDEtmbbgYaWKYw2vJ1kl2IEA","external_links_name":"\"We failed to follow bombing rules: Pentagon\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gYi4IDEtmbbgYaWKYw2vJ1kl2IEA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE54E22V20090516","external_links_name":"\"U.S. strikes killed 140 villagers: Afghan probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/world/asia/15farah.html","external_links_name":"\"Afghan Villagers Describe Chaos of U.S. Strikes newspaper\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/06/us-air-strikes-afghan-civilians","external_links_name":"\"US air strikes kill dozens of Afghan civilians\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7579132/Wikileaks-to-release-video-of-US-strike-on-Afghan-civilians.html","external_links_name":"\"Wikileaks 'to release video of US strike on Afghan civilians'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/03/afghanistan-us-airstrikes-errors","external_links_name":"\"US military admits errors in air strikes that killed scores of Afghan civilians\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/world/asia/03military.html","external_links_name":"\"US Report Finds Errors in Afghan Airstrikes\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/23/hail-whistleblowers-wikileaks","external_links_name":"\"Hail to the whistleblowers\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/more-than-100-die-in-us-air-strike/story-e6frg6so-1225710397371","external_links_name":"\"'More than 100' die in US-led air strike in Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100810003201/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iHR81hAa4Ww2mp2_gWIG8PAHnvnA","external_links_name":"\"US military debates release of Afghan air strike probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iHR81hAa4Ww2mp2_gWIG8PAHnvnA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/16/wikileaks-us-military-afghanistan-garani","external_links_name":"\"WikiLeaks to release video of deadly US Afghan attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/leak/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in Wikileaks Video Probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/us/bradley-manning-admits-giving-trove-of-military-data-to-wikileaks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Soldier Admits Providing Files to WikiLeaks\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/national/wikileaks-has-more-us-secrets-assange-says-20130305-2fihd.html","external_links_name":"\"WikiLeaks has more US secrets, Assange says\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5n58sm/i_am_julian_assange_founder_of_wikileaks_ask_me/dc8piiv/","external_links_name":"\"I am Julian Assange founder of WikiLeaks -- Ask Me Anything\""},{"Link":"https://wikileaks.org/IMG/html/Affidavit_of_Julian_Assange.html","external_links_name":"\"Affidavit of Julian Assange\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616742.2012.659851","external_links_name":"10.1080/14616742.2012.659851"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142864199","external_links_name":"142864199"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130201085515/http://rethinkafghanistan.com/blog/?p=350","external_links_name":"Rethink Afghanistan"},{"Link":"http://rethinkafghanistan.com/blog/?p=350","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619040303/http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/rawagallery.php?mghash=2d722373add25313a93a1227927fa4f9&mggal=6","external_links_name":"Destroyed buildings and victims"},{"Link":"http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/rawagallery.php?mghash=2d722373add25313a93a1227927fa4f9&mggal=6","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Romania_(1910-1918)
|
Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918)
|
["1 History","2 Notable members","3 Electoral history","3.1 Legislative elections","4 References"]
|
Political party in Romania
Social Democratic Party of Romania Founded1910Dissolved1916Succeeded bySocialist Party of RomaniaIdeologySocial democracySocialismMarxismPolitical positionLeft-wingInternational affiliationSecond InternationalPolitics of RomaniaPolitical partiesElections
The Social Democratic Party of Romania (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat din România, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a Marxist social-democratic political party in Romania. A member of the Second International, the party was active between 1910 and 1916, when it was banned. Clandestine groups continued underground activity until 1918, when the end of World War I allowed the party to re-emerge as a legal political group, rechristened Socialist Party of Romania.
History
Founded in 1910 at the initiative of the Socialist Union of Romania, a loose alliance of socialist clubs formed across Romania around the magazine România Muncitoare, it also acted as the political wing of the local trade union movement. The party viewed itself as a successor to the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party, the latter having disbanded in April 1899 after a conflict between its reformist wing (deemed "generoșii" - "the generous ones"), which left in order to join the National Liberal Party, and the Marxist groups. Appealing to a relatively small working class population, whose political power was further restricted by the income-based voting system, the PSD was unable to attain any major electoral success. Nevertheless, it led an active campaign for better working conditions, land reform and peace.
The party's anti-militarist stance led it to condemn both Romania's participation in the Second Balkan War and, after the start of World War I, the social patriotic stance of Western social-democratic parties. Accordingly, it proposed a federalist solution for the complicated ethnic situation in the Balkans, and, after some internal debates, joined the Zimmerwald movement. Neutral at first, by 1916 Romania's government was increasingly open to participation in the war on the Entente side, and decided to crack down on the socialist movement, brutally repressing a pacifist demonstration in Galați in June. The PSD was banned outright when the country declared war on the Central Powers later that year.
With a significant part of the members drafted (including the general secretary, Dimitrie Marinescu, killed in action), the party was only able to retain a clandestine activity in the main industrial centres of the country, such as Bucharest, Iași and the Prahova Valley. The PSD's situation further deteriorated after the disastrous Romanian Campaign resulted in the southern half of the country falling under the military occupation of the Central Powers. Paradoxically, the socialists fared somewhat better in the occupied territories, where the occupation army, at the intervention of German social-democrats, gave them some leeway, even allowing the reopening of the Bucharest workers' club.
The 1917 February Revolution led to a reactivation of the Romanian workers' movement, and its subsequent radicalisation. The Bucharest clandestine group, led by Alecu Constantinescu and Gheorghe Cristescu, emerged as the "maximalist" Central committee for anti-war and anti-imperialist action, also coordinating the "intimate councils" active in Ploiești and Câmpina. The radicals in Moldavia, area still under government control, were able to gain the sympathy of the Russian soldiers present in the region as Romania's allies, which provided them with some freedom of action. The Romanian authorities however quickly reacted, imprisoning the socialist leaders Christian Rakovsky and Mihail Gheorghiu Bujor, and assassinating Max Wexler. As a result, most revolutionary socialists fled government persecution to Russia. Establishing their headquarters in Odessa, the main centre of the Romanian refugees in Southern Russia, they created the Romanian Social-Democratic Action Committee under the leadership of Bujor, Alexandru Nicolau and Ion Dic-Dicescu, and re-established the official party press by publishing Lupta.
Soon after the October Revolution, the Odessa committee rallied behind the Bolsheviks. The Bucharest committee also saluted the Revolution and condemned the humiliating peace between Romania and the Central Powers, leading the Germans to reverse their earlier policies and imprison all pre-war socialist leadership in May 1918. Nevertheless, the changing tide of war resulted in a weakening of the German grip on the region, allowing for the re-emergence of the trade unions in the occupied territories beginning with late spring. In the meantime, in April 1918, the moderate social-democrats remaining in Iași, led by Litman Ghelerter and Ion Sion, also regrouped the local party sections into the Moldavia Regional Committee. Faced with pressure from the increasingly radical working class, the government was forced to allow the Committee to function semi-legally. The armistice between Germany and the Allies in November 1918 finally allowed the PSD to emerge from clandestine activity. On November 28, the Bucharest group, headed by Ilie Moscovici and Cristescu, organised a provisional executive committee, including both radicals and moderates, began publishing Socialismul as the official party journal, and succeeded, in relatively short time, in re-opening party sections in the Prahova Valley and the port towns on the Danube. Soon afterwards, the party decided to break with what it saw as the failure of the Second International by rebranding itself as the Socialist Party of Romania.
Notable members
Vasile Anagnoste
Ecaterina Arbore
Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor
Alecu Constantinescu
Gheorghe Cristescu
Toma Dragu
I. C. Frimu
Leon Ghelerter
Ştefan Gheorghiu
Theodor Iordăchescu
Barbu Lăzăreanu
Dimitrie Marinescu
Ioan I. Mirescu
Ilie Moscovici
Alexandru Nicolau
Ottoi Călin
Ion Pas
Ana Pauker
Constantin Titel Petrescu
Christian Rakovsky
Camil Ressu
Max Vexler
Şerban Voinea
Electoral history
Legislative elections
Election
Votes
%
Assembly
Senate
Position
1911
0 / 183
0 / 112
References
Liveanu, V. (1960). 1918. Din istoria luptelor revoluționare din Romînia (in Romanian). București: Editura Politică.
Copoiu, Nicolae (1966). Refacerea Partidului Social-Democrat din România (1900-1910) (in Romanian). București: Editura Științifică.
Cușnir-Mihailovici, Clara; Dragne, Florea; Unc, Gheorghe (1971). Mișcarea muncitorească din România, 1916-1921 (in Romanian). București: Editura Politică.
Jurca, Nicolae (1994). Istoria Social-Democrației din România (in Romanian). București: Editura Științifică.
vtePolitical parties in Romania Parliamentary
Association of Italians
Association of Macedonians
Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania
Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania
Cultural Union of Ruthenians
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
Democratic Turkish Union
Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs
Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars
Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
Force of the Right
Hellenic Union
League of Albanians
National Liberal Party
Party of the Roma
Renewing Romania's European Project
Romanian Nationhood Party
Save Romania Union
S.O.S. Romania
Social Democratic Party
Social Liberal Humanist Party
Union of Armenians
Union of Croatians
Union of Poles
Union of Serbs
Union of the Ukrainians
Extraparliamentary
Alliance for the Homeland
Alliance for the Union of Romanians
Greater Romania Party
Green Party
Nation People Together
People's Movement Party
PRO Romania
Ecologist Party
Greater Romania Party
National Rebirth Alliance
Noua Dreaptă
Romanian Nationhood Party
Romanian Socialist Party
The Right Alternative
Volt Romania
DefunctNationalist
Democratic Nationalist Party
Democratic Union Party
National Party
National Union from Banat
Romanian National Unity Party
United Romania Party
Liberal
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
Free and Independent Faction
Liberal Union–Brătianu
National Liberal Party
National Liberal Party–Brătianu
National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu
National Liberal Party–Tătărescu
Radical Party
Conservative
Civic Force
Conservative Party
Conservative-Democratic Party
Constitutional Party
National Democratic Christian Party
National Renaissance Front
People's Party (1918–1938
People's Party (2005–2006)
Progressive Conservative Party
Romanian National Party
Vlad Țepeș League
Left-wing
Banat Socialist Party
Communist Party (Nepeceriști)
Democratic National Salvation Front
Democratic Party of Labour
Labor Party
National Salvation Front
Party of Social Solidarity
Peasant Workers' Bloc
People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
Romanian Communist Party
Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)
Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)
Romanian Socialist Democratic Party
Romanian Socialist Party
Social Democratic Party of Bukovina
Social Democratic Party
Social Democratic Workers' Party
Socialist Party of Labour
Social Protection People's Party
Socialist Party
Socialist Party of Transylvania
Socialist Workers Party
United Socialist Party
Agrarian
Agrarian League
Agrarian Union Party
Bessarabian Peasants' Party
Democratic Agrarian Party
Democratic Peasants' Party
Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu
Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere
League Against Usury
National Agrarian Party
National Peasants' Party
National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu
Peasants' Party
Peasants' Party–Lupu
Ploughmen's Front
Radical Peasants' Party
Socialist Peasants' Party
Transylvanian Peasants' Party
Far-right
Citizen Bloc
Crusade of Romanianism
Iron Guard
National Christian Party
National-Christian Defense League
National Fascist Movement
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
National Romanian Fascio
National Socialist Party
Romanian Action
Romanian Front
Ethnic minority
Autonomous Swabian Party
Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania
Cultural Union of Albanians
Democratic Union of the Roma
German Party
German People's Party
General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania
Group of Transylvanian Saxons
Hungarian People's Party
Hungarian People's Union
Hungarian Union
Italian Community
Jewish Democratic Committee
Jewish National People's Party
Jewish Party
Magyar Party
National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
People's Council Party
Swabian Group
Ukrainian National Party
Ukrainian Workers' Party
Union of Romanian Jews
Other
Ecological Movement
Ecologist Union of Romania Party
Union of Patriots/National Popular Party
National Reconstruction Party
Party of Free Change
Party of Young Free Democrats
Republican Party (1993–2004)
Republican Party (1990–1993)
Transylvania–Banat League
Alliances
Alliance for Romanian Unity
Alliance PSD+PC
Centre Left Alliance
Centre Right Alliance
Christian Liberal Alliance
Democratic Group of the Centre
Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania
Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
Green Ecologist Party
Hungarian German Bloc
Justice and Truth Alliance
National Liberal Ecologist Alliance
National Union PSD+PUR
People's Democratic Front
Red Quadrilateral
Right Romania Alliance
Romanian Democratic Convention
Social Democratic Pole of Romania
Social Democratic Union
Social Liberal Union
USR PLUS
Portal:Politics
List of political parties
Politics of Romania
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
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Nicolau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Nicolau"},{"link_name":"Ion Dic-Dicescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Dic-Dicescu"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"humiliating peace between Romania and the Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Litman Ghelerter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litman_Ghelerter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ion Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Sion"},{"link_name":"armistice between Germany and the Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"Ilie 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The party viewed itself as a successor to the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party, the latter having disbanded in April 1899 after a conflict between its reformist wing (deemed \"generoșii\" - \"the generous ones\"), which left in order to join the National Liberal Party, and the Marxist groups. Appealing to a relatively small working class population, whose political power was further restricted by the income-based voting system, the PSD was unable to attain any major electoral success. Nevertheless, it led an active campaign for better working conditions, land reform and peace.The party's anti-militarist stance led it to condemn both Romania's participation in the Second Balkan War and, after the start of World War I, the social patriotic stance of Western social-democratic parties. Accordingly, it proposed a federalist solution for the complicated ethnic situation in the Balkans, and, after some internal debates, joined the Zimmerwald movement. Neutral at first, by 1916 Romania's government was increasingly open to participation in the war on the Entente side, and decided to crack down on the socialist movement, brutally repressing a pacifist demonstration in Galați in June. The PSD was banned outright when the country declared war on the Central Powers later that year.With a significant part of the members drafted (including the general secretary, Dimitrie Marinescu, killed in action), the party was only able to retain a clandestine activity in the main industrial centres of the country, such as Bucharest, Iași and the Prahova Valley. The PSD's situation further deteriorated after the disastrous Romanian Campaign resulted in the southern half of the country falling under the military occupation of the Central Powers. Paradoxically, the socialists fared somewhat better in the occupied territories, where the occupation army, at the intervention of German social-democrats, gave them some leeway, even allowing the reopening of the Bucharest workers' club.The 1917 February Revolution led to a reactivation of the Romanian workers' movement, and its subsequent radicalisation. The Bucharest clandestine group, led by Alecu Constantinescu and Gheorghe Cristescu, emerged as the \"maximalist\" Central committee for anti-war and anti-imperialist action, also coordinating the \"intimate councils\" active in Ploiești and Câmpina. The radicals in Moldavia, area still under government control, were able to gain the sympathy of the Russian soldiers present in the region as Romania's allies, which provided them with some freedom of action. The Romanian authorities however quickly reacted, imprisoning the socialist leaders Christian Rakovsky and Mihail Gheorghiu Bujor, and assassinating Max Wexler. As a result, most revolutionary socialists fled government persecution to Russia. Establishing their headquarters in Odessa, the main centre of the Romanian refugees in Southern Russia, they created the Romanian Social-Democratic Action Committee under the leadership of Bujor, Alexandru Nicolau and Ion Dic-Dicescu, and re-established the official party press by publishing Lupta.Soon after the October Revolution, the Odessa committee rallied behind the Bolsheviks. The Bucharest committee also saluted the Revolution and condemned the humiliating peace between Romania and the Central Powers, leading the Germans to reverse their earlier policies and imprison all pre-war socialist leadership in May 1918. Nevertheless, the changing tide of war resulted in a weakening of the German grip on the region, allowing for the re-emergence of the trade unions in the occupied territories beginning with late spring. In the meantime, in April 1918, the moderate social-democrats remaining in Iași, led by Litman Ghelerter and Ion Sion, also regrouped the local party sections into the Moldavia Regional Committee. Faced with pressure from the increasingly radical working class, the government was forced to allow the Committee to function semi-legally. The armistice between Germany and the Allies in November 1918 finally allowed the PSD to emerge from clandestine activity. On November 28, the Bucharest group, headed by Ilie Moscovici and Cristescu, organised a provisional executive committee, including both radicals and moderates, began publishing Socialismul as the official party journal, and succeeded, in relatively short time, in re-opening party sections in the Prahova Valley and the port towns on the Danube. Soon afterwards, the party decided to break with what it saw as the failure of the Second International by rebranding itself as the Socialist Party of Romania.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasile Anagnoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Anagnoste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ecaterina Arbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecaterina_Arbore"},{"link_name":"Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Gheorghiu_Bujor"},{"link_name":"Alecu Constantinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alecu_Constantinescu"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Cristescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescu"},{"link_name":"Toma Dragu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toma_Dragu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I. C. Frimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._C._Frimu"},{"link_name":"Leon Ghelerter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Ghelerter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ştefan Gheorghiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Etefan_Gheorghiu_(trade_unionist)"},{"link_name":"Theodor Iordăchescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Iord%C4%83chescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbu Lăzăreanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbu_L%C4%83z%C4%83reanu"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie Marinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Marinescu"},{"link_name":"Ioan I. Mirescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioan_I._Mirescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilie Moscovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_Moscovici"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Nicolau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Nicolau"},{"link_name":"Ottoi Călin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoi_C%C4%83lin"},{"link_name":"Ion Pas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Pas"},{"link_name":"Ana Pauker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Pauker"},{"link_name":"Constantin Titel Petrescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Titel_Petrescu"},{"link_name":"Christian Rakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky"},{"link_name":"Camil Ressu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camil_Ressu"},{"link_name":"Max Vexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Vexler"},{"link_name":"Şerban Voinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eerban_Voinea&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Vasile Anagnoste\nEcaterina Arbore\nMihai Gheorghiu Bujor\nAlecu Constantinescu\nGheorghe Cristescu\nToma Dragu\nI. C. Frimu\nLeon Ghelerter\nŞtefan Gheorghiu\nTheodor Iordăchescu\nBarbu Lăzăreanu\nDimitrie Marinescu\nIoan I. Mirescu\nIlie Moscovici\nAlexandru Nicolau\nOttoi Călin\nIon Pas\nAna Pauker\nConstantin Titel Petrescu\nChristian Rakovsky\nCamil Ressu\nMax Vexler\nŞerban Voinea","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Legislative elections","title":"Electoral history"}]
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[{"reference":"Liveanu, V. (1960). 1918. Din istoria luptelor revoluționare din Romînia (in Romanian). București: Editura Politică.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Copoiu, Nicolae (1966). Refacerea Partidului Social-Democrat din România (1900-1910) (in Romanian). București: Editura Științifică.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cușnir-Mihailovici, Clara; Dragne, Florea; Unc, Gheorghe (1971). Mișcarea muncitorească din România, 1916-1921 (in Romanian). București: Editura Politică.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jurca, Nicolae (1994). Istoria Social-Democrației din România (in Romanian). București: Editura Științifică.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305163312","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifter_%C2%B7_Like_You_Do
|
JJ Lin discography
|
["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Compilation albums","1.3 Live albums","1.4 Video albums","1.5 Documentaries","1.6 English EP","1.7 Single albums","2 Singles","3 Others","3.1 Movies","3.2 Video games","4 Notes","5 References"]
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JJ Lin discographyLin in 2012Studio albums15Live albums3Compilation albums2Video albums1
This is the discography of Singaporean singer-songwriter JJ Lin (Chinese: 林俊杰). Lin has released fifteen studio albums, two compilation albums, three live albums, one video album and one documentary.
Albums
Studio albums
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
Sales
Certifications
SGP
TWN
US World
Music Voyager (樂行者)
Released: 10 April 2003
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
5
—
—
Asia: 1,000,000
Haven (第二天堂)
Released: 8 June 2004
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
5
—
—
No. 89757 (編號89757)
Released: 1 April 2005
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
1
—
—
Asia: 1,500,000
Cao Cao (曹操)
Released: 17 February 2006
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
—
2
—
Asia: 1,700,000
TWN: 200,000
Westside (西界)
Released: 29 June 2007
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
—
2
—
Asia: 1,600,000
Sixology (JJ陸)
Released: 18 October 2008
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
—
5
—
CHN: 208,000
Hundred Days (100 天)
Released: 18 December 2009
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
—
2
—
She Says (她說)
Released: 8 December 2010
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
—
9
—
Lost N Found (學不會)
Released: 31 December 2011
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: CD, digital download
—
1
—
SGP: 10,000
RIASTooltip Recording Industry Association Singapore: Platinum
Stories Untold (因你而在)
Released: 13 March 2013
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: CD, digital download
—
1
—
SGP: 10,000
RIAS: Platinum
Genesis (新地球)
Released: 27 December 2014
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: CD, digital download
—
—
9
SGP: 10,000
RIAS: Platinum
From M.E. to Myself (和自己對话)
Released: 25 December 2015
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: CD, digital download
—
—
—
SGP: 10,000
CHN: 227,439 (dig.)
RIAS: Platinum
Message in a Bottle (伟大的渺小)
Released: 29 December 2017
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: CD, digital download
—
—
—
CHN: 1,222,404 (dig.)
SGP: 5,000
RIAS: Gold
Drifter • Like You Do (倖存者·如你)
Released: 20 October 2020
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: CD, digital download
—
—
—
CHN: 1,355,401 (dig.)
Happily, Painfully After (重拾_快樂)
Released: 21 April 2023
Label: JFJ Productions
Format: digital download
—
—
—
CHN: 859,305 (dig.)
Compilation albums
Title
Details
Longing for Love (期待愛)
Released: 15 February 2008
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
He's JJ Lin (他是)
Released: 21 December 2012
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
Live albums
Title
Details
Just JJ World Tour 2006(2006就是俊傑世界巡迥演唱會)
Released: 29 December 2006
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
A Night of Love and Music Live in Taipei
(100天Love音樂實錄)
Released: 2 July 2010
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
I Am World Tour Live in Taipei 2011
Released: 8 November 2011
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
Video albums
Title
Details
The Best (雙霸)
Released: 8 November 2007
Label: Ocean Butterflies
Format: CD, digital download
Documentaries
Title
Details
If Miracles Had a Sound (听‧见林俊杰)
Released: 19 August 2016 (DVD)
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: CD, digital download
English EP
Title
Details
林俊傑 JJ Lin iTunes Session EP
Released: 18 July 2014 (iTunes)
Label: Warner Music Taiwan
Format: digital download
Single albums
Title
Details
Sales
Just Jazzin' (感爵這一刻)
Released: 22 December 2020
Label: JFJ Productions
Format: digital download
CHN: 225,299
一定会/After The Rain
Released: 29 November 2021
Label: JFJ Productions
Format: digital download
CHN: 776,104
Singles
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Sales
Album
CHN
"不為誰而作的歌" (Twilight)
2015
—
CHN: 2,042,052
Non-album single
"偉大的渺小" (Little Big Us)
2017
—
CHN: 820,128
Message in a Bottle
"小瓶子" (Message in a Bottle)
—
CHN: 402,813
"黑夜問白天" (53 Dawns)
—
CHN: 5,717,499
Non-album single
"Despacito" (Mandarin Version: 缓缓) (with Luis Fonsi)
2018
—
"飛雲之下" (Under the Cloud) (with Han Hong)
—
"進階" (Resurgence)
5
CHN: 1,053,711
"我們很好" (Better Days)"
2019
1
CHN: 1,885,142
"Show the World"
—
CHN: 339,284
"對的時間點" (The Right Time)
1
CHN: 892,159
"將故事寫成我們" (The Story of Us)
2
CHN: 6,231,867
"Wonderland"
1
CHN: 893,507
"As I Believe"
—
"Stay With You"
2020
—
"Hello"
—
"無濾鏡" (No Filter)
—
"Stay With You" (English Version) (feat. Stefanie Sun)
—
"交換餘生" (No Turning Back)
1
CHN: 9,520,647
Drifter • Like You Do
"偉大的渺小" (Little Big Us) (Jazz Version)
—
Just Jazzin'
"修煉愛情" (Practice Love) (Jazz Version)
—
"過" (Should've Let Go) (with Jackson Wang)
—
Non-album single
"Bedroom" (feat. Anne-Marie)
2021
—
Drifter • Like You Do
"裹著心的光" (Light of Sanctuary)
4
CHN: 4,532,131
Non-album single
"At Least I Had You"
—
"一定会" (We Will)
2
一定会/After The Rain
"After the Rain"
—
"From the Ashes"
2022
—
Non-album single
"無拘" (Unchained)
—
"那些你很冒險的夢" (Those Were The Days) (JJ20 Version)
—
"7千3百多天" (JJ20)
—
CHN: 399,581
Happily, Painfully After
"謝幕" (Hero)
2023
—
CHN: 556,453
"In the Joy"
—
Non-album single
"願與愁" (Dust and Ashes)
10
CHN: 937,040
Happily, Painfully After
"The Show" (with Steve Aoki)
—
Non-album single
Others
Movies
Love You You 夏日乐悠悠 (2011) - Music director for film score and soundtrack
Video games
Dota 2 - JJ Lin Timekeeper Music Pack Bundle (2016)
Notes
^ a b c d e Sales figures are based on certification alone.
References
^ The RIAS album chart operated from December 2001 to June 2005.
"Haven". Archived from the original on 18 June 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
"No. 89757". RIAS. 15 April 2005. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
^ The G-Music album chart operated from 2005 to 2015.
"Cao Cao" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 5 March 2006.
"Westside" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007.
"Sixology" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008.
"Hundred Days" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010.
"She Says" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011.
"Lost N Found" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.
"Stories Untold" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013.
^ "JJ Lin hart History | Biography, Music & News". Billboard. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
^ "视频：林俊杰《江南》《第二天堂》MV欣赏(图)". Sina Entertainment (in Chinese). 31 May 2004. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "林俊杰唱片销量突破150万张 江涛出席庆功宴" . Sohu Music (in Chinese). 21 July 2005. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ a b "为JJ Lin林俊杰的十三张专辑进行排名 你心目中的排名又是如何？". Bandwagon Asia (in Chinese). 10 August 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "林俊杰第五张原创音乐专辑《西界》" . NetEase Entertainment (in Chinese). 9 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "《JJ陸》答谢会 林俊杰自爆与阿Sa"交往"已久-搜狐音乐" . Sohu Music (in Chinese). 21 November 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ a b c d e f "RIAS Accreditations" (Enter JJ Lin in the search bar). Recording Industry Association Singapore. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ ""From M.E. to Myself"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Message in a Bottle (album)"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ 917,594 (Drifter) + 437,807 (Like You Do)
""Drifter"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
""Like You Do"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Happily, Painfully After"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Just Jazzin'"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""一定会/After The Rain"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ The Tencent Music UNI chart was launched in September 2018.
"TME Unit Chart Top 10". Tencent Music (in Chinese). Retrieved 10 May 2024.
^ ""Twilight"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Little Big Us"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Message in a Bottle (song)"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""53 Dawns"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Resurgence"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Better Days"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Show the World"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""The Right Time"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""The Story Of Us"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Wonderland"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""No Turning Back"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Light of Sanctuary"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""JJ20"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Hero"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ ""Dust and Ashes"- JJ Lin sales". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
vteJJ Lin
Discography
Studio albums
Music Voyager
Haven
No. 89757
Cao Cao
Westside
Sixology
Hundred Days
She Says
Lost N Found
Stories Untold
Genesis
From M.E. to Myself
Message in a Bottle
Live albums
Just JJ World Tour 2006
Concert tours
JJ20 World Tour
Related articles
Ocean Butterflies
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporeans"},{"link_name":"JJ Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Lin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"}],"text":"This is the discography of Singaporean singer-songwriter JJ Lin (Chinese: 林俊杰). Lin has released fifteen studio albums, two compilation albums, three live albums, one video album and one documentary.","title":"JJ Lin discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Documentaries","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"English EP","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Single albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Others"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love You You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_You_You"},{"link_name":"夏日乐悠悠","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki//%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%A5%E4%B9%90%E6%82%A0%E6%82%A0"}],"sub_title":"Movies","text":"Love You You 夏日乐悠悠 (2011) - Music director for film score and soundtrack","title":"Others"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dota 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dota_2"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Dota 2 - JJ Lin Timekeeper Music Pack Bundle (2016)","title":"Others"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sg_sales_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sg_sales_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sg_sales_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sg_sales_10-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sg_sales_10-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Sales figures are based on certification alone.[9]","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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Archived from the original on 16 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716013508/http://www.g-music.com.tw:80/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"\"Westside\""},{"url":"http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sixology\" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081028190822/http://www.g-music.com.tw:80/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"\"Sixology\""},{"url":"http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hundred Days\" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100102103104/http://www.g-music.com.tw:80/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"\"Hundred Days\""},{"url":"http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"She Says\" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110701041451/http://www.g-music.com.tw:80/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"\"She Says\""},{"url":"http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lost N Found\" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212918/http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillBoard0.aspx","url_text":"\"Lost N Found\""},{"url":"http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stories Untold\" (in Chinese). G-Music. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427121844/http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"\"Stories Untold\""},{"url":"http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard0.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JJ Lin hart History | Biography, Music & News\". Billboard. Retrieved 8 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/jj-lin/","url_text":"\"JJ Lin hart History | Biography, Music & News\""}]},{"reference":"\"视频：林俊杰《江南》《第二天堂》MV欣赏(图)\". Sina Entertainment (in Chinese). 31 May 2004. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ent.sina.com.cn/p/i/2004-05-31/1409404175.html","url_text":"\"视频：林俊杰《江南》《第二天堂》MV欣赏(图)\""}]},{"reference":"\"林俊杰唱片销量突破150万张 江涛出席庆功宴\" [JJ Lin's record sales exceeded 1.5 million, Zhang Jiangtao attended the celebration banquet]. Sohu Music (in Chinese). 21 July 2005. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://music.yule.sohu.com/20050721/n226395820.shtml","url_text":"\"林俊杰唱片销量突破150万张 江涛出席庆功宴\""}]},{"reference":"\"为JJ Lin林俊杰的十三张专辑进行排名 你心目中的排名又是如何？\". Bandwagon Asia (in Chinese). 10 August 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/Album%20Ranking","url_text":"\"为JJ Lin林俊杰的十三张专辑进行排名 你心目中的排名又是如何？\""}]},{"reference":"\"林俊杰第五张原创音乐专辑《西界》\" [JJ Lin's fifth original music album \"Western Boundary\"]. NetEase Entertainment (in Chinese). 9 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.163.com/dy/article/H4HD2NPO055343TR.html","url_text":"\"林俊杰第五张原创音乐专辑《西界》\""}]},{"reference":"\"《JJ陸》答谢会 林俊杰自爆与阿Sa\"交往\"已久-搜狐音乐\" [\"JJ Lu\" Appreciation Meeting JJ Lin revealed that he has been \"dating\" with Ah Sa for a long time]. Sohu Music (in Chinese). 21 November 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://music.yule.sohu.com/20081125/n260841685_3.shtml","url_text":"\"《JJ陸》答谢会 林俊杰自爆与阿Sa\"交往\"已久-搜狐音乐\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIAS Accreditations\" (Enter JJ Lin in the search bar). Recording Industry Association Singapore. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rias.org.sg/rias-accreditations/","url_text":"\"RIAS Accreditations\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"From M.E. to Myself\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/123/","url_text":"\"\"From M.E. to Myself\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Message in a Bottle (album)\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/38/","url_text":"\"\"Message in a Bottle (album)\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Drifter\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/473/","url_text":"\"\"Drifter\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Like You Do\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/474/","url_text":"\"\"Like You Do\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Happily, Painfully After\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/946/","url_text":"\"\"Happily, Painfully After\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Just Jazzin'\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/520/","url_text":"\"\"Just Jazzin'\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"一定会/After The Rain\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/676/","url_text":"\"\"一定会/After The Rain\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"TME Unit Chart Top 10\". Tencent Music (in Chinese). Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tencentmusic.com/zh-cn/uni-chart.html","url_text":"\"TME Unit Chart Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Twilight\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/139/","url_text":"\"\"Twilight\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Little Big Us\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/122/","url_text":"\"\"Little Big Us\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Message in a Bottle (song)\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/121/","url_text":"\"\"Message in a Bottle (song)\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"53 Dawns\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/120/","url_text":"\"\"53 Dawns\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Resurgence\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/37/","url_text":"\"\"Resurgence\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Better Days\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/203/","url_text":"\"\"Better Days\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Show the World\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/207/","url_text":"\"\"Show the World\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Right Time\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/247/","url_text":"\"\"The Right Time\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Story Of Us\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/253/","url_text":"\"\"The Story Of Us\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Wonderland\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/262/","url_text":"\"\"Wonderland\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"No Turning Back\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/449/","url_text":"\"\"No Turning Back\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Light of Sanctuary\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/597/","url_text":"\"\"Light of Sanctuary\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"JJ20\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/894/","url_text":"\"\"JJ20\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Hero\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/939/","url_text":"\"\"Hero\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Dust and Ashes\"- JJ Lin sales\". y.saoju.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/951/","url_text":"\"\"Dust and Ashes\"- JJ Lin sales\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellagio_Group
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Bellagio Group
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["1 History","2 Current status","3 Members","4 References","5 External links"]
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International economics discussion group
The Bellagio Group is a group of international economists, senior central bankers and Treasury officials who meet annually to discuss international economic and financial issues.
History
The group was formed in the 1960s by Austrian economist Fritz Machlup along with William Fellner and Robert Triffin. This was partially in response to G-10 leader Douglas Dillon's statement that academics were not being invited to participate in IMF and G-10 studies on monetary reform because they could not agree on solutions. Machlup wished to focus on and interrogate those disagreements and the group was seen as providing an intellectual, as opposed to political, assessment of aspects of monetary reform.
Early meetings were held at the Rockefeller Foundation Center, overlooking the town of Bellagio which gave the group its name. Membership in the group is split between international economists from academia and senior officials from central banks and treasury departments. The initial focus of the group was on constructing a proposal for "exchange rates and adjustment mechanisms for the international monetary system."
Machlup focused on specific monetary reform goals—liquidity, adjustment and confidence—looking at the assumptions behind plans to achieve them, as well as "opportunity costs of alternative plans". The group had its first meeting in December 1963 with subsequent meetings in January, March and May of 1964. At the end of this fourth conference the group published International Monetary Arrangements: The Problem of Choice: A Report on the Deliberations of an International Study Group of 32 Economists.
In 1965, Fritz Machlup was asked by G-10 leader Otmar Emminger for the group's assistance in "creating an environment for policy makers to discuss adjustment issues and recommendations". This began a 14-year collaboration with 15 conferences starting in 1966. The early Bellagio Group's successors include the Group of Thirty, the Bürgenstock Conferences and the Joint Conferences of Officials and Academics. After meeting regularly from 1964 to 1974, the group ceased meeting when major industrial countries had mostly moved to floating exchange rates.
Current status
The Bellagio Group was revived in 1996 by Andrew Crockett, the General Manager of the Bank for International Settlements, who asked Peter Kenen to be the convener. Leadership of the group then passed to Barry Eichengreen of Berkeley from 2004 to 2020, and then to Kristin Forbes of MIT in 2020. The group meets annually, usually at one of the participating central banks or other institutions.
Members
Past members of the group include prominent international economists such as: Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer, Francesco Giavazzi, Peter Kenen, Philip Lane, Raghu Rajan, Ken Rogoff and Charles Wyplosz.
References
^ a b c d e f g Connell, Carol M. (2014-07-30). "Fritz Machlup and the Bellagio Group: Solutions to Liquidity, Adjustment and Confidence Problems and Their Opportunity Costs". Mises Institute. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
^ Recovery from crisis : policy alternatives for equitable development. North-South Institute. 1999. p. 88. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ Dreyer, Jacob S (1978). Breadth and depth in economics : Fritz Machlup—the man and his ideas. Lexington Books. pp. 145–159. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ a b Machlup, Fritz (1965). "The Report of the Nongovernment Economists' Study Group". The American Economic Review. 55 (1/2). American Economic Association: 166–177. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1816259. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
^ "The Economic History Review". Internet Archive. 67 (4). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. November 2014. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
^ "Selected Past Academic Members of the Bellagio Group" (PDF). Bellagio Group. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
External links
Official website
|
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This was partially in response to G-10 leader Douglas Dillon's statement that academics were not being invited to participate in IMF and G-10 studies on monetary reform because they could not agree on solutions.[1] Machlup wished to focus on and interrogate those disagreements and the group was seen as providing an intellectual, as opposed to political, assessment of aspects of monetary reform.[2][3]Early meetings were held at the Rockefeller Foundation Center, overlooking the town of Bellagio which gave the group its name. Membership in the group is split between international economists from academia and senior officials from central banks and treasury departments. The initial focus of the group was on constructing a proposal for \"exchange rates and adjustment mechanisms for the international monetary system.\"[1]Machlup focused on specific monetary reform goals—liquidity, adjustment and confidence—looking at the assumptions behind plans to achieve them, as well as \"opportunity costs of alternative [reform] plans\".[1][4] The group had its first meeting in December 1963 with subsequent meetings in January, March and May of 1964.[1] At the end of this fourth conference the group published International Monetary Arrangements: The Problem of Choice: A Report on the Deliberations of an International Study Group of 32 Economists.[4]In 1965, Fritz Machlup was asked by G-10 leader Otmar Emminger for the group's assistance in \"creating an environment for policy makers to discuss adjustment issues and recommendations\". This began a 14-year collaboration with 15 conferences starting in 1966.[1] The early Bellagio Group's successors include the Group of Thirty, the Bürgenstock Conferences and the Joint Conferences of Officials and Academics.[5] After meeting regularly from 1964 to 1974, the group ceased meeting when major industrial countries had mostly moved to floating exchange rates.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Crockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Crockett_(banker)"},{"link_name":"Bank for International Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements"},{"link_name":"Peter Kenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kenen"},{"link_name":"Barry Eichengreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen"},{"link_name":"Kristin Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Forbes"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"}],"text":"The Bellagio Group was revived in 1996 by Andrew Crockett, the General Manager of the Bank for International Settlements, who asked Peter Kenen to be the convener. Leadership of the group then passed to Barry Eichengreen of Berkeley from 2004 to 2020, and then to Kristin Forbes of MIT in 2020. The group meets annually, usually at one of the participating central banks or other institutions.","title":"Current status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudiger Dornbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudiger_Dornbusch"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Francesco Giavazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Giavazzi"},{"link_name":"Peter Kenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kenen"},{"link_name":"Philip Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_R._Lane"},{"link_name":"Raghu Rajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Rajan"},{"link_name":"Ken Rogoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Rogoff"},{"link_name":"Charles Wyplosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wyplosz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connell_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT1-6"}],"text":"Past members of the group include prominent international economists such as: Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer, Francesco Giavazzi, Peter Kenen, Philip Lane, Raghu Rajan, Ken Rogoff and Charles Wyplosz.[1][6]","title":"Members"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Connell, Carol M. (2014-07-30). \"Fritz Machlup and the Bellagio Group: Solutions to Liquidity, Adjustment and Confidence Problems and Their Opportunity Costs\". Mises Institute. Retrieved 2021-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://mises.org/library/fritz-machlup-and-bellagio-group-solutions-liquidity-adjustment-and-confidence-problems-and","url_text":"\"Fritz Machlup and the Bellagio Group: Solutions to Liquidity, Adjustment and Confidence Problems and Their Opportunity Costs\""}]},{"reference":"Recovery from crisis : policy alternatives for equitable development. North-South Institute. 1999. p. 88. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/recoveryfromcris0000unse/page/n93/mode/2up","url_text":"Recovery from crisis : policy alternatives for equitable development"}]},{"reference":"Dreyer, Jacob S (1978). Breadth and depth in economics : Fritz Machlup—the man and his ideas. Lexington Books. pp. 145–159. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/breadthdepthinec0000unse/page/n9/mode/2up","url_text":"Breadth and depth in economics : Fritz Machlup—the man and his ideas"}]},{"reference":"Machlup, Fritz (1965). \"The Report of the Nongovernment Economists' Study Group\". The American Economic Review. 55 (1/2). American Economic Association: 166–177. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1816259. Retrieved 2021-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816259","url_text":"\"The Report of the Nongovernment Economists' Study Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282","url_text":"0002-8282"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816259","url_text":"1816259"}]},{"reference":"\"The Economic History Review\". Internet Archive. 67 (4). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. November 2014. Retrieved 2021-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2014-11_67_4","url_text":"\"The Economic History Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Past Academic Members of the Bellagio Group\" (PDF). Bellagio Group. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bellagio.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Bellagio%20Group_Past%20Members_2020_12.pdf","url_text":"\"Selected Past Academic Members of the Bellagio Group\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://mises.org/library/fritz-machlup-and-bellagio-group-solutions-liquidity-adjustment-and-confidence-problems-and","external_links_name":"\"Fritz Machlup and the Bellagio Group: Solutions to Liquidity, Adjustment and Confidence Problems and Their Opportunity Costs\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/recoveryfromcris0000unse/page/n93/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Recovery from crisis : policy alternatives for equitable development"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/breadthdepthinec0000unse/page/n9/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Breadth and depth in economics : Fritz Machlup—the man and his ideas"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816259","external_links_name":"\"The Report of the Nongovernment Economists' Study Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282","external_links_name":"0002-8282"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816259","external_links_name":"1816259"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2014-11_67_4","external_links_name":"\"The Economic History Review\""},{"Link":"https://bellagio.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Bellagio%20Group_Past%20Members_2020_12.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Selected Past Academic Members of the Bellagio Group\""},{"Link":"https://bellagio.mit.edu/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cycling_Union
|
Union Européenne de Cyclisme
|
["1 European Cycling Championships","2 Summary of events","3 Member Federations","4 References","5 External links"]
|
European confederation of national cycling bodies
Union Européenne de CyclismeEuropean Cycling Union (UEC)UEC logoSportCyclingMembership51 FederationsFounded7 April 1990Regional affiliationEuropeHeadquartersLausanneLocationSwitzerlandPresidentEnrico Della CasaCEOAlasdair MacLennan (Secretary General)Vice president(s)Henrik JensenDelmino Pereira
The Union Européenne de Cyclisme (abbreviation: UEC, English: European Cycling Union) is the European confederation of national cycling bodies; the national federations of the Union Cycliste Internationale form confederations by continent. It is headquartered in Lausanne.
In reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the UEC announced that Russia and Belarus officials will not be able to officiate at any UEC event, or attend or take part in any UEC meeting, committee, or forum.
European Cycling Championships
Main article: 2018 European Cycling Championships
The federation organizes all the European Cycling Championships (such as the European Road Championships and the European Track Championships) for all cycling disciplines, including road cycling, track cycling, cyclo-cross, BMX, mountain biking and indoor cycling and awards the UEC European Champion jersey to the European Champions.
In 2018, as part of the multi-sport European Championships, the UEC brought its four main European championships - track, road, mountain bike and BMX - together for the first time as the 2018 European Cycling Championships.
Summary of events
UEC European Paracycling Championships
UCI Europe Tour
European Road Championships
UEC European Track Championships
UEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior)
UEC European Cyclo-cross Championships
European Mountain Bike Championships
European BMX Championships
European Indoor Cycling Championships (Artistic and Cycleball)
European Junior Indoor Cycling Championships (Artistic and Cycleball)
European Masters Cycling Championships
European Para Cycling Cup
Member Federations
Further information: Category:National members of the European Cycling Union
Country
Federation
Albania
Albanian Cycling Federation (Federata Shqiptare e Çiklizmit)
Andorra
Andorran Cycling Federation (Federació Andorrana de Ciclisme)
Armenia
Armenian Cycling Federation (Հայաստանի հեծանվային մարզաձևերի ֆեդերացիա)
Austria
Austrian Cycling Federation (Österreichischer Radsport-Verband)
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Cycling Federation (Azərbaycan Velosiped İdmani Federasiyasi)
Belarus
Belarusian Cycling Federation (Белорусская федерация велосипедного спорта)
Belgium
Royal Belgian Cycling League (Royale Ligue Vélocipédique Belge / Koninklijke Belgische Wielrijdersbond)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cycling Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Biciklistički Savez Bosne i Hercegovine)
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Cycling Federation (Българска Федерация Колоездене)
Croatia
Croatian Cycling Federation (Hrvatski Biciklistički Savez)
Cyprus
Cyprus Cycling Federation (Κυπριακη Ομοσπονδια Ποδηλασιας)
Czech Republic
Czech Cycling Federation (Český Svaz Cyklistiky)
Denmark
Danish Cycling Federation (Danmarks Cykle Union)
Estonia
Estonian Cyclists' Union (Eesti Jalgratturite Liit)
Finland
Cycling Union of Finland (Suomen Pyöräilyunioni)
France
French Cycling Federation (Fédération Française de Cyclisme)
Georgia
Georgian National Cycling Federation (საქართველოს ველოსპორტის ეროვნული ფედერაცია)
Germany
German Cycling Federation (Bund Deutscher Radfahrer)
Great Britain
British Cycling
Greece
Hellenic Cycling Federation (Ελληνικη Ομοσπονδια Ποδηλασιας)
Hungary
Hungarian Cycling Federation (Magyar Kerékpársportok Szövetsége)
Iceland
Icelandic Cycling Union (Hjólreiðasamband Íslands)
Ireland
Cycling Ireland
Israel
Israel Cycling Federation (איגוד האופניים בישראל)
Italy
Italian Cycling Federation (Federazione Ciclistica Italiana)
Kosovo
Cycling Federation of Kosovo (Federata e Çiklizmit e Kosovës)
Latvia
Latvian Cycling Federation (Latvijas Riteņbraukšanas federācija)
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein Cycling Federation (Liechtensteiner Radfahrerverband)
Lithuania
Lithuanian Cycling Federation (Lietuvos Dviračių Sporto Federacija)
Luxembourg
Luxembourg Cycling Federation (Fédération du Sport Cycliste Luxembourgeois)
Malta
Maltese Cycling Federation
Moldova
Moldavian Cycling Federation (Federaţia de ciclism din Republica Moldova)
Monaco
Monegasque Cycling Federation (Fédération Monégasque de Cyclisme)
Montenegro
Montenegro Cycling Federation (Biciklistički Savez Crne Gore)
Netherlands
Royal Dutch Cycling Union (Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie)
North Macedonia
Cycling Federation of Macedonia (Велосипедска Федерација на Македонија)
Norway
Norwegian Cycling Federation (Norges Cykleforbund)
Poland
Polish Cycling Federation (Polski Związek Kolarski)
Portugal
Portuguese Cycling Federation (Federação Portuguesa de Ciclismo)
Romania
Romanian Cycling Federation (Federația Română de Ciclism)
Russia
Russian Cycling Federation (Федерация велосипедного спорта России)
San Marino
San Marinese Cycling Federation (Federazione Sammarinese Ciclismo)
Serbia
Cycling Federation of Serbia (Biciklistički Savez Srbije)
Slovakia
Slovak Cycling Federation (Slovenský Zväz Cyklistiky)
Slovenia
Slovenian Cycling Federation (Kolesarska Zveza Slovenije)
Spain
Royal Spanish Cycling Federation (Real Federación Española de Ciclismo)
Sweden
Swedish Cycling Federation (Svenska Cykelförbundet)
Switzerland
Swiss Cycling
Turkey
Turkish Cycling Federation (Türkiye Bisiklet Federasyonu)
Ukraine
Ukrainian Cycling Federation (Федерація велосипедного спорту України)
Vatican City
Vatican Cycling (Ciclistica Vaticana)
References
^ "UEC- Accueil". www.uec.ch.
^ "Pressure mounts on UCI over Russian ties". CyclingTips. March 25, 2022.
External links
UEC official website
vteNational members of the Union Cycliste Internationale
Olympic Disciplines
road bicycle racing
Track cycling
BMX racing
mountain bike racing
cross-country
Other Disciplines
Cyclo-cross
mountain bike racing
downhill
four-cross
trials riding
Indoor cycling
Para-cycling
Pinnacle Events
Summer Olympics
Paralympics
UCI World Championships
Asia (ACC)
AFG
BAN
BRN
BRU
BTN
CAM
CHN
HKG
INA
IND
IRI
IRQ
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KGZ
KOR
KSA
KUW
LAO
LIB
MAC
MAS
MDV
MGL
MYA
NEP
OMA
PAK
PHI
PRK
PSE
QAT
SGP
SRI
SYR
TJK
THA
TKM
TLS
TPE
UAE
UZB
VIE
YEM
Africa (CAC)
ALG
ANG
BDI
BEN
BOT
BUR
CAF
CGO
CHA
CIV
CMR
COD
COM
CPV
DJI
EGY
ERI
ETH
GAB
GAM
GBS
GEQ
GHA
GUI
KEN
LBA
LBR
LES
MAD
MAR
MAW
MLI
MOZ
MRI
MTN
NAM
NGR
NIG
RSA
RWA
SEN
SEY
SLE
SOM
SSD
STP
SUD
SWZ
TAN
TOG
TUN
UGA
ZAM
ZIM
America (COPACI)
AIA
ANT
ARG
ARU
BAH
BAR
BER
BIZ
BOL
BRA
CAN
CAY
CHI
COL
CRC
CUB
CUW
DMA
DOM
ECU
ESA
GLP†
GRN
GUA
GUF†
GUY
HAI
HON
ISV
IVB
JAM
LCA
MAF†
MEXǂ
MTQ†
NCA
PAN
PAR
PER
PUR
SKN
SUR
SXM
TCA†
TRI
URU
USA
VEN
VIN
Oceania (OCC)
AUS
COK
FIJ
GUM
MNP†
NCL†
NZL
SOL
PYF†
SAM
VAN
Europe (UEC)
ALB
AND
ARM
AUT
AZE
BEL
BIH
BLR
BUL
CRO
CYP
CZE
DEN
ESP
EST
FIN
FRA
GBR
GEO
GER
GRE
HUN
IRL
ISL
ISR
ITA
KOS
LAT
LIE
LTU
LUX
MDA
MKD
MLT
MNE
MON
NED
NOR
POL
POR
ROU
RUS
SLO
SMR
SRB
SUI
SVK
SWE
TUR
UKR
VAT
Former Members
AHO
GDR
TCH
URS
YUG
† Associate member of continental confederation (not a member of UCI)
ǂ National federation suspended by the UCI
vteInternational cyclingAfrica
CAC
UCI Africa Tour
African Games
African Championships
Road
Track
Mountain bike
Asia
ACC
UCI Asia Tour
Asian Games
Asian Championships
Road
Track
Mountain bike
America
COPACI
UCI America Tour
Pan American Games
Pan-American Cycling Championships
Road
Track
Cyclo-cross
Mountain bike
Europe
UEC
UCI Europe Tour
European Championships:
BMX
Cyclo-cross
Mountain bike
Road
Track
Oceania
OCC
UCI Oceania Tour
Oceania Championships
Road
Track
Mountain bike
World
UCI
UCI World Tour
UCI ProSeries
UCI Women's World Tour
UCI Women's ProSeries
World Championships
UCI World Cups:
Men's road
Women's road
Mountain bike
Track
Cyclo-cross
BMX
Olympics
Youth Olympics
Paralympics
Arab Games
Commonwealth Games
Mediterranean Games
World University Cycling Championship
Cyclists
Teams
Competitions
Federations
Achievements by nation
vteSports governing bodies in EuropeOlympic sports bodies (25)Independent
LEN (aquatics)
EAA (athletics)
BE (badminton)
CEB (baseball)
EBU (boxing)
ECF (curling)
ECA (canoeing)
UEC (cycling)
EEF (equestrian)
CEE (fencing)
EHF (field hockey)
UEFA (football)
EGA (golf)
UEG (gymnastics)
EHF (handball)
EJU (judo)
EKF (karate)
RE (rugby union)
ESC (shooting)
ESF (softball)
ETTU (table tennis)
ETU (taekwondo)
TE (tennis)
ITU (triathlon)
CEV (volleyball)
EWF (weightlifting)
Dependent
WAE (archery)
FIBA Europe (basketball)
UWW-Eu (wrestling)
Non-Olympic sports bodiesIndependent
ETBF (Tenpin Bowling)
ICC Europe (cricket)
UEFS & FEF (futsal)
ELF (lacrosse)
EMF (minifootball)
EMF (minigolf)
EPPA (pitch and putt)
EPBF (pool)
EFRA (radio-controlled racing)
CERH (roller hockey)
CERS (roller skating)
RLEF (rugby league)
ESF (squash)
EUSA (university sport)
Dependent
IFAF Europe (american football)
AFL Europe (australian rules football)
EBGF (backgammon)
ECU (chess)
GGE (gaelic games)
EGF (go)
FIM Europe (motorcycle)
Olympic Committees
Paralympic Committee
This article about a cycling-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to sport in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"Union Cycliste Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"confederations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Union Européenne de Cyclisme (abbreviation: UEC, English: European Cycling Union) is the European confederation of national cycling bodies; the national federations of the Union Cycliste Internationale form confederations by continent. It is headquartered in Lausanne.[1]In reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the UEC announced that Russia and Belarus officials will not be able to officiate at any UEC event, or attend or take part in any UEC meeting, committee, or forum.[2]","title":"Union Européenne de Cyclisme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Road_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Track Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"track cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_cycling"},{"link_name":"cyclo-cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX"},{"link_name":"mountain biking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_biking"},{"link_name":"indoor cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_cycling"},{"link_name":"UEC European Champion jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEC_European_Champion_jersey"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"2018 European Cycling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Cycling_Championships"}],"text":"The federation organizes all the European Cycling Championships (such as the European Road Championships and the European Track Championships) for all cycling disciplines, including road cycling, track cycling, cyclo-cross, BMX, mountain biking and indoor cycling and awards the UEC European Champion jersey to the European Champions.In 2018, as part of the multi-sport European Championships, the UEC brought its four main European championships - track, road, mountain bike and BMX - together for the first time as the 2018 European Cycling Championships.","title":"European Cycling Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEC European Paracycling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UEC_European_Paracycling_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UCI Europe Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Continental_Circuits#UCI_Europe_Tour"},{"link_name":"European Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Road_Championships"},{"link_name":"UEC European Track Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"UEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEC_European_Track_Championships_(under-23_%26_junior)"},{"link_name":"UEC European Cyclo-cross Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEC_European_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Mountain Bike Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mountain_Bike_Championships"},{"link_name":"European BMX Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_BMX_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Indoor Cycling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Indoor_Cycling_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Junior Indoor Cycling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Junior_Indoor_Cycling_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Masters Cycling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Masters_Cycling_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Para Cycling Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Para_Cycling_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"UEC European Paracycling Championships \nUCI Europe Tour\nEuropean Road Championships\nUEC European Track Championships\nUEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior)\nUEC European Cyclo-cross Championships\nEuropean Mountain Bike Championships\nEuropean BMX Championships\nEuropean Indoor Cycling Championships (Artistic and Cycleball)\nEuropean Junior Indoor Cycling Championships (Artistic and Cycleball)\nEuropean Masters Cycling Championships\nEuropean Para Cycling Cup","title":"Summary of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:National members of the European Cycling Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_members_of_the_European_Cycling_Union"}],"text":"Further information: Category:National members of the European Cycling Union","title":"Member Federations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"UEC logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/UEC_Logo.svg/300px-UEC_Logo.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"UEC- Accueil\". www.uec.ch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uec.ch/","url_text":"\"UEC- Accueil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pressure mounts on UCI over Russian ties\". CyclingTips. March 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyclingtips.com/2022/03/pressure-mounts-on-uci-over-russian-ties/","url_text":"\"Pressure mounts on UCI over Russian ties\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.uec.ch/","external_links_name":"\"UEC- Accueil\""},{"Link":"https://cyclingtips.com/2022/03/pressure-mounts-on-uci-over-russian-ties/","external_links_name":"\"Pressure mounts on UCI over Russian ties\""},{"Link":"http://www.uec.ch/","external_links_name":"UEC official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Europ%C3%A9enne_de_Cyclisme&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Europ%C3%A9enne_de_Cyclisme&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Singapore_and_Malaysia
|
Presbyterian Church in Singapore and Malaysia
|
["1 References"]
|
Presbyterian Church in Singapore and Malaysia
Presbyterian Church in Singapore and MalaysiaClassificationProtestantOrientationPresbyterianOrigin1881SeparationsBible-Presbyterian Church (Singapore) (1950)Presbyterian Church in Malaysia (1974)Presbyterian Church in Singapore (1975)Defunct1975
Presbyterian Church in Singapore and Malaysia was a Christian denomination in Malaysia and Singapore.
It was founded in 1881 and had its first synod in 1901. It was known as the Singapore and Malaysia Synod of the Church of Christ in China until 1968, when it changed its name to the Presbyterian Church in Singapore and Malaysia. It held its final synod in 1974, and in 1975 the Presbyterian Church in Singapore and the Presbyterian Church in Malaysia were formed.
References
^ "Brief History of The Presbyterian Church In Singapore (Synod)". Presbyterian Church in Singapore. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
^ Roxborogh, John. "The Presbyterian Church in Malaysia". Presbyterian Church in Malaysia. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
vteChristianity in SingaporeProtestantismMegachurches
City Harvest Church
New Creation Church
Faith Community Baptist Church
Lighthouse Evangelism
Anglican
Anglican Diocese of Singapore
St Andrew's Cathedral
St Matthew's Church
Saint George's Church
Holy Trinity Anglican Church
Church of Our Saviour
Assemblies of God
Elim Church
Grace Assembly of God
Baptist
Singapore Baptist Convention
Bible-Presbyterian
Bible-Presbyterian Church
Life Bible-Presbyterian Church
Evangelical Free
Covenant Evangelical Free Church
Independent
Bethany Independent-Presbyterian Church
Cornerstone Community Church
Heart of God Church
Lutheran
Lutheran Church in Singapore
Methodist
Methodist Church in Singapore
Wesley Methodist Church
Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church
Faith Methodist Church
Kampong Kapor Methodist Church
Barker Road Methodist Church
Pentecostal
The Alliance of Pentecostals and Charismatics
The Assemblies of God in Singapore
Presbyterian
Presbyterian Church in Singapore
Singapore Life Church
Prinsep Street Presbyterian Church
Bethel Presbyterian Church
Orchard Road Presbyterian Church
Catholic Church
Catholic Church in Singapore
Cathedral of the Good Shepherd
Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea
Church of St Francis Xavier
Saint Joseph's Church, Bukit Timah
Saint Joseph's Church, Victoria Street (Parochial House)
Church of Saint Alphonsus (Novena Church)
Church of the Holy Trinity
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Church of St Mary of the Angels
Church of the Risen Christ
Church of the Sacred Heart
Oriental Orthodox
Singapore Armenian Church
Eastern Orthodox(Ecumenical Patriarchate-affiliated)
Ecumenical Patriarchate Diocese of Singapore
(Moscow Patriarchate-affiliated)
Moscow Patriarchate Diocese of Singapore
Interdenominationalorganisations
Evangelical Alliance of Singapore
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Church of Christ in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_in_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Malaysia"}],"text":"Presbyterian Church in Singapore and Malaysia was a Christian denomination in Malaysia and Singapore.It was founded in 1881 and had its first synod in 1901.[1] It was known as the Singapore and Malaysia Synod of the Church of Christ in China until 1968, when it changed its name to the Presbyterian Church in Singapore and Malaysia.[2] It held its final synod in 1974, and in 1975 the Presbyterian Church in Singapore and the Presbyterian Church in Malaysia were formed.","title":"Presbyterian Church in Singapore and Malaysia"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Brief History of The Presbyterian Church In Singapore (Synod)\". Presbyterian Church in Singapore. Retrieved 4 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presbysing.org.sg/history.htm","url_text":"\"Brief History of The Presbyterian Church In Singapore (Synod)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Singapore","url_text":"Presbyterian Church in Singapore"}]},{"reference":"Roxborogh, John. \"The Presbyterian Church in Malaysia\". Presbyterian Church in Malaysia. Retrieved 4 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://roxborogh.com/REFORMED/malaysia.htm","url_text":"\"The Presbyterian Church in Malaysia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Malaysia","url_text":"Presbyterian Church in Malaysia"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.presbysing.org.sg/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Brief History of The Presbyterian Church In Singapore (Synod)\""},{"Link":"http://roxborogh.com/REFORMED/malaysia.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Presbyterian Church in Malaysia\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Koumoundouros
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Alexandros Koumoundouros
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early political career","1.2 Tenure as Prime Minister","2 Personal life","3 See also","4 References","5 Notes"]
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Greek politician (1815–1883)
Alexandros KoumoundourosΑλέξανδρος ΚουμουνδούροςPrime Minister of GreeceIn office13 October 1880 – 3 March 1882MonarchGeorge IPreceded byCharilaos TrikoupisSucceeded byCharilaos TrikoupisIn office26 October 1878 – 10 March 1880Preceded byCharilaos TrikoupisSucceeded byCharilaos TrikoupisIn office11 January 1877 – 21 October 1878Preceded byKonstantinos KanarisSucceeded byCharilaos TrikoupisIn office19 May 1877 – 26 May 1877Preceded byEpameinondas DeligeorgisSucceeded byKonstantinos KanarisIn office1 December 1876 – 26 February 1877Preceded byEpameinondas DeligeorgisSucceeded byEpameinondas DeligeorgisIn office15 October 1875 – 26 November 1876Preceded byCharilaos TrikoupisSucceeded byEpameinondas DeligeorgisIn office3 December 1870 – 28 October 1871Preceded byEpameinondas DeligeorgisSucceeded byThrasivoulos ZaimisIn office18 December 1866 – 20 December 1867Preceded byDimitrios VoulgarisSucceeded byAristeidis MoraitinisIn office6 November 1865 – 13 November 1865Preceded byDimitrios VoulgarisSucceeded byEpameinondas DeligeorgisIn office2 March 1865 – 20 October 1865Preceded byKonstantinos KanarisSucceeded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Personal detailsBorn4 February 1815Mani, Ottoman GreeceDied26 February 1883(1883-02-26) (aged 68)Athens, GreecePolitical partyNationalist PartySpouse(s)Aikaterini Konstantinou G. MavromichaliEfthimia Georgiou PerotiChildrenKonstantinos, Maria, Spyridonas, OlgaOccupationLawyerSignature
Alexandros Koumoundouros (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Κουμουνδούρος, 4 February 1815 – 26 February 1883) was a Greek politician. Born in Kampos, on the Messenian side of the Mani Peninsula, he was the son of Spyridon-Galanis Koumoundouros, the bey of the area during the last period of the administration of the region by the Ottoman Empire.
He was a political personality famous for his work towards national progress, his patriotism and unselfishness, despite him having been in office during a very unsettled period of Greek history.
Biography
Bust of Alexandros Koumoundouros in Larissa
After the Greek War of Independence, he moved to Nafplion where he went to school, then to Athens to study law. In 1841, he took part in the revolution in Crete despite believing it was a lost cause—the conditions were not right for such an undertaking at that time.
Koumoundouros’ long career encompassed many facets of political life, including serving in parliament, authoring of legislation, promotion of a democratic regime, restoration of the army, distribution of national farms to landless farmers, and the approval of major construction work (such as the Isthmus of Corinth).
During his 50-year-long period of political involvement he tried to remain neutral, and to avoid confrontation both with the three Great Powers and with the smaller powers of that time. In this period he held various ministerial appointments eighteen times, was twice president of the Greek Parliament and ten times Prime Minister of Greece. Despite often experiencing inimical conditions, including at least three assassination attempts, he still managed to create a firm foundation for democracy in Greece.
Early political career
He was appointed as Public Prosecutor in the Tribunal of Kalamata, but he soon quit this position in order to become a politician. His first political distinction emerged in 1853 when he was elected deputy of the province of Messinia (the province of Kalamàta). Two years later he became Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament, and the following year Minister of Economics.
He kept the same ministry in the new governments both of 1857 and 1859. After the overthrow of King Otto in 1862 he became Minister of Justice of the temporary government.
The first elections for a proper government after the fall of King Otto took place in 1863 and Koumoundouros remained as Minister of Justice, however, the extremely poor political stability lead to new elections the following year.
In the succeeding government of 1864, Koumoundouros was moved to the Ministry of Religion and Education and later to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Tenure as Prime Minister
On 25 March 1865, he became Prime Minister of Greece for the first time and won the elections of 1866, too. Four years later, he retained the position of the Minister of Army and Internal Affairs, in addition to being Prime Minister. In 1875, Koumoundouros was successful in uniting all other parliamentary parties against Charilaos Trikoupis. In August 1875, he became President of the Parliament once again and in the elections of the same year he was made Prime Minister of the country once more.
Elections took place three times in 1876 and Koumoundouros was victorious in two of them. He also won the elections of 1878.
Koumoundouros’ greatest achievement came in 1881, during his last (tenth) premiership, when after the Congress of Berlin and after diplomatic contacts with the Ottomans, he managed to bring about the annexation of the areas of Thessaly and Arta to the Greek mainland (with the Convention of Constantinople).
Right after this achievement he called for new elections so that representatives of the newly annexed regions could enter Parliament. Despite this concession, the new candidates elected the representative of the opposition party as President of Parliament. As a result, Koumoundouros resigned on 3 March 1882. He died some months later on 26 February 1883, in his home on Ludwig Square (now known as Koumoundourou Square), in Athens, and was buried at public expense in the First Cemetery of Athens.
Personal life
After the end of the unsuccessful Cretan revolution, he married Ekaterìni Konstantinou G. Mavromichàli of the famed Maniot family. They had two children. His first son Konstantìnos, was born in Kalamata 1846, and daughter Marìa, was born in Kalamata 1845. Ekaterìni died young and Koumoundouros married Efthimìa Perotì who presented him with his second son in 1858, Spirìdonas and in 1867 a daughter, Olga.
See also
Greek War of Independence
Charilaos Trikoupis
References
^ Note: Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923 (which became 1 March). All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style.
^ Woodhouse, "The Story of Modern Greece", "The Emergence of the Greek Kingdom (1833-1908)", p. 173, Faber and Faber (1968).
Notes
Other spellings of his name are: Kumunduros and Komunduros. Consult Bikélas, Coumoundouros, (Montpelier, 1884).
Political offices
Preceded byKonstantinos Kanaris
Prime Minister of Greece 2 March – 20 October 1865
Succeeded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Preceded byDimitrios Voulgaris
Prime Minister of Greece 6 – 13 November 1865
Succeeded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Preceded byDimitrios Voulgaris
Prime Minister of Greece 18 December 1866 – 20 December 1867
Succeeded byAristeidis Moraitinis
Preceded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Prime Minister of Greece 3 December 1870 – 28 October 1871
Succeeded byThrasivoulos Zaimis
Preceded byCharilaos Trikoupis
Prime Minister of Greece 15 October 1875 – 26 November 1876
Succeeded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Preceded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Prime Minister of Greece 1 December 1876 - 26 February 1877
Succeeded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Preceded byEpameinondas Deligeorgis
Prime Minister of Greece 19 - 26 May 1877
Succeeded byKonstantinos Kanaris
Preceded byKonstantinos Kanaris
Prime Minister of Greece 11 January - 21 October 1878
Succeeded byCharilaos Trikoupis
Preceded byCharilaos Trikoupis
Prime Minister of Greece 26 October 1878 - 10 March 1880
Succeeded byCharilaos Trikoupis
Preceded byCharilaos Trikoupis
Prime Minister of Greece 13 October 1880 - 3 March 1882
Succeeded byCharilaos Trikoupis
vteHeads of government of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)
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§ variously as Chief Secretary/General Secretary of State† officially considered the first foreign minister of independent Greece
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Kampos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampos,_Messenia"},{"link_name":"Messenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenia"},{"link_name":"Mani Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"}],"text":"Alexandros Koumoundouros (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Κουμουνδούρος, 4 February 1815 – 26 February 1883) was a Greek politician. Born in Kampos, on the Messenian side of the Mani Peninsula, he was the son of Spyridon-Galanis Koumoundouros, the bey of the area during the last period of the administration of the region by the Ottoman Empire.He was a political personality famous for his work towards national progress, his patriotism and unselfishness, despite him having been in office during a very unsettled period of Greek history.","title":"Alexandros Koumoundouros"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%9B%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Larissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Nafplion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafplion"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Army"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth"},{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"}],"text":"Bust of Alexandros Koumoundouros in LarissaAfter the Greek War of Independence, he moved to Nafplion where he went to school, then to Athens to study law. In 1841, he took part in the revolution in Crete despite believing it was a lost cause—the conditions were not right for such an undertaking at that time.Koumoundouros’ long career encompassed many facets of political life, including serving in parliament, authoring of legislation, promotion of a democratic regime, restoration of the army, distribution of national farms to landless farmers, and the approval of major construction work (such as the Isthmus of Corinth).During his 50-year-long period of political involvement he tried to remain neutral, and to avoid confrontation both with the three Great Powers and with the smaller powers of that time. In this period he held various ministerial appointments eighteen times, was twice president of the Greek Parliament and ten times Prime Minister of Greece. Despite often experiencing inimical conditions, including at least three assassination attempts, he still managed to create a firm foundation for democracy in Greece.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamata"},{"link_name":"Messinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinia"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament"},{"link_name":"King Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"King Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Greece"}],"sub_title":"Early political career","text":"He was appointed as Public Prosecutor in the Tribunal of Kalamata, but he soon quit this position in order to become a politician. His first political distinction emerged in 1853 when he was elected deputy of the province of Messinia (the province of Kalamàta). Two years later he became Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament, and the following year Minister of Economics.He kept the same ministry in the new governments both of 1857 and 1859. After the overthrow of King Otto in 1862 he became Minister of Justice of the temporary government.The first elections for a proper government after the fall of King Otto took place in 1863 and Koumoundouros remained as Minister of Justice, however, the extremely poor political stability lead to new elections the following year.In the succeeding government of 1864, Koumoundouros was moved to the Ministry of Religion and Education and later to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Congress of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Convention of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)"},{"link_name":"First Cemetery of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Cemetery_of_Athens"}],"sub_title":"Tenure as Prime Minister","text":"On 25 March 1865, he became Prime Minister of Greece for the first time and won the elections of 1866, too. Four years later, he retained the position of the Minister of Army and Internal Affairs, in addition to being Prime Minister. In 1875, Koumoundouros was successful in uniting all other parliamentary parties against Charilaos Trikoupis.[2] In August 1875, he became President of the Parliament once again and in the elections of the same year he was made Prime Minister of the country once more.Elections took place three times in 1876 and Koumoundouros was victorious in two of them. He also won the elections of 1878.Koumoundouros’ greatest achievement came in 1881, during his last (tenth) premiership, when after the Congress of Berlin and after diplomatic contacts with the Ottomans, he managed to bring about the annexation of the areas of Thessaly and Arta to the Greek mainland (with the Convention of Constantinople).Right after this achievement he called for new elections so that representatives of the newly annexed regions could enter Parliament. Despite this concession, the new candidates elected the representative of the opposition party as President of Parliament. As a result, Koumoundouros resigned on 3 March 1882. He died some months later on 26 February 1883, in his home on Ludwig Square (now known as Koumoundourou Square), in Athens, and was buried at public expense in the First Cemetery of Athens.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After the end of the unsuccessful Cretan revolution, he married Ekaterìni Konstantinou G. Mavromichàli of the famed Maniot family. They had two children. His first son Konstantìnos, was born in Kalamata 1846, and daughter Marìa, was born in Kalamata 1845. Ekaterìni died young and Koumoundouros married Efthimìa Perotì who presented him with his second son in 1858, Spirìdonas and in 1867 a daughter, Olga.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Heads of government of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"First Hellenic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mavrokordatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos"},{"link_name":"P. Mavromichalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrobey_Mavromichalis"},{"link_name":"Kountouriotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Kountouriotis"},{"link_name":"And. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"I. Kapodistrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias"},{"link_name":"A. Kapodistrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinos_Kapodistrias"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Sp. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Mavrokordatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos"},{"link_name":"Kolettis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kolettis"},{"link_name":"von Armansperg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ludwig_von_Armansperg"},{"link_name":"von Rudhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_von_Rudhart"},{"link_name":"King Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Mavrokordatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos"},{"link_name":"King Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"A. Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"Kanaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris"},{"link_name":"Mavrokordatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos"},{"link_name":"Kolettis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kolettis"},{"link_name":"Tzavelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsos_Tzavelas"},{"link_name":"Kountouriotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Kountouriotis"},{"link_name":"Kanaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris"},{"link_name":"Kriezis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios_Kriezis"},{"link_name":"Mavrokordatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos"},{"link_name":"D. Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Miaoulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios_Miaoulis"},{"link_name":"Kolokotronis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennaios_Kolokotronis"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"D. Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Moraitinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristeidis_Moraitinis"},{"link_name":"Z. Valvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinovios_Valvis"},{"link_name":"Kyriakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomidis_Kyriakos"},{"link_name":"Roufos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benizelos_Roufos"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"D. 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Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Moraitinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristeidis_Moraitinis"},{"link_name":"D. Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Thr. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasyvoulos_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Deligeorgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epameinondas_Deligeorgis"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Thr. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasyvoulos_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"D. Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Deligeorgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epameinondas_Deligeorgis"},{"link_name":"D. Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Ch. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Deligeorgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epameinondas_Deligeorgis"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Deligeorgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epameinondas_Deligeorgis"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kanaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ch. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ch. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Koumoundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ch. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Diligiannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Diligiannis"},{"link_name":"D. Valvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Valvis"},{"link_name":"Ch. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Diligiannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Diligiannis"},{"link_name":"Konstantopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Konstantopoulos"},{"link_name":"Ch. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Sotiropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotirios_Sotiropoulos"},{"link_name":"Ch. Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"},{"link_name":"Deligiannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Deligiannis"},{"link_name":"Diligiannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Diligiannis"},{"link_name":"D. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Al. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"G. Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Theotokis"},{"link_name":"Al. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Diligiannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Diligiannis"},{"link_name":"G. Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Theotokis"},{"link_name":"D. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"G. Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Theotokis"},{"link_name":"Diligiannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Diligiannis"},{"link_name":"D. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"G. Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Theotokis"},{"link_name":"D. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"K. Mavromichalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis"},{"link_name":"Dragoumis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanos_Dragoumis"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Gounaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Gounaris"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Al. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Skouloudis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanos_Skouloudis"},{"link_name":"Al. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Kalogeropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Kalogeropoulos"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Lambros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Lambros"},{"link_name":"Al. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"D. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Kalogeropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Kalogeropoulos"},{"link_name":"Gounaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Gounaris"},{"link_name":"Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Protopapadakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros_Protopapadakis"},{"link_name":"Triantafyllakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Triantafyllakos"},{"link_name":"Charalambis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasios_Charalambis"},{"link_name":"Krokidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotirios_Krokidas"},{"link_name":"Gonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Gonatas"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Kafantaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Kafantaris"},{"link_name":"Second Hellenic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Papanastasiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou"},{"link_name":"Sofoulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistoklis_Sofoulis"},{"link_name":"Michalakopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Michalakopoulos"},{"link_name":"Pangalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(general)"},{"link_name":"Eftaxias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios_Eftaxias"},{"link_name":"Kondylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis"},{"link_name":"Al. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Papanastasiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"P. Tsaldaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris"},{"link_name":"El. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Othonaios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Othonaios"},{"link_name":"P. Tsaldaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Kondylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis"},{"link_name":"Demertzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Demertzis"},{"link_name":"I. Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"Koryzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis"},{"link_name":"Tsouderos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanouil_Tsouderos"},{"link_name":"Tsolakoglou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Tsolakoglou"},{"link_name":"Logothetopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Logothetopoulos"},{"link_name":"I. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Bakirtzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evripidis_Bakirtzis"},{"link_name":"S. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofoklis_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Svolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Svolos"},{"link_name":"G. Papandreou (Sr.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Plastiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras"},{"link_name":"P. Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Damaskinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskinos_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Kanellopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos"},{"link_name":"Sofoulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistoklis_Sofoulis"},{"link_name":"Poulitsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Poulitsas"},{"link_name":"K. Tsaldaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsaldaris"},{"link_name":"Maximos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Maximos"},{"link_name":"K. Tsaldaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsaldaris"},{"link_name":"Sofoulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistoklis_Sofoulis"},{"link_name":"Vafeiadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markos_Vafeiadis"},{"link_name":"Partsalidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Partsalidis"},{"link_name":"Diomidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Diomidis"},{"link_name":"I. Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Theotokis"},{"link_name":"S. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofoklis_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Plastiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras"},{"link_name":"S. Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofoklis_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Plastiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras"},{"link_name":"Kiousopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Kiousopoulos"},{"link_name":"Papagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Papagos"},{"link_name":"K. Karamanlis (Sr.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis"},{"link_name":"Georgakopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Georgakopoulos"},{"link_name":"K. Karamanlis (Sr.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis"},{"link_name":"Dovas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Dovas"},{"link_name":"K. Karamanlis (Sr.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis"},{"link_name":"Pipinelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Pipinelis"},{"link_name":"Sty. Mavromichalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Mavromichalis"},{"link_name":"G. 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Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Maris"},{"link_name":"Gotsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Gotsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zavitsianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Zavitsianos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argyropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periklis_Argyropoulos"},{"link_name":"Sideris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Sideris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karapanagiotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyron_Karapanagiotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lidorikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Lidorikis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bakopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Bakopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsirimokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Tsirimokos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I. Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Maris"},{"link_name":"Tsimikalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efthymios_Tsimikalis"},{"link_name":"I. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Moutzouridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Moutzouridis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giannopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitrios_Giannopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chloros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Chloros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periklis_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Tsaldaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris"},{"link_name":"P. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periklis_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Schinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Schinas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triantafyllakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panagiotis_Triantafyllakos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Logothetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Logothetis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skylakakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodoros_Skylakakis_(1893%E2%80%931944)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dourentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Dourentis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maniadakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Maniadakis"},{"link_name":"Collaborationist government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)"},{"link_name":"Demestichas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Demestichas"},{"link_name":"I. Papadopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Papadopoulos_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsolakoglou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Tsolakoglou"},{"link_name":"Tsirigotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_Tsirigotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tavoularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastasios_Tavoularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PEEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Siantos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Siantos"},{"link_name":"Manouilidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippos_Manouilidis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periklis_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Athanasiadis-Novas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Athanasiadis-Novas"},{"link_name":"Tsatsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsatsos"},{"link_name":"P. Voulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros_Voulgaris"},{"link_name":"Gounarakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petros_Gounarakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Psarras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haralambos_Psarras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Rentis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Havinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodoros_Havinis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I. Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Theotokis"},{"link_name":"Kalkanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Kalkanis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kyrozis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Kyrozis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexandris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostolos_Alexandris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G. Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"P. Mavromichalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petros_Mavromichalis_(1887_%E2%80%93_1969)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hatzipanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panos_Hatzipanos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"F. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokion_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Lianopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Lianopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katsotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pafsanias_Katsotas"},{"link_name":"G. 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Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Panagiotopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haralambos_Panagiotopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Mavromichalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Mavromichalis"},{"link_name":"Kostopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Kostopoulos"},{"link_name":"Paraskevopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Paraskevopoulos"},{"link_name":"Toumbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Toumbas"},{"link_name":"Tsirimokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias_Tsirimokos"},{"link_name":"Toumbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Toumbas"},{"link_name":"F. Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokion_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Chr. Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoforos_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spyros_Theotokis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Military Junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974"},{"link_name":"Pattakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Pattakos"},{"link_name":"Adroutsopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantios_Androutsopoulos"},{"link_name":"Pattakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Pattakos"},{"link_name":"Agathangelou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Agathangelou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsoumbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasileios_Tsoumbas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Third Hellenic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic"},{"link_name":"G. Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Chr. Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoforos_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Zepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Zepos"},{"link_name":"Stephanopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Stephanopoulos"},{"link_name":"Iordanoglou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ippokratis_Iordanoglou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85"},{"link_name":"Mitsopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Mitsopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Chr. Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoforos_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Daskalakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_D._Daskalakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82)"},{"link_name":"Gennimatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Gennimatas"},{"link_name":"Koutsogiorgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menios_Koutsogiorgas"},{"link_name":"Markopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Markopoulos"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Koutsogiorgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menios_Koutsogiorgas"},{"link_name":"Markopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Markopoulos"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Koutsogiorgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menios_Koutsogiorgas"},{"link_name":"Papastefanakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanouil_Papastefanakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Tsochatzopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akis_Tsochatzopoulos"},{"link_name":"Markopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Markopoulos"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Konstantopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Konstantopoulos"},{"link_name":"Skouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassilios_Skouris"},{"link_name":"Katrivanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodoros_Katrivanos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kouvelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Kouvelas"},{"link_name":"Kleitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Kleitos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kefalogiannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kefalogiannis"},{"link_name":"Georgakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Georgakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Tsochatzopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akis_Tsochatzopoulos"},{"link_name":"Skandalidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Skandalidis"},{"link_name":"Tsochatzopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akis_Tsochatzopoulos"},{"link_name":"Skouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassilios_Skouris"},{"link_name":"A. Papadopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekos_Papadopoulos"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82)"},{"link_name":"V. Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasso_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Koumandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Koumandos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"V. Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasso_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Skandalidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Skandalidis"},{"link_name":"Alivizatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Alivizatos"},{"link_name":"Pavlopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopis_Pavlopoulos"},{"link_name":"Flogaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Flogaitis"},{"link_name":"Pavlopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopis_Pavlopoulos"},{"link_name":"Flogaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Flogaitis"},{"link_name":"Ragousis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannis_Ragousis"},{"link_name":"Kastanidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Kastanidis"},{"link_name":"Giannitsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastasios_Giannitsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Manitakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Manitakis"},{"link_name":"Stylianidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evripidis_Stylianidis"},{"link_name":"Michelakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giannis_Michelakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Dinopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argyris_Dinopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Voutsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Voutsis"},{"link_name":"Manitakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Manitakis"},{"link_name":"Kouroumblis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Kouroumblis"},{"link_name":"Skourletis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panos_Skourletis"},{"link_name":"Charitsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandros_Charitsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roupakiotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Roupakiotis"},{"link_name":"Theodorikakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takis_Theodorikakos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708318#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/275936/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116019206"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/18025429"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxH44rRwkj87dKhMFt3Qq"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119153297"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n90698416"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record46269"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119153297.html?language=en"}],"text":"Other spellings of his name are: Kumunduros and Komunduros. Consult Bikélas, Coumoundouros, (Montpelier, 1884).vteHeads of government of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)\nMavrokordatos\nP. Mavromichalis\nKountouriotis\nAnd. Zaimis\nI. Kapodistrias\nA. Kapodistrias\nKingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)(1833–1862)\nSp. Trikoupis\nMavrokordatos\nKolettis\nvon Armansperg\nvon Rudhart\nKing Otto\nMavrokordatos\nKing Otto\nA. Metaxas\nKanaris\nMavrokordatos\nKolettis\nTzavelas\nKountouriotis\nKanaris\nKriezis\nMavrokordatos\nD. Voulgaris\nMiaoulis\nKolokotronis\nKingdom of Greece (Interregnum)(1862–1863)\nD. Voulgaris\nMoraitinis\nZ. Valvis\nKyriakos\nRoufos\nKingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1863–1924)\nD. Voulgaris\nKanaris\nZ. Valvis\nKanaris\nKoumoundouros\nDeligeorgis\nRoufos\nD. Voulgaris\nKoumoundouros\nDeligeorgis\nRoufos\nD. Voulgaris\nKoumoundouros\nMoraitinis\nD. Voulgaris\nThr. Zaimis\nDeligeorgis\nKoumoundouros\nThr. Zaimis\nD. Voulgaris\nDeligeorgis\nD. Voulgaris\nCh. Trikoupis\nKoumoundouros\nDeligeorgis\nKoumoundouros\nDeligeorgis\nKoumoundouros\nKanaris\nKoumoundouros\nCh. Trikoupis\nKoumoundouros\nCh. Trikoupis\nKoumoundouros\nCh. Trikoupis\nDiligiannis\nD. Valvis\nCh. Trikoupis\nDiligiannis\nKonstantopoulos\nCh. Trikoupis\nSotiropoulos\nCh. Trikoupis\nDeligiannis\nDiligiannis\nD. Rallis\nAl. Zaimis\nG. Theotokis\nAl. Zaimis\nDiligiannis\nG. Theotokis\nD. Rallis\nG. Theotokis\nDiligiannis\nD. Rallis\nG. Theotokis\nD. Rallis\nK. Mavromichalis\nDragoumis\nEl. Venizelos\nGounaris\nEl. Venizelos\nAl. Zaimis\nSkouloudis\nAl. Zaimis\nKalogeropoulos\nEl. Venizelos2\nLambros\nAl. Zaimis\nEl. Venizelos\nD. Rallis\nKalogeropoulos\nGounaris\nStratos\nProtopapadakis\nTriantafyllakos\nCharalambis\nKrokidas\nGonatas\nEl. Venizelos\nKafantaris\nSecond Hellenic Republic(1924–1935)\nPapanastasiou\nSofoulis\nMichalakopoulos\nPangalos1\nEftaxias1\nKondylis3\nAl. Zaimis\nEl. Venizelos\nPapanastasiou\nEl. Venizelos\nP. Tsaldaris\nEl. Venizelos\nOthonaios3\nP. Tsaldaris\nKingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1935–1973)\nKondylis1\nDemertzis\nI. Metaxas1\nKoryzis\nTsouderos2\nTsolakoglou4\nLogothetopoulos4\nI. Rallis4\nBakirtzis2\nS. Venizelos2\nSvolos2\nG. Papandreou (Sr.)\nPlastiras\nP. Voulgaris\nArchbishop Damaskinos\nKanellopoulos\nSofoulis\nPoulitsas3\nK. Tsaldaris\nMaximos\nK. Tsaldaris\nSofoulis\nVafeiadis2\nPartsalidis2\nDiomidis\nI. Theotokis3\nS. Venizelos\nPlastiras\nS. Venizelos\nPlastiras\nKiousopoulos3\nPapagos\nK. Karamanlis (Sr.)\nGeorgakopoulos3\nK. Karamanlis (Sr.)\nDovas3\nK. Karamanlis (Sr.)\nPipinelis\nSty. Mavromichalis3\nG. Papandreou (Sr.)\nParaskevopoulos3\nG. Papandreou (Sr.)\nNovas\nTsirimokos\nStefanopoulos\nParaskevopoulos3\nKanellopoulos3\nMilitary Junta(1967–1974)\nKollias1\nPapadopoulos1\nMarkezinis1\nAndroutsopoulos1\nThird Hellenic Republic(since 1974)\nK. Karamanlis (Sr.)\nG. Rallis\nA. Papandreou\nTzannetakis\nGrivas3\nZolotas\nKo. Mitsotakis\nA. Papandreou\nSimitis\nK. Karamanlis (Jr.)\nG. Papandreou (Jr.)\nPapademos3\nPikrammenos3\nSamaras\nTsipras\nThanou3\nTsipras\nKy. Mitsotakis\nSarmas3\nKy. Mitsotakis\n1Head of military/dictatorial government. 2Head of rival government not controlling Athens. 3Head of emergency or caretaker government. 4Head of collaborationist government during the Axis occupation (1941–44).vteForeign ministers of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)\nNegris§\nAl. Mavrokordatos§\nGlarakis§\nSp. Trikoupis§†\nKingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)(1833–1862)\nSp. Trikoupis\nAl. Mavrokordatos\nRizos-Neroulos\nvon Rudhart\nZografos\nPaikos\nChristidis\nRizos-Neroulos\nP. Deligiannis\nA. Metaxas\nMansolas\nSp. Trikoupis\nKolettis\nTzavelas\nKolettis\nTzavelas\nMansolas\nKolokotronis\nLondos\nGlarakis\nLondos\nP. Deligiannis\nPaikos\nArgyropoulos\nAl. Mavrokordatos\nSp. Trikoupis\nRangavis\nPalamidis\nThr. Zaimis\nKrestenitis\nPapalexopoulos\nChristopoulos\nTheocharis\nKingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1863–1924)\nDiamantopoulos\nKalligas\nD. Mavrokordatos\nDiligiannis\nKalligas\nP. Deligiannis\nDiligiannis\nKalligas\nDiligiannis\nBoudouris\nVrailas-Armenis\nDeligeorgis\nChristopoulos\nKoumoundouros\nDeligeorgis\nValasopoulos\nValaoritis\nDeligeorgis\nCh. Trikoupis\nP. Deligiannis\nDiligiannis\nValaoritis\nDeligeorgis\nChristopoulos\nThr. Zaimis\nD. Voulgaris\nSpiliotakis\nI. Deligiannis\nCh. Trikoupis\nKontostavlos\nDeligeorgis\nKontostavlos\nDeligeorgis\nKoumoundouros\nCh. Trikoupis\nDiligiannis\nCh. Trikoupis\nDiligiannis\nCh. Trikoupis\nKoumoundouros\nRikakis\nCh. Trikoupis\nKoumoundouros\nDiligiannis\nLouriotis\nS. Dragoumis\nL. Deligiorgis\nMeletopoulos\nS. Dragoumis\nKontostavlos\nN. Deligiannis\nSkouzes\nSkouloudis\nAl. Zaimis\nRomanos\nAl. Zaimis\nSkouzes\nG. Theotokis\nD. Rallis\nRomanos\nSkouzes\nBaltatzis\nChristakis-Zografos\nMavromichalis\nKallergis\nGryparis\nKoromilas\nPanas\nStreit\nEl. Venizelos\nChristakis-Zografos\nGounaris\nEl. Venizelos\nAl. Zaimis\nSkouloudis\nAl. Zaimis\nKarapanos\nZalokostas\nAl. Zaimis\nPolitis\nD. Rallis\nKalogeropoulos\nBaltatzis\nStratos\nBaltatzis\nKalogeropoulos\nPapanastasiou\nSecond Hellenic Republic(1924–1935)\nRoussos\nRendis\nRoussos\nMichalakopoulos\nHatzikyriakos\nRendis\nHatzikyriakos\nKanakaris-Roufos\nArgyropoulos\nMichalakopoulos\nKarapanos\nArgyropoulos\nMichalakopoulos\nPapanastasiou\nMichalakopoulos\nI. Rallis\nMichalakopoulos\nMavroudis\nMaximos\nP. Tsaldaris\nMaximos\nP. Tsaldaris\nMaximos\nI. Theotokis\nKingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1935–1973)\nDemertzis\nI. Metaxas\nKoryzis\nTsouderos\nG. Papandreou (Sr.)\nSofianopoulos\nP. Voulgaris\nPolitis\nKanellopoulos\nSofianopoulos\nRendis\nK. Tsaldaris\nPipinelis\nS. Venizelos\nPlastiras\nS. Venizelos\nPolitis\nS. Venizelos\nF. Dragoumis\nStefanopoulos\nS. Theotokis\nAveroff\nPesmazoglou\nAveroff\nPesmazoglou\nAveroff\nPipinelis\nOikonomou-Gouras\nS. Venizelos\nXanthopoulos-Palamas\nKostopoulos\nMelas\nTsirimokos\nStefanopoulos\nToumbas\nOikonomou-Gouras\nMilitary Junta(1967–1974)\nOikonomou-Gouras\nKollias\nPipinelis\nPapadopoulos\nXanthopoulos-Palamas\nTetenes\nThird Hellenic Republic(since 1974)\nKypraios\nMavros\nBitsios\nPapaligouras\nG. Rallis\nMitsotakis\nCharalambopoulos\nK. Papoulias\nG. Papoulias\nSamaras\nMitsotakis\nPapakonstantinou\nK. Papoulias\nPangalos\nG. Papandreou (Jr)\nGiannitsis\nMolyviatis\nBakoyannis\nG. Papandreou (Jr)\nDroutsas\nLambrinidis\nDimas\nMolyviatis\nAvramopoulos\nEv. Venizelos\nKotzias\nMolyviatis\nKotzias\nTsipras\nKatrougalos\nDendias\nKaskarelis\nGerapetritis\n§ variously as Chief Secretary/General Secretary of State† officially considered the first foreign minister of independent GreecevteInterior Ministers of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)\nKolettis\nPapaflessas\nAnast. Londos\nCollective committees (1827–32)\nChristidis\nKingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)(1833–1862)\nRizos–Neroulos\nPsyllas\nKolettis\nPraidis\nMansolas\nPolyzoidis\nGlarakis\nTheocharis\nMavrokordatos\nChristidis\nPalamidis\nAnd. S. Londos\nKolettis\nPalamidis\nKrestenitis\nRoufos\nAnast. Londos\nGlarakis\nChristidis\nKrestenitis\nNotaras\nMeletopoulos\nDanopoulos\nPalamidis\nAmvrosiadis\nPalamidis\nMavrokordatos\nD. Voulgaris\nProvelengios\nPalamidis\nKountouriotis\nKrestenitis\nPapalexopoulos\nChristopoulos\nKolokotronis\nKingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1863–1924)\nThr. Zaimis\nAnd. Ch. Londos\nAvgerinos\nG. Petimezas\nAnd. Ch. Londos\nG. Petimezas\nD. Voulgaris\nThr. Zaimis\nAvgerinos\nKoumoundouros\nHatzianargyrou\nKoumoundouros\nLomvardos\nThr. Zaimis\nD. Voulgaris\nKoumoundouros\nThr. Zaimis\nDeligeorgis\nNikolopoulos\nProvelengios\nRoufos\nD. Voulgaris\nKoumoundouros\nMessinezis\nD. Voulgaris\nThr. Zaimis\nDeligeorgis\nKoumoundouros\nThr. Zaimis\nNikolopoulos\nDeligeorgis\nDrosos\nDeligeorgis\nDrosos\nD. Voulgaris\nTrikoupis\nKoumoundouros\nI. Deligiannis\nKoumoundouros\nDeligeorgis\nAntonopoulos\nPapamichalopoulos\nKoumoundouros\nThr. Zaimis\nKoumoundouros\nLomvardos\nPapamichalopoulos\nTrikoupis\nLomvardos\nPapamichalopoulos\nPapailiopoulos\nLomvardos\nTrikoupis\nDragoumis\nG. Theotokis\nDiligiannis\nKonstantopoulos\nG. Theotokis\nD. Rallis\nBoufidis\nN. Deligiannis\nN. Metaxas\nKyr. Mavromichalis\nG. Theotokis\nKorpas\nTriantafyllakos\nG. Theotokis\nTriantafyllakos\nKyr. Mavromichalis\nLevidis\nKyr. Mavromichalis\nG. Theotokis\nDiligiannis\nD. Rallis\nKyr. Mavromichalis\nKalogeropoulos\nLevidis\nN. Stratos\nTriantafyllakos\nDragoumis\nEp. Petmezas\nMavrommatis\nRepoulis\nTriantafyllakos\nKafantaris\nGounaris\nRoufos\nNational Defence Government\nSofoulis\nTsellos\nNegris\nRepoulis\nRaktivan\nTsaldaris\nStais\nGoudas\nKarpetopoulos\nN. Stratos\nBousios\nCharalambis\nKrokidas\nPierrakos-Mavromichalis\nG. Papandreou\nSakellaropoulos\nSofoulis\nSecond Hellenic Republic(1924–1935)\nAravantinos\nPierrakos-Mavromichalis\nKondylis\nMaris\nPanagiotopoulos\nPangalos\nSpyridonos\nAravantinos\nThr. Petimezas\nTsaldaris\nAl. Zaimis\nMaris\nGotsis\nZavitsianos\nArgyropoulos\nSideris\nKarapanagiotis\nLidorikis\nBakopoulos\nTsirimokos\nI. Metaxas\nMaris\nTsimikalis\nI. Rallis\nMoutzouridis\nGiannopoulos\nChloros\nP. Rallis\nTsaldaris\nP. Rallis\nKingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1935–1973/4)\nSchinas\nTriantafyllakos\nLogothetis\nSkylakakis\nDourentis\nManiadakis\nCollaborationist government\nDemestichas\nI. Papadopoulos\nTsolakoglou\nTsirigotis\nTavoularis\nPEEA\nSiantos\nManouilidis\nP. Rallis\nAthanasiadis-Novas\nTsatsos\nP. Voulgaris\nGounarakis\nPsarras\nRentis\nHavinis\nI. Theotokis\nKalkanis\nKyrozis\nAlexandris\nG. Papandreou\nP. Mavromichalis\nHatzipanos\nF. Zaimis\nLianopoulos\nKatsotas\nG. Papandreou\nGaroufalias\nVenizelos\nModis\nGiannopoulos\nBakopoulos\nKiousopoulos\nRentis\nKiousopoulos\nLykourezos\nNikolitsas\nTriantafyllis\nLianopoulos\nMakris\nGeorgakopoulos\nMakris\nLianopoulos\nG. Rallis\nPanagiotopoulos\nSt. Mavromichalis\nKostopoulos\nParaskevopoulos\nToumbas\nTsirimokos\nToumbas\nF. Zaimis\nChr. Stratos\nTheotokis\nMilitary Junta(1967–1974)\nPattakos\nAdroutsopoulos\nPattakos\nAgathangelou\nTsoumbas\nThird Hellenic Republic(since 1974)\nG. Rallis\nChr. Stratos\nZepos\nStephanopoulos\nIordanoglou [el]\nMitsopoulos [el]\nChr. Stratos\nDaskalakis [el]\nGennimatas\nKoutsogiorgas\nMarkopoulos [el]\nKoutsogiorgas\nMarkopoulos [el]\nKoutsogiorgas\nPapastefanakis [el]\nTsochatzopoulos\nMarkopoulos [el]\nKonstantopoulos\nSkouris\nKatrivanos\nKouvelas\nKleitos\nKefalogiannis\nGeorgakis [el]\nTsochatzopoulos\nSkandalidis\nTsochatzopoulos\nSkouris\nA. Papadopoulos [el]\nV. Papandreou\nKoumandos [el]\nV. Papandreou\nSkandalidis\nAlivizatos\nPavlopoulos\nFlogaitis\nPavlopoulos\nFlogaitis\nRagousis\nKastanidis\nGiannitsis [el]\nManitakis\nStylianidis\nMichelakis [el]\nDinopoulos [el]\nVoutsis\nManitakis\nKouroumblis\nSkourletis\nCharitsis\nRoupakiotis\nTheodorikakos\nIn italics are denoted the Interior Ministers of parallel or non-recognized governmentsAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nGreece\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bust of Alexandros Koumoundouros in Larissa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_1.jpg/180px-%CE%9B%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_1.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"title":"Charilaos Trikoupis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coseley_School
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The Coseley School
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°32′45″N 2°05′25″W / 52.5458°N 2.0902°W / 52.5458; -2.0902
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Foundation school in Coseley, West Midlands, EnglandThe Coseley SchoolThe Coseley SchoolAddressHenne DriveCoseley, West Midlands, WV14 9JWEnglandCoordinates52°32′45″N 2°05′25″W / 52.5458°N 2.0902°W / 52.5458; -2.0902InformationTypeFoundation schoolEstablished1968 (1968)Closed2017 (2017)Local authorityDudleyDepartment for Education URN103857 TablesOfstedReportsHeadteacherApril GarrettGenderMixedAge range11-16Colour(s) BlackWebsitewww.coseley.dudley.sch.uk
The Coseley School was a mixed secondary school located in Coseley, West Midlands, England.
The school closed in July 2017, in a phased closure, when the pupils who started in September 2012 completed their GCSE studies, while the younger three year groups were transferred to other schools from September 2016; with Dormston or High Arcal in neighbouring Sedgley being the most popular destinations. The site is now mothballed, with the intention of re-opening it to cater for the likely increase in secondary school pupils living in Coseley following the construction of a new housing development on the former Bean Industries and Newey Goodman sites in the south of the town.
History
The Coseley School opened in September 1968 as a secondary modern school for children aged between 11 and 16 years, although building work delays meant that pupils had to be bussed to classrooms at Ellowes Hall School for a term until the buildings in Ivyhouse Lane were ready for occupation in January 1969. The school was officially opened by Education Secretary, Edward Short in November 1969. It had 23 acres (9.3 ha) of playing fields. The age range was reorganised to 12-16 in September 1972, when the school took in the remaining pupils at nearby Mount Pleasant Senior School. Coseley converted to comprehensive status in September 1975, and in September 1990 became an 11–16 school. Further expansion took place at this time when Coseley took in approximately half of the pupils and staff from Mons Hill School in Dudley, which had closed that summer.
In March 2008, Dudley Council's cabinet member for children's services claimed that there was a "50/50 chance" of Coseley School (or possibly either nearby Dormston or High Arcal) closing within the next 10 years. This came after 147 pupils leaving primary school in 2007 put Coseley as their first choice when it had a maximum of 195 places available. This would have left Coseley without a secondary school for the first time since the 19th century. However, the council later stated that no more secondary schools were scheduled for closure in the borough, following the closure of Cradley High School at Halesowen in 2008, and the phased closure of Pensnett High School from 2010 to 2012.
In May 2016, Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council announced that The Coseley School would be closed due to falling pupil numbers and low pupil achievement. The school finally closed in July 2017, with all but the oldest pupils in the school being transferred to other schools from September 2016.
References
^ "The Coseley School - A Specialist Sports College". Coseley.dudley.sch.uk. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ Brassington, Jamie (22 January 2022). "Life inside 'neglected' village where people 'sort out their own problems'". BirminghamLive.
^ "Minister opening Coseley school". Wolverhampton Express and Star. 19 November 1969. p. 10. Retrieved 20 March 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
External links
Official website
vteSchools in the Metropolitan Borough of DudleyPrimary
Cotwall End Primary School
Jesson's CE Primary School
Secondary
Beacon Hill Academy
Bishop Milner Catholic College
The Crestwood School
Dormston School
The Earls High School
Ellowes Hall Sports College
Kingswinford Academy
Leasowes High School
The Link Academy
Old Swinford Hospital
Pedmore High School
Pegasus Academy
Redhill School
Ridgewood High School
St James Academy
Summerhill School
Thorns Collegiate Academy
Windsor High School
The Wordsley School
Special
Sutton School
Independent
Elmfield Rudolf Steiner School
FE and sixth form colleges
Birmingham Metropolitan College
Dudley College of Technology
King Edward VI College
Halesowen College
Defunct
The Blue Coat School
The Coseley School
Cradley High School
Dudley Girls High School
Park Secondary School
Pensnett High School
Richmond Boys School
Rosland Secondary School
St James' School
Wolverhampton Street School
Other defunct schools
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianne_La_Havas
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Lianne La Havas
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Beginnings and debut (2008–2014)","2.2 2015–19: Blood","2.3 2020: Lianne La Havas","3 Discography","4 Concert tours","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
|
English singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist
Lianne La HavasLa Havas in 2013Background informationBirth nameLianne Charlotte BarnesBorn (1989-08-23) 23 August 1989 (age 34)London, EnglandGenres
Jazz funk
neo soul
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriterInstrument(s)
Vocals
guitar
Years active2011–presentLabels
Warner Bros.
Nonesuch
Labour of Love
Websitewww.liannelahavas.comMusical artist
Lianne Charlotte Barnes (born 23 August 1989), known professionally as Lianne La Havas (/liˈæn ləˈhævəs/ lee-AN lə-HAV-əs), is a British singer-songwriter and record producer. Her career began after being introduced to various musicians, including singer Paloma Faith, for whom she sang backing vocals. In 2010, La Havas signed to Warner Bros. Records, spending two years developing her songwriting, before releasing any music. La Havas' debut studio album, Is Your Love Big Enough? (2012), was released to positive reviews from critics and earned her a nomination for the BBC's Sound of 2012 poll and awards for the iTunes Album of The Year 2012. She has released two other studio albums since, Blood in 2015 and Lianne La Havas in 2020. She was nominated once for a Grammy award in 2016 and twice for Brit Awards, in 2017 and 2021. She currently lives in London.
Early life
La Havas was born and raised in London, England, to a Greek father and Jamaican mother. She was raised in Tooting and Streatham, spending the majority of her time with her grandparents after her parents separated. La Havas began singing at seven, and she cites her parents' diverse musical tastes as having the biggest influence on her music. Her father, an accomplished multi-instrumentalist, taught her the basics of guitar and piano. La Havas wrote her first song at the age of 11 but did not learn to play the guitar until she was 18 years old. She sang in her school choir. She attended Norbury Manor Business and Enterprise College for Girls in Thornton Heath, where she studied her A-levels. She had planned to take an art foundation course before she decided to leave college to pursue a career in music full-time.
Her birth name is Lianne Barnes, and her stage name is an adaptation of her Greek father Henry Vlahavas' surname.
Career
Beginnings and debut (2008–2014)
Lianne La Havas in 2012
Whilst attending sixth-form in Croydon, La Havas was introduced to musicians who would go on to assist her in the recording of her first demos. Through the same friends, La Havas was also introduced to British singer Paloma Faith; she later sang backing vocals on tour for Faith. La Havas was discovered on Myspace in 2008. Duncan Ellis, owner of Scruffy Bird Artist Management, first heard of La Havas through colleague Alex Hardee of the Coda Music Agency. When Ellis first saw La Havas perform, she was in the duo the Paris Parade, collaborating with future Elephant member Christian Pinchebeck (he later designed the artwork for Lost & Found). Paris Parade's short-lived career would kick off La Havas' career in commercial music. In 2010, Lianne signed to Warner Bros. Records, spending two years developing her songwriting skills before releasing any music publicly.
Her first EP, Lost & Found, was released on 21 October 2011 on the Labour of Love label. It featured Willy Mason on the opening track "No Room for Doubt". That same month, La Havas released the live EP Live from LA, which was made available for free download on her website. La Havas made her television debut on 21 October 2011 broadcast of BBC Two's Later... with Jools Holland, a programme that also featured Wisconsin folk band Bon Iver. Soon after her TV debut, on 25 October 2011, it was announced that La Havas would be the supporting act for Bon Iver's December 2011 North American tour.
Her official debut single "Lost & Found" was released in the UK on 30 April 2012, and her debut album, Is Your Love Big Enough?, was released on 9 July 2012 on Warner Brothers. At the end of 2012, Is Your Love Big Enough? was named iTunes Album of the Year.
On 24 September 2012, La Havas supported Alicia Keys at MTV 'Crashes' Manchester, a live performance in front of 1,000 people in Manchester Cathedral, broadcast in 164 countries. On 31 December 2012, she appeared on BBC Two's New Year's Eve show Jools' Annual Hootenanny, singing "Cow Cow Boogie". On 9 June 2013, La Havas played at the RockNess music festival in Inverness, Scotland, and on 30 June 2013, she performed at the Glastonbury Festival 2013. La Havas also performed at the Isle of Wight Festival in June 2013.
In early 2014, Prince played a gig in La Havas' living room in London. She also appeared on Alt-J's 2014 album This Is All Yours on the track "Warm Foothills". On 30 September 2014, Prince released Art Official Age, featuring La Havas heavily throughout the album, singing on "Clouds" and providing vocals on "Affirmation I&II", "Way Back Home" and "Affirmation III". La Havas also performed with Prince on an episode of Saturday Night Live as a featured vocalist on 1 November 2014.
She collaborated with Aqualung on the song "Eggshells" from his album 10 Features, released on 19 January 2015.
2015–19: Blood
After touring was completed for her first album, La Havas and her mother travelled to Jamaica. During the trip, La Havas was inspired to write new material, which would eventually become part of her second album. She gave a live performance for her family and producer, Stephen McGregor, who would later co-produce her forthcoming album. Many of the songs were inspired by La Havas' reconnection to her Greek and Jamaican heritage. The first single of the album, "Unstoppable", premiered for streaming on 1 April 2015. The single, which was co-written with Paul Epworth, was officially released in the UK on 1 June 2015. Its music video premiered on 12 May 2015 on La Havas' official YouTube channel. The full album, called Blood, was released on 31 July 2015 for physical and digital formats. La Havas toured in the UK and Europe in support of album from mid-May to September 2015. The album was nominated for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards.
La Havas features twice on Rudimental's album, We the Generation (2015), on the songs "Needn't Speak" and "Breath". She appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS in the United States on 27 October 2015, singing with Colbert's regular band, New Orleans jazz bandleader Jon Batiste and Stay Human. She also performed a Tiny Desk Concert on NPR in October 2015.
In 2016 Le Havas supported Coldplay on the European and Latin American legs of their A Head Full of Dreams world tour.
La Havas lately plays a hollow-bodied 1964 Harmony Alden Stratotone guitar, which is put through a Fender Hot Rod Deluxe amp on stage with her band. For solo gigs she uses a SansAmp DI'd, and a Roland CUBE amp is used for practice.
2020: Lianne La Havas
La Havas released "Bittersweet" on 25 February 2020 as the lead single from her self-titled album, Lianne La Havas. On 4 May 2020, La Havas released the second single "Paper Thin" and announced that the album would be released on 17 July 2020. Recording of the album took place between October 2019 and December 2019, with sessions taking place in London, Bath, LA and New York. The album's production was handled by La Havas along with long-term collaborator Matt Hales, co-producers Beni Giles and Sam Crowe, and guest co-producer Mura Masa.
It won in the Best Album category at the 2021 Ivor Novello Awards. It also received a number of positive reviews from major publishers. The New York Times' chief pop music critic Jon Pareles, in his review, said:The songs illuminate passion, impulsiveness, ambivalence and uncertainty, yet the structures La Havas created are lucid and poised. While matters of the heart may be out of control, her fingers and voice are impeccable.Another reviewer, David Cheal, described the album in FT as "soulful" and compared it to the music of Jill Scott and Erykah Badu.
Discography
Main article: Lianne La Havas discography
Is Your Love Big Enough? (2012)
Blood (2015)
Lianne La Havas (2020)
Concert tours
Headlining
Is Your Love Big Enough? Tour (2012–13)
Blood Tour (2015–16)
Supporting
A Head Full of Dreams Tour (2016)
Awards and nominations
Year
Organisation
Award
Nominee / work
Result
2011
BBC Sound of...
Sound of 2012
Herself
Nominated
2012
Barclaycard
Mercury Prize
Is Your Love Big Enough?
Nominated
iTunes Best of 2012
Album of the Year
Is Your Love Big Enough?
Won
2013
MOBO Awards
Best Female Act
Herself
Nominated
Best R&B/Soul Act
Herself
Nominated
2015
MOBO Awards
Best Female Act
Herself
Nominated
Best R&B/Soul Act
Herself
Nominated
Best Album
Blood
Nominated
2016
58th Annual Grammy Awards
Best Urban Contemporary Album
Blood
Nominated
2017
2017 Brit Awards
British Female Solo Artist
Herself
Nominated
2021
2021 Brit Awards
British Female Solo Artist
Herself
Nominated
2021
Ivor Novello Awards
Best Album
Lianne La Havas
Won
References
^ "Neo-Sol: A Traditional Approach to a New Genre". 5 October 2023.
^ a b Stevenson, Jane. "Lianne La Havas always in good company | Entertainment". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Lester, Paul (22 April 2009). "Paloma Faith (No 532)". The Guardian. London.
^ "Lianne La Havas interview (part 2)". FaceCulture. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ a b "Sound of – 2012 – Lianne La Havas". BBC. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
^ "Lianne La Havas – About". 23 August 1989. Retrieved 31 July 2015 – via Facebook.
^ Tim Lewis (13 March 2014). "One to watch: Lianne La Havas". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ a b c Jasmine Gardner (12 April 2012). "Sound of the summer: Lianne Le Havas". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ "Nonesuch to Release English Singer/Songwriter/Guitarist Lianne La Havas's Debut Album in US This Summer; First LA Show May 22". Nonesuch Records – Journal. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ a b Ramirez, E (25 August 2012). "Soulful Sensation". Billboard.
^ "Ligature Magazine. Retrieved October 17". Ligaturemagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ a b "Lianne La Havas: 'A Lot Has Happened In My Life' | DIY". Thisisfakediy.co.uk. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ "3 UK Female Singers to Look Out For". Yinnyang.co.uk. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ "Lost and Found: Lianne La Havas". Amazon UK. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ Ligature Magazine.
^ "FreEP: Lianne La Havas – "Live In L.A" " PinBoardBlog.com – Alt-Urban Specialists". Pinboardblog.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ Peter Vidani (8 October 2011). "Lady. Bang. Beat". Lady. Bang. Beat. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ "BBC BBC Two Programmes – Later... with Jools Holland, Series 39, Episode 5". BBC. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ Souza, Kris De (25 October 2011). "Lianne La Havas confirmed for Bon Iver's December US tour". Thefourohfive.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ "Lianne La Havas' Sold Out Scala Show To Be Streamed Live". Femalefirst.co.uk. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ Lynn, Kirstin. "RockNess 2013: Lianne La Havas raises the bar in supreme soul diva set". STV. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ Lachno, James (1 July 2013). "Glastonbury 2013, Day Three review: other stages: Bobby Womack, Lianne Le Havas, Sir Bruce Forsyth". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ "Prince to charge $10 for live shows". BBC. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
^ Beaumont, Mark (15 September 2014). "Alt-J – 'This Is All Yours'". Time Inc. (UK). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
^ "Watch:Lianne La Havas Performs on "Saturday Night Live" with Prince". Nonesuch. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ "AQUALUNG UNVEILS VIDEO FOR 'EGGSHELLS', FEATURING LIANNE LA HAVAS". DIY Magazine. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ "Lianne La Havas: 'debuts knew song". Marketwired.com. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ Fletcher, Harry (21 April 2015). "Lianne La Havas: announces new album Blood". Digital Spy. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ "Watch: Lianne La Havas Unveils 'Unstoppable' Video". Nonesuch. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
^ a b "Grammy Nominations 2016: See the Full List of Nominees". Billboard.
^ "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". CBS. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ Mohamed, Suraya (2 October 2015). "Lianne La Havas: Tiny Desk Concert". NPR. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ "Lianne La Havas interview". Coldplay. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ "Guitar Girl'd: 'Is Your Love Big Enough' for Lianne La Havas?". NewBay Media, LLC. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
^ "iTunes – Bittersweet – Single by Lianne La Havas". iTunes Store.
^ "@liannelahavas on Twitter: I'm so glad I can finally say...MY NEW ALBUM IS COMING 17th JULY 2020 In ALL of the ways!!! I love you I love you I love you I love you ILOVEYOUUUU" – via Twitter.
^ "Lianne la Havas – Lianne la Havas | Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ "TN:61 Lianne la Havas, Sam Crowe & Beni Giles".
^ a b "The Ivors 2021 Winners Announced". The Ivors. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ a b Pareles, Jon (21 July 2020). "Lianne La Havas Traces the Arc of a Romance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^ Cragg, Michael (19 July 2020). "Lianne La Havas: Lianne La Havas review – purposeful, tender and bold". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^ Cheal, David (17 July 2020). "Lianne La Havas: Lianne La Havas — slowly unfolding pleasures". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ Jonze, Tim (12 September 2012). "Mercury Prize 2012 Nominations". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
^ Hart, Tina (14 December 2012). "Lianne La Havas, Emeli Sande, amongst iTunes Best of 2012". Music Week. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
^ "Disclosure, AlunaGeorge, Jessie Ware & more nominated for MOBO Awards 2013". thelineofbestfit.com. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ "Winners 2013 MOBO Awards". mobo.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
^ "MOBO Awards 2015 nominations revealed as Krept & Konan lead the way in four categories including Best Album". Mirror. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
^ "Brit Awards 2017: The winners". BBC News. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Brit Awards 2021: Full list of award winners and nominees". BBC News. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lianne La Havas.
Official website
vteLianne La HavasStudio albums
Is Your Love Big Enough? (2012)
Blood (2015)
Lianne La Havas (2020)
Singles
"Unstoppable"
"What You Don't Do"
Related
Discography
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
|
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Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Is Your Love Big Enough?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Your_Love_Big_Enough%3F"},{"link_name":"Sound of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of..."},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-so12-5"},{"link_name":"Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_(Lianne_La_Havas_album)"},{"link_name":"Lianne La Havas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianne_La_Havas_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grammy award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenson-2"}],"text":"Musical artistLianne Charlotte Barnes (born 23 August 1989),[2][3] known professionally as Lianne La Havas (/liˈæn ləˈhævəs/ lee-AN lə-HAV-əs),[4] is a British singer-songwriter and record producer. Her career began after being introduced to various musicians, including singer Paloma Faith, for whom she sang backing vocals. In 2010, La Havas signed to Warner Bros. Records, spending two years developing her songwriting, before releasing any music. La Havas' debut studio album, Is Your Love Big Enough? (2012), was released to positive reviews from critics and earned her a nomination for the BBC's Sound of 2012 poll and awards for the iTunes Album of The Year 2012.[5] She has released two other studio albums since, Blood in 2015 and Lianne La Havas in 2020. She was nominated once for a Grammy award in 2016 and twice for Brit Awards, in 2017 and 2021. She currently lives in London.[2]","title":"Lianne La Havas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting"},{"link_name":"Streatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thisislondon.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Norbury Manor Business and Enterprise College for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbury_Manor_Business_and_Enterprise_College_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"Thornton Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Heath"},{"link_name":"A-levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-levels"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thisislondon.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_name"}],"text":"La Havas was born and raised in London, England, to a Greek father and Jamaican mother.[6][non-primary source needed][7] She was raised in Tooting and Streatham, spending the majority of her time with her grandparents after her parents separated.[8] La Havas began singing at seven, and she cites her parents' diverse musical tastes as having the biggest influence on her music.[9] Her father, an accomplished multi-instrumentalist, taught her the basics of guitar and piano. La Havas wrote her first song at the age of 11 but did not learn to play the guitar until she was 18 years old.[citation needed] She sang in her school choir.[10] She attended Norbury Manor Business and Enterprise College for Girls in Thornton Heath, where she studied her A-levels. She had planned to take an art foundation course before she decided to leave college to pursue a career in music full-time.[8]Her birth name is Lianne Barnes, and her stage name is an adaptation of her Greek father Henry Vlahavas' surname.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lianne_La_Havas_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thisislondon.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"Paloma Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Faith"},{"link_name":"Myspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thisisfakediy.co.uk-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Willy Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Mason"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Later... with Jools Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later..._with_Jools_Holland"},{"link_name":"Bon Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Iver"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bon Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Iver"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Is Your Love Big Enough?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Your_Love_Big_Enough%3F"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thisisfakediy.co.uk-12"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Jools' Annual Hootenanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jools%27_Annual_Hootenanny"},{"link_name":"RockNess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockNess"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STV_rockness-21"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival_2013"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_glast13-22"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alt-J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-J"},{"link_name":"This Is All Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_All_Yours"},{"link_name":"Art Official Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Official_Age"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Aqualung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqualung_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings and debut (2008–2014)","text":"Lianne La Havas in 2012Whilst attending sixth-form in Croydon, La Havas was introduced to musicians who would go on to assist her in the recording of her first demos.[8] Through the same friends, La Havas was also introduced to British singer Paloma Faith; she later sang backing vocals on tour for Faith. La Havas was discovered on Myspace in 2008. Duncan Ellis, owner of Scruffy Bird Artist Management, first heard of La Havas through colleague Alex Hardee of the Coda Music Agency.[10] When Ellis first saw La Havas perform, she was in the duo the Paris Parade, collaborating with future Elephant member Christian Pinchebeck (he later designed the artwork for Lost & Found). Paris Parade's short-lived career would kick off La Havas' career in commercial music.[11] In 2010, Lianne signed to Warner Bros. Records, spending two years developing her songwriting skills before releasing any music publicly.[12][13]Her first EP, Lost & Found, was released on 21 October 2011 on the Labour of Love label.[14] It featured Willy Mason on the opening track \"No Room for Doubt\".[15] That same month, La Havas released the live EP Live from LA, which was made available for free download on her website.[16][17] La Havas made her television debut on 21 October 2011 broadcast of BBC Two's Later... with Jools Holland, a programme that also featured Wisconsin folk band Bon Iver.[18] Soon after her TV debut, on 25 October 2011, it was announced that La Havas would be the supporting act for Bon Iver's December 2011 North American tour.[19]Her official debut single \"Lost & Found\" was released in the UK on 30 April 2012,[20] and her debut album, Is Your Love Big Enough?, was released on 9 July 2012 on Warner Brothers.[12] At the end of 2012, Is Your Love Big Enough? was named iTunes Album of the Year.On 24 September 2012, La Havas supported Alicia Keys at MTV 'Crashes' Manchester, a live performance in front of 1,000 people in Manchester Cathedral, broadcast in 164 countries. On 31 December 2012, she appeared on BBC Two's New Year's Eve show Jools' Annual Hootenanny, singing \"Cow Cow Boogie\". On 9 June 2013, La Havas played at the RockNess music festival in Inverness, Scotland,[21] and on 30 June 2013, she performed at the Glastonbury Festival 2013.[22] La Havas also performed at the Isle of Wight Festival in June 2013.In early 2014, Prince played a gig in La Havas' living room in London.[23] She also appeared on Alt-J's 2014 album This Is All Yours on the track \"Warm Foothills\". On 30 September 2014, Prince released Art Official Age, featuring La Havas heavily throughout the album, singing on \"Clouds\" and providing vocals on \"Affirmation I&II\", \"Way Back Home\" and \"Affirmation III\".[24] La Havas also performed with Prince on an episode of Saturday Night Live as a featured vocalist on 1 November 2014.[25]She collaborated with Aqualung on the song \"Eggshells\" from his album 10 Features, released on 19 January 2015.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Genius"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Paul Epworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Epworth"},{"link_name":"Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_(Lianne_La_Havas_album)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Best Urban Contemporary Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Progressive_R%26B_Album"},{"link_name":"58th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"Rudimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudimental"},{"link_name":"We the Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_Generation"},{"link_name":"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert"},{"link_name":"Jon Batiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Batiste"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tiny Desk Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Desk_Concerts"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Coldplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"hollow-bodied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Company"},{"link_name":"Alden Stratotone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratotone"},{"link_name":"Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Roland CUBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_CUBE"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2015–19: Blood","text":"After touring was completed for her first album, La Havas and her mother travelled to Jamaica. During the trip, La Havas was inspired to write new material, which would eventually become part of her second album. She gave a live performance for her family and producer, Stephen McGregor, who would later co-produce her forthcoming album. Many of the songs were inspired by La Havas' reconnection to her Greek and Jamaican heritage.[27] The first single of the album, \"Unstoppable\", premiered for streaming on 1 April 2015. The single, which was co-written with Paul Epworth, was officially released in the UK on 1 June 2015. Its music video premiered on 12 May 2015 on La Havas' official YouTube channel. The full album, called Blood, was released on 31 July 2015 for physical and digital formats. La Havas toured in the UK and Europe in support of album from mid-May to September 2015.[28][29] The album was nominated for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards.[30]La Havas features twice on Rudimental's album, We the Generation (2015), on the songs \"Needn't Speak\" and \"Breath\". She appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS in the United States on 27 October 2015, singing with Colbert's regular band, New Orleans jazz bandleader Jon Batiste and Stay Human.[31] She also performed a Tiny Desk Concert on NPR in October 2015.[32]In 2016 Le Havas supported Coldplay on the European and Latin American legs of their A Head Full of Dreams world tour.[33]La Havas lately plays a hollow-bodied 1964 Harmony Alden Stratotone guitar, which is put through a Fender Hot Rod Deluxe amp on stage with her band. For solo gigs she uses a SansAmp DI'd, and a Roland CUBE amp is used for practice.[34]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lianne La Havas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianne_La_Havas_(album)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Matt Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqualung_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mura Masa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura_Masa"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Ivor Novello Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Jon Pareles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pareles"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"FT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"Jill Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Erykah Badu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erykah_Badu"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"2020: Lianne La Havas","text":"La Havas released \"Bittersweet\" on 25 February 2020 as the lead single from her self-titled album, Lianne La Havas.[35] On 4 May 2020, La Havas released the second single \"Paper Thin\" and announced that the album would be released on 17 July 2020.[36][non-primary source needed] Recording of the album took place between October 2019 and December 2019, with sessions taking place in London, Bath, LA and New York. The album's production was handled by La Havas along with long-term collaborator Matt Hales, co-producers Beni Giles and Sam Crowe, and guest co-producer Mura Masa.[37][38]It won in the Best Album category at the 2021 Ivor Novello Awards.[39] It also received a number of positive reviews from major publishers.[40][41] The New York Times' chief pop music critic Jon Pareles, in his review, said:The songs illuminate passion, impulsiveness, ambivalence and uncertainty, yet the structures La Havas created are lucid and poised. While matters of the heart may be out of control, her fingers and voice are impeccable.[40]Another reviewer, David Cheal, described the album in FT as \"soulful\" and compared it to the music of Jill Scott and Erykah Badu.[42]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Is Your Love Big Enough?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Your_Love_Big_Enough%3F"},{"link_name":"Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_(Lianne_La_Havas_album)"},{"link_name":"Lianne La Havas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianne_La_Havas_(album)"}],"text":"Is Your Love Big Enough? (2012)\nBlood (2015)\nLianne La Havas (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Head Full of Dreams Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Head_Full_of_Dreams_Tour"}],"text":"HeadliningIs Your Love Big Enough? Tour (2012–13)\nBlood Tour (2015–16)SupportingA Head Full of Dreams Tour (2016)","title":"Concert tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Lianne La Havas in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lianne_La_Havas_2012.jpg/200px-Lianne_La_Havas_2012.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Neo-Sol: A Traditional Approach to a New Genre\". 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://themacweekly.com/82301/arts/neo-sol-a-traditional-approach-to-a-new-genre/","url_text":"\"Neo-Sol: A Traditional Approach to a New Genre\""}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Jane. \"Lianne La Havas always in good company | Entertainment\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torontosun.com/2012/08/07/lianne-la-havas-always-in-good-company","url_text":"\"Lianne La Havas always in good company | Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"Lester, Paul (22 April 2009). \"Paloma Faith (No 532)\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/apr/22/new-band-paloma-faith","url_text":"\"Paloma Faith (No 532)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lianne La Havas interview (part 2)\". FaceCulture. 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Retrieved 15 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420010714/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/music/sound-of-the-summer-lianne-le-havas-7637167.html","url_text":"\"Sound of the summer: Lianne Le Havas\""},{"url":"http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/music/sound-of-the-summer-lianne-le-havas-7637167.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nonesuch to Release English Singer/Songwriter/Guitarist Lianne La Havas's Debut Album in US This Summer; First LA Show May 22\". Nonesuch Records – Journal. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nonesuch.com/journal/nonesuch-release-english-singer-songwriter-guitarist-lianne-la-havas-debut-album-us-summer-1st-la-show-may-22-2012-04-03","url_text":"\"Nonesuch to Release English Singer/Songwriter/Guitarist Lianne La Havas's Debut Album in US This Summer; First LA Show May 22\""}]},{"reference":"Ramirez, E (25 August 2012). \"Soulful Sensation\". 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Retrieved 12 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nonesuch.com/journal/watch-lianne-la-havas-performs-saturday-night-live-prince-2014-11-03","url_text":"\"Watch:Lianne La Havas Performs on \"Saturday Night Live\" with Prince\""}]},{"reference":"\"AQUALUNG UNVEILS VIDEO FOR 'EGGSHELLS', FEATURING LIANNE LA HAVAS\". DIY Magazine. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://diymag.com/2015/01/09/aqualung-unveils-video-for-eggshells-featuring-lianne-la-havas","url_text":"\"AQUALUNG UNVEILS VIDEO FOR 'EGGSHELLS', FEATURING LIANNE LA HAVAS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lianne La Havas: 'debuts knew song\". Marketwired.com. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/lianne-la-havas-debuts-new-song-unstoppable-april-21-2011765.htm","url_text":"\"Lianne La Havas: 'debuts knew song\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Harry (21 April 2015). \"Lianne La Havas: announces new album Blood\". Digital Spy. 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I love you I love you I love you I love you ILOVEYOUUUU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lianne la Havas – Lianne la Havas | Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/lianne-la-havas-mw0003386991/credits","url_text":"\"Lianne la Havas – Lianne la Havas | Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"TN:61 Lianne la Havas, Sam Crowe & Beni Giles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tapenotes.co.uk/project/tn61-lianne-la-havas-sam-crowe-beni-giles","url_text":"\"TN:61 Lianne la Havas, Sam Crowe & Beni Giles\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ivors 2021 Winners Announced\". The Ivors. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/","url_text":"\"The Ivors 2021 Winners Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (21 July 2020). \"Lianne La Havas Traces the Arc of a Romance\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/765ba3a4-bb51-4f5c-8373-1a9bf96829f9","url_text":"\"Lianne La Havas: Lianne La Havas — slowly unfolding pleasures\""}]},{"reference":"Jonze, Tim (12 September 2012). \"Mercury Prize 2012 Nominations\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/12/mercury-prize-2012-nominations?newsfeed=true","url_text":"\"Mercury Prize 2012 Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Tina (14 December 2012). \"Lianne La Havas, Emeli Sande, amongst iTunes Best of 2012\". Music Week. Retrieved 18 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/lianne-la-havas-emeli-sande-amongst-itunes-best-of-2012/052923","url_text":"\"Lianne La Havas, Emeli Sande, amongst iTunes Best of 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Disclosure, AlunaGeorge, Jessie Ware & more nominated for MOBO Awards 2013\". thelineofbestfit.com. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/disclosure-alunageorge-jessie-ware-more-nominated-for-mobo-awards-2013-136363","url_text":"\"Disclosure, AlunaGeorge, Jessie Ware & more nominated for MOBO Awards 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners 2013 MOBO Awards\". mobo.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. 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Retrieved 13 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56595220","url_text":"\"Brit Awards 2021: Full list of award winners and nominees\""}]}]
|
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Bang. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hollinger
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Michael Hollinger
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["1 Works","2 References","3 External links"]
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American playwright (born 1962)
Michael Hollinger (born January 13, 1962, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania) is an American playwright who is currently an associate professor of theatre at Villanova University and an alumnus of New Dramatists. He received a Bachelor of Music in viola performance from Oberlin Conservatory in 1984 and a Master of Arts in theatre from Villanova in 1989. He has been married to Megan Bellwoar since 1990.
Because of his background as a musician, Hollinger considers his plays compositions. He is quoted as saying, "Plays are music to me; characters are instruments, scenes are movements; tempo, rhythm and dynamics are critical; and melody and counterpoint are always set in relief by rests—beats, pauses, the spaces in between."
Hollinger has written three short films for PBS and co-authored the feature-length Philadelphia Diary. His awards include the Roger L. Stevens Award from the Fund for New American Plays, three Barrymore Awards for Outstanding New Play, a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award, the F. Otto Haas Award for an Emerging Theatre Artist, a Mid-Atlantic Emmy Award, a commission from The Ensemble Studio Theatre/Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Science and Technology Project, and fellowships from the Independence Foundation, Mid-Atlantic Arts Foundation, and Pennsylvania Council on the Arts.
Works
Full-length plays:
Under the Skin' (2015)
Hope and Gravity (2014)
Cyrano, translated, and co-adapted with Aaron Posner (2011)
Ghost-Writer (2010)
A Wonderful Noise (musical), co-authored with Vance Lehmkuhl (2009)
Opus (2006)
Tooth and Claw (2004)
Red Herring (2000)
Tiny Island (1997)
Incorruptible (1996)
An Empty Plate in the Cafe du Grand Boeuf (1994)
Plays for young audiences:
Eureka!
Hot Air
Boxheads
Clean Getaway (musical), co-authored with Beth Dannenfelser
Ten-minute plays:
Battle of the Backyard
Senior Moment
Truth Decay
Naked Lunch
Serviette
Two-Part Invention
Screenplays:
Opus
Incorruptible
Pipe
References
^ New Dramatists
^ Baker 2007.
Sources
Baker, John M. (2007). "Intrigue and Delight: The Comedy of Michael Hollinger". Comédie du Jour: A Festival of Plays by Michael Hollinger (Theatrical program published by Iowa Summer Rep). University of Iowa.
External links
Official website
Alumni, New Dramatists
Playscripts, Inc.
Michael Hollinger discusses his plays
On The Red Herring
On Incorruptible
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Villanova University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanova_University"},{"link_name":"New Dramatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Dramatists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"Oberlin Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2007-2"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"}],"text":"Michael Hollinger (born January 13, 1962, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania) is an American playwright who is currently an associate professor of theatre at Villanova University and an alumnus of New Dramatists.[1] He received a Bachelor of Music in viola performance from Oberlin Conservatory in 1984 and a Master of Arts in theatre from Villanova in 1989. He has been married to Megan Bellwoar since 1990.Because of his background as a musician, Hollinger considers his plays compositions. He is quoted as saying, \"Plays are music to me; characters are instruments, scenes are movements; tempo, rhythm and dynamics are critical; and melody and counterpoint are always set in relief by rests—beats, pauses, the spaces in between.\"[2]Hollinger has written three short films for PBS and co-authored the feature-length Philadelphia Diary. His awards include the Roger L. Stevens Award from the Fund for New American Plays, three Barrymore Awards for Outstanding New Play, a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award, the F. Otto Haas Award for an Emerging Theatre Artist, a Mid-Atlantic Emmy Award, a commission from The Ensemble Studio Theatre/Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Science and Technology Project, and fellowships from the Independence Foundation, Mid-Atlantic Arts Foundation, and Pennsylvania Council on the Arts.","title":"Michael Hollinger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Posner"},{"link_name":"Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_(play)"}],"text":"Full-length plays:Under the Skin' (2015)\nHope and Gravity (2014)\nCyrano, translated, and co-adapted with Aaron Posner (2011)\nGhost-Writer (2010)\nA Wonderful Noise (musical), co-authored with Vance Lehmkuhl (2009)\nOpus (2006)\nTooth and Claw (2004)\nRed Herring (2000)\nTiny Island (1997)\nIncorruptible (1996)\nAn Empty Plate in the Cafe du Grand Boeuf (1994)Plays for young audiences:Eureka!\nHot Air\nBoxheads\nClean Getaway (musical), co-authored with Beth DannenfelserTen-minute plays:Battle of the Backyard\nSenior Moment\nTruth Decay\nNaked Lunch\nServiette\nTwo-Part InventionScreenplays:Opus\nIncorruptible\nPipe","title":"Works"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Baker, John M. (2007). \"Intrigue and Delight: The Comedy of Michael Hollinger\". Comédie du Jour: A Festival of Plays by Michael Hollinger (Theatrical program published by Iowa Summer Rep). University of Iowa.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa","url_text":"University of Iowa"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706030440/http://www.newdramatists.org/ndhome.htm","external_links_name":"New Dramatists"},{"Link":"http://www.michaelhollinger.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://newdramatists.org/who/alumni","external_links_name":"Alumni"},{"Link":"http://www.playscripts.com/author.php3?authorid=190","external_links_name":"Playscripts, Inc."},{"Link":"http://news-releases.uiowa.edu/2007/june/061407red-herring.html","external_links_name":"On The Red Herring"},{"Link":"http://news-releases.uiowa.edu/2007/june/060807incorruptible.html","external_links_name":"On Incorruptible"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000045778001","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21803753","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJbrgg4CTQjxDyXtWv73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002005615","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_B._Sohn
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Gigi Sohn
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 FCC nomination","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American attorney (born 1961)
Gigi B. SohnSohn in 2012Born (1961-08-02) August 2, 1961 (age 62)EducationBoston University (BS)University of Pennsylvania (JD)Spouse
Lara Ballard (m. 2007)Children1
Gigi Beth Sohn (born August 2, 1961) is an American lawyer who is the co-founder (with Laurie Racine and David Bollier) of Public Knowledge. She previously worked for the Ford Foundation. In 2013, Tom Wheeler hired her into a senior staff position at the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). She left there shortly after Donald Trump's election in 2016. In July 2017, she held fellowship positions with Georgetown Law's Institute for Technology Law & Policy, Open Society Foundations, and Mozilla.
Early life and education
Sohn earned a Bachelor of Science degree in broadcasting and film from Boston University, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Career
From 2013 to 2016, Gigi served as Counselor to Former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler, and from 2001 to 2013 was co-founder and CEO of Public Knowledge, a communications and technology policy advocacy organization serving the interests of consumers. She was previously a Project Specialist in the Ford Foundation’s Media, Arts and Culture unit and Executive Director of the Media Access Project, a communications public interest law firm.
She is a non-resident fellow at the University of Southern California Annenberg Center, and a Senior Fellow at the University of Melbourne Faculty of Law. She has been an adjunct professor at Georgetown University and at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. She is known for her "personal relationships with power players all over the capital."
Sohn is an EFF Pioneer Award winner. In November 2013, she was hired by the FCC as special counsel for external affairs. Sohn is the host of Tech on the Rocks, a podcast focused on media, tech policy and broadband.
From 2018 to 2021, Sohn sat on the board of Sports Fan Coalition, doing business as Locast, an app that captured and retransmitted local broadcast signals over the internet pursuant to an exemption in the copyright law for nonprofits. Viewers could stream the content for free, though it accepted donations. The service was taken down as the result of a copyright lawsuit brought by the owners of the major television networks.
Since 2018, Sohn has been a member of the Board of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
FCC nomination
On October 26, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Sohn to serve as a commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission. While supported by Senate Democrats, Sohn's nomination was opposed by Republicans, citing her support of Ajit Pai's telecom policies (which had been rolled back by the Trump administration), alleging that she would censor conservative speech, and her past involvement in Locast being a conflict of interest. The Wall Street Journal editorial board additionally criticized her opposition to the acquisition of Tribune Media by Sinclair Broadcast Group. Contrarily, Sohn was endorsed by Chris Ruddy and Robert Harring—the heads of the conservative news channels Newsmax and One America News Network (OANN)—for policy positions on media diversity deemed favorable to independent broadcasters.
Sohn faced intense lobbying and astroturfing efforts from the telecom industry, including groups with reported ties such as the League of United Latin American Citizens,Heidi Heitkamp's Democratic PAC One Country Project (which cited inconsistent commitments to rural broadband, and was alleged to have been paid by Comcast in an attempt to flip moderate Democrats), and the Fraternal Order of Police (which criticized her support of police reform).
Initial hearings were held before the Senate Commerce Committee on her nomination on December 1, 2021. Sohn's initial nomination stalled in the committee and was returned to Biden on January 3, 2022, after which she was renominated. The committee held a second round of hearings to examine Sohn's nomination on February 9, 2022, with a focus on a previously-undisclosed settlement by Locast that was signed a day after her original nomination was announced. This second hearing fell outside the normal process for re-nomination, which typically does not involve a second hearing. On March 3, 2022, the committee deadlocked on the nomination in a party-line vote. The entire Senate failed to move her out of committee on a discharge petition.
On January 3, 2023, at the conclusion of the 117th Congress, her nomination was again returned to the White House and Sohn was again re-nominated for the post. Commerce Committee Chair Maria Cantwell described the lobbying campaigns against Sohn as being a "proxy fight for net neutrality", while veteran television executive Preston Padden (who worked with Sohn and Rupert Murdoch on regulatory matters for Fox) warned that she was ”in danger of falling victim to the worst, and most cynical and baseless smear campaign ever waged against a nominee to serve on the FCC." Consumer Technology Association (CTA) president Gary J. Shapiro suspected that the deadlock was the result of homophobia, as Sohn would have been the first FCC commissioner to be openly gay.
On February 14, 2023, the Commerce Committee held a third nomination hearing. On March 7, Sohn withdrew her nomination, citing extensive lobbying and "unrelenting, dishonest and cruel attacks" against her.
Personal life
Sohn married Lara Ballard in August 2007.
References
^ "Gigi Beth Sohn Profile".
^ "Team". Startl. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
^ "Gigi Sohn, President and Co-Founder of Public Knowledge". Stanford Law School. March 1, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
^ "Annual Report 2000" (PDF). Annual Report. Ford Foundation: 17. April 2001. ISSN 0071-7274. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 8, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
^ a b Wyatt, Edward (November 5, 2013). "FCC's Chief Hires a Critic of the Agency". New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
^ Brodkin, Jon (July 12, 2017). "How to write a meaningful FCC comment supporting net neutrality: Former FCC official explains how to get your point across to Ajit Pai". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ a b c "Gigi B. Sohn (bio)". Practicing Law Institute. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ Albanese, Andrew Richard (May 21, 2010). "LJ Q&A: Knowledge is Power-Gigi Sohn". Library Journal. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
^ Jerome, Sara (December 15, 2010). "Head of consumer group takes on FCC's net neutrality plan". The Hill. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
^ "EFF Honors Craigslist, Gigi Sohn, and Jimmy Wales with Pioneer Awards". Electronic Frontier Foundation. April 27, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
^ a b c "Biden FCC Nominee Settles Case That Spurred GOP Senator's Fight". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ "Gigi Sohn". Electronic Frontier Foundation. March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
^ "President Biden Announces Key Nominations". The White House. October 26, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ Naylor, Brian (October 26, 2021). "Biden makes 2 key, boundary-breaking FCC nominations". NPR. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ a b Fischer, Margaret Harding McGill, Sara (November 30, 2021). "Newsmax and OAN defy conservatives, back Biden's FCC pick". Axios. Retrieved March 8, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Hendel, John (April 18, 2022). "Midterm politicking comes for Biden's stalled tech nominee". POLITICO. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ a b Brodkin, Jon (November 10, 2021). "Sen. Lindsey Graham: "I will do everything in my power" to block Biden FCC pick". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ a b c Hodge, Rae (February 16, 2023). ""A major injustice is being done": Biden's FCC nominee faces dark money, homophobic smears". Salon. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ Bode, Karl (April 13, 2022). "Big Telecom Astroturfers Smear FCC Nom Gigi Sohn In Arizona". Techdirt. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ a b Bode, Karl (April 19, 2022). "Telecom Lobby Targets Senators Manchin, Kelly, And Cortez Masto In Bid To Scuttle Sohn FCC Nomination". Techdirt. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ "Former Dem senator launches campaign to squash Gigi Sohn's FCC confirmation". Broadband World News. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ "Police, Republicans, Even a Democrat Pile On Biden FCC Pick". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ Bode, Karl (May 6, 2022). "Fraternal Order Of Police Helps Boost Telecom Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn". Techdirt. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ "PN1323 — Gigi B. Sohn — Federal Communications Commission 117th Congress (2021-2022)". US Congress. January 3, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ a b Zakrzewski, Cat. "Biden FCC nominee withdraws, following bruising lobbying battle". Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
^ a b Feiner, Lauren; Capoot, Ashley (March 7, 2023). "Biden FCC nominee Gigi Sohn withdraws, citing 'cruel attacks' in battle with cable and media industries". CNBC. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
^ a b Eggertonpublished, John (January 30, 2023). "Preston Padden: ISPs Complicit in Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn". Broadcasting Cable. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ "Smear campaign targets nominee who would be FCC's first openly gay commissioner". NBC News. February 3, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ Kurlantzick, Joshua (April 11, 2008). "A Red Carpet for Gay Weddings". New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
External links
Official website
Appearances on C-SPAN
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gigi_Beth_Sohn_Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-startl.org-who-2"},{"link_name":"David Bollier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bollier"},{"link_name":"Public Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Knowledge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanford_law-3"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tom Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"U.S. Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_FCC-5"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Law"},{"link_name":"Mozilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gigi Beth Sohn[1] (born August 2, 1961) is an American lawyer who is the co-founder (with Laurie Racine[2] and David Bollier) of Public Knowledge.[3] She previously worked for the Ford Foundation.[4] In 2013, Tom Wheeler hired her into a senior staff position at the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[5] She left there shortly after Donald Trump's election in 2016. In July 2017, she held fellowship positions with Georgetown Law's Institute for Technology Law & Policy, Open Society Foundations, and Mozilla.[6]","title":"Gigi Sohn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLI_Bio-7"}],"text":"Sohn earned a Bachelor of Science degree in broadcasting and film from Boston University, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Pennsylvania Law School.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Public Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Knowledge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLI_Bio-7"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Media Access Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Project"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLI_Bio-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"EFF Pioneer Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFF_Pioneer_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_FCC-5"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband"},{"link_name":"Locast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locast"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"From 2013 to 2016, Gigi served as Counselor to Former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler, and from 2001 to 2013 was co-founder and CEO of Public Knowledge, a communications and technology policy advocacy organization serving the interests of consumers.[7] She was previously a Project Specialist in the Ford Foundation’s Media, Arts and Culture unit and Executive Director of the Media Access Project, a communications public interest law firm.[7][8]She is a non-resident fellow at the University of Southern California Annenberg Center, and a Senior Fellow at the University of Melbourne Faculty of Law. She has been an adjunct professor at Georgetown University and at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. She is known for her \"personal relationships with power players all over the capital.\"[9]Sohn is an EFF Pioneer Award winner.[10] In November 2013, she was hired by the FCC as special counsel for external affairs.[5] Sohn is the host of Tech on the Rocks, a podcast focused on media, tech policy and broadband.From 2018 to 2021, Sohn sat on the board of Sports Fan Coalition, doing business as Locast, an app that captured and retransmitted local broadcast signals over the internet pursuant to an exemption in the copyright law for nonprofits. Viewers could stream the content for free, though it accepted donations. The service was taken down as the result of a copyright lawsuit brought by the owners of the major television networks.[11]Since 2018, Sohn has been a member of the Board of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ajit Pai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Pai"},{"link_name":"Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Tribune Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Media"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"Chris Ruddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ruddy"},{"link_name":"Robert Harring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Herring_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Newsmax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmax"},{"link_name":"One America News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_News_Network"},{"link_name":"media diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"astroturfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"League of United Latin American Citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"Heidi Heitkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Heitkamp"},{"link_name":"PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"Fraternal Order of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Police"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"Senate Commerce Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Commerce_Committee"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-26"},{"link_name":"Maria Cantwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cantwell"},{"link_name":"net neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"smear campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eggertonpublished-27"},{"link_name":"Consumer Technology Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Technology_Association"},{"link_name":"Gary J. Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_J._Shapiro"},{"link_name":"homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eggertonpublished-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-26"}],"sub_title":"FCC nomination","text":"On October 26, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Sohn to serve as a commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission.[13][14] While supported by Senate Democrats, Sohn's nomination was opposed by Republicans, citing her support of Ajit Pai's telecom policies (which had been rolled back by the Trump administration), alleging that she would censor conservative speech, and her past involvement in Locast being a conflict of interest.[15][16][17][18] The Wall Street Journal editorial board additionally criticized her opposition to the acquisition of Tribune Media by Sinclair Broadcast Group.[17] Contrarily, Sohn was endorsed by Chris Ruddy and Robert Harring—the heads of the conservative news channels Newsmax and One America News Network (OANN)—for policy positions on media diversity deemed favorable to independent broadcasters.[15]Sohn faced intense lobbying and astroturfing efforts from the telecom industry,[19][20] including groups with reported ties such as the League of United Latin American Citizens,[16]Heidi Heitkamp's Democratic PAC One Country Project (which cited inconsistent commitments to rural broadband, and was alleged to have been paid by Comcast in an attempt to flip moderate Democrats),[21][20][18] and the Fraternal Order of Police (which criticized her support of police reform).[22][23][18]Initial hearings were held before the Senate Commerce Committee on her nomination on December 1, 2021. Sohn's initial nomination stalled in the committee and was returned to Biden on January 3, 2022,[24] after which she was renominated.[11] The committee held a second round of hearings to examine Sohn's nomination on February 9, 2022, with a focus on a previously-undisclosed settlement by Locast that was signed a day after her original nomination was announced. This second hearing fell outside the normal process for re-nomination, which typically does not involve a second hearing.[11] On March 3, 2022, the committee deadlocked on the nomination in a party-line vote. The entire Senate failed to move her out of committee on a discharge petition.[citation needed]On January 3, 2023, at the conclusion of the 117th Congress, her nomination was again returned to the White House and Sohn was again re-nominated for the post.[25][26] Commerce Committee Chair Maria Cantwell described the lobbying campaigns against Sohn as being a \"proxy fight for net neutrality\", while veteran television executive Preston Padden (who worked with Sohn and Rupert Murdoch on regulatory matters for Fox) warned that she was ”in danger of falling victim to the worst, and most cynical and baseless smear campaign ever waged against a nominee to serve on the FCC.\"[27] Consumer Technology Association (CTA) president Gary J. Shapiro suspected that the deadlock was the result of homophobia, as Sohn would have been the first FCC commissioner to be openly gay.[27][28]On February 14, 2023, the Commerce Committee held a third nomination hearing. On March 7, Sohn withdrew her nomination, citing extensive lobbying and \"unrelenting, dishonest and cruel attacks\" against her.[25][26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_gay_weddings-29"}],"text":"Sohn married Lara Ballard in August 2007.[29]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Gigi Beth Sohn Profile\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.martindale.com/attorney/gigi-beth-sohn-381387/","url_text":"\"Gigi Beth Sohn Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team\". Startl. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101103004734/http://startl.org/about/who-we-are/","url_text":"\"Team\""},{"url":"http://startl.org/about/who-we-are/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gigi Sohn, President and Co-Founder of Public Knowledge\". Stanford Law School. March 1, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2011/03/01/gigi-sohn-president-and-co-founder-of-public-knowledge","url_text":"\"Gigi Sohn, President and Co-Founder of Public Knowledge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Law_School","url_text":"Stanford Law School"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2000\" (PDF). Annual Report. Ford Foundation: 17. April 2001. ISSN 0071-7274. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 8, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120908131009/http://www.fordfoundation.org/pdfs/library/ar2000.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation","url_text":"Ford Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0071-7274","url_text":"0071-7274"},{"url":"http://www.fordfoundation.org/pdfs/library/ar2000.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wyatt, Edward (November 5, 2013). \"FCC's Chief Hires a Critic of the Agency\". New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/business/fccs-chief-hires-a-critic-of-the-agency.html","url_text":"\"FCC's Chief Hires a Critic of the Agency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Brodkin, Jon (July 12, 2017). \"How to write a meaningful FCC comment supporting net neutrality: Former FCC official explains how to get your point across to Ajit Pai\". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/07/saving-net-neutrality-tips-for-writing-persuasive-comments-to-the-fcc/","url_text":"\"How to write a meaningful FCC comment supporting net neutrality: Former FCC official explains how to get your point across to Ajit Pai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica","url_text":"Ars Technica"}]},{"reference":"\"Gigi B. Sohn (bio)\". Practicing Law Institute. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316130242/https://www.pli.edu/faculty/gigi-b.-sohn-5137","url_text":"\"Gigi B. Sohn (bio)\""},{"url":"https://www.pli.edu/faculty/gigi-b.-sohn-5137","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Albanese, Andrew Richard (May 21, 2010). \"LJ Q&A: Knowledge is Power-Gigi Sohn\". Library Journal. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150407152940/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2008/07/ljarchives/lj-qa-knowledge-is-power-gigi-sohn/","url_text":"\"LJ Q&A: Knowledge is Power-Gigi Sohn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_Journal","url_text":"Library Journal"},{"url":"http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2008/07/ljarchives/lj-qa-knowledge-is-power-gigi-sohn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jerome, Sara (December 15, 2010). \"Head of consumer group takes on FCC's net neutrality plan\". The Hill. Retrieved June 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/77519-head-of-consumer-group-takes-on-fccs-net-neutrality-plan/","url_text":"\"Head of consumer group takes on FCC's net neutrality plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Hill"}]},{"reference":"\"EFF Honors Craigslist, Gigi Sohn, and Jimmy Wales with Pioneer Awards\". Electronic Frontier Foundation. April 27, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2006/04/27","url_text":"\"EFF Honors Craigslist, Gigi Sohn, and Jimmy Wales with Pioneer Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation","url_text":"Electronic Frontier Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Biden FCC Nominee Settles Case That Spurred GOP Senator's Fight\". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/fcc-nominees-settlement-undercuts-rationale-for-blocking-her","url_text":"\"Biden FCC Nominee Settles Case That Spurred GOP Senator's Fight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gigi Sohn\". Electronic Frontier Foundation. March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/about/staff/gigi-sohn","url_text":"\"Gigi Sohn\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Biden Announces Key Nominations\". The White House. October 26, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/26/president-biden-announces-key-nominations-8/","url_text":"\"President Biden Announces Key Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"Naylor, Brian (October 26, 2021). \"Biden makes 2 key, boundary-breaking FCC nominations\". NPR. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/26/1049301069/biden-fcc-nominations-rosenworcel-sohn","url_text":"\"Biden makes 2 key, boundary-breaking FCC nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Margaret Harding McGill, Sara (November 30, 2021). \"Newsmax and OAN defy conservatives, back Biden's FCC pick\". Axios. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/2021/11/30/conservative-media-bidens-fcc-pick-gigi-sohn","url_text":"\"Newsmax and OAN defy conservatives, back Biden's FCC pick\""}]},{"reference":"Hendel, John (April 18, 2022). \"Midterm politicking comes for Biden's stalled tech nominee\". POLITICO. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/18/midterm-politics-endanger-bidens-tech-agenda-00025417","url_text":"\"Midterm politicking comes for Biden's stalled tech nominee\""}]},{"reference":"Brodkin, Jon (November 10, 2021). \"Sen. Lindsey Graham: \"I will do everything in my power\" to block Biden FCC pick\". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/11/republicans-fight-biden-fcc-pick-gigi-sohn-claim-shell-censor-conservatives/","url_text":"\"Sen. Lindsey Graham: \"I will do everything in my power\" to block Biden FCC pick\""}]},{"reference":"Hodge, Rae (February 16, 2023). \"\"A major injustice is being done\": Biden's FCC nominee faces dark money, homophobic smears\". Salon. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2023/02/16/a-major-injustice-is-being-done-bidens-fcc-nominee-faces-dark-money-homophobic-smears/","url_text":"\"\"A major injustice is being done\": Biden's FCC nominee faces dark money, homophobic smears\""}]},{"reference":"Bode, Karl (April 13, 2022). \"Big Telecom Astroturfers Smear FCC Nom Gigi Sohn In Arizona\". Techdirt. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techdirt.com/2022/04/13/big-telecom-astroturfers-smear-fcc-nom-gigi-sohn-in-arizona/","url_text":"\"Big Telecom Astroturfers Smear FCC Nom Gigi Sohn In Arizona\""}]},{"reference":"Bode, Karl (April 19, 2022). \"Telecom Lobby Targets Senators Manchin, Kelly, And Cortez Masto In Bid To Scuttle Sohn FCC Nomination\". Techdirt. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techdirt.com/2022/04/19/telecom-lobby-targets-senators-manchin-kelly-and-cortez-masto-in-bid-to-scuttle-sohn-fcc-nomination/","url_text":"\"Telecom Lobby Targets Senators Manchin, Kelly, And Cortez Masto In Bid To Scuttle Sohn FCC Nomination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Dem senator launches campaign to squash Gigi Sohn's FCC confirmation\". Broadband World News. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadbandworldnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=777031","url_text":"\"Former Dem senator launches campaign to squash Gigi Sohn's FCC confirmation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police, Republicans, Even a Democrat Pile On Biden FCC Pick\". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/police-group-republicans-even-democrats-pile-on-fcc-nominee","url_text":"\"Police, Republicans, Even a Democrat Pile On Biden FCC Pick\""}]},{"reference":"Bode, Karl (May 6, 2022). \"Fraternal Order Of Police Helps Boost Telecom Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn\". Techdirt. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techdirt.com/2022/05/06/fraternal-order-of-police-helps-boost-telecom-smear-campaign-against-fcc-nominee-gigi-sohn/","url_text":"\"Fraternal Order Of Police Helps Boost Telecom Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn\""}]},{"reference":"\"PN1323 — Gigi B. Sohn — Federal Communications Commission 117th Congress (2021-2022)\". US Congress. January 3, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1323?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22sohn%22%2C%22sohn%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=2","url_text":"\"PN1323 — Gigi B. Sohn — Federal Communications Commission 117th Congress (2021-2022)\""}]},{"reference":"Zakrzewski, Cat. \"Biden FCC nominee withdraws, following bruising lobbying battle\". Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/03/07/gigi-sohn-withdraws-fcc-nomination/","url_text":"\"Biden FCC nominee withdraws, following bruising lobbying battle\""}]},{"reference":"Feiner, Lauren; Capoot, Ashley (March 7, 2023). \"Biden FCC nominee Gigi Sohn withdraws, citing 'cruel attacks' in battle with cable and media industries\". CNBC. Retrieved March 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/07/biden-fcc-nominee-gigi-sohn-withdraws-citing-cruel-attacks-.html","url_text":"\"Biden FCC nominee Gigi Sohn withdraws, citing 'cruel attacks' in battle with cable and media industries\""}]},{"reference":"Eggertonpublished, John (January 30, 2023). \"Preston Padden: ISPs Complicit in Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn\". Broadcasting Cable. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/preston-padden-isps-complicit-in-smear-campaign-against-fcc-nominee-gigi-sohn","url_text":"\"Preston Padden: ISPs Complicit in Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smear campaign targets nominee who would be FCC's first openly gay commissioner\". NBC News. February 3, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/fcc-gigi-sohn-nomination-turns-ugly-rcna68224","url_text":"\"Smear campaign targets nominee who would be FCC's first openly gay commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"Kurlantzick, Joshua (April 11, 2008). \"A Red Carpet for Gay Weddings\". New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travel.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/travel/escapes/11gay.html","url_text":"\"A Red Carpet for Gay Weddings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.martindale.com/attorney/gigi-beth-sohn-381387/","external_links_name":"\"Gigi Beth Sohn Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101103004734/http://startl.org/about/who-we-are/","external_links_name":"\"Team\""},{"Link":"http://startl.org/about/who-we-are/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2011/03/01/gigi-sohn-president-and-co-founder-of-public-knowledge","external_links_name":"\"Gigi Sohn, President and Co-Founder of Public Knowledge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120908131009/http://www.fordfoundation.org/pdfs/library/ar2000.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0071-7274","external_links_name":"0071-7274"},{"Link":"http://www.fordfoundation.org/pdfs/library/ar2000.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/business/fccs-chief-hires-a-critic-of-the-agency.html","external_links_name":"\"FCC's Chief Hires a Critic of the Agency\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/07/saving-net-neutrality-tips-for-writing-persuasive-comments-to-the-fcc/","external_links_name":"\"How to write a meaningful FCC comment supporting net neutrality: Former FCC official explains how to get your point across to Ajit Pai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316130242/https://www.pli.edu/faculty/gigi-b.-sohn-5137","external_links_name":"\"Gigi B. Sohn (bio)\""},{"Link":"https://www.pli.edu/faculty/gigi-b.-sohn-5137","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150407152940/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2008/07/ljarchives/lj-qa-knowledge-is-power-gigi-sohn/","external_links_name":"\"LJ Q&A: Knowledge is Power-Gigi Sohn\""},{"Link":"http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2008/07/ljarchives/lj-qa-knowledge-is-power-gigi-sohn/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/77519-head-of-consumer-group-takes-on-fccs-net-neutrality-plan/","external_links_name":"\"Head of consumer group takes on FCC's net neutrality plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2006/04/27","external_links_name":"\"EFF Honors Craigslist, Gigi Sohn, and Jimmy Wales with Pioneer Awards\""},{"Link":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/fcc-nominees-settlement-undercuts-rationale-for-blocking-her","external_links_name":"\"Biden FCC Nominee Settles Case That Spurred GOP Senator's Fight\""},{"Link":"https://www.eff.org/about/staff/gigi-sohn","external_links_name":"\"Gigi Sohn\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/26/president-biden-announces-key-nominations-8/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden Announces Key Nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/26/1049301069/biden-fcc-nominations-rosenworcel-sohn","external_links_name":"\"Biden makes 2 key, boundary-breaking FCC nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/2021/11/30/conservative-media-bidens-fcc-pick-gigi-sohn","external_links_name":"\"Newsmax and OAN defy conservatives, back Biden's FCC pick\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/18/midterm-politics-endanger-bidens-tech-agenda-00025417","external_links_name":"\"Midterm politicking comes for Biden's stalled tech nominee\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/11/republicans-fight-biden-fcc-pick-gigi-sohn-claim-shell-censor-conservatives/","external_links_name":"\"Sen. Lindsey Graham: \"I will do everything in my power\" to block Biden FCC pick\""},{"Link":"https://www.salon.com/2023/02/16/a-major-injustice-is-being-done-bidens-fcc-nominee-faces-dark-money-homophobic-smears/","external_links_name":"\"\"A major injustice is being done\": Biden's FCC nominee faces dark money, homophobic smears\""},{"Link":"https://www.techdirt.com/2022/04/13/big-telecom-astroturfers-smear-fcc-nom-gigi-sohn-in-arizona/","external_links_name":"\"Big Telecom Astroturfers Smear FCC Nom Gigi Sohn In Arizona\""},{"Link":"https://www.techdirt.com/2022/04/19/telecom-lobby-targets-senators-manchin-kelly-and-cortez-masto-in-bid-to-scuttle-sohn-fcc-nomination/","external_links_name":"\"Telecom Lobby Targets Senators Manchin, Kelly, And Cortez Masto In Bid To Scuttle Sohn FCC Nomination\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadbandworldnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=777031","external_links_name":"\"Former Dem senator launches campaign to squash Gigi Sohn's FCC confirmation\""},{"Link":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/police-group-republicans-even-democrats-pile-on-fcc-nominee","external_links_name":"\"Police, Republicans, Even a Democrat Pile On Biden FCC Pick\""},{"Link":"https://www.techdirt.com/2022/05/06/fraternal-order-of-police-helps-boost-telecom-smear-campaign-against-fcc-nominee-gigi-sohn/","external_links_name":"\"Fraternal Order Of Police Helps Boost Telecom Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1323?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22sohn%22%2C%22sohn%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=2","external_links_name":"\"PN1323 — Gigi B. Sohn — Federal Communications Commission 117th Congress (2021-2022)\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/03/07/gigi-sohn-withdraws-fcc-nomination/","external_links_name":"\"Biden FCC nominee withdraws, following bruising lobbying battle\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/07/biden-fcc-nominee-gigi-sohn-withdraws-citing-cruel-attacks-.html","external_links_name":"\"Biden FCC nominee Gigi Sohn withdraws, citing 'cruel attacks' in battle with cable and media industries\""},{"Link":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/preston-padden-isps-complicit-in-smear-campaign-against-fcc-nominee-gigi-sohn","external_links_name":"\"Preston Padden: ISPs Complicit in Smear Campaign Against FCC Nominee Gigi Sohn\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/fcc-gigi-sohn-nomination-turns-ugly-rcna68224","external_links_name":"\"Smear campaign targets nominee who would be FCC's first openly gay commissioner\""},{"Link":"http://www.travel.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/travel/escapes/11gay.html","external_links_name":"\"A Red Carpet for Gay Weddings\""},{"Link":"http://gigisohn.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?48502","external_links_name":"Appearances"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Love
|
London Love
|
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
|
1926 film
London Love is a 1926 British silent drama film directed by H. Manning Haynes and starring Fay Compton, John Stuart and Miles Mander. It was an adaptation of the novel Whirlpool by Arthur Applin. The screenplay concerns a young woman who becomes a film star in order to raise enough money to pay for her boyfriend's legal defence in a murder trial.
Cast
Fay Compton - Sally Hope
John Stuart - Harry Raymond
Miles Mander - Sir James Daring
Moore Marriott - Aaron Levinsky
A.B. Imeson - Henry Worlock
Humberston Wright - Sir Philip Brown
Leal Douglas - Mrs. Hope
Arthur Walcott - Bersault
Grace Vicat - Mrs. James
Laura Walker - Anna
References
^ "London Love". BFI. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
External links
London Love at IMDb
vteThe films of Manning Haynes
Monty Works the Wires (1921)
The Skipper's Wooing (1922)
The Head of the Family (1922)
Sam's Boy (1922)
A Will and a Way (1922)
The Monkey's Paw (1923)
Lawyer Quince (1924)
Dixon's Return (1924)
London Love (1926)
Passion Island (1927)
The Ware Case (1928)
Those Who Love (1929)
Should a Doctor Tell? (1930)
To Oblige a Lady (1931)
The Officers' Mess (1931)
The Old Man (1931)
Love's Old Sweet Song (1933)
The Perfect Flaw (1934)
Smith's Wives (1935)
Tomorrow We Live (1936)
Highland Fling (1936)
Pearls Bring Tears (1937)
East of Ludgate Hill (1937)
Coming of Age (1938)
The Claydon Treasure Mystery (1938)
This article related to a British film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"H. Manning Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Manning_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Fay Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Compton"},{"link_name":"John Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Miles Mander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Mander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"London Love is a 1926 British silent drama film directed by H. Manning Haynes and starring Fay Compton, John Stuart and Miles Mander.[1] It was an adaptation of the novel Whirlpool by Arthur Applin. The screenplay concerns a young woman who becomes a film star in order to raise enough money to pay for her boyfriend's legal defence in a murder trial.","title":"London Love"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fay Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Compton"},{"link_name":"John Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Miles Mander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Mander"},{"link_name":"Moore Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Marriott"},{"link_name":"A.B. Imeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B._Imeson"},{"link_name":"Humberston Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberston_Wright"},{"link_name":"Leal Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leal_Douglas"}],"text":"Fay Compton - Sally Hope\nJohn Stuart - Harry Raymond\nMiles Mander - Sir James Daring\nMoore Marriott - Aaron Levinsky\nA.B. Imeson - Henry Worlock\nHumberston Wright - Sir Philip Brown\nLeal Douglas - Mrs. Hope\nArthur Walcott - Bersault\nGrace Vicat - Mrs. James\nLaura Walker - Anna","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"London Love\". BFI. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023214445/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/40580","url_text":"\"London Love\""},{"url":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/40580","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023214445/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/40580","external_links_name":"\"London Love\""},{"Link":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/40580","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0300148/","external_links_name":"London Love"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Love&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kohlweis
|
Anna Kohlweis
|
["1 Early life","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 EPs","3 References"]
|
Austrian musician (born 1984)
Anna KohlweisAlso known asSqualloscope, Paper BirdBorn (1984-06-30) June 30, 1984 (age 39)Klagenfurt, AustriaGenresAlternativeOccupation(s)multimedia artist, illustrator, music producer, singer-songwriterYears active2006–presentLabelsSeayou RecordsWebsite'annakohlweis.com'Musical artist
Squalloscope (born Anna Kohlweis, Klagenfurt, Austria June 30, 1984) is an Austrian singer-songwriter, multimedia artist, illustrator and music producer. Between 2006 and 2011, she used the stage name Paperbird for her music.
Early life
Kohlweis attended BRG Klagenfurt-Viktring Gymnasium, with an emphasis on musical education. From 2004 to 2009 she was enrolled at the University of Vienna, studying theater, film, and media studies; between 2008 and 2014 she completed her M.A. in Fine Arts at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna.
Discography
Studio albums
Peninsula (2006)
Cryptozoology (2008)
Thaumatrope (2009)
Soft Invasions (2012)
Exoskeletons for Children (2017)
EPs
Desert (2013)
Dispenser Box (2015)
Unpleasant Design (2016)
References
^ "Squalloscope". Squalloscope. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ "presskit". squalloscope.tumblr.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ "Untitled Official Page". Retrieved December 21, 2018.
^ "PAPER BIRD – PENINSULA, by Seayou Records". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ "PAPER BIRD – CRYPTOZOOLOGY, by PAPER BIRD". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ "PAPER BIRD – THAUMATROPE, by PAPER BIRD". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ "SQUALLOSCOPE – SOFT INVASIONS, by SQUALLOSCOPE". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ "SQUALLOSCOPE – EXOSKELETONS FOR CHILDREN, by SQUALLOSCOPE". Seayou Records. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
^ "SQUALLOSCOPE – UNPLEASANT DESIGN, by SQUALLOSCOPE". Squalloscope Bandcamp. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistSqualloscope (born Anna Kohlweis, Klagenfurt, Austria June 30, 1984)[1] is an Austrian singer-songwriter, multimedia artist, illustrator and music producer. Between 2006 and 2011, she used the stage name Paperbird for her music.[2]","title":"Anna Kohlweis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"media studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_studies"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kohlweis attended BRG Klagenfurt-Viktring Gymnasium, with an emphasis on musical education. From 2004 to 2009 she was enrolled at the University of Vienna, studying theater, film, and media studies; between 2008 and 2014 she completed her M.A. in Fine Arts at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cryptozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Peninsula[4] (2006)\nCryptozoology[5] (2008)\nThaumatrope[6] (2009)\nSoft Invasions[7] (2012)\nExoskeletons for Children[8] (2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Desert (2013)\nDispenser Box (2015)\nUnpleasant Design[9] (2016)","title":"Discography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Squalloscope\". Squalloscope. Retrieved June 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://squalloscope.tumblr.com/post/122873743364","url_text":"\"Squalloscope\""}]},{"reference":"\"presskit\". squalloscope.tumblr.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://squalloscope.tumblr.com/bio","url_text":"\"presskit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Official Page\". Retrieved December 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.annakohlweis.com/","url_text":"\"Untitled Official Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAPER BIRD – PENINSULA, by Seayou Records\". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/paper-bird-peninsula","url_text":"\"PAPER BIRD – PENINSULA, by Seayou Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAPER BIRD – CRYPTOZOOLOGY, by PAPER BIRD\". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/paper-bird-cryptozoology","url_text":"\"PAPER BIRD – CRYPTOZOOLOGY, by PAPER BIRD\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAPER BIRD – THAUMATROPE, by PAPER BIRD\". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/paper-bird-thaumatrope","url_text":"\"PAPER BIRD – THAUMATROPE, by PAPER BIRD\""}]},{"reference":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – SOFT INVASIONS, by SQUALLOSCOPE\". Seayou Records. Retrieved June 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/squalloscope-soft-invasions","url_text":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – SOFT INVASIONS, by SQUALLOSCOPE\""}]},{"reference":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – EXOSKELETONS FOR CHILDREN, by SQUALLOSCOPE\". Seayou Records. Retrieved October 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/squalloscope-exoskeletons-for-children","url_text":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – EXOSKELETONS FOR CHILDREN, by SQUALLOSCOPE\""}]},{"reference":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – UNPLEASANT DESIGN, by SQUALLOSCOPE\". Squalloscope Bandcamp. Retrieved January 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://squalloscope.bandcamp.com/album/unpleasant-design","url_text":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – UNPLEASANT DESIGN, by SQUALLOSCOPE\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://annakohlweis.com/","external_links_name":"annakohlweis.com"},{"Link":"https://squalloscope.tumblr.com/post/122873743364","external_links_name":"\"Squalloscope\""},{"Link":"https://squalloscope.tumblr.com/bio","external_links_name":"\"presskit\""},{"Link":"http://www.annakohlweis.com/","external_links_name":"\"Untitled Official Page\""},{"Link":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/paper-bird-peninsula","external_links_name":"\"PAPER BIRD – PENINSULA, by Seayou Records\""},{"Link":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/paper-bird-cryptozoology","external_links_name":"\"PAPER BIRD – CRYPTOZOOLOGY, by PAPER BIRD\""},{"Link":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/paper-bird-thaumatrope","external_links_name":"\"PAPER BIRD – THAUMATROPE, by PAPER BIRD\""},{"Link":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/squalloscope-soft-invasions","external_links_name":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – SOFT INVASIONS, by SQUALLOSCOPE\""},{"Link":"http://seayou.bandcamp.com/album/squalloscope-exoskeletons-for-children","external_links_name":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – EXOSKELETONS FOR CHILDREN, by SQUALLOSCOPE\""},{"Link":"https://squalloscope.bandcamp.com/album/unpleasant-design","external_links_name":"\"SQUALLOSCOPE – UNPLEASANT DESIGN, by SQUALLOSCOPE\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311621194","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWVjtb4JMMPd34rBRBT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061425703","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061425703.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobab
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List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, L–Z
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[]
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Minor figures from the Hebrew Bible
For other minor Hebrew Bible figures, see List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, A–K. For minor figures in the New Testament, see List of minor New Testament figures.
This article contains persons named in the Bible, specifically in the Hebrew Bible, of minor notability, about whom little or nothing is known, aside from some family connections. Here are the names which start with L-Z; for A-K see there.
This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021)
Contents
A–K (previous page)
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
L
Laadah
Laadah (Hebrew: לאדה) is one of the sons of Shelah, son of Judah (son of Jacob) in 1 Chronicles 4:21.
Laadan
See Libni
Ladan
See Libni
Lael
Lael (Hebrew לָאֵל "belonging to God") was a member of the house of Gershon according to Numbers 3:24. He was the father of Eliasaph. Neither of these is named in the Gershonite list in 1 Chronicles 23:7–11.
Lahmi
Lahmi, according to 1 Chronicles 20:5, was the brother of Goliath, killed by David's warrior Elhanan. See also Elhanan, son of Jair.
Laish
This entry is about the individual named Laish. For the city Dan, known also as Laish, see Dan (ancient city).
Laish is a name which appears in 1 Samuel 25:44 and 2 Samuel 3:15, where it is the name of the father of Palti, or Paltiel, the man who was married to Saul's daughter Michal before she was returned to David.
Lapidoth
Lapidoth was the husband of Deborah, the fourth judge of Israel, according to Judges 4:4.
Letushim
Letushim appears as a son of Dedan according to Genesis 25:3.
Leummim
Leummim (Hebrew: לְאֻמִּים) was the third son of Dedan, son of Jokshan, son of Abraham by Keturah (Genesis 25:3).
Libni
Libni (Hebrew לִבְנִי) was a son of Gershon of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:17 and Numbers 3:18. He was born in Egypt. His descendants are referred to as the 'Libnites'. The first born son of Gershon is named as Laadan (or Ladan) in 1 Chronicles 23:7–9.
Likhi
Likhi son of Shemida is listed in a genealogy of the tribe of Manasseh. He is mentioned only in 1 Chronicles 7:19.
Lo-Ammi
Lo-Ammi (Hebrew for "not my people") was the youngest son of Hosea and Gomer. He had an older brother named Jezreel and an older sister named Lo-Ruhamah. God commanded Hosea to name him "Lo-Ammi" to symbolize his anger with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).
Lo-Ruhamah
Lo-Ruhamah (Hebrew for "not loved") was the daughter of Hosea and Gomer. She had an older brother named Jezreel and a younger brother named Lo-Ammi. Her name was chosen by God to symbolize his displeasure with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).
M
Contents
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Maacah
Maacah was the youngest son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.
Maadai
Maadai, son of Bani is found in Ezra 10:34, in a list of men recorded as having married foreign women.
Maadiah
Maadiah appears in a list of priests and Levites said to have accompanied Zerubbabel in Nehemiah 12:5.
Maai
Maai (Hebrew: מָעַי) was a musician who was a relative of Zechariah, a descendant of Asaph. He is mentioned once, as part of the ceremony for the dedication of the rebuilt Jerusalem wall (Nehemiah 12:36), where he was part of the group that processed southwards behind Ezra. His name is omitted in the Septuagint translation of the passage, as are the names of five other relatives of Zechariah mentioned in the same verse. The name is otherwise unattested. Blenkinsopp suggests that Maai is a diminutive nickname. Mandel proposes its Hebrew origin means "sympathetic".
Maaseiah
Several men called Maaseiah (Hebrew מַעֲשֵׂיָה or מַעֲשֵׂיָהוּ maaseyah(u) "Work of YHWH") are mentioned in the Bible:
One of the Levites whom David appointed as porter for the ark 1 Chronicles 15:18, 1 Chronicles 15:20
One of the "captains of hundreds" associated with Jehoiada in restoring king Jehoash to the throne 2 Chronicles 23:1
The "king's son", probably one of the sons of king Ahaz, killed by Zichri in the invasion of Judah by Pekah, king of Israel 2 Chronicles 28:7
One who was sent by king Josiah to repair the temple 2 Chronicles 34:8. He was governor (Heb. sar, rendered elsewhere in the Authorized Version "prince," "chief captain", chief ruler") of Jerusalem.
The father of the priest Zephaniah Jeremiah 21:1, 37:3
The father of the false prophet Zedekiah Jeremiah 29:21
a priest, the father of Neriah Jeremiah 32:12, 51:59
The son of Shallum, "the keeper of the threshold" (Jeremiah 35:4) "may be the father of the priest Zephaniah mentioned in 21:1; 29:25; 37:3".
One of the sons of Jeshua who had married a foreign wife during the exile (Ezra 10:18).
Maasiai
Hebrew for "Worker of Yahweh", one of the priests resident at Jerusalem at the Captivity 1 Chronicles 9:12
Maaz
Maaz was one of the sons of Ram the firstborn of Jerahmeel. His brothers were: Jamin and Eker. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:27.
Maaziah
Head of the twenty-fourth and final priestly course in David's reign, 1 Chronicles 24:18.
Also, a priest named in Nehemiah 10:8.
Machbanai
Hebrew for "Clad with a mantle", one of the Gadite heroes who joined David in the wilderness 1 Chronicles 12:13
Machbena
Machbena or Machbenah, according to the only mention of him, in 1 Chronicles 2:49, was the son of Sheva the son of Caleb.
Machi
Machi of the tribe of Gad was the father of Geuel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:15.
Machnadebai
Machnadebai is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible only once, in Ezra 10:40, where the name appears in a list of people alleged to have married foreign women.
Magpiash
Magpiash, according to Nehemiah 10:20, was one of the men who signed a covenant between God and the people of Yehud Medinata.
Mahalath
Mahalath, one of the wives of Esau, and a daughter of Ishmael (Genesis 28:6–9). Thought to be the same as Basemath of Genesis 36.
Mahalath, a daughter of Jerimoth, son of David and Abihail, granddaughter of Jesse, the first-named wife of king Rehoboam in 2 Chronicles 11:18. She had three children: Jeush, Shamariah, and Zaham.
Mahali
Mahali (also Mahli) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.
Mahath
Hebrew for "Grasping"
A Kohathite Levite, father of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) 1 Chronicles 6:35
Another Kohathite Levite, of the time of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29:12)
Mahazioth
Heb. "Visions", a Kohathite Levite, chief of the twenty-third course of musicians 1 Chronicles 25:4,1 Chronicles 25:30
Maher-shalal-hash-baz
Maher-shalal-hash-baz ("Hurry to spoil!" or "He has made haste to the plunder!") was the second mentioned son of the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 8.1–4). The name is a reference to the impending plunder of Samaria and Damascus by the king of Assyria. The name is the longest personal name in the Bible.
Mahlah
Mahlah is the name of two biblical persons:
One of the daughters of Zelophehad, who with her four sisters brought a claim regarding inheritance before Moses. (Numbers 26:33, 27:1–11, 36; Jo. 17:3–6)
A child of Gilead's sister Hammolecheth and great-granddaughter of Manasseh. She had two siblings, Ishhod and Abiezer. (1 Chr. 7:18–6)
Mahol
The father of four sons 1 Kings 4:31 who were inferior in wisdom only to Solomon.
Malcam
For the deity sometimes called Malcam, Malcham, or Milcom, see Moloch.
Malcam (King James Version spelling Malcham) son of Shaharaim appears only once in the Hebrew Bible in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin.
Malchiel
Malchiel (Hebrew מַלְכִּיאֵל "my king is God") was a son of Beriah the son of Asher, according to Genesis 46:17 and Numbers 26:45. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to 1 Chronicles 7:31, he was the ancestor of the Malchielites, a group within the Tribe of Asher.
Malchishua
Heb. "King of help" or "King of salvation", one of the four sons of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:33). He perished along with his father and brothers in the battle of Gilboa (1 Samuel 31:2).
Malchiah
Malchiah (Hebrew: מלכיהו malkiyahu "God is my king") son of the king (Jeremiah 38:6), owner of the pit into which Jeremiah was thrown
Mallothi
A Kohathite Levite, one of the sons of Heman the Levite (1 Chronicles 25:4), and chief of the nineteenth division of the temple musicians 1 Chronicles 25:26
Malluch
There are two biblical figures named Malluch
A Levite of the family of Merari 1 Chronicles 6:44
A priest who returned from Babylon (Neh. NIV),(Ezra 10:29),(Ezra 10:32)
Manahath
Manahath is one of the sons of Shobal. His brothers names were: Ebal, Shepho, Onam, and Alvan (Genesis 36:23).
Maon
According to 1 Chronicles 2:45, Maon was a member of the clan of Caleb, the son of Shammai and the father of Beth Zur.
Marsena
Marsena appears in Esther 1:14 as one of seven Persian and Medean princes. Marsena also advised King Ahasuerus.
See also: Carshena. There exists the presumption that both counselors have Persian names.
Mash
Mash was a son of Aram according to Genesis 10:23. In Arabic traditions, Mash is considered the father of Nimrod (not Nimrod bin Kush bin Kanan), who begot Kinan, who in turn begot another Nimrod, and the lattermost's descendants mixed with those of Asshur (i.e. Assyrians). Tse Tsan-Tai identifies his descendants with the indigenous peoples of Siberia.
Massa
Hebrew word meaning tribute or burden, one of the sons of Ishmael, the founder of an Arabian tribe (Gen. 25:14); a nomadic tribe inhabiting the Arabian desert toward Babylonia.
Matred
Matred, according to Genesis 36:39 and 1 Chronicles 1:50, was the mother-in-law of the Edomite king Hadad II.
Matri
Matri, of the Tribe of Benjamin, was an ancestor of Saul according to 1 Samuel 10:21. Matri's clan, or the family of the Matrites, was chosen, and, from them, Saul the son of Kish was chosen to be king. The family of the Matrites is nowhere else mentioned in the Hebrew Bible; the conjecture, therefore, is that Matri is probably a corruption of Bikri, i.e. a descendant of Becher (Genesis 46:21).
Mattan
Mattan (Mathan in the Douay–Rheims translation) was a priest of the temple of Baal in Jerusalem who was killed during the uprising against Athaliah when King Azariah's remaining son, Jehoash, was appointed king of Judah (2 Kings 11:18).
Mattattah
Mattattah (KJV: Mattathah) was one of the descendants of Hashum mentioned in Ezra 10:33 along with Mattenai, Zabda, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh and Shimei who married foreign wives.
Matthanias
Two men called Matthanias are mentioned in 1 Esdras, one each mentioned in 1 Esdras 9:27 and 9:31. In both passages, the parallel text in Ezra 10:26 and 10:30 contains the name Mattaniah.
Mehetabeel
Mehetabeel ("Whom God benefits" or "God causes good") was the father of Delaiah, and grandfather of Shemaiah, who joined Sanballat against Nehemiah (Nehemiah 6:10).
Mehetabel
Mehetabel ("מהיטבאל") ("Whom God benefits" or "God causes good") was the wife of Hadad, one of the kings of Edom (Genesis 36:39).
Mehir
Mehir son of Chelub appears in a genealogy of the Tribe of Judah in 1 Chronicles 4:11.
Mehujael
Mehujael as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).
In Genesis 4:18, Mehujael (Hebrew: מְחוּיָאֵל – Məḥūyāʾēl or מְחִיּיָאֵל; Greek: Μαιηλ – Maiēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Irad and the father of Methushael.
The name means "El (or) the god enlivens."
Mehuman
Faithful, one of the eunuchs whom Ahasuerus commanded to bring in Vashti (Esther 1:10).
Persian "مهمان signifies a stranger or guest"
Melatiah
Melatiah the Gibeonite is a person who, according to Nehemiah 3:7, was responsible for rebuilding a portion of the wall of Jerusalem after the end of the Babylonian captivity.
Melech
King, the second of Micah's four sons 1 Chronicles 8:35), and thus grandson of Mephibosheth. Also related to a southwest Asian god, see Melech
Melzar
Probably a Persian word meaning master of wine, i.e., chief butler; the title of an officer at the Babylonian court Daniel 1:11, Daniel 1:16 who had charge of the diet of the Hebrew youths. Daniel had a providential relationship of "favour and tender love" with Melzar (Daniel 1:9).
Merab
"Merab" redirects here. For the (unrelated) masculine given name, see Merab (given name).
Merab was the eldest of Saul's two daughters (1 Samuel 14:49). She was offered in marriage to David after his victory over Goliath, but does not seem to have entered heartily into this arrangement (1 Samuel 18:17–19). She was at length, however, married to Adriel of Abel-Meholah, a town in the Jordan valley, about 10 miles south of Bethshean (Beit She'an), with whom the house of Saul maintained an alliance. She had five sons, who were all put to death by the Gibeonites on the hill of Gibeah (2 Samuel 21:8). Merab is also a common feminine name in Israel.
Meraiah
A chief priest, a contemporary of the high priest Joiakim (Neh 12:12).
Meraioth
Father of Amariah, a priest of the line of Eleazar (1 Chronicles 6:6–7), (1 Chronicles 6:52). It is uncertain if he ever was the high priest.
A priest who went to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:15). He is called Meremoth in Neh 12:3.
Meremoth
A priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:3), to whom were sent the sacred vessels (Ezra 8:33) belonging to the temple. He took part in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 3:4).
Meres
Meres is listed in Esther 1:14 as one of seven officials in the service of Ahasuerus.
Meshelemiah
A Levite of the family of the Korhites, called also Shelemiah (1 Chronicles 9:21),(1 Chronicles 26:1–14) He was a temple gate-keeper in the time of David.
Meshillemoth
Two men called Meshillemoth (in one case spelled Meshillemith) are mentioned in the Bible.
The father of Berechiah, a member of the Tribe of Ephraim during the time when Pekah was king.
A priest, the son of Immer. He is called "Meshillemoth" in 1 Chronicles 9:12.
Meshullam
See Meshullam
Meshullemeth
The wife of King Manasseh of Judah, and the mother of King Amon of Judah (2 Kings 21:19).
Methusael
In Genesis 4:18, Methusael or Methushael (Hebrew: מְתוּשָׁאֵל – Məṯūšāʾēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Mehujael and the father of Lamech.
Mezahab
The father of Matred (Gen 36:39),(1 Chronicles 1:50), and grandfather of Mehetabel, wife of Hadar, the last king of Edom.
Miamin
See Mijamin
Mibhar
A Hagarene, one of David's warriors (1 Chronicles 11:38); called also Bani the Gadite (2 Samuel 23:36).
Mibsam
One of Ishmael's twelve sons, and head of an Arab tribe (Gen 25:13).
A son of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:25).
Mibzar
Mibzar was an Edomite clan (possibly named after an eponymous chieftain) mentioned in Genesis 36:31-43.
Michael
Michael (is the masculine given name that comes from Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל / מיכאל (Mīkhāʼēl, pronounced ), derived from the question מי כאל mī kāʼēl, meaning "Who is like God?") is the name of 8 minor biblical individuals besides from the Archangel Michael.
Michael of the house of Asher was the father of Sethur, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.
Michael was the oldest son of Izrahiah, a descendant of Issachar according to 1 Chronicles 7:1-3
Michael was the 6th son of Beriah the head of the family of those living in Aijalon and who drove out the inhabitants of Gath of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Chronicles 8:16)
Michael was a chief Gadite in Bashan. (1 Chronicles 5:13)
Michael was a Manassite and one of David's mighty warriors in Ziklag. (1 Chronicles 2:20)
Michael was an ancestor of Asaph as the son of Baaseiah and the father of Shimea as a Gershonite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:40)
Michael was the father of Omri, the leader of the tribe of Judah and the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:18)
Michael was one of the sons of King Jehoshaphat who was killed by Joram his brother in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2–4)
Michaiah
Two men called Michaiah (Hebrew: מיכיה Mikayah "Who is like Yah?") are mentioned in the Bible:
Michaiah, son of Imri (q.v.)
Michaiah, the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan (Jeremiah 36:11), who heard Baruch's reading of the oracles of YHVH to Jeremiah, and reported to king Johoiakim
Michri
"Prize of Jehovah" or "Selling", a Benjamite, the father of Uzzi (1 Chronicles 9:8).
Mijamin
Three men called Mijamin (also spelled Miamin, Miniamin, Minjamin) ("from the right hand") are mentioned in the Bible:
The head of the sixth of twenty four priestly divisions set up by King David. (1 Chronicles 24:9)
A chief priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:5), who signed the renewed covenant with God. (Nehemiah 10:8) In the time of Joiakim his family had joined with that of Moadiah, and was led by Piltai. He was also called Miniamin. (Neh 12:17)
A non-priestly Mijamin son of Parosh is mentioned in Ezra 10:25 as one of those who divorced a gentile wife, and sacrificed a ram in atonement.
Mikloth
An officer under Dodai, in the time of David and Solomon (1 Chronicles 27:4).
A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:32),(1 Chronicles 9:37), (1 Chronicles 9:38).
Milalai
A Levitical musician (Neh 12:36) who took part in the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem.
Miniamin
See also: Mijamin
Miniamin (or Mijamin) was one of the agents appointed under Kore in the time of King Hezekiah to distribute a share of the plenty to the priests in the Levitical cities of Judah (2 Chronicles 31:15.
Minjamin
See Mijamin
Mishael
Two men called 'Mishael (Hebrew מִישָׁאֵל 'Who is what is god (El)?') are mentioned in the Bible:
Mishael was a son of Uzziel of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:22, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.
He and Elzaphan were asked by Moses to carry away Nadab's and Abihu's bodies to a place outside the camp. (Leviticus 10:4)
Mishael was one of the three Hebrew youths who were trained with Daniel in Babylon (Dan. 1:11, 19). He and his companions were cast into and miraculously delivered from the fiery furnace for refusing to worship the king's idol (3:13–30). Mishael's Babylonian name was Meshach.
Mishma
Mishma, son of Simeon (1 Chron. 4:25–26).
Mishmannah
(Hebrew מִשְׁמַנָּה) one of the Gadite heroes who gathered to David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:10).
Mithredath
(Hebrew: מִתְרְדָת; Greek: Μιθραδάτης; Latin: Mithridates) The Hebrew form of the Persian name Mithridates meaning 'given/dedicated to the sun'.
The "treasurer" of King Cyrus (Ezra 1:8).
A Persian officer in Samaria (Ezra 4:7).
Moab
Moab was the son of Lot and his eldest daughter. He became the father of the Moabites (see Genesis 19:36–37).
Molid
(Hebrew מוֹלִיד)
A son of Abishur of the tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:29).
Moza
(Hebrew מוֹצָא)
One of the sons of Caleb (1 Chronicles 2:46).
The son of Zimri, of the posterity of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:36–37),(1 Chronicles 9:42–43).
Muppim
Muppim (Hebrew מֻפִּים) or Shuphim was the eighth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21 and Numbers 26:39.
Mushi
Mushi (Hebrew מוּשִׁי) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.
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Naam
Naam was one of the sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh. (1 Chronicles 4:15) His brothers were Iru and Elam.
Naaman
Naaman is the fifth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21, but the son of Bela and therefore the grandson of Benjamin according to Numbers 26:38-40 and 1 Chronicles 8:4 He is not mentioned among the sons of Bela in 1 Chronicles 7:7.
Naarah
According to the Hebrew Bible, Naarah was one of the two wives of Ashur the son of Hezron which bore Ashur: Ahuzam, Hepher, Temeni and Haahashtari according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.
Naboth
Naboth was a minor figure known for owning a vineyard that king Ahab wished to have for himself. When Naboth was unwilling to give up the vineyard, Ahab's wife Jezebel instigated a plot to have Naboth killed. See 1 Kings 21.
Nadab
Nadab is the name of 4 biblical individuals
A son of Aaron and a High Priest mentioned many times in the Hebrew Bible.
Nadab a King of Israel and a son of Jeroboam I assassinated by Baasha of Israel. He is mentioned in 1 Kings 14:20, 15:25, 15:27, 15:31.
A son of Shammai and brother of Abishur mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:28.
A son of Gideon mentioned in 1 Chronicles 9:36.
Naharai
Naharai (or Nahari) the Beerothite is listed in 2 Samuel 23:37 and 1 Chronicles 11:39 as one of David's Mighty Warriors.
Nahath
Three men called Nahath appear in the Bible.
Nahath, son of Reuel, son of Esau appears in a genealogy of the Edomites, found in Genesis 36:13 and repeated in 1 Chronicles 1:37. According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica', this Nahath is probably the same figure as the Naham of 1 Chronicles 4:19 and the Naam of 1 Chronicles 4:15.
A Nahath appears in the ancestry of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:26 (verse 11 in some Bibles).
A Nahath appears in a list of Levite supervisors in the time of Hezekiah, in 2 Chronicles 31:13
Nahbi
Nahbi, the son of Vophsi of the house of Naphtali, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.
Naphish
Naphish (once Nephish in the King James Version) is one of the sons of Ishmael. After him an Ishmaelite tribe is named. The name נפיש in Hebrew means "refreshed". His tribe is listed with Jetur, and is assumed to have resided nearby and lived a nomadic, animal-herding lifestyle in sparsely populated land east of the Israelites. Psalm 83, however lists these as Hagarites separately from the other ten tribes which lived more southernly.
Naphtuhim
Naphtuhim is a son of Mizraim and grandson of Ham first mentioned in Genesis 10:13. According to the medieval biblical exegete, Saadia Gaon, his descendants inhabited the town of Birma (Al Gharbiyah region, Egypt), and were formerly known as Parmiin.
Neariah
Two men called "Neariah" appear in the Bible. Neariah the son of Shemaiah, was a descendant of David, and father of Elionenai (1 Chronicles 3:22). The other Neariah was, according to 1 Chronicles, a leader in the Tribe of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:42).
Nebat
Nebat (Hebrew: נבט nebat "Sprout", Douay–Rheims: Nabat), an Ephraimite of Zereda, was the father of King Jeroboam.
Nebuzaradan
Nebuzaradan (the biblical form of his name, derived from the Babylonian form Nabu-zar-iddin, meaning "Nabu has given a seed") was the captain of Nebuchadnezzar's bodyguard, according to the Bible. He is mentioned in 2 Kings 25:8, 11, 20;Jeremiah 52:30; Jeremiah 39:9,11, 40:2, 5.
Nedabiah
Nedabiah, according to 1 Chronicles 3:18, was one of the sons of king Jeconiah.
Nehum
See Rehum
Nehushta
Nehushta was the wife of King Jehoiakim and daughter of Elnathan ben Achbor of Jerusalem, according 2 Kings 24:8. She was also the mother of King Jehoiachin.
Nekoda
Nekoda was the ancestor of 652 Jews who returned from Babylonia with Ezra, but were declared ineligible to serve as Kohanim (priests) because they could not prove that their ancestors had been Kohanim. This is recounted in Ezra 2:48,60 and in Nehemiah 7:50, 62, where the number of men is given as 642.
Nemuel
Two men called Nemuel are mentioned in the Bible:
The son of Eliab of the Tribe of Reuben according to Numbers 26:9.
Jemuel, a son of Simeon.
Nepheg
Two men called Nepheg are mentioned in the Bible:
A son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.
A son of David according to 2 Samuel 5:15.
Nephish
See Naphish
Ner
Ner (Hebrew: "Candle") was an uncle of Saul and the father of Abner according to 1 Samuel 14:50.
Nethaniah
Nethaniah, son of Asaph, was one of the musicians appointed by David for the musical service of the Temple (1 Chronicles 25:2, 12).
Noadiah
Noadiah was a false prophetess mentioned in Nehemiah 6:14, one of the antagonists to Nehemiah who sought to discourage him from rebuilding the defensive walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah calls on God to "remember" her, or in the King James Version, to "think thou upon ".
Nobah
Nobah, of the Tribe of Manasseh defeated the Amorites, took the villages of Kenath and renamed it Nobah according to Numbers 32:42.
Nogah
Nogah, a son of David, appears in two lists of David's sons: 1 Chronicles 3:7 and 1 Chronicles 14:6.
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Obadiah
Obadiah was a descendant of David, father of Sheconiah, and son of Arnan
Obal
Obal, also Ebal, was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:28, 1 Chronicles 1:22.
Obed
Obed was the father of Azariah, one of the "commanders of the hundreds" who formed part of Jehoiada's campaign to restore the kingship to Joash in 2 Chronicles 23:1.
Obil
Obil was an Ishmaelite, a keeper of camels in the time of David, according to 1 Chronicles 27:30.
Ocran
Ocran was a member of the house of Asher according to Numbers 1:13. He was the father of Pagiel.
Ohad
Ohad was the third son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10 and Exodus 6:15. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
On
On, the son of Peleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1. On is referred to as "Hon" in the Douai Bible translation. He is mentioned alongside Korah, Dathan and Abiram as the instigators of the rebellion, but not referred to later when Korah, Dathan and Abiram were challenged and punished for their rebellion.
Onam
Onam was the name of 2 biblical figures:
Onam one of the sons of Shobal (Genesis 36:23).
Onam the son of Jerahmeel and the step-brother of his brothers. His mother was named Atarah (1 Chronicles 2:26).
Ophir
Ophir was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:29, 1 Chronicles 1:23.
Oren
Oren was a son of Jerahmeel according to 1 Chronicles 2:25.
Ozem
Two men called Ozem (Hebrew אצם, 'oTsehM, "Urgency") appear in the Bible.
The sixth son of Jesse and thus a brother of David (1 Chronicles 2:15).
A son of Jerahmeel (1 Chronicles 2:25).
Ozni
See Ezbon.
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Pagiel
Pagiel (Hebrew פַּגְעִיאֵל) was a son of Ocran, a prince of the house of Asher and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:13.
Palti
This is about the Palti mentioned in Numbers. For the other biblical Palti, see Palti, son of Laish.
Palti, the son of Raphu of the house of Benjamin, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.
Paltiel
This is about the Paltiel in the Book of Numbers. For the other Paltiel, see Palti, son of Laish.
Paltiel (Hebrew פַּלְטִיאֵל "delivered by God") was a prince of the tribe of Issachar, one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan among his tribe (Num. 34:26).
Parmashta
Parmashta appears briefly in Esther 9:9, where he is listed as one of the ten sons of Haman, who is the primary antagonist of the Book of Esther because of his desire to wipe out the Jews.
Parnach
Parnach was the father of Elizaphan, a prince of the Tribe of Zebulun. (Num. 34:25).
Parosh
Parosh also called Pharosh, was the name of at least 2 biblical individuals.
An ancestor of one of the families who returned from the exile with Zerubbabel and Ezra (Ezra 2:3 10:25, Nehemiah 3:25 7:8).
One of the chiefs mentioned in Nehemiah 10:14 and a leader of the people who signed the covenant with Nehemiah.
Parshandatha
Parshandatha, also Pharsandatha, was one of the ten sons of Haman. He was killed by a Jew or Jews (the account in the Book of Esther is unclear) and Esther had his corpse impaled (see Esther 9:5–14).
Paruah
Paruah is mentioned in 1 Kings 4:17 as the father of "Jehoshaphat son of Peruah", a governor governing the territory of the Tribe of Issachar under Solomon.
Paseah
Paseah is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible. In a genealogy of Judah, a Paseah appears (1 Chronicles 4:12) as the son of Eshton, the son of Mehir, the son of Chelub. Another Paseah is mentioned indirectly (Nehemiah 3:6) by way of his son Jehoiada, a repairer of a section of the wall of Jerusalem.
Pedahel
Pedahel Prince of the tribe of Naphtali; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:28).
Pedahzur
Pedahzur was a member of the house of Manasseh according to Numbers 1:10. He was the father of Gamaliel.
Pelaiah
Two men called Pelaiah are mentioned in the Bible. In 1 Chronicles 3:23, a Pelaiah appears in a genealogy. He is listed as one of the sons of Elioenai, the son of Neariah, the son of Shemaiah, the son of Shechaniah. The other Pelaiah appears in Nehemiah (8:7; 10:10) as a Levite who helped to explain biblical law to the inhabitants of Yehud Medinata and signed a document against intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews.
Pelaliah
Pelaliah (Hebrew Pĕlalyāh) is mentioned in Nehemiah 11:12, which lists a descendant of his as a priestly leader in Jerusalem. The descendant is specified as "Adaiah son of Jeroham son of Pelaliah son of Amzi son of Zechariah son of Pashhur son of Malchiah."
Pelatiah
Pelatiah (Hebrew: פלטיהו Pelatyahu, meaning "whom Jehovah delivered") the son of Benaiah, a prince of the people (Ezekiel 11:1), was among the 25 men who Ezekiel saw at the East Gate of the temple. He fell dead upon hearing the prophecy regarding Jerusalem (Ezekiel 11:13).
Another Pelatiah appears as being the son of Hananiah the son of Zerubbabel. He is mentioned in 2 passages: 1 Chronicles 3:21 and 1 Chronicles 4:42.
The last Pelatiah is one of the people mentioned in Nehemiah 10:22 who sealed the covenant.
Pelet
Pelet was one of the sons of Azmaveth, according to 1 Chronicles 12:3, who supported King David at Ziklag.
Peleth
There are 2 biblical individuals named Peleth
Peleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was the father of On, a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1.
Peleth one of the sons of Jonathan the son of Jada, and the brother of Zaza.
Peresh
According to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Peresh was the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh.
Pethahiah
Three men called Pethahiah are named in the Bible.
A levite, mentioned in Nehemiah 10:23 and Nehemiah 9:5.
Pethahiah ben Meshezabel, who was one of the "sons of Zerah" of the Tribe of Judah.
Pethahiah was one of the priest in the temple service ordained by David. (1 Chronicles 24:16)
Pethuel
Pethuel, the father of Joel, in Joel 1:1.
Peulthai
Peulthai, according to 1 Chronicles 26:5, was the eighth of Obed-edom's eight sons. The passage in which they are listed records gatekeepers of the temple at Jerusalem.
Phallu
Phallu or Pallu was a son of Reuben according to Genesis 46:9, Exodus 6:14 and Numbers 26:5. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Phalti
For the individual called "Phalti" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.
Phaltiel
For the individual called "Paltiel" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.
Phurah
Phurah was a servant of Gideon in Judges 7. Gideon takes Phurah with him to spy on the Midianites before battle.
Phuvah
Phuvah or Pua was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13 and Numbers 26:23. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Pildash
Pildash was the sixth son of Nahor and Milcah (Genesis 22:22).
Pinon
Pinon is listed as one of the "chiefs" of Edom, in Genesis 36:41, and, in a copy of the same list, in 1 Chronicles 1:52.
Piram
Piram, according to Joshua 10:3, was the king of Jarmuth.
Pochereth-hazzebaim
Pochereth-hazzebaim was one of Solomon's servants whose descendants returned from the exile with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:59;Ezra 2:57) He was the head of a family who returned from Babylon. The King James Version has his name modified into Pochereth of Hazzebeim but of was not in 1611 edition of the KJV. In 1 Esdras 5:34 he is called Phacareth.
Poratha
Poratha, according to Esther 9:8, was one of the ten sons of Haman, the antagonist of the Book of Esther who attempted to wipe out the Jewish people.
Pul
Pul was an abbreviation for the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. Pul attacked Israel in the reign of Menahem and extracted tribute. 2 Kings 15:19
Putiel
Putiel was the father of Eleazar's wife according to Exodus 6:25. According to Rashi this was another name of Jethro.
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Qedar
Qedar (Kedar): see Qedarites: Biblical
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Raamiah
Raamiah (Hebrew רַעַמְיָה) is one of the princes who returned from the Exile (Neh. 7:7). He is also called Reelaiah in Ezra 2:2.
Rabmag
Rabmag (Hebrew רַב־מָג, from Assyrian "Rab-mugi") was a "chief physician" attached to the king of Babylon (Jeremiah 39:3,13).
Raddai
Raddai, according to 1 Chronicles 2:14, was one of the brother of King David.
Rakem
See Rekem.
Ramiah
Ramiah, according to Ezra 10:25, was an Israelite layperson, a member of the group named "sons of Parosh", who was guilty of marrying a foreign woman.
Rapha
Rapha, according to the Septuagint version of 2 Samuel 21:16, was the parent of Jesbi, the name in that version for the giant referred to in the Massoretic text as Ishbi-benob. In the Latin Vulgate, he is referred to as Arapha or Arafa.
Raphu
Raphu of the house of Benjamin was the father of Palti, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.
Rechab
Rechab (Hebrew: רֵכָב Rēḵāḇ) is the name of three men in the Bible:
One of the two "captains of bands" whom Saul's son Ish-bosheth took into his service, and who conspired to kill him. (2 Samuel 4:2)
A Kenite, mentioned as the father of Jehonadab at King Jehu's time, from whom the tribe of the Rechabites derived their name. Jehonadab and his people had all along become worshippers of God.
The father of Malchiah, ruler of part of Beth-haccerem. (Nehemiah 3:14)
Regem
Regem is named in 1 Chronicles 2:47 as one of the sons of Jahdai, a figure who appears in a genealogy associated with Caleb.
Regem-melech
A figure called Regem-melech, along with a "Sharezer", came, according to some interpretations of Zechariah 7:2, to Bethel to ask a question about fasts. It is unclear whether the name is intended as a title or as a proper name. The grammar of the verse is difficult and several interpretations have been proposed.
Rehabiah
Rehabiah is a figure mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible, as the ancestor of a group of Levites. He is identified as the son of Eliezer the son of Moses (1 Chronicles 23:17; 26:25). Chronicles identifies him as the father of a person named Isshiah (Hebrew Yiššiyāh, 1 Chronicles 24:21) or Jeshaiah (Hebrew Yĕshaʿyāhû, 1 Chronicles 26:25).
Rehob
Rehob (Hebrew: רחב which can be translated into Rahab) was the name of 2 biblical figures:
The father of Hadadezer the king of Zobah and could possibly be the predecessor of Hadadezer. He is mentioned in 2 Samuel 8:3 and 2 Samuel 8:12.
One of the Levites who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah mentioned in Nehemiah 10:11.
Rehum
Rehum refers to four or five biblical figures.
A Rehum is mentioned in Ezra 2:2, who is called Nehum in Nehemiah 7:7. He appears in passing, in two copies of a list of people said to have come from Persia to Yehud Medinata under the leadership of Nehemiah. He may be the same individual mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3.
A Rehum is mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3, where he is listed as part of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel.
Rehum son of Bani, a Levite, appears in a list of people who contributed to building Nehemiah's wall in Nehemiah 3:17.
Rehum, a member of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel according to Nehemiah 12:3.
Rehum was an official, according to Ezra 4:8–23, who along with collaborators opposed the Jewish attempt to rebuild Jerusalem.
Rephaiah
Rephaiah is the name of 3 biblical figures:
Rephaiah (Hebrew רְפָיָה "the Lord has healed"), a descendant of David was the father of Arnan and the son of Jeshaiah.
Rephaiah the son of Hur the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem according to the Book of Nehemiah.
Rephaiah the son of Binea and the father of Eleasah, also called Rapha.
Reba
Reba was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21.
Rekem
This is about individuals in the Bible named Rekem. For the city by that name, see List of minor biblical places § Rekem.
Rekem (Hebrew רֶקֶם) refers to more than one individual in the Hebrew Bible:
Rekem was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21. Josephus identifies Rekem with the king who built Petra, a city later associated with the Nabateans. He indicates that in his time the local population still called it Rekem after this founder, and in fact, according to modern scholarship the Nabateans themselves referred to it by this name RQM (רקם) in the Aramaic alphabet they used, spelled identically as the Biblical name.
According to 1 Chronicles 2:43–44, Hebron, a figure associated with the biblical Caleb, was the father of a person named Rekem.
According to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Machir the son of Manasseh was the ancestor of a figure named Rekem. In this last passage, the King James Version spells the name as Rakem.
Rephael
In 1 Chronicles 26:7–8, Rephael (Hebrew: רְפָאֵל, Modern: Refaʾel, Tiberian: Rəp̄āʾēl, "healed of God") was one of Shemaiah's sons. He and his brethren, on account of their "strength for service," formed one of the divisions of the temple porters.
Reumah
Reumah, according to Genesis 22:24, was the concubine of Abraham's brother Nahor, and the mother of his children Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maachah.
Rezon
According to 1 Kings 11:23– Rezon (Hebrew: רזון Rezon) became regent in Damascus and was an adversary of Solomon.
Ribai
Ribai, a Benjamite of Gibeah, was the father of Ittai, one of King David's Warriors (2 Samuel 23:29, 1 Chronicles 11:31).
Rinnah
Rinnah appears once in the Bible, as the son of a man named Shimon (1 Chronicles 4:20) in a genealogy of Tribe of Judah. Neither Shimon's origin nor precise relationship to Judah is given.
Rohgah
In 1 Chronicles 7, Rohgah, also spelled Rohagah, was one of the sons of Shamer (the vocalization found in v. 34) or Shomer (the vocalization found in v. 32), who is identified as the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of the tribal patriarch Asher.
Romamti-ezer
Romamti-ezer appears twice in the Hebrew Bible, both times in 1 Chronicles 25. In verse 4 he is identified as one of the fourteen sons of Heman, one of three men who according to Chronicles were assigned to be in charge of musical worship in the Temple of Jerusalem. Later in the chapter, 288 assigned to the musical service are divided into twenty-four groups of twelve. The twenty-fourth group is assigned to Romamti-ezer (verse 31).
Rosh
Hebrew: ראש rosh "Head"
Rosh is the seventh of the ten sons of Benjamin named in Genesis 46:21.
A nation named Rosh is also possibly mentioned in Ezekiel 38:2–3, 39:1 "Son of man, set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal; and prophesy concerning him."
This translation "Rosh" is found in NASB but not in KJV and most modern versions. Also in a variant reading of Isaiah 66:19 (MT) and the Septuagint Jeremiah 32:23. Many scholars categorize this as a mistranslation of נְשִׂ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ, nesi ro'š ("chief prince"), rather than a toponym .
However, the three oldest translations of the Old Testament (The Septuagint, Theodotion and Symmachus) all transliterate the word "rosh" into the Greek in Ezekiel 38 and 39, thus treating it as a proper noun and suggesting they viewed this word as a toponym. Significantly, these same translations choose to translate and not transliterate the same Hebrew word into its Greek interpretations in other chapters (e.g. Ezekiel 40:1).
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Sabtah
Sabtah (סַבְתָּ֥ה) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.
Sabtechah
Sabtechah (סַבְתְּכָ֑א) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.
Sachar
Two men called Sachar (sometimes spelled Sacar or Sakar) are mentioned in the Bible:
One of David's heroes 1 Chronicles 11:35; also called Sharar 2 Samuel 23:33.
A son of Obed-Edom the Gittite, and a temple porter 1 Chronicles 26:4.
Sachia
Sachia (also Sakia) appears only in 1 Chronicles 8:10, where he is listed as one of the "sons" of Shaharaim. The King James Version spells the name Shachia.
Salu
Salu, of the house of Simeon, was the father of Zimri who was involved in the Heresy of Peor according to Numbers 25:14.
Saph
Saph is a figure briefly mentioned in a section of 2 Samuel which discusses four yelide haraphah killed by Israelites. According to 2 Samuel 21:18, a war broke out between Israel and the Philistines. During the battle, Sibbecai the Hushathite, one of David's Mighty Warriors, killed Saph, who was one of the four. The expression yelide haraphah is rendered several different ways in translations of the Bible: "the descendants of Rapha" (NIV, NLT), "the descendants of the giants" (ESV, NLT), "the descendants of the giant" (NASB, Holman), and "the sons of the giant" (KJV, ASV). While most interpreters the phrase as a statement about the ancestry of the four people killed, describing them as descended from giants, another interpretation takes the phrase as meaning "votaries of Rapha," in reference to a deity by that name to which a group of warriors would have been associated.
Saraph
Saraph (Hebrew: שראף) was a descendant of Shelah, son of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:21-23)
Sarsekim
Sarsekim, also spelled Sarsechim, is a name or title, or a portion of a name or title, which appears in Jeremiah 39:3. Jeremiah describes Babylonian officials, some named and the rest unnamed, who according to the text sat down "in the middle gate" of Jerusalem during its destruction in 587 or 586 BCE. The portion which explicitly gives the names and/or titles of the officials reads, in Hebrew, nrgl śr ʾṣr smgr nbw śr skym rb srys nrgl śr ʾṣr rb-mg. Various interpretations have divided the names in various ways. The King James Version, sticking closely to the grammatical indicators added to the text by the Masoretes during the Middle Ages, reads this as indicating six figures: "Nergalsharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris, Nergalsharezer, Rabmag". The New International Version sees three characters "Nergal-Sharezer of Samgar, Nebo-Sarsekim a chief officer, Nergal-Sharezer a high official." Versions featuring these three figures, with variations in the exact details of translations, include NLT and ESV. Four figures appear in the New American Standard Bible, "Nergal-sar-ezer, Samgar-nebu, Sar-sekim the Rab-saris, Nergal-sar-ezer the Rab-mag."
In 2007, a Babylonian Tablet was deciphered containing a reference to a "Nabu-sharussu-ukin," identified as referring to the biblical figure. See Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet.
Seba
Seba was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9
The "tall men of Seba" (Good News Bible) are also referred to in Isaiah 45:14
possibly be Jair the judge of Israel, Segub also controlled twenty-three cities in Gilead. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:21–22.
Seled
According to 1 Chronicles 2:1–30, in the genealogical section which begins the book of Chronicles, Seled, who died childless, was the brother of Appaim and son of Nadab, the son of Shammai, the son of Onam, the son of Jerahmeel, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah, the eponymous founder of the Tribe of Judah.
Semachiah
Semachiah (or Semakiah) appears in 1 Chronicles 26:7, in a genealogical passage concerning gatekeepers of the Jerusalem Temple. Semachiah is described as a son of Shemaiah, a son of Obed-Edom.
Sered
Sered was a son of Zebulun according to Genesis 46:14 and Numbers 26:26. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to the verse in Numbers, he was the eponymous forefather of the clan of Sardites.
Sethur
Sethur, the son of Michael of the house of Asher, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.
Shaaph
Shaaph appears in the second chapter of 1 Chronicles. In one translation, these verses read as follows: "And the sons of Jahdai: Regem, and Jotham, and Geshan, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph. Maacah, Caleb's concubine, bore Sheber and Tirhanah. And Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva the father of Machbenah and the father of Gibea. And the daughter of Caleb was Achsah" (1 Chronicles 2:47–49).
The words do not occur in the Hebrew text, which reads literally, as Sara Japhet translates it, "And Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva . . ." but with a feminine form (watteled) of the verb "bore," rather than the expected masculine form wayyoled. Japhet outlines several possibilities as to how the text may originally have read.
Shaashgaz
Shaashgaz appears in the Hebrew Bible in Esther 2:14, where it is given as the name of the eunuch who was in charge of the "second house of the women".
Shabbethai
Shabbethai, a Levite who helped Ezra in the matter of the foreign marriages (Ezra 10:15), probably the one present at Ezra's reading of the law (Nehemiah 8:7), and possibly the Levite chief and overseer (Nehemiah 11:16). The name might mean "one born on Sabbath", but more probably is a modification of the ethnic Zephathi (Zephathite), from Zarephathi (Zarephathite). Meshullam and Jozabad, with which Shabbethai's name is combined, both originate in ethnic names. (Encyclopaedia Biblica)
Shagee
Shagee (also spelled Shage or Shageh) is a figure who appears, indirectly, in one version of the list of David's Mighty Warriors.
In 1 Chronicles 11:34, a figure appears who is called "Jonathan the son of Shagee the Hararite." In 2 Samuel 23:32–33, the name "Jonathan" appears directly before the name "Shammah the Harodite", while in 2 Samuel 23:11 is found "Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite," who is the subject of a very brief story in which he fights with Philistines. The exact sort of copying error or deliberate abbreviation that may have led to this state of affairs is uncertain.
Shaharaim
Shaharaim was a member of the house of Benjamin. He had three wives, Hushim, Baara, and Hodesh, according to 1 Chronicles 8:8–9.
Shamed
See Shemed.
Shamhuth
Shamhuth the Izrahite (Hebrew, Shamhut ha-Yizrah) is a figure mentioned in the list of military divisional captains in 1 Chronicles 27:8. The 27th chapter of 1 Chronicles gives the names of people who, according to the Chronicler, were in charge of 24,000-man divisions of David's military, each of which was on active duty for a month. Shamhuth was the commander for the fifth month of each year. Other Izrahites were mentioned in 1 Chronicles 26:29 in connection with duties outside Jerusalem.
Shamir
This is about the individual named Shamir. For the biblical place-name Shamir, see List of minor biblical places § Shamir.
Shamir appears in a list of Levite names (1 Chronicles 24:24).
Shammah
See Shammah for several people by this name.
Shammai
Shammai (Hebrew: שִׁמִּי) was the name of at least 3 biblical individuals.
One of the sons of Onam according to 1 Chronicles 2:28, he also had two sons: Nadab and Abishur, he was also the brother of Jada.
A son of Rekem and the father of Maon, and a Jerahmeelite. (1 Chronicles 2:44–45)
One of the children of Ezra in 1 Chronicles 4:17. He was also probably the same person as Shimon (q.v) ver. 20. The Septuagint suggest that Jether was the father of all three. Rabbi D. Kimchi speculates that the children in 1 Chronicles 4:17 were the children of Mered by his wife Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh.
Shammoth
According to 1 Chronicles 11:27, Shammoth the Harorite was one of David's Mighty Warriors. An entry in the corresponding list in Samuel contains Shammah the Harodite (2 Samuel 23:25). See Shammah.
Shammua
There are four individuals by the name of Shammua in the Hebrew Bible:
Shammua, the son of Zaccur of the house of Reuben, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.
One of David's sons, mentioned in 2 Samuel 5:14 and 1 Chronicles 14:4.
A Levite in the time of Nehemiah (11:17).
A Levite in the time of Nehemiah (12:18).
Shamsherai
Shamsherai is mentioned once, in passing, in a long list of the "sons of Elpaal" within a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:26).
Shapham
A figure named Shapham is mentioned in passing once in the Hebrew Bible, in a list of Gadites (1 Chronicles 5:12).
Shaphat
Shaphat, the son of Hori of the house of Simeon, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:5.
Also the name of one of King David's sons by Bathsheba.
Sharai
A Sharai is mentioned once in the Bible, in passing, in a list of the "sons of Bani" (Ezra 10:40).
Sharar
A Sharar is mentioned indirectly in 2 Samuel 23:33, where "Ahiam the son of Sharar the Hararite" is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In 1 Chronicles 11:35, the same figure is referred to as Sacar (sometimes spelled Sakar or Sachar).
Sharezer
Sharezer, according to 2 Kings 19:37 and Isaiah 37:38, was one of the two sons of Sennacherib. He and his brother Adrammelech killed their father as he worshipped in the temple of Nisroch.
Shashai
A Shashai is listed in the Book of Ezra as a man who married a foreign wife (Ezra 10:40).
Shashak
Shashak or Sashak was a member of Benjamin's dynasty, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 8:14 and 25.
Sheariah
Sheariah, according to 1 Chronicles 8, was a descendant of King Saul, specifically one of the six sons of Azel (1 Chronicles 8:38), the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza (v. 37), the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoaddah, the son of Ahaz (36), the son of Micah (35), the son of Merib-baal, the son of Jonathan (34), the son of Saul (33). He is also mentioned 1 Chronicles 9, which substantially repeats the same genealogy, except that chapter 9 reads Rephaiah instead of Raphah (v. 43) and Jadah instead of Jehoaddah (42).
Shearjashub
Shearjashub (שאר ישוב Šə'ār-yāšūḇ) is possibly the first-mentioned son of Isaiah according to Isaiah 7:3.
His name means "the remnant shall return" and was prophetic, offering hope to the people of Israel that although they were going to be sent into exile, and their temple destroyed, God remained faithful and would deliver "a remnant" from Babylon and bring them back to their land.
However, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Rashi, and some modern translations interpret the phrase according to the Masoretic grammar of the Hebrew cantillation marks, which break the sentence into "u-sh'ar, yashuv b'nekha," "And the remnant, of your sons which will return," viz. a phrase and not a proper noun. Pseudo-Jonathan reads "and the rest of thy disciples, who have not sinned, and who are turned away from sin," and Rashi, "The small remnant that will return to Me through you, and they are like your sons." The Brenton Septuagint Translation and Douay–Rheims Bible translate the phrase "and thy son Jasub who is left," following the Masoretic grammar but assuming that "Jasub," "will return," is still a proper noun.
Sheconiah
Sheconiah was a descendant of David, father of Shemaiah, and son of Obadiah.
Shechem
Shechem was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:
A prince of Shechem who defiled Dinah according to Genesis 34
A son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:31, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.
Shedeur
Shedeur was a member of the house of Reuben according to Numbers 1:5. He was the father of Elizur.
Shelemiah
Shelemiah (Hebrew: שלמיהו) the son of Abdeel, along with two others, was commanded by king Jehoiakim to arrest Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet (Jeremiah 36:25).
Shelomi
Shelomi was the father of Ahihud, a prince of the Tribe of Asher. (Num. 34:27).
Shelumiel
Shelumiel (Hebrew: שלמיאל) was a son of Zurishaddai, a prince of the tribe of Simeon and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:6.
Yiddish schlemiel, a term for a "hapless loser", is said to be derived from the name.
Shelomith
Shelomith was the name of 5 biblical individuals in the Hebrew Bible.
Shelomith bat Dibri was the daughter of Dibri of the house of Dan, according to Leviticus 24:11. She was married to an Egyptian and her son (unnamed) was stoned to death by the people of Israel for blasphemy, following Moses' issue of a ruling on the penalty to be applied for blasphemy.
A daughter of Zerubbabel during the exile. (1 Chronicles 3:19)
A Levite and a chief of the sons of Izhar in the time of David's death. (1 Chronicles 23:18) Also called Shelomoth. (1 Chronicles 24:22–23)
The youngest child of Rehoboam through Maachah. It is uncertain whether they were a son or daughter. (2 Chronicles 11:20)
Shelomith, with the son of Josiphiah returned from Babylon with Ezra with 80 male individuals. There appears, however, to be an omission, which may be supplied from the Sept., and the true reading is probably "Of the sons of Bani, Shelomith the son of Josiphiah." See also 1 Esdr. 8:36, where he is called "Assamoth son of Josaphias." See Keil, ad oc.
Shelomoth
Shelomoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.
A descendant of Eliezer the son of Moses, put in the duty of temple treasury under David. (1 Chronicles 26:28)
The oldest son of Shimei, the chief of the Gershonites in the time of David mentioned in 1 Chronicles 23:9.
See Shelomith
Shemaiah
See List of people in the Hebrew Bible called Shemaiah
Shemariah
Shemariah is the name of four biblical figures.
In 1 Chronicles 12:5, Shemariah is a Benjamite, one of David's soldiers.
In 2 Chronicles 11:19, Shemariah is one of the sons of Rehoboam, spelled Shamariah in the King James Version.
In Ezra 10:32, Shemariah is one of the "sons of Harim," in a list of men who took foreign wives. Another Shemariah, one of the "descendants of Bani", appears in verse 41.
Shemeber
Shemeber is the king of Zeboiim in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.
Shemed
Shemed, spelled Shamed in the King James Version, is a figure briefly listed in 1 Chronicles 8:12 as one of the sons of Elpaal, the son of Shaharaim. He and his two brothers are referred to as "Eber, and Misham, and Shamed, who built Ono, and Lod, with the towns thereof" (1 Chronicles 8:12).
Shemer
Shemer (Hebrew: שמר Shemer "guardian") is the name of three biblical figures.
According to Kings, Shemer was the name of the man from whom Omri, King of Israel, bought Samaria (Hebrew Shomron), which he named after Shemer.
According to 1 Chronicles, one of the Levites involved in the musical ministry of the Jerusalem temple was "Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, the son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shemer, the son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi" (1 Chronicles 6:44–47). In this passage, the King James Version spells the name Shamer.
1 Chronicles 7:34 mentions a Shemer as one of the descendants of the Tribe of Asher. In verse 32, this figure is called Shomer, and is the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of Asher.
Shemida
Shemida was a son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:32, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.
Shemiramoth
Shemiramoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.
One of the many Levite musicians who played on his harp to prepare the alamoth when King David moved the Ark of the Covenant from the land of Obed-edom to Jerusalem. (1 Chronicles 15:18,20 16:5)
One of the Levite teachers sent by Jehoshaphat all across Judah teaching the Torah by YHWH according to 2 Chronicles 7:8.
Shemuel
Shemuel Prince of the tribe of Simeon; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:20).
Shenazar
Shenazar (Hebrew שֵׁנאִצִּר fiery tooth or splendid leader) was one of the six sons of King Jehoiachin during the time of the exile according to 1 Chronicles 3:18.
Shephatiah
Shephatiah (Hebrew שפטיה) is the name of at least nine Hebrew Bible men:
Shephatiah the son of David and Abital, David's fifth son, according to 2 Samuel 3:4.
Shephatiah the son of Mattan (Jeremiah 38:1) who was among the officers who denounced Jeremiah to king Zedekiah.
A descendant of Haruph and a Benjaminite warrior of David in Ziklag according to 1 Chronicles 2:5.
A son of Maakah and the phylarch of the Simeonites in the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:16)
The youngest of the sons of Jehoshaphat and one of the brothers killed by Joram in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2)
The father of Amariah and the son of Mahalalel. He was the ancestor of Athaiah of the tribe of Judah. (Nehemiah 11:4)
The son of Reuel and father of Meshullam the chieftain of the tribe of Benjamin during the exile. (1 Chronicles 9:5.
An ancestor of 372 descendants of his who went with Zerubbabel from Babylon. (Ezra 2:4;Nehemiah 7:9) He is identical to the Shephatiah of Ezra 1:3,8 whose 80 descendants returned in the rule of Zebadiah and Ezra.
One of Solomon's servants whose descendants also returned with Zerubbabel from Babylon to Israel. (Ezra 2:57;Nehemiah 7:59)
Shepho
Shepho is one of the sons of Shobal according to (Genesis 36:23).
Sheshai
Sheshai was one of the descendants of Anak mentioned in Numbers 13:22. When the Israelites took possession of the land, Sheshai along with Talmai and Ahiman were driven out of the land. (Joshua 15:14; Judges 1:10)
Sheshan
Sheshan is the name of one, or possibly two, biblical characters mentioned in the first book of Chronicles:
"The son of Ishi was Sheshan, and Sheshan's daughter was Ahlai ... Now Sheshan had no sons, only daughters. And Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha. Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant as wife, and they had a child, Attai."
Shillem
Shillem was a son of Naphtali according to Genesis 46:24 and Numbers 26:49. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Shimea
Shimea, according to bible's account, was the name of 2 biblical individuals.
A Merarite as the son of Uzziah, and also the father of Haggish. (1 Chronicles 6:30)
The grandfather of Asaph the prophet or seer of the men who ministered with music before the tabernacle, the tent of meeting. He is the father of Asaph's father Berechiah. (1 Chronicles 6:39)
Shimeah
The name Shimeah is used for two figures in the Hebrew Bible.
Shimeah or Shammah was a third son of Jesse, a brother of David (1 Samuel 16:9), and the father of Jonadab (2 Samuel 13:3).
A figure named Mikloth is the father of Shimeah according to 1 Chronicles 8:32, which gives no further information about either of them but places them in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin. In a parallel passage, 1 Chronicles 9:38 calls this son of Mikloth Shimeam, and presents Mikloth as a son of "Jehiel the father of Gibeon," making Mikloth a great-uncle of the Israelite king Saul.
Shimei
Shimei (Hebrew: שִׁמְעִי Šīmʿī) is the name of a number of persons referenced in the Hebrew Bible and Rabbinical literature.
The second son of Gershon and grandson of Levi (Exodus 6:17; Numbers 3:18; 1 Chronicles 6:17). The family of the Shimeites, as a branch of the tribe of Levi, is mentioned in Numbers 3:18, 21; 1 Chronicles 23:7, 10, 11 ("Shimei" in verse 9 could be a scribal error); and in Zechariah 12:13. In the New Testament the name occurs in Luke 3:26, spelled Semei in the King James Version.
Shimei ben Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, son of Gera, "a man of the family of the house of Saul" (2 Samuel 16:5–14, 19:16–23; 1 Kings 2:8–9, 36–46). He is mentioned as one of David's tormentors during his flight before Absalom, and as imploring and winning David's forgiveness when the latter returned. David, however, in his dying charge to Solomon, bade him avenge the insult (1 Kings 2:9). Jewish scribes say that Solomon's teacher was Shimei (son of Gera), and while he lived, he prevented Solomon from marrying foreign wives. The Talmud says at Ber. 8a: "For as long as Shimei the son of Gera was alive Solomon did not marry the daughter of Pharaoh" (see also Midrash Tehillim to Ps. 3:1). Solomon's execution of Shimei was his first descent into sin.
A brother of David, called also Shammah, Shimeah, and Shimea (1 Samuel 16:9; 17:13; 2 Samuel 13:3; 21:21; 1 Chronicles 2:13; 20:7)
A friend of King David mentioned in 1 Kings 1:8
Son of Elah, one of Solomon's prefects, over the district of Benjamin (1 Kings 4:18)
A grandson of Jeconiah and brother of Zerubbabel (1 Chronicles 3:19)
A grandson of Simeon, who is described as the father of sixteen sons and six daughters, and whose clan dwelt in Judea (1 Chronicles 4:26, 27)
A Reubenite (1 Chronicles 5:4)
Levites (1 Chronicles 6:29, 42; 25:17; 2 Chronicles 29:14; 31:12, 13)
A Benjamite chief who had nine sons (1 Chronicles 8:21, R. V.; comp. ib. v. 13)
"The Ramathite," one of David's officers (1 Chronicles 27:27)
A Levite and other Israelites whom Ezra required to put away their foreign wives (Ezra 10:23, 33, 38)
Grandfather of Mordecai (Esther 2:5).
Shimi
Shimrath
Shimrath was a Benjaminite, as one of the nine sons of Shimei. (1 Chronicles 8:21)
Shimri
The name Shimri appears 3 times in the Hebrew Bible
A son of Shemaiah mentioned in the Book of 1 Chronicles
Shimri the father of Jedaiel and the brother of Joha the Tizite.
One of the two sons of Elizaphan according to 2 Chronicles 29:13.
Shimron
Shimron was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:24 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Shimshai
Shimshai was a scribe who was represented the peoples listed in Ezra 4:9–10 in a letter to King Artaxerxes.
Shinab
Shinab is the king of Admah in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.
Shiphi
Shiphi was the son of Allon and the father of Ziza mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.
Shiphtan
Shiphtan was the father of Kemuel, a prince of the Tribe of Ephraim. (Num. 34:24).
Shisha
Shisha (Hebrew – שישא) was the father of Elihoreph and Ahijah, who were scribes of King Solomon (1 Kings 4:3).
Shobab
Shobab שובב "Mischievous" is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible.
Shobab was one of the children born to King David after he took up residence in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14), whose mother is named in 1 Chronicles 3:5 as Bathshua or Bathsheba, the daughter of Ammiel. In Brenton's Septuagint Translation, his name is translated as "Sobab" and his mother's name is given as "Bersabee". Each reference to him mentions him briefly, in a list along with at least three other sons of David born in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14; 1 Chronicles 3:5, 14:4).
Shobab is mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:18 as one of the children of Caleb, son of Hezron (not to be confused with the more famous Caleb son of Jephunneh).
Shobal
Shobal was a Horite chief in the hill country of Seir during the days of Esau. He was a son of Seir the Horite, and his sons were Alvas, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho and Onam. He is mentioned in Genesis 36:20–29.
Shuni
Shuni was a son of Gad according to Genesis 46:16 and Numbers 26:15. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Shuthelah
Shuthelah (Hebrew: שׁוּתֶלַח, romanized: /ˌʃuːˈtæˌlɑːx/ shoo-TELL-ahkh) was a son of Ephraim and father of Eran, according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:20.
Sisamai
Sisamai was the son of Eleasah and the father of Shallum mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:40.
Sodi
Sodi of the house of Zebulun was the father of Gaddiel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:10.
Sotai
Sotai was a descendant of the servants of Solomon, and his own descendants were listed among those who returned from the Babylonian exile in Ezra 2:55.
Susi
Susi of the house of Manasseh was the father of Gaddi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:11.
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Tahan
Tahan was a son of Ephraim according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:25.
Tahash
Tahash was the third son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.
Tahath
There are 3 people named Tahath in the Hebrew Bible.
Tahath a descendant of Korah and an ancestor of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:37
Tahath the son of Bered, and the father of Eleadah, also a descendant of Ephraim, and Tahath the son of Eleadah according to 1 Chronicles 7:20.
Taphath
Taphath (Hebrew טפת, "Drop") was a daughter of Solomon and wife of one of her father's twelve regional administrators, the son of Abinadab (First Kings 4:11).
Tappuah
Tappuah, one of the four sons of Hebron. Mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:43.
Tebah
Tebah (Hebrew: טבח, "Massacre") was the first son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah. He is mentioned in Genesis 22:24.
Tekoa
Tekoa or Tekoah (Hebrew: תְּקוֹעַ, Modern: Teku'a, Tiberian: Tekû'a) was the son of Ashhur the son of Hezron through an unnamed mother mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:24, 4:5. The name Tekoah is also the name of a place which the Prophet Amos was born.
Temeni
Temeni is described in the Bible as a son of Naarah and Ashhur the son of Hezron the Grandson of Judah the founder of the tribe. He was the brother of Haahashtari, Ahuzam, and Hepher according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.
Tirhanah
Tirhanah according to the Biblical Narrative was the son of Caleb the son of Hezron. He was the son of Caleb's concubine named Maachah, and also the brother of Shaaph and Sheber. (1 Chronicles 2:48)
Tola
Tola (Hebrew: תּוֹלָע, Modern: Tola', Tiberian: Tôlā') was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:
A son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:23 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Tola (biblical figure), also of the tribe of Issachar, one of the judges of Israel (Judges 10:1–2).
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Uel
In Ezra 10:34 : "Of the sons of Bani; Maadai, Amram, and Uel."
Ulam
Ulam is a name that appears twice in the Hebrew Bible. In 1 Chronicles 7:16–17, an Ulam appears in a genealogical passage as the son of Peresh, the son of Machir, the son of the patriarch Manasseh. In 1 Chronicles 8:39, an Ulam appears in a genealogy as the son of Eshek, the brother of Azel, the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza, the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoadah, the son of Ahaz, the son of Micah, the son of Meribbaal.
Uri
Uri is mentioned 7 times, 6 of which indicate that another figure is the "son of Uri". The meaning of the name in English is "my light", "my flame" or "illumination".
Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Exodus 31 and 1 Chronicles 2 as a member of the Tribe of Judah. He is the son of Hur (Hebrew: חור) and the father of Bezalel (Hebrew: בצלאל).
Another Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Ezra 10 as one of those who have taken "strange wives."
Uriel
Uriel or Zephaniah the son of Tahath according to 1 Chronicles 6:24.
Uriel a Archangel
Urijah son of Shemaiah
Urijah, son of Shemaiah (Hebrew: אוּרִיָּהוּ בֵּנ–שְׁמַעְיָהוּ ʾŪrīyyāhū ben-Šəmaʿyāhū) was a minor prophet mentioned in Jeremiah 26:20-23. He was from Kiriath-Jearim, and his prophecies often matched Jeremiah's criticisms. When Jehoiakim heard the reports of these prophecies, he sent to have him killed, but Urijah fled to Egypt. In response, Jehoiakim sent a group of men, including Elnathan son of Achbor – the future father-in-law to his son, Jeconiah – to bring him back. After being brought before the king, he was executed, and buried in a potter's field.
Urijah
Urijah (Hebrew: אוריה uriyah) a priest in the time of King Ahaz of Judah, built an altar at the temple in Jerusalem on the Damascene model for Tiglathpileser, king of Assyria. 2 Kings 16:10–16
Uz
Uz was the name of 3 biblical characters in the Bible:
The firstborn son of Nahor and first son of Nahor and Milcah mentioned briefly in Genesis 22:20–21.
The son of Aram the son of Shem mentioned in Genesis 10:23.
One of the two sons of Dishan, his brothers name was Aran he is mentioned in Genesis 36:28 and 1 Chronicles 1:42.
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Vaizatha
Vaizatha (or Vajezatha; Hebrew: וַיְזָתָא) is one of the ten sons of Persian vizier Haman, mentioned in Esther 9:9. Haman had planned to kill all the Jews living under the reign of King Ahasuerus, but his plot was foiled. In their defence, the Jews killed 500 men in the citadel of Susa, as well as Vaizatha and his nine brothers: this event is remembered in the Jewish festival Purim. Walther Hinz has proposed that the name is a rendering of an Old Iranian name, Vahyazzāta, which itself is derived from Vahyaz-dāta ("given from the best one"), as found in Aramaic, Elamite, and Akkadian sources.
Vaniah
Vaniah, meaning nourishment, or weapons, of the Lord; one of many sons of Bani named in Ezra 10:36.
Vophsi
Vophsi of the house of Naphtali was the father of Nahbi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.
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Zaavan
Zaavan (za'-a-van or za'-awan), son of Ezer, was a Horite chief in the Land of Edom. (Gen. 36:27, 1 Chr. 1:42)
Zabad
Zabad is the name of seven men in the Hebrew Bible.
In 1 Chronicles 2:36–37, Zabad is a member of the Tribe of Judah, the family of Hezron and the house of Jahahmeel. He was the son of Nathan and the father of Ephlal.
In 1 Chronicles 7:21, Zabad is an Ephraimite of the family of Shuthelah. He was the son of Tanath and the father of Suthelah.
In 1 Chronicles 11:41, Zabad is one of King David's mighty men. He is the son of Ahlai.
In 2 Chronicles 24:26, Zabad is one of two servants of King Joash who kill him in his bed. He is the son of Shimeath, an Amonite woman. In 2 Kings 12:21 this same man seems to be called Jozachar (Hebrew: יוֹזָכָר; Latin: Josachar). His fellow conspirator is Jehozabad (Hebrew: יהוֹזָבָד; Latin: Jozabad), the son of Shomer (Hebrew: שֹׁמֵר; Latin: Somer).
In Ezra 10:27,33,34, three men named Zabad are listed as having taken foreign wives, whom Ezra persuades them to send away.
Zabbai
Zabbai was the father of Baruch, one of Nehemiah's helpers in repairing the walls of Jerusalem, according to Nehemiah 3:20.
Zabdi
Zabdi, son of Zerah, of the Tribe of Judah, was the father of Carmi and the grandfather of Achan, according to Joshua 7:1. He was present at the Battle of Jericho.
Zabud
Zabud (Hebrew – זבוד, zābud, meaning "endowed.") was a priest and friend of King Solomon, according to 1 Kings 4:5. He is described as the "son of Nathan," but it is unclear whether this is Nathan the prophet or Nathan the son of David. As a "friend" of the king, he probably served the function of a counselor.
Zaccur
Zaccur of the house of Reuben was the father of Shammua, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.
Zalmon
Zalmon the Ahohite, according to 2 Samuel 23:28 in the Masoretic Text, is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In the Masoretic Text of 1 Chronicles 11:29, in another copy of the same list of warriors, he is called "Ilai the Ahohite." Where the Masoretic Text has "Zalmon," various manuscripts of the Greek Septuagint have Ellon, Sellom, or Eliman. And where the Masoretic Text has "Ilai," the Septuagint reads Elei, Eli, or Ela.
Zaza
Zaza was one of the sons of Jonathan mentioned in (1 Chronicles 2:33); he was also the brother of Peleth and the grandson of Jada.
Zebadiah
Zebadiah (cf. Zebedee) may refer to:
A son of Asahel, Joab's brother (1 Chronicles 27:7).
A Levite who took part as one of the teachers in the system of national education instituted by Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:7–8).
The son of Ishmael, "the ruler of the house of Judah in all the king's matters" (2 Chronicles 19:8–11).
A son of Beriah (1 Chronicles 8:15).
A Korhite porter of the Lord's house (1 Chronicles 26:2). Three or four others of this name are also mentioned.
Zebudah
Zebudah was the first wife of King Josiah; they had a son, Jehoiakim. She is mentioned in these passages: 2 Kings 23:36. She was the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.
Zechariah
Zechariah was the name of 18 minor biblical individuals.
In addition to the characters named above, there are numerous minor characters in the Bible with the same name:
A prophet, who had "understanding in the seeing of God," in the time of Uzziah, who was much indebted to him for his wise counsel: 2 Chron 26:5.
One of the chiefs of the tribe of Reuben: 1 Chron 5:7.
One of the porters of the tabernacle: 1 Chron 9:21.
1 Chron 9:37.
A Levite who assisted at the bringing up of the ark from the house of Obed-edom: 1 Chron 15:20–24.
A Kohathite Levite: 1 Chron 24:25.
A Merarite Levite: 1 Chron 27:21.
The father of Iddo: 1 Chron 27:21.
One who assisted in teaching the law to the people in the time of Jehoshaphat: 2 Chron 17:7.
A Levite of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 20:14.
One of Jehoshaphat's sons: 2 Chron 21:2.
The father of Abijah (queen), who was the mother of Hezekiah: 2 Chron 29:1 possibly the same as Isaiah's supporter Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah Isa 8:2.
One of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 29:13.
One of the "rulers of the house of God": 2 Chron 35:8.
A chief of the people in the time of Ezra, who consulted him about the return from captivity in Ezra 8:16; probably the same as mentioned in Neh 8:4.
Neh 11:12.
Neh 12:16.
Neh 12:35–41.
Zedekiah
(Hebrew צִדְקִיָּה tsidqiyah)
Zedekiah, King of Judah
Zedekiah, son of Chenaanah, a false prophet in the time of Kings Jehoshaphat and Ahab
Zedekiah, son of Maaseiah, who, according to Jeremiah 29:21, was a false prophet.
Zedekiah the son of Hananiah, one of the princes to whom Michaiah told of Jeremiah's prophecy – Jeremiah 36:12
Zedekiah the son of King Jehoiachin according to 1 Chronicles 3:16. Not to be confused with his granduncle King Zedekiah.
Zephaniah
Zephaniah (Hebrew צפניה, pronounced TsePhNiYaH) was the name of at least three people in the Bible:
Zephaniah the prophet (q.v.)
Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest in Jeremiah 29:25. A member of the deputation sent by King Zedekiah to Jeremiah (Jeremiah 21:1; 37:3). "He is probably the same Zephaniah who is called 'the second priest' in 52:24 ... and was among those executed after the capture of Jerusalem in 587 B.C. In the present situation he is overseer of the temple (vs. 26), occupying the position which had been held earlier by Pashur, who had put Jeremiah in stocks..."
Zephaniah also called Uriel which was the son of Tahath and the father of Uzziah or Azariah according to 1 Chronicles 6:24
Zephon
See Ziphion.
Zerah
See Zohar.
Zerahiah
Zerahiah was a High Priest and an ancestor of Zadok, he was the son of Uzzi and the father of Meraioth. He is mentioned in (1 Chronicles 6:6, 1 Chronicles 6:51; Ezra 7:4)
Zeri
See Izri.
Zeror
Zeror, son of Bechorath, of the tribe of Benjamin, was the great-grandfather of King Saul and of his commander Abner. According to Saul, his family was the least of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Samuel 9)
Zichri
Zichri was a son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses. Zichri was also the name of the father of Amasiah, one of Jehoshaphat's commanders according to 2 Chron 17:16.
Zidkijah
Zidkijah is mentioned in chapter 10 of Nehemiah.
Zillah
In Genesis 4:19, 22–23, Zillah (Hebrew: צִלָּה – Ṣillāh) is a wife of Lamech and the mother of Tubal-cain and Naamah.
Ziphah
In 1 Chronicles 4:16, Ziphah (zī'fe) is mentioned as a son of Jehaleleel, a descendant of Judah.
Zippor
Zippor was the father of Balak, a prophet of Jehovah in Moab, in Numbers 22. He was a descendant of Moab, the son of Lot.
Ziphion
Ziphion or Zephon is a son of Gad (Genesis 46:16), and was the progenitor of the Zephonites (Numbers 26:15). There may be a connection with the angel Zephon.
Zithri
In Exodus 6:22, Zithri ("the Lord protects"), a Levite, was the son of Uzziel.
Ziza
Ziza (or Zizah) was the name of 3 biblical individuals:
A Gershonite, the second son of Shimei (1 Chronicles 23:10–11). The spelling is according to the Septuagint; most Hebrew manuscripts have Zina.
The son of Shiphi mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.
A son of King Rehoboam and Maacah the daughter of Avishalom mentioned in 2 Chronicles 11:20.
Zobebah
Zobebah (also known as Hazzobebah) was a son of Koz (1 Chronicles 4:8).
Zohar
For the Zohar found in a variant reading of 1 Chronicles 4:7, see Izhar.
Zohar or Zerah was a son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10, Exodus 6:15, and Numbers 26:13. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Zoheth
Zoheth was a son of Ishi (1 Chronicles 4:20).
Zuar
Zuar was a member of the house of Issachar according to Numbers 1:8. He was the father of Nethaneel.
Zuph
Zuph or Zophai was an Ephraimite and an ancestor of Samuel, he was the father of Tohu or Toah according to (1 Samuel 1:1). He was the son of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) according to (1 Chronicles 6:35). He is listed as being an Ephraimite even though he came from the line of Levi.
Zuriel
Zuriel ("My Rock is God") was the son of Abihail (Numbers 3:35). A Levite, Zuriel was chief prince of the Merarites at the time of the Exodus.
Zurishaddai
In Numbers 1:6, Rock of the Almighty ("Shaddai is my rock") was the father of Shelumiel, the prince of the Tribe of Simeon. He is mentioned in this context five times in the Book of Numbers.
See also
List of biblical names
List of burial places of biblical figures
List of major biblical figures
List of minor biblical tribes
List of minor biblical places
References
^ Numbers 3:21 NKJV
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Likhi". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Williams, Nora A. (1992). "Maai (Person)". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4. New York: Doubleday. p. 431. ISBN 9780300140811.
^ Fulton, Deirdre N. (2015). Reconsidering Nehemiah's Judah: The Case of MT and LXX Nehemiah 11–12. Mohr Siebeck. p. 156. ISBN 9783161538810.
^ a b Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox. p. 346. ISBN 9780664221867.
^ Mandel, David (2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 250. ISBN 9780827610293.
^ The Interpreter's Bible, 1951, volume V, page 1060.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Machnadebai". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ 1 Chronicles 8:9.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Malcham". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Frederic W. Bush, Art. Marsena In: David Noel Freedman (Hrsg.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday 1992, ISBN 3-438-01121-2, Bd. 4, S. 573.
^ "Chapter:-1----The Country of Arabia--Part One". January 2018.
^ "Harvard Mirador Viewer".
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Matred". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Pulpit Commentary on 1 Samuel 10, accessed 1 May 2017.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Matthanias". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Richard S. Hess (15 October 2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Baker Academic. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4412-0112-6.
^ (Adam Clarke, 1831, p. II 685)
^ a b T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Meshillemoth". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ 2 Chronicles 28:12
^ Neh 11:13
^ Easton's Bible Dictionary - Mithredath.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Naharai". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ a b T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Nahath". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:31, 5:19.
^ Naphish - King James Bible Dictionary.
^ Theodor Nöldeke (1899). "Hagar". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ he New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990. ISBN 0-13-614934-0.
^ .
^ Saadia Gaon (1984). Yosef Qafih (ed.). Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Pentateuch (in Hebrew) (4 ed.). Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 33 (note 35). OCLC 232667032.
^ 1 Kings 11:26, 16:3.
^ C. H. W. Johns (1901) . "Nebuzaradan". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Nehemiah 6:14: King James Version
^ Esther 9:7 in the Bishops' Bible of 1568, accessed 30 December 2022.
^ Genesius, H. W. F., Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index, published 1979.
^ "2 Samuel 21 Brenton Septuagint Translation". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Rechab and the Rechabites" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 1219. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
^ Rannfrid I. Thelle; Terje Stordalen; Mervyn E. J. Richardson (16 June 2015). New Perspectives on Old Testament Prophecy and History: Essays in Honour of Hans M. Barstad. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 978-90-04-29327-4.
^ Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) . "Rehum". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ "Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 4, chapter 7, section 1". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-02. ...and Rekem, who was of the same name with a city, the chief and capital of all Arabia, which is still now so called by the whole Arabian nation, Arecem, from the name of the king that built it; but is by the Greeks called Petra
^ Hammond, Philip C. (1980). "New Evidence for the 4th-Century A. D. Destruction of Petra". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (238): 65–67. doi:10.2307/1356516. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356516. S2CID 163457321.
^ NLT takes this interpretation, but in slightly different words.
^ L'Heureux, Conrad E. "The yelîdê Hārāpā': A Cultic Association of Warriors." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 221, 1976, pp. 83–85. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356087.
^ Ronald F. Youngblood (7 March 2017). 1 and 2 Samuel. Zondervan. p. 913. ISBN 978-0-310-53179-1.
^ Meir Lubetski; Edith Lubetski (11 September 2012). New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-58983-557-3.
^ a b Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.
^ Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.
^ "Shammai from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
^ International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, "Shammua."
^ Peretz Rodman, "Shelumiel — The First Schlemiel?", The Forward, 26 May 2006.
This interpretation has been identified as a folk etymology. Klein in his Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language (1987), s.v. שלומיאל, interprets the term as a corruption of shelo mo'il (שלא מועיל) "useless" (cited after balashon.com, 18 December 2009).
^ Leviticus 24:15–16.
^ "Shelomith from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
^ 1 Kings 16:24.
^ 1 Chron 2:31, 34–35.
^ Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), "Shimei."
^ Public Domain Hirsch, Emil G.; Price, Ira Maurice; Bacher, Wilhelm; Seligsohn, M.; Montgomery, Mary W.; toy, Crawford Howell (1901–1906). "Solomon". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 436–448.
^ The New International Version notes that "one Hebrew manuscript and Vulgate ; most Hebrew manuscripts "Bathshua"
^ "1 Chronicles 3 Brenton Septuagint Translation". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ 2 Samuel 14:2
^ 2 Samuel 14:4
^ 2 Samuel 14:9
^ 2 Chronicles 20:20
^ "Amos". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ Bedford, Peter (1992). "Vaizatha (Person)". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 781. ISBN 9780300140811.
^ Holman Bible Dictionary
^ a b McMillion, Phillip E. (1992). "Zabud (Person)". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 1032. ISBN 9780300140811.
^ a b c Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) . "Zalmon (second entry)". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 4, Q–Z. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ "Strong's Hebrew: 6667. צִדְקִיָּה (Tsidqiyyahu or Tsidqiyyah) – "Yah is righteousness," six Israelites". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ 1 Kings 22:11.
^ The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, 1991, pp. 287–88.
^ The Interpreter's Bible, 1951, volume V, page 1021.
^ See New International Version, footnote.
^ E.g. New International Version.
^ See Shlomo ben Aderet: (responsa i., No. 12; quoted in the Jewish Encyclopedia): "one of the sons of Simeon is called Zohar in Gen. xlvi. 10 and Ex. vi. 15, and Zerah in Num. xxvi. 13, but since both names signify 'magnificent,' the double nomenclature is explained."
^ For the etymology, see David Mandel (1 January 2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-8276-1029-3.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Here are the names which start with L-Z; for A-K see there.Contents\n \n A–K (previous page)\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ \n \n\nSee also\nReferences","title":"List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, L–Z"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelah_(son_of_Judah)"},{"link_name":"Judah (son of Jacob)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"}],"sub_title":"Laadah","text":"Laadah (Hebrew: לאדה) is one of the sons of Shelah, son of Judah (son of Jacob) in 1 Chronicles 4:21.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Libni"}],"sub_title":"Laadan","text":"See Libni","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Libni"}],"sub_title":"Ladan","text":"See Libni","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon"},{"link_name":"Numbers 3:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_3"},{"link_name":"Eliasaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eliasaph"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:7–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+23:7%E2%80%9311&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Lael","text":"Lael (Hebrew לָאֵל \"belonging to God\") was a member of the house of Gershon according to Numbers 3:24. He was the father of Eliasaph. Neither of these is named in the Gershonite list in 1 Chronicles 23:7–11.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elhanan, son of Jair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elhanan,_son_of_Jair"}],"sub_title":"Lahmi","text":"Lahmi, according to 1 Chronicles 20:5, was the brother of Goliath, killed by David's warrior Elhanan. See also Elhanan, son of Jair.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan (ancient city)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Palti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"Michal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Laish","text":"This entry is about the individual named Laish. For the city Dan, known also as Laish, see Dan (ancient city).Laish is a name which appears in 1 Samuel 25:44 and 2 Samuel 3:15, where it is the name of the father of Palti, or Paltiel, the man who was married to Saul's daughter Michal before she was returned to David.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deborah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah"}],"sub_title":"Lapidoth","text":"Lapidoth was the husband of Deborah, the fourth judge of Israel, according to Judges 4:4.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Letushim","text":"Letushim appears as a son of Dedan according to Genesis 25:3.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Dedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedan_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Jokshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokshan"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Keturah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturah"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"25:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#3"}],"sub_title":"Leummim","text":"Leummim (Hebrew: לְאֻמִּים) was the third son of Dedan, son of Jokshan, son of Abraham by Keturah (Genesis 25:3).","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:7–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+23:7%E2%80%939&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Libni","text":"Libni (Hebrew לִבְנִי) was a son of Gershon of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:17 and Numbers 3:18. He was born in Egypt. His descendants are referred to as the 'Libnites'.[1] The first born son of Gershon is named as Laadan (or Ladan) in 1 Chronicles 23:7–9.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_likhi-2"}],"sub_title":"Likhi","text":"Likhi son of Shemida is listed in a genealogy of the tribe of Manasseh. He is mentioned only in 1 Chronicles 7:19.[2]","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea"},{"link_name":"Gomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer_(wife_of_Hosea)"},{"link_name":"Hosea 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:1"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:9"}],"sub_title":"Lo-Ammi","text":"Lo-Ammi (Hebrew for \"not my people\") was the youngest son of Hosea and Gomer. He had an older brother named Jezreel and an older sister named Lo-Ruhamah. God commanded Hosea to name him \"Lo-Ammi\" to symbolize his anger with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea"},{"link_name":"Gomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer_(wife_of_Hosea)"},{"link_name":"Hosea 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:1"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:9"}],"sub_title":"Lo-Ruhamah","text":"Lo-Ruhamah (Hebrew for \"not loved\") was the daughter of Hosea and Gomer. She had an older brother named Jezreel and a younger brother named Lo-Ammi. Her name was chosen by God to symbolize his displeasure with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Reumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Reumah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Maacah","text":"Maacah was the youngest son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maadai","text":"Maadai, son of Bani is found in Ezra 10:34, in a list of men recorded as having married foreign women.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"}],"sub_title":"Maadiah","text":"Maadiah appears in a list of priests and Levites said to have accompanied Zerubbabel in Nehemiah 12:5.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zechariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_(list_of_biblical_figures)"},{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 12:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:36&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Maai","text":"Maai (Hebrew: מָעַי) was a musician who was a relative of Zechariah, a descendant of Asaph. He is mentioned once, as part of the ceremony for the dedication of the rebuilt Jerusalem wall (Nehemiah 12:36), where he was part of the group that processed southwards behind Ezra.[3] His name is omitted in the Septuagint translation of the passage, as are the names of five other relatives of Zechariah mentioned in the same verse.[4] The name is otherwise unattested.[5] Blenkinsopp suggests that Maai is a diminutive nickname.[5] Mandel proposes its Hebrew origin means \"sympathetic\".[6]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"15:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a15.htm#18"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"15:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a15.htm#20"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"23:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b23.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Ahaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaz"},{"link_name":"Pekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"28:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b28.htm#7"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2034:8"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 21:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2021:1"},{"link_name":"37:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2037:3"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 29:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2029:21"},{"link_name":"Neriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neriah"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 32:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2032:12"},{"link_name":"51:59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2051:59"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+10:18&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Maaseiah","text":"Several men called Maaseiah (Hebrew מַעֲשֵׂיָה or מַעֲשֵׂיָהוּ maaseyah(u) \"Work of YHWH\") are mentioned in the Bible:One of the Levites whom David appointed as porter for the ark 1 Chronicles 15:18, 1 Chronicles 15:20\nOne of the \"captains of hundreds\" associated with Jehoiada in restoring king Jehoash to the throne 2 Chronicles 23:1\nThe \"king's son\", probably one of the sons of king Ahaz, killed by Zichri in the invasion of Judah by Pekah, king of Israel 2 Chronicles 28:7\nOne who was sent by king Josiah to repair the temple 2 Chronicles 34:8. He was governor (Heb. sar, rendered elsewhere in the Authorized Version \"prince,\" \"chief captain\", chief ruler\") of Jerusalem.\nThe father of the priest Zephaniah Jeremiah 21:1, 37:3\nThe father of the false prophet Zedekiah Jeremiah 29:21\na priest, the father of Neriah Jeremiah 32:12, 51:59\nThe son of Shallum, \"the keeper of the threshold\" (Jeremiah 35:4) \"may be the father of the priest Zephaniah mentioned in [Jeremiah] 21:1; 29:25; 37:3\".[7]\nOne of the sons of Jeshua who had married a foreign wife during the exile (Ezra 10:18).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#12"}],"sub_title":"Maasiai","text":"Hebrew for \"Worker of Yahweh\", one of the priests resident at Jerusalem at the Captivity 1 Chronicles 9:12","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#27"}],"sub_title":"Maaz","text":"Maaz was one of the sons of Ram the firstborn of Jerahmeel. His brothers were: Jamin and Eker. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:27.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priestly course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_divisions"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a24.htm#18"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%2010:8"}],"sub_title":"Maaziah","text":"Head of the twenty-fourth and final priestly course in David's reign, 1 Chronicles 24:18.\nAlso, a priest named in Nehemiah 10:8.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gadite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"12:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a12.htm#13"}],"sub_title":"Machbanai","text":"Hebrew for \"Clad with a mantle\", one of the Gadite heroes who joined David in the wilderness 1 Chronicles 12:13","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"}],"sub_title":"Machbena","text":"Machbena or Machbenah, according to the only mention of him, in 1 Chronicles 2:49, was the son of Sheva the son of Caleb.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad"},{"link_name":"Geuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Geuel"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Machi","text":"Machi of the tribe of Gad was the father of Geuel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:15.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_machnadebai-8"}],"sub_title":"Machnadebai","text":"Machnadebai is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible only once, in Ezra 10:40, where the name appears in a list of people alleged to have married foreign women.[8]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yehud Medinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata"}],"sub_title":"Magpiash","text":"Magpiash, according to Nehemiah 10:20, was one of the men who signed a covenant between God and the people of Yehud Medinata.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahalath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalath"},{"link_name":"Genesis 28:6–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2028:6%E2%80%939&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Basemath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basemath"},{"link_name":"Jerimoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerimoth"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Abihail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihail"},{"link_name":"Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 11:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b11.htm#18"},{"link_name":"Shamariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamariah"},{"link_name":"Zaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaham"}],"sub_title":"Mahalath","text":"Mahalath, one of the wives of Esau, and a daughter of Ishmael (Genesis 28:6–9). Thought to be the same as Basemath of Genesis 36.\nMahalath, a daughter of Jerimoth, son of David and Abihail, granddaughter of Jesse, the first-named wife of king Rehoboam in 2 Chronicles 11:18. She had three children: Jeush, Shamariah, and Zaham.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merari"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"}],"sub_title":"Mahali","text":"Mahali (also Mahli) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#35"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"29:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b29.htm#12"}],"sub_title":"Mahath","text":"Hebrew for \"Grasping\"A Kohathite Levite, father of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) 1 Chronicles 6:35\nAnother Kohathite Levite, of the time of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29:12)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#4"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#30"}],"sub_title":"Mahazioth","text":"Heb. \"Visions\", a Kohathite Levite, chief of the twenty-third course of musicians 1 Chronicles 25:4,1 Chronicles 25:30","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maher-shalal-hash-baz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher-shalal-hash-baz"}],"sub_title":"Maher-shalal-hash-baz","text":"Maher-shalal-hash-baz (\"Hurry to spoil!\" or \"He has made haste to the plunder!\") was the second mentioned son of the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 8.1–4). The name is a reference to the impending plunder of Samaria and Damascus by the king of Assyria. The name is the longest personal name in the Bible.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name"},{"link_name":"daughters of Zelophehad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Zelophehad"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"26:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0426.htm#33"},{"link_name":"27:1–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0427.htm#1"},{"link_name":"36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0436.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Jo.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Jo.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"17:3–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0617.htm#3"},{"link_name":"Gilead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead"},{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Abiezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abieezer"},{"link_name":"1 Chr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chr."},{"link_name":"7:18–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a07.htm#18"}],"sub_title":"Mahlah","text":"Mahlah is the name of two biblical persons:One of the daughters of Zelophehad, who with her four sisters brought a claim regarding inheritance before Moses. (Numbers 26:33, 27:1–11, 36; Jo. 17:3–6)\nA child of Gilead's sister Hammolecheth and great-granddaughter of Manasseh. She had two siblings, Ishhod and Abiezer. (1 Chr. 7:18–6)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Kings 4:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%204:31"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Mahol","text":"The father of four sons 1 Kings 4:31 who were inferior in wisdom only to Solomon.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_malcham-10"}],"sub_title":"Malcam","text":"For the deity sometimes called Malcam, Malcham, or Milcom, see Moloch.Malcam (King James Version spelling Malcham) son of Shaharaim appears only once in the Hebrew Bible in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin.[9][10]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriah_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher"}],"sub_title":"Malchiel","text":"Malchiel (Hebrew מַלְכִּיאֵל \"my king is God\") was a son of Beriah the son of Asher, according to Genesis 46:17 and Numbers 26:45. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to 1 Chronicles 7:31, he was the ancestor of the Malchielites, a group within the Tribe of Asher.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#33"},{"link_name":"battle of Gilboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gilboa"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 31:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2031:2"}],"sub_title":"Malchishua","text":"Heb. \"King of help\" or \"King of salvation\", one of the four sons of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:33). He perished along with his father and brothers in the battle of Gilboa (1 Samuel 31:2).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Malchiah","text":"Malchiah (Hebrew: מלכיהו malkiyahu \"God is my king\") son of the king (Jeremiah 38:6), owner of the pit into which Jeremiah was thrown","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heman the Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heman_the_Levite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#4"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#26"}],"sub_title":"Mallothi","text":"A Kohathite Levite, one of the sons of Heman the Levite (1 Chronicles 25:4), and chief of the nineteenth division of the temple musicians 1 Chronicles 25:26","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merari"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#44"},{"link_name":"Neh. NIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%20&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:29&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:32&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Malluch","text":"There are two biblical figures named MalluchA Levite of the family of Merari 1 Chronicles 6:44\nA priest who returned from Babylon (Neh. NIV),(Ezra 10:29),(Ezra 10:32)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis 36:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:23"}],"sub_title":"Manahath","text":"Manahath is one of the sons of Shobal. His brothers names were: Ebal, Shepho, Onam, and Alvan (Genesis 36:23).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%202:45"}],"sub_title":"Maon","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 2:45, Maon was a member of the clan of Caleb, the son of Shammai and the father of Beth Zur.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esther 1:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Esther%201:14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Carshena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carshena"}],"sub_title":"Marsena","text":"Marsena appears in Esther 1:14 as one of seven Persian and Medean princes.[11] Marsena also advised King Ahasuerus.\nSee also: Carshena. There exists the presumption that both counselors have Persian names.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod"},{"link_name":"Asshur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tse Tsan-Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tse_Tsan-Tai"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples of Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Mash","text":"Mash was a son of Aram according to Genesis 10:23. In Arabic traditions, Mash is considered the father of Nimrod (not Nimrod bin Kush bin Kanan), who begot Kinan, who in turn begot another Nimrod, and the lattermost's descendants mixed with those of Asshur (i.e. Assyrians).[12] Tse Tsan-Tai identifies his descendants with the indigenous peoples of Siberia.[13]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"},{"link_name":"Gen. 25:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:14"}],"sub_title":"Massa","text":"Hebrew word meaning tribute or burden, one of the sons of Ishmael, the founder of an Arabian tribe (Gen. 25:14); a nomadic tribe inhabiting the Arabian desert toward Babylonia.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_matred-14"}],"sub_title":"Matred","text":"Matred, according to Genesis 36:39 and 1 Chronicles 1:50, was the mother-in-law of the Edomite king Hadad II.[14]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 10:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"Matrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrites_(family)"},{"link_name":"Kish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Becher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becher_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+46:21&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Matri","text":"Matri, of the Tribe of Benjamin, was an ancestor of Saul according to 1 Samuel 10:21. Matri's clan, or the family of the Matrites, was chosen, and, from them, Saul the son of Kish was chosen to be king. The family of the Matrites is nowhere else mentioned in the Hebrew Bible; the conjecture, therefore, is that Matri is probably a corruption of Bikri, i.e. a descendant of Becher (Genesis 46:21).[15]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Athaliah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athaliah"},{"link_name":"King Azariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah"},{"link_name":"Jehoash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 11:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+11:18&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Mattan","text":"Mattan (Mathan in the Douay–Rheims translation) was a priest of the temple of Baal in Jerusalem who was killed during the uprising against Athaliah when King Azariah's remaining son, Jehoash, was appointed king of Judah (2 Kings 11:18).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Bible"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezra%2010:33"}],"sub_title":"Mattattah","text":"Mattattah (KJV: Mattathah) was one of the descendants of Hashum mentioned in Ezra 10:33 along with Mattenai, Zabda, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh and Shimei who married foreign wives.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_matthanias-16"}],"sub_title":"Matthanias","text":"Two men called Matthanias are mentioned in 1 Esdras, one each mentioned in 1 Esdras 9:27 and 9:31. In both passages, the parallel text in Ezra 10:26 and 10:30 contains the name Mattaniah.[16]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaiah"},{"link_name":"Shemaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Sanballat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanballat_the_Horonite"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"6:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%206:10&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Mehetabeel","text":"Mehetabeel (\"Whom God benefits\" or \"God causes good\") was the father of Delaiah, and grandfather of Shemaiah, who joined Sanballat against Nehemiah (Nehemiah 6:10).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"36:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2036:39&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Mehetabel","text":"Mehetabel (\"מהיטבאל\") (\"Whom God benefits\" or \"God causes good\") was the wife of Hadad, one of the kings of Edom (Genesis 36:39).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"}],"sub_title":"Mehir","text":"Mehir son of Chelub appears in a genealogy of the Tribe of Judah in 1 Chronicles 4:11.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahalalel_Malaleel_filius_yrath_(titel_op_object)_Liber_Chronicarum_(serietitel),_RP-P-2016-49-8-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"4:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%204:18"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"Irad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Irad"},{"link_name":"Methushael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Methushael"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hess2007-17"}],"sub_title":"Mehujael","text":"Mehujael as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).In Genesis 4:18, Mehujael (Hebrew: מְחוּיָאֵל – Məḥūyāʾēl or מְחִיּיָאֵל; Greek: Μαιηλ – Maiēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Irad and the father of Methushael.\nThe name means \"El (or) the god enlivens.\"[17]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahasuerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasuerus"},{"link_name":"Vashti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashti"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther"},{"link_name":"1:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%201:10&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Mehuman","text":"Faithful, one of the eunuchs whom Ahasuerus commanded to bring in Vashti (Esther 1:10).\n\nPersian \"مهمان signifies a stranger or guest\"[18]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"}],"sub_title":"Melatiah","text":"Melatiah the Gibeonite is a person who, according to Nehemiah 3:7, was responsible for rebuilding a portion of the wall of Jerusalem after the end of the Babylonian captivity.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#35"},{"link_name":"Melech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch"}],"sub_title":"Melech","text":"King, the second of Micah's four sons 1 Chronicles 8:35), and thus grandson of Mephibosheth. Also related to a southwest Asian god, see Melech","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"1:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%201:11&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"1:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%201:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%201:9&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Melzar","text":"Probably a Persian word meaning master of wine, i.e., chief butler; the title of an officer at the Babylonian court Daniel 1:11, Daniel 1:16 who had charge of the diet of the Hebrew youths. Daniel had a providential relationship of \"favour and tender love\" with Melzar (Daniel 1:9).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merab (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merab_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Samuel"},{"link_name":"14:49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2014:49"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 18:17–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2018:17%E2%80%9319"},{"link_name":"Adriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriel"},{"link_name":"Abel-Meholah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel-meholah"},{"link_name":"Beit She'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_She%27an"},{"link_name":"Gibeonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeonites"},{"link_name":"Gibeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeah"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 21:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%2021:8"}],"sub_title":"Merab","text":"\"Merab\" redirects here. For the (unrelated) masculine given name, see Merab (given name).Merab was the eldest of Saul's two daughters (1 Samuel 14:49). She was offered in marriage to David after his victory over Goliath, but does not seem to have entered heartily into this arrangement (1 Samuel 18:17–19). She was at length, however, married to Adriel of Abel-Meholah, a town in the Jordan valley, about 10 miles south of Bethshean (Beit She'an), with whom the house of Saul maintained an alliance. She had five sons, who were all put to death by the Gibeonites on the hill of Gibeah (2 Samuel 21:8). Merab is also a common feminine name in Israel.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Meraiah","text":"A chief priest, a contemporary of the high priest Joiakim (Neh 12:12).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:6–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#6"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#52"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"12:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b12.htm#15"}],"sub_title":"Meraioth","text":"Father of Amariah, a priest of the line of Eleazar (1 Chronicles 6:6–7), (1 Chronicles 6:52). It is uncertain if he ever was the high priest.\nA priest who went to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:15). He is called Meremoth in Neh 12:3.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"12:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b12.htm#3"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"8:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a08.htm#33"}],"sub_title":"Meremoth","text":"A priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:3), to whom were sent the sacred vessels (Ezra 8:33) belonging to the temple. He took part in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 3:4).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Meres","text":"Meres is listed in Esther 1:14 as one of seven officials in the service of Ahasuerus.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#21"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"26:1–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a26.htm#1"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Meshelemiah","text":"A Levite of the family of the Korhites, called also Shelemiah (1 Chronicles 9:21),(1 Chronicles 26:1–14) He was a temple gate-keeper in the time of David.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_meshillemoth-19"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Pekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekah"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_meshillemoth-19"}],"sub_title":"Meshillemoth","text":"Two men called Meshillemoth (in one case spelled Meshillemith) are mentioned in the Bible.[19]The father of Berechiah, a member of the Tribe of Ephraim during the time when Pekah was king.[20]\nA priest, the son of Immer.[21] He is called \"Meshillemoth\" in 1 Chronicles 9:12.[19]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meshullam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshullam"}],"sub_title":"Meshullam","text":"See Meshullam","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Amon of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings"},{"link_name":"21:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#19"}],"sub_title":"Meshullemeth","text":"The wife of King Manasseh of Judah, and the mother of King Amon of Judah (2 Kings 21:19).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"4:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%204:18"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"Mehujael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mehujael"},{"link_name":"Lamech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamech,_descendant_of_Cain"}],"sub_title":"Methusael","text":"In Genesis 4:18, Methusael or Methushael (Hebrew: מְתוּשָׁאֵל – Məṯūšāʾēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Mehujael and the father of Lamech.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matred"},{"link_name":"Gen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Gen"},{"link_name":"36:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#39"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"1:50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a01.htm#50"},{"link_name":"Mehetabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehetabel"},{"link_name":"Hadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"}],"sub_title":"Mezahab","text":"The father of Matred (Gen 36:39),(1 Chronicles 1:50), and grandfather of Mehetabel, wife of Hadar, the last king of Edom.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mijamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijamin"}],"sub_title":"Miamin","text":"See Mijamin","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hagarene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagarene"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"11:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a11.htm#38"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Samuel"},{"link_name":"23:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b23.htm#36"}],"sub_title":"Mibhar","text":"A Hagarene, one of David's warriors (1 Chronicles 11:38); called also Bani the Gadite (2 Samuel 23:36).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Gen"},{"link_name":"25:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#13"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"4:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a04.htm#25"}],"sub_title":"Mibsam","text":"One of Ishmael's twelve sons, and head of an Arab tribe (Gen 25:13).\nA son of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:25).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"}],"sub_title":"Mibzar","text":"Mibzar was an Edomite clan (possibly named after an eponymous chieftain) mentioned in Genesis 36:31-43.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[miχaˈʔel]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Who is like God?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus%3F"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Sethur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sethur"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"},{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:1-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%208:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 5:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%205:13&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:20&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:40&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Joram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 21:2–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2021:2%E2%80%934&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Michael","text":"Michael (is the masculine given name that comes from Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל / מיכאל (Mīkhāʼēl, pronounced [miχaˈʔel]), derived from the question מי כאל mī kāʼēl, meaning \"Who is like God?\") is the name of 8 minor biblical individuals besides from the Archangel Michael.Michael of the house of Asher was the father of Sethur, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.\nMichael was the oldest son of Izrahiah, a descendant of Issachar according to 1 Chronicles 7:1-3\nMichael was the 6th son of Beriah the head of the family of those living in Aijalon and who drove out the inhabitants of Gath of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Chronicles 8:16)\nMichael was a chief Gadite in Bashan. (1 Chronicles 5:13)\nMichael was a Manassite and one of David's mighty warriors in Ziklag. (1 Chronicles 2:20)\nMichael was an ancestor of Asaph as the son of Baaseiah and the father of Shimea as a Gershonite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:40)\nMichael was the father of Omri, the leader of the tribe of Judah and the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:18)\nMichael was one of the sons of King Jehoshaphat who was killed by Joram his brother in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2–4)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Michaiah","text":"Two men called Michaiah (Hebrew: מיכיה Mikayah \"Who is like Yah?\") are mentioned in the Bible:Michaiah, son of Imri (q.v.)\nMichaiah, the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan (Jeremiah 36:11), who heard Baruch's reading of the oracles of YHVH to Jeremiah, and reported to king Johoiakim","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzzi"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#8"}],"sub_title":"Michri","text":"\"Prize of Jehovah\" or \"Selling\", a Benjamite, the father of Uzzi (1 Chronicles 9:8).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priestly divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_divisions"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles_24#List_of_the_priestly_divisions"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 12:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_12:5"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nehemiah#10:8"},{"link_name":"Neh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Neh"},{"link_name":"12:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b12.htm#17"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a10.htm#25"}],"sub_title":"Mijamin","text":"Three men called Mijamin (also spelled Miamin, Miniamin, Minjamin) (\"from the right hand\") are mentioned in the Bible:The head of the sixth of twenty four priestly divisions set up by King David. (1 Chronicles 24:9)\nA chief priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:5), who signed the renewed covenant with God. (Nehemiah 10:8) In the time of Joiakim his family had joined with that of Moadiah, and was led by Piltai. He was also called Miniamin. (Neh 12:17)\nA non-priestly Mijamin son of Parosh is mentioned in Ezra 10:25 as one of those who divorced a gentile wife, and sacrificed a ram in atonement.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"27:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a27.htm#4"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#32"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#37"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#38"}],"sub_title":"Mikloth","text":"An officer under Dodai, in the time of David and Solomon (1 Chronicles 27:4).\nA Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:32),(1 Chronicles 9:37), (1 Chronicles 9:38).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Neh"},{"link_name":"12:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:36&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Milalai","text":"A Levitical musician (Neh 12:36) who took part in the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mijamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijamin"},{"link_name":"King Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"Levitical cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitical_city"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 31:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+31:15&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Miniamin","text":"See also: MijaminMiniamin (or Mijamin) was one of the agents appointed under Kore in the time of King Hezekiah to distribute a share of the plenty to the priests in the Levitical cities of Judah (2 Chronicles 31:15.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mijamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijamin"}],"sub_title":"Minjamin","text":"See Mijamin","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Uzziel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziel"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Amram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amram"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Elzaphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Elzaphan"},{"link_name":"Nadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadab_and_Abihu"},{"link_name":"Abihu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihu"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 10:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"three Hebrew youths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"fiery furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego#Fiery_furnace"}],"sub_title":"Mishael","text":"Two men called 'Mishael (Hebrew מִישָׁאֵל 'Who is what is god (El)?') are mentioned in the Bible:Mishael was a son of Uzziel of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:22, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.\nHe and Elzaphan were asked by Moses to carry away Nadab's and Abihu's bodies to a place outside the camp. (Leviticus 10:4)Mishael was one of the three Hebrew youths who were trained with Daniel in Babylon (Dan. 1:11, 19). He and his companions were cast into and miraculously delivered from the fiery furnace for refusing to worship the king's idol (3:13–30). Mishael's Babylonian name was Meshach.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mishma","text":"Mishma, son of Simeon (1 Chron. 4:25–26).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"12:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a12.htm#10"}],"sub_title":"Mishmannah","text":"(Hebrew מִשְׁמַנָּה) one of the Gadite heroes who gathered to David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:10).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Mithridates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"King Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"1:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a01.htm#8"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"4:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%204:7&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Mithredath","text":"(Hebrew: מִתְרְדָת; Greek: Μιθραδάτης; Latin: Mithridates) The Hebrew form of the Persian name Mithridates meaning 'given/dedicated to the sun'.[22]The \"treasurer\" of King Cyrus (Ezra 1:8).\nA Persian officer in Samaria (Ezra 4:7).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)"},{"link_name":"Moabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab"},{"link_name":"Genesis 19:36–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2019:36%E2%80%9337&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Moab","text":"Moab was the son of Lot and his eldest daughter. He became the father of the Moabites (see Genesis 19:36–37).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abishur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abishur"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#29"}],"sub_title":"Molid","text":"(Hebrew מוֹלִיד)A son of Abishur of the tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:29).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#46"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:36–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#36"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:42–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#42"}],"sub_title":"Moza","text":"(Hebrew מוֹצָא)One of the sons of Caleb (1 Chronicles 2:46).\nThe son of Zimri, of the posterity of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:36–37),(1 Chronicles 9:42–43).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"}],"sub_title":"Muppim","text":"Muppim (Hebrew מֻפִּים) or Shuphim was the eighth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21 and Numbers 26:39.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merari"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"}],"sub_title":"Mushi","text":"Mushi (Hebrew מוּשִׁי) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"},{"link_name":"Jephunneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jephunneh"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:15&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Naam","text":"Naam was one of the sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh. (1 Chronicles 4:15) His brothers were Iru and Elam.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Bela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Bela"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_8"}],"sub_title":"Naaman","text":"Naaman is the fifth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21, but the son of Bela and therefore the grandson of Benjamin according to Numbers 26:38-40 and 1 Chronicles 8:4 He is not mentioned among the sons of Bela in 1 Chronicles 7:7.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezron"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:6&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Naarah","text":"According to the Hebrew Bible, Naarah was one of the two wives of Ashur the son of Hezron which bore Ashur: Ahuzam, Hepher, Temeni and Haahashtari according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Kings 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Kings#21:1"}],"sub_title":"Naboth","text":"Naboth was a minor figure known for owning a vineyard that king Ahab wished to have for himself. When Naboth was unwilling to give up the vineyard, Ahab's wife Jezebel instigated a plot to have Naboth killed. See 1 Kings 21.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"High Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Nadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam_I"},{"link_name":"Baasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"1 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Kings"},{"link_name":"14:20, 15:25, 15:27, 15:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a14.htm#20"},{"link_name":"Shammai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shammai"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#28"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#36"}],"sub_title":"Nadab","text":"Nadab is the name of 4 biblical individualsA son of Aaron and a High Priest mentioned many times in the Hebrew Bible.\nNadab a King of Israel and a son of Jeroboam I assassinated by Baasha of Israel. He is mentioned in 1 Kings 14:20, 15:25, 15:27, 15:31.\nA son of Shammai and brother of Abishur mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:28.\nA son of Gideon mentioned in 1 Chronicles 9:36.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_naharai-23"}],"sub_title":"Naharai","text":"Naharai (or Nahari) the Beerothite is listed in 2 Samuel 23:37 and 1 Chronicles 11:39 as one of David's Mighty Warriors.[23]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_nahath-24"},{"link_name":"Esau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau"},{"link_name":"Edomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_nahath-24"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel"}],"sub_title":"Nahath","text":"Three men called Nahath appear in the Bible.[24]Nahath, son of Reuel, son of Esau appears in a genealogy of the Edomites, found in Genesis 36:13 and repeated in 1 Chronicles 1:37. According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica', this Nahath is probably the same figure as the Naham of 1 Chronicles 4:19 and the Naam of 1 Chronicles 4:15.[24]\nA Nahath appears in the ancestry of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:26 (verse 11 in some Bibles).\nA Nahath appears in a list of Levite supervisors in the time of Hezekiah, in 2 Chronicles 31:13","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vophsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vophsi"},{"link_name":"Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Nahbi","text":"Nahbi, the son of Vophsi of the house of Naphtali, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"},{"link_name":"Ishmaelite tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael#Descendants"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jetur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetur"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hagar-27"},{"link_name":"Psalm 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_83"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Naphish","text":"Naphish (once Nephish in the King James Version) is one of the sons of Ishmael. After him an Ishmaelite tribe is named.[25] The name נפיש in Hebrew means \"refreshed\".[26] His tribe is listed with Jetur, and is assumed to have resided nearby and lived a nomadic, animal-herding lifestyle in sparsely populated land east of the Israelites.[27] Psalm 83,[28][29] however lists these as Hagarites separately from the other ten tribes which lived more southernly.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mizraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizraim"},{"link_name":"Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:13.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0110.htm"},{"link_name":"Saadia Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon"},{"link_name":"Al Gharbiyah region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gharbiyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Naphtuhim","text":"Naphtuhim is a son of Mizraim and grandson of Ham first mentioned in Genesis 10:13. According to the medieval biblical exegete, Saadia Gaon, his descendants inhabited the town of Birma (Al Gharbiyah region, Egypt), and were formerly known as Parmiin.[30]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elionenai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Elionenai"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon"}],"sub_title":"Neariah","text":"Two men called \"Neariah\" appear in the Bible. Neariah the son of Shemaiah, was a descendant of David, and father of Elionenai (1 Chronicles 3:22). The other Neariah was, according to 1 Chronicles, a leader in the Tribe of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:42).","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Nebat","text":"Nebat (Hebrew: נבט nebat \"Sprout\", Douay–Rheims: Nabat), an Ephraimite of Zereda, was the father of King Jeroboam.[31]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_nebuzaradan-32"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 25:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_25:8"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#25:11"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#25:20"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 52:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#52:30"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 39:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#39:9"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#39:11"},{"link_name":"40:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#40:2"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#40:5"}],"sub_title":"Nebuzaradan","text":"Nebuzaradan (the biblical form of his name, derived from the Babylonian form Nabu-zar-iddin, meaning \"Nabu has given a seed\")[32] was the captain of Nebuchadnezzar's bodyguard, according to the Bible. He is mentioned in 2 Kings 25:8, 11, 20;Jeremiah 52:30; Jeremiah 39:9,11, 40:2, 5.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"}],"sub_title":"Nedabiah","text":"Nedabiah, according to 1 Chronicles 3:18, was one of the sons of king Jeconiah.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rehum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehum"}],"sub_title":"Nehum","text":"See Rehum","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehoiakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiakim"},{"link_name":"Elnathan ben Achbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elnathan_ben_Achbor"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 24:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#Chapter_24"},{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"}],"sub_title":"Nehushta","text":"Nehushta was the wife of King Jehoiakim and daughter of Elnathan ben Achbor of Jerusalem, according 2 Kings 24:8. She was also the mother of King Jehoiachin.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Kohanim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohanim"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:48,60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezra#Chapter_2"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:50, 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nehemiah#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Nekoda","text":"Nekoda was the ancestor of 652 Jews who returned from Babylonia with Ezra, but were declared ineligible to serve as Kohanim (priests) because they could not prove that their ancestors had been Kohanim. This is recounted in Ezra 2:48,60 and in Nehemiah 7:50, 62, where the number of men is given as 642.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eliab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eliab"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Jemuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemuel"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)"}],"sub_title":"Nemuel","text":"Two men called Nemuel are mentioned in the Bible:The son of Eliab of the Tribe of Reuben according to Numbers 26:9.\nJemuel, a son of Simeon.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_Mason)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Amram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amram"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 5:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_5"}],"sub_title":"Nepheg","text":"Two men called Nepheg are mentioned in the Bible:A son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.\nA son of David according to 2 Samuel 5:15.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naphish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphish"}],"sub_title":"Nephish","text":"See Naphish","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"Abner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 14:50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_14"}],"sub_title":"Ner","text":"Ner (Hebrew: \"Candle\") was an uncle of Saul and the father of Abner according to 1 Samuel 14:50.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Nethaniah","text":"Nethaniah, son of Asaph, was one of the musicians appointed by David for the musical service of the Temple (1 Chronicles 25:2, 12).","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"false prophetess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_prophet"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 6:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah+6:14&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"walls of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Noadiah","text":"Noadiah was a false prophetess mentioned in Nehemiah 6:14, one of the antagonists to Nehemiah who sought to discourage him from rebuilding the defensive walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah calls on God to \"remember\" her, or in the King James Version, to \"think thou upon [her]\".[33]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobah"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Amorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite"},{"link_name":"Kenath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenath"},{"link_name":"Numbers 32:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_32"}],"sub_title":"Nobah","text":"Nobah, of the Tribe of Manasseh defeated the Amorites, took the villages of Kenath and renamed it Nobah according to Numbers 32:42.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Nogah","text":"Nogah, a son of David, appears in two lists of David's sons: 1 Chronicles 3:7 and 1 Chronicles 14:6.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z#Sheconiah"},{"link_name":"Arnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Arnan"}],"sub_title":"Obadiah","text":"Obadiah was a descendant of David, father of Sheconiah, and son of Arnan","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joktan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joktan"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Obal","text":"Obal, also Ebal, was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:28, 1 Chronicles 1:22.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehoiada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiada"},{"link_name":"Joash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 23:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2023:1&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Obed","text":"Obed was the father of Azariah, one of the \"commanders of the hundreds\" who formed part of Jehoiada's campaign to restore the kingship to Joash in 2 Chronicles 23:1.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_27"}],"sub_title":"Obil","text":"Obil was an Ishmaelite, a keeper of camels in the time of David, according to 1 Chronicles 27:30.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Pagiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pagiel"}],"sub_title":"Ocran","text":"Ocran was a member of the house of Asher according to Numbers 1:13. He was the father of Pagiel.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#10"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0206.htm#15"}],"sub_title":"Ohad","text":"Ohad was the third son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10 and Exodus 6:15. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Peleth"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"Korah's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korach_(parsha)"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Numbers 16:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_16"},{"link_name":"Douai Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai_Bible"},{"link_name":"Korah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korah"},{"link_name":"Dathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dathan"},{"link_name":"Abiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiram"}],"sub_title":"On","text":"On, the son of Peleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1. On is referred to as \"Hon\" in the Douai Bible translation. He is mentioned alongside Korah, Dathan and Abiram as the instigators of the rebellion, but not referred to later when Korah, Dathan and Abiram were challenged and punished for their rebellion.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"36:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#23"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#26"}],"sub_title":"Onam","text":"Onam was the name of 2 biblical figures:Onam one of the sons of Shobal (Genesis 36:23).\nOnam the son of Jerahmeel and the step-brother of his brothers. His mother was named Atarah (1 Chronicles 2:26).","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joktan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joktan"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Ophir","text":"Ophir was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:29, 1 Chronicles 1:23.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_2"}],"sub_title":"Oren","text":"Oren was a son of Jerahmeel according to 1 Chronicles 2:25.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:15&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:25&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Ozem","text":"Two men called Ozem (Hebrew אצם, 'oTsehM, \"Urgency\") appear in the Bible.The sixth son of Jesse and thus a brother of David (1 Chronicles 2:15).\nA son of Jerahmeel (1 Chronicles 2:25).","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Ezbon"}],"sub_title":"Ozni","text":"See Ezbon.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ocran"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"leaders of the tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_tribes_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Pagiel","text":"Pagiel (Hebrew פַּגְעִיאֵל) was a son of Ocran, a prince of the house of Asher and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:13.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"},{"link_name":"Raphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raphu"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Palti","text":"This is about the Palti mentioned in Numbers. For the other biblical Palti, see Palti, son of Laish.Palti, the son of Raphu of the house of Benjamin, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"},{"link_name":"tribe of Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Paltiel","text":"This is about the Paltiel in the Book of Numbers. For the other Paltiel, see Palti, son of Laish.Paltiel (Hebrew פַּלְטִיאֵל \"delivered by God\") was a prince of the tribe of Issachar, one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan among his tribe (Num. 34:26).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"Book of Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"}],"sub_title":"Parmashta","text":"Parmashta appears briefly in Esther 9:9, where he is listed as one of the ten sons of Haman, who is the primary antagonist of the Book of Esther because of his desire to wipe out the Jews.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizaphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizaphan"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Zebulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Zebulun"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Parnach","text":"Parnach was the father of Elizaphan, a prince of the Tribe of Zebulun. (Num. 34:25).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:3 10:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:310&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 3:25 7:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%203:257&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2010:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Parosh","text":"Parosh also called Pharosh, was the name of at least 2 biblical individuals.An ancestor of one of the families who returned from the exile with Zerubbabel and Ezra (Ezra 2:3 10:25, Nehemiah 3:25 7:8).\nOne of the chiefs mentioned in Nehemiah 10:14 and a leader of the people who signed the covenant with Nehemiah.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"Book of Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther"},{"link_name":"Esther 9:5–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%209:5%E2%80%9314&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Parshandatha","text":"Parshandatha, also Pharsandatha,[34] was one of the ten sons of Haman. He was killed by a Jew or Jews (the account in the Book of Esther is unclear) and Esther had his corpse impaled (see Esther 9:5–14).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Paruah","text":"Paruah is mentioned in 1 Kings 4:17 as the father of \"Jehoshaphat son of Peruah\", a governor governing the territory of the Tribe of Issachar under Solomon.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Paseah","text":"Paseah is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible. In a genealogy of Judah, a Paseah appears (1 Chronicles 4:12) as the son of Eshton, the son of Mehir, the son of Chelub. Another Paseah is mentioned indirectly (Nehemiah 3:6) by way of his son Jehoiada, a repairer of a section of the wall of Jerusalem.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Pedahel","text":"Pedahel Prince of the tribe of Naphtali; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:28).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel,_son_of_Pedahzur"}],"sub_title":"Pedahzur","text":"Pedahzur was a member of the house of Manasseh according to Numbers 1:10. He was the father of Gamaliel.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yehud Medinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata"}],"sub_title":"Pelaiah","text":"Two men called Pelaiah are mentioned in the Bible. In 1 Chronicles 3:23, a Pelaiah appears in a genealogy. He is listed as one of the sons of Elioenai, the son of Neariah, the son of Shemaiah, the son of Shechaniah. The other Pelaiah appears in Nehemiah (8:7; 10:10) as a Levite who helped to explain biblical law to the inhabitants of Yehud Medinata and signed a document against intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pelaliah","text":"Pelaliah (Hebrew Pĕlalyāh) is mentioned in Nehemiah 11:12, which lists a descendant of his as a priestly leader in Jerusalem. The descendant is specified as \"Adaiah son of Jeroham son of Pelaliah son of Amzi son of Zechariah son of Pashhur son of Malchiah.\"","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:42&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2010:22&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Pelatiah","text":"Pelatiah (Hebrew: פלטיהו Pelatyahu, meaning \"whom Jehovah delivered\")[35] the son of Benaiah, a prince of the people (Ezekiel 11:1), was among the 25 men who Ezekiel saw at the East Gate of the temple. He fell dead upon hearing the prophecy regarding Jerusalem (Ezekiel 11:13).Another Pelatiah appears as being the son of Hananiah the son of Zerubbabel. He is mentioned in 2 passages: 1 Chronicles 3:21 and 1 Chronicles 4:42.The last Pelatiah is one of the people mentioned in Nehemiah 10:22 who sealed the covenant.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azmaveth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azmaveth"},{"link_name":"Ziklag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziklag"}],"sub_title":"Pelet","text":"Pelet was one of the sons of Azmaveth, according to 1 Chronicles 12:3, who supported King David at Ziklag.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#On"},{"link_name":"Korah's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korah%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Numbers 16:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_16"}],"sub_title":"Peleth","text":"There are 2 biblical individuals named PelethPeleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was the father of On, a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1.\nPeleth one of the sons of Jonathan the son of Jada, and the brother of Zaza.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"}],"sub_title":"Peresh","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Peresh was the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2024:16&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Pethahiah","text":"Three men called Pethahiah are named in the Bible.A levite, mentioned in Nehemiah 10:23 and Nehemiah 9:5.\nPethahiah ben Meshezabel, who was one of the \"sons of Zerah\" of the Tribe of Judah.\nPethahiah was one of the priest in the temple service ordained by David. (1 Chronicles 24:16)","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Joel 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joel#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Pethuel","text":"Pethuel, the father of Joel, in Joel 1:1.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Peulthai","text":"Peulthai, according to 1 Chronicles 26:5, was the eighth of Obed-edom's eight sons. The passage in which they are listed records gatekeepers of the temple at Jerusalem.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Phallu","text":"Phallu or Pallu was a son of Reuben according to Genesis 46:9, Exodus 6:14 and Numbers 26:5. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"}],"sub_title":"Phalti","text":"For the individual called \"Phalti\" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"}],"sub_title":"Phaltiel","text":"For the individual called \"Paltiel\" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon"},{"link_name":"Judges 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Judges#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"Midianites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian"}],"sub_title":"Phurah","text":"Phurah was a servant of Gideon in Judges 7. Gideon takes Phurah with him to spy on the Midianites before battle.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Phuvah","text":"Phuvah or Pua was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13 and Numbers 26:23. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Milcah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcah"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"22:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0122.htm#22"}],"sub_title":"Pildash","text":"Pildash was the sixth son of Nahor and Milcah (Genesis 22:22).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pinon","text":"Pinon is listed as one of the \"chiefs\" of Edom, in Genesis 36:41, and, in a copy of the same list, in 1 Chronicles 1:52.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarmuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmuth"}],"sub_title":"Piram","text":"Piram, according to Joshua 10:3, was the king of Jarmuth.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%207:59&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:57&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"}],"sub_title":"Pochereth-hazzebaim","text":"Pochereth-hazzebaim was one of Solomon's servants whose descendants returned from the exile with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:59;Ezra 2:57) He was the head of a family who returned from Babylon. The King James Version has his name modified into Pochereth of Hazzebeim but of was not in 1611 edition of the KJV. In 1 Esdras 5:34 he is called Phacareth.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"}],"sub_title":"Poratha","text":"Poratha, according to Esther 9:8, was one of the ten sons of Haman, the antagonist of the Book of Esther who attempted to wipe out the Jewish people.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"}],"sub_title":"Pul","text":"Pul was an abbreviation for the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. Pul attacked Israel in the reign of Menahem and extracted tribute. 2 Kings 15:19","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Jethro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Putiel","text":"Putiel was the father of Eleazar's wife according to Exodus 6:25. According to Rashi this was another name of Jethro.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qedarites: Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedarites#Biblical"}],"sub_title":"Qedar","text":"Qedar (Kedar): see Qedarites: Biblical","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neh.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"}],"sub_title":"Raamiah","text":"Raamiah (Hebrew רַעַמְיָה) is one of the princes who returned from the Exile (Neh. 7:7). He is also called Reelaiah in Ezra 2:2.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabmag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabmag"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"}],"sub_title":"Rabmag","text":"Rabmag (Hebrew רַב־מָג, from Assyrian \"Rab-mugi\") was a \"chief physician\" attached to the king of Babylon (Jeremiah 39:3,13).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Raddai","text":"Raddai, according to 1 Chronicles 2:14, was one of the brother of King David.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rekem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_figures,_L-Z#Rekem"}],"sub_title":"Rakem","text":"See Rekem.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ramiah","text":"Ramiah, according to Ezra 10:25, was an Israelite layperson, a member of the group named \"sons of Parosh\", who was guilty of marrying a foreign woman.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Massoretic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoretic_text"},{"link_name":"Ishbi-benob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishbi-benob"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Latin Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Vulgate"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Rapha","text":"Rapha, according to the Septuagint version of 2 Samuel 21:16, was the parent of Jesbi, the name in that version for the giant referred to in the Massoretic text as Ishbi-benob.[36] In the Latin Vulgate, he is referred to as Arapha or Arafa.[37]","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Palti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Palti"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Raphu","text":"Raphu of the house of Benjamin was the father of Palti, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_the_King"},{"link_name":"Ish-bosheth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ish-bosheth"},{"link_name":"Kenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenite"},{"link_name":"Jehonadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehonadab"},{"link_name":"Jehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehu"},{"link_name":"Rechabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechabites"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Malchiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malchiah"},{"link_name":"Beth-haccerem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_HaKerem_(Bible)"}],"sub_title":"Rechab","text":"Rechab (Hebrew: רֵכָב Rēḵāḇ) is the name of three men in the Bible:One of the two \"captains of bands\" whom Saul's son Ish-bosheth took into his service, and who conspired to kill him. (2 Samuel 4:2)\nA Kenite, mentioned as the father of Jehonadab at King Jehu's time, from whom the tribe of the Rechabites derived their name.[38] Jehonadab and his people had all along become worshippers of God.\nThe father of Malchiah, ruler of part of Beth-haccerem. (Nehemiah 3:14)","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"}],"sub_title":"Regem","text":"Regem is named in 1 Chronicles 2:47 as one of the sons of Jahdai, a figure who appears in a genealogy associated with Caleb.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasTenney2011-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThelleStordalen2015-40"}],"sub_title":"Regem-melech","text":"A figure called Regem-melech, along with a \"Sharezer\", came, according to some interpretations of Zechariah 7:2, to Bethel to ask a question about fasts. It is unclear whether the name is intended as a title or as a proper name.[39] The grammar of the verse is difficult and several interpretations have been proposed.[40]","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"}],"sub_title":"Rehabiah","text":"Rehabiah is a figure mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible, as the ancestor of a group of Levites. He is identified as the son of Eliezer the son of Moses (1 Chronicles 23:17; 26:25). Chronicles identifies him as the father of a person named Isshiah (Hebrew Yiššiyāh, 1 Chronicles 24:21) or Jeshaiah (Hebrew Yĕshaʿyāhû, 1 Chronicles 26:25).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Samuel 8:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:3&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 8:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:12&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2010:11&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Rehob","text":"Rehob (Hebrew: רחב which can be translated into Rahab) was the name of 2 biblical figures:The father of Hadadezer the king of Zobah and could possibly be the predecessor of Hadadezer. He is mentioned in 2 Samuel 8:3 and 2 Samuel 8:12.\nOne of the Levites who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah mentioned in Nehemiah 10:11.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_rehum-41"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"}],"sub_title":"Rehum","text":"Rehum refers to four or five biblical figures.[41]A Rehum is mentioned in Ezra 2:2, who is called Nehum in Nehemiah 7:7. He appears in passing, in two copies of a list of people said to have come from Persia to Yehud Medinata under the leadership of Nehemiah. He may be the same individual mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3.\nA Rehum is mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3, where he is listed as part of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel.\nRehum son of Bani, a Levite, appears in a list of people who contributed to building Nehemiah's wall in Nehemiah 3:17.\nRehum, a member of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel according to Nehemiah 12:3.\nRehum was an official, according to Ezra 4:8–23, who along with collaborators opposed the Jewish attempt to rebuild Jerusalem.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeshaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesaiah"},{"link_name":"Book of Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Rephaiah","text":"Rephaiah is the name of 3 biblical figures:Rephaiah (Hebrew רְפָיָה \"the Lord has healed\"), a descendant of David was the father of Arnan and the son of Jeshaiah.\nRephaiah the son of Hur the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem according to the Book of Nehemiah.\nRephaiah the son of Binea and the father of Eleasah, also called Rapha.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midianite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian"},{"link_name":"Phinehas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinehas"},{"link_name":"Eleazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar"},{"link_name":"Numbers 31:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_31"},{"link_name":"Joshua 13:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Reba","text":"Reba was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of minor biblical places § Rekem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places#Rekem"},{"link_name":"Midianite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian"},{"link_name":"Phinehas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinehas"},{"link_name":"Eleazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar"},{"link_name":"Numbers 31:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_31"},{"link_name":"Joshua 13:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_13"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra"},{"link_name":"Nabateans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"},{"link_name":"Machir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machir"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"}],"sub_title":"Rekem","text":"This is about individuals in the Bible named Rekem. For the city by that name, see List of minor biblical places § Rekem.Rekem (Hebrew רֶקֶם) refers to more than one individual in the Hebrew Bible:Rekem was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21. Josephus identifies Rekem with the king who built Petra, a city later associated with the Nabateans.[42] He indicates that in his time the local population still called it Rekem after this founder, and in fact, according to modern scholarship the Nabateans themselves referred to it by this name RQM (רקם)[43] in the Aramaic alphabet they used, spelled identically as the Biblical name.\nAccording to 1 Chronicles 2:43–44, Hebron, a figure associated with the biblical Caleb, was the father of a person named Rekem.\nAccording to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Machir the son of Manasseh was the ancestor of a figure named Rekem. In this last passage, the King James Version spells the name as Rakem.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"26:7–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a26.htm#7"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Tiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim"},{"link_name":"Shemaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)"}],"sub_title":"Rephael","text":"In 1 Chronicles 26:7–8, Rephael (Hebrew: רְפָאֵל, Modern: Refaʾel, Tiberian: Rəp̄āʾēl, \"healed of God\") was one of Shemaiah's sons. He and his brethren, on account of their \"strength for service,\" formed one of the divisions of the temple porters.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reumah","text":"Reumah, according to Genesis 22:24, was the concubine of Abraham's brother Nahor, and the mother of his children Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maachah.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rezon","text":"According to 1 Kings 11:23– Rezon (Hebrew: רזון Rezon) became regent in Damascus and was an adversary of Solomon.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeah"},{"link_name":"King David's Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David%27s_Warriors"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 23:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_23"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 11:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_11"}],"sub_title":"Ribai","text":"Ribai, a Benjamite of Gibeah, was the father of Ittai, one of King David's Warriors (2 Samuel 23:29, 1 Chronicles 11:31).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"}],"sub_title":"Rinnah","text":"Rinnah appears once in the Bible, as the son of a man named Shimon (1 Chronicles 4:20) in a genealogy of Tribe of Judah. Neither Shimon's origin nor precise relationship to Judah is given.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"}],"sub_title":"Rohgah","text":"In 1 Chronicles 7, Rohgah, also spelled Rohagah, was one of the sons of Shamer (the vocalization found in v. 34) or Shomer (the vocalization found in v. 32), who is identified as the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of the tribal patriarch Asher.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"}],"sub_title":"Romamti-ezer","text":"Romamti-ezer appears twice in the Hebrew Bible, both times in 1 Chronicles 25. In verse 4 he is identified as one of the fourteen sons of Heman, one of three men who according to Chronicles were assigned to be in charge of musical worship in the Temple of Jerusalem. Later in the chapter, 288 assigned to the musical service are divided into twenty-four groups of twelve. The twenty-fourth group is assigned to Romamti-ezer (verse 31).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"46:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#46:21"},{"link_name":"NASB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible"},{"link_name":"KJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Septuagint_version_of_the_Old_Testament_(Brenton)"},{"link_name":"Theodotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodotion"},{"link_name":"Symmachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)"}],"sub_title":"Rosh","text":"Hebrew: ראש rosh \"Head\"Rosh is the seventh of the ten sons of Benjamin named in Genesis 46:21.A nation named Rosh is also possibly mentioned in Ezekiel 38:2–3, 39:1 \"Son of man, set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal; and prophesy concerning him.\"This translation \"Rosh\" is found in NASB but not in KJV and most modern versions. Also in a variant reading of Isaiah 66:19 (MT) and the Septuagint Jeremiah 32:23.[citation needed] Many scholars categorize this as a mistranslation of נְשִׂ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ, nesi ro'š (\"chief prince\"), rather than a toponym [citation needed].However, the three oldest translations of the Old Testament (The Septuagint, Theodotion and Symmachus) all transliterate the word \"rosh\" into the Greek in Ezekiel 38 and 39, thus treating it as a proper noun and suggesting they viewed this word as a toponym. Significantly, these same translations choose to translate and not transliterate the same Hebrew word into its Greek interpretations in other chapters (e.g. Ezekiel 40:1).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Sabtah","text":"Sabtah (סַבְתָּ֥ה) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Sabtechah","text":"Sabtechah (סַבְתְּכָ֑א) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 11:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_11"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 23:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_23"},{"link_name":"Obed-Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obed-Edom"},{"link_name":"Gittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 26:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Sachar","text":"Two men called Sachar (sometimes spelled Sacar or Sakar) are mentioned in the Bible:One of David's heroes 1 Chronicles 11:35; also called Sharar 2 Samuel 23:33.\nA son of Obed-Edom the Gittite, and a temple porter 1 Chronicles 26:4.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sachia","text":"Sachia (also Sakia) appears only in 1 Chronicles 8:10, where he is listed as one of the \"sons\" of Shaharaim. The King James Version spells the name Shachia.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Zimri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimri_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Heresy of Peor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy_of_Peor"},{"link_name":"Numbers 25:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_25"}],"sub_title":"Salu","text":"Salu, of the house of Simeon, was the father of Zimri who was involved in the Heresy of Peor according to Numbers 25:14.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)"},{"link_name":"Philistines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Saph","text":"Saph is a figure briefly mentioned in a section of 2 Samuel which discusses four yelide haraphah killed by Israelites. According to 2 Samuel 21:18, a war broke out between Israel and the Philistines. During the battle, Sibbecai the Hushathite, one of David's Mighty Warriors, killed Saph, who was one of the four. The expression yelide haraphah is rendered several different ways in translations of the Bible: \"the descendants of Rapha\" (NIV, NLT), \"the descendants of the giants\" (ESV, NLT[44]), \"the descendants of the giant\" (NASB, Holman), and \"the sons of the giant\" (KJV, ASV). While most interpreters the phrase as a statement about the ancestry of the four people killed, describing them as descended from giants, another interpretation takes the phrase as meaning \"votaries of Rapha,\" in reference to a deity by that name to which a group of warriors would have been associated.[45][46]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelah_(son_of_Judah)"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:21-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+4%3A21-23&version=NLT"}],"sub_title":"Saraph","text":"Saraph (Hebrew: שראף) was a descendant of Shelah, son of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:21-23)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Masoretes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretes"},{"link_name":"New International Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Version"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebo-Sarsekim_Tablet"}],"sub_title":"Sarsekim","text":"Sarsekim, also spelled Sarsechim, is a name or title, or a portion of a name or title, which appears in Jeremiah 39:3. Jeremiah describes Babylonian officials, some named and the rest unnamed, who according to the text sat down \"in the middle gate\" of Jerusalem during its destruction in 587 or 586 BCE. The portion which explicitly gives the names and/or titles of the officials reads, in Hebrew, nrgl śr ʾṣr smgr nbw śr skym rb srys nrgl śr ʾṣr rb-mg. Various interpretations have divided the names in various ways. The King James Version, sticking closely to the grammatical indicators added to the text by the Masoretes during the Middle Ages, reads this as indicating six figures: \"Nergalsharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris, Nergalsharezer, Rabmag\". The New International Version sees three characters \"Nergal-Sharezer of Samgar, Nebo-Sarsekim a chief officer, Nergal-Sharezer a high official.\" Versions featuring these three figures, with variations in the exact details of translations, include NLT and ESV. Four figures appear in the New American Standard Bible, \"Nergal-sar-ezer, Samgar-nebu, Sar-sekim the Rab-saris, Nergal-sar-ezer the Rab-mag.\"In 2007, a Babylonian Tablet was deciphered containing a reference to a \"Nabu-sharussu-ukin,\" identified as referring to the biblical figure.[47] See Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Good News Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_News_Bible"},{"link_name":"Jair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair"},{"link_name":"Segub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segub"},{"link_name":"Gilead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:21–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%202:21%E2%80%9322"}],"sub_title":"Seba","text":"Seba was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9\nThe \"tall men of Seba\" (Good News Bible) are also referred to in Isaiah 45:14possibly be Jair the judge of Israel, Segub also controlled twenty-three cities in Gilead. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:21–22.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perez_(son_of_Judah)"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"}],"sub_title":"Seled","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 2:1–30, in the genealogical section which begins the book of Chronicles, Seled, who died childless, was the brother of Appaim and son of Nadab, the son of Shammai, the son of Onam, the son of Jerahmeel, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah, the eponymous founder of the Tribe of Judah.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obed-Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obed-Edom"}],"sub_title":"Semachiah","text":"Semachiah (or Semakiah) appears in 1 Chronicles 26:7, in a genealogical passage concerning gatekeepers of the Jerusalem Temple. Semachiah is described as a son of Shemaiah, a son of Obed-Edom.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zebulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulun"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Sardites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#Sardites"}],"sub_title":"Sered","text":"Sered was a son of Zebulun according to Genesis 46:14 and Numbers 26:26. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to the verse in Numbers, he was the eponymous forefather of the clan of Sardites.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Michael"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Sethur","text":"Sethur, the son of Michael of the house of Asher, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JaphetShaaph-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JaphetShaaph-48"}],"sub_title":"Shaaph","text":"Shaaph appears in the second chapter of 1 Chronicles. In one translation, these verses read as follows: \"And the sons of Jahdai: Regem, and Jotham, and Geshan, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph. Maacah, Caleb's concubine, bore Sheber and Tirhanah. And [the wife of] Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva the father of Machbenah and the father of Gibea. And the daughter of Caleb was Achsah\" (1 Chronicles 2:47–49).The words [the wife of] do not occur in the Hebrew text, which reads literally, as Sara Japhet translates it, \"And Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva . . .\" but with a feminine form (watteled) of the verb \"bore,\" rather than the expected masculine form wayyoled.[48] Japhet outlines several possibilities as to how the text may originally have read.[48]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shaashgaz","text":"Shaashgaz appears in the Hebrew Bible in Esther 2:14, where it is given as the name of the eunuch who was in charge of the \"second house of the women\".","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezra%2010:15"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 8:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%208:7"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 11:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%2011:16"},{"link_name":"Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Zarephathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarepta"},{"link_name":"Meshullam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshullam"},{"link_name":"Jozabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozabad"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Biblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica"}],"sub_title":"Shabbethai","text":"Shabbethai, a Levite who helped Ezra in the matter of the foreign marriages (Ezra 10:15), probably the one present at Ezra's reading of the law (Nehemiah 8:7), and possibly the Levite chief and overseer (Nehemiah 11:16). The name might mean \"one born on Sabbath\", but more probably is a modification of the ethnic Zephathi (Zephathite), from Zarephathi (Zarephathite). Meshullam and Jozabad, with which Shabbethai's name is combined, both originate in ethnic names. (Encyclopaedia Biblica)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Shammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammah"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Shagee","text":"Shagee (also spelled Shage or Shageh) is a figure who appears, indirectly, in one version of the list of David's Mighty Warriors.In 1 Chronicles 11:34, a figure appears who is called \"Jonathan the son of Shagee the Hararite.\" In 2 Samuel 23:32–33, the name \"Jonathan\" appears directly before the name \"Shammah the Harodite\", while in 2 Samuel 23:11 is found \"Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite,\" who is the subject of a very brief story in which he fights with Philistines. The exact sort of copying error or deliberate abbreviation that may have led to this state of affairs is uncertain.[49]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Hushim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushim"},{"link_name":"Baara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baara_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Hodesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodesh"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:8–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_8"}],"sub_title":"Shaharaim","text":"Shaharaim was a member of the house of Benjamin. He had three wives, Hushim, Baara, and Hodesh, according to 1 Chronicles 8:8–9.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shemed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shemed"}],"sub_title":"Shamed","text":"See Shemed.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Shamhuth","text":"Shamhuth the Izrahite (Hebrew, Shamhut ha-Yizrah) is a figure mentioned in the list of military divisional captains in 1 Chronicles 27:8. The 27th chapter of 1 Chronicles gives the names of people who, according to the Chronicler, were in charge of 24,000-man divisions of David's military, each of which was on active duty for a month. Shamhuth was the commander for the fifth month of each year. Other Izrahites were mentioned in 1 Chronicles 26:29 in connection with duties outside Jerusalem.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of minor biblical places § Shamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places#Shamir"}],"sub_title":"Shamir","text":"This is about the individual named Shamir. For the biblical place-name Shamir, see List of minor biblical places § Shamir.Shamir appears in a list of Levite names (1 Chronicles 24:24).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammah"}],"sub_title":"Shammah","text":"See Shammah for several people by this name.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_2"},{"link_name":"Jada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jada_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Jerahmeelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeelite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:44–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:44%E2%80%9345&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Bithiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithiah"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Shammai","text":"Shammai (Hebrew: שִׁמִּי) was the name of at least 3 biblical individuals.One of the sons of Onam according to 1 Chronicles 2:28, he also had two sons: Nadab and Abishur, he was also the brother of Jada.\nA son of Rekem and the father of Maon, and a Jerahmeelite. (1 Chronicles 2:44–45)\nOne of the children of Ezra in 1 Chronicles 4:17. He was also probably the same person as Shimon (q.v) ver. 20. The Septuagint suggest that Jether was the father of all three. Rabbi D. Kimchi speculates that the children in 1 Chronicles 4:17 were the children of Mered by his wife Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh.[50]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Shammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammah"}],"sub_title":"Shammoth","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 11:27, Shammoth the Harorite was one of David's Mighty Warriors. An entry in the corresponding list in Samuel contains Shammah the Harodite (2 Samuel 23:25). See Shammah.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Zaccur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zaccur"},{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Shammua","text":"There are four individuals by the name of Shammua in the Hebrew Bible:[51]Shammua, the son of Zaccur of the house of Reuben, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.\nOne of David's sons, mentioned in 2 Samuel 5:14 and 1 Chronicles 14:4.\nA Levite in the time of Nehemiah (11:17).\nA Levite in the time of Nehemiah (12:18).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"}],"sub_title":"Shamsherai","text":"Shamsherai is mentioned once, in passing, in a long list of the \"sons of Elpaal\" within a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:26).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gadites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad"}],"sub_title":"Shapham","text":"A figure named Shapham is mentioned in passing once in the Hebrew Bible, in a list of Gadites (1 Chronicles 5:12).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Hori"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Shaphat","text":"Shaphat, the son of Hori of the house of Simeon, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:5.Also the name of one of King David's sons by Bathsheba.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sharai","text":"A Sharai is mentioned once in the Bible, in passing, in a list of the \"sons of Bani\" (Ezra 10:40).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"}],"sub_title":"Sharar","text":"A Sharar is mentioned indirectly in 2 Samuel 23:33, where \"Ahiam the son of Sharar the Hararite\" is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In 1 Chronicles 11:35, the same figure is referred to as Sacar (sometimes spelled Sakar or Sachar).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Nisroch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisroch"}],"sub_title":"Sharezer","text":"Sharezer, according to 2 Kings 19:37 and Isaiah 37:38, was one of the two sons of Sennacherib. He and his brother Adrammelech killed their father as he worshipped in the temple of Nisroch.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shashai","text":"A Shashai is listed in the Book of Ezra as a man who married a foreign wife (Ezra 10:40).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"}],"sub_title":"Shashak","text":"Shashak or Sashak was a member of Benjamin's dynasty, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 8:14 and 25.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sheariah","text":"Sheariah, according to 1 Chronicles 8, was a descendant of King Saul, specifically one of the six sons of Azel (1 Chronicles 8:38), the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza (v. 37), the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoaddah, the son of Ahaz (36), the son of Micah (35), the son of Merib-baal, the son of Jonathan (34), the son of Saul (33). He is also mentioned 1 Chronicles 9, which substantially repeats the same genealogy, except that chapter 9 reads Rephaiah instead of Raphah (v. 43) and Jadah instead of Jehoaddah (42).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 7:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Targum Pseudo-Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Masoretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic"},{"link_name":"Hebrew cantillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Jonathan"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"}],"sub_title":"Shearjashub","text":"Shearjashub (שאר ישוב Šə'ār-yāšūḇ) is possibly[clarification needed] the first-mentioned son of Isaiah according to Isaiah 7:3.\nHis name means \"the remnant shall return\" and was prophetic, offering hope to the people of Israel that although they were going to be sent into exile, and their temple destroyed, God remained faithful and would deliver \"a remnant\" from Babylon and bring them back to their land.However, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Rashi, and some modern translations interpret the phrase according to the Masoretic grammar of the Hebrew cantillation marks, which break the sentence into \"u-sh'ar, yashuv b'nekha,\" \"And the remnant, of your sons which will return,\" viz. a phrase and not a proper noun. Pseudo-Jonathan reads \"and the rest of thy disciples, who have not sinned, and who are turned away from sin,\" and Rashi, \"The small remnant that will return to Me through you, and they are like your sons.\" The Brenton Septuagint Translation and Douay–Rheims Bible translate the phrase \"and thy son Jasub who is left,\" following the Masoretic grammar but assuming that \"Jasub,\" \"will return,\" is still a proper noun.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obadiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z#Obadiah"}],"sub_title":"Sheconiah","text":"Sheconiah was a descendant of David, father of Shemaiah, and son of Obadiah.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shechem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechem"},{"link_name":"Dinah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_34"},{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Joshua 17:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_17"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Shechem","text":"Shechem was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:A prince of Shechem who defiled Dinah according to Genesis 34\nA son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:31, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Elizur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Elizur"}],"sub_title":"Shedeur","text":"Shedeur was a member of the house of Reuben according to Numbers 1:5. He was the father of Elizur.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shelemiah","text":"Shelemiah (Hebrew: שלמיהו) the son of Abdeel, along with two others, was commanded by king Jehoiakim to arrest Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet (Jeremiah 36:25).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Shelomi","text":"Shelomi was the father of Ahihud, a prince of the Tribe of Asher. (Num. 34:27).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zurishaddai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurishaddai"},{"link_name":"tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon"},{"link_name":"leaders of the tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_tribes_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"schlemiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schlemiel"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Shelumiel","text":"Shelumiel (Hebrew: שלמיאל) was a son of Zurishaddai, a prince of the tribe of Simeon and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:6.\nYiddish schlemiel, a term for a \"hapless loser\", is said to be derived from the name.[52]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Shelomith bat Dibri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelomith_bat_Dibri"},{"link_name":"Dibri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibri_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 24:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#Chapter_24"},{"link_name":"stoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning"},{"link_name":"blasphemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy"},{"link_name":"Moses'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2023:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:22–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2024:22%E2%80%9323&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 11:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2011:20&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Shelomith","text":"Shelomith was the name of 5 biblical individuals in the Hebrew Bible.Shelomith bat Dibri was the daughter of Dibri of the house of Dan, according to Leviticus 24:11. She was married to an Egyptian and her son (unnamed) was stoned to death by the people of Israel for blasphemy, following Moses' issue of a ruling[53] on the penalty to be applied for blasphemy.\nA daughter of Zerubbabel during the exile. (1 Chronicles 3:19)\nA Levite and a chief of the sons of Izhar in the time of David's death. (1 Chronicles 23:18) Also called Shelomoth. (1 Chronicles 24:22–23)\nThe youngest child of Rehoboam through Maachah. It is uncertain whether they were a son or daughter. (2 Chronicles 11:20)\nShelomith, with the son of Josiphiah returned from Babylon with Ezra with 80 male individuals. There appears, however, to be an omission, which may be supplied from the Sept., and the true reading is probably \"Of the sons of Bani, Shelomith the son of Josiphiah.\" See also 1 Esdr. 8:36, where he is called \"Assamoth son of Josaphias.\" See Keil, ad oc.[54]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 26:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2026:28&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2023:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Shelomith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shelomith"}],"sub_title":"Shelomoth","text":"Shelomoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.A descendant of Eliezer the son of Moses, put in the duty of temple treasury under David. (1 Chronicles 26:28)\nThe oldest son of Shimei, the chief of the Gershonites in the time of David mentioned in 1 Chronicles 23:9.\nSee Shelomith","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of people in the Hebrew Bible called Shemaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_called_Shemaiah"}],"sub_title":"Shemaiah","text":"See List of people in the Hebrew Bible called Shemaiah","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shemariah","text":"Shemariah is the name of four biblical figures.In 1 Chronicles 12:5, Shemariah is a Benjamite, one of David's soldiers.In 2 Chronicles 11:19, Shemariah is one of the sons of Rehoboam, spelled Shamariah in the King James Version.In Ezra 10:32, Shemariah is one of the \"sons of Harim,\" in a list of men who took foreign wives. Another Shemariah, one of the \"descendants of Bani\", appears in verse 41.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zeboiim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeboim_(biblical)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_14"},{"link_name":"Chedorlaomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedorlaomer"}],"sub_title":"Shemeber","text":"Shemeber is the king of Zeboiim in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shemed","text":"Shemed, spelled Shamed in the King James Version, is a figure briefly listed in 1 Chronicles 8:12 as one of the sons of Elpaal, the son of Shaharaim. He and his two brothers are referred to as \"Eber, and Misham, and Shamed, who built Ono, and Lod, with the towns thereof\" (1 Chronicles 8:12).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Shemer","text":"Shemer (Hebrew: שמר Shemer \"guardian\") is the name of three biblical figures.According to Kings, Shemer was the name of the man from whom Omri, King of Israel, bought Samaria (Hebrew Shomron), which he named after Shemer.[55]According to 1 Chronicles, one of the Levites involved in the musical ministry of the Jerusalem temple was \"Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, the son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shemer, the son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi\" (1 Chronicles 6:44–47). In this passage, the King James Version spells the name Shamer.1 Chronicles 7:34 mentions a Shemer as one of the descendants of the Tribe of Asher. In verse 32, this figure is called Shomer, and is the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of Asher.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Joshua 17:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_17"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Shemida","text":"Shemida was a son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:32, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alamoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamoth"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 15:18,20 16:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2015:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 7:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%207:8&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shemiramoth","text":"Shemiramoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.One of the many Levite musicians who played on his harp to prepare the alamoth when King David moved the Ark of the Covenant from the land of Obed-edom to Jerusalem. (1 Chronicles 15:18,20 16:5)\nOne of the Levite teachers sent by Jehoshaphat all across Judah teaching the Torah by YHWH according to 2 Chronicles 7:8.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Shemuel","text":"Shemuel Prince of the tribe of Simeon; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:20).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:18&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shenazar","text":"Shenazar (Hebrew שֵׁנאִצִּר fiery tooth or splendid leader) was one of the six sons of King Jehoiachin during the time of the exile according to 1 Chronicles 3:18.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Abital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abital"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 3:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_3"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:5&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"Joram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 21:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2021:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Athaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Athaiah"},{"link_name":"tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 11:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2011:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 9:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+9:5&version=av"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%207:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra 1:3,8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%201:3&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:57&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%207:59&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shephatiah","text":"Shephatiah (Hebrew שפטיה) is the name of at least nine Hebrew Bible men:Shephatiah the son of David and Abital, David's fifth son, according to 2 Samuel 3:4.\nShephatiah the son of Mattan (Jeremiah 38:1) who was among the officers who denounced Jeremiah to king Zedekiah.\nA descendant of Haruph and a Benjaminite warrior of David in Ziklag according to 1 Chronicles 2:5.\nA son of Maakah and the phylarch of the Simeonites in the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:16)\nThe youngest of the sons of Jehoshaphat and one of the brothers killed by Joram in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2)\nThe father of Amariah and the son of Mahalalel. He was the ancestor of Athaiah of the tribe of Judah. (Nehemiah 11:4)\nThe son of Reuel and father of Meshullam the chieftain of the tribe of Benjamin during the exile. (1 Chronicles 9:5.\nAn ancestor of 372 descendants of his who went with Zerubbabel from Babylon. (Ezra 2:4;Nehemiah 7:9) He is identical to the Shephatiah of Ezra 1:3,8 whose 80 descendants returned in the rule of Zebadiah and Ezra.\nOne of Solomon's servants whose descendants also returned with Zerubbabel from Babylon to Israel. (Ezra 2:57;Nehemiah 7:59)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis 36:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#23"}],"sub_title":"Shepho","text":"Shepho is one of the sons of Shobal according to (Genesis 36:23).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Numbers 13:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2013:22&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Joshua 15:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2015:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Judges 1:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%201:10&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Sheshai","text":"Sheshai was one of the descendants of Anak mentioned in Numbers 13:22. When the Israelites took possession of the land, Sheshai along with Talmai and Ahiman were driven out of the land. (Joshua 15:14; Judges 1:10)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first book of Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Jarha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarha"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Sheshan","text":"Sheshan is the name of one, or possibly two, biblical characters mentioned in the first book of Chronicles:\"The son of Ishi was Sheshan, and Sheshan's daughter was Ahlai ... Now Sheshan had no sons, only daughters. And Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha. Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant as wife, and they had a child, Attai.\"[56]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Shillem","text":"Shillem was a son of Naphtali according to Genesis 46:24 and Numbers 26:49. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:30&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:39&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shimea","text":"Shimea, according to bible's account, was the name of 2 biblical individuals.A Merarite as the son of Uzziah, and also the father of Haggish. (1 Chronicles 6:30)\nThe grandfather of Asaph the prophet or seer of the men who ministered with music before the tabernacle, the tent of meeting. He is the father of Asaph's father Berechiah. (1 Chronicles 6:39)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 16:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_16"},{"link_name":"Jonadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonadab"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 13:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_13"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"}],"sub_title":"Shimeah","text":"The name Shimeah is used for two figures in the Hebrew Bible.Shimeah or Shammah was a third son of Jesse, a brother of David (1 Samuel 16:9), and the father of Jonadab (2 Samuel 13:3).\nA figure named Mikloth is the father of Shimeah according to 1 Chronicles 8:32, which gives no further information about either of them but places them in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin. In a parallel passage, 1 Chronicles 9:38 calls this son of Mikloth Shimeam, and presents Mikloth as a son of \"Jehiel the father of Gibeon,\" making Mikloth a great-uncle of the Israelite king Saul.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Rabbinical literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical_literature"},{"link_name":"Gershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#6:17"},{"link_name":"Numbers 3:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#3:18"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#6:17"},{"link_name":"tribe of Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi"},{"link_name":"Numbers 3:18, 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+3:18&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:7, 10, 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+23:7&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Zechariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah"},{"link_name":"12:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_12#Verse_13"},{"link_name":"Luke 3:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#3:26"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Shimei ben Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimei_ben_Gera"},{"link_name":"Bahurim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahurim"},{"link_name":"Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 16:5–14, 19:16–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2016:5%E2%80%9314:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 2:8–9, 36–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%202:8%E2%80%939:36&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Absalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 2:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%202:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 16:9; 17:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2016:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 13:3; 21:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2013:3&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:13; 20:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:13&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 1:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%201:8&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"prefects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 4:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%204:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:26, 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:26&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Reubenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 5:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%205:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:29, 42; 25:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:29&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 29:14; 31:12, 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2029:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%208:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ramathite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramathite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:27&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:23, 33, 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:23&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Mordecai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai"},{"link_name":"Esther 2:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%202:5&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shimei","text":"Shimei (Hebrew: שִׁמְעִי Šīmʿī) is the name of a number of persons referenced in the Hebrew Bible and Rabbinical literature.The second son of Gershon and grandson of Levi (Exodus 6:17; Numbers 3:18; 1 Chronicles 6:17). The family of the Shimeites, as a branch of the tribe of Levi, is mentioned in Numbers 3:18, 21; 1 Chronicles 23:7, 10, 11 (\"Shimei\" in verse 9 could be a scribal error[57]); and in Zechariah 12:13. In the New Testament the name occurs in Luke 3:26, spelled Semei in the King James Version.\nShimei ben Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, son of Gera, \"a man of the family of the house of Saul\" (2 Samuel 16:5–14, 19:16–23; 1 Kings 2:8–9, 36–46). He is mentioned as one of David's tormentors during his flight before Absalom, and as imploring and winning David's forgiveness when the latter returned. David, however, in his dying charge to Solomon, bade him avenge the insult (1 Kings 2:9). Jewish scribes say that Solomon's teacher was Shimei (son of Gera), and while he lived, he prevented Solomon from marrying foreign wives. The Talmud says at Ber. 8a: \"For as long as Shimei the son of Gera was alive Solomon did not marry the daughter of Pharaoh\" (see also Midrash Tehillim to Ps. 3:1). Solomon's execution of Shimei was his first descent into sin.[58]\nA brother of David, called also Shammah, Shimeah, and Shimea (1 Samuel 16:9; 17:13; 2 Samuel 13:3; 21:21; 1 Chronicles 2:13; 20:7)\nA friend of King David mentioned in 1 Kings 1:8\nSon of Elah, one of Solomon's prefects, over the district of Benjamin (1 Kings 4:18)\nA grandson of Jeconiah and brother of Zerubbabel (1 Chronicles 3:19)\nA grandson of Simeon, who is described as the father of sixteen sons and six daughters, and whose clan dwelt in Judea (1 Chronicles 4:26, 27)\nA Reubenite (1 Chronicles 5:4)\nLevites (1 Chronicles 6:29, 42; 25:17; 2 Chronicles 29:14; 31:12, 13)\nA Benjamite chief who had nine sons (1 Chronicles 8:21, R. V.; comp. ib. v. 13)\n\"The Ramathite,\" one of David's officers (1 Chronicles 27:27)\nA Levite and other Israelites whom Ezra required to put away their foreign wives (Ezra 10:23, 33, 38)\nGrandfather of Mordecai (Esther 2:5).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shimi","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%208:21&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shimrath","text":"Shimrath was a Benjaminite, as one of the nine sons of Shimei. (1 Chronicles 8:21)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Joha the Tizite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joha_the_Tizite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 29:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#Chapter_2"}],"sub_title":"Shimri","text":"The name Shimri appears 3 times in the Hebrew BibleA son of Shemaiah mentioned in the Book of 1 Chronicles\nShimri the father of Jedaiel and the brother of Joha the Tizite.\nOne of the two sons of Elizaphan according to 2 Chronicles 29:13.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Shimron","text":"Shimron was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:24 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shimshai","text":"Shimshai was a scribe who was represented the peoples listed in Ezra 4:9–10 in a letter to King Artaxerxes.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_14"},{"link_name":"Chedorlaomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedorlaomer"}],"sub_title":"Shinab","text":"Shinab is the king of Admah in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_4"}],"sub_title":"Shiphi","text":"Shiphi was the son of Allon and the father of Ziza mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Shiphtan","text":"Shiphtan was the father of Kemuel, a prince of the Tribe of Ephraim. (Num. 34:24).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Shisha","text":"Shisha (Hebrew – שישא) was the father of Elihoreph and Ahijah, who were scribes of King Solomon (1 Kings 4:3).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Samuel 5:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+5:14&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+3:5&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Bathsheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathsheba"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Brenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Charles_Lee_Brenton"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Caleb, son of Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_(son_of_Hezron)"},{"link_name":"Caleb son of Jephunneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"}],"sub_title":"Shobab","text":"Shobab שובב \"Mischievous\" is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible.Shobab was one of the children born to King David after he took up residence in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14), whose mother is named in 1 Chronicles 3:5 as Bathshua or Bathsheba, the daughter of Ammiel.[59] In Brenton's Septuagint Translation, his name is translated as \"Sobab\" and his mother's name is given as \"Bersabee\".[60] Each reference to him mentions him briefly, in a list along with at least three other sons of David born in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14; 1 Chronicles 3:5, 14:4).\nShobab is mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:18 as one of the children of Caleb, son of Hezron (not to be confused with the more famous Caleb son of Jephunneh).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horite"},{"link_name":"Seir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Seir"},{"link_name":"Esau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"36:20–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:20%E2%80%9329"}],"sub_title":"Shobal","text":"Shobal was a Horite chief in the hill country of Seir during the days of Esau. He was a son of Seir the Horite, and his sons were Alvas, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho and Onam. He is mentioned in Genesis 36:20–29.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Shuni","text":"Shuni was a son of Gad according to Genesis 46:16 and Numbers 26:15. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌʃuːˈtæˌlɑːx/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"shoo-TELL-ahkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Eran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eran"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_35"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Shuthelah","text":"Shuthelah (Hebrew: שׁוּתֶלַח, romanized: /ˌʃuːˈtæˌlɑːx/ shoo-TELL-ahkh) was a son of Ephraim and father of Eran, according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:20.[citation needed]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_2"}],"sub_title":"Sisamai","text":"Sisamai was the son of Eleasah and the father of Shallum mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:40.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zebulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulun"},{"link_name":"Gaddiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Gaddiel"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Sodi","text":"Sodi of the house of Zebulun was the father of Gaddiel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:10.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sotai","text":"Sotai was a descendant of the servants of Solomon, and his own descendants were listed among those who returned from the Babylonian exile in Ezra 2:55.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Gaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Gaddi"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Susi","text":"Susi of the house of Manasseh was the father of Gaddi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:11.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_35"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Tahan","text":"Tahan was a son of Ephraim according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:25.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Reumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Reumah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tahash","text":"Tahash was the third son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korah"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:37&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%207:20&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tahath","text":"There are 3 people named Tahath in the Hebrew Bible.Tahath a descendant of Korah and an ancestor of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:37\nTahath the son of Bered, and the father of Eleadah, also a descendant of Ephraim, and Tahath the son of Eleadah according to 1 Chronicles 7:20.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Taphath","text":"Taphath (Hebrew טפת, \"Drop\") was a daughter of Solomon and wife of one of her father's twelve regional administrators, the son of Abinadab (First Kings 4:11).","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:43&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tappuah","text":"Tappuah, one of the four sons of Hebron. Mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:43.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Reumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reumah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tebah","text":"Tebah (Hebrew: טבח, \"Massacre\") was the first son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah. He is mentioned in Genesis 22:24.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Tiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization"},{"link_name":"Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezron"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:24, 4:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:24&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_(Prophet)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Tekoa","text":"Tekoa or Tekoah (Hebrew: תְּקוֹעַ, Modern: Teku'a, Tiberian: Tekû'a) was the son of Ashhur the son of Hezron through an unnamed mother mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:24, 4:5. The name Tekoah[61][62][63][64] is also the name of a place which the Prophet Amos was born.[65]","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"}],"sub_title":"Temeni","text":"Temeni is described in the Bible as a son of Naarah and Ashhur the son of Hezron the Grandson of Judah the founder of the tribe. He was the brother of Haahashtari, Ahuzam, and Hepher according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biblical Narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:48&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tirhanah","text":"Tirhanah according to the Biblical Narrative was the son of Caleb the son of Hezron. He was the son of Caleb's concubine named Maachah, and also the brother of Shaaph and Sheber. (1 Chronicles 2:48)","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Tiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization"},{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Tola (biblical figure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tola_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Tola","text":"Tola (Hebrew: תּוֹלָע, Modern: Tola', Tiberian: Tôlā') was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:A son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:23 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.\nTola (biblical figure), also of the tribe of Issachar, one of the judges of Israel (Judges 10:1–2).","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a10.htm#34"}],"sub_title":"Uel","text":"In Ezra 10:34 : \"Of the sons of Bani; Maadai, Amram, and Uel.\"","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Meribbaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephibosheth"}],"sub_title":"Ulam","text":"Ulam is a name that appears twice in the Hebrew Bible. In 1 Chronicles 7:16–17, an Ulam appears in a genealogical passage as the son of Peresh, the son of Machir, the son of the patriarch Manasseh. In 1 Chronicles 8:39, an Ulam appears in a genealogy as the son of Eshek, the brother of Azel, the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza, the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoadah, the son of Ahaz, the son of Micah, the son of Meribbaal.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Hur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hur_(bible)"},{"link_name":"Bezalel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezalel"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"}],"sub_title":"Uri","text":"Uri is mentioned 7 times, 6 of which indicate that another figure is the \"son of Uri\". The meaning of the name in English is \"my light\", \"my flame\" or \"illumination\".Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Exodus 31 and 1 Chronicles 2 as a member of the Tribe of Judah. He is the son of Hur (Hebrew: חור) and the father of Bezalel (Hebrew: בצלאל).\nAnother Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Ezra 10 as one of those who have taken \"strange wives.\"","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tahath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tahath"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:24&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Uriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriel"},{"link_name":"Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel"}],"sub_title":"Uriel","text":"Uriel or Zephaniah the son of Tahath according to 1 Chronicles 6:24.\nUriel a Archangel","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"},{"link_name":"potter's field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%27s_field"}],"sub_title":"Urijah son of Shemaiah","text":"Urijah, son of Shemaiah (Hebrew: אוּרִיָּהוּ בֵּנ–שְׁמַעְיָהוּ ʾŪrīyyāhū ben-Šəmaʿyāhū) was a minor prophet mentioned in Jeremiah 26:20-23. He was from Kiriath-Jearim, and his prophecies often matched Jeremiah's criticisms. When Jehoiakim heard the reports of these prophecies, he sent to have him killed, but Urijah fled to Egypt. In response, Jehoiakim sent a group of men, including Elnathan son of Achbor – the future father-in-law to his son, Jeconiah – to bring him back. After being brought before the king, he was executed, and buried in a potter's field.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Urijah","text":"Urijah (Hebrew: אוריה uriyah) a priest in the time of King Ahaz of Judah, built an altar at the temple in Jerusalem on the Damascene model for Tiglathpileser, king of Assyria. 2 Kings 16:10–16","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Milcah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:20–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:20%E2%80%9321&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:23&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Dishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishan"},{"link_name":"Genesis 36:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2036:28&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%201:42&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Uz","text":"Uz was the name of 3 biblical characters in the Bible:The firstborn son of Nahor and first son of Nahor and Milcah mentioned briefly in Genesis 22:20–21.\nThe son of Aram the son of Shem mentioned in Genesis 10:23.\nOne of the two sons of Dishan, his brothers name was Aran he is mentioned in Genesis 36:28 and 1 Chronicles 1:42.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"Esther 9:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%209:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ahasuerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasuerus"},{"link_name":"Susa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa"},{"link_name":"Purim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim"},{"link_name":"Walther Hinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hinz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Iranian"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Elamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Vaizatha","text":"Vaizatha (or Vajezatha; Hebrew: וַיְזָתָא) is one of the ten sons of Persian vizier Haman, mentioned in Esther 9:9. Haman had planned to kill all the Jews living under the reign of King Ahasuerus, but his plot was foiled. In their defence, the Jews killed 500 men in the citadel of Susa, as well as Vaizatha and his nine brothers: this event is remembered in the Jewish festival Purim. Walther Hinz has proposed that the name is a rendering of an Old Iranian name, Vahyazzāta, which itself is derived from Vahyaz-dāta (\"given from the best one\"), as found in Aramaic, Elamite, and Akkadian sources.[66]","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bani_(biblical_figure)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezra#Chapter_10"}],"sub_title":"Vaniah","text":"Vaniah, meaning nourishment, or weapons, of the Lord; one of many sons of Bani named in Ezra 10:36.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Nahbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nahbi"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Vophsi","text":"Vophsi of the house of Naphtali was the father of Nahbi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eder"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Gen."},{"link_name":"36:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#27"},{"link_name":"1 Chr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chr."},{"link_name":"1:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a01.htm#42"}],"sub_title":"Zaavan","text":"Zaavan (za'-a-van or za'-awan), son of Ezer, was a Horite chief in the Land of Edom. (Gen. 36:27, 1 Chr. 1:42)","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezron"},{"link_name":"Jahahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahahmeel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ephlal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephlal"},{"link_name":"Ephraimite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Shuthelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuthelah"},{"link_name":"Tanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Suthelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suthelah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"Ahlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlai"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Joash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Shimeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shimeath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonite"},{"link_name":"2 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings"},{"link_name":"Jozachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozachar"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Jehozabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehozabad"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"}],"sub_title":"Zabad","text":"Zabad is the name of seven men in the Hebrew Bible.In 1 Chronicles 2:36–37, Zabad is a member of the Tribe of Judah, the family of Hezron and the house of Jahahmeel. He was the son of Nathan and the father of Ephlal.\nIn 1 Chronicles 7:21, Zabad is an Ephraimite of the family of Shuthelah. He was the son of Tanath and the father of Suthelah.\nIn 1 Chronicles 11:41, Zabad is one of King David's mighty men. He is the son of Ahlai.\nIn 2 Chronicles 24:26, Zabad is one of two servants of King Joash who kill him in his bed. He is the son of Shimeath, an Amonite woman. In 2 Kings 12:21 this same man seems to be called Jozachar (Hebrew: יוֹזָכָר; Latin: Josachar). His fellow conspirator is Jehozabad (Hebrew: יהוֹזָבָד; Latin: Jozabad), the son of Shomer (Hebrew: שֹׁמֵר; Latin: Somer).\nIn Ezra 10:27,33,34, three men named Zabad are listed as having taken foreign wives, whom Ezra persuades them to send away.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_son_of_Zabbai"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Zabbai","text":"Zabbai was the father of Baruch, one of Nehemiah's helpers in repairing the walls of Jerusalem, according to Nehemiah 3:20.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerah"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Carmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmi_(son_of_Zabdi)"},{"link_name":"Achan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achan_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Joshua 7:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jericho"}],"sub_title":"Zabdi","text":"Zabdi, son of Zerah, of the Tribe of Judah, was the father of Carmi and the grandfather of Achan, according to Joshua 7:1. He was present at the Battle of Jericho.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holman_Bible_Dictionary-67"},{"link_name":"King Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 4:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Kings#Chapter_4"},{"link_name":"Nathan the prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Nathan the son of David.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-68"}],"sub_title":"Zabud","text":"Zabud (Hebrew – זבוד, zābud, meaning \"endowed.\"[67]) was a priest and friend of King Solomon, according to 1 Kings 4:5. He is described as the \"son of Nathan,\" but it is unclear whether this is Nathan the prophet or Nathan the son of David.[68] As a \"friend\" of the king, he probably served the function of a counselor.[68]","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Shammua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shammua"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Zaccur","text":"Zaccur of the house of Reuben was the father of Shammua, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masoretic Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_zalmon-69"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_zalmon-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_zalmon-69"}],"sub_title":"Zalmon","text":"Zalmon the Ahohite, according to 2 Samuel 23:28 in the Masoretic Text, is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In the Masoretic Text of 1 Chronicles 11:29, in another copy of the same list of warriors, he is called \"Ilai the Ahohite.\"[69] Where the Masoretic Text has \"Zalmon,\" various manuscripts of the Greek Septuagint have Ellon, Sellom, or Eliman.[69] And where the Masoretic Text has \"Ilai,\" the Septuagint reads Elei, Eli, or Ela.[69]","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#33"},{"link_name":"Peleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Peleth"}],"sub_title":"Zaza","text":"Zaza was one of the sons of Jonathan mentioned in (1 Chronicles 2:33); he was also the brother of Peleth and the grandson of Jada.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zebedee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebedee_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"27:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a27.htm#7"},{"link_name":"Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"17:7–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b17.htm#7"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"19:8–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b19.htm#8"},{"link_name":"Beriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriah_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#15"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"26:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a26.htm#2"}],"sub_title":"Zebadiah","text":"Zebadiah (cf. Zebedee) may refer to:A son of Asahel, Joab's brother (1 Chronicles 27:7).\nA Levite who took part as one of the teachers in the system of national education instituted by Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:7–8).\nThe son of Ishmael, \"the ruler of the house of Judah in all the king's matters\" (2 Chronicles 19:8–11).\nA son of Beriah (1 Chronicles 8:15).\nA Korhite porter of the Lord's house (1 Chronicles 26:2). Three or four others of this name are also mentioned.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah"},{"link_name":"Jehoiakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiakim"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 23:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2023:36&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Zebudah","text":"Zebudah was the first wife of King Josiah; they had a son, Jehoiakim. She is mentioned in these passages: 2 Kings 23:36. She was the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Chron 26:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2026:5&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 5:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%205:7&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 9:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%209:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 9:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%209:37&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 15:20–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2015:20%E2%80%9324&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 24:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2024:25&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 27:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 27:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 17:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2017:7&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 20:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2020:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 21:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2021:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Abijah (queen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abijah_(queen)"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 29:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2029:1&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Isa 8:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%208:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 29:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2029:13&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 35:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2035:8&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra 8:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%208:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 8:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%208:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 11:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2011:12&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 12:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 12:35–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:35%E2%80%9341&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Zechariah","text":"Zechariah was the name of 18 minor biblical individuals.In addition to the characters named above, there are numerous minor characters in the Bible with the same name:A prophet, who had \"understanding in the seeing of God,\" in the time of Uzziah, who was much indebted to him for his wise counsel: 2 Chron 26:5.\nOne of the chiefs of the tribe of Reuben: 1 Chron 5:7.\nOne of the porters of the tabernacle: 1 Chron 9:21.\n1 Chron 9:37.\nA Levite who assisted at the bringing up of the ark from the house of Obed-edom: 1 Chron 15:20–24.\nA Kohathite Levite: 1 Chron 24:25.\nA Merarite Levite: 1 Chron 27:21.\nThe father of Iddo: 1 Chron 27:21.\nOne who assisted in teaching the law to the people in the time of Jehoshaphat: 2 Chron 17:7.\nA Levite of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 20:14.\nOne of Jehoshaphat's sons: 2 Chron 21:2.\nThe father of Abijah (queen), who was the mother of Hezekiah: 2 Chron 29:1 possibly the same as Isaiah's supporter Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah Isa 8:2.\nOne of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 29:13.\nOne of the \"rulers of the house of God\": 2 Chron 35:8.\nA chief of the people in the time of Ezra, who consulted him about the return from captivity in Ezra 8:16; probably the same as mentioned in Neh 8:4.\nNeh 11:12.\nNeh 12:16.\nNeh 12:35–41.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#3:16"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah"}],"sub_title":"Zedekiah","text":"(Hebrew צִדְקִיָּה tsidqiyah)[70]Zedekiah, King of Judah\nZedekiah, son of Chenaanah, a false prophet in the time of Kings Jehoshaphat and Ahab[71]\nZedekiah, son of Maaseiah, who, according to Jeremiah 29:21, was a false prophet.[72]\nZedekiah the son of Hananiah, one of the princes to whom Michaiah told of Jeremiah's prophecy – Jeremiah 36:12\nZedekiah the son of King Jehoiachin according to 1 Chronicles 3:16. Not to be confused with his granduncle King Zedekiah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Zephaniah","text":"Zephaniah (Hebrew צפניה, pronounced TsePhNiYaH) was the name of at least three people in the Bible:Zephaniah the prophet (q.v.)\nZephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest in Jeremiah 29:25. A member of the deputation sent by King Zedekiah to Jeremiah (Jeremiah 21:1; 37:3). \"He is probably the same Zephaniah who is called 'the second priest' in 52:24 ... and was among those executed after the capture of Jerusalem in 587 B.C. In the present situation he is overseer of the temple (vs. 26), occupying the position which had been held earlier by Pashur, who had put Jeremiah in stocks...\"[73]\nZephaniah also called Uriel which was the son of Tahath and the father of Uzziah or Azariah according to 1 Chronicles 6:24","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ziphion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ziphion"}],"sub_title":"Zephon","text":"See Ziphion.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zohar"}],"sub_title":"Zerah","text":"See Zohar.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest"},{"link_name":"Zadok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok"},{"link_name":"Uzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzzi"},{"link_name":"Meraioth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meraioth"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%206:6"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%206:51"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"7:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezra%207:4"}],"sub_title":"Zerahiah","text":"Zerahiah was a High Priest and an ancestor of Zadok, he was the son of Uzzi and the father of Meraioth. He is mentioned in (1 Chronicles 6:6, 1 Chronicles 6:51; Ezra 7:4)","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izri"}],"sub_title":"Zeri","text":"See Izri.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bechorath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechorath"},{"link_name":"tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"Abner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_9"}],"sub_title":"Zeror","text":"Zeror, son of Bechorath, of the tribe of Benjamin, was the great-grandfather of King Saul and of his commander Abner. According to Saul, his family was the least of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Samuel 9)","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Amram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amram"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Amasiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasiah"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 17:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#Chapter_17"}],"sub_title":"Zichri","text":"Zichri was a son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses. Zichri was also the name of the father of Amasiah, one of Jehoshaphat's commanders according to 2 Chron 17:16.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Zidkijah","text":"Zidkijah is mentioned in chapter 10 of Nehemiah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"4:19, 22–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%204:19%E2%80%9323"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Lamech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamech,_descendant_of_Cain"},{"link_name":"Tubal-cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal-cain"},{"link_name":"Naamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamah_(Genesis)"}],"sub_title":"Zillah","text":"In Genesis 4:19, 22–23, Zillah (Hebrew: צִלָּה – Ṣillāh) is a wife of Lamech and the mother of Tubal-cain and Naamah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"4:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a04.htm#16"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Ziphah","text":"In 1 Chronicles 4:16, Ziphah (zī'fe) is mentioned as a son of Jehaleleel, a descendant of Judah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balak"},{"link_name":"Moab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Moab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab"},{"link_name":"Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Zippor","text":"Zippor was the father of Balak, a prophet of Jehovah in Moab, in Numbers 22. He was a descendant of Moab, the son of Lot.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"46:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#16"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"26:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0426.htm#15"},{"link_name":"angel Zephon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephon_(angel)"}],"sub_title":"Ziphion","text":"Ziphion or Zephon is a son of Gad (Genesis 46:16), and was the progenitor of the Zephonites (Numbers 26:15). There may be a connection with the angel Zephon.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"6:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0206.htm#22"}],"sub_title":"Zithri","text":"In Exodus 6:22, Zithri (\"the Lord protects\"), a Levite, was the son of Uzziel.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gershonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershonite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:37&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 11:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2011:20&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Ziza","text":"Ziza (or Zizah) was the name of 3 biblical individuals:A Gershonite, the second son of Shimei (1 Chronicles 23:10–11). The spelling is according to the Septuagint; most Hebrew manuscripts have Zina.[74]\nThe son of Shiphi mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.\nA son of King Rehoboam and Maacah the daughter of Avishalom mentioned in 2 Chronicles 11:20.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Zobebah","text":"Zobebah (also known as Hazzobebah)[75] was a son of Koz (1 Chronicles 4:8).","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Zohar","text":"For the Zohar found in a variant reading of 1 Chronicles 4:7, see Izhar.Zohar or Zerah was a son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10, Exodus 6:15, and Numbers 26:13.[76] He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"4:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a04.htm#20"}],"sub_title":"Zoheth","text":"Zoheth was a son of Ishi (1 Chronicles 4:20).","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Nethaneel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nethaneel"}],"sub_title":"Zuar","text":"Zuar was a member of the house of Issachar according to Numbers 1:8. He was the father of Nethaneel.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ephraimite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Samuel"},{"link_name":"1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%201:1&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:35&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"}],"sub_title":"Zuph","text":"Zuph or Zophai was an Ephraimite and an ancestor of Samuel, he was the father of Tohu or Toah according to (1 Samuel 1:1). He was the son of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) according to (1 Chronicles 6:35). He is listed as being an Ephraimite even though he came from the line of Levi.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton"},{"link_name":"Abihail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihail"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"3:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0403.htm#35"},{"link_name":"Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite"},{"link_name":"Merarites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merarites"},{"link_name":"the Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"}],"sub_title":"Zuriel","text":"Zuriel (\"My Rock is God\") was the son of Abihail (Numbers 3:35). A Levite, Zuriel was chief prince of the Merarites at the time of the Exodus.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"1:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0401.htm#6"},{"link_name":"Shaddai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddai_(god)"},{"link_name":"Shelumiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelumiel"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Book of Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandel2010-77"}],"sub_title":"Zurishaddai","text":"In Numbers 1:6, Rock of the Almighty (\"Shaddai is my rock\") was the father of Shelumiel, the prince of the Tribe of Simeon. He is mentioned in this context five times in the Book of Numbers.[77]","title":"Z"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mehujael as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mahalalel_Malaleel_filius_yrath_%28titel_op_object%29_Liber_Chronicarum_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-2016-49-8-2.jpg/220px-Mahalalel_Malaleel_filius_yrath_%28titel_op_object%29_Liber_Chronicarum_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-2016-49-8-2.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of biblical names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_names"},{"title":"List of burial places of biblical figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures"},{"title":"List of major biblical figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_biblical_figures"},{"title":"List of minor biblical tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes"},{"title":"List of minor biblical places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places"}]
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[{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Likhi\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib02cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Nora A. (1992). \"Maai (Person)\". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4. New York: Doubleday. p. 431. ISBN 9780300140811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300140811","url_text":"9780300140811"}]},{"reference":"Fulton, Deirdre N. (2015). Reconsidering Nehemiah's Judah: The Case of MT and LXX Nehemiah 11–12. Mohr Siebeck. p. 156. ISBN 9783161538810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161538810","url_text":"9783161538810"}]},{"reference":"Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox. p. 346. ISBN 9780664221867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664221867","url_text":"9780664221867"}]},{"reference":"Mandel, David (2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 250. ISBN 9780827610293.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827610293","url_text":"9780827610293"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Machnadebai\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Malcham\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter:-1----The Country of Arabia--Part One\". January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://steemit.com/islam/@islamic-history/chapter-1-the-country-of-arabia-part-one","url_text":"\"Chapter:-1----The Country of Arabia--Part One\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Mirador Viewer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50116629$70i","url_text":"\"Harvard Mirador Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Matred\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Matthanias\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Richard S. Hess (15 October 2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Baker Academic. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4412-0112-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2jNoqNRDYDUC&pg=PA144","url_text":"Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0112-6","url_text":"978-1-4412-0112-6"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Meshillemoth\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Naharai\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Nahath\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Theodor Nöldeke (1899). \"Hagar\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib02cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Saadia Gaon (1984). Yosef Qafih (ed.). Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Pentateuch (in Hebrew) (4 ed.). Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 33 (note 35). OCLC 232667032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon","url_text":"Saadia Gaon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafih","url_text":"Yosef Qafih"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook","url_text":"Mossad Harav Kook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232667032","url_text":"232667032"}]},{"reference":"C. H. W. Johns (1901) [1899]. \"Nebuzaradan\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Samuel 21 Brenton Septuagint Translation\". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/sep/2_samuel/21.htm","url_text":"\"2 Samuel 21 Brenton Septuagint Translation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ\". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070454/http://latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=10&c=21","url_text":"\"Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ\""},{"url":"http://latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=10&c=21","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Rechab and the Rechabites\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Rechab_and_the_Rechabites","url_text":"\"Rechab and the Rechabites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 1219. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PA1219","url_text":"Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1","url_text":"978-0-310-49235-1"}]},{"reference":"Rannfrid I. Thelle; Terje Stordalen; Mervyn E. J. Richardson (16 June 2015). New Perspectives on Old Testament Prophecy and History: Essays in Honour of Hans M. Barstad. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 978-90-04-29327-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AGJECQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70","url_text":"New Perspectives on Old Testament Prophecy and History: Essays in Honour of Hans M. Barstad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29327-4","url_text":"978-90-04-29327-4"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. \"Rehum\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne","url_text":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 4, chapter 7, section 1\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-02. ...and Rekem, who was of the same name with a city, the chief and capital of all Arabia, which is still now so called by the whole Arabian nation, Arecem, from the name of the king that built it; but is by the Greeks called Petra","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=4:whiston+chapter=7:whiston+section=1","url_text":"\"Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 4, chapter 7, section 1\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Philip C. (1980). \"New Evidence for the 4th-Century A. D. Destruction of Petra\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (238): 65–67. doi:10.2307/1356516. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356516. S2CID 163457321.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356516","url_text":"\"New Evidence for the 4th-Century A. D. 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ISBN 978-0-310-53179-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hcISDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT913","url_text":"1 and 2 Samuel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53179-1","url_text":"978-0-310-53179-1"}]},{"reference":"Meir Lubetski; Edith Lubetski (11 September 2012). New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-58983-557-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zqiEktf1IwEC&pg=PA47","url_text":"New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-557-3","url_text":"978-1-58983-557-3"}]},{"reference":"Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4rJ1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"I and II Chronicles: A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-589-7","url_text":"978-1-61164-589-7"}]},{"reference":"Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4rJ1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250","url_text":"I and II Chronicles: A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-589-7","url_text":"978-1-61164-589-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Shammai from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/shammai.html","url_text":"\"Shammai from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shelomith from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/shelomith.html","url_text":"\"Shelomith from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"1 Chronicles 3 Brenton Septuagint Translation\". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/sep/1_chronicles/3.htm","url_text":"\"1 Chronicles 3 Brenton Septuagint Translation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amos\". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.yourdictionary.com/amos","url_text":"\"Amos\""}]},{"reference":"Bedford, Peter (1992). \"Vaizatha (Person)\". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 781. ISBN 9780300140811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300140811","url_text":"9780300140811"}]},{"reference":"McMillion, Phillip E. (1992). \"Zabud (Person)\". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 1032. ISBN 9780300140811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300140811","url_text":"9780300140811"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. \"Zalmon (second entry)\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 4, Q–Z. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne","url_text":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib04cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"Strong's Hebrew: 6667. צִדְקִיָּה (Tsidqiyyahu or Tsidqiyyah) – \"Yah is righteousness,\" six Israelites\". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/hebrew/6667.htm","url_text":"\"Strong's Hebrew: 6667. צִדְקִיָּה (Tsidqiyyahu or Tsidqiyyah) – \"Yah is righteousness,\" six Israelites\""}]},{"reference":"David Mandel (1 January 2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-8276-1029-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yzmi5_408K4C&pg=PA419","url_text":"Who's Who in the Jewish Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-1029-3","url_text":"978-0-8276-1029-3"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasrilevka
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Kasrilevka
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["1 Stories involving Kasrilevka","2 Notes","3 References"]
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Fictional shtetl
Kasrilevka or Kasrilevke (Yiddish: כתרילעווקע) is a fictional shtetl introduced by Yiddish author Sholem Aleichem. Located "exactly in the middle of
that blessed Pale", it is an idealized town of "little Jews" (kleyne mentshelekh), who met their misfortunes with humor and the ultimate belief in justice. It has become an archetype shtetl. Other famous imaginary places of Sholem Aleichem are Yehupetz (for Kyiv) and Boiberik (for Boyarka).
The name of the shtetl is derived from the Yiddish word kasril / kasrilik, an optimistic pauper, as Sholem Aleichem wrote: "However, there is still another name – kasril, or kasrilik. That name is spoken in a different tone altogether, almost a bragging tone. For instance, 'Oh, am I ever a kasrilik!' A kasrilik is not just an ordinary pauper, a failure in life. On the contrary, he is a man who has not allowed poverty to degrade him. He laughs at it. He is poor, but cheerful." Dan Miron remarks that this term is based on the Hebrew name Kasril (Modern Hebrew: Katriel) ("God is my crown" or "God surrounds and supports me")
The prototype of Kasrilevka was the Ukrainian town of Voronkov of the Russian Empire (now village Voronkiv, Ukraine) where Sholem Aleichem grew up.
Kasrilevka continues the tradition of humorous Jewish towns, such as the fictional Chelm of the "Wise Men of Chelm" popularized by Isaac Bashevis Singer and Kabtzansk of Mendele Mocher Sforim.
A detailed glimpse at Voronkov, the prototype of Kasrilevka, may be found in Funem Yarid: lebns-bashraybungen (Yiddish: פונעם יאריד, "Back from the Fair: Descriptions of Life," 1915) - the unfinished Sholem Aleichem's autobiographical novel. Still, Funem Yarid describes not a real Voronkov, but something resembling Kasrilevka. Dan Miron makes a comparison of the real Voronkov from the memoir My Brother Sholom Aleichem of writer's brother Wolf Rabinovich , with its fictionalized image.
Early Sholem Aleichem's feuilletons published in Dos Yidishe Folksblat in 1886-1887 anticipated Kasrilevke.
Stories involving Kasrilevka
Kasrilevke is the place for numerous author's novellas, short stories, sketches and plays and its description, rich in detail, was a considerable part of his work.
Dreyfus in Kasrilevke (1902)
A Yom Kippur Scandal
Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son
The Town of the Little People
Kasrilevka was the title of the 1935 collection of Sholem Aleichem's stories printed in Yiddish in Moscow
"Der Zeyger" (1900; "The Clock That Struck Thirteen," 1900)
"Kasrilevker Tramvay," "Kasrilevker Hoteln," "Kasrilevker Restoranen," "Kasrilevker Vayn un Kasrilevker Shikirim," "Kasrilevker Teater," "Kasrilevker Sreyfes," and "Kasrilevker Banditn" ("Tram," "Hotels," "Restaurants," "Wine and Drunkards," "Theater," "Fires," "Bandits,") collected in English as A Guide to Kasrilevke, 1973)
"Ven Ikh Bin Roytshild" (1902; "If I Were Rothschild", 1979)
"Oysgetreyselt" (1902; "A Yom Kippur Scandal," 1979)
Inside Kasrilevke translated by Isidore Goldstick (1948) includes:
Dos Naye Kasrilevke (New Kasrilevka)
Kasrilevke Nisrofim (The Burned-Out People of Kasrilevke)
Kasrilevke Moshav Z'kenim (Home for the Aged in Kasreilevke)
Relatives of Tevye the Dairyman, including his wife Golde and their distant relative Menachem-Mendl hail from Kasrilevka, as hinted in the story "Eighteen from Pereshchepena".
The Further Adventures of Menachem-Mendl: (New York—Warsaw—Vienna—Yehupetz)
Notes
^ "Kabtzansk" is loosely meaning "Pauperville", from Yiddish: קבצנ, "pauper", "beggar"
References
^ a b Sholom Aleichem, "The Town of the Little People"
^ Shtetl, YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
^ Seth L. Wolitz, "Ashkenaz or the Jewish Cultural Presence in Central and Eastern Europe", In: n History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe. Vol. II, 2006, p.320
^ a b "Signposts to the Middle of Nowhere", The Forward, March 17, 2010
^ a b Review of Inside Kasrilevke, Literary Essays and Reviews: Collected Works of A.M. Klein, edited by Usher Caplan and M.W. Steinberg, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019, pp. 67-70. {{doi:10.3138/9781487589325-025}}
^ a b c d Dan Miron, "The Literary Image of the Shtetl", Jewish Social Studies, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995, pp. 1-43, JSTOR 4467450
^ Shalom Aleichem (1859 - 1916), Jewish Virtual Library
^ Emmanuel S. Goldsmith, "Sholom Aleichem's Humor of Affirmation and Survival", In: Semites and Stereotypes: Characteristics of Jewish Humor, 1993, p.23
^ Funem Yarid, at the National Yiddish Book Center. Edited and abridged for school children; extensive annotation explaining Hebrew and unusual words; glossary Yiddish/English
^ David G. Roskies, "Unfinished Business: Sholem Aleichem's From the Fair", p.68, Prooftexts 6 (1986): 65-78, 1986, doi:10.7916/D8125ZFB
^ Wolf Rabinovich, Mayn Bruder Sholem Aleykhem, Kiev, Melukhe-farlag, 1939
^ "Shalom Aleichem", encyclopedia.com
^ Borukh Gorin, "ТАКИЕ РАЗНЫЕ КАСРИЛОВКИ", Lechaim August 2011, 8(232)
^ Tevye the Dairyman and The Railroad Stories, 2011, ISBN 0307795241 "Eighteen from Pereshchepena", p. 24
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Located \"exactly in the middle of\nthat blessed Pale\",[1] it is an idealized town of \"little Jews\" (kleyne mentshelekh), who met their misfortunes with humor and the ultimate belief in justice.[2] [3] It has become an archetype shtetl. Other famous imaginary places of Sholem Aleichem are Yehupetz (for Kyiv) and Boiberik (for Boyarka).[4][5]The name of the shtetl is derived from the Yiddish word kasril / kasrilik, an optimistic pauper, as Sholem Aleichem wrote: \"However, there is still another name – kasril, or kasrilik. That name is spoken in a different tone altogether, almost a bragging tone. For instance, 'Oh, am I ever a kasrilik!' A kasrilik is not just an ordinary pauper, a failure in life. On the contrary, he is a man who has not allowed poverty to degrade him. He laughs at it. He is poor, but cheerful.\"[1] Dan Miron remarks that this term is based on the Hebrew name Kasril (Modern Hebrew: Katriel) (\"God is my crown\" or \"God surrounds and supports me\") [6]The prototype of Kasrilevka was the Ukrainian town of Voronkov of the Russian Empire (now village Voronkiv, Ukraine) where Sholem Aleichem grew up.[7][6]Kasrilevka continues the tradition of humorous Jewish towns, such as the fictional Chelm of the \"Wise Men of Chelm\" popularized by Isaac Bashevis Singer and Kabtzansk [note 1] of Mendele Mocher Sforim.[8]A detailed glimpse at Voronkov, the prototype of Kasrilevka, may be found in Funem Yarid: lebns-bashraybungen (Yiddish: פונעם יאריד, \"Back from the Fair: Descriptions of Life,\" 1915) - the unfinished Sholem Aleichem's autobiographical novel.[9] Still, Funem Yarid describes not a real Voronkov, but something resembling Kasrilevka.[10] Dan Miron makes a comparison of the real Voronkov from the memoir My Brother Sholom Aleichem[11] of writer's brother Wolf Rabinovich , with its fictionalized image.[6]Early Sholem Aleichem's feuilletons published in Dos Yidishe Folksblat in 1886-1887 anticipated Kasrilevke.[12]","title":"Kasrilevka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dami-6"},{"link_name":"Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair"},{"link_name":"Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motl,_Peysi_the_Cantor%27s_Son"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bede-5"},{"link_name":"Home for the Aged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homes_for_the_aged"},{"link_name":"Tevye the Dairyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevye_the_Dairyman"},{"link_name":"Menachem-Mendl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem-Mendl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fo2010-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Kasrilevke is the place for numerous author's novellas, short stories, sketches and plays and its description, rich in detail, was a considerable part of his work.[6]Dreyfus in Kasrilevke (1902)\nA Yom Kippur Scandal\nMotl, Peysi the Cantor's Son\nThe Town of the Little People\nKasrilevka was the title of the 1935 collection of Sholem Aleichem's stories printed in Yiddish in Moscow[13]\n\"Der Zeyger\" (1900; \"The Clock That Struck Thirteen,\" 1900)\n\"Kasrilevker Tramvay,\" \"Kasrilevker Hoteln,\" \"Kasrilevker Restoranen,\" \"Kasrilevker Vayn un Kasrilevker Shikirim,\" \"Kasrilevker Teater,\" \"Kasrilevker Sreyfes,\" and \"Kasrilevker Banditn\" (\"Tram,\" \"Hotels,\" \"Restaurants,\" \"Wine and Drunkards,\" \"Theater,\" \"Fires,\" \"Bandits,\") collected in English as A Guide to Kasrilevke, 1973)\n\"Ven Ikh Bin Roytshild\" (1902; \"If I Were Rothschild\", 1979)\n\"Oysgetreyselt\" (1902; \"A Yom Kippur Scandal,\" 1979)\nInside Kasrilevke translated by Isidore Goldstick (1948) includes:[5]\nDos Naye Kasrilevke (New Kasrilevka)\nKasrilevke Nisrofim (The Burned-Out People of Kasrilevke)\nKasrilevke Moshav Z'kenim (Home for the Aged in Kasreilevke)\nRelatives of Tevye the Dairyman, including his wife Golde and their distant relative Menachem-Mendl hail from Kasrilevka, as hinted in the story \"Eighteen from Pereshchepena\".[4][14]\nThe Further Adventures of Menachem-Mendl: (New York—Warsaw—Vienna—Yehupetz)","title":"Stories involving Kasrilevka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"}],"text":"^ \"Kabtzansk\" is loosely meaning \"Pauperville\", from Yiddish: קבצנ, \"pauper\", \"beggar\"","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskowekwan_85-31
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Muskowekwan 85-31
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 51°25′20″N 103°53′24″W / 51.4222°N 103.89°W / 51.4222; -103.89 (Muskowekwan 85-31)Indian reserve in Saskatchewan, Canada
Indian reserve in Canada, MuskowekwanMuskowekwan 85-31Indian reserveMuskowekwan Indian Reserve No. 85-31Location in SaskatchewanFirst NationMuskowekwanCountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanArea • Total259 ha (640 acres)Population (2016) • Total0 • Density0.0/km2 (0.0/sq mi)
Muskowekwan 85-31 is an Indian reserve of the Muskowekwan First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is about 93 kilometres (58 mi) north-west of Melville. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 0 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings.
See also
List of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan
References
^ a b "Reserve/Settlement/Village Detail". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
^ "Canada Lands Survey System - CLSS Map Browser". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
vteFirst Nations in SaskatchewanFederation of Sovereign Indigenous NationsEthnolinguistic groups
Cree
Plains
Swampy
Woodland
Dakota
Dene
Nakota
Saulteaux
Historical polities
Blackfoot Confederacy
Iron Confederacy
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan
Numbered Treaties
Treaty 2 (1871)
Treaty 4 (1874)
Treaty 5 (1875)
Treaty 6 (1876)
Treaty 8 (1899)
Treaty 10 (1906)
Tribal councils andband governmentsAgency Chiefs Tribal Council (Spiritwood)
Big River
Pelican Lake
Witchekan Lake
Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs (North Battleford)
Ahtahkakoop
Moosomin
Red Pheasant
Saulteaux
Sweetgrass
Battlefords Tribal Council (North Battleford)
Little Pine
Lucky Man
Lean Man
Poundmaker
File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council (Fort Qu'Appelle)
Carry the Kettle
Little Black Bear
Muscowpetung
Nekaneet
Okanese
Pasqua
Peepeekisis
Piapot
Standing Buffalo
Star Blanket
Wood Mountain
Meadow Lake Tribal Council (Meadow Lake)
Birch Narrows
Buffalo River
Canoe Lake
Clearwater River
English River
Flying Dust
Island Lake
Makwa Sahgaiehcan
Waterhen Lake
Prince Albert Grand Council (Prince Albert)
Black Lake
Cumberland House
Fond du Lac
Hatchet Lake
James Smith
Lac La Ronge
Muskowekwan
Montreal Lake
Peter Ballantyne
Red Earth
Shoal Lake
Sturgeon Lake
Wahpeton
Saskatoon Tribal Council (Saskatoon)
Kinistin
Mistawasis
Muskeg Lake
Muskoday
One Arrow
Whitecap
Yellow Quill
Touchwood Agency Tribal Council (Punnichy)
Day Star
Gordon
Kawacatoose
Muskowekwan
Yorkton Tribal Administration (Yorkton)
Cote
Kahkewistahaw
Keeseekoose
The Key
Ocean Man
Sakimay
Unaffiliated
Beardy's and Okemasis
Big Island Lake
Cowessess
Fishing Lake
Ochapowace
Onion Lake
Pheasant Rump
Thunderchild
White Bear
Not federally recognized
Chakastaypasin
Stoney Knoll
List of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan
Métis in Saskatchewan
vteDivision No. 10, SaskatchewanTowns
Foam Lake
Ituna
Leroy
Raymore
Wadena
Watson
Wynyard
Villages
Dafoe
Elfros
Hubbard
Jansen
Kelliher
Leross
Margo
Punnichy
Quill Lake
Quinton
Semans
Resort villages
Chorney Beach
Leslie Beach
Rural municipalities
Ituna Bon Accord 246
Kellross 247
Touchwood 248
Foam Lake 276
Emerald 277
Mount Hope 279
Elfros 307
Big Quill 308
Prairie Rose 309
Sasman 336
Lakeview 337
Lakeside 338
Leroy 339
First Nations
Beardy's and Okemasis'
Day Star
Fishing Lake
George Gordon
Kawacatoose
Muskowekwan
Indian reserves
Beardy's and Okemasis 96 & 97-A
Day Star 87
Fishing Lake 89
89A
89D1
Gordon 86
Muskowekwan 85
85-1
85-2A
85-8
85-10
85-12
85-15
85-17
85-22
85-23
85-24
85-26
85-27
85-28
85-29
85-31
85-33
Poorman 88
UnincorporatedcommunitiesOrganized hamlets
Bankend
Hendon
Kandahar
Kuroki
Mozart
North Shore Fishing Lake
Ottman-Murray Beach
Tuffnell
Wishart
Special service areas
Leslie
Lestock
Arbury
Booth
Clair
Copeland
Edmore
Enid
Esk
Goudie
Jasmin
Kylemore
Magyar
McDonald Hills
Krasne
Kristnes
Lampard
Last Mountain
Layco
Nut Mountain
Paswegin
Romance
Serath
Shady Grove
Sinnett
South Touchwood
Tate
Tornea
Touchwood
West Bend
Wimmer
Winthorpe
Wynot
Zala
See also: Municipalities in Saskatchewan
Census divisions of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities
51°25′20″N 103°53′24″W / 51.4222°N 103.89°W / 51.4222; -103.89 (Muskowekwan 85-31)
This article about a location in the Census Division No. 10 of Saskatchewan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an Indian reserve in Saskatchewan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Saskatchewan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_leopard
|
Javan leopard
|
["1 Characteristics","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology and behavior","4 Threats","5 Conservation","5.1 In captivity","6 Evolution","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Subspecies of leopard
Javan leopard
Javan leopard in a safari park in Bali, Indonesia
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Suborder:
Feliformia
Family:
Felidae
Subfamily:
Pantherinae
Genus:
Panthera
Species:
P. pardus
Subspecies:
P. p. melas
Trinomial name
Panthera pardus melas(G. Cuvier, 1809)
Distribution of the Javan leopard in red
The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a leopard subspecies confined to the Indonesian island of Java. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2021. The population is estimated at 188–571 mature individuals in 22 fragmented subpopulations and a declining population trend. The total remaining habitat is estimated at only 2,267.9 to 3,277.3 km2 (875.6 to 1,265.4 sq mi).
Characteristics
The Javan leopard was initially described as a black panther with dark black spots and silver-gray eyes. It has either a normal spotted coat with rosettes or a recessive phenotype resulting in a black coat.
Distribution and habitat
The Javan leopard is confined to the Indonesian island of Java. It is known to inhabit Gunung Halimun National Park, Ujung Kulon National Park, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Ceremai National Park, Merbabu National Park, Merapi National Park, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, Ijen Mountain, Baluran National Park and Alas Purwo National Park. It inhabits elevations from sea level to 2,540 m (8,330 ft) ranging from dense tropical rainforest to dry deciduous forests. Outside protected areas, it was recorded in secondary forest, mixed agriculture and production forest between 2008 and 2014.
In the 1990s, it survived in the seral stages of successional vegetation patterns, which made it less susceptible to humans' disruptive activities than many other mammals.
From 2001 to 2004, monitoring research was conducted in a 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) area of Gunung Halimun National Park using camera traps and radio tracking. Seven leopards were identified in the study area. The total population was estimated at 42 to 58 individuals. The home range of an adult female averaged 9.82 km2 (3.79 sq mi).
Ecology and behavior
Skull of a Javan leopard
The Javan leopard's prey comprises barking deer, wild boar, Java mouse-deer, and primates such as crab-eating macaque, silvery lutung and Javan gibbon. Javan leopards also look for food in close by villages and have been known to prey on domestic dogs, chickens and goats.
Two leopards were radio-collared in the Gunung Halimun National Park. Their daily activity pattern showed peaks in the early mornings between 6:00 and 9:00, and late afternoons between 15:00 and 18:00.
Threats
Seven Javan leopards and one Javan tiger killed during Rampokan, circa 1900.
Men and a child with a newly shot leopard in Banten, West Java, circa 1915–1926.
The Javan leopard is threatened by loss of habitat, prey base depletion, and poaching due to human population growth and agricultural expansion. Conflict between local people and leopards is also considered to be a main threat to the Javan leopard.
Java has lost more than 90% of its natural vegetation and is one of the most densely populated islands in the world. Primary forests remain only in the mountainous regions at elevations above 1,400 m (4,600 ft).
Conservation
The Javan leopard is listed in the CITES Appendix I.
Efforts are being made to restore the Javan leopard population and prevent its extinction. Hunting laws are strictly enforced. In 2005, Gunung Halimun National Park was enlarged to three times its original size for the protection of the Javan leopard, silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) and Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi).
In captivity
In 1997, 14 Javan leopards were kept in European zoos. The Javan leopard is not specifically managed in captive breeding programs in Europe and America. As of 2007, the Taman Safari Zoo in Bogor, Indonesia, kept 17 Javan leopards, seven males and 10 females, of which four were breeding pairs. The Indonesian zoos of Ragunan, Taman Safari, and Surabaya Zoo also keep Javan leopards.
As of December 2011, two male and one female Javan leopard were kept in Tierpark Berlin, Germany; and one male and one female in Ragunan Zoo.
In 2013, one male Javan leopard was transferred from Tierpark Berlin to the Prague Zoo.
Javan leopards are also kept at the Cikananga Wildlife Rescue Center in a special enclosure until they can be released back into the wild. In May 2023, Javan Leopard Wayhu was released at Mount Halimun-Salak National Park under the coordination of MoeF (KKHSG), BBKSDA West Java, and Mount Halimun-Salak National Park. As a young male, Wahyu arrived at the Cikananga Wildlife Center in 2017, being a victim of animal-human conflict. Even though at the time of Wahyu’s arrival he was in a very poor condition and required intensive medical care, he recovered well. In recent years, he has become a strong adult male, ready to return to his natural habitat to live freely in the wild. He benefited tremendously from the great care of the keepers of Cikananga, the Javan Leopard’s dedicated rehabilitation enclosure, and was given an additional focus on rehabilitation in the process of release.
Evolution
Morphological research indicates that the Javan leopard is craniometrically distinct from other Asian leopard subspecies, and is a distinct taxon that split off from other Asian leopard subspecies in the Middle Pleistocene about 800,000 years ago. In the Middle Pleistocene, it may have migrated to Java from South Asia across a land bridge that bypassed Sumatra and Borneo.
See also
Cats portal
Leopard subspecies
Chinese leopard
Zanzibar leopard
References
^ a b c d e Wibisono, H.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I.; Rahman, D.A. & Chandradewi, D. (2021). "Panthera pardus ssp. melas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T15962A50660931.
^ Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.
^ a b c d Santiapillai, C.; Ramono, W. S. (1992). "Status of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Java, Indonesia" (PDF). Tiger Paper. XIX (2): 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
^ Wibisono, H.T.; Wahyudi, H.A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I.M.R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D.; Linkie, M. (2018). "Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.
^ a b c d Harahap, S.; Sakaguchi, H. (2005). Ecological research and conservation of the Javan Leopard Panthera pardus melas in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia (PDF). The wild cats: ecological diversity and conservation strategy. Okinawa, Japan: The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program International Symposium.
^ Gippoliti, S.; Meijaard, E. (2007). "Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard: an opportunity for zoos to save it". Contributions to Zoology. 76: 55–58. doi:10.1163/18759866-07601005. S2CID 55715897.
^ International Species Information System (2011). "ISIS Species Holdings: Panthera pardus melas, December 2011". Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
^ Exner, O. (2013). "Rare Leopard in Prague Zoo". Portal of Prague. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.
^ "Cikananga Wildlife Center | Wanicare Foundation". Retrieved 2024-01-11.
^ Maulana, R.; Gawi, J. M.; Utomo, S. W. (2020). "Architectural design assessment of Javan leopard rehabilitation facility regarding the occurrence of stereotypical pacing". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 426 (1): 012075. Bibcode:2020E&ES..426a2075M. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012075.
^ "Save the Javan Leopard | Wanicare Foundation". Retrieved 2024-01-11.
^ Meijaard, E. (2004). "Biogeographic history of the Javan leopard Panthera pardus based on craniometric analysis". Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (2): 302–310. doi:10.1644/ber-010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panthera pardus melas.
Species portrait Panthera pardus in Asia and short portrait P. pardus melas; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
Critically Endangered Javan Leopard Captured on Camera Traps in Ujung Kulon, Indonesia
vteExtant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder FeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)
Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Urva
Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)
Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)
Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)
Javan mongoose (U. javanica)
Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)
Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
Xenogale
Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)
Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Parahyaena
Brown hyena (P. brunnea)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristata)
FelidaeLarge family listed belowViverridaeLarge family listed belowEupleridaeSmall family listed belowFamily FelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
PantherinaePanthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
PrionodontidaePrionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Family ViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
HemigalinaeChrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
ViverrinaeCivettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
GenettinaeGenetta(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Letaba genet (G. letabae)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)
Poiana
Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)
Family EupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
GalidiinaeGalidia
Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ringtail (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella(Coatis inclusive)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
AiluridaeAilurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae(Eared seals)(includes fur sealsand sea lions)(Pinniped inclusive)Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae(Pinniped inclusive)Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae(Earless seals)(Pinniped inclusive)Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Grey seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Neomonachus
Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
CanidaeLarge family listed belowMustelidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CanidaeAtelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Domestic dog (C. familiaris)
Coyote (C. latrans)
African wolf (C. lupaster)
Wolf (C. lupus)
Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lupulella
Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)
Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes (Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
Family MustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale
Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)
Guloninae(Martens and wolverines)Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Pacific marten (M. caurina)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Ictonychinae(African polecats and grisons)Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)
Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Melinae(Eurasian badgers)Arctonyx
Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)
Greater hog badger (A. collaris)
Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Caucasian badger (M. canescens)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
MellivorinaeMellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Mustelinae(Weasels and minks)Mustela(Weasels and ferrets)
Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Ferret (M. furo)
Haida ermine (M. haidarum)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
American ermine (M. richardsonii)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Neogale
Amazon weasel (N. africana)
Colombian weasel (N. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)
American mink (N. vison)
TaxidiinaeTaxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
Taxon identifiersPanthera pardus melas
Wikidata: Q841950
Wikispecies: Panthera pardus melas
ARKive: panthera-pardus-melas
CoL: 5K5LV
EoL: 1271387
GBIF: 5219441
iNaturalist: 147733
ITIS: 726469
IUCN: 15962
MSW: 14000256
Observation.org: 206338
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a leopard subspecies confined to the Indonesian island of Java. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2021. The population is estimated at 188–571 mature individuals in 22 fragmented subpopulations and a declining population trend. The total remaining habitat is estimated at only 2,267.9 to 3,277.3 km2 (875.6 to 1,265.4 sq mi).[1]","title":"Javan leopard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_panther"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rosettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"recessive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santiapillai1992-3"}],"text":"The Javan leopard was initially described as a black panther with dark black spots and silver-gray eyes.[2] It has either a normal spotted coat with rosettes or a recessive phenotype resulting in a black coat.[3]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunung Halimun National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Halimun_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ujung Kulon National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Gede_Pangrango_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Merbabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merbabu"},{"link_name":"Merapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merapi_volcano"},{"link_name":"Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo_Tengger_Semeru_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Meru Betiri National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meru_Betiri_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ijen Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijen_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Baluran National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluran_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Alas Purwo National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas_Purwo_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous_forest"},{"link_name":"secondary forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"production forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"seral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seral_community"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santiapillai1992-3"},{"link_name":"camera traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_trap"},{"link_name":"radio tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harahap2005-5"}],"text":"The Javan leopard is confined to the Indonesian island of Java. It is known to inhabit Gunung Halimun National Park, Ujung Kulon National Park, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Ceremai National Park, Merbabu National Park, Merapi National Park, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, Ijen Mountain, Baluran National Park and Alas Purwo National Park.[1] It inhabits elevations from sea level to 2,540 m (8,330 ft) ranging from dense tropical rainforest to dry deciduous forests. Outside protected areas, it was recorded in secondary forest, mixed agriculture and production forest between 2008 and 2014.[4]In the 1990s, it survived in the seral stages of successional vegetation patterns, which made it less susceptible to humans' disruptive activities than many other mammals.[3]From 2001 to 2004, monitoring research was conducted in a 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) area of Gunung Halimun National Park using camera traps and radio tracking. Seven leopards were identified in the study area. The total population was estimated at 42 to 58 individuals. The home range of an adult female averaged 9.82 km2 (3.79 sq mi).[5]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_pardus_melas_02_MWNH_792.jpg"},{"link_name":"barking deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_deer"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"Java mouse-deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_mouse-deer"},{"link_name":"crab-eating macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque"},{"link_name":"silvery lutung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvery_lutung"},{"link_name":"Javan gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_gibbon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santiapillai1992-3"},{"link_name":"radio-collared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telemetry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harahap2005-5"}],"text":"Skull of a Javan leopardThe Javan leopard's prey comprises barking deer, wild boar, Java mouse-deer, and primates such as crab-eating macaque, silvery lutung and Javan gibbon. Javan leopards also look for food in close by villages and have been known to prey on domestic dogs, chickens and goats.[3]\nTwo leopards were radio-collared in the Gunung Halimun National Park. Their daily activity pattern showed peaks in the early mornings between 6:00 and 9:00, and late afternoons between 15:00 and 18:00.[5]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rampog_macan_in_Kediri_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Javan tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_tiger"},{"link_name":"Rampokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampokan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Mannen_en_een_kind_met_een_pas_geschoten_panter_te_Bantam_West-Java_TMnr_10006634.jpg"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"agricultural expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_expansion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harahap2005-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santiapillai1992-3"}],"text":"Seven Javan leopards and one Javan tiger killed during Rampokan, circa 1900.Men and a child with a newly shot leopard in Banten, West Java, circa 1915–1926.The Javan leopard is threatened by loss of habitat, prey base depletion, and poaching due to human population growth and agricultural expansion.[1] Conflict between local people and leopards is also considered to be a main threat to the Javan leopard.[5]\nJava has lost more than 90% of its natural vegetation and is one of the most densely populated islands in the world. Primary forests remain only in the mountainous regions at elevations above 1,400 m (4,600 ft).[3]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CITES Appendix I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES_Appendix_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"silvery gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvery_gibbon"},{"link_name":"Javan hawk-eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_hawk-eagle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harahap2005-5"}],"text":"The Javan leopard is listed in the CITES Appendix I.[1]\nEfforts are being made to restore the Javan leopard population and prevent its extinction. Hunting laws are strictly enforced. In 2005, Gunung Halimun National Park was enlarged to three times its original size for the protection of the Javan leopard, silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) and Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi).[5]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"captive breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_breeding"},{"link_name":"Taman Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Safari"},{"link_name":"Bogor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor"},{"link_name":"Ragunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragunan_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gippoliti07-6"},{"link_name":"Tierpark Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierpark_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISIS-7"},{"link_name":"Prague Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"In captivity","text":"In 1997, 14 Javan leopards were kept in European zoos. The Javan leopard is not specifically managed in captive breeding programs in Europe and America. As of 2007, the Taman Safari Zoo in Bogor, Indonesia, kept 17 Javan leopards, seven males and 10 females, of which four were breeding pairs. The Indonesian zoos of Ragunan, Taman Safari, and Surabaya Zoo also keep Javan leopards.[6]\nAs of December 2011, two male and one female Javan leopard were kept in Tierpark Berlin, Germany; and one male and one female in Ragunan Zoo.[7]\nIn 2013, one male Javan leopard was transferred from Tierpark Berlin to the Prague Zoo.[8]Javan leopards are also kept at the Cikananga Wildlife Rescue Center[9] in a special enclosure until they can be released back into the wild.[10] In May 2023, Javan Leopard Wayhu was released at Mount Halimun-Salak National Park under the coordination of MoeF (KKHSG), BBKSDA West Java, and Mount Halimun-Salak National Park. As a young male, Wahyu arrived at the Cikananga Wildlife Center in 2017, being a victim of animal-human conflict. Even though at the time of Wahyu’s arrival he was in a very poor condition and required intensive medical care, he recovered well. In recent years, he has become a strong adult male, ready to return to his natural habitat to live freely in the wild. He benefited tremendously from the great care of the keepers of Cikananga, the Javan Leopard’s dedicated rehabilitation enclosure, and was given an additional focus on rehabilitation in the process of release. [11]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leopard subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#Living_subspecies"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"Middle Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meijaard2004-12"}],"text":"Morphological research indicates that the Javan leopard is craniometrically distinct from other Asian leopard subspecies, and is a distinct taxon that split off from other Asian leopard subspecies in the Middle Pleistocene about 800,000 years ago. In the Middle Pleistocene, it may have migrated to Java from South Asia across a land bridge that bypassed Sumatra and Borneo.[12]","title":"Evolution"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Skull of a Javan leopard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Panthera_pardus_melas_02_MWNH_792.jpg/220px-Panthera_pardus_melas_02_MWNH_792.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seven Javan leopards and one Javan tiger killed during Rampokan, circa 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rampog_macan_in_Kediri_1900.jpg/220px-Rampog_macan_in_Kediri_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Men and a child with a newly shot leopard in Banten, West Java, circa 1915–1926.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Mannen_en_een_kind_met_een_pas_geschoten_panter_te_Bantam_West-Java_TMnr_10006634.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Mannen_en_een_kind_met_een_pas_geschoten_panter_te_Bantam_West-Java_TMnr_10006634.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cat03.jpg"},{"title":"Cats portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cats"},{"title":"Leopard subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#Living_subspecies"},{"title":"Chinese leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_leopard"},{"title":"Zanzibar leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_leopard"}]
|
[{"reference":"Wibisono, H.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I.; Rahman, D.A. & Chandradewi, D. (2021). \"Panthera pardus ssp. melas\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T15962A50660931.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15962/50660931","url_text":"\"Panthera pardus ssp. melas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Cuvier, G. (1809). \"Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils\". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Santiapillai, C.; Ramono, W. S. (1992). \"Status of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Java, Indonesia\" (PDF). Tiger Paper. XIX (2): 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110902102732/http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Santiapillai+al1992-status-leopard-Java.pdf","url_text":"\"Status of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Java, Indonesia\""},{"url":"http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Santiapillai+al1992-status-leopard-Java.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wibisono, H.T.; Wahyudi, H.A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I.M.R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D.; Linkie, M. (2018). \"Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island\". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6021038","url_text":"\"Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1398369W","url_text":"2018PLoSO..1398369W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198369","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0198369"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6021038","url_text":"6021038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29949588","url_text":"29949588"}]},{"reference":"Harahap, S.; Sakaguchi, H. (2005). Ecological research and conservation of the Javan Leopard Panthera pardus melas in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia (PDF). The wild cats: ecological diversity and conservation strategy. Okinawa, Japan: The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program International Symposium.","urls":[{"url":"https://u-ryukyu.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2002142/files/E_Syarial.pdf","url_text":"Ecological research and conservation of the Javan Leopard Panthera pardus melas in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia"}]},{"reference":"Gippoliti, S.; Meijaard, E. (2007). \"Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard: an opportunity for zoos to save it\". Contributions to Zoology. 76: 55–58. doi:10.1163/18759866-07601005. S2CID 55715897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18759866-07601005","url_text":"10.1163/18759866-07601005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55715897","url_text":"55715897"}]},{"reference":"International Species Information System (2011). \"ISIS Species Holdings: Panthera pardus melas, December 2011\". Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2011-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Species_Information_System","url_text":"International Species Information System"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201015140/https://www.isis.org/Pages/findanimals.aspx","url_text":"\"ISIS Species Holdings: Panthera pardus melas, December 2011\""},{"url":"https://www.isis.org/Pages/findanimals.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Exner, O. (2013). \"Rare Leopard in Prague Zoo\". Portal of Prague. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131013122610/http://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/entertainment/prague_zoo/rare_leopard_in_prague_zoo.html","url_text":"\"Rare Leopard in Prague Zoo\""},{"url":"http://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/entertainment/prague_zoo/rare_leopard_in_prague_zoo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cikananga Wildlife Center | Wanicare Foundation\". Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wanicare.com/our-projects/cikananga-wildlife-center","url_text":"\"Cikananga Wildlife Center | Wanicare Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Maulana, R.; Gawi, J. M.; Utomo, S. W. (2020). \"Architectural design assessment of Javan leopard rehabilitation facility regarding the occurrence of stereotypical pacing\". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 426 (1): 012075. Bibcode:2020E&ES..426a2075M. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012075.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F426%2F1%2F012075","url_text":"\"Architectural design assessment of Javan leopard rehabilitation facility regarding the occurrence of stereotypical pacing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020E&ES..426a2075M","url_text":"2020E&ES..426a2075M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F426%2F1%2F012075","url_text":"10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012075"}]},{"reference":"\"Save the Javan Leopard | Wanicare Foundation\". Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wanicare.com/our-projects/javan-leopard-program","url_text":"\"Save the Javan Leopard | Wanicare Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Meijaard, E. (2004). \"Biogeographic history of the Javan leopard Panthera pardus based on craniometric analysis\". Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (2): 302–310. doi:10.1644/ber-010.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2Fber-010","url_text":"\"Biogeographic history of the Javan leopard Panthera pardus based on craniometric analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2Fber-010","url_text":"10.1644/ber-010"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15962/50660931","external_links_name":"\"Panthera pardus ssp. melas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110902102732/http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Santiapillai+al1992-status-leopard-Java.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Status of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Java, Indonesia\""},{"Link":"http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Santiapillai+al1992-status-leopard-Java.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6021038","external_links_name":"\"Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1398369W","external_links_name":"2018PLoSO..1398369W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198369","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0198369"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6021038","external_links_name":"6021038"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29949588","external_links_name":"29949588"},{"Link":"https://u-ryukyu.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2002142/files/E_Syarial.pdf","external_links_name":"Ecological research and conservation of the Javan Leopard Panthera pardus melas in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18759866-07601005","external_links_name":"10.1163/18759866-07601005"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55715897","external_links_name":"55715897"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201015140/https://www.isis.org/Pages/findanimals.aspx","external_links_name":"\"ISIS Species Holdings: Panthera pardus melas, December 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.isis.org/Pages/findanimals.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20131013122610/http://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/entertainment/prague_zoo/rare_leopard_in_prague_zoo.html","external_links_name":"\"Rare Leopard in Prague Zoo\""},{"Link":"http://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/entertainment/prague_zoo/rare_leopard_in_prague_zoo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wanicare.com/our-projects/cikananga-wildlife-center","external_links_name":"\"Cikananga Wildlife Center | Wanicare Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F426%2F1%2F012075","external_links_name":"\"Architectural design assessment of Javan leopard rehabilitation facility regarding the occurrence of stereotypical pacing\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020E&ES..426a2075M","external_links_name":"2020E&ES..426a2075M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F426%2F1%2F012075","external_links_name":"10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012075"},{"Link":"https://www.wanicare.com/our-projects/javan-leopard-program","external_links_name":"\"Save the Javan Leopard | Wanicare Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2Fber-010","external_links_name":"\"Biogeographic history of the Javan leopard Panthera pardus based on craniometric analysis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2Fber-010","external_links_name":"10.1644/ber-010"},{"Link":"http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=557","external_links_name":"Panthera pardus in Asia"},{"Link":"http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=561","external_links_name":"P. pardus melas"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-Tmk5o0g8Q&feature=relmfu","external_links_name":"Critically Endangered Javan Leopard Captured on Camera Traps in Ujung Kulon, Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/panthera-pardus-melas/","external_links_name":"panthera-pardus-melas"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5K5LV","external_links_name":"5K5LV"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1271387","external_links_name":"1271387"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5219441","external_links_name":"5219441"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/147733","external_links_name":"147733"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726469","external_links_name":"726469"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/15962","external_links_name":"15962"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000256","external_links_name":"14000256"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/206338/","external_links_name":"206338"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHP_Health_Care_Classic
|
FHP Health Care Classic
|
["1 Winners","2 References"]
|
The FHP Health Care Classic was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1987 to 1996. It was played in Simi Valley, California at the Wood Ranch Golf Club (1987–1988) and in Ojai, California at the Ojai Valley Inn and Country Club (1989–1996)
The purse for the 1996 tournament was US$800,000, with $120,000 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1987 as the GTE Classic.
Winners
FHP Health Care Classic
1996 Walter Morgan
1995 Bruce Devlin
GTE West Classic
1994 Jay Sigel
1993 Al Geiberger
1992 Bruce Crampton
1991 Chi-Chi Rodríguez
1989 Walt Zembriski
GTE Classic
1988 Harold Henning
1987 Bob Charles
Source:
References
^ "2009 Champions Tour Official Media Guide". PGA Tour. p. 5:24–42. Archived from the original on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
vteFormer Champions Tour events
AT&T Canada Senior Open Championship
AT&T Champions Classic
Atlantic City Senior International
Bank of America Championship
Bank One Classic
Bank One Senior Championship
BellSouth Senior Classic
Boone Valley Classic
Cap Cana Championship
The Champions Classic
Columbus Southern Open
Comfort Classic
Commerce Bank Championship
Constellation Energy Classic
Crestar Classic
Dallas Reunion Pro-Am
Daytona Beach Seniors Golf Classic
Denver Champions of Golf
Doug Sanders Celebrity Classic
Emerald Coast Classic
Encompass Championship
Eureka Federal Savings Classic
Fairfield Barnett Space Coast Classic
Farmers Charity Classic
FHP Health Care Classic
Gatlin Brothers Southwest Senior Classic
Ginn Championship at Hammock Beach
Gold Rush Classic
Greater Hickory Kia Classic at Rock Barn
Greater Kansas City Golf Classic
The Greenbrier American Express Championship
GTE Northwest Classic
Gulfstream Aerospace Invitational
Hall of Fame Tournament
The Home Depot Invitational
The Instinet Classic
Johnny Mathis Seniors Classic
Ko Olina Senior Invitational
Kroger Classic
Las Vegas Senior Classic
LiquidGolf.com Invitational
MasterCard Classic
Michelob Senior Classic
MONY Arizona Classic
MONY Syracuse Senior Classic
Napa Valley Championship
Nationwide Championship
Newport Cup
NFL Golf Classic
NYNEX Commemorative
Pacific Links Bear Mountain Championship
Pepsi Senior Challenge
Pittsburgh Senior Classic
Puerto Vallarta Blue Agave Golf Classic
Quadel Seniors Classic
Quebec Championship
Regions Charity Classic
RJR Championship
Roy Clark Senior Challenge
Royal Caribbean Golf Classic
San Antonio Championship
SBC Senior Open
Seiko-Tucson Senior Match Play Championship
Seniors International Golf Championship
Shearson-Lehman Brothers Senior Classic
Siebel Classic in Silicon Valley
Songdo IBD Championship
Sunwest Bank Charley Pride Senior Golf Classic
Treasure Coast Classic
Triton Financial Classic
Turtle Bay Championship
Uniting Fore Care Classic
Current Champions Tour events
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The purse for the 1996 tournament was US$800,000, with $120,000 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1987 as the GTE Classic.","title":"FHP Health Care Classic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Morgan_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Devlin"},{"link_name":"Jay Sigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Sigel"},{"link_name":"Al Geiberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Geiberger"},{"link_name":"Bruce Crampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Crampton"},{"link_name":"Chi-Chi Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-Chi_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Walt Zembriski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Zembriski"},{"link_name":"Harold Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Henning"},{"link_name":"Bob Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Charles_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"FHP Health Care Classic1996 Walter Morgan\n1995 Bruce DevlinGTE West Classic1994 Jay Sigel\n1993 Al Geiberger\n1992 Bruce Crampton\n1991 Chi-Chi Rodríguez\n1989 Walt ZembriskiGTE Classic1988 Harold Henning\n1987 Bob CharlesSource:[1]","title":"Winners"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2009 Champions Tour Official Media Guide\". PGA Tour. p. 5:24–42. Archived from the original on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2019-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507181811/https://pgatourmedia.pgatourhq.com/Tour/WebTemplate/media.nsf/vwMainDisplay/C361BB117659F76A8525753E0058C218?openDocument","url_text":"\"2009 Champions Tour Official Media Guide\""},{"url":"https://pgatourmedia.pgatourhq.com/Tour/WebTemplate/media.nsf/vwMainDisplay/C361BB117659F76A8525753E0058C218?opendocument","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507181811/https://pgatourmedia.pgatourhq.com/Tour/WebTemplate/media.nsf/vwMainDisplay/C361BB117659F76A8525753E0058C218?openDocument","external_links_name":"\"2009 Champions Tour Official Media Guide\""},{"Link":"https://pgatourmedia.pgatourhq.com/Tour/WebTemplate/media.nsf/vwMainDisplay/C361BB117659F76A8525753E0058C218?opendocument","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_B.R._Woller
|
Kirk B. R. Woller
|
["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American actor (born 1962)
Kirk B. R. WollerBorn (1962-03-09) March 9, 1962 (age 62)
Kirk B. R. Woller (born March 9, 1962) is an American actor who has played as Gaius in the The Chosen, Agent Gene Crane on The X-Files, and the boss of the mysterious cleaners in Charmed. His notable film characters include coach Cal Sawyer in Hometown Legend, Chief Officer Reynolds in Poseidon, detective Frank Shaw in Urban Justice, hotel-clerk Jordan in Hollywoo, and the cab driver in The Ride where he was nominated for Best Male Performance.
His other guest star appearances include Melrose Place, Nash Bridges, NYPD Blue, ER, CSI, JAG, CSI: Miami, Alias, NCIS, Criminal Minds, 24, The Unit, Bones, Without a Trace, Boston Legal, Ghost Whisperer, Prison Break, Big Love, Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior, Extant, and Switched at Birth.
Other film roles include Swordfish, Minority Report, The Hulk, After the Sunset, The Ring Two, Flightplan, Big Momma's House 2, Flags of Our Fathers, Resident Evil: Extinction, and Woodlawn.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
1990
Daredreamer
Steve/Stephan
1996
The Reality of Doing
Tank
1997
Interruptions
Ernie, the handyman
1998
Mercury Rising
Lieutenant
1998
Sand Trap
Carl
2001
Firetrap
FBI Agent Foster
2001
Swordfish
Lawyer
2001
Killer Me
Martin
2002
Hometown Legend
Cal Sawyer
2002
Minority Report
Pre-Crime Cop
2002
Global Effect
Conrad Lee
2003
Klepto
Jeffries
2003
Hulk
Comanche Pilot
2003
Cliché
Jack Lichec
2004
Face of Terror
Thomas Billings
2004
Sweet Underground
Skinhead Brother
2004
Boa vs. Python
Agent Sharpe
2004
After the Sunset
Security Guard
2005
The Ring Two
Detective
2005
The L.A. Riot Spectacular
SWAT Leader
2005
Flightplan
Grunick
2005
Midnight Clear
Gas Station Clerk
2006
Big Momma's House 2
Doug Hudson
2006
Poseidon
Chief Officer Reynolds
2006
Flags of Our Fathers
Bill Genaust
2006
Midnight Clear
Kirk
2007
Resident Evil: Extinction
Scientist
2007
Urban Justice
Det. Frank Shaw
2008
The Lucky Ones
Army Psychologist
2008
Curse
Phil
2008
Cleansed
Brett
2008
The Least of These
Detective Crowe
2009
Like Dandelion Dust
Bill Norton
2009
Guided
Daley
2010
Unthinkable
Observer
2011
Hollywoo
Jordan le réceptionniste
2012
The Ride
Driver
2015
Woodlawn
Owen Davis
2016
The Resurrection of Gavin Stone
Jack Roth
Television
Year
Title
Role
1993
Angel Falls
Bus Driver
1993
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.
Villain No. 2
1993
Melrose Place
Delivery Man
1996
Crime of the Century
Carl Henkel
1996
Nash Bridges
Mike Hart
1996
The Sentinel
Soles
1996-1997
NYPD Blue
Mitch
1997
Dark Skies
Pavel Antonovich
1997
Night Man
German Leader
1997
Brooklyn South
Russian Fence
1998
Silk Stalkings
Zack
1998
The Day Lincoln Was Shot
George A. Atzerodt
1998
C-16: FBI
Alonso Degriff
1999
L.A. Heat
Larry Puzzo
1999
Sliders
Private Bates
2000
18 Wheels of Justice
Duane
2001
ER
2000-2001
The X-Files
Agent Gene Crane
2001
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Prison Warden
2002
JAG
NCIS Special Agent Gillette
2002
Alias
Rat Exterminator
2002
Path to War
Officer
2003
CSI: Miami
Detective Christian Brunner
2003
The Law and Mr. Lee
Ron Fenner
2003
10-8: Officers on Duty
Sergeant Virgil Jinks
2002-2004
Strong Medicine
FBI Special Agent Randolph P. Lentz
2004
NCIS
Lieutenant Commander Wayne Julius
2003-2004
Charmed
Cleaner One
2004
Helter Skelter
Detective Kleinman
2005
Huff
Niall Nordstrom
2005
McBride: Tune in for Murder
Fallon
2005
Over There
Dr. Muecke
2005
Criminal Minds
Franklin Graney
2005
E-Ring
CIA Deputy Inspector General Mitchell Sykes
2005
Locusts: The 8th Plague
Agent Greg Ballard
2006
S.S. Doomtrooper
SS Lieutenant Reinhardt
2006
24
Hans Meyer
2006
The Unit
Detective Penman
2006
Bones
Peter Leferts
2006
Windfall
Eddie
2006
Dead & Deader
Major Bascom
2006
The Mikes
Sergeant McHenry
2007
Claire
Marty Kendall
2007
Without a Trace
Jim Sweeney
2008
Boston Legal
FBI Special Agent John Sharpe
2008
Ghost Whisperer
Dr. Farrington
2008
My Own Worst Enemy
David
2008
Prison Break
Richard Sooter
2009
Lie to Me
Mike Personick
2009
Eleventh Hour
Frank Fuller
2009
Saving Grace
Del Garber
2010
The Whole Truth
Porter Radell
2011
Big Love
Fred Zurick
2011
Love's Everlasting Courage
Bruce
2011
Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior
Dr. Vincent Florio
2011
The Event
Lieutenant Grier
2011
Harry's Law
Detective Schuller
2012
Rizzoli & Isles
Jeff Miller
2013
Touch
Private Detective
2013
Vegas
Jenkins
2014
Extant
Sheriff
2014
Switched at Birth
Chris Washburn
2019—present
The Chosen
Gaius
References
^ Urban Justice DVD Review - IGN, retrieved February 26, 2020
^ Brooks, Tim. (2009). The complete directory to prime time network and cable TV shows, 1946-present. Marsh, Earle. (9th ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-307-48320-1. OCLC 430850832.
^ "MIDNIGHT CLEAR (2006) - DVD Review". We Are Movie Geeks. December 20, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ Leydon, Joe (January 20, 2017). "Film Review: 'The Resurrection of Gavin Stone'". Variety. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
External links
Kirk B.R. Woller at IMDb
This article about a United States film and television actor born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Chosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Urban Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Justice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hollywoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywoo"},{"link_name":"Melrose Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Place"},{"link_name":"Nash Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Bridges"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"CSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation"},{"link_name":"JAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CSI: Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami"},{"link_name":"Alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Criminal Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Minds"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unit"},{"link_name":"Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Without a Trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_a_Trace"},{"link_name":"Boston Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Legal"},{"link_name":"Ghost Whisperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer"},{"link_name":"Prison Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Break"},{"link_name":"Big Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Love"},{"link_name":"Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Minds:_Suspect_Behavior"},{"link_name":"Extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Switched at Birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched_at_Birth_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Swordfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordfish_(film)"},{"link_name":"Minority Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(film)"},{"link_name":"After the Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Sunset"},{"link_name":"The Ring Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_Two"},{"link_name":"Flightplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flightplan"},{"link_name":"Big Momma's House 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Momma%27s_House_2"},{"link_name":"Flags of Our Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Our_Fathers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil: Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil:_Extinction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kirk B. R. Woller (born March 9, 1962) is an American actor who has played as Gaius in the The Chosen, Agent Gene Crane on The X-Files, and the boss of the mysterious cleaners in Charmed. His notable film characters include coach Cal Sawyer in Hometown Legend, Chief Officer Reynolds in Poseidon, detective Frank Shaw in Urban Justice,[1] hotel-clerk Jordan in Hollywoo, and the cab driver in The Ride where he was nominated for Best Male Performance.His other guest star appearances include Melrose Place, Nash Bridges, NYPD Blue, ER, CSI, JAG, CSI: Miami, Alias, NCIS, Criminal Minds, 24, The Unit, Bones, Without a Trace, Boston Legal, Ghost Whisperer, Prison Break, Big Love, Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior, Extant, and Switched at Birth.Other film roles include Swordfish, Minority Report, The Hulk, After the Sunset, The Ring Two, Flightplan, Big Momma's House 2, Flags of Our Fathers, Resident Evil: Extinction, and Woodlawn.[2]","title":"Kirk B. R. Woller"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Urban Justice DVD Review - IGN, retrieved February 26, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/02/urban-justice-dvd-review","url_text":"Urban Justice DVD Review - IGN"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tim. (2009). The complete directory to prime time network and cable TV shows, 1946-present. Marsh, Earle. (9th ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-307-48320-1. OCLC 430850832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48320-1","url_text":"978-0-307-48320-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/430850832","url_text":"430850832"}]},{"reference":"\"MIDNIGHT CLEAR (2006) - DVD Review\". We Are Movie Geeks. December 20, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wearemoviegeeks.com/2017/12/midnight-clear-2006-dvd-review/","url_text":"\"MIDNIGHT CLEAR (2006) - DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"Leydon, Joe (January 20, 2017). \"Film Review: 'The Resurrection of Gavin Stone'\". Variety. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/the-resurrection-of-gavin-stone-review-1201963972/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'The Resurrection of Gavin Stone'\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/02/urban-justice-dvd-review","external_links_name":"Urban Justice DVD Review - IGN"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/430850832","external_links_name":"430850832"},{"Link":"http://www.wearemoviegeeks.com/2017/12/midnight-clear-2006-dvd-review/","external_links_name":"\"MIDNIGHT CLEAR (2006) - DVD Review\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/the-resurrection-of-gavin-stone-review-1201963972/","external_links_name":"\"Film Review: 'The Resurrection of Gavin Stone'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0938570/","external_links_name":"Kirk B.R. Woller"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirk_B._R._Woller&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Royal_Stokes
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William Royal Stokes
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["1 References"]
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American bacteriologist
William Royal Stokes (1870 – February 9, 1930: 84 ) was Baltimore City's bacteriologist. While investigating the 1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic, he contracted psittacosis and died. An annual lecture, a library dedicated to bacteriology and a street are named for him.
References
^ a b Honigsbaum, Mark (2020). "3. The Great Parrot Fever Pandemic". The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria and Hubris (PDF). London: Hurst & Company. pp. 67–98. ISBN 9781787381216.
^ Meg (13 September 2016). "MedChi Archives: Death by Parrot". MedChi Archives. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
^ " - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine". collections.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
^ Hasseltine, H. E. (August 1932). "Some Epidemiological Aspects of Psittacosis". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 22 (8): 795–803. doi:10.2105/AJPH.22.8.795-b. ISSN 0002-9572. PMC 1557045. PMID 18013556.
^ HISTORY OF MARYLAND MEDICINE. The Maryland State Medical Society.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Academics
International Plant Names Index
This biographical article related to medicine in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toboggan_run
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Toboggan
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["1 Design and use","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Simple sled
For other uses, see Toboggan (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Toboggan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A toboggan is a simple sled traditionally used by children. It is also a traditional form of transport used by the Innu and Cree of northern Canada.
Illustration of a toboggan
In modern times, it is used on snow to carry one or more people (often children) down a hill or other slope for recreation. Designs vary from simple, traditional models to modern engineered composites. A toboggan differs from most sleds or sleighs in that it has no runners or skis (or only low ones) on the underside. The bottom of a toboggan rides directly on the snow. Some parks include designated toboggan hills where ordinary sleds are not allowed and which may include toboggan runs similar to bobsleigh courses.
Toboggans can vary depending on the climate and geographical region. Such examples are Tangalooma (Australia) where toboggans are made from Masonite boards and used for travelling down steep sand dunes at speeds up to 40 km/h (25 mph).
Design and use
Canadian child carrying his modern toboggan, December 2010.
The Toboggan Party, Rideau Hall, illuminated composite photograph from Lady Dufferin's personal album. c. 1872–1875
Toboggan was originally an Algonquian term for a type of man-hauled cargo sledge made from bark, hardwood or whalebone, and deer or buffalo hide. Sledges of this type have been in use on the Great Plains and the Great Lakes since 3000 BCE. During the tribes' yearly migration to their winter campsites, these sledges were used to transport bulky personal possessions and small children before the introduction of the wheel. A smaller variant of the toboggan, used for recreational purposes, was known as a Tom Pung. As Europeans settled traditional Algonquian lands, the term was absorbed as an English loanword and applied to the low-profile wooden sledges made by the colonists.
Traditional birch toboggan with iron runners, originally used by woodcutters in northern Europe.The Mountaineer method is the only one adapted for the interior parts of the country: their sleds are made of two thin boards of birch; each about six inches broad, a quarter of an inch thick, and six feet long: these are fastened parallel to each other by slight battens, sewed on with thongs of deer-skin; and the foremost end is curved up to rise over the inequalities of the snow. Each individual who is able to walk, is furnished with one of these; but those for the children are proportionately less. On them they stow all their goods, and also their infants; which they bundle up very warm in deer-skins. The two ends of a leather thong are tied to the corners of the sled; the bight or double part of which is placed against the breast, and in that manner it is drawn along. The men go first, relieving each other in the lead by turns; the women follow next, and the children, according to their strength, bring up the rear; and, as they all walk in rackets (snowshoes), the third or fourth person finds an excellent path to walk on, let the snow be ever so light.
The precursor to the modern American toboggan was the small, utilitarian sledge used by woodcutters in Russia, Scandinavia, and especially Germany, to transport logs when the snow made roads inaccessible. Sledge races were a popular winter sport in mountainous countries during the pre-Industrial Revolution era, and early German colonists in America improved upon the design of the traditional toboggan by giving it a lower, more streamlined profile to increase its speed.
The traditional American toboggan is made of bound, parallel wood slats, all bent up and backwards at the front to form a recumbent 'J' shape. A thin rope is run across the edge of end of the curved front to provide rudimentary steering. These usually lack the iron runners of the older woodcutter's sledges. The frontmost rider places their feet in the curved front space and sits on the flat bed; any others sit behind them and grasp the waist of the person before them.
Bum slider
Toboggans come in a variety of shapes. Modern recreational toboggans are typically manufactured from wood or plastic or aluminum. A small plastic sled on which a rider sits and raises their legs while sledding may be known as a bum slider. Larger, more rugged models are made for commercial or rescue use.
See also
Bobsled
Luge
Pulk
Skeleton (sport)
Sled
Travois
Toboggan (hat)
References
^ Sled, Sledge, Sleigh, and Toboggan grammarist.com differentiation of sledding types
^ Word Detective: toboggan
^ Indian terms of the Americas, 224
^ Handbook of American Indians, 769
^ Indian contributions to the world, page 39
^ Townsend 1911:357–358.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toboggans.
Look up toboggan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Toboggan" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
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Designs vary from simple, traditional models to modern engineered composites. A toboggan differs from most sleds or sleighs in that it has no runners or skis (or only low ones) on the underside. The bottom of a toboggan rides directly on the snow. Some parks include designated toboggan hills where ordinary sleds are not allowed and which may include toboggan runs similar to bobsleigh courses.[1]Toboggans can vary depending on the climate and geographical region. Such examples are Tangalooma (Australia) where toboggans are made from Masonite boards and used for travelling down steep sand dunes at speeds up to 40 km/h (25 mph).","title":"Toboggan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sledding.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toboggan_Party.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rideau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lady Dufferin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariot_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_Marchioness_of_Dufferin_and_Ava"},{"link_name":"Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages"},{"link_name":"hardwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"whalebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalebone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"loanword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triesenberger_Schlitten.jpg"},{"link_name":"snowshoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stj%C3%A4rtlapp.jpg"}],"text":"Canadian child carrying his modern toboggan, December 2010.The Toboggan Party, Rideau Hall, illuminated composite photograph from Lady Dufferin's personal album. c. 1872–1875Toboggan was originally an Algonquian term for a type of man-hauled cargo sledge made from bark, hardwood or whalebone, and deer or buffalo hide.[2] Sledges of this type have been in use on the Great Plains and the Great Lakes since 3000 BCE.[3] During the tribes' yearly migration to their winter campsites, these sledges were used to transport bulky personal possessions and small children before the introduction of the wheel. A smaller variant of the toboggan, used for recreational purposes, was known as a Tom Pung.[4] As Europeans settled traditional Algonquian lands, the term was absorbed as an English loanword and applied to the low-profile wooden sledges made by the colonists.[5]Traditional birch toboggan with iron runners, originally used by woodcutters in northern Europe.The Mountaineer [Innu] method is the only one adapted for the interior parts of the country: their sleds are made of two thin boards of birch; each about six inches broad, a quarter of an inch thick, and six feet long: these are fastened parallel to each other by slight battens, sewed on with thongs of deer-skin; and the foremost end is curved up to rise over the inequalities of the snow. Each individual who is able to walk, is furnished with one of these; but those for the children are proportionately less. On them they stow all their goods, and also their infants; which they bundle up very warm in deer-skins. The two ends of a leather thong are tied to the corners of the sled; the bight or double part of which is placed against the breast, and in that manner it is drawn along. The men go first, relieving each other in the lead by turns; the women follow next, and the children, according to their strength, bring up the rear; and, as they all walk in rackets (snowshoes), the third or fourth person finds an excellent path to walk on, let the snow be ever so light.[6]The precursor to the modern American toboggan was the small, utilitarian sledge used by woodcutters in Russia, Scandinavia, and especially Germany, to transport logs when the snow made roads inaccessible. Sledge races were a popular winter sport in mountainous countries during the pre-Industrial Revolution era, and early German colonists in America improved upon the design of the traditional toboggan by giving it a lower, more streamlined profile to increase its speed.The traditional American toboggan is made of bound, parallel wood slats, all bent up and backwards at the front to form a recumbent 'J' shape. A thin rope is run across the edge of end of the curved front to provide rudimentary steering. These usually lack the iron runners of the older woodcutter's sledges. The frontmost rider places their feet in the curved front space and sits on the flat bed; any others sit behind them and grasp the waist of the person before them.Bum sliderToboggans come in a variety of shapes. Modern recreational toboggans are typically manufactured from wood or plastic or aluminum. A small plastic sled on which a rider sits and raises their legs while sledding may be known as a bum slider. Larger, more rugged models are made for commercial or rescue use.","title":"Design and use"}]
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[{"title":"Bobsled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsled"},{"title":"Luge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge"},{"title":"Pulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulk"},{"title":"Skeleton (sport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)"},{"title":"Sled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled"},{"title":"Travois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travois"},{"title":"Toboggan (hat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toboggan_(hat)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahito_Watabe
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Mahito Watabe
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[]
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Soft redirect to Wikispecies
Wikipedia does not have an encyclopedic article for Mahito Watabe (search results).You may want to read the Wikispecies entry on "Mahito Watabe" instead.wikispecies:Mahito Watabe
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mahito Watabe"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Mahito_Watabe&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"search results"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum_difluoride_dioxide
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Molybdenum difluoride dioxide
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["1 Structure","2 Synthesis and reactions","3 Further reading","4 References"]
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Molybdenum difluoride dioxide
Names
Other names
molybdenum dioxide difluoride
Identifiers
CAS Number
13824-57-2
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
InChI
InChI=1S/2FH.Mo.2O/h2*1H;;;/q;;+2;;/p-2Key: RMUNMMZEBAMTER-UHFFFAOYSA-L
SMILES
O=(F)(F)=O
Properties
Chemical formula
F2MoO2
Molar mass
165.94 g·mol−1
Appearance
white solid
Density
3.82 g/cm3
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Molybdenum difluoride dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MoF2O2. It is a white, diamagnetic, volatile solid.
Structure
Structure of solid MoF2O2. X positions are occupied by O or F.
Gaseous molybdenum difluoride dioxide is a tetrahedral molecule. According to X-ray crystallography, the solid is a coordination polymer consisting of trigonal primatic chains of made by linking Mo3F6O6 monomers. The fluoride and oxide positions are disordered. A similar motif is adopted by titanium tetrafluoride.
Synthesis and reactions
The compound can be obtained by thermal decomposition of the dioxotetrafluoride, which in turn is obtained from sodium molybdate:
Na2MoO4 + 4 HF → Na2MoF4O2 + 2 H2O
Heating sodium dioxotetrafluoride to 400 °C gives monomeric difluoride dioxide, which polymerizes upon condensation:
Na2MoF4O2 → 2 NaF + MoF2O2
The compound also arises by hydrolysis of molybdenum oxytetrafluoride:
MoF4O + H2O → 2 HF + MoF2O2
The compound dissolves in dimethylformamide to give a bis(adduct):
MoF2O2 + 2 OC(H)N(CH3)2 → MoF2O2(OC(H)N(CH3)2)2
Further reading
Edwards, A. J.; Steventon, B. R. (1968). "Fluoride crystal structures. Part II. Molybdenum oxide tetrafluoride". Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical: 2503. doi:10.1039/j19680002503.
Turnbull, Douglas; Chaudhary, Praveen; Leenstra, Dakota; Hazendonk, Paul; Wetmore, Stacey D.; Gerken, Michael (2020). "Reactions of Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxide Tetrafluoride with Sulfur(IV) Lewis Bases: Structure and Bonding in 4, MOF4(OSO), and (M = Mo, W)". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (23): 17544–17554. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02783. PMID 33200611. S2CID 226989898.
References
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1023. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Ward, Brian G.; Stafford, Fred E. (1968). "Synthesis and Structure of Four- and Five-Coordinated Gaseous Oxohalides of Molybdenum(VI) and Tungsten(VI)". Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (12): 2569–2573. doi:10.1021/ic50070a020.
^ a b Shorafa, Hashem; Ficicioglu, Halil; Tamadon, Farhad; Girgsdies, Frank; Seppelt, Konrad (2010). "Molybdenum Difluoride Dioxide, MoO2F2". Inorganic Chemistry. 49 (9): 4263–4267. doi:10.1021/ic1000864. PMID 20380384.
^ Benjamin, Sophie L.; Levason, William; Reid, Gillian (2013). "Medium and high oxidation state metal/Non-metal fluoride and oxide–fluoride complexes with neutral donor ligands". Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 (4): 1460–1499. doi:10.1039/C2CS35263J. PMID 23014811.
vteFluorine compounds
HF
He
LiF
BeF2
BFBF3B2F4
CF4CxFy
NF3N2F4
OFOF2O2F2O2F
F−
Ne
NaF
MgF2
AlFAlF3
SiF4
P2F4PF3PF5
S2F2SF2S2F4SF4S2F10SF6
ClFClF3ClF5
HArFArF2
KF
CaF2
ScF3
TiF3TiF4
VF2VF3VF4VF5
CrF2CrF3CrF4CrF5CrF6
MnF2MnF3MnF4
FeF2FeF3
CoF2CoF3
NiF2NiF3
CuFCuF2
ZnF2
GaF3
GeF4
AsF3AsF5
SeF4SeF6
BrFBrF3BrF5
KrF2KrF4KrF6
RbF
SrF2
YF3
ZrF4
NbF4NbF5
MoF4MoF5MoF6
TcF6
RuF3RuF4RuF5RuF6
RhF3RhF5RhF6
PdF2Pd PdF4PdF6
AgFAgF2AgF3Ag2F
CdF2
InF3
SnF2SnF4
SbF3SbF5
TeF4TeF6
IFIF3IF5IF7
XeF2XeF4XeF6XeF8
CsF
BaF2
*
LuF3
HfF4
TaF5
WF4WF6
ReF6ReF7
OsF4OsF5OsF6OsF7OsF8
IrF3IrF5IrF6
PtF2Pt PtF4PtF5PtF6
AuFAuF3Au2F10AuF5·F2
HgF2Hg2F2HgF4
TlFTlF3
PbF2PbF4
BiF3BiF5
PoF4PoF6
At
RnF2RnF6
Fr
RaF2
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
↓
*
LaF3
CeF3CeF4
PrF3PrF4
NdF3
PmF3
SmF2SmF3
EuF2EuF3
GdF3
TbF3TbF4
DyF3
HoF3
ErF3
TmF2TmF3
YbF2YbF3
**
AcF3
ThF4
PaF4PaF5
UF3UF4UF5UF6
NpF3NpF4NpF5NpF6
PuF3PuF4PuF5PuF6
AmF3AmF4AmF6
CmF3
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6− compounds
AgPF6
KAsF6
LiAsF6
NaAsF6
HPF6
HSbF6
NH4PF6
KPF6
KSbF6
LiPF6
NaPF6
NaSbF6
TlPF6
AlF6− compounds
Cs2AlF5
Li3AlF6
K3AlF6
Na3AlF6
chlorides, bromides, iodides and pseudohalogenides
BaClF
SiIBrClF
CFN
ClFO2
SiF62-, GeF62- compounds
BaSiF6
BaGeF6
(NH4)2SiF6
Na2
K2
Li2GeF6
Li2SiF6
Oxyfluorides
BrOF3
BrO2F
BrO3F
LaOF
ThOF2
VOF3
TcO3F
WOF4
YOF
ClOF3
ClO2F3
Organofluorides
CBrF3
CBr2F2
CBr3F
CClF3
CCl2F2
CCl3F
CF2O
CF3I
CHF3
CH2F2
CH3F
C2Cl3F3
C2H3F
C6H5F
C7H5F3
C15F33N
C3H5F
C6H11F
with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium
VOF3
CrOF4
CrF2O2
NH4F
(NH4)2ZrF6
CsXeF7
Li2TiF6
Li2ZrF6
K2TiF6
Rb2TiF6
Na2TiF6
Na2ZrF6
K2NbF7
K2TaF7
K2ZrF6
UO2F2
nitric acids
FNO
FNO2
FNO3
bifluorides
KHF2
NaHF2
NH4HF2
thionyl, phosphoryl, and iodosyl
F2OS
F3OP
PSF3
IOF3
IO3F
IOF5
IO2F
IO2F3
Chemical formulas
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundMolybdenum difluoride dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MoF2O2. It is a white, diamagnetic, volatile solid.[1]","title":"Molybdenum difluoride dioxide"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MoO2F2structure.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"X-ray crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"coordination polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_polymer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seppelt-3"},{"link_name":"titanium tetrafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_tetrafluoride"}],"text":"Structure of solid MoF2O2. X positions are occupied by O or F.Gaseous molybdenum difluoride dioxide is a tetrahedral molecule.[2] According to X-ray crystallography, the solid is a coordination polymer consisting of trigonal primatic chains of made by linking Mo3F6O6 monomers. The fluoride and oxide positions are disordered.[3] A similar motif is adopted by titanium tetrafluoride.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium molybdate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_molybdate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seppelt-3"},{"link_name":"molybdenum oxytetrafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum_oxytetrafluoride"},{"link_name":"dimethylformamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide"},{"link_name":"adduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The compound can be obtained by thermal decomposition of the dioxotetrafluoride, which in turn is obtained from sodium molybdate:[3]Na2MoO4 + 4 HF → Na2MoF4O2 + 2 H2OHeating sodium dioxotetrafluoride to 400 °C gives monomeric difluoride dioxide, which polymerizes upon condensation:Na2MoF4O2 → 2 NaF + MoF2O2The compound also arises by hydrolysis of molybdenum oxytetrafluoride:MoF4O + H2O → 2 HF + MoF2O2The compound dissolves in dimethylformamide to give a bis(adduct):[4]MoF2O2 + 2 OC(H)N(CH3)2 → MoF2O2(OC(H)N(CH3)2)2","title":"Synthesis and reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1039/j19680002503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1039%2Fj19680002503"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.0c02783"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33200611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33200611"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"226989898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226989898"}],"text":"Edwards, A. J.; Steventon, B. R. (1968). \"Fluoride crystal structures. Part II. Molybdenum oxide tetrafluoride\". Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical: 2503. doi:10.1039/j19680002503.\nTurnbull, Douglas; Chaudhary, Praveen; Leenstra, Dakota; Hazendonk, Paul; Wetmore, Stacey D.; Gerken, Michael (2020). \"Reactions of Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxide Tetrafluoride with Sulfur(IV) Lewis Bases: Structure and Bonding in [WOF4]4, MOF4(OSO), and [SF3][M2O2F9] (M = Mo, W)\". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (23): 17544–17554. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02783. PMID 33200611. S2CID 226989898.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Structure of solid MoF2O2. X positions are occupied by O or F.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MoO2F2structure.svg/180px-MoO2F2structure.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Edwards, A. J.; Steventon, B. R. (1968). \"Fluoride crystal structures. Part II. Molybdenum oxide tetrafluoride\". Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical: 2503. doi:10.1039/j19680002503.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fj19680002503","url_text":"10.1039/j19680002503"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Douglas; Chaudhary, Praveen; Leenstra, Dakota; Hazendonk, Paul; Wetmore, Stacey D.; Gerken, Michael (2020). \"Reactions of Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxide Tetrafluoride with Sulfur(IV) Lewis Bases: Structure and Bonding in [WOF4]4, MOF4(OSO), and [SF3][M2O2F9] (M = Mo, W)\". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (23): 17544–17554. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02783. PMID 33200611. S2CID 226989898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.0c02783","url_text":"10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33200611","url_text":"33200611"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226989898","url_text":"226989898"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1023. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Brian G.; Stafford, Fred E. (1968). \"Synthesis and Structure of Four- and Five-Coordinated Gaseous Oxohalides of Molybdenum(VI) and Tungsten(VI)\". Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (12): 2569–2573. doi:10.1021/ic50070a020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50070a020","url_text":"10.1021/ic50070a020"}]},{"reference":"Shorafa, Hashem; Ficicioglu, Halil; Tamadon, Farhad; Girgsdies, Frank; Seppelt, Konrad (2010). \"Molybdenum Difluoride Dioxide, MoO2F2\". Inorganic Chemistry. 49 (9): 4263–4267. doi:10.1021/ic1000864. PMID 20380384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic1000864","url_text":"10.1021/ic1000864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20380384","url_text":"20380384"}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Sophie L.; Levason, William; Reid, Gillian (2013). \"Medium and high oxidation state metal/Non-metal fluoride and oxide–fluoride complexes with neutral donor ligands\". Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 (4): 1460–1499. doi:10.1039/C2CS35263J. PMID 23014811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC2CS35263J","url_text":"10.1039/C2CS35263J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23014811","url_text":"23014811"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Barralet
|
John James Barralet
|
["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources","4 Further reading"]
|
Irish artist
View of Lucan House - John James Barralet
Detail of the Apotheosis of George Washington by John James Barralet, c. 1800–1805, transfer-printed onto a pitcher by the Herculaneum Pottery, Liverpool
John James Barralet (c. 1747 - January 16, 1815) was an Irish artist who spent the later part of his career in the United States.
Life
John James Barralet was born in 1747 to a French Family in Dublin. Barralet had joined two classes at The Dublin Society of Drawing schools aged seventeen and he was awarded premium in 1764. He was educated by James Mannin and he was awarded prizes for both 'Drawing of human figures and heads' and 'Inventions in designs and patterns'. He specialised in landscapes, producing prosaic works. He was lauded for his figures which were said to give a lively immediacy to his watercolours. His brother John Melchior Barralet was a teacher in London in The Royal Academy in 1770. He also had a brother Joseph Barralet.
In June 1791, his drawings helped Benjamin Simpson win a competition to a design the gardens in Merrion Square.
He exhibited three landscapes at the Royal Academy in 1770, and occasionally exhibited in succeeding years. He was employed in illustrating books on Irish Antiquities.
In 1795 he emigrated to America, settling in Philadelphia, where he died in 1815.
References
^ a b c Crookshank, Anne (23 September 2004). "Barralet, John James (1747–1815), watercolour painter". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1504. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b Harbison, Peter (2004). "Barralet and Beranger's Antiquarian Sketching Tour through Wicklow and Wexford in the Autumn of 1780". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature. 104C (6): 131–190. doi:10.1353/ria.2004.0002. ISSN 2009-0048.
^ a b Raley, Robert L. (1985). "John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia". Irish Arts Review (1984-1987). 2 (3): 19–25. ISSN 0790-178X. JSTOR 20491795.
^ Bryan, Michael; Graves, Robert Edmund; Armstrong, Walter (1886). Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical. Cornell University Library. London : G. Bell and Sons.
^ "CO. DUBLIN, DUBLIN, MERRION SQUARE, GARDENS Dictionary of Irish Architects -". www.dia.ie. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^ Bryan 1886.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Barralet, John James". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
Further reading
Raley, Robert L. (1985). "John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia" (PDF). Irish Arts Review. 2: 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John James Barralet.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_James_Barralet_-_View_of_Lucan_House_-_B1975.2.160_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucan House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apotheosis_of_George_Washington_(detail),_Herculaneum_Pottery,_c._1800-1805,_John_James_Barralet,_artist_-_DSC03198.JPG"}],"text":"View of Lucan House - John James BarraletDetail of the Apotheosis of George Washington by John James Barralet, c. 1800–1805, transfer-printed onto a pitcher by the Herculaneum Pottery, LiverpoolJohn James Barralet (c. 1747 - January 16, 1815) was an Irish artist who spent the later part of his career in the United States.","title":"John James Barralet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"James Mannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mannin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-3"},{"link_name":"Merrion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrion_Square"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan1886-6"}],"text":"John James Barralet was born in 1747 to a French Family in Dublin.[1] Barralet had joined two classes at The Dublin Society of Drawing schools aged seventeen and he was awarded premium in 1764.[2][1] He was educated by James Mannin and he was awarded prizes for both 'Drawing of human figures and heads' and 'Inventions in designs and patterns'.[2][3] He specialised in landscapes, producing prosaic works. He was lauded for his figures which were said to give a lively immediacy to his watercolours.[1] His brother John Melchior Barralet was a teacher in London in The Royal Academy in 1770.[4] He also had a brother Joseph Barralet.[3]In June 1791, his drawings helped Benjamin Simpson win a competition to a design the gardens in Merrion Square.[5]He exhibited three landscapes at the Royal Academy in 1770, and occasionally exhibited in succeeding years. He was employed in illustrating books on Irish Antiquities.In 1795 he emigrated to America, settling in Philadelphia, where he died in 1815.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Bryan, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Barralet, John James\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Barralet, John James\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304035342/http://archive.irishartsreview.com/irisartsrevi1984/pdf/1985/20491795.pdf.bannered.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.irishartsreview.com/irisartsrevi1984/pdf/1985/20491795.pdf.bannered.pdf"},{"link_name":"John James Barralet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_James_Barralet"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6241511#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1806818/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000066486200"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/14879017"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcRqxqdkj9QyXH9dKrv3"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12512488b"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12512488b"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92026252"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/7558/"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/4604"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500029468"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3318/dib.000396.v1"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n62228"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/233607005"},{"link_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shamrock.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emojione_1F3A8.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_James_Barralet&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ireland-painter-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland-painter-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland-painter-stub"}],"text":"Raley, Robert L. (1985). \"John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia\" (PDF). Irish Arts Review. 2: 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2015.Wikimedia Commons has media related to John James Barralet.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nArtists\nAuckland\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nIreland\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef\nTe Papa (New Zealand)This Irish painter article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"View of Lucan House - John James Barralet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_James_Barralet_-_View_of_Lucan_House_-_B1975.2.160_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/220px-John_James_Barralet_-_View_of_Lucan_House_-_B1975.2.160_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the Apotheosis of George Washington by John James Barralet, c. 1800–1805, transfer-printed onto a pitcher by the Herculaneum Pottery, Liverpool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Apotheosis_of_George_Washington_%28detail%29%2C_Herculaneum_Pottery%2C_c._1800-1805%2C_John_James_Barralet%2C_artist_-_DSC03198.JPG/220px-Apotheosis_of_George_Washington_%28detail%29%2C_Herculaneum_Pottery%2C_c._1800-1805%2C_John_James_Barralet%2C_artist_-_DSC03198.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Crookshank, Anne (23 September 2004). \"Barralet, John James (1747–1815), watercolour painter\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1504. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-1504","url_text":"\"Barralet, John James (1747–1815), watercolour painter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1504","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/1504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"Harbison, Peter (2004). \"Barralet and Beranger's Antiquarian Sketching Tour through Wicklow and Wexford in the Autumn of 1780\". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature. 104C (6): 131–190. doi:10.1353/ria.2004.0002. ISSN 2009-0048.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/423/article/810762","url_text":"\"Barralet and Beranger's Antiquarian Sketching Tour through Wicklow and Wexford in the Autumn of 1780\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fria.2004.0002","url_text":"10.1353/ria.2004.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2009-0048","url_text":"2009-0048"}]},{"reference":"Raley, Robert L. (1985). \"John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia\". Irish Arts Review (1984-1987). 2 (3): 19–25. ISSN 0790-178X. JSTOR 20491795.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20491795","url_text":"\"John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0790-178X","url_text":"0790-178X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20491795","url_text":"20491795"}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Michael; Graves, Robert Edmund; Armstrong, Walter (1886). Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical. Cornell University Library. London : G. Bell and Sons.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/cu31924092716962","url_text":"Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical"}]},{"reference":"\"CO. DUBLIN, DUBLIN, MERRION SQUARE, GARDENS Dictionary of Irish Architects -\". www.dia.ie. Retrieved 26 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dia.ie/works/view/49148/CO.+DUBLIN%2C+DUBLIN%2C+MERRION+SQUARE%2C+GARDENS","url_text":"\"CO. DUBLIN, DUBLIN, MERRION SQUARE, GARDENS Dictionary of Irish Architects -\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Barralet, John James\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)","url_text":"Bryan, Michael"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Barralet, John James\""}]},{"reference":"Raley, Robert L. (1985). \"John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia\" (PDF). Irish Arts Review. 2: 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035342/http://archive.irishartsreview.com/irisartsrevi1984/pdf/1985/20491795.pdf.bannered.pdf","url_text":"\"John James Barralet in Dublin and Philadelphia\""},{"url":"http://archive.irishartsreview.com/irisartsrevi1984/pdf/1985/20491795.pdf.bannered.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_L%27Abbate
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Giuseppe L'Abbate
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["1 Political career","2 References"]
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Italian politician
Giuseppe L'AbbateUndersecretary of State to the Ministry of Agriulture and ForestsIn office16 September 2019 – 13 February 2021Prime MinisterGiuseppe ConteMario DraghiMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office15 March 2013 – 12 October 2022ConstituencyPuglia
Personal detailsBorn (1985-03-13) 13 March 1985 (age 39)Castellana Grotte, ItalyPolitical partyM5S (2013–2022)Alma materUniversity of BariProfessionPolitician
Giuseppe L'Abbate (born 13 March 1985) is an Italian politician.
Political career
He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 2013 and re-elected in 2018 for the Five Star Movement.
He was State Secretary at the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies in the Conte II Cabinet.
In 2022 he left the Five Star Movement with Luigi Di Maio. He is the political manifesto coordinator for Together for the Future for the 2022 Italian general election.
References
^ "Giuseppe L'Abbate / Deputati / Camera dei deputati - Portale storico". storia.camera.it. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
^ Buzzi, Claudio Bozza e Emanuele (2022-06-22). "Scissione M5S, chi sono i 62 parlamentari che hanno seguito Di Maio. La Lega diventa primo partito: i nuovi equilibri in Parlamento". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giuseppe L'Abbate.
This article about an Apulia politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_S._Goldhaber
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Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber
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["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Career","4 Honors","5 Legacy","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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American nuclear physicist (1911-1998)
Gertrude Scharff GoldhaberBorn(1911-07-14)July 14, 1911Mannheim, GermanyDiedFebruary 2, 1998(1998-02-02) (aged 86)Patchogue, New York, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of MunichScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsUniversity of Illinois 1939-1950Brookhaven National Laboratory 1950-1979Doctoral advisorWalther Gerlach
Signature
Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber (July 14, 1911 – February 2, 1998) was a German-born Jewish-American nuclear physicist. She earned her PhD from the University of Munich, and though her family suffered during The Holocaust, Gertrude was able to escape to London and later to the United States. Her research during World War II was classified, and not published until 1946. She and her husband, Maurice Goldhaber, spent most of their post-war careers at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Early life
Gertrude Scharff was born in Mannheim, Germany on July 14, 1911. She attended public school, and it is there that she developed an interest in science. Unusual for the time, her parents supported this interest — possibly because her father had wanted to be a chemist before being forced to support his family with the death of his father. Goldhaber's early life was filled with hardship. During World War I she recalled having to eat bread made partially of sawdust, and her family suffered through the hyperinflation of postwar Germany, although it did not prevent her from attending the University of Munich.
Education
At the University of Munich Gertrude quickly developed an interest in physics. Although her family had supported her early interest in science, her father encouraged her to study law at Munich. In defense of her decision to study physics Gertrude told her father, "I'm not interested in the law. I want to understand what the world is made of."
As was usual for students at the time, Gertrude spent semesters at various other universities including the University of Freiburg, the University of Zurich, and the University of Berlin (where she would meet her future husband) before returning to the University of Munich. Upon returning to Munich Gertrude took up a position with Walter Gerlach to perform her thesis research. In her thesis Gertrude studied the effects of stress on magnetization. She graduated in 1935 and published her thesis in 1936.
With the rise to power of the Nazi party in 1933, Gertrude faced increasing difficulties in Germany because of her Jewish heritage. During this time her father was arrested and jailed, and although he and his wife were able to flee to Switzerland upon his release, they later returned to Germany and were murdered in The Holocaust. Gertrude remained in Germany until the completion of her Ph.D. in 1935, at which point she fled to London. Although Gertrude's parents did not escape the Nazis, her sister Liselotte did.
Career
For the first six months of her stay in London, Gertrude lived off the money she made from selling her Leica camera, as well as money earned from translating German to English. Gertrude found that having a Ph.D. was a disadvantage as there were more spots for refugee students than for refugee scientists. She wrote to 35 other refugee scientists looking for work, and was told by all but one that there were already too many refugee scientists already working. Only Maurice Goldhaber wrote back offering any hope, stating that he thought she might be able to find work in Cambridge. Gertrude was able to find work in George Paget Thomson's lab working on electron diffraction. Although she had a post-doctoral position with Thomson, Gertrude realized that she was not going to be offered a real position with him and so looked for other work.
In 1939 Gertrude married Maurice Goldhaber. She then moved to Urbana, Illinois to join him at the University of Illinois. The state of Illinois had strict anti-nepotism laws at the time which prevented Gertrude Goldhaber from being hired by the university because her husband already had a position there. Gertrude was granted neither salary nor laboratory space, and worked in Maurice's lab as an unpaid assistant. Since Maurice's lab was only set up for nuclear physics research, Gertrude Goldhaber took up research in that field as well. During this time Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber had two sons: Alfred and Michael. Goldhaber was eventually given a soft-money line by the department to help support her research.
Goldhaber studied neutron-proton and neutron-nucleus reaction cross sections in 1941, and gamma radiation emission and absorption by nuclei in 1942. Around this time she also observed that spontaneous nuclear fission is accompanied by the release of neutrons — a result that had been theorized earlier but had yet to be shown. Her work with spontaneous nuclear fission was classified during the war, and was only published after the war ended in 1946.
Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber moved from Illinois to Long Island where they both joined the staff of Brookhaven National Laboratory. At the laboratory she founded a series of monthly lectures known as the Brookhaven Lecture Series which is still continuing as of March 2023.
Honors
1947 — elected as a fellow of the American Physical Society
1972 — elected to National Academy of Sciences (the third female physicist to be so honored)
1982 — Long Island Achiever's Award in Science
1984 — Phi Beta Kappa visiting scholar
1990 — Outstanding Woman Scientist Award from the New York Chapter of the Association for Women Scientists
Legacy
In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships in her honor. These prestigious Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bond and Henley 1999, p. 5
^ a b c d Goldhaber 2001
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bond and Henley 1999, p. 4
^ a b c d Bond and Henley 1999, p. 3
^ a b Saxon 1998
^ a b c d e f g h i j Bond and Henley 1999, p. 6
^ a b c d e f Bond and Henley 1999, p. 7
^ Brookhaven Lecture Series
^ https://www.bnl.gov/lecture/brookhaven-lectures.php
^ Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships
Bibliography
Bond, Peter D.; Henley, Ernest (1999), Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber 1911-1998: A Biographical Memoir (PDF), Biographical Memoirs, vol. 77, Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press, retrieved March 5, 2009
"Brookhaven Lecture Series". Brookhaven National Laboratory. July 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 17, 2005. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Goldhaber, Maurice (2001), Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber, Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, retrieved March 5, 2009
Saxon, Wolfgang (February 6, 1998), "Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber, 86, Crucial Scientist in Nuclear Fission", The New York Times, pp. D18, retrieved March 5, 2009
External links
Archival papers held at the Leo Baeck Institute at the Center for Jewish History: Gertrude S. Goldhaber Collection
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Academics
zbMATH
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physicist"},{"link_name":"University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Maurice Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"}],"text":"Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber (July 14, 1911 – February 2, 1998) was a German-born Jewish-American nuclear physicist. She earned her PhD from the University of Munich, and though her family suffered during The Holocaust, Gertrude was able to escape to London and later to the United States. Her research during World War II was classified, and not published until 1946. She and her husband, Maurice Goldhaber, spent most of their post-war careers at Brookhaven National Laboratory.","title":"Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P3-4"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"sawdust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdust"},{"link_name":"hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation"},{"link_name":"postwar Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"}],"text":"Gertrude Scharff was born in Mannheim, Germany on July 14, 1911.[4] She attended public school, and it is there that she developed an interest in science.[3] Unusual for the time, her parents supported this interest — possibly because her father had wanted to be a chemist before being forced to support his family with the death of his father.[3] Goldhaber's early life was filled with hardship.[3] During World War I she recalled having to eat bread made partially of sawdust, and her family suffered through the hyperinflation of postwar Germany, although it did not prevent her from attending the University of Munich.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saxon98-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"University of Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"University of Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zurich"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"Walter Gerlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gerlach"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"Nazi party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party"},{"link_name":"Jewish heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P4-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"}],"text":"At the University of Munich Gertrude quickly developed an interest in physics.[3] Although her family had supported her early interest in science, her father encouraged her to study law at Munich.[3] In defense of her decision to study physics Gertrude told her father, \"I'm not interested in the law. I want to understand what the world is made of.\"[5][3]As was usual for students at the time, Gertrude spent semesters at various other universities including the University of Freiburg, the University of Zurich, and the University of Berlin (where she would meet her future husband) before returning to the University of Munich.[3] Upon returning to Munich Gertrude took up a position with Walter Gerlach to perform her thesis research.[3] In her thesis Gertrude studied the effects of stress on magnetization.[6] She graduated in 1935 and published her thesis in 1936.[6]With the rise to power of the Nazi party in 1933, Gertrude faced increasing difficulties in Germany because of her Jewish heritage.[3] During this time her father was arrested and jailed, and although he and his wife were able to flee to Switzerland upon his release, they later returned to Germany and were murdered in The Holocaust.[3] Gertrude remained in Germany until the completion of her Ph.D. in 1935, at which point she fled to London.[1][3] Although Gertrude's parents did not escape the Nazis, her sister Liselotte did.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Camera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P7-7"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P7-7"},{"link_name":"George Paget Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson"},{"link_name":"electron diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffraction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P7-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWP-2"},{"link_name":"Urbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"anti-nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"nuclear physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWP-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"cross sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)"},{"link_name":"nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P7-7"},{"link_name":"spontaneous nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_nuclear_fission"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P7-7"},{"link_name":"classified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information"},{"link_name":"the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P7-7"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P5-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Scharff_Goldhaber&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNL_Lectures-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For the first six months of her stay in London, Gertrude lived off the money she made from selling her Leica camera, as well as money earned from translating German to English.[1] Gertrude found that having a Ph.D. was a disadvantage as there were more spots for refugee students than for refugee scientists.[1] She wrote to 35 other refugee scientists looking for work, and was told by all but one that there were already too many refugee scientists already working.[6][7] Only Maurice Goldhaber wrote back offering any hope, stating that he thought she might be able to find work in Cambridge.[7] Gertrude was able to find work in George Paget Thomson's lab working on electron diffraction.[7] Although she had a post-doctoral position with Thomson, Gertrude realized that she was not going to be offered a real position with him and so looked for other work.[1]In 1939 Gertrude married Maurice Goldhaber.[1][2] She then moved to Urbana, Illinois to join him at the University of Illinois.[1] The state of Illinois had strict anti-nepotism laws at the time which prevented Gertrude Goldhaber from being hired by the university because her husband already had a position there.[1] Gertrude was granted neither salary nor laboratory space, and worked in Maurice's lab as an unpaid assistant.[1] Since Maurice's lab was only set up for nuclear physics research, Gertrude Goldhaber took up research in that field as well.[1] During this time Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber had two sons: Alfred and Michael.[1][2] Goldhaber was eventually given a soft-money line by the department to help support her research.[1]Goldhaber studied neutron-proton and neutron-nucleus reaction cross sections in 1941, and gamma radiation emission and absorption by nuclei in 1942.[7] Around this time she also observed that spontaneous nuclear fission is accompanied by the release of neutrons — a result that had been theorized earlier but had yet to be shown.[7] Her work with spontaneous nuclear fission was classified during the war, and was only published after the war ended in 1946.[7]Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber moved from Illinois to Long Island where they both joined the staff of Brookhaven National Laboratory.[1][6] At the laboratory she founded a series of monthly lectures known as the Brookhaven Lecture Series which is still continuing as of March 2023[update].[6][8][9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"Long Island Achiever's Award in Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Achiever%27s_Award_in_Science&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"},{"link_name":"Association for Women Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_for_Women_Scientists&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond_and_Henley_P6-6"}],"text":"1947 — elected as a fellow of the American Physical Society[6]\n1972 — elected to National Academy of Sciences (the third female physicist to be so honored)[6]\n1982 — Long Island Achiever's Award in Science[6]\n1984 — Phi Beta Kappa visiting scholar[6]\n1990 — Outstanding Woman Scientist Award from the New York Chapter of the Association for Women Scientists[6]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhaber_fellows"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships in her honor. These prestigious Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields.[10]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber 1911-1998: A Biographical Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//books.nap.edu/html/biomems/ggoldhaber.pdf"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"The National Academy Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_Press"},{"link_name":"\"Brookhaven Lecture Series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050217024457/http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/lectures/default.asp"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/lectures/default.asp"},{"link_name":"Goldhaber, Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Goldhaber,[email protected]"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"\"Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber, 86, Crucial Scientist in Nuclear Fission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DC123DF935A35751C0A96E958260"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"text":"Bond, Peter D.; Henley, Ernest (1999), Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber 1911-1998: A Biographical Memoir (PDF), Biographical Memoirs, vol. 77, Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press, retrieved March 5, 2009\n\"Brookhaven Lecture Series\". Brookhaven National Laboratory. July 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 17, 2005. Retrieved July 1, 2009.\nGoldhaber, Maurice (2001), Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber, Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, retrieved March 5, 2009\nSaxon, Wolfgang (February 6, 1998), \"Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber, 86, Crucial Scientist in Nuclear Fission\", The New York Times, pp. D18, retrieved March 5, 2009","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodil_Niska
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Bodil Niska
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["1 Career","2 Honors","3 Discography","3.1 Solo albums","3.2 Collaborative works","4 References","5 External links"]
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Norwegian jazz musician (born 1954)
Bodil NiskaBodil Niska at Oslo jazzfestival (2015).Background informationBirth nameBodil Aileen NiskaBorn (1954-08-21) 21 August 1954 (age 69)Vadsø, FinnmarkOriginNorwayGenresJazzOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Tenor saxophoneWebsitewww.niska.noMusical artist
Bodil Aileen Niska (born 21 August 1954 in Vadsø, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz saxophonist known for her recordings of jazz standards.
Career
Raised in Hammerfest Municipality, she was taught music by her father, the accordion player Aksel Niska, and studied under the guidance of Kjell Bartholdsen, and ran the jazz club "Montenegro" (1979–89). After moving southward in Norway in 1990, Niska collaborated within the trio "Girl Talk" from 1992, the other members being Tine Asmundsen (double bass) and Elizabeth Walker. They recorded the album Talkin' Jazz (1996). She formed the Bodil Niska Quartet, including Per Husby (piano), Stig Hvalryg (bass) and Roger Johansen (drums), at the Oslo Jazz Festival in 2005. She is also known for her collaboration with Pete Brown Trio, including Scott Hamilton and Harry Allen.
Niska has established the "Bare Jazz" store in Oslo, and a record label by the same name. For her work she received "Sildajazzprisen" in 2005 and the Oslo Jazz Festival award "Ella-prisen" in 2009.
Honors
2005:"Sildajazzprisen" at the Jazz Festival in Haugesund
2009: "Nordprofil-prisen
2009: "Ella-prisen at Oslo Jazzfestival
Discography
Solo albums
2000: First Song (Hot Club Records), including Egil Kapstad, Bjørn Alterhaug and Pelle Hultén (contributions by Aksel Niska)
2004: Blue (Bare Jazz Records), with Kapstad, Alterhaug, Hulten & Paul Wagnberg
2008: Night Time (Bare Jazz Records), with Claes Crona Trio & Staffan William-Olsson
Collaborative works
1993: Noe Som Har Hendt (Kirkelig Kulturverksted), with "Dronning Mauds Land»
1996: Talkin' Jazz (Hot Club Records), within the trio "Girl Talk»
2006: Sakte Sanger (Park Grammofon), with Anne Lande & Per Husby
References
^ Hammerø, Tor; Hoprekstad, Odd Egil. "Bodil Niska". Store Norske Leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ "Bodil Niska Biography" (in Norwegian). Nama.no. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
Norway portalJazz portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bodil Niska.
External links
Official website
Bodil Niska Archived 10 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine at Barejazz.no
Awards
Preceded byAlf Wilhelm Lundberg
Recipient of the Sildajazzprisen 2005
Succeeded byStaffan William-Olsson
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vadsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vads%C3%B8_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"jazz standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_standards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"}],"text":"Musical artistBodil Aileen Niska (born 21 August 1954 in Vadsø, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz saxophonist known for her recordings of jazz standards.[1]","title":"Bodil Niska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammerfest Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kjell Bartholdsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Bartholdsen"},{"link_name":"Tine Asmundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tine_Asmundsen"},{"link_name":"Per Husby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Husby"},{"link_name":"Stig Hvalryg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_Hvalryg"},{"link_name":"Roger Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Johansen_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Scott Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hamilton_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Harry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Allen_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Sildajazzprisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildajazz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Raised in Hammerfest Municipality, she was taught music by her father, the accordion player Aksel Niska, and studied under the guidance of Kjell Bartholdsen, and ran the jazz club \"Montenegro\" (1979–89). After moving southward in Norway in 1990, Niska collaborated within the trio \"Girl Talk\" from 1992, the other members being Tine Asmundsen (double bass) and Elizabeth Walker. They recorded the album Talkin' Jazz (1996). She formed the Bodil Niska Quartet, including Per Husby (piano), Stig Hvalryg (bass) and Roger Johansen (drums), at the Oslo Jazz Festival in 2005. She is also known for her collaboration with Pete Brown Trio, including Scott Hamilton and Harry Allen.Niska has established the \"Bare Jazz\" store in Oslo, and a record label by the same name. For her work she received \"Sildajazzprisen\" in 2005 and the Oslo Jazz Festival award \"Ella-prisen\" in 2009.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sildajazzprisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildajazz"},{"link_name":"Haugesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund_(town)"},{"link_name":"Oslo Jazzfestival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Jazzfestival"}],"text":"2005:\"Sildajazzprisen\" at the Jazz Festival in Haugesund\n2009: \"Nordprofil-prisen\n2009: \"Ella-prisen at Oslo Jazzfestival","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Club Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Club_Records"},{"link_name":"Egil Kapstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Kapstad"},{"link_name":"Bjørn Alterhaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Alterhaug"},{"link_name":"Pelle Hultén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelle_Hult%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aksel Niska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aksel_Niska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Wagnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wagnberg"},{"link_name":"Staffan William-Olsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffan_William-Olsson"}],"sub_title":"Solo albums","text":"2000: First Song (Hot Club Records), including Egil Kapstad, Bjørn Alterhaug and Pelle Hultén (contributions by Aksel Niska)\n2004: Blue (Bare Jazz Records), with Kapstad, Alterhaug, Hulten & Paul Wagnberg\n2008: Night Time (Bare Jazz Records), with Claes Crona Trio & Staffan William-Olsson","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkelig Kulturverksted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkelig_Kulturverksted"},{"link_name":"Per Husby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Husby"}],"sub_title":"Collaborative works","text":"1993: Noe Som Har Hendt (Kirkelig Kulturverksted), with \"Dronning Mauds Land»\n1996: Talkin' Jazz (Hot Club Records), within the trio \"Girl Talk»\n2006: Sakte Sanger (Park Grammofon), with Anne Lande & Per Husby","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hammerø, Tor; Hoprekstad, Odd Egil. \"Bodil Niska\". Store Norske Leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://snl.no/Bodil_Niska","url_text":"\"Bodil Niska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_Norske_Leksikon","url_text":"Store Norske Leksikon"}]},{"reference":"\"Bodil Niska Biography\" (in Norwegian). Nama.no. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nama.no/cat/39.aspx/70764","url_text":"\"Bodil Niska Biography\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.niska.no/","external_links_name":"www.niska.no"},{"Link":"http://snl.no/Bodil_Niska","external_links_name":"\"Bodil Niska\""},{"Link":"http://www.nama.no/cat/39.aspx/70764","external_links_name":"\"Bodil Niska Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.niska.no/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.barejazz.no/","external_links_name":"Bodil Niska"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910165056/http://www.barejazz.no/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/28149294142180521066","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/437140e3-88c3-4104-bebe-a02696cba82d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_Mitchell
|
Sherri Mitchell
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Recognition","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Native American lawyer, author, teacher and activist
Sherri MitchellBorn1969 (age 54–55)Indian Island, MaineEducationUniversity of Maine (BS)James E. Rogers College of Law (JD)Occupationlawyer
Sherri L. Mitchell - Weh'na Ha'mu Kwasset (born 1969) is a Penobscot lawyer, author, teacher and activist from Maine. Mitchell is the author of Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change, a narrative of 'Indigenous Wisdom' that provides "a road map for the spirit and a compass of compassion for humanity."
Early life and education
Mitchell grew up on the Penobscot Indian Island Reservation (Indian Island). She is the granddaughter of Theodore N. Mitchell, who founded the Native American Studies Program and the Wabanaki Center at the University of Maine. She graduated from the University of Maine magna cum laude before studying law at the University of Arizona's Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program led by Robert A. Williams Jr.
Career
Mitchell is an alumna of the American Indian Ambassador program, and the Udall Native American Congressional Internship program. She worked as a law clerk with the United States Department of the Interior's Division of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. as well as with the Native American law firm Frederick Peebles Morgan in Boulder, Colorado. She was the Native American Unit Attorney for Pine Tree Legal Assistance and a Civil Rights Educator for the Maine Attorney General's Civil Rights Division. She is currently on the Board of the American Indian Institute and the Advisory Board of Nia Tero.
She is an Indigenous Rights attorney and the executive director of the Land Peace Foundation, an organization dedicated to the protection of Indigenous land and water rights and the Indigenous way of life. Mitchell has been actively involved with Indigenous rights in the U.S., Canada and abroad for more than 25 years.
Mitchell has been a longtime advisor to the American Indian Institute’s Healing the Future Program and she currently serves as a helper and advisor to the Indigenous Elders and Medicine People’s Council of North and South America. Mitchell is also the organizer of "Healing the Wounds of Turtle Island," a global healing ceremony that rises out of the Wabanaki Prophecy of Reopening of the Eastern Gate. The ceremony began in 2017 and was attended by individuals from six continents. The ceremony continues for 21 years, and will move in four year cycles until it travels to all four corners of the United States. Her work is featured in the documentary film Dancing with the Cannibal Giant by BALE (Building A Local Economy).
Recognition
Mitchell was the recipient of the 2010 Mahoney Dunn International Human Rights and Humanitarian Award for research into Nation/State complicity in human rights violations against Indigenous Populations. In 2015, she received the Spirit of Maine Award for commitment and excellence in the field of International Human Rights. In 2016, Mitchell’s portrait was added to the esteemed portrait series, Americans Who Tell the Truth, by artist Robert Shetterly. She is also the recipient of the 2017 Hands of Hope award from the Peace and Justice Center of Eastern Maine.
Publications
Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change, published by North Atlantic Books on March 20, 2019 Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change is also available on Audible. An excerpt of Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change, Creation Songs, was published in Dawnland Voices 2.0 which is known for Indigenous writing from New England and the Northeast, on February 18, 2016. Sherri is also a co-editor of the book The Corona Transmissions: Alternatives for Engaging with Covid-19 - from the Physical to the Metaphysical, published by Healing Arts Press in December of 2020. Mitchell is also a contributor to the following anthologies and publications: All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions for the Climate Crisis, published by One World Publishers in September of 2020; Resetting Our Future: Empowering Climate Action in the United States, published by Changemakers Books in February 2021; Hearing the Waters: Indigenous oral tradition and the sacred science of sound, published by Orion Magazine in the summer of 2018; Gatherings, Volume XII, published by Theytus Books in October 2001; Sense of Place, Collected Maine Poems, published by Bay River Press in June 2002.
References
^ "Ms. Sherri L. Mitchell Profile | Bangor, ME Lawyer | Martindale.com".
^ a b "Sherri Mitchell". Americans Who Tell the Truth. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
^ Mitchell, Sherri (2018). Sacred Instructions: Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1623171957.
^ a b Mallon, Dave (October 9, 2013). "Pine Tree Introduces Newest Native Unit Attorney". Pine Tree Legal Assistance. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ a b "Sherri Mitchell to Keynote 20th annual HOPE Festival" (Press release). Bangor Daily News. April 8, 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ Scarlett, Dominique (February 18, 2013). "Idle No More: Building multi-ethnic and multi-generational networks of women – The Maine Campus". The Maine Campus. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ Calder, Amy (September 23, 2017). "Speaker at Common Ground Country Fair Urges Compassion Amid Tragedy". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
^ Belfast Library Staff (September 17, 2017). "Robert Shellerly and Sherri Mitchell Talk at Belfast Free Library". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
^ "Sherri Mitchell". Dawnland Voices. 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
External links
Love (and Revolution) Radio Occupy Radio podcast with Rivera Sun & Sherri Mitchell at podomatic
Creation Song
Healing the Wounds of Turtle Island
Land Peace Foundation
Dancing With the Cannibal Giant 2019 documentary by BALE
^ "Sherri Mitchell". Dawnland Voices. 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWTTT-2"},{"link_name":"Penobscot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sherri L. Mitchell[1] - Weh'na Ha'mu Kwasset (born 1969)[2] is a Penobscot lawyer, author, teacher and activist from Maine. Mitchell is the author of Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change, a narrative of 'Indigenous Wisdom' that provides \"a road map for the spirit and a compass of compassion for humanity.\"[3]","title":"Sherri Mitchell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penobscot Indian Island Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_Indian_Island_Reservation"},{"link_name":"University of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"magna cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Law_and_Policy_Program"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Williams Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Williams_Jr."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallon-4"}],"text":"Mitchell grew up on the Penobscot Indian Island Reservation (Indian Island). She is the granddaughter of Theodore N. Mitchell, who founded the Native American Studies Program and the Wabanaki Center at the University of Maine. She graduated from the University of Maine magna cum laude before studying law at the University of Arizona's Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program led by Robert A. Williams Jr.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Division of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Boulder, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallon-4"},{"link_name":"Maine Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_rights"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keynote-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scarlett-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keynote-5"}],"text":"Mitchell is an alumna of the American Indian Ambassador program, and the Udall Native American Congressional Internship program. She worked as a law clerk with the United States Department of the Interior's Division of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. as well as with the Native American law firm Frederick Peebles Morgan in Boulder, Colorado.[4] She was the Native American Unit Attorney for Pine Tree Legal Assistance and a Civil Rights Educator for the Maine Attorney General's Civil Rights Division. She is currently on the Board of the American Indian Institute and the Advisory Board of Nia Tero.She is an Indigenous Rights attorney and the executive director of the Land Peace Foundation, an organization dedicated to the protection of Indigenous land and water rights and the Indigenous way of life.[5] Mitchell has been actively involved with Indigenous rights in the U.S., Canada and abroad for more than 25 years.[6][5]Mitchell has been a longtime advisor to the American Indian Institute’s Healing the Future Program and she currently serves as a helper and advisor to the Indigenous Elders and Medicine People’s Council of North and South America. Mitchell is also the organizer of \"Healing the Wounds of Turtle Island,\" a global healing ceremony that rises out of the Wabanaki Prophecy of Reopening of the Eastern Gate. The ceremony began in 2017 and was attended by individuals from six continents. The ceremony continues for 21 years, and will move in four year cycles until it travels to all four corners of the United States. Her work is featured in the documentary film Dancing with the Cannibal Giant by BALE (Building A Local Economy).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Shetterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shetterly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWTTT-2"}],"text":"Mitchell was the recipient of the 2010 Mahoney Dunn International Human Rights and Humanitarian Award for research into Nation/State complicity in human rights violations against Indigenous Populations. In 2015, she received the Spirit of Maine Award for commitment and excellence in the field of International Human Rights.[7] In 2016, Mitchell’s portrait was added to the esteemed portrait series, Americans Who Tell the Truth, by artist Robert Shetterly.[8][2] She is also the recipient of the 2017 Hands of Hope award from the Peace and Justice Center of Eastern Maine.","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Atlantic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Books"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Corona Transmissions: Alternatives for Engaging with Covid-19 - from the Physical to the Metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Corona-Transmissions/Sherri-Mitchell/9781644113073"},{"link_name":"All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions for the Climate Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/53231994-all-we-can-save"},{"link_name":"Resetting Our Future: Empowering Climate Action in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Resetting-Our-Future-Empowering-Climate/dp/1789048729"},{"link_name":"Hearing the Waters: Indigenous oral tradition and the sacred science of sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//orionmagazine.org/issue/summer-2018/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Gatherings-XII-Florene-Belmore/dp/1894778006/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=Gatherings+Volume+XII&qid=1615848987&s=books&sr=1-2"},{"link_name":"Gatherings, Volume XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Gatherings-XII-Florene-Belmore/dp/1894778006/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=Gatherings+Volume+XII&qid=1615848987&s=books&sr=1-2"},{"link_name":"Sense of Place, Collected Maine Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Sense-Place-Collected-Maine-Poems/dp/B00KJSYC84/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Sense+of+Place+collected+maine+poems&qid=1615849049&s=books&sr=1-1"}],"text":"Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change, published by North Atlantic Books on March 20, 2019 Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change is also available on Audible. An excerpt of Sacred Instructions; Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change, Creation Songs, was published in Dawnland Voices 2.0 which is known for Indigenous writing from New England and the Northeast, on February 18, 2016.[9] Sherri is also a co-editor of the book The Corona Transmissions: Alternatives for Engaging with Covid-19 - from the Physical to the Metaphysical, published by Healing Arts Press in December of 2020. Mitchell is also a contributor to the following anthologies and publications: All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions for the Climate Crisis, published by One World Publishers in September of 2020; Resetting Our Future: Empowering Climate Action in the United States, published by Changemakers Books in February 2021; Hearing the Waters: Indigenous oral tradition and the sacred science of sound, published by Orion Magazine in the summer of 2018; Gatherings, Volume XII, published by Theytus Books in October 2001; Sense of Place, Collected Maine Poems, published by Bay River Press in June 2002.","title":"Publications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ms. Sherri L. Mitchell Profile | Bangor, ME Lawyer | Martindale.com\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.martindale.com/bangor/maine/sherri-l-mitchell-300158300-a/","url_text":"\"Ms. Sherri L. Mitchell Profile | Bangor, ME Lawyer | Martindale.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sherri Mitchell\". Americans Who Tell the Truth. Retrieved 2020-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanswhotellthetruth.org/portraits/sherri-mitchell","url_text":"\"Sherri Mitchell\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Sherri (2018). Sacred Instructions: Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1623171957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1623171957","url_text":"978-1623171957"}]},{"reference":"Mallon, Dave (October 9, 2013). \"Pine Tree Introduces Newest Native Unit Attorney\". Pine Tree Legal Assistance. Retrieved 21 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ptla.org/wabanaki/pine-tree-introduces-newest-native-unit-attorney","url_text":"\"Pine Tree Introduces Newest Native Unit Attorney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Tree_Legal_Assistance","url_text":"Pine Tree Legal Assistance"}]},{"reference":"\"Sherri Mitchell to Keynote 20th annual HOPE Festival\" (Press release). Bangor Daily News. April 8, 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangordailynews.com/community/sherri-mitchell-to-keynote-20th-annual-hope-festival/","url_text":"\"Sherri Mitchell to Keynote 20th annual HOPE Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News","url_text":"Bangor Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Scarlett, Dominique (February 18, 2013). \"Idle No More: Building multi-ethnic and multi-generational networks of women – The Maine Campus\". The Maine Campus. Retrieved 21 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mainecampus.com/2013/02/18/idle-no-more-building-multi-ethnic-and-multi-generational-networks-of-women/","url_text":"\"Idle No More: Building multi-ethnic and multi-generational networks of women – The Maine Campus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maine_Campus","url_text":"The Maine Campus"}]},{"reference":"Calder, Amy (September 23, 2017). \"Speaker at Common Ground Country Fair Urges Compassion Amid Tragedy\". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressherald.com/2017/09/23/speaker-at-common-ground-country-fair-urges-compassion-amid-family-tragedy/","url_text":"\"Speaker at Common Ground Country Fair Urges Compassion Amid Tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"Belfast Library Staff (September 17, 2017). \"Robert Shellerly and Sherri Mitchell Talk at Belfast Free Library\". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangordailynews.com/bdn-maine/event/2017/09/19/robert-shetterly-and-sherri-mitchell-talk-at-belfast-free-library/","url_text":"\"Robert Shellerly and Sherri Mitchell Talk at Belfast Free Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sherri Mitchell\". Dawnland Voices. 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2019-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://dawnlandvoices.org/sherri-mitchell-issue-2/","url_text":"\"Sherri Mitchell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sherri Mitchell\". Dawnland Voices. 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2019-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://dawnlandvoices.org/sherri-mitchell-issue-2/","url_text":"\"Sherri Mitchell\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_1997
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Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997
|
["1 Provisions","1.1 Roth IRA and other individual retirement accounts","1.2 Other provisions","2 Legislative history","3 References","4 External links"]
|
United States tax cut law
Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997Long titleAn act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to subsections (b)(2) and (d) of section 105 of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 1998.Enacted bythe 105th United States CongressEffectiveJanuary 1, 1997CitationsPublic lawPub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 105–34 (text) (PDF)Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 2014 by John Kasich (R–OH) on June 24, 1997Committee consideration by United States Committee of the Whole HousePassed the House of Representatives on June 26, 1997 (253–179)Passed the Senate on June 27, 1997 (80–12) with amendmentHouse of Representatives agreed to Senate amendment on July 31, 1997 (389–43) with further amendmentSenate agreed to House of Representatives amendment on July 31, 1997 (92–8)Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 5, 1997
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The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 105–34 (text) (PDF), H.R. 2014, 111 Stat. 787, enacted August 5, 1997) was enacted by the 105th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The legislation reduced several federal taxes in the United States and notably created the Roth IRA.
Provisions
Roth IRA and other individual retirement accounts
The legislation is notable for having established the Roth IRA, creating a permanent exemption for these retirement accounts from capital gains taxes. The Roth IRA was initially proposed by Senators William Roth of Delaware and Bob Packwood of Oregon 1989, and Roth pushed for the creation of the IRAs in the 1997 legislation.
The act also provided tax exemptions for retirement accounts as well as education savings in the Hope credit and Lifetime Learning Credit. Some expiring business tax provisions were extended.
Other provisions
Starting in 1998, a $400 tax credit for each child under age 17 was introduced, which was later increased to $500 in 1999. This credit was phased out for high-income families.
The top marginal long term capital gains rate fell from 28% to 20%, subject to certain phase-in rules. The 15% bracket was lowered to 10%.
The act permanently exempted from taxation the capital gains on the sale of a personal residence of up to $500,000 for married couples filing jointly and $250,000 for singles. This exemption applies to residences the taxpayer(s) lived in for at least two years over the last five. Taxpayers can only claim the exemption once every two years.
The $600,000 estate tax exemption was to increase gradually to $1 million by the year 2006. As inherited assets are automatically revalued to their current or "stepped-up" basis, any capital gains are permanently exempted from taxation.
Family farms and small businesses could qualify for an exemption of $1.3 million, effective 1998. Starting in 1999, the $10,000 annual gift tax exclusion was to be corrected for inflation.
Legislative history
This was the first law devoted solely to tax cuts that Congress enacted using the fast-track budget reconciliation process.
Votes on the final version of the bill following reconciliation were as follows.
House of Representatives
Vote by Party
Yea
Nay
Republicans
225
99.6%
1
0.4%
Democrats
164
80.0%
41
20.0%
Independents
0
0.0%
1
100%
Total
389
90.0%
43
10.0%
Not voting
2
1
Senate
Vote by Party
Yea
Nay
Republicans
55
100%
0
0.0%
Democrats
37
82.2%
8
17.8%
Total
92
92.0%
8
8.0%
The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 5, 1997, along with the Balanced Budget Act of 1997.
References
^ VanderVeen, Kiel. "Roth Conversions: Right For Everyone? Think Again". Forbes. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
^ Blustein, Paul (October 21, 1989). "Critics Call New IRA Plan a Budget Gimmick: Backers See Proposal as Idel Way to Spur Savings, Cut Deficit". The Washington Post. p. D12. ProQuest 139926770.
^ "What Senator William Roth Envisioned For The Roth IRA". rothira.com. August 30, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
^ U.S. Law. "26 USC § 121". Cornell Legal Information Institute. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
External links
Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 105–34 (text) (PDF), Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997
Pub.L. 105-34, Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (readable online)
H.R. 2014, Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997
105th Congress / House / 1st session / Vote 350 final vote results on H R 2014: Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1997, by various groups and by individuals, from the Washington Post
Mark Bautz, How a Capital-Gains Cut Will Change the Way You Invest CNN Money, August 1, 1997
vteUnited States federal taxation legislationInternalRevenue
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenn_Hansen
|
Kenn Hansen
|
["1 References"]
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Danish former football referee
Kenn Hansen (born 29 May 1980) is a Danish former football referee.
Hansen became a FIFA referee in 2011. He spent his career as a Danish Superliga referee from 2008.
Hansen retired from refereeing in 2015.
References
^ Profile
^ FIFA. "Denmark: Referees". Retrieved on 12 December 2013.
Authority control databases
VIAF
This biographical article related to Danish football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article about a sports official is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kenn_Hansen.jpg/220px-Kenn_Hansen.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://worldreferee.com/site/copy.php?linkID=7379&linkType=referee&contextType=bio","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070630202337/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=den/footballofficials/referees/peoplekind=ref.html","external_links_name":"\"Denmark: Referees\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/307238334","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenn_Hansen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenn_Hansen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutnofret
|
Mutnofret
|
["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
|
Ancient Egyptian queen of 18th Dynasty of Egypt
Mutnofretin hieroglyphs
Era: New Kingdom(1550–1069 BC)
Mutnofret (“Mut is Beautiful”), also rendered as Mutneferet or Mutnefert, was a queen during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was a secondary wife of Thutmose I and the mother of his successor Thutmose II; Thutmose I's chief wife, however, was his sister Queen Ahmose, the mother of Hatshepsut.
Based on her title of King's Daughter, she is likely to have been a daughter of Ahmose I and a sister of Amenhotep I, who married the latter's successor Thutmose I. It is possible that she was also the mother of Thutmose I's other sons, Amenmose and Wadjmose. The connection of Thutmose I and Thutmose II to the earlier kings Ahmose and Amenhotep I (and also the mother of Wadjmose and Amenmose) was conjectured to have been Queen Ahmose in older and sometimes even current literature. However, the absence of the title King's Daughter among the titles of Queen Ahmose has been considered decisive in indicating she was not the daughter of an earlier king, and owed her primacy to being the sister (as indicated by her title King's Sister) of the new king Thutmose I, himself the son of non-reigning parents: his mother Senisonbe is titled only King's Mother. The admittedly rare attestation of the title King's Daughter for Mutnofret suggests it was she, not Queen Ahmose, who connected their husband Thutmose I to his immediate predecessors.
Mutnofret was depicted in the Deir el-Bahri temple built by her grandson Thutmose III; on a stela found at the Ramesseum; on the colossus of her son; and a statue of her bearing a dedication by Thutmose II was found in Wadjmose's chapel. This suggests that Mutnofret was still alive during her son's reign.
References
^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 139; Gauthier 1912: 224, 226, 234.
^ Gauthier 2012: 212; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 139, add also King's Sister, but this seems to be unattested, although it could be inferred.
^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131
^ Robins 1987: 274; Tyldesley 1998; a further alleged son, Ramose, is considered a son of Ahmose I by Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126-127, 129.
^ For example, Gauthier 1912: 224, n. 3; Roehring et al. 2005: 7, 11, 30.
^ Gauthier 1912: 209; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 128-129. Note that Queen Ahmose need not have been Thutmose I's full sister: Robins 1987: 274.
^ Gauthier 1912: 226; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 139
^ Shaw 2000: 231, 236.
Bibliography
Dodson, Aidan, and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
Gauthier, Henri, Livre des rois d'Égypte, vol. 2, Cairo 1912.
Robins, Gay, Review of Michel Gitton, Les Divines Épouses de la 18e dynastie, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73 (1987) 272-276.
Roehring, Catherine, et al. (eds.), Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, New York, 2005.
Shaw, Ian (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 2000.
Tyldesley, Joyce, Hatshepsur: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1998. ISBN 0-14-024464-6
External links
Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mutnofret (see index)
vteQueens of Ancient EgyptProtodynastic Period to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
Early Dynastic(3150–2686 BC)I
Neithhotep
Benerib
Khenthap
Herneith
Nakhtneith
Penebui
Merneith
Seshemetka
Semat
Serethor
Betrest
II
Menka
Nimaathap
Old Kingdom(2686–2181 BC)III
Hetephernebti
Djeseretnebti
Djefatnebti
Meresankh I
IV
Hetepheres I
Meritites I
Henutsen
Khentetka
Meresankh II
Hetepheres II
Meresankh III
Khamerernebty I
Persenet
Hekenuhedjet
Khamerernebty II
Rekhetre
Bunefer
V
Khentkaus I
Neferhetepes
Meretnebty
Khentkaus II
Khentkaus III
Reptynub
Khuit I
Nebunebty
Meresankh IV
Setibhor
Nebet
Khenut
Nimaethap II
VI
Iput I
Khuit II
Ankhesenpepi I
Ankhesenpepi II
Nubwenet
Meritites IV
Inenek-Inti
Nedjeftet
Neith
Iput II
Udjebten
Ankhesenpepi III
Ankhesenpepi IV
Nitocris
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
Middle Kingdom(2040–1802 BC)XI
Neferu I
Neferukayet
Iah
Tem
Neferu II
Ashayet
Henhenet
Sadeh
Kawit
Kemsit
XII
Neferitatjenen
Neferu III
Keminub
Senet
Khenemetneferhedjet I
Nofret II
Khenmet
Khenemetneferhedjet II
Neferthenut
Meretseger
Aat
Khenemetneferhedjet III
Sobekneferu
2nd Intermediate(1802–1550 BC)XIII
Nofret
Nubhetepti
Senebhenas
Neni
Senebsen
Tjan
Ineni
Nubkhaes
Aya
Abetni
Satsobek
XIV
Tati
XVI
Mentuhotep
XVII
Nubemhat
Sobekemsaf
Haankhes
Tetisheri
Ahhotep I
Ahmose Inhapy
Sitdjehuti
Ahhotep II
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
New Kingdom(1550–1070 BC)XVIII
Ahmose-Nefertari
Ahmose-Sitkamose
Ahmose-Henuttamehu
Ahmose-Meritamun
Ahmose
Mutnofret
Hatshepsut
Iset
Satiah
Merytre-Hatshepsut
Nebtu
Menhet, Menwi and Merti
Nebsemi
Tiaa
Nefertari
Iaret
Mutemwiya
Tiye
Gilukhipa
Sitamun
Iset
Tadukhipa / Kiya
Nefertiti
Meritaten
Neferneferuaten
Ankhesenamun
Tey
Mutnedjmet
Nebetnehat
XIX
Sitre
Tuya
Tanedjemet
Nefertari
Isetnofret
Henutmire
Maathorneferure
Meritamen
Bintanath
Nebettawy
Merytre
Isetnofret II
Takhat
Twosret
Tiaa
Anuketemheb
XX
Tiy-Merenese
Iset Ta-Hemdjert
Tyti
Tiye
Duatentopet
Henutwati
Tawerettenru
Nubkhesbed
Baketwernel
Tentamun
3rd Intermediate(1069–664 BC)XXI
Tentamun
Mutnedjmet
Karimala
XXII
Karomama
Penreshnes
Maatkare
Tashedkhonsu
Nesitaudjatakhet
Nesitanebetashru
Kapes
Karomama I
Tadibast III
XXIII
Karomama II
XXV
Pebatjma
Tabiry
Abar
Khensa
Peksater
Arty
Qalhata
Tabekenamun
Takahatenamun
Naparaye
Atakhebasken
Malaqaye
Late Period and Hellenistic Period (664–30 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
Late(664–332 BC)XXVI
Mehytenweskhet
Khedebneithirbinet I
Takhuit
Tentkheta
Nakhtubasterau
Ladice
XXVII
Atossa
Artystone
Parmys
Amestris
Damaspia
Parysatis
XXXI
Stateira I
Hellenistic(332–30 BC)Argead
Roxana
Stateira II
Parysatis II
Eurydice II of Macedon
Ptolemaic
Eurydice
Berenice I
Arsinoe I
Arsinoe II
Berenice II
Arsinoe III
Cleopatra I Syra
Cleopatra II
Cleopatra III
Cleopatra IV
Cleopatra Selene
Berenice III
Cleopatra V
Cleopatra VI
Berenice IV
Cleopatra VII
Arsinoe IV
Dynastic genealogies
1st
2nd
3rd
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut"},{"link_name":"Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Thutmose I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_I"},{"link_name":"Thutmose II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_II"},{"link_name":"Queen Ahmose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Ahmose"},{"link_name":"Hatshepsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ahmose I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amenmose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenmose_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Wadjmose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjmose"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Senisonbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senseneb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Deir el-Bahri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri"},{"link_name":"Thutmose III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III"},{"link_name":"stela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela"},{"link_name":"Ramesseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesseum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Mutnofret (“Mut is Beautiful”), also rendered as Mutneferet or Mutnefert, was a queen during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was a secondary wife of Thutmose I and the mother of his successor Thutmose II; Thutmose I's chief wife, however, was his sister Queen Ahmose, the mother of Hatshepsut.[1]Based on her title of King's Daughter,[2] she is likely to have been a daughter of Ahmose I and a sister of Amenhotep I, who married the latter's successor Thutmose I.[3] It is possible that she was also the mother of Thutmose I's other sons, Amenmose and Wadjmose.[4] The connection of Thutmose I and Thutmose II to the earlier kings Ahmose and Amenhotep I (and also the mother of Wadjmose and Amenmose) was conjectured to have been Queen Ahmose in older and sometimes even current literature.[5] However, the absence of the title King's Daughter among the titles of Queen Ahmose has been considered decisive in indicating she was not the daughter of an earlier king, and owed her primacy to being the sister (as indicated by her title King's Sister) of the new king Thutmose I, himself the son of non-reigning parents: his mother Senisonbe is titled only King's Mother.[6] The admittedly rare attestation of the title King's Daughter for Mutnofret suggests it was she, not Queen Ahmose, who connected their husband Thutmose I to his immediate predecessors.Mutnofret was depicted in the Deir el-Bahri temple built by her grandson Thutmose III; on a stela found at the Ramesseum; on the colossus of her son; and a statue of her bearing a dedication by Thutmose II was found in Wadjmose's chapel.[7] This suggests that Mutnofret was still alive during her son's reign.[8]","title":"Mutnofret"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-500-05128-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05128-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-024464-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024464-6"}],"text":"Dodson, Aidan, and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3\nGauthier, Henri, Livre des rois d'Égypte, vol. 2, Cairo 1912.\nRobins, Gay, Review of Michel Gitton, Les Divines Épouses de la 18e dynastie, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73 (1987) 272-276.\nRoehring, Catherine, et al. (eds.), Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, New York, 2005.\nShaw, Ian (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 2000.\nTyldesley, Joyce, Hatshepsur: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1998. ISBN 0-14-024464-6","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/82622/rec/1","external_links_name":"Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labatt_Memorial_Park
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Labatt Park
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["1 Commons area at the riverforks","2 London Tecumsehs","3 George (Mooney) Gibson","4 Thames River flood of 1883","5 Negro leagues and other players","6 Bryce's 1876 and 1877 Baseball Guides","7 Tecumseh Park becomes Labatt Park","8 Frank Colman and Tom Burgess","9 London Supremes and London Army Team","10 Denny McLain and Fergie Jenkins","11 Tigers, Werewolves and Monarchs","12 Beehive of activity","13 Roy McKay Clubhouse, home to the London Majors","14 Labatt Park Reunion, 2005","15 Got Milk? commercials spoof MLB steroid use","16 Roadway Express's 2006–2007 baseball calendar","17 Baseball Day in London, 2006","18 \"Oldest and continuously operated\" park","19 See also","20 References","21 Sources","22 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°59′1.00″N 81°15′31.20″W / 42.9836111°N 81.2586667°W / 42.9836111; -81.2586667Baseball stadium in London, Ontario
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This article is about the stadium in London, Ontario. For the proposed Labatt Park in Montreal, see Montreal Expos.
Labatt Memorial ParkFormer namesTecumseh ParkLocationLondon, Ontario, CanadaOwnerCity of LondonCapacity5,200Field size330 ft (100 m) down the lines; 402 ft (123 m) to centre fieldSurfaceGrassConstructionOpenedMay 3, 1877Renovated1883, 1937, 1950s (side stands), 1989 (added more side stands), 2001Construction cost2000 (new Grandstand): $1.97-millionArchitectTillman Ruth MocellinTenantsLondon Tecumsehs, International Association (1877–1878; 1888–1890)London Alerts (1897, 1899)London Cockneys, International League (1899,1908)London Cockneys, Canadian League (1911) London Tecumsehs, Canadian League (1912–1915)London Tecumsehs, Michigan–Ontario League (1919–1924)London Indians, Michigan–Ontario League (1925)London Majors, Intercounty Baseball League (1925–present)London Tecumsehs, Ontario League (1930)London Pirates, PONY League (1940–1941)London Tigers, Eastern League (1989–1993)London Werewolves, Frontier League (1999–2001)London Monarchs, Canadian Baseball League (2003)Western Mustangs Baseball Club (2006–present)London Rippers, Frontier League (2012)
Labatt Memorial Park (formerly Tecumseh Park, 1877–1936) is a baseball stadium near the forks of the Thames River in central London, Ontario, Canada. It is 8.7 acres (35,000 m2) in size, has 5,200 seats and a natural grass field. From home plate to centre field the distance is 402 feet (123 m); from home plate to left and right field down the lines, it is 330 feet (100 m). The park is currently home to the London Majors of the Intercounty Baseball League and the Western Mustangs.
Labatt Park is the "oldest continually operating baseball grounds in the world", with a history dating back to 1877. Since December 31, 1936, Labatt Park has been owned by the City of London.
Commons area at the riverforks
According to Seneca College's Professor Bill Humber, a noted Canadian baseball historian and author, the site of today's Labatt Park was likely used for recreational games when it was a grassy commons area at the riverforks, prior to becoming Tecumseh Park in 1877.
Baseball's roots are in the immediate area around London. The game of baseball, a derivative of the British game of rounders, had probably arrived in the area from nearby Beachville, Ontario, where the world's first recorded baseball game was played in 1838. (See Baseball Before We Knew It and Origins of baseball for other possible origins).
London Tecumsehs
The founding of the London Tecumsehs Baseball Club in 1868 ultimately led to the creation of Tecumseh Park in 1877. According to the London Advertiser of May 4, 1877, the first game at the new baseball park was held on May 3, 1877, with a contest between the London Tecumsehs and its junior team, the London Atlantics. The Tecumsehs won 5-1.
To wit: "The first regular game of baseball of the season was played yesterday afternoon in the presence of fully a thousand people. The new grounds are the most complete of every respect of any of the kind in Canada, and but few American cities have a convenient playing field."
On May 4, 1877, the Tecumsehs met the Hartfords of Brooklyn in their first International league game. Phil Powers, the Tecumsehs' star catcher, was out with a broken finger. The London nine were defeated 6-2.
On May 24, 1877, before 8,000 fans, the National League champion Boston Red Stockings played the London Tecumsehs of the fledgling International Association, with its star pitcher and later Chicago White Stocking stalwart, Fred Goldsmith. Boston narrowly defeated London, 7-6.
Created by London china merchant W. J. Reid, Tecumseh Park was named after the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh who fought alongside the British during the War of 1812 and who died in the Battle of the Thames near Chatham, Ontario, in October 1813.
Jacob Englehart, the Cleveland-born oil tycoon, a future vice president of Imperial Oil and the Tecumseh's president/principal owner, moved the team to Tecumseh Park in 1877.
Englehart soon began looking for professional players from the U.S., later signing four Americans:
first-baseman/manager George "Juice" Latham
pitcher Fred Goldsmith of New Haven, Connecticut (believed by many to be the co-inventor of the curveball along with Candy Cummings of Ware, Massachusetts)
catcher Phil Powers and
infielder/outfielder Joe Hornung (nicknamed "Dutchy" and "Ubbo Ubbo") from Carthage, New York.
Goldsmith's first complete game with the Tecumsehs occurred on May 24, 1876, when London played Guelph Maple Leafs before 6,000 spectators at the old Fair Grounds (southeast corner of Wellington and Pall Mall streets in London), a contest that London won 8-7 in 10 innings, largely due to Goldsmith's "scientific pitching", using his innovative "skew ball."
After the Tecumsehs, Goldsmith went on to pitch for the Troy, New York Trojans in 1879, National League's Chicago White Stockings from 1880 to 1884 and the American Association's Baltimore Orioles, also in 1884.
In addition to Englehart, the Tecumsehs' back-room movers and shakers consisted of London newspaperman Harry Gorman; Ed Moore, manager of the Tecumseh House; Richard Meredith, a future chief justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario; William Southam, who was to found Southam News and to add an egalitarian touch, Jim Jury, a custodian at the collegiate institute.
The following year in 1877, the Tecumsehs played in the International Association, a rival of the National League. That year, the Tecumsehs defeated the National League's Boston Red Stockings in an exhibition game at Tecumseh Park and later in the season they defeated the Pittsburgh Allegheny 5-2 to win the International Association pennant. More than 6,000 people attended London's pennant-winning game in a park built to seat 600.
After the season, the Tecumsehs were offered membership in the National League, but declined. The Tecumsehs subsequently folded on August 22, 1878, due to financial difficulties compounded by a questionable game lost by the Tecumsehs, and the International Association floundered a few years later. Both were resurrected in 1888 and 1889.
Among its more notable stars in 1888 was outfielder Patsy Donovan who went on to an outstanding career in Major League Baseball as both a player and a manager.
The Tecumsehs also played at the park pre- and post-1920, with Charlie (Mechanical Man) Gehringer playing with the 1921–1924 Tecumsehs before he went on to a stellar career with the Detroit Tigers. Gehringer was subsequently inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.
American baseball historians Bill Weiss and Marshall Wright have placed the 1920 London Tecumsehs on the list of the Top 100 Minor League Baseball Teams of all-time—coming in at #52, with a record of 86 wins and 32 losses.
On September 15, 1920, with Ty Cobb in the lineup, the Detroit Tigers defeated the London Tecumsehs 5-4 before 3,000 people at Tecumseh Park in exhibition baseball. Reserved seating for the game was $1.
The 1920 Tecumsehs clinched the first-place pennant with 15 games to play and London led the Michigan-Ontario league in attendance, with an astonishing 100,686 people watching them play.
On May 9, 1921, under manager George (Mooney) Gibson, the Pittsburgh Pirates beat the London Tecumsehs 8-7 at Tecumseh Park before 3,500 people in an exhibition baseball game. Before the game, Gibson and his team were presented with a silver loving cup by the London Kiwanis Club. Gibson thrilled the locals by catching the opening inning with his 1909 World Series-winning battery mate Babe Adams and singling and scoring a run in his lone at-bat. London Mayor Syd Little entertained the team that evening at his home.
On September 14, 1921, the Tecumsehs won the Michigan-Ontario Baseball League championship, 1-0 over Bay City, Michigan, before 1,000 people at Tecumseh Park. London scored its lone run in the first inning when third baseman Doc Shay, playing his first game of the series because of illness, tripled and scores on a sacrifice fly. In three games of the series, London pitcher Frank Herbst of London allowed six hits and only one run in 33 innings. London advanced against Ludington, Michigan, champions of the Central League.
On September 28, 1921, London won the best-of-seven series against Ludington 4-3, taking Game 7 10-7 at Grand Rapids, Mich. The Tecumsehs were down 3-1 in the series. A few days later, London manager Buzz Wetzel was presented with a gold watch to commemorate the win. The normally reserved Wetzel spoke, saying, "I tried to do what was right and give you the best I had and I honestly believe that the fans here have a right to be proud of their baseball team."
On May 23, 1923, Washington's pitching ace Walter Johnson was in uniform but did not pitch as the Washington Senators defeated the Tecumsehs 13-9 in an exhibition baseball game at Tecumseh Park.
George (Mooney) Gibson
George Gibson baseball card, 1911
One of the early stars to emerge from Tecumseh Park was London West resident, George Gibson, a young bricklayer-homebuilder turned catcher who enjoyed a lengthy playing career with the Pittsburgh Pirates, winning the World Series in 1909 by beating Ty Cobb's Detroit Tigers. When he arrived back at the train station in his hometown on October 27, 1909, there were more than 5,000 cheering fans to greet him. London, at the time, had approximately 35,000 residents.
Gibson played in the Major Leagues until 1918, 12 years with the Pirates and two years with the New York Giants, appearing in 1,213 games.
Gibson first signed a pro contract in 1903 and joined the Pittsburgh Pirates two years later. He had a strong throwing arm and led National League catchers in fielding percentage several times. Known as a developer of young pitchers, Gibson later managed the Toronto Maple Leafs of the AAA International League in 1919, the Pirates (1920–1922, 1932–1934) and the Chicago Cubs (1925).
He was named Canada's baseball player of the half century and in 1958 was the first baseball player elected to the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. He was subsequently inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in 1987 and was one of the inaugural 10 inductees into the London Sports Hall of Fame in 2001.
Thames River flood of 1883
Tecumseh Park was damaged by a flood of the Thames River on July 11, 1883 which destroyed the original grandstands, located near today's outfield foul ball lines. Originally, home plate was located in today's left-centre field. The new replacement grandstand (1883–1937) was built facing east toward downtown London, with home plate moved to approximately the same location as it is today.
Beginning in 1892 the park was used for amateur and professional bicycle races, attracting such international stars as Harley Davidson (the Canadian Wheelman, a late-19th century cycling magazine was started and published in London).
Baseball continued to be played there as well, with three more incarnations of the Tecumsehs in the International Association (1888–1889), the International League (1890), and the Canadian League (1898–circa 1915), with the London Alerts, also of the Canadian League, playing in 1897 and 1899. Meanwhile, in 1895 the park was the site of the first-ever motion picture display in London, organized by the London Bicycle Club.
The London Cockneys played in the Class D International League in 1908 and the Class C Canadian League in 1911, while another Tecumsehs club played in the Class C and Class B Leagues from 1912 to 1915. It was during this period that Earle Neale played baseball at Labatt Park before he started his career in the Big Leagues with the Cincinnati Reds in 1916, later becoming an award-winning and innovative football coach in American pro football.
The Tecumsehs played in the Class B Michigan–Ontario League from 1919 to 1924, and during the early 1920s, the team included future Major League second-base star Charlie Gehringer. Gehringer and the Tecumsehs defeated the Boston Red Sox in an exhibition game, also in 1921. A second London team, the Indians, played in the Michigan–Ontario League in 1925. The Tecumsehs also played in the Class D Ontario League in 1930.
In 1940 and 1941, the London Pirates played in the Pennsylvania–Ontario–New York League, more commonly known as the PONY League. It was during this period that lights were installed at Labatt Park to permit night baseball. The 1941 Pirates team included pitcher Russ Getsinger and future Major Leaguers such as Jim Jordan and Vic Barnhart. Vic's brother Bob Barnhart was also a teammate on the 1941 London Pirates. Vic's father Clyde Barnhart was a star with the Pittsburgh Pirates throughout the 1920s including the 1925 and 1927 World Series teams.
Negro leagues and other players
During the first half of the 20th century, Labatt Park (Tecumseh Park until December 31, 1936) was regularly visited by numerous barnstorming Negro teams from the U.S., plus a much-celebrated visit by legendary African-American pitcher Satchel Paige on June 30, 1954, when Paige was barnstorming with a baseball version of the Harlem Globetrotters. Paige pitched the last three innings of an exhibition game against another legendary barnstorming team—The House of David baseball team, who all sported beards and long hair and travelled with their own generator-powered lights (before Labatt Park installed lights in the early 1940s), which featured noted baseball clown, Frank (Bobo) Nickerson.
As of October 1, 1923, The London Colored Stars, a Negro baseball team, had won 15 of 19 games and announced they "are looking for more engagements."
Additionally, numerous former players with the Negro leagues played in the Senior Intercounty Baseball League after the Negro leagues gradually folded after Jackie Robinson broke the "colour barrier" in 1947, including pitcher Ted Alexander of the Kansas City Monarchs and the Homestead Grays (1950-51 London Majors); Wilmer Fields (Brantford Red Sox); Jimmy Wilkes (retired jersey #5 for the Brantford Red Sox, later became a City league umpire after a decade with Brantford); Gentry (Geep) Jessup (Galt Terriers); Larry Cunningham (Galt Terriers, Hamilton Cardinals); Ed Steele (Galt) and Shanty Clifford (Galt and Brantford); Luther Clifford; Max Manning; Lester Lockett; Bob Thurman and Stanley Glenn (St. Thomas Elgins); all made numerous appearances at Labatt Park in the 1950s.
The late Wilmer (The Great) Fields is a former president of the Negro Leagues Baseball Association (NLBPA), while Stanley (Doc) Glenn is currently the president of the NLBPA.
Bryce's 1876 and 1877 Baseball Guides
This is the world's oldest baseball grounds still in existence. Front cover to Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876, published in London, Ont.
Baseball socks for sale in Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876
A treasure-trove of information about early Canadian/Ontario "baseball" surfaced in 2002 when Library and Archives Canada purchased (for $10,000 from an Ottawa, Ontario, bookseller) Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876 and Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1877, two hand-coloured, 75-page booklets published by William Bryce of London, Ontario, which originally sold for a dime.
The two, four-inch (102 mm) by seven-inch guides are considered to be the first significant publications on Canadian baseball.
Bryce, a Scottish-born bookseller, newsagent and sporting goods distributor in London, had a small stake in the Tecumsehs, considered by many to be the finest ball team in the entire Dominion of Canada.
During U.S. President George W. Bush's visit to the Library and Archives Canada building on November 30, 2004, he showed a special interest in these two early Canadian base ball books which were laid out for his perusal. See here
Tecumseh Park becomes Labatt Park
According to the 1926 Geodetic Survey of Canada (and the subsequent detailed maps printed in 1928), there was a structure situated near what is now the main entrance to the ballpark at 25 Wilson Avenue (at the time, the two entrances to the ballpark were off of Dundas Street—now Riverside Drive—including an art deco entranceway that was demolished in the early 1980s).
According to Mooney Gibson's nephew, George Lambourn, a noted baseball historian in his own right, the residence at 27 Wilson Avenue was the home of the park's cranky caretaker, Jakey Butts, which was destroyed by the Thames River flood of 1937.
This devastating flood damaged the park again, necessitating the construction of the park's third grandstand (1937–2001) and a new clubhouse, with the local Labatt Brewing Company donating $10,000 to renovate the park, as well as deeding the park itself to the City of London on December 31, 1936, with the written provisions that the park remain a public athletic park in perpetuity and that it be renamed "The John Labatt Memorial Athletic Park."
From a sociological-historical perspective, it could be argued that the name change from Tecumseh Park to Labatt Memorial Park highlights the dramatic shift from 19th-Century colonial Canada (where the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh was immortalized throughout Canada for aiding the British in the War of 1812) to more modern times where businesses such as the Labatt Brewing Company exercised considerable influence on the cultural fabric of the day.
At the end of August during the 1950s, Labatt Park annually hosted athletes from across the city's playgrounds competing in a variety of sports during a two- to three-day event, called the "Junior Olympiad." (A P.U.C. Playground Supervisor's Reunion was held on June 24, 2006, at the City-owned Thames Valley Golf Course.)
Frank Colman and Tom Burgess
Other London notables to graduate to the Major Leagues from Labatt Park during the 1940s are Tom (Tim) Burgess (1927–2008) and Frank Colman (1918–1983).
In 1936, Frank Colman started out at Labatt Park with the London Winery of the Senior Intercounty Baseball League, winning the Most Valuable Player award, batting title and Intercounty Baseball League championship. Colman was 25 when he broke into the major leagues as a right fielder with the Pittsburgh Pirates, playing with them from 1942 through 1946, before he moved to New York to play with the Yankees. He played with the Yankees in 1946 and 1947, where he roomed with Yankee catcher Yogi Berra. He finished his six-year major league career with 571 at-bats, 15 home runs and 106 RBIs.
Colman returned to London in 1954 after playing in the minor leagues and being the player/coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the AAA International League from 1951–1953. He bought the London Majors and, as player/ owner, won the Intercounty League title in 1956 and the Great Lakes championship in 1957 before returning to the Intercounty League in 1958 and selling the team in 1959.
Colman is also a co-founder of the Eager Beaver Baseball Association (EBBA) in London which has provided competitive league play for thousands of youngsters since its founding in 1955. In 1984, a year after Colman's death, the EBBA's all-star day in mid-July was renamed "Frank Colman Day."
Colman was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in 1999 and the London Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.
In a letter to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999, Yogi Berra wrote that he visited Colman at his home in Canada on several occasions.
"I've made a lot of friends in baseball through the years, but I'll always remember Frank as one of the most decent and genuine people that I ever met", Berra wrote. "I was proud that he was my friend."
Tom Burgess first signed a pro contract with St. Louis in 1946 and played right field and first base for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1954 to 1961 and right field and first base for the Los Angeles Angels from 1962–1963.
" Bill Farquharson gave me the opportunity from the playground days and I worked my way up to the big leagues where I made a living for 44 years."—Tom (Tim) Burgess, November 28, 2005
Since 1968, Burgess has been involved in Major League Baseball in a variety of managing, coaching and instructor capacities with several organizations, including the St. Louis Cardinals from 1968 to 1975, the New York Mets from 1976 to 1977, the Texas Rangers from 1980 to 1984, the Detroit Tigers from 1985 to 1987, the Kansas City Royals from 1987 to 1995. From 1996 to the present day, Burgess has been an instructor with both Baseball Canada and the Ontario Baseball Association. He was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in 1992 and the London Sports Hall of Fame in 2003.
London Supremes and London Army Team
During World War II (1942 onward), the park was the home field for several women's baseball, softball and fastball teams, including the London Supremes who played in the Michigan–Ontario Women's Fastball League into the 1950s. In 1943 and 1944, the London Army Team won the Canadian Sandlot title.
Shortly after World War II Labatt Park was the home of the London Majors, which won the Canadian Sandlot Congress in 1947 and the Can-Am Baseball Congress championship in 1948, beating the Fort Wayne, Indiana, General Electrics in a best-of-seven-game series at Labatt Park, as well as winning the Canadian, Ontario and Intercounty titles.
Denny McLain and Fergie Jenkins
In 1974, after Cy Young Award-winning pitcher Denny McLain had retired from the major leagues (two years earlier), McLain played a season for the London Majors, restricting himself to home games at Labatt Park. Due to arm problems, however, McLain only pitched nine innings for the Majors, but did play in 14 games at either shortstop, first base and catcher and batted .380, including hitting two homers in one game in London.
After Cy Young Award-winning pitcher Fergie Jenkins pitched his final major league game on September 26, 1983, London Majors' owner-player Arden Eddie convinced Jenkins to pitch for the Majors in 1984-85, commuting from his home near Chatham, Ontario. The Canadian-born Jenkins is one of the few MLB players to have been inducted into both the Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in Cooperstown, New York and the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada.
Tigers, Werewolves and Monarchs
Professional baseball declined in London after the war, with mostly amateur teams playing at Labatt Park in the following decades, until 1989 when an AA Eastern League affiliate of the Detroit Tigers was established by investors/ Board of Directors, President Dan Ross, Vice President Mike Tucker, Vice President and General Manager Bob Gilson, Vice President and Assistant General Manager General Manager Bill Wilkinson and Vice President Brian Costello.
Immediately prior to the London Tigers' inaugural season at Labatt Park in 1989, numerous improvements were completed at the park costing approximately $1-million for new lights, new dressing rooms and dugouts, additional seating, field and entrance upgrades, food concession enhancements and a new 40-foot (12 m)-by-19-foot electronic scoreboard (partially sponsored by Labatt Breweries). Previously, the scoreboard was changed manually. In 1990, Labatt Park and its head groundskeeper Mike Regan, won the prestigious "Beam Clay Award" as the best natural-grass field in North America.
Broadcasting the Tigers' games on TV London with veteran local sportscaster Pete James were former Tiger greats Mickey Lolich and later, Denny McLain.
The 1990 London Tigers won the Eastern League title under manager Chris Chambliss (one of the Tigers' players was Travis Fryman), but the Tom Runnells-managed Tigers relocated to Trenton, New Jersey after the 1993 season, citing declining attendance.
On January 20, 1990, In Houston, Texas, Labatt Park was named the "Beam Clay Baseball Diamond of the Year" for "excellence and professionalism in maintaining an outstanding professional baseball diamond"—due to the outstanding groundskeeping work of City of London employee/supervisor, Mike Regan and his assistant Rob Garrett.
The park was considered for the filming of the 1992 movie A League of Their Own starring Madonna and Geena Davis, but filming could not fit around the home schedule of the Double A London Tigers of the Eastern League.
The London Werewolves of the fledgling Frontier League played at the park from 1999 to 2001, winning the Frontier League championship in 1999; Werewolves pitcher Brett Gray tossed 25 strikeouts on June 3, 2000 (home opener), against the Chillicothe (Ohio) Paints. The game's scorecard and Brett Gray's jersey were donated to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in St. Marys, Ontario, by Werewolves' General Manager John Kuhn.
In 2000, former MLB star Ron LeFlore was hired as the manager of the Cook County Cheetahs of the Frontier League, visiting Labatt Park several times during the season.
In 2001 after the circa-1937 main grandstand was demolished and a new, $1.97-million, wheelchair-accessible main grandstand was built (the park's fourth) and a new "pop-up" underground irrigation system was installed, the park was used as the chief baseball venue for the Canada Summer Games.
In 2003 the park was also home to the London Monarchs of the short-lived Canadian Baseball League, which folded mid-season due to financial difficulties. The team's manager was former Major Leaguer Willie Wilson and featured such stars as first-baseman Francisco Cabrera and pitcher Amaury Telemaco. The league's inaugural game and home opener for the London Monarchs was held at Labatt Park on May 21, 2003, and was televised nationally on The Score. It also featured a fly-over by the Canadian Snowbirds flying team. League Commissioner Fergie Jenkins was also in attendance.
Beehive of activity
Along with bicycle racing, Labatt Park has in the past been used for soccer, fastball, softball, high-school and men's football, track and field, wrestling, boxing, winter skating, political rallies, showjumping, civic receptions, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Musical Ride and a 21-gun salute to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II during her visit to London's Victoria Park on June 26, 1997.
Currently, the park is home to the London Majors of the Intercounty League and the London Badgers junior team, as well as several other youth and adult baseball teams. The UWO Mustangs Baseball Club managed by former London Majors/AA London Tigers/AAA Toledo Mud Hens pitcher Mike Lumley is using the park during the 2006 Ontario University Athletics (OUA) baseball season (in 2005, the Mustangs won the OUA baseball title at Labatt Park for the first time, beating Brock University) Badgers in the final best-of-three championship series. The Western Mustangs repeated as OUA champs in 2006, beating Brock two games to nothing (7-4, 5-0) at Labatt Park on October 21.
It should also be noted that Ted Giannoulas, aka "The Famous Chicken" sports mascot, was born and raised in London, Ontario, and during the years 1965 to 1967 worked part-time at Labatt Park during baseball games changing the old manual scoreboard in right field for 25 cents a game.
Roy McKay Clubhouse, home to the London Majors
In 1996, the "Reasons for Designation" for the park under the Ontario Heritage Act were amended to include the circa-1937, tongue-and-groove clapboard clubhouse of the London Majors, renamed the "Roy McKay Clubhouse" on August 1, 1996 (McKay was born on August 1), by Majors' longtime player/owner Arden Eddie in honour of former pitcher, manager and coach Roy McKay who died on Christmas Day in 1995, six months after falling on the porch of his Waterloo Street home. Subsequently, a large commemorative rock and bronze plaque honouring Roy McKay, jersey #16, was installed at the front of the clubhouse.
See a photo of the Roy McKay Clubhouse here.
"I would like to be remembered for being a devoted son and brother, a loving husband, a great father and a damn good friend."—Roy McKay, 1933–1995
Norm Aldridge at Labatt Park in May 1998 during the fundraising ballgame, The Rumble at the Riverforks. Aldridge, trainer with the 1948 Majors, also has a baseball diamond named after him in northeast London, Ontario -- Norm Aldridge Field. PHOTO: Herb Walsh.
To help raise money for a new cedar-shingle roof on the historic clubhouse, a ballgame dubbed "The Rumble at the Riverforks" was played at the park on May 31, 1998, featuring members of London city council, members of the local media and the London Majors' oldtimers. The game was organized by The Friends of Labatt Park, SCENE magazine and the London Majors.
On June 18, 2005, veteran Intercounty Baseball League umpire Joe Serratore was married to bride Bren Ferguson at home plate before 200 friends and family members, with United Church minister Reverend Susan Eagle (who, at the time, was a member of London city council) officiating. The home-plate wedding ceremony is believed to be a first for the ballpark.
Labatt Park Reunion, 2005
On Saturday, July 23, 2005, the City of London in conjunction with the London Sports Council, the London Sports Oldtimers Association, the London Majors Baseball Club and The Friends of Labatt Park, organized a special, day-long event at the park to commemorate the city's 150th anniversary as an incorporated municipality (more than 10,000 residents) and the park's 128-year-old history. The event featured an open baseball clinic for youngsters run by the London Majors, vintage ball games, displays of park/ baseball memorabilia and a Majors' oldtimers' reunion.
In 2006, London photo-historian Stephen Harding spent two days photographing the interior and exterior of the Roy McKay Clubhouse and presented his photos/ report to the City's heritage planner as City staff formulate plans to make additional repairs to the 70-year-old structure.
Got Milk? commercials spoof MLB steroid use
In late September 2005, the San Francisco advertising firm of Goodby, Silverstein & Partners filmed a series of five, 30-second Got Milk? TV-commercials at Labatt Park, that subsequently ran during post-season play of Major League Baseball (MLB), starting on October 11. The commercials, which spoofed the ongoing steroid scandal in MLB had players "caught" using a "performance-enhancing substance"—milk. The commercials were titled "Caught", "Batting Practice", "Tabloid", "Never Poured" and "Manager." The commercial "Never Poured" was shortlisted at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. From the get-go, MLB demanded that the commercials be taken off the air, but the popular commercials were subsequently re-released in December 2007 and ran through January 2008.
The humorous commercials continued to run during the 2005 World Series, won in 4 straight games by Chicago. An on-line poll on a Houston, Texas-based Web site revealed that 75% of more than 23,000 poll respondents found the commercials to be funny and wanted them left on the air.
Roadway Express's 2006–2007 baseball calendar
Labatt Park is one of three featured baseball parks in the 16-month (September 2006 to December 2007) Roadway Express baseball calendar; Labatt Park is featured in the month of October 2007 "Times of Greatness" baseball calendar published by Roadway Express, based in Akron, Ohio. The print run of the calendars is 150,000.
Roadway Express is also the sponsor of the "Times of Greatness" interactive, 53-foot (16 m)-long museum travelling coast to coast in the U.S. and Canada every year, showcasing Negro leagues history and artifacts. Roadway Express is also a sponsor of the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Missouri.
Bob Paige, a longtime driver for Roadway Express, is the son of Hall-of-Fame pitcher, Satchel Paige, who made a much-publicized visit to Labatt Park on June 30, 1954.
Baseball Day in London, 2006
London Majors' SS Mike Ambrose (left; a third-generation player with the London Majors) and first-team-all-star Kyle Piwowarczyk (2B) at the historic Roy McKay Clubhouse at Labatt Park on Canada Day 2006, when the Friends of Labatt Park opened the clubhouse to the public to view historical baseball displays. PHOTO: Stephen Harding.
On July 1 (Canada Day), 2006, London held its second annual Baseball Day, organized by the City of London, The Friends of Labatt Park, Fanshawe Pioneer Village, the London Majors Baseball Club, the London Oldtimers' Sports Association, the London and District Baseball Association and the London Sports Council.
The day featured an open, drop-in baseball clinic with the London Majors, historical displays in the Roy McKay Clubhouse, a 1923 Wurlitzer Military Band Organ (restored and owned and operated by Ken Vinen of Aylmer, Ontario), a vintage base ball game between Fanshawe Pioneer Village's London Tecumsehs and Bruce Huff's Thames River Ratz (the Ratz won 15-3), a pitch, hit and run competition and a doubleheader between the London Majors and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Intercounty Baseball League (London won both games, 9-1 and 3-2). The scheduled fireworks (courtesy of the City of London) after the game over the adjacent river forks were cancelled due to high winds. Instead, they were set off the following night on July 2.
"Oldest and continuously operated" park
University of Western Ontario professor Bob Barney and graduate student Riley Nowokowski began investigating the history of Labatt Park, following an American challenge to its claim as baseball's "oldest and continuously operated" park. Barney and Nowokowski spent three years researching 143 years of the park's history, with their article: "A Canadian National Treasure: Tecumseh/Labatt Memorial Park, Baseball History's Oldest, Continuously-Operating Ballpark", published in the Fall 2021 issue of Ontario History. The City of London subsequently applied for Labatt Park to be granted national heritage site distinction.
Fuller Field in Clinton, Massachusetts, made it into the Guinness Book of World Records in September 2007 as the "world's oldest continually used baseball diamond/ field", dating back to 1878—a year after Tecumseh Park-Labatt Park opened in 1877—as Fuller Field's home plate and bases have purportedly remained in the same location since 1878, whereas home plate at Labatt Park has been moved (within the same field) from its original location in 1877.
In September 2008, however, Labatt Park replaced Clinton, Massachusetts', Fuller Field in the 2009 Guinness Book of World Records (page 191) as the "World's Oldest Baseball Diamond." Although it has flip flopped in the past, as of January 4, 2016, Guinness's online record for the World's Oldest Baseball Field/Diamond now states Labatt Park, London, Ontario. World's Oldest Baseball Field
On May 30, 1994, the park was designated by London City Council under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act as an historic site via by-Law No. L.S.P.-3237-544, with the ceremonial plaque unveiling at the front gates of the park occurring on July 1 (Canada Day), 1994, prior to a doubleheader between the London Majors and Toronto Maple Leafs of the Intercounty Baseball League.
The park's designation occurred after a six-month-long lobbying effort spearheaded by the volunteer, non-profit organization, The Friends of Labatt Park, which has undertaken a number of initiatives during the past 24 years to enhance and promote the ballpark, its history and ambience.
See also
Rickwood Field, the oldest professional baseball park in the United States
References
^ Nowokowski, Riley; Barney, Robert K. "A Canadian National Treasure: Tecumseh/Labatt Memorial Park". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
^ "Bob Barney and Riley Nowokowski join Labatt Park National Historic Site Committee". University of Western Ontario. 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
Sources
The Northern Game: Baseball the Canadian Way by Bob Elliott (Sport Classic, 2005).
Heritage Baseball: City of London a souvenir program from July 23, 2005, celebrating the history of Labatt Park and London, Ontario's 150th anniversary as an incorporated city.
Pitcher has Paige in London's history by James Reaney, The London Free Press, Sunday, May 2, 2004, page T-7.
Monarchs draft former Atlanta Brave by Ryan Pyette, The London Free Press, April 16, 2003.
Boys of Summer: Knute, Boot, Milky and Buck by Don Maudsley, (SCENE magazine, London, Ontario, June 15, 2000).
The magic continues at London's Field of Dreams by Barry Wells (SCENE magazine, London, Ontario, June 15, 2000).
Who's Who in Canadian Sport by Bob Ferguson (Sporting Facts Publications, Ottawa, 3rd edition, 1999), ISBN 1-894282-00-0.
Intercounty Major Baseball League's 1998 Record Book by Editor Herb Morell and Dominico Promotions Inc.
London Majors Baseball Club, 1998 Souvenir Program.
Jackie Robinson, A Biography by Arnold Rampersad (Alfred E. Knopf Inc., New York, 1997), ISBN 0-679-44495-5. (page 113)
Diamonds of the North: A Concise History of Baseball in Canada by William Humber (Oxford University Press, 1995), ISBN 0-19-541039-4.
The Beaver, Exploring Canada's History, Baseball's Canadian Roots: Abner Who? by Mark Kearney October–November 1994.
EBBA: 40 Years of Baseball by Jeffrey Reed (Eager Beaver Baseball Association, Inc., London, Ontario, 1994), ISBN 0-9698289-0-X.
The 1948 London Majors: A Great Canadian Team by Dan Mendham (unpublished academic paper, UWO, December 7, 1992).
London Tigers 1989, The Collector's Edition, Souvenir Program.
Tiger Special: Peanuts, popcorn, crackerjack, Baseball's Back, The London Free Press, Section F, April 7, 1989.
Diamond Rituals: Baseball in Canadian Culture by Robert K. Barney (Meckler Books, 1989).
Journal of Sport History, A Critical Examination of a Source in Early Ontario Baseball: The Reminiscence of Adam E. Ford by UWO Professor Robert K. Barney and Nancy Bouchier (Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 1988).
Cheering for the Home Team: The Story of Baseball in Canada by William Humber (The Boston Mills Press, 1983), ISBN 0-919822-54-1.
Nobody's Perfect by Denny McLain with Dave Diles (The Dial Press, New York, 1975).
Looking Over Western Ontario: Three Tecumsehs made all-star baseball team in 1872 by Les Bronson, The London Free Press, June 17, 1972.
Old Time Baseball and the London Tecumsehs of the late 1870s by Les Bronson, a recorded (and later transcribed) talk given to the London & Middlesex Historical Society on February 15, 1972. Available in the London Room of the Central Branch of the London Public Library.
Bill Stern's Favorite Baseball Stories by Bill Stern, (Blue Ribbon Books, Garden City, New York, 1949).
Mohawks Split Games Over The Week-End: Bill Horton Master Over St. Clair Nine in Saturday's Tilt, The London Free Press, July 16, 1939.
An Eight-Page Indenture/ Instrument #33043 between The London and Western Trusts Company Limited, The Corporation of The City of London and John Labatt, Limited, dated December 31, 1936, and registered on title in the Land Registry Office for the City of London on January 2, 1937, conveying Tecumseh Park to the City of London along with $10,000 on the provisos that the athletic field be preserved, maintained and operated in perpetuity "for the use of the citizens of the City of London as an athletic field and recreation ground" and that it be renamed "The John Labatt Memorial Athletic Park."
External links
Labatt Park Policies & Procedures: A User Guide for the World's Oldest Baseball Park
London Heritage Council – Labatt Park
Digital Ballparks tour of Labatt Park
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Thames River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_River_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"London Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Majors"},{"link_name":"Intercounty Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercounty_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Western Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mustangs"}],"text":"Baseball stadium in London, OntarioThis article is about the stadium in London, Ontario. For the proposed Labatt Park in Montreal, see Montreal Expos.Labatt Memorial Park (formerly Tecumseh Park, 1877–1936) is a baseball stadium near the forks of the Thames River in central London, Ontario, Canada. It is 8.7 acres (35,000 m2) in size, has 5,200 seats and a natural grass field. From home plate to centre field the distance is 402 feet (123 m); from home plate to left and right field down the lines, it is 330 feet (100 m). The park is currently home to the London Majors of the Intercounty Baseball League and the Western Mustangs.Labatt Park is the \"oldest continually operating baseball grounds in the world\", with a history dating back to 1877. Since December 31, 1936, Labatt Park has been owned by the City of London.","title":"Labatt Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seneca College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_College"},{"link_name":"rounders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounders"},{"link_name":"Beachville, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Baseball Before We Knew It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Before_We_Knew_It"},{"link_name":"Origins of baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_baseball"}],"text":"According to Seneca College's Professor Bill Humber, a noted Canadian baseball historian and author, the site of today's Labatt Park was likely used for recreational games when it was a grassy commons area at the riverforks, prior to becoming Tecumseh Park in 1877.Baseball's roots are in the immediate area around London. The game of baseball, a derivative of the British game of rounders, had probably arrived in the area from nearby Beachville, Ontario, where the world's first recorded baseball game was played in 1838. (See Baseball Before We Knew It and Origins of baseball for other possible origins).","title":"Commons area at the riverforks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Tecumsehs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Tecumsehs"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Boston_Braves"},{"link_name":"International Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Fred Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Goldsmith_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee"},{"link_name":"Tecumseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames"},{"link_name":"Chatham, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Imperial Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Oil"},{"link_name":"Fred Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Goldsmith_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"curveball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball"},{"link_name":"Candy Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Ware, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Phil Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Powers"},{"link_name":"Joe Hornung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hornung"},{"link_name":"Carthage, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Troy, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_New_York"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870%E2%80%9389)"},{"link_name":"American Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"William Southam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Southam"},{"link_name":"Southam News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southam_News"},{"link_name":"International Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Boston_Braves"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Allegheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Allegheny"},{"link_name":"Patsy Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Donovan"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Charlie (Mechanical Man) Gehringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gehringer"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Cooperstown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bill Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Weiss"},{"link_name":"Marshall Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Wright_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Ty Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Cobb"},{"link_name":"George (Mooney) Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gibson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"Babe Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Adams"},{"link_name":"Syd Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Sydney_Little"},{"link_name":"Bay City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Doc Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doc_Shay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Herbst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludington, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Buzz Wetzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Wetzel"},{"link_name":"Walter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"}],"text":"The founding of the London Tecumsehs Baseball Club in 1868 ultimately led to the creation of Tecumseh Park in 1877. According to the London Advertiser of May 4, 1877, the first game at the new baseball park was held on May 3, 1877, with a contest between the London Tecumsehs and its junior team, the London Atlantics. The Tecumsehs won 5-1.To wit: \"The first regular game of baseball of the season was played yesterday afternoon in the presence of fully a thousand people. The new grounds are the most complete of every respect of any of the kind in Canada, and but few American cities have a convenient playing field.\"On May 4, 1877, the Tecumsehs met the Hartfords of Brooklyn in their first International league game. Phil Powers, the Tecumsehs' star catcher, was out with a broken finger. The London nine were defeated 6-2.On May 24, 1877, before 8,000 fans, the National League champion Boston Red Stockings played the London Tecumsehs of the fledgling International Association, with its star pitcher and later Chicago White Stocking stalwart, Fred Goldsmith. Boston narrowly defeated London, 7-6.Created by London china merchant W. J. Reid, Tecumseh Park was named after the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh who fought alongside the British during the War of 1812 and who died in the Battle of the Thames near Chatham, Ontario, in October 1813.Jacob Englehart, the Cleveland-born oil tycoon, a future vice president of Imperial Oil and the Tecumseh's president/principal owner, moved the team to Tecumseh Park in 1877.Englehart soon began looking for professional players from the U.S., later signing four Americans:first-baseman/manager George \"Juice\" Latham\npitcher Fred Goldsmith of New Haven, Connecticut (believed by many to be the co-inventor of the curveball along with Candy Cummings of Ware, Massachusetts)\ncatcher Phil Powers and\ninfielder/outfielder Joe Hornung (nicknamed \"Dutchy\" and \"Ubbo Ubbo\") from Carthage, New York.Goldsmith's first complete game with the Tecumsehs occurred on May 24, 1876, when London played Guelph Maple Leafs before 6,000 spectators at the old Fair Grounds (southeast corner of Wellington and Pall Mall streets in London), a contest that London won 8-7 in 10 innings, largely due to Goldsmith's \"scientific pitching\", using his innovative \"skew ball.\"After the Tecumsehs, Goldsmith went on to pitch for the Troy, New York Trojans in 1879, National League's Chicago White Stockings from 1880 to 1884 and the American Association's Baltimore Orioles, also in 1884.In addition to Englehart, the Tecumsehs' back-room movers and shakers consisted of London newspaperman Harry Gorman; Ed Moore, manager of the Tecumseh House; Richard Meredith, a future chief justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario; William Southam, who was to found Southam News and to add an egalitarian touch, Jim Jury, a custodian at the collegiate institute.The following year in 1877, the Tecumsehs played in the International Association, a rival of the National League. That year, the Tecumsehs defeated the National League's Boston Red Stockings in an exhibition game at Tecumseh Park and later in the season they defeated the Pittsburgh Allegheny 5-2 to win the International Association pennant. More than 6,000 people attended London's pennant-winning game in a park built to seat 600.After the season, the Tecumsehs were offered membership in the National League, but declined. The Tecumsehs subsequently folded on August 22, 1878, due to financial difficulties compounded by a questionable game lost by the Tecumsehs, and the International Association floundered a few years later. Both were resurrected in 1888 and 1889.Among its more notable stars in 1888 was outfielder Patsy Donovan who went on to an outstanding career in Major League Baseball as both a player and a manager.The Tecumsehs also played at the park pre- and post-1920, with Charlie (Mechanical Man) Gehringer playing with the 1921–1924 Tecumsehs before he went on to a stellar career with the Detroit Tigers. Gehringer was subsequently inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.American baseball historians Bill Weiss and Marshall Wright have placed the 1920 London Tecumsehs on the list of the Top 100 Minor League Baseball Teams of all-time—coming in at #52, with a record of 86 wins and 32 losses.On September 15, 1920, with Ty Cobb in the lineup, the Detroit Tigers defeated the London Tecumsehs 5-4 before 3,000 people at Tecumseh Park in exhibition baseball. Reserved seating for the game was $1.The 1920 Tecumsehs clinched the first-place pennant with 15 games to play and London led the Michigan-Ontario league in attendance, with an astonishing 100,686 people watching them play.On May 9, 1921, under manager George (Mooney) Gibson, the Pittsburgh Pirates beat the London Tecumsehs 8-7 at Tecumseh Park before 3,500 people in an exhibition baseball game. Before the game, Gibson and his team were presented with a silver loving cup by the London Kiwanis Club. Gibson thrilled the locals by catching the opening inning with his 1909 World Series-winning battery mate Babe Adams and singling and scoring a run in his lone at-bat. London Mayor Syd Little entertained the team that evening at his home.On September 14, 1921, the Tecumsehs won the Michigan-Ontario Baseball League championship, 1-0 over Bay City, Michigan, before 1,000 people at Tecumseh Park. London scored its lone run in the first inning when third baseman Doc Shay, playing his first game of the series because of illness, tripled and scores on a sacrifice fly. In three games of the series, London pitcher Frank Herbst of London allowed six hits and only one run in 33 innings. London advanced against Ludington, Michigan, champions of the Central League.On September 28, 1921, London won the best-of-seven series against Ludington 4-3, taking Game 7 10-7 at Grand Rapids, Mich. The Tecumsehs were down 3-1 in the series. A few days later, London manager Buzz Wetzel was presented with a gold watch to commemorate the win. The normally reserved Wetzel spoke, saying, \"I tried to do what was right and give you the best I had and I honestly believe that the fans here have a right to be proud of their baseball team.\"On May 23, 1923, Washington's pitching ace Walter Johnson was in uniform but did not pitch as the Washington Senators defeated the Tecumsehs 13-9 in an exhibition baseball game at Tecumseh Park.","title":"London Tecumsehs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Gibson_baseball_card.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gibson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"Ty Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Cobb"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Canadian Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"George Gibson baseball card, 1911One of the early stars to emerge from Tecumseh Park was London West resident, George Gibson, a young bricklayer-homebuilder turned catcher who enjoyed a lengthy playing career with the Pittsburgh Pirates, winning the World Series in 1909 by beating Ty Cobb's Detroit Tigers. When he arrived back at the train station in his hometown on October 27, 1909, there were more than 5,000 cheering fans to greet him. London, at the time, had approximately 35,000 residents.Gibson played in the Major Leagues until 1918, 12 years with the Pirates and two years with the New York Giants, appearing in 1,213 games.Gibson first signed a pro contract in 1903 and joined the Pittsburgh Pirates two years later. He had a strong throwing arm and led National League catchers in fielding percentage several times. Known as a developer of young pitchers, Gibson later managed the Toronto Maple Leafs of the AAA International League in 1919, the Pirates (1920–1922, 1932–1934) and the Chicago Cubs (1925).He was named Canada's baseball player of the half century and in 1958 was the first baseball player elected to the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. He was subsequently inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in 1987 and was one of the inaugural 10 inductees into the London Sports Hall of Fame in 2001.","title":"George (Mooney) Gibson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"Harley Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Davidson"},{"link_name":"motion picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture"},{"link_name":"Earle Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Neale"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Major League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gehringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gehringer"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania–Ontario–New York League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%E2%80%93Ontario%E2%80%93New_York_League"},{"link_name":"Vic Barnhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Barnhart"},{"link_name":"Bob Barnhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Barnhart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clyde Barnhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Barnhart"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"}],"text":"Tecumseh Park was damaged by a flood of the Thames River on July 11, 1883 which destroyed the original grandstands, located near today's outfield foul ball lines. Originally, home plate was located in today's left-centre field. The new replacement grandstand (1883–1937) was built facing east toward downtown London, with home plate moved to approximately the same location as it is today.Beginning in 1892 the park was used for amateur and professional bicycle races, attracting such international stars as Harley Davidson (the Canadian Wheelman, a late-19th century cycling magazine was started and published in London).Baseball continued to be played there as well, with three more incarnations of the Tecumsehs in the International Association (1888–1889), the International League (1890), and the Canadian League (1898–circa 1915), with the London Alerts, also of the Canadian League, playing in 1897 and 1899. Meanwhile, in 1895 the park was the site of the first-ever motion picture display in London, organized by the London Bicycle Club.The London Cockneys played in the Class D International League in 1908 and the Class C Canadian League in 1911, while another Tecumsehs club played in the Class C and Class B Leagues from 1912 to 1915. It was during this period that Earle Neale played baseball at Labatt Park before he started his career in the Big Leagues with the Cincinnati Reds in 1916, later becoming an award-winning and innovative football coach in American pro football.The Tecumsehs played in the Class B Michigan–Ontario League from 1919 to 1924, and during the early 1920s, the team included future Major League second-base star Charlie Gehringer. Gehringer and the Tecumsehs defeated the Boston Red Sox in an exhibition game, also in 1921. A second London team, the Indians, played in the Michigan–Ontario League in 1925. The Tecumsehs also played in the Class D Ontario League in 1930.In 1940 and 1941, the London Pirates played in the Pennsylvania–Ontario–New York League, more commonly known as the PONY League. It was during this period that lights were installed at Labatt Park to permit night baseball. The 1941 Pirates team included pitcher Russ Getsinger and future Major Leaguers such as Jim Jordan and Vic Barnhart. Vic's brother Bob Barnhart was also a teammate on the 1941 London Pirates. Vic's father Clyde Barnhart was a star with the Pittsburgh Pirates throughout the 1920s including the 1925 and 1927 World Series teams.","title":"Thames River flood of 1883"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barnstorming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorm_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro"},{"link_name":"Satchel Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satchel_Paige"},{"link_name":"Harlem Globetrotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters"},{"link_name":"House of David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_David_(commune)"},{"link_name":"Negro leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_leagues"},{"link_name":"Intercounty Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercounty_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Homestead Grays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Grays"},{"link_name":"London Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Majors"},{"link_name":"Wilmer Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Fields"},{"link_name":"Brantford Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Stanley Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Glenn"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Elgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_Elgins"}],"text":"During the first half of the 20th century, Labatt Park (Tecumseh Park until December 31, 1936) was regularly visited by numerous barnstorming Negro teams from the U.S., plus a much-celebrated visit by legendary African-American pitcher Satchel Paige on June 30, 1954, when Paige was barnstorming with a baseball version of the Harlem Globetrotters. Paige pitched the last three innings of an exhibition game against another legendary barnstorming team—The House of David baseball team, who all sported beards and long hair and travelled with their own generator-powered lights (before Labatt Park installed lights in the early 1940s), which featured noted baseball clown, Frank (Bobo) Nickerson.As of October 1, 1923, The London Colored Stars, a Negro baseball team, had won 15 of 19 games and announced they \"are looking for more engagements.\"Additionally, numerous former players with the Negro leagues played in the Senior Intercounty Baseball League after the Negro leagues gradually folded after Jackie Robinson broke the \"colour barrier\" in 1947, including pitcher Ted Alexander of the Kansas City Monarchs and the Homestead Grays (1950-51 London Majors); Wilmer Fields (Brantford Red Sox); Jimmy Wilkes (retired jersey #5 for the Brantford Red Sox, later became a City league umpire after a decade with Brantford); Gentry (Geep) Jessup (Galt Terriers); Larry Cunningham (Galt Terriers, Hamilton Cardinals); Ed Steele (Galt) and Shanty Clifford (Galt and Brantford); Luther Clifford; Max Manning; Lester Lockett; Bob Thurman and Stanley Glenn (St. Thomas Elgins); all made numerous appearances at Labatt Park in the 1950s.The late Wilmer (The Great) Fields is a former president of the Negro Leagues Baseball Association (NLBPA), while Stanley (Doc) Glenn is currently the president of the NLBPA.","title":"Negro leagues and other players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bryces_Base_Ball_Guide_1876.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bryces_Base_Ball_Guide_1876_socks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Library and Archives Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//listserv.muohio.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412b&L=archives&T=0&P=6339"}],"text":"This is the world's oldest baseball grounds still in existence.Front cover to Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876, published in London, Ont.Baseball socks for sale in Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876A treasure-trove of information about early Canadian/Ontario \"baseball\" surfaced in 2002 when Library and Archives Canada purchased (for $10,000 from an Ottawa, Ontario, bookseller) Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876 and Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1877, two hand-coloured, 75-page booklets published by William Bryce of London, Ontario, which originally sold for a dime.The two, four-inch (102 mm) by seven-inch guides are considered to be the first significant publications on Canadian baseball.Bryce, a Scottish-born bookseller, newsagent and sporting goods distributor in London, had a small stake in the Tecumsehs, considered by many to be the finest ball team in the entire Dominion of Canada.During U.S. President George W. Bush's visit to the Library and Archives Canada building on November 30, 2004, he showed a special interest in these two early Canadian base ball books which were laid out for his perusal. See here [1]","title":"Bryce's 1876 and 1877 Baseball Guides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geodetic Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geodetic_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"art deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco"},{"link_name":"Labatt Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labatt_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"perpetuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetuity"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"Labatt Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labatt_Brewing_Company"}],"text":"According to the 1926 Geodetic Survey of Canada (and the subsequent detailed maps printed in 1928), there was a structure situated near what is now the main entrance to the ballpark at 25 Wilson Avenue (at the time, the two entrances to the ballpark were off of Dundas Street—now Riverside Drive—including an art deco entranceway that was demolished in the early 1980s).According to Mooney Gibson's nephew, George Lambourn, a noted baseball historian in his own right, the residence at 27 Wilson Avenue was the home of the park's cranky caretaker, Jakey Butts, which was destroyed by the Thames River flood of 1937.This devastating flood damaged the park again, necessitating the construction of the park's third grandstand (1937–2001) and a new clubhouse, with the local Labatt Brewing Company donating $10,000 to renovate the park, as well as deeding the park itself to the City of London on December 31, 1936, with the written provisions that the park remain a public athletic park in perpetuity and that it be renamed \"The John Labatt Memorial Athletic Park.\"From a sociological-historical perspective, it could be argued that the name change from Tecumseh Park to Labatt Memorial Park highlights the dramatic shift from 19th-Century colonial Canada (where the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh was immortalized throughout Canada for aiding the British in the War of 1812) to more modern times where businesses such as the Labatt Brewing Company exercised considerable influence on the cultural fabric of the day.At the end of August during the 1950s, Labatt Park annually hosted athletes from across the city's playgrounds competing in a variety of sports during a two- to three-day event, called the \"Junior Olympiad.\" (A P.U.C. Playground Supervisor's Reunion was held on June 24, 2006, at the City-owned Thames Valley Golf Course.)","title":"Tecumseh Park becomes Labatt Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Colman"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"Yogi Berra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi_Berra"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Eager Beaver Baseball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eager_Beaver_Baseball_Association"},{"link_name":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"}],"text":"Other London notables to graduate to the Major Leagues from Labatt Park during the 1940s are Tom (Tim) Burgess (1927–2008) and Frank Colman (1918–1983).In 1936, Frank Colman started out at Labatt Park with the London Winery of the Senior Intercounty Baseball League, winning the Most Valuable Player award, batting title and Intercounty Baseball League championship. Colman was 25 when he broke into the major leagues as a right fielder with the Pittsburgh Pirates, playing with them from 1942 through 1946, before he moved to New York to play with the Yankees. He played with the Yankees in 1946 and 1947, where he roomed with Yankee catcher Yogi Berra. He finished his six-year major league career with 571 at-bats, 15 home runs and 106 RBIs.Colman returned to London in 1954 after playing in the minor leagues and being the player/coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the AAA International League from 1951–1953. He bought the London Majors and, as player/ owner, won the Intercounty League title in 1956 and the Great Lakes championship in 1957 before returning to the Intercounty League in 1958 and selling the team in 1959.Colman is also a co-founder of the Eager Beaver Baseball Association (EBBA) in London which has provided competitive league play for thousands of youngsters since its founding in 1955. In 1984, a year after Colman's death, the EBBA's all-star day in mid-July was renamed \"Frank Colman Day.\"Colman was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in 1999 and the London Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.In a letter to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999, Yogi Berra wrote that he visited Colman at his home in Canada on several occasions.\"I've made a lot of friends in baseball through the years, but I'll always remember Frank as one of the most decent and genuine people that I ever met\", Berra wrote. \"I was proud that he was my friend.\"Tom Burgess first signed a pro contract with St. Louis in 1946 and played right field and first base for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1954 to 1961 and right field and first base for the Los Angeles Angels from 1962–1963.\"[Former P.U.C. recreation director] Bill Farquharson gave me the opportunity from the playground days and I worked my way up to the big leagues where I made a living for 44 years.\"—Tom (Tim) Burgess, November 28, 2005Since 1968, Burgess has been involved in Major League Baseball in a variety of managing, coaching and instructor capacities with several organizations, including the St. Louis Cardinals from 1968 to 1975, the New York Mets from 1976 to 1977, the Texas Rangers from 1980 to 1984, the Detroit Tigers from 1985 to 1987, the Kansas City Royals from 1987 to 1995. From 1996 to the present day, Burgess has been an instructor with both Baseball Canada and the Ontario Baseball Association. He was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in 1992 and the London Sports Hall of Fame in 2003.","title":"Frank Colman and Tom Burgess"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"London Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Majors"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"}],"text":"During World War II (1942 onward), the park was the home field for several women's baseball, softball and fastball teams, including the London Supremes who played in the Michigan–Ontario Women's Fastball League into the 1950s. In 1943 and 1944, the London Army Team won the Canadian Sandlot title.Shortly after World War II Labatt Park was the home of the London Majors, which won the Canadian Sandlot Congress in 1947 and the Can-Am Baseball Congress championship in 1948, beating the Fort Wayne, Indiana, General Electrics in a best-of-seven-game series at Labatt Park, as well as winning the Canadian, Ontario and Intercounty titles.","title":"London Supremes and London Army Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Denny McLain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_McLain"},{"link_name":"Fergie Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Arden Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_Eddie"},{"link_name":"Chatham, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Cooperstown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"St. Marys, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marys,_Ontario"}],"text":"In 1974, after Cy Young Award-winning pitcher Denny McLain had retired from the major leagues (two years earlier), McLain played a season for the London Majors, restricting himself to home games at Labatt Park. Due to arm problems, however, McLain only pitched nine innings for the Majors, but did play in 14 games at either shortstop, first base and catcher and batted .380, including hitting two homers in one game in London.After Cy Young Award-winning pitcher Fergie Jenkins pitched his final major league game on September 26, 1983, London Majors' owner-player Arden Eddie convinced Jenkins to pitch for the Majors in 1984-85, commuting from his home near Chatham, Ontario. The Canadian-born Jenkins is one of the few MLB players to have been inducted into both the Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in Cooperstown, New York and the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada.","title":"Denny McLain and Fergie Jenkins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Labatt Breweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labatt_Breweries"},{"link_name":"Mickey Lolich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Lolich"},{"link_name":"Denny McLain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_McLain"},{"link_name":"London Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Chris Chambliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chambliss"},{"link_name":"Travis Fryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Fryman"},{"link_name":"Tom Runnells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Runnells"},{"link_name":"Trenton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"A League of Their Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Geena Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geena_Davis"},{"link_name":"London Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"London Werewolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Werewolves"},{"link_name":"Frontier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_League"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe (Ohio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"St. Marys, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marys,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ron LeFlore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_LeFlore"},{"link_name":"Canada Summer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Summer_Games"},{"link_name":"London Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Monarchs_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Willie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Wilson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Francisco Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Cabrera_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Amaury Telemaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Telemaco"},{"link_name":"Snowbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowbirds_(aerobatic_team)"}],"text":"Professional baseball declined in London after the war, with mostly amateur teams playing at Labatt Park in the following decades, until 1989 when an AA Eastern League affiliate of the Detroit Tigers was established by investors/ Board of Directors, President Dan Ross, Vice President Mike Tucker, Vice President and General Manager Bob Gilson, Vice President and Assistant General Manager General Manager Bill Wilkinson and Vice President Brian Costello.Immediately prior to the London Tigers' inaugural season at Labatt Park in 1989, numerous improvements were completed at the park costing approximately $1-million for new lights, new dressing rooms and dugouts, additional seating, field and entrance upgrades, food concession enhancements and a new 40-foot (12 m)-by-19-foot electronic scoreboard (partially sponsored by Labatt Breweries). Previously, the scoreboard was changed manually. In 1990, Labatt Park and its head groundskeeper Mike Regan, won the prestigious \"Beam Clay Award\" as the best natural-grass field in North America.Broadcasting the Tigers' games on TV London with veteran local sportscaster Pete James were former Tiger greats Mickey Lolich and later, Denny McLain.The 1990 London Tigers won the Eastern League title under manager Chris Chambliss (one of the Tigers' players was Travis Fryman), but the Tom Runnells-managed Tigers relocated to Trenton, New Jersey after the 1993 season, citing declining attendance.On January 20, 1990, In Houston, Texas, Labatt Park was named the \"Beam Clay Baseball Diamond of the Year\" for \"excellence and professionalism in maintaining an outstanding professional baseball diamond\"—due to the outstanding groundskeeping work of City of London employee/supervisor, Mike Regan and his assistant Rob Garrett.The park was considered for the filming of the 1992 movie A League of Their Own starring Madonna and Geena Davis, but filming could not fit around the home schedule of the Double A London Tigers of the Eastern League.The London Werewolves of the fledgling Frontier League played at the park from 1999 to 2001, winning the Frontier League championship in 1999; Werewolves pitcher Brett Gray tossed 25 strikeouts on June 3, 2000 (home opener), against the Chillicothe (Ohio) Paints. The game's scorecard and Brett Gray's jersey were donated to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in St. Marys, Ontario, by Werewolves' General Manager John Kuhn.In 2000, former MLB star Ron LeFlore was hired as the manager of the Cook County Cheetahs of the Frontier League, visiting Labatt Park several times during the season.In 2001 after the circa-1937 main grandstand was demolished and a new, $1.97-million, wheelchair-accessible main grandstand was built (the park's fourth) and a new \"pop-up\" underground irrigation system was installed, the park was used as the chief baseball venue for the Canada Summer Games.In 2003 the park was also home to the London Monarchs of the short-lived Canadian Baseball League, which folded mid-season due to financial difficulties. The team's manager was former Major Leaguer Willie Wilson and featured such stars as first-baseman Francisco Cabrera and pitcher Amaury Telemaco. The league's inaugural game and home opener for the London Monarchs was held at Labatt Park on May 21, 2003, and was televised nationally on The Score. It also featured a fly-over by the Canadian Snowbirds flying team. League Commissioner Fergie Jenkins was also in attendance.","title":"Tigers, Werewolves and Monarchs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastball"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"showjumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showjumping"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Musical Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Ride"},{"link_name":"21-gun salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-gun_salute"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"London Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Majors"},{"link_name":"Intercounty League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercounty_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"UWO Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ontario_Mustangs"},{"link_name":"Brock University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_University"},{"link_name":"The Famous Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Chicken"}],"text":"Along with bicycle racing, Labatt Park has in the past been used for soccer, fastball, softball, high-school and men's football, track and field, wrestling, boxing, winter skating, political rallies, showjumping, civic receptions, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Musical Ride and a 21-gun salute to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II during her visit to London's Victoria Park on June 26, 1997.Currently, the park is home to the London Majors of the Intercounty League and the London Badgers junior team, as well as several other youth and adult baseball teams. The UWO Mustangs Baseball Club managed by former London Majors/AA London Tigers/AAA Toledo Mud Hens pitcher Mike Lumley is using the park during the 2006 Ontario University Athletics (OUA) baseball season (in 2005, the Mustangs won the OUA baseball title at Labatt Park for the first time, beating Brock University) Badgers in the final best-of-three championship series. The Western Mustangs repeated as OUA champs in 2006, beating Brock two games to nothing (7-4, 5-0) at Labatt Park on October 21.It should also be noted that Ted Giannoulas, aka \"The Famous Chicken\" sports mascot, was born and raised in London, Ontario, and during the years 1965 to 1967 worked part-time at Labatt Park during baseball games changing the old manual scoreboard in right field for 25 cents a game.","title":"Beehive of activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_McKay_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Christmas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day"},{"link_name":"See a photo of the Roy McKay Clubhouse here.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040722191749/http://www.landmarkslondon.ca/sports.html"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norm_Aldridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reverend Susan Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reverend_Susan_Eagle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In 1996, the \"Reasons for Designation\" for the park under the Ontario Heritage Act were amended to include the circa-1937, tongue-and-groove clapboard clubhouse of the London Majors, renamed the \"Roy McKay Clubhouse\" on August 1, 1996 (McKay was born on August 1), by Majors' longtime player/owner Arden Eddie in honour of former pitcher, manager and coach Roy McKay who died on Christmas Day in 1995, six months after falling on the porch of his Waterloo Street home. Subsequently, a large commemorative rock and bronze plaque honouring Roy McKay, jersey #16, was installed at the front of the clubhouse.See a photo of the Roy McKay Clubhouse here.\"I would like to be remembered for being a devoted son and brother, a loving husband, a great father and a damn good friend.\"—Roy McKay, 1933–1995Norm Aldridge at Labatt Park in May 1998 during the fundraising ballgame, The Rumble at the Riverforks. Aldridge, trainer with the 1948 Majors, also has a baseball diamond named after him in northeast London, Ontario -- Norm Aldridge Field. PHOTO: Herb Walsh.To help raise money for a new cedar-shingle roof on the historic clubhouse, a ballgame dubbed \"The Rumble at the Riverforks\" was played at the park on May 31, 1998, featuring members of London city council, members of the local media and the London Majors' oldtimers. The game was organized by The Friends of Labatt Park, SCENE magazine and the London Majors.On June 18, 2005, veteran Intercounty Baseball League umpire Joe Serratore was married to bride Bren Ferguson at home plate before 200 friends and family members, with United Church minister Reverend Susan Eagle (who, at the time, was a member of London city council) officiating. The home-plate wedding ceremony is believed to be a first for the ballpark.","title":"Roy McKay Clubhouse, home to the London Majors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On Saturday, July 23, 2005, the City of London in conjunction with the London Sports Council, the London Sports Oldtimers Association, the London Majors Baseball Club and The Friends of Labatt Park, organized a special, day-long event at the park to commemorate the city's 150th anniversary as an incorporated municipality (more than 10,000 residents) and the park's 128-year-old history. The event featured an open baseball clinic for youngsters run by the London Majors, vintage ball games, displays of park/ baseball memorabilia and a Majors' oldtimers' reunion.In 2006, London photo-historian Stephen Harding spent two days photographing the interior and exterior of the Roy McKay Clubhouse and presented his photos/ report to the City's heritage planner as City staff formulate plans to make additional repairs to the 70-year-old structure.","title":"Labatt Park Reunion, 2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Got Milk?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_Milk%3F"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"2005 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"}],"text":"In late September 2005, the San Francisco advertising firm of Goodby, Silverstein & Partners filmed a series of five, 30-second Got Milk? TV-commercials at Labatt Park, that subsequently ran during post-season play of Major League Baseball (MLB), starting on October 11. The commercials, which spoofed the ongoing steroid scandal in MLB had players \"caught\" using a \"performance-enhancing substance\"—milk. The commercials were titled \"Caught\", \"Batting Practice\", \"Tabloid\", \"Never Poured\" and \"Manager.\" The commercial \"Never Poured\" was shortlisted at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. From the get-go, MLB demanded that the commercials be taken off the air, but the popular commercials were subsequently re-released in December 2007 and ran through January 2008.The humorous commercials continued to run during the 2005 World Series, won in 4 straight games by Chicago. An on-line poll on a Houston, Texas-based Web site revealed that 75% of more than 23,000 poll respondents found the commercials to be funny and wanted them left on the air.","title":"Got Milk? commercials spoof MLB steroid use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roadway Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_Express"},{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Negro Leagues Baseball Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Leagues_Baseball_Museum"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Satchel Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satchel_Paige"}],"text":"Labatt Park is one of three featured baseball parks in the 16-month (September 2006 to December 2007) Roadway Express baseball calendar; Labatt Park is featured in the month of October 2007 \"Times of Greatness\" baseball calendar published by Roadway Express, based in Akron, Ohio. The print run of the calendars is 150,000.Roadway Express is also the sponsor of the \"Times of Greatness\" interactive, 53-foot (16 m)-long museum travelling coast to coast in the U.S. and Canada every year, showcasing Negro leagues history and artifacts. Roadway Express is also a sponsor of the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Missouri.Bob Paige, a longtime driver for Roadway Express, is the son of Hall-of-Fame pitcher, Satchel Paige, who made a much-publicized visit to Labatt Park on June 30, 1954.","title":"Roadway Express's 2006–2007 baseball calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mike_Ambrose_and_Kyle_Piwowarczyk.jpg"},{"link_name":"London Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Majors"},{"link_name":"Canada Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"Canada Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"Fanshawe Pioneer Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanshawe_Pioneer_Village"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer"},{"link_name":"Aylmer, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylmer,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"}],"text":"London Majors' SS Mike Ambrose (left; a third-generation player with the London Majors) and first-team-all-star Kyle Piwowarczyk (2B) at the historic Roy McKay Clubhouse at Labatt Park on Canada Day 2006, when the Friends of Labatt Park opened the clubhouse to the public to view historical baseball displays. PHOTO: Stephen Harding.On July 1 (Canada Day), 2006, London held its second annual Baseball Day, organized by the City of London, The Friends of Labatt Park, Fanshawe Pioneer Village, the London Majors Baseball Club, the London Oldtimers' Sports Association, the London and District Baseball Association and the London Sports Council.The day featured an open, drop-in baseball clinic with the London Majors, historical displays in the Roy McKay Clubhouse, a 1923 Wurlitzer Military Band Organ (restored and owned and operated by Ken Vinen of Aylmer, Ontario), a vintage base ball game between Fanshawe Pioneer Village's London Tecumsehs and Bruce Huff's Thames River Ratz (the Ratz won 15-3), a pitch, hit and run competition and a doubleheader between the London Majors and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Intercounty Baseball League (London won both games, 9-1 and 3-2). The scheduled fireworks (courtesy of the City of London) after the game over the adjacent river forks were cancelled due to high winds. Instead, they were set off the following night on July 2.","title":"Baseball Day in London, 2006"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bob Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Barney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"national heritage site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_heritage_site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Clinton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"World's Oldest Baseball Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-baseball-field-diamond"},{"link_name":"London City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Ontario Heritage Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Heritage_Act"},{"link_name":"historic site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_site"},{"link_name":"Canada Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"London Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Majors"},{"link_name":"Intercounty Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercounty_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"}],"text":"University of Western Ontario professor Bob Barney and graduate student Riley Nowokowski began investigating the history of Labatt Park, following an American challenge to its claim as baseball's \"oldest and continuously operated\" park.[1] Barney and Nowokowski spent three years researching 143 years of the park's history, with their article: \"A Canadian National Treasure: Tecumseh/Labatt Memorial Park, Baseball History's Oldest, Continuously-Operating Ballpark\", published in the Fall 2021 issue of Ontario History. The City of London subsequently applied for Labatt Park to be granted national heritage site distinction.[2]Fuller Field in Clinton, Massachusetts, made it into the Guinness Book of World Records in September 2007 as the \"world's oldest continually used baseball diamond/ field\", dating back to 1878—a year after Tecumseh Park-Labatt Park opened in 1877—as Fuller Field's home plate and bases have purportedly remained in the same location since 1878, whereas home plate at Labatt Park has been moved (within the same field) from its original location in 1877.In September 2008, however, Labatt Park replaced Clinton, Massachusetts', Fuller Field in the 2009 Guinness Book of World Records (page 191) as the \"World's Oldest Baseball Diamond.\" Although it has flip flopped in the past, as of January 4, 2016, Guinness's online record for the World's Oldest Baseball Field/Diamond now states Labatt Park, London, Ontario. World's Oldest Baseball FieldOn May 30, 1994, the park was designated by London City Council under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act as an historic site via by-Law No. L.S.P.-3237-544, with the ceremonial plaque unveiling at the front gates of the park occurring on July 1 (Canada Day), 1994, prior to a doubleheader between the London Majors and Toronto Maple Leafs of the Intercounty Baseball League.The park's designation occurred after a six-month-long lobbying effort spearheaded by the volunteer, non-profit organization, The Friends of Labatt Park, which has undertaken a number of initiatives during the past 24 years to enhance and promote the ballpark, its history and ambience.","title":"\"Oldest and continuously operated\" park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"souvenir program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir_program"},{"link_name":"The London Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"Bob Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-894282-00-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894282-00-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-44495-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-44495-5"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-541039-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541039-4"},{"link_name":"Eager Beaver Baseball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eager_Beaver_Baseball_Association"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9698289-0-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698289-0-X"},{"link_name":"UWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-919822-54-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919822-54-1"},{"link_name":"Bill Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Stern"},{"link_name":"Indenture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indenture"},{"link_name":"John Labatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Labatt"},{"link_name":"perpetuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetuity"}],"text":"The Northern Game: Baseball the Canadian Way by Bob Elliott (Sport Classic, 2005).\nHeritage Baseball: City of London a souvenir program from July 23, 2005, celebrating the history of Labatt Park and London, Ontario's 150th anniversary as an incorporated city.\nPitcher has Paige in London's history by James Reaney, The London Free Press, Sunday, May 2, 2004, page T-7.\nMonarchs draft former Atlanta Brave by Ryan Pyette, The London Free Press, April 16, 2003.\nBoys of Summer: Knute, Boot, Milky and Buck by Don Maudsley, (SCENE magazine, London, Ontario, June 15, 2000).\nThe magic continues at London's Field of Dreams by Barry Wells (SCENE magazine, London, Ontario, June 15, 2000).\nWho's Who in Canadian Sport by Bob Ferguson (Sporting Facts Publications, Ottawa, 3rd edition, 1999), ISBN 1-894282-00-0.\nIntercounty Major Baseball League's 1998 Record Book by Editor Herb Morell and Dominico Promotions Inc.\nLondon Majors Baseball Club, 1998 Souvenir Program.\nJackie Robinson, A Biography by Arnold Rampersad (Alfred E. Knopf Inc., New York, 1997), ISBN 0-679-44495-5. (page 113)\nDiamonds of the North: A Concise History of Baseball in Canada by William Humber (Oxford University Press, 1995), ISBN 0-19-541039-4.\nThe Beaver, Exploring Canada's History, Baseball's Canadian Roots: Abner Who? by Mark Kearney October–November 1994.\nEBBA: 40 Years of Baseball by Jeffrey Reed (Eager Beaver Baseball Association, Inc., London, Ontario, 1994), ISBN 0-9698289-0-X.\nThe 1948 London Majors: A Great Canadian Team by Dan Mendham (unpublished academic paper, UWO, December 7, 1992).\nLondon Tigers 1989, The Collector's Edition, Souvenir Program.\nTiger Special: Peanuts, popcorn, crackerjack, Baseball's Back, The London Free Press, Section F, April 7, 1989.\nDiamond Rituals: Baseball in Canadian Culture by Robert K. Barney (Meckler Books, 1989).\nJournal of Sport History, A Critical Examination of a Source in Early Ontario Baseball: The Reminiscence of Adam E. Ford by UWO Professor Robert K. Barney and Nancy Bouchier (Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 1988).\nCheering for the Home Team: The Story of Baseball in Canada by William Humber (The Boston Mills Press, 1983), ISBN 0-919822-54-1.\nNobody's Perfect by Denny McLain with Dave Diles (The Dial Press, New York, 1975).\nLooking Over Western Ontario: Three Tecumsehs made all-star baseball team in 1872 by Les Bronson, The London Free Press, June 17, 1972.\nOld Time Baseball and the London Tecumsehs of the late 1870s by Les Bronson, a recorded (and later transcribed) talk given to the London & Middlesex Historical Society on February 15, 1972. Available in the London Room of the Central Branch of the London Public Library.\nBill Stern's Favorite Baseball Stories by Bill Stern, (Blue Ribbon Books, Garden City, New York, 1949).\nMohawks Split Games Over The Week-End: Bill Horton Master Over St. Clair Nine in Saturday's Tilt, The London Free Press, July 16, 1939.\nAn Eight-Page Indenture/ Instrument #33043 between The London and Western Trusts Company Limited, The Corporation of The City of London and John Labatt, Limited, dated December 31, 1936, and registered on title in the Land Registry Office for the City of London on January 2, 1937, conveying Tecumseh Park to the City of London along with $10,000 on the provisos that the athletic field be preserved, maintained and operated in perpetuity \"for the use of the citizens of the City of London as an athletic field and recreation ground\" and that it be renamed \"The John Labatt Memorial Athletic Park.\"","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"George Gibson baseball card, 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/George_Gibson_baseball_card.jpg/220px-George_Gibson_baseball_card.jpg"},{"image_text":"Front cover to Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876, published in London, Ont.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Bryces_Base_Ball_Guide_1876.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baseball socks for sale in Bryce's Base Ball Guide 1876","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Bryces_Base_Ball_Guide_1876_socks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Norm Aldridge at Labatt Park in May 1998 during the fundraising ballgame, The Rumble at the Riverforks. Aldridge, trainer with the 1948 Majors, also has a baseball diamond named after him in northeast London, Ontario -- Norm Aldridge Field. PHOTO: Herb Walsh.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Norm_Aldridge.jpg/220px-Norm_Aldridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"London Majors' SS Mike Ambrose (left; a third-generation player with the London Majors) and first-team-all-star Kyle Piwowarczyk (2B) at the historic Roy McKay Clubhouse at Labatt Park on Canada Day 2006, when the Friends of Labatt Park opened the clubhouse to the public to view historical baseball displays. PHOTO: Stephen Harding.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Mike_Ambrose_and_Kyle_Piwowarczyk.jpg/220px-Mike_Ambrose_and_Kyle_Piwowarczyk.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Rickwood Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickwood_Field"}]
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[{"reference":"Nowokowski, Riley; Barney, Robert K. \"A Canadian National Treasure: Tecumseh/Labatt Memorial Park\". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/journal/article/a-canadian-national-treasure-tecumseh-labatt-memorial-park/","url_text":"\"A Canadian National Treasure: Tecumseh/Labatt Memorial Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research","url_text":"Society for American Baseball Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Barney and Riley Nowokowski join Labatt Park National Historic Site Committee\". University of Western Ontario. 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uwo.ca/fhs/kin/ssirg/news_roll/2021/bob_barney_and_riley_nowokowski_join_labatt_park_national_historic_site_committee.html","url_text":"\"Bob Barney and Riley Nowokowski join Labatt Park National Historic Site Committee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario","url_text":"University of Western Ontario"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Labatt_Park¶ms=42_59_1.00_N_81_15_31.20_W_type:landmark_region:CA","external_links_name":"42°59′1.00″N 81°15′31.20″W / 42.9836111°N 81.2586667°W / 42.9836111; -81.2586667"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Labatt+Park%22","external_links_name":"\"Labatt Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Labatt+Park%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Labatt+Park%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Labatt+Park%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Labatt+Park%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Labatt+Park%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://listserv.muohio.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412b&L=archives&T=0&P=6339","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040722191749/http://www.landmarkslondon.ca/sports.html","external_links_name":"See a photo of the Roy McKay Clubhouse here."},{"Link":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-baseball-field-diamond","external_links_name":"World's Oldest Baseball Field"},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/journal/article/a-canadian-national-treasure-tecumseh-labatt-memorial-park/","external_links_name":"\"A Canadian National Treasure: Tecumseh/Labatt Memorial Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.uwo.ca/fhs/kin/ssirg/news_roll/2021/bob_barney_and_riley_nowokowski_join_labatt_park_national_historic_site_committee.html","external_links_name":"\"Bob Barney and Riley Nowokowski join Labatt Park National Historic Site Committee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101126122605/http://london.ca/Sports_and_Recreation/PDFs/LabattParkUserGuide_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Labatt Park Policies & Procedures: A User Guide for the World's Oldest Baseball Park"},{"Link":"http://www.londonheritage.ca/Labatt_Park.html","external_links_name":"London Heritage Council – Labatt Park"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalballparks.com/Eastern/London.html","external_links_name":"Digital Ballparks tour of Labatt Park"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Labatt_Park¶ms=42_59_1.00_N_81_15_31.20_W_type:landmark_region:CA","external_links_name":"42°59′1.00″N 81°15′31.20″W / 42.9836111°N 81.2586667°W / 42.9836111; -81.2586667"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Columba%27s_Catholic_Boys%27_School
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St Columba's Catholic Boys' School
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["1 Description","2 Alumni","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°27′07″N 0°09′20″E / 51.45184°N 0.15558°E / 51.45184; 0.15558This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "St Columba's Catholic Boys' School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Academy in Bexleyheath, Greater London, EnglandSt Columba's Catholic Boys' SchoolAddressHalcot AvenueBexleyheath, Greater London, DA6 7QBEnglandCoordinates51°27′07″N 0°09′20″E / 51.45184°N 0.15558°E / 51.45184; 0.15558InformationTypeAcademyMottoLatin: Tenui Nec Dimittam"I have taken hold and will not let go"Religious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished1973Department for Education URN138650 TablesOfstedReportsHead TeacherD EvansGenderBoysAge11 to 16HousesBecket Campion Fisher . More . Xavier Loyola Websitehttp://www.st-columbas.bexley.sch.uk/
St Columba's Catholic Boys' School is a Roman Catholic boys' secondary school with academy status, located in the Bexleyheath area of the London Borough of Bexley, England.
Description
St. Columba's Catholic Boys’ School was opened by the then Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath on 7 May 1973. The lower and upper sections of the school were amalgamated on the present site in June 1990 in an extended building. A £5 million new build project on the site which included a new teaching block, new sports hall, and refurbished theatre was opened in 2005.
The school converted to academy status in September 2012, and it was previously under the direct control of Bexley London Borough Council. The school continues to coordinate with Bexley London Borough Council for admissions.
St. Columba's Catholic Boys' School has a sister school, St. Catherine's Catholic School for Girls, which is on a separate site nearby.
Following a short inspection of the school on 23 January 2019 James Whiting, the Ofsted Inspector, ranked the school 'good'. This was the first short inspection carried out since the school was also judged to be good by Ofsted in their previous inspection that was carried out in September 2014. The report went on to say that the leadership team has maintained the good quality of education in the school since the last inspection.
The report also said that the Catholic values held by the school are evident in the safe and welcoming community the school has become.
Alumni
Finn O'Mara (b. 1999) - footballer
References
^ https://st-columbas.bexley.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/StaffListSeptember2022.pdf
^ "St. Columba's Catholic Boys' School - History". St-columbas.bexley.sch.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
External links
St Columba's Catholic Boys' School official website
vteSchools and colleges in BexleyPrimary schools
Harris Garrard Academy
Secondary schools
Bexleyheath Academy
Blackfen School for Girls
Cleeve Park School
Haberdashers' Crayford Academy
Harris Academy Falconwood
Harris Garrard Academy
Hurstmere School
St Catherine's Catholic School for Girls
St Columba's Catholic Boys' School
Trinity School
Welling School
Bilateral schools
Leigh Academy Bexley
Grammar schools
Beths Grammar School
Bexley Grammar School
Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School
Townley Grammar School
Further education colleges
Bexley College
Bird College
Christ the King: St Mary's
vteArchdiocese of SouthwarkRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark
Archbishops and bishops of Southwark
I: Thomas Grant
II: James Danell
III: Robert Coffin
IV: John Butt
V: Francis Bourne
VI: Peter Amigo
VII: Cyril Cowderoy
VIII: Michael Bowen
IX: Kevin McDonald (Bishop Emeritus)
X: Peter Smith
XI: John Wilson
Auxiliary bishops in Southwark:
Charles Henderson
Paul Hendricks
John Hine
John Jukes
Patrick Lynch
Howard Tripp
Philip Moger
Churches
St George's Cathedral, Southwark - Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St George
Sacred Heart Church, Battersea
Corpus Christi Church, Brixton
St Osmund's Church, Barnes
Sacred Heart Church, Camberwell
St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Canterbury
St Michael the Archangel Church, Chatham
St Paul's Church, Dover
St Thomas More Church, Dulwich
Our Lady of Loreto and St Winefride's Church, Kew
St Agatha's Church, Kingston
St Mary Magdalen Church, Mortlake
Our Lady of the Angels Church, Erith
Our Lady of Gillingham Church
Our Lady Queen of Peace Church, Richmond
Polish Church of St. John the Evangelist, Putney
St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate
St Ethelbert's Church, Ramsgate
St Elizabeth of Portugal Church, Richmond
St Joseph Church, Roehampton
St Mary's Church, Clapham
St Thomas Aquinas Church, Ham
Sts Simon and Jude Church, Streatham Hill
St Raphael's Church, Surbiton
St Anne's Church, Vauxhall
St Patrick's Church, Waterloo
Christ the King Church, Wimbledon Park
St Winefride Church, South Wimbledon
Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon
St Peter's Church, Woolwich
Patronal Feasts of the Diocese
St Augustine of Canterbury (27 May)
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (8 December)
St Thomas of Canterbury (29 December)
Schools
Bishop Challoner School
Bishop Thomas Grant School
Bonus Pastor Catholic College
The Cedars School
Christ the King Sixth Form College
Coloma Convent Girls' School
Donhead Preparatory School
Holy Cross School, New Malden
Holy Cross Preparatory School
The John Fisher School
La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School
The Laurels School
Marymount International School London
Notre Dame Roman Catholic Girls' School
Richard Challoner School
Sacred Heart Catholic School, Camberwell
St Anselm's Catholic School
St Catherine's Catholic School for Girls
St Columba's Catholic Boys' School
St Edmund's Catholic School, Dover
St Francis Xavier College, Clapham
St Gregory's Catholic School
St John Bosco College, Battersea
St John Fisher Catholic School
St John's Catholic Comprehensive School
St Joseph's College, Upper Norwood
St Mary's Roman Catholic High School, Croydon
St Matthew Academy
St Michael's Catholic College
St Paul's Academy, Abbey Wood
St Philomena's Catholic High School for Girls
St Simon Stock Catholic School
St Thomas More Catholic School, Eltham
St Thomas the Apostle College
St Ursula's Convent School
Thomas More Catholic School, Purley
Ursuline College, Westgate-on-Sea
Ursuline High School, Wimbledon
Wimbledon College
See also:
National Shrine of Saint Jude
Aylesford Priory
St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate
Minster in Thanet Priory
St Mary's Church, Nettlestead
St Anselm's Church, Pembury
Church of the Most Precious Blood, Southwark
Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain
Apostolic Vicariate of the London District
Catholicism portal
London portal
Kent portal
Authority control databases
ISNI
This London school or sixth form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Catholic Church–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Apartments
|
Broad Street Apartments
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 39°57′54″N 82°58′38″W / 39.96500°N 82.97722°W / 39.96500; -82.97722United States historic placeBroad Street ApartmentsU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Interactive map highlighting the building's locationLocation880-886 E. Broad St., Columbus, OhioCoordinates39°57′54″N 82°58′38″W / 39.96500°N 82.97722°W / 39.96500; -82.97722AreaLess than 1 acre (0.40 ha)Built1916 (1916)ArchitectHowell and Thomas, Cheek BrothersArchitectural styleLate 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Second Renaissance RevivalMPSEast Broad Street MRANRHP reference No.86003404Added to NRHPDecember 16, 1986
The Broad Street Apartments are buildings on Broad Street in Columbus, Ohio, in the King-Lincoln Bronzeville neighborhood. They are near the Columbus College of Art and Design (CCAD), along with the Columbus State Community College. The property is also part of the 18th & E. Broad Historic District of the Columbus Register of Historic Properties.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbus, Ohio
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "apartment and property rental columbus ohio". Ohio Evergreen. Evergreen Reality, Inc. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
vteNational Register of Historic Places in OhioListsby county
Adams
Allen
Ashland
Ashtabula
Athens
Auglaize
Belmont
Brown
Butler
Carroll
Champaign
Clark
Clermont
Clinton
Columbiana
Coshocton
Crawford
Cuyahoga
Darke
Defiance
Delaware
Erie
Fairfield
Fayette
Franklin
Fulton
Gallia
Geauga
Greene
Guernsey
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Harrison
Henry
Highland
Hocking
Holmes
Huron
Jackson
Jefferson
Knox
Lake
Lawrence
Licking
Logan
Lorain
Lucas
Madison
Mahoning
Marion
Medina
Meigs
Mercer
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Morrow
Muskingum
Noble
Ottawa
Paulding
Perry
Pickaway
Pike
Portage
Preble
Putnam
Richland
Ross
Sandusky
Scioto
Seneca
Shelby
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Tuscarawas
Union
Van Wert
Vinton
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Williams
Wood
Wyandot
Lists by city
Akron
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Dayton
Sandusky
Other lists
Bridges
Cuyahoga Valley National Park
National Historic Landmarks
Keeper of the Register
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Property types
Historic district
Contributing property
vteColumbus Register of Historic PropertiesCo-listed on theNational Register of Historic Places
18th & E. Broad Historic District
21st & E. Broad Historic Group
Bryden Road District
120 S. Central Avenue
Broad Street United Methodist Church (Columbus, Ohio)
Captain Edward V. Rickenbacker House
Central High School (Columbus, Ohio)
Central Ohio Fire Museum
Charles S. Barrett Building
Columbia Larrimer Building
Cristo Rey Columbus High School
Cultural Arts Center
East Town Street Historic District
Felton School
First Congregational Church (Columbus, Ohio)
Franklinton Post Office
Gen. William Henry Harrison Headquarters
Gilbert H. Hamilton House
Great Southern Hotel & Theatre
Greater Columbus Arts Council
H.A. Higgins Building
Hamilton Park Historic District (Columbus, Ohio)
Indianola Junior High School
Iuka Ravine Historic District
Jefferson Avenue Historic District (Columbus, Ohio)
Jeffrey Manufacturing Company Office Building
King Arts Complex
Krumm House
LeVeque Tower
Lubal Manufacturing & Distributing Company
Market-Mohawk Center
New Indianola Historic District
North High School
North Market Historic District
Ohio Baptist General Association Headquarters
Ohio Moline Plow Building
Ohio Statehouse
Old Beechwold Historic District
Old Port Columbus Terminal
Orton Memorial Laboratory
Richard Berry Jr. House (Columbus, Ohio)
Schlee-Kemmler Building
Second Presbyterian Church (Columbus, Ohio)
Seneca Hotel
South High Commercial Historic District
Standard Building (Columbus, Ohio)
Sullivant Land Office
The Hamlet (Columbus, Ohio)
Thurber House
Trinity Episcopal Church (Columbus, Ohio)
United States Carriage Company
United States Post Office and Courthouse (Columbus, Ohio)
Valley Dale Ballroom
W.H. Jones Mansion
Columbus Register historic district contributing properties
Broad Street Apartments
Broad Street Christian Church
C. E. Morris House
Cambridge Arms
Charles Frederick Myers house
Columbus Landmarks Foundation
Erwin W. Schueller House
Hanna House
Heyne-Zimmerman House
Joseph Warren Yost House
Kelton House Museum and Garden
Lazarus House
Linus B. Kauffman House
North Market
Scofield-Sanor House
Sharp-Page House
Shedd-Dunn House
Soloman Levy House
Solely Columbus Register-listed
1379 N. High Street Apartment Building
Avery Pontiac Building
Broad-Brunson Place Condominiums
Citizens Building (Columbus, Ohio)
The Clifton
Columbus Dispatch Building
Dan's Drive-In
Dr. Lewis M. Early Residence
E.O. Snyder Grocer
Engine House No. 7 (Columbus, Ohio)
First Avenue School (Columbus, Ohio)
Gale House Condominiums
Graham Elementary and Middle School
Indianola Forest Historic District
Joseph Henderson House
Macon Hotel
McClure-Nesbitt Motor Company
Nagy Brothers Shoe Repair
Northmoor Engine House
Northwood Park (Columbus, Ohio)
Old Oaks Historic District
Reeb Avenue Center
Scioto River Bridge Group
Southwood Elementary School
St. Joseph Cathedral (Columbus, Ohio)
St. Mark's Masonic Temple No. 7 of the Prince Hall Free & Accepted Masons
Weisheimer House
White Castle Restaurant
see also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbus, Ohio
This article about a property in Franklin County, Ohio on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a building or structure in Columbus, Ohio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbus,_Ohio"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_de_Brunhoff
|
Laurent de Brunhoff
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Honors","5 Exhibitions","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 External links"]
|
French author and illustrator (1925–2024)
Laurent de BrunhoffDe Brunhoff at the 2008 Texas Book FestivalBorn(1925-08-30)30 August 1925Paris, FranceDied22 March 2024(2024-03-22) (aged 98)Key West, Florida, U.S.OccupationArtistCitizenshipFrenchAmericanEducationAcadémie de la Grande ChaumièreGenreChildren's literatureNotable worksBabar the ElephantSpouse
Marie-Claude Bloch
(m. 1951; div. 1990)
Phyllis Rose (m. 1990)ChildrenAnne de BrunhoffAntoine de BrunhoffRelativesJean de Brunhoff (father)Cecile de Brunhoff (mother)Thierry de Brunhoff (brother)
Laurent de Brunhoff (French pronunciation: ; 30 August 1925 – 22 March 2024) was a French author and illustrator, known primarily for continuing the Babar the Elephant series of children's books that was created by his father, Jean de Brunhoff.
Early life
Laurent de Brunhoff was born in Paris on 30 August 1925. His brothers are Mathieu and Thierry de Brunhoff. Thierry is a concert pianist who is known particularly for his interpretation of Chopin; he became a Benedictine monk in 1974.
The children's classic Babar began as a bedtime story that Cécile de Brunhoff told her young sons, Laurent and Mathieu, in 1930, when they were five and four years old, respectively. They loved the story about the little elephant and told their father, Jean de Brunhoff, about the story. Jean de Brunhoff, who was an artist, drew pictures for them of the elephant world their mother had described and eventually created a book, Histoire de Babar (The Story of Babar), which was published in 1931 by Le Jardin des Modes, a family-run publishing house. Jean de Brunhoff created six more Babar books, but two of them were only partially colored when he died.
Career
After World War II, Laurent, who inherited his father's artistic gift, trained at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière under the painter Othon Friesz and began living as an artist in Montparnasse. But, wishing to maintain his tie to his father and the imaginative world of his childhood, he turned back to the character his father had drawn and taught himself to draw in his father's style. What Christine Nelson calls their "intergenerational artistic partnership" had begun even earlier, when Laurent was a teenager, and was asked to do the color for several pages that his father had left in black and white. His own first Babar book, Babar et ce coquin d’Arthur (Babar’s Cousin, That Rascal Arthur), was published in 1946 when Laurent was 21.
De Brunhoff went on to publish nearly 50 more Babar books, as well as creating children's books with characters of his own invention, Bonhomme and Serafina, among others.
Personal life and death
De Brunhoff was married to Marie-Claude Bloch in 1951 and together they had two children, Anne, born 1952, and Antoine, born 1954. They separated in 1985 and divorced in 1990.
In 1985 de Brunhoff moved to the United States, living in Middletown, Connecticut, with writer and Wesleyan University professor Phyllis Rose. They married in 1990 and lived in New York and Key West, Florida.
De Brunhoff died of a stroke in Key West on 22 March 2024, at the age of 98.
Honors
De Brunhoff, who held both French and American citizenship, was made an Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur.
Exhibitions
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There have been major exhibitions of his work and his father's work in 1981 at the Centre Culturel du Marais in Paris, in 1983-84 in the United States (Minneapolis Institute of Art, Baltimore Museum of Art and the Toledo Museum of Art, among others), in 1987 in Japan, and in 1989-90 at the National Academy of Design in New York and the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, among others.
In 2008, the Morgan Library and Museum in New York mounted a major exhibition of original drawings and manuscripts by Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff, for which a catalogue was published, Drawing Babar: Early Drafts and Watercolors by Christine Nelson that included an essay about Babar by Adam Gopnik, which was also published in The New Yorker. It celebrated the gift to the Morgan by Laurent de Brunhoff and his brothers, Mathieu and Thierry, of the manuscript of Jean de Brunhoff's first book, Histoire de Babar (The Story of Babar, 1931) and by Laurent of the manuscript of his first book, Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur (Babar's Cousin: That Rascal Arthur, 1946).
There have been smaller shows at many museums throughout the United States, including the Art Institute of Chicago, the Dixon Gallery in Memphis, the Speed Art Museum in Louisville, and the Davison Art Center of Wesleyan University in Connecticut.
A show was scheduled for 2011–2012 at the Musée des Arts Decoratifs in Paris. In addition, de Brunhoff has exhibited frequently at the Mary Ryan Gallery in New York, which represents his work. The work of Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff has also been the subject of books by Anne Hildebrand, Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff: The Legacy of Babar (New York: Twayne, 1991) and by Nicholas Fox Weber, The Art of Babar (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1989).
Bibliography
Babar's Cousin: That Rascal Arthur. New York: Random House, 1948. (Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur. Paris: 1946)
Babar's Picnic. New York: Random House, 1949.
Babar's Visit to Bird Island. New York: Random House, 1952.
Babar's Fair. New York: Random House, 1955.
A tue-tete. Paris: Juillard, 1957.
Babar and the Professor. New York: Random House, 1957.
Serafina the Giraffe. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1961.
Serafina's Lucky Find. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1962.
Babar's Castle. New York: Random House, 1962.
Captain Serafina. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1963.
Anatole and His Donkey. New York: Macmillan, 1963.
Babar's French Lessons. New York: Random House, 1963.
Babar Comes to America. New York: Random House, 1965.
Babar's Spanish Lessons. New York: Random House, 1965.
Bonhomme. New York: Pantheon, 1965.
Babar Learns to Cook. New York: Random House, 1967.
Babar Loses His Crown. New York: Random House, 1967.
Babar's Games. New York: Random House, 1968.
Babar's Moon Trip. New York: Random House, 1969.
Babar's Trunk. New York: Random House, 1969.
Babar's Birthday Surprise. New York: Random House, 1970
Gregory and the Lady Turtle in the Valley of the Music Trees. New York: Pantheon, 1971.
Babar's Other Trunk. New York: Random House, 1971.
Babar Visits Another Planet. New York: Random House, 1972.
Meet Babar and His Family. New York: Random House, 1973.
Babar's Bookmobile. New York: Random House, 1974.
Bonhomme and the Huge Beast. New York: Pantheon, 1974.
Babar and the Wully-Wully. New York: Random House, 1975. (Babar et le Wouly-Wouly. Paris: Hachette)
Babar Saves the Day. New York: Random House, 1976.
Babar's Mystery. New York: Random House, 1978. (Babar et les quatre voleurs. Paris: Hachette)
The One Pig with Horns. New York: Pantheon, 1979.
Babar the Magician. New York: Random House, 1980.
Babar's Little Library. New York: Random House, 1980
Babar and the Ghost. New York: Random House, 1981. (Babar et le fantôme. Paris: Hachette)
Babar's Anniversary Album. New York: Random House, 1981.
Babar's A.B.C. New York: Random House, 1983.
Babar's Book of Color. New YOrk: Random House, 1984.
Babar's Counting Book. New York: Random House, 1986.
Babar's Little Girl. New York: Random House, 1987. (Babar et sa fille Isabelle. Paris: Hachette)
"Christmas with Babar & Baby Isabelle." Woman's Day, 22 December 1987.
Babar's Adventures, Calendar for 1988. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1988.
Babar's Little Circus Star. New York: Random House, 1988.
Babar in Hollywood, Calendar for 1990. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1989.
Babar's Busy Year. New York: Random House, 1989.
Babar in History, Calendar for 1991. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1990.
Isabelle's New Friend. New York: Random House, 1990.
Babar's Battle. New York: Random House, 1992. (La victoire de Babar. Paris: Hachette)
Babar's Rescue. New York: Random House, 1993. (Babar et la cité perdue. Paris: Hachette)
Babar and the Succotash Bird. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2000. (Babar et l'oiseau magicien. Paris: Hachette)
Babar's Yoga for Elephants. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2002. (Babar: le yoga des éléphants. Paris: Hacette)
Babar's Museum of Art. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 2003. (Le musée de Babar. Paris: Hachette)
Babar's World Tour. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005. (Le tour du monde de Babar. Paris: Hachette)
Babar's USA. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008.
Babar's Celesteville Games. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2011.
Babar and His Family (An adaptation of Meet Babar and His Family. 1973). New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2012.
B Is for Babar: An Alphabet Book (An adaptation of Babar's A.B.C.. 1983). New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2012.
Babar and the New Baby (An adaptation of Babar's Little Girl. 1987). New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2013.
Babar's Guide to Paris. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2017. (final book)
References
France portalBiography portalChildren's literature portal
^ a b c d e Green, Penelope (22 March 2024). "Laurent de Brunhoff, Artist Who Made Babar Famous, Dies at 98". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ de Bertodano, Helena (15 September 2003). "Elephants and old masters". London: Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
^ "FREEING THE ELEPHANTS". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ Rothstein, Edward (22 September 2008). "All About Mr. Elephant, in His Becoming Green Suit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ a b c Laurent de Brunhoff obituary, The Guardian
^ Nelson, Drawing Babar, p. 18
^ Bernstein, Jacob (29 November 2012). "What I Love: Laurent de Brunhoff and Phyllis Rose". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
^ Ann Hildebrand, Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff: The Legacy of Babar (New York: Twayne, 1991
^ "Phyllis Rose, Writer and Critic, Weds Laurent de Brunhoff, 'Babar' Author". The New York Times. 20 May 1990. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ a b c d Laurent de Brunhoff, Mary Ryan Gallery
^ "Drawing Babar: Early Drafts and Watercolors". 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff, Babar's Anniversary Album, with an introduction by Maurice Sendak and family photos and autobiographical captions by Laurent. New York: Random House, 1981.
External links
Lambiek Comiclopedia article.
Meet Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff Retrieved 2011-05-27.
Laurent de Brunhoff at IMDb
Laurent de Brunhoff discography at Discogs
vteBabar the Elephant by Jean de Brunhoff and Laurent de BrunhoffBooks
Histoire de Babar (1931)
Le Voyage de Babar (1932)
Le Roi Babar (1933)
L'ABC de Babar (1934)
Les vacances de Zéphir (1936)
Babar en famille (1938)
Babar et le père Noël (1941)
Characters
Babar
Lord Rataxes
Films
Babar (1960)
Babar (1969)
The Adventures of Babar (1968)
Babar and Father Christmas (1986)
Babar: The Movie (1989)
Babar: King of the Elephants (1999)
Television
Babar (1989–1991, 2000) (episodes)
Babar and the Adventures of Badou (2010–2015) (episodes)
Other articles
Jean de Brunhoff
Laurent de Brunhoff
Cécile de Brunhoff
Celesteville
Nelvana
HBO Family
Disney Junior
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Australia
Artists
RKD Artists
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[loʁɑ̃ də bʁynɔf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Babar the Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant"},{"link_name":"children's books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_book"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_2024_f342-1"},{"link_name":"Jean de Brunhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Laurent de Brunhoff (French pronunciation: [loʁɑ̃ də bʁynɔf]; 30 August 1925 – 22 March 2024) was a French author and illustrator, known primarily for continuing the Babar the Elephant series of children's books[1] that was created by his father, Jean de Brunhoff.[2][3][4]","title":"Laurent de Brunhoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Thierry de Brunhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_de_Brunhoff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_2024_f342-1"},{"link_name":"Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopin"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant"},{"link_name":"bedtime story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_story"},{"link_name":"Cécile de Brunhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_de_Brunhoff"},{"link_name":"Jean de Brunhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff"},{"link_name":"Le Jardin des Modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Jardin_des_Modes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_2024_f342-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_obit-5"}],"text":"Laurent de Brunhoff was born in Paris on 30 August 1925. His brothers are Mathieu and Thierry de Brunhoff.[1] Thierry is a concert pianist who is known particularly for his interpretation of Chopin; he became a Benedictine monk in 1974.[citation needed]The children's classic Babar began as a bedtime story that Cécile de Brunhoff told her young sons, Laurent and Mathieu, in 1930, when they were five and four years old, respectively. They loved the story about the little elephant and told their father, Jean de Brunhoff, about the story. Jean de Brunhoff, who was an artist, drew pictures for them of the elephant world their mother had described and eventually created a book, Histoire de Babar (The Story of Babar), which was published in 1931 by Le Jardin des Modes, a family-run publishing house. Jean de Brunhoff created six more Babar books, but two of them were only partially colored when he died.[1][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Académie de la Grande Chaumière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_la_Grande_Chaumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Othon Friesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othon_Friesz"},{"link_name":"Montparnasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montparnasse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_2024_f342-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_obit-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After World War II, Laurent, who inherited his father's artistic gift, trained at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière under the painter Othon Friesz and began living as an artist in Montparnasse. But, wishing to maintain his tie to his father and the imaginative world of his childhood, he turned back to the character his father had drawn and taught himself to draw in his father's style. What Christine Nelson calls their \"intergenerational artistic partnership\" had begun even earlier, when Laurent was a teenager, and was asked to do the color for several pages that his father had left in black and white.[6] His own first Babar book, Babar et ce coquin d’Arthur (Babar’s Cousin, That Rascal Arthur), was published in 1946 when Laurent was 21.[1][5]De Brunhoff went on to publish nearly 50[7] more Babar books, as well as creating children's books with characters of his own invention, Bonhomme and Serafina, among others.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_obit-5"},{"link_name":"Middletown, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Rose"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Key West, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_2024_f342-1"}],"text":"De Brunhoff was married to Marie-Claude Bloch in 1951 and together they had two children, Anne, born 1952, and Antoine, born 1954.[8] They separated in 1985 and divorced in 1990.[5]In 1985 de Brunhoff moved to the United States, living in Middletown, Connecticut, with writer and Wesleyan University professor Phyllis Rose. They married in 1990[9] and lived in New York and Key West, Florida.De Brunhoff died of a stroke in Key West on 22 March 2024, at the age of 98.[1]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres"},{"link_name":"Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRG-10"}],"text":"De Brunhoff, who held both French and American citizenship, was made an Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur.[10]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Toledo Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRG-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRG-10"},{"link_name":"Morgan Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Adam Gopnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gopnik"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Dixon Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Gallery_and_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Speed Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Davison Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davison_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"Musée des Arts Decoratifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRG-10"}],"text":"There have been major exhibitions of his work and his father's work in 1981 at the Centre Culturel du Marais in Paris, in 1983-84 in the United States (Minneapolis Institute of Art, Baltimore Museum of Art and the Toledo Museum of Art, among others), in 1987 in Japan, and in 1989-90 at the National Academy of Design[10] in New York and the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto,[10] among others.In 2008, the Morgan Library and Museum in New York mounted a major exhibition of original drawings and manuscripts by Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff, for which a catalogue was published, Drawing Babar: Early Drafts and Watercolors by Christine Nelson that included an essay about Babar by Adam Gopnik, which was also published in The New Yorker.[11] It celebrated the gift to the Morgan by Laurent de Brunhoff and his brothers, Mathieu and Thierry, of the manuscript of Jean de Brunhoff's first book, Histoire de Babar (The Story of Babar, 1931) and by Laurent of the manuscript of his first book, Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur (Babar's Cousin: That Rascal Arthur, 1946).There have been smaller shows at many museums throughout the United States, including the Art Institute of Chicago, the Dixon Gallery in Memphis, the Speed Art Museum in Louisville, and the Davison Art Center of Wesleyan University in Connecticut.A show was scheduled for 2011–2012 at the Musée des Arts Decoratifs in Paris.[needs update] In addition, de Brunhoff has exhibited frequently at the Mary Ryan Gallery in New York, which represents his work.[10] The work of Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff has also been the subject of books by Anne Hildebrand, Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff: The Legacy of Babar (New York: Twayne, 1991) and by Nicholas Fox Weber, The Art of Babar (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1989).","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woman's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Babar's Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar%27s_Museum_of_Art"}],"text":"Babar's Cousin: That Rascal Arthur. New York: Random House, 1948. (Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur. Paris: 1946)\nBabar's Picnic. New York: Random House, 1949.\nBabar's Visit to Bird Island. New York: Random House, 1952.\nBabar's Fair. New York: Random House, 1955.\nA tue-tete. Paris: Juillard, 1957.\nBabar and the Professor. New York: Random House, 1957.\nSerafina the Giraffe. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1961.\nSerafina's Lucky Find. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1962.\nBabar's Castle. New York: Random House, 1962.\nCaptain Serafina. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1963.\nAnatole and His Donkey. New York: Macmillan, 1963.\nBabar's French Lessons. New York: Random House, 1963.\nBabar Comes to America. New York: Random House, 1965.\nBabar's Spanish Lessons. New York: Random House, 1965.\nBonhomme. New York: Pantheon, 1965.\nBabar Learns to Cook. New York: Random House, 1967.\nBabar Loses His Crown. New York: Random House, 1967.\nBabar's Games. New York: Random House, 1968.\nBabar's Moon Trip. New York: Random House, 1969.\nBabar's Trunk. New York: Random House, 1969.\nBabar's Birthday Surprise. New York: Random House, 1970\nGregory and the Lady Turtle in the Valley of the Music Trees. New York: Pantheon, 1971.\nBabar's Other Trunk. New York: Random House, 1971.\nBabar Visits Another Planet. New York: Random House, 1972.\nMeet Babar and His Family. New York: Random House, 1973.\nBabar's Bookmobile. New York: Random House, 1974.\nBonhomme and the Huge Beast. New York: Pantheon, 1974.\nBabar and the Wully-Wully. New York: Random House, 1975. (Babar et le Wouly-Wouly. Paris: Hachette)\nBabar Saves the Day. New York: Random House, 1976.\nBabar's Mystery. New York: Random House, 1978. (Babar et les quatre voleurs. Paris: Hachette)\nThe One Pig with Horns. New York: Pantheon, 1979.\nBabar the Magician. New York: Random House, 1980.\nBabar's Little Library. New York: Random House, 1980\nBabar and the Ghost. New York: Random House, 1981. (Babar et le fantôme. Paris: Hachette)\nBabar's Anniversary Album. New York: Random House, 1981.\nBabar's A.B.C. New York: Random House, 1983.\nBabar's Book of Color. New YOrk: Random House, 1984.\nBabar's Counting Book. New York: Random House, 1986.\nBabar's Little Girl. New York: Random House, 1987. (Babar et sa fille Isabelle. Paris: Hachette)\n\"Christmas with Babar & Baby Isabelle.\" Woman's Day, 22 December 1987.\nBabar's Adventures, Calendar for 1988. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1988.\nBabar's Little Circus Star. New York: Random House, 1988.\nBabar in Hollywood, Calendar for 1990. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1989.\nBabar's Busy Year. New York: Random House, 1989.\nBabar in History, Calendar for 1991. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1990.\nIsabelle's New Friend. New York: Random House, 1990.\nBabar's Battle. New York: Random House, 1992. (La victoire de Babar. Paris: Hachette)\nBabar's Rescue. New York: Random House, 1993. (Babar et la cité perdue. Paris: Hachette)\nBabar and the Succotash Bird. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2000. (Babar et l'oiseau magicien. Paris: Hachette)\nBabar's Yoga for Elephants. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2002. (Babar: le yoga des éléphants. Paris: Hacette)\nBabar's Museum of Art. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 2003. (Le musée de Babar. Paris: Hachette)\nBabar's World Tour. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005. (Le tour du monde de Babar. Paris: Hachette)\nBabar's USA. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008.\nBabar's Celesteville Games. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2011.\nBabar and His Family (An adaptation of Meet Babar and His Family. 1973). New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2012.\nB Is for Babar: An Alphabet Book (An adaptation of Babar's A.B.C.. 1983). New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2012.\nBabar and the New Baby (An adaptation of Babar's Little Girl. 1987). New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2013.\nBabar's Guide to Paris. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2017. (final book)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Green, Penelope (22 March 2024). \"Laurent de Brunhoff, Artist Who Made Babar Famous, Dies at 98\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/22/books/laurent-de-brunhoff-dead.html","url_text":"\"Laurent de Brunhoff, Artist Who Made Babar Famous, Dies at 98\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240322234549/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/22/books/laurent-de-brunhoff-dead.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"de Bertodano, Helena (15 September 2003). \"Elephants and old masters\". London: Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/donotmigrate/3602754/Elephants-and-old-masters.html","url_text":"\"Elephants and old masters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222215853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/donotmigrate/3602754/Elephants-and-old-masters.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FREEING THE ELEPHANTS\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/22/080922fa_fact_gopnik","url_text":"\"FREEING THE ELEPHANTS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827104237/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/22/080922fa_fact_gopnik","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rothstein, Edward (22 September 2008). \"All About Mr. Elephant, in His Becoming Green Suit\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/arts/design/22baba.html?fta=y","url_text":"\"All About Mr. Elephant, in His Becoming Green Suit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312084818/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/arts/design/22baba.html?fta=y","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Jacob (29 November 2012). \"What I Love: Laurent de Brunhoff and Phyllis Rose\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/realestate/what-i-love-laurent-de-brunhoff-and-phyllis-rose.html?ref=garden","url_text":"\"What I Love: Laurent de Brunhoff and Phyllis Rose\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190102143305/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/realestate/what-i-love-laurent-de-brunhoff-and-phyllis-rose.html?ref=garden","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Phyllis Rose, Writer and Critic, Weds Laurent de Brunhoff, 'Babar' Author\". The New York Times. 20 May 1990. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/20/style/phyllis-rose-writer-and-critic-weds-laurent-de-brunhoff-babar-author.html","url_text":"\"Phyllis Rose, Writer and Critic, Weds Laurent de Brunhoff, 'Babar' Author\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525201859/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/20/style/phyllis-rose-writer-and-critic-weds-laurent-de-brunhoff-babar-author.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Drawing Babar: Early Drafts and Watercolors\". 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/exhibition.asp?id=4","url_text":"\"Drawing Babar: Early Drafts and Watercolors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728030244/http://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/exhibition.asp?id=4","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altstadt_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)
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Altstadt (Königsberg)
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["1 History","1.1 Foundation","1.2 Medieval Altstadt","1.3 Thirteen Years' War","1.4 Modern era","2 Sights","3 Notes","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 54°42′36″N 20°30′40″E / 54.710°N 20.511°E / 54.710; 20.511Altstadt's marketplace
Oldest remaining seals of (from top) Altstadt (1360), Löbenicht (1413), and Kneiphof (1383). The original seal of Altstadt depicted King Ottokar II of Bohemia.
Coat of arms of Altstadt
Altstadt was a quarter of central Königsberg, Prussia. During the Middle Ages it was the most powerful of the three towns that composed the city of Königsberg, the others being Löbenicht and Kneiphof. Its territory is now part of Kaliningrad, Russia.
History
Foundation
Construction of Königsberg Castle began in 1255 during the conquest of Samland by the Teutonic Knights, part of the Prussian Crusade. An initial settlement was founded north of the castle (later known as Steindamm) the following year, but this was destroyed by Sambians during the 1262 Siege of Königsberg. A new fortified settlement developed south of the castle between it and the Pregel River in 1264. Landmeister Konrad von Thierberg granted the settlement Kulm rights on 12 February or 26 February 1286. Although originally named simply Königsberg, the town became known as Altstadt (German for "old town") to differentiate it from the neighboring Neustädte (new towns) of Löbenicht (1300) and Kneiphof (1327). Each town had its own charter, market rights, church, and fortifications.
While some of the original settlers from 1256 remained to participate in the foundation of Altstadt, a greater number of burghers were brought to the region by the locator Gerko von Dobrin. Most of the newcomers were from Lübeck, Lower Saxony, and Westphalia, with others arriving from Pomerania, Mecklenburg, the Elbe basin, Silesia, and western Prussia. The majority of burghers spoke Low German (later Low Prussian), but the languages of administration were those used by the Teutonic Knights, Latin and Central German.
The oldest remaining seal of Altstadt depicted King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who had led the initial conquest of Sambia and was honored for his participation by having Königsberg named after him. Altstadt's coat of arms depicted a red crown in a white field above a white cross in a red field, with the crown honoring the Bohemian crown and the cross representing honoring the Teutonic Knights. Aside from being the colors of Bohemia, red and white also represented urban freedom. It is unknown when the coat of arms were first adopted. Two lions were added to the arms as supporters in the 17th century.
Medieval Altstadt
Altstadt, the center of medieval Königsberg, came to be bordered by Kneiphof to the south, Lomse to the southeast, Löbenicht to the east, Königsberg Castle to the north, Steindamm and Neurossgarten to the northwest, Laak to the west, and Lastadie to the southwest. Suburbs under the jurisdiction of Altstadt (Freiheiten) included Hufen, Laak, Lastadie, Lomse, Neurossgarten, and Steindamm. Altstadt's warehouses were located in Lastadie and Lomse. Outlying villages and estates controlled by Altstadt included Kosse, Puschdorf, Stablauken, Steinbeck, Kraußen, Ottenhagen, Ratshubenhof, and Adlig Neuendorf.
A wall was constructed around Altstadt from 1359 to 1370. Because of the narrowness of the town's streets, after 1700 each newly constructed building had to be shortened by two feet to expand street width. The Holzbrücke bridge, constructed by Altstadt in 1404, connected the town to Lomse. Altstadt was connected to Kneiphof by the Krämerbrücke (built 1286), the Dombrücke (built ca. 1330, destroyed 1379), and the Schmiedebrücke (built 1379). A member of the Hanseatic League by 1339, Altstadt took part in the Confederation of Cologne against King Valdemar IV of Denmark in 1367.
Thirteen Years' War
Main article: Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)
Altstadt and Kneiphof sent representatives to the Prussian Confederation in 1440, although Löbenicht did not. As members of the Confederation, the Königsberg towns rebelled against the Teutonic Knights on 4 February 1454 at the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War and allied with King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland. The rebellion in Königsberg was supported by the merchant class and led by Altstadt's Bürgermeister, Andreas Brunau of Pomerania. Based upon the example of Danzig (Gdańsk), Brunau hoped to turn Königsberg into an autonomous city with control over all Samland. On 19 June Brunau paid fealty to the Polish chancellor, Jan Taszka Koniecpolski.
However, Brunau and his mercantile allies lost the support of Altstadt and Löbenicht on 24 March 1455 due to spontaneous opposition from craftsmen and workers, with the rebels retreating to Kneiphof. Upon the approach of the forces of Komtur Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Brunau fled to Danzig. Plauen received homage from Altstadt on 17 April, after which he reaffirmed the town's rights. Besieged from Altstadt and Haberberg, Kneiphof surrendered to Plauen on 14 July. Decorative faces mocking Kneiphof were subsequently added to Altstadt's town hall.
Modern era
Altstadt became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In the same year the three towns resisted the efforts of Burgfreiheit to form a proposed fourth town, Friedrichsstadt. By the Rathäusliche Reglement of 13 June 1724, King Frederick William I of Prussia merged Altstadt, Löbenicht, Kneiphof, and their respective suburbs into the united city of Königsberg. Königsberg Castle and its suburbs remained separate until the Städteordnung of Stein on 19 November 1808 during the era of Prussian reforms.
Altstadt was devastated by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg and 1945 Battle of Königsberg. Buildings which survived World War II were subsequently demolished by the Soviet Union.
Sights
The Altstadt Town Hall was located at the town's marketplace. The medieval Altstadt Church was located south of the castle, while the 19th century New Altstadt Church was built further to the north.
Notes
^ a b c Albinus, p. 20
^ Mühlpfordt, p. 50
^ a b c Gause I, p. 27
^ Gause I, p. 25
^ The colors were used by many free imperial cities.
^ Gause I, pp. 27-28
^ Boetticher, p. 15
^ Mühlpfordt, p. 135
^ Gause II, p. 69
^ Mühlpfordt, p. 53
^ Gause, Königsberg in Preußen, p. 41
^ Manthey, p. 32
^ Gause, Königsberg in Preußen, p. 42
^ Armstedt, p. 97
^ Manthey, pp. 31-33
^ Gause II, p. 65
^ Gause II, p. 334
References
Albinus, Robert (1985). Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung (in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371. ISBN 3-7921-0320-6.
Armstedt, Richard (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle. p. 354.
Bötticher, Adolf (1897). Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen (in German). Königsberg: Rautenberg. p. 395.
Gause, Fritz (1965). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band I: Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zum letzten Kurfürsten (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 571.
Gause, Fritz (1968). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band II: Von der Königskrönung bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 761.
Gause, Fritz (1968). Königsberg in Preußen. Die Geschichte einer europäischen Stadt (in German). München: Gräfe und Unzer. p. 244.
Manthey, Jürgen (2005). Königsberg: Geschichte eine Weltbürgerrepublik (in German). München: Carl Hanser Verlag. p. 736. ISBN 3-446-20619-1.
Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (1972). Königsberg von A bis Z (in German). München: Aufstieg-Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 3-7612-0092-7.
54°42′36″N 20°30′40″E / 54.710°N 20.511°E / 54.710; 20.511
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Two lions were added to the arms as supporters in the 17th century.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lomse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomse"},{"link_name":"Steindamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steindamm_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)"},{"link_name":"Neurossgarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurossgarten"},{"link_name":"Laak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laak_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)"},{"link_name":"Lastadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastadie"},{"link_name":"Freiheiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiheit_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)"},{"link_name":"Hufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hufen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosse_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)"},{"link_name":"Puschdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puschdorf_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stablauken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stablauken_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steinbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinbeck_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kraußen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krau%C3%9Fen_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ottenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottenhagen_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ratshubenhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratshof"},{"link_name":"Adlig Neuendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlig_Neuendorf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A20-1"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"Confederation of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Valdemar IV of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_IV_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Medieval Altstadt","text":"Altstadt, the center of medieval Königsberg, came to be bordered by Kneiphof to the south, Lomse to the southeast, Löbenicht to the east, Königsberg Castle to the north, Steindamm and Neurossgarten to the northwest, Laak to the west, and Lastadie to the southwest. Suburbs under the jurisdiction of Altstadt (Freiheiten) included Hufen, Laak, Lastadie, Lomse, Neurossgarten, and Steindamm.[7] Altstadt's warehouses were located in Lastadie and Lomse.[8] Outlying villages and estates controlled by Altstadt included Kosse, Puschdorf, Stablauken, Steinbeck, Kraußen, Ottenhagen, Ratshubenhof, and Adlig Neuendorf.[9]A wall was constructed around Altstadt from 1359 to 1370. Because of the narrowness of the town's streets, after 1700 each newly constructed building had to be shortened by two feet to expand street width.[1] The Holzbrücke bridge, constructed by Altstadt in 1404, connected the town to Lomse. Altstadt was connected to Kneiphof by the Krämerbrücke (built 1286), the Dombrücke (built ca. 1330, destroyed 1379), and the Schmiedebrücke (built 1379). A member of the Hanseatic League by 1339, Altstadt took part in the Confederation of Cologne against King Valdemar IV of Denmark in 1367.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prussian Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%9366)"},{"link_name":"Casimir IV Jagiellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"Bürgermeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgermeister"},{"link_name":"Andreas Brunau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Brunau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jan Taszka Koniecpolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Taszka_Koniecpolski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A97-14"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Reuß von Plauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Reu%C3%9F_von_Plauen"},{"link_name":"Haberberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberberg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altstadt_Town_Hall"}],"sub_title":"Thirteen Years' War","text":"Altstadt and Kneiphof sent representatives to the Prussian Confederation in 1440, although Löbenicht did not.[11] As members of the Confederation, the Königsberg towns rebelled against the Teutonic Knights on 4 February 1454 at the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War and allied with King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland. The rebellion in Königsberg was supported by the merchant class and led by Altstadt's Bürgermeister, Andreas Brunau of Pomerania. Based upon the example of Danzig (Gdańsk), Brunau hoped to turn Königsberg into an autonomous city with control over all Samland.[12] On 19 June Brunau paid fealty to the Polish chancellor, Jan Taszka Koniecpolski.[13]However, Brunau and his mercantile allies lost the support of Altstadt and Löbenicht on 24 March 1455 due to spontaneous opposition from craftsmen and workers, with the rebels retreating to Kneiphof.[14] Upon the approach of the forces of Komtur Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Brunau fled to Danzig. Plauen received homage from Altstadt on 17 April, after which he reaffirmed the town's rights. Besieged from Altstadt and Haberberg, Kneiphof surrendered to Plauen on 14 July.[15] Decorative faces mocking Kneiphof were subsequently added to Altstadt's town hall.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Burgfreiheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgfreiheit"},{"link_name":"Frederick William I of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Städteordnung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A4dteordnung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein"},{"link_name":"Prussian reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_reforms"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"Altstadt became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In the same year the three towns resisted the efforts of Burgfreiheit to form a proposed fourth town, Friedrichsstadt. By the Rathäusliche Reglement of 13 June 1724, King Frederick William I of Prussia merged Altstadt, Löbenicht, Kneiphof, and their respective suburbs into the united city of Königsberg.[16] Königsberg Castle and its suburbs remained separate until the Städteordnung of Stein on 19 November 1808 during the era of Prussian reforms.[17]Altstadt was devastated by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg and 1945 Battle of Königsberg. Buildings which survived World War II were subsequently demolished by the Soviet Union.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altstadt Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altstadt_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Altstadt Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altstadt_Church"},{"link_name":"New Altstadt Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Altstadt_Church"}],"text":"The Altstadt Town Hall was located at the town's marketplace. The medieval Altstadt Church was located south of the castle, while the 19th century New Altstadt Church was built further to the north.","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A20_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A20_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A20_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G27_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G27_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G27_3-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"free imperial cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_cities"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A97_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"^ a b c Albinus, p. 20\n\n^ Mühlpfordt, p. 50\n\n^ a b c Gause I, p. 27\n\n^ Gause I, p. 25\n\n^ The colors were used by many free imperial cities.\n\n^ Gause I, pp. 27-28\n\n^ Boetticher, p. 15\n\n^ Mühlpfordt, p. 135\n\n^ Gause II, p. 69\n\n^ Mühlpfordt, p. 53\n\n^ Gause, Königsberg in Preußen, p. 41\n\n^ Manthey, p. 32\n\n^ Gause, Königsberg in Preußen, p. 42\n\n^ Armstedt, p. 97\n\n^ Manthey, pp. 31-33\n\n^ Gause II, p. 65\n\n^ Gause II, p. 334","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Altstadt's marketplace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ID004013_B443_AltstaedtMarkt.jpg/220px-ID004013_B443_AltstaedtMarkt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oldest remaining seals of (from top) Altstadt (1360), Löbenicht (1413), and Kneiphof (1383). The original seal of Altstadt depicted King Ottokar II of Bohemia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%C3%84lteste_K%C3%B6nigsberger_Siegel.JPG/220px-%C3%84lteste_K%C3%B6nigsberger_Siegel.JPG"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Altstadt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaliningrad_of_Altstadt_%28Koenigsberg%29.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Albinus, Robert (1985). Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung (in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371. ISBN 3-7921-0320-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7921-0320-6","url_text":"3-7921-0320-6"}]},{"reference":"Armstedt, Richard (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle. p. 354.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Armstedt","url_text":"Armstedt, Richard"}]},{"reference":"Bötticher, Adolf (1897). Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen (in German). Königsberg: Rautenberg. p. 395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_B%C3%B6tticher","url_text":"Bötticher, Adolf"}]},{"reference":"Gause, Fritz (1965). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band I: Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zum letzten Kurfürsten (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Gause","url_text":"Gause, Fritz"}]},{"reference":"Gause, Fritz (1968). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band II: Von der Königskrönung bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Gause","url_text":"Gause, Fritz"}]},{"reference":"Gause, Fritz (1968). Königsberg in Preußen. Die Geschichte einer europäischen Stadt (in German). München: Gräfe und Unzer. p. 244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Gause","url_text":"Gause, Fritz"}]},{"reference":"Manthey, Jürgen (2005). Königsberg: Geschichte eine Weltbürgerrepublik (in German). München: Carl Hanser Verlag. p. 736. ISBN 3-446-20619-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-446-20619-1","url_text":"3-446-20619-1"}]},{"reference":"Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (1972). Königsberg von A bis Z (in German). München: Aufstieg-Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 3-7612-0092-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Meinhard_M%C3%BChlpfordt","url_text":"Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7612-0092-7","url_text":"3-7612-0092-7"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Altstadt_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)¶ms=54.71_N_20.511_E_","external_links_name":"54°42′36″N 20°30′40″E / 54.710°N 20.511°E / 54.710; 20.511"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Altstadt_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)¶ms=54.71_N_20.511_E_","external_links_name":"54°42′36″N 20°30′40″E / 54.710°N 20.511°E / 54.710; 20.511"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte-order_mark
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Byte order mark
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["1 Usage","1.1 UTF-8","1.2 UTF-16","1.3 UTF-32","2 Byte-order marks by encoding","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Unicode character
"FEFF" redirects here. For other uses, see FEFF (disambiguation).
The byte-order mark (BOM) is a particular usage of the special Unicode character code, U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, whose appearance as a magic number at the start of a text stream can signal several things to a program reading the text:
the byte order, or endianness, of the text stream in the cases of 16-bit and 32-bit encodings;
the fact that the text stream's encoding is Unicode, to a high level of confidence;
which Unicode character encoding is used.
BOM use is optional. Its presence interferes with the use of UTF-8 by software that does not expect non-ASCII bytes at the start of a file but that could otherwise handle the text stream.
Unicode can be encoded in units of 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit integers. For the 16- and 32-bit representations, a computer receiving text from arbitrary sources needs to know which byte order the integers are encoded in. The BOM is encoded in the same scheme as the rest of the document and becomes a noncharacter Unicode code point if its bytes are swapped. Hence, the process accessing the text can examine these first few bytes to determine the endianness, without requiring some contract or metadata outside of the text stream itself. Generally the receiving computer will swap the bytes to its own endianness, if necessary, and would no longer need the BOM for processing.
The byte sequence of the BOM differs per Unicode encoding (including ones outside the Unicode standard such as UTF-7, see table below), and none of the sequences is likely to appear at the start of text streams stored in other encodings. Therefore, placing an encoded BOM at the start of a text stream can indicate that the text is Unicode and identify the encoding scheme used. This use of the BOM is called a "Unicode signature".
Usage
The BOM is, simply, the Unicode codepoint U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, encoded in the current encoding. A text file beginning with the bytes FE FF suggests that the file is encoded in big-endian UTF-16.
The name ZWNBSP should be used if the BOM appears in the middle of a data stream. Unicode says it should be interpreted as a normal codepoint (namely a word joiner), not as a BOM. Since Unicode 3.2, this usage has been deprecated in favor of U+2060 WORD JOINER.
The Unicode 1.0 name for this codepoint is also BYTE ORDER MARK
UTF-8
The UTF-8 representation of the BOM is the (hexadecimal) byte sequence EF BB BF.
The Unicode Standard permits the BOM in UTF-8, but does not require or recommend its use. UTF-8 always has the same byte order, so its only use in UTF-8 is to signal at the start that the text stream is encoded in UTF-8, or that it was converted to UTF-8 from a stream that contained an optional BOM. The standard also does not recommend removing a BOM when it is there, so that round-tripping between encodings does not lose information, and so that code that relies on it continues to work. The IETF recommends that if a protocol either (a) always uses UTF-8, or (b) has some other way to indicate what encoding is being used, then it "SHOULD forbid use of U+FEFF as a signature." An example of not following this recommendation is the IETF Syslog protocol which requires text to be in UTF-8 and also requires the BOM.
Not using a BOM allows text to be backwards-compatible with software designed for extended ASCII. For instance many programming languages permit non-ASCII bytes in string literals but not at the start of the file.
A BOM is unnecessary for detecting UTF-8 encoding. UTF-8 is a sparse encoding: a large fraction of possible byte combinations do not result in valid UTF-8 text. Binary data and text in any other encoding are likely to contain byte sequences that are invalid as UTF-8, so existence of such invalid sequences indicates the file is not UTF-8, while lack of invalid sequences is a very strong indication the text is UTF-8. Practically the only exception is text containing only ASCII-range bytes, as this may be a non-ASCII 7-bit encoding, but this is unlikely in any modern data and even then the difference from ASCII is minor (such as changing '\' to '¥').
Microsoft compilers and interpreters, and many pieces of software on Microsoft Windows such as Notepad (prior to Windows 10 Build 1903) treat the BOM as a required magic number rather than use heuristics. These tools add a BOM when saving text as UTF-8, and cannot interpret UTF-8 unless the BOM is present or the file contains only ASCII. Windows PowerShell (up to 5.1) will add a BOM when it saves UTF-8 XML documents. However, PowerShell Core 6 has added a -Encoding switch on some cmdlets called utf8NoBOM so that document can be saved without BOM. Google Docs also adds a BOM when converting a document to a plain text file for download.
UTF-16
In UTF-16, a BOM (U+FEFF) may be placed as the first bytes of a file or character stream to indicate the endianness (byte order) of all the 16-bit code units of the file or stream. If an attempt is made to read this stream with the wrong endianness, the bytes will be swapped, thus delivering the character U+FFFE, which is defined by Unicode as a "noncharacter" that should never appear in the text.
If the 16-bit units are represented in big-endian byte order ("UTF-16BE"), the BOM is the (hexadecimal) byte sequence FE FF
If the 16-bit units use little-endian order ("UTF-16LE"), the BOM is the (hexadecimal) byte sequence FF FE
For the IANA registered charsets UTF-16BE and UTF-16LE, a byte-order mark should not be used because the names of these character sets already determine the byte order.
If there is no BOM, it is possible to guess whether the text is UTF-16 and its byte order by searching for ASCII characters (i.e. a 0 byte adjacent to a byte in the 0x20-0x7E range, also 0x0A and 0x0D for CR and LF). A large number (i.e. far higher than random chance) in the same order is a very good indication of UTF-16 and whether the 0 is in the even or odd bytes indicates the byte order. However, this can result in both false positives and false negatives.
Clause D98 of conformance (section 3.10) of the Unicode standard states, "The UTF-16 encoding scheme may or may not begin with a BOM. However, when there is no BOM, and in the absence of a higher-level protocol, the byte order of the UTF-16 encoding scheme is big-endian." Whether or not a higher-level protocol is in force is open to interpretation. Files local to a computer for which the native byte ordering is little-endian, for example, might be argued to be encoded as UTF-16LE implicitly. Therefore, the presumption of big-endian is widely ignored. The W3C/WHATWG encoding standard used in HTML5 specifies that content labelled either "utf-16" or "utf-16le" are to be interpreted as little-endian "to deal with deployed content". However, if a byte-order mark is present, then that BOM is to be treated as "more authoritative than anything else".
UTF-32
Although a BOM could be used with UTF-32, this encoding is rarely used for transmission. Otherwise the same rules as for UTF-16 are applicable.
The BOM for little-endian UTF-32 is the same pattern as a little-endian UTF-16 BOM followed by a UTF-16 NUL character, an unusual example of the BOM being the same pattern in two different encodings. Programmers using the BOM to identify the encoding will have to decide whether UTF-32 or UTF-16 with a NUL first character is more likely.
Byte-order marks by encoding
This table illustrates how the BOM is represented as a byte sequence in various encodings and how those sequences might appear in a text editor that is interpreting each byte as a legacy encoding (Windows-1252 and caret notation for the C0 controls):
Encoding
Representation (hexadecimal)
Representation (decimal)
Bytes interpreted as Windows-1252
UTF-8
EF BB BF
239 187 191

UTF-16 (BE)
FE FF
254 255
þÿ
UTF-16 (LE)
FF FE
255 254
ÿþ
UTF-32 (BE)
00 00 FE FF
0 0 254 255
^@^@þÿ (^@ is the null character)
UTF-32 (LE)
FF FE 00 00
255 254 0 0
ÿþ^@^@ (^@ is the null character)
UTF-7
2B 2F 76
43 47 118
+/v
UTF-1
F7 64 4C
247 100 76
÷dL
UTF-EBCDIC
DD 73 66 73
221 115 102 115
Ýsfs
SCSU
0E FE FF
14 254 255
^Nþÿ (^N is the "shift out" character)
BOCU-1
FB EE 28
251 238 40
ûî(
GB18030
84 31 95 33
132 49 149 51
„1•3
^ a b c d e f g This is not literally a "byte order" mark, since a code unit in these encodings is one byte and therefore cannot have bytes in a "wrong" order. Nevertheless, the BOM can be used to indicate the encoding of the text that follows it.
^ Followed by 38, 39, 2B, or 2F (ASCII 8, 9, + or /), depending on what the next character is.
^ SCSU allows other encodings of U+FEFF, the shown form is the signature recommended in UTR #6.
See also
Left-to-right mark
Arabic Presentation Forms-B, block to which code point U+FEFF belongs
References
^ a b "FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM". Unicode.org. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
^ "The Unicode® Standard Version 9.0" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium.
^ "Zero Width No-Break Space (U+Feff)".
^ "The Unicode Standard 5.0, Chapter 2:General Structure" (PDF). p. 36. Retrieved 29 March 2009. Table 2-4. The Seven Unicode Encoding Schemes
^ "The Unicode Standard 5.0, Chapter 2:General Structure" (PDF). p. 36. Retrieved 30 November 2008. Use of a BOM is neither required nor recommended for UTF-8, but may be encountered in contexts where UTF-8 data is converted from other encoding forms that use a BOM or where the BOM is used as a UTF-8 signature
^ a b "FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM: Can a UTF-8 data stream contain the BOM character (in UTF-8 form)? If yes, then can I still assume the remaining UTF-8 bytes are in big-endian order?". Unicode.org. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
^ "Re: pre-HTML5 and the BOM from Asmus Freytag on 2012-07-13 (Unicode Mail List Archive)". Unicode.org. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
^ "Bug ID: JDK-6378911 UTF-8 decoder handling of byte-order mark has changed". Bugs.java.com. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^ Yergeau, Francois (November 2003). UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3629. RFC 3629. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ Gerhards, Rainer (March 2009). "MSG". The Syslog Protocol. IETF. sec. 6.4. doi:10.17487/RFC5424. RFC 5424.
^ Alf P. Steinbach (2011). "Unicode part 1: Windows console i/o approaches". Retrieved 24 March 2012. However, since the C++ source code was encoded as UTF-8 without BOM (as is usual in Linux), the Visual C++ compiler erroneously assumed that the source code was encoded as Windows ANSI.
^ "Windows 10 Notepad is Getting Better UTF-8 Encoding Support". BleepingComputer. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^ "UTF-16LE". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
^ "Decode". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
^ Yergeau, François (8 November 2003). "RFC 3629 - UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646". Ietf Datatracker. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
^ Honermann, Tom (2 January 2021). "Clarify guidance for use of a BOM as a UTF-8 encoding signature" (PDF). Unicode.
^ "SDL Documentation".
^ Markus Scherer. "UTS #6: Compression Scheme for Unicode". Unicode.org. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
External links
Unicode FAQ: UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM
The Unicode Standard, chapter 2.6 Encoding Schemes
The Unicode Standard, chapter 2.13 Special Characters and Noncharacters, section Byte Order Mark (BOM)
The Unicode Standard, chapter 16.8 Specials, section Byte Order Mark (BOM): U+FEFF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FEFF (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEFF_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"magic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)#Magic_numbers_in_files"},{"link_name":"program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode_FAQ-1"},{"link_name":"endianness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"UTF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"noncharacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Noncharacters"},{"link_name":"metadata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"UTF-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-7"},{"link_name":"table below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Byte_order_marks_by_encoding"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unicode character\"FEFF\" redirects here. For other uses, see FEFF (disambiguation).The byte-order mark (BOM) is a particular usage of the special Unicode character code, U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, whose appearance as a magic number at the start of a text stream can signal several things to a program reading the text:[1]the byte order, or endianness, of the text stream in the cases of 16-bit and 32-bit encodings;\nthe fact that the text stream's encoding is Unicode, to a high level of confidence;\nwhich Unicode character encoding is used.BOM use is optional. Its presence interferes with the use of UTF-8 by software that does not expect non-ASCII bytes at the start of a file but that could otherwise handle the text stream.Unicode can be encoded in units of 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit integers. For the 16- and 32-bit representations, a computer receiving text from arbitrary sources needs to know which byte order the integers are encoded in. The BOM is encoded in the same scheme as the rest of the document and becomes a noncharacter Unicode code point if its bytes are swapped. Hence, the process accessing the text can examine these first few bytes to determine the endianness, without requiring some contract or metadata outside of the text stream itself. Generally the receiving computer will swap the bytes to its own endianness, if necessary, and would no longer need the BOM for processing.The byte sequence of the BOM differs per Unicode encoding (including ones outside the Unicode standard such as UTF-7, see table below), and none of the sequences is likely to appear at the start of text streams stored in other encodings. Therefore, placing an encoded BOM at the start of a text stream can indicate that the text is Unicode and identify the encoding scheme used. This use of the BOM is called a \"Unicode signature\".[2]","title":"Byte order mark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"word joiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_joiner"},{"link_name":"WORD JOINER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_joiner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode_FAQ-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fileformat-3"}],"text":"The BOM is, simply, the Unicode codepoint U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, encoded in the current encoding. A text file beginning with the bytes FE FF suggests that the file is encoded in big-endian UTF-16.The name ZWNBSP should be used if the BOM appears in the middle of a data stream. Unicode says it should be interpreted as a normal codepoint (namely a word joiner), not as a BOM. Since Unicode 3.2, this usage has been deprecated in favor of U+2060 WORD JOINER.[1]The Unicode 1.0 name for this codepoint is also BYTE ORDER MARK[3]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"},{"link_name":"UTF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utf-8-bom-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc3629-9"},{"link_name":"Syslog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"extended ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_ASCII"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"string literals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_literal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Notepad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notepad_(Windows)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"magic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)#Magic_numbers_in_files"},{"link_name":"Windows PowerShell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell"},{"link_name":"Google Docs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs"},{"link_name":"plain text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text"}],"sub_title":"UTF-8","text":"The UTF-8 representation of the BOM is the (hexadecimal) byte sequence EF BB BF.The Unicode Standard permits the BOM in UTF-8,[4] but does not require or recommend its use.[5] UTF-8 always has the same byte order,[6] so its only use in UTF-8 is to signal at the start that the text stream is encoded in UTF-8, or that it was converted to UTF-8 from a stream that contained an optional BOM. The standard also does not recommend removing a BOM when it is there, so that round-tripping between encodings does not lose information, and so that code that relies on it continues to work.[7][8] The IETF recommends that if a protocol either (a) always uses UTF-8, or (b) has some other way to indicate what encoding is being used, then it \"SHOULD forbid use of U+FEFF as a signature.\"[9] An example of not following this recommendation is the IETF Syslog protocol which requires text to be in UTF-8 and also requires the BOM.[10]Not using a BOM allows text to be backwards-compatible with software designed for extended ASCII. For instance many programming languages permit non-ASCII bytes in string literals but not at the start of the file.A BOM is unnecessary for detecting UTF-8 encoding.[citation needed] UTF-8 is a sparse encoding: a large fraction of possible byte combinations do not result in valid UTF-8 text. Binary data and text in any other encoding are likely to contain byte sequences that are invalid as UTF-8, so existence of such invalid sequences indicates the file is not UTF-8, while lack of invalid sequences is a very strong indication the text is UTF-8. Practically the only exception is text containing only ASCII-range bytes, as this may be a non-ASCII 7-bit encoding, but this is unlikely in any modern data and even then the difference from ASCII is minor (such as changing '\\' to '¥').Microsoft compilers[11] and interpreters, and many pieces of software on Microsoft Windows such as Notepad (prior to Windows 10 Build 1903[12]) treat the BOM as a required magic number rather than use heuristics. These tools add a BOM when saving text as UTF-8, and cannot interpret UTF-8 unless the BOM is present or the file contains only ASCII. Windows PowerShell (up to 5.1) will add a BOM when it saves UTF-8 XML documents. However, PowerShell Core 6 has added a -Encoding switch on some cmdlets called utf8NoBOM so that document can be saved without BOM. Google Docs also adds a BOM when converting a document to a plain text file for download.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTF-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16"},{"link_name":"code units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding#Terminology"},{"link_name":"is defined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)"},{"link_name":"noncharacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncharacter"},{"link_name":"big-endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-endian"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"},{"link_name":"little-endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little-endian"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"},{"link_name":"IANA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority"},{"link_name":"W3C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C"},{"link_name":"WHATWG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_web_browser_engines_(HTML_support)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"UTF-16","text":"In UTF-16, a BOM (U+FEFF) may be placed as the first bytes of a file or character stream to indicate the endianness (byte order) of all the 16-bit code units of the file or stream. If an attempt is made to read this stream with the wrong endianness, the bytes will be swapped, thus delivering the character U+FFFE, which is defined by Unicode as a \"noncharacter\" that should never appear in the text.If the 16-bit units are represented in big-endian byte order (\"UTF-16BE\"), the BOM is the (hexadecimal) byte sequence FE FF\nIf the 16-bit units use little-endian order (\"UTF-16LE\"), the BOM is the (hexadecimal) byte sequence FF FEFor the IANA registered charsets UTF-16BE and UTF-16LE, a byte-order mark should not be used because the names of these character sets already determine the byte order.If there is no BOM, it is possible to guess whether the text is UTF-16 and its byte order by searching for ASCII characters (i.e. a 0 byte adjacent to a byte in the 0x20-0x7E range, also 0x0A and 0x0D for CR and LF). A large number (i.e. far higher than random chance) in the same order is a very good indication of UTF-16 and whether the 0 is in the even or odd bytes indicates the byte order. However, this can result in both false positives and false negatives.Clause D98 of conformance (section 3.10) of the Unicode standard states, \"The UTF-16 encoding scheme may or may not begin with a BOM. However, when there is no BOM, and in the absence of a higher-level protocol, the byte order of the UTF-16 encoding scheme is big-endian.\" Whether or not a higher-level protocol is in force is open to interpretation. Files local to a computer for which the native byte ordering is little-endian, for example, might be argued to be encoded as UTF-16LE implicitly. Therefore, the presumption of big-endian is widely ignored. The W3C/WHATWG encoding standard used in HTML5 specifies that content labelled either \"utf-16\" or \"utf-16le\" are to be interpreted as little-endian \"to deal with deployed content\".[13] However, if a byte-order mark is present, then that BOM is to be treated as \"more authoritative than anything else\".[14]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTF-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32"},{"link_name":"UTF-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16"}],"sub_title":"UTF-32","text":"Although a BOM could be used with UTF-32, this encoding is rarely used for transmission. Otherwise the same rules as for UTF-16 are applicable.The BOM for little-endian UTF-32 is the same pattern as a little-endian UTF-16 BOM followed by a UTF-16 NUL character, an unusual example of the BOM being the same pattern in two different encodings. Programmers using the BOM to identify the encoding will have to decide whether UTF-32 or UTF-16 with a NUL first character is more likely.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interpreting each byte as a legacy encoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake"},{"link_name":"Windows-1252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252"},{"link_name":"caret notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caret_notation"},{"link_name":"C0 controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_16-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_16-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_16-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utf-8-bom-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"This table illustrates how the BOM is represented as a byte sequence in various encodings and how those sequences might appear in a text editor that is interpreting each byte as a legacy encoding (Windows-1252 and caret notation for the C0 controls):^ a b c d e f g This is not literally a \"byte order\" mark, since a code unit in these encodings is one byte and therefore cannot have bytes in a \"wrong\" order. Nevertheless, the BOM can be used to indicate the encoding of the text that follows it.[6][15]\n\n^ Followed by 38, 39, 2B, or 2F (ASCII 8, 9, + or /), depending on what the next character is.\n\n^ SCSU allows other encodings of U+FEFF, the shown form is the signature recommended in UTR #6.[18]","title":"Byte-order marks by encoding"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Left-to-right mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-to-right_mark"},{"title":"Arabic Presentation Forms-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-B"}]
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[{"reference":"\"FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM\". Unicode.org. Retrieved 28 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM","url_text":"\"FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Unicode® Standard Version 9.0\" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/UnicodeStandard-9.0.pdf","url_text":"\"The Unicode® Standard Version 9.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zero Width No-Break Space (U+Feff)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/feff/index.htm","url_text":"\"Zero Width No-Break Space (U+Feff)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Unicode Standard 5.0, Chapter 2:General Structure\" (PDF). p. 36. Retrieved 29 March 2009. Table 2-4. The Seven Unicode Encoding Schemes","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch02.pdf","url_text":"\"The Unicode Standard 5.0, Chapter 2:General Structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Unicode Standard 5.0, Chapter 2:General Structure\" (PDF). p. 36. Retrieved 30 November 2008. Use of a BOM is neither required nor recommended for UTF-8, but may be encountered in contexts where UTF-8 data is converted from other encoding forms that use a BOM or where the BOM is used as a UTF-8 signature","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch02.pdf","url_text":"\"The Unicode Standard 5.0, Chapter 2:General Structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM: Can a UTF-8 data stream contain the BOM character (in UTF-8 form)? If yes, then can I still assume the remaining UTF-8 bytes are in big-endian order?\". Unicode.org. Retrieved 4 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#bom5","url_text":"\"FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM: Can a UTF-8 data stream contain the BOM character (in UTF-8 form)? If yes, then can I still assume the remaining UTF-8 bytes are in big-endian order?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Re: pre-HTML5 and the BOM from Asmus Freytag on 2012-07-13 (Unicode Mail List Archive)\". Unicode.org. Retrieved 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2012-m07/0268.html","url_text":"\"Re: pre-HTML5 and the BOM from Asmus Freytag on 2012-07-13 (Unicode Mail List Archive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bug ID: JDK-6378911 UTF-8 decoder handling of byte-order mark has changed\". Bugs.java.com. Retrieved 14 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugs.java.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=6378911","url_text":"\"Bug ID: JDK-6378911 UTF-8 decoder handling of byte-order mark has changed\""}]},{"reference":"Yergeau, Francois (November 2003). UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC3629. RFC 3629. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3629","url_text":"UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"IETF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3629","url_text":"10.17487/RFC3629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3629","url_text":"3629"}]},{"reference":"Gerhards, Rainer (March 2009). \"MSG\". The Syslog Protocol. IETF. sec. 6.4. doi:10.17487/RFC5424. RFC 5424.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5424#section-6.4","url_text":"\"MSG\""},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5424","url_text":"The Syslog Protocol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"IETF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5424","url_text":"10.17487/RFC5424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5424","url_text":"5424"}]},{"reference":"Alf P. Steinbach (2011). \"Unicode part 1: Windows console i/o approaches\". Retrieved 24 March 2012. However, since the C++ source code was encoded as UTF-8 without BOM (as is usual in Linux), the Visual C++ compiler erroneously assumed that the source code was encoded as Windows ANSI.","urls":[{"url":"http://alfps.wordpress.com/2011/11/22/unicode-part-1-windows-console-io-approaches/","url_text":"\"Unicode part 1: Windows console i/o approaches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windows 10 Notepad is Getting Better UTF-8 Encoding Support\". BleepingComputer. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/windows-10-notepad-is-getting-better-utf-8-encoding-support/","url_text":"\"Windows 10 Notepad is Getting Better UTF-8 Encoding Support\""}]},{"reference":"\"UTF-16LE\". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.","urls":[{"url":"https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#utf-16le","url_text":"\"UTF-16LE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decode\". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.","urls":[{"url":"https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#decode","url_text":"\"Decode\""}]},{"reference":"Yergeau, François (8 November 2003). \"RFC 3629 - UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646\". Ietf Datatracker. Retrieved 28 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629#section-6","url_text":"\"RFC 3629 - UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646\""}]},{"reference":"Honermann, Tom (2 January 2021). \"Clarify guidance for use of a BOM as a UTF-8 encoding signature\" (PDF). Unicode.","urls":[{"url":"https://unicode.org/L2/L2021/21038-bom-guidance.pdf","url_text":"\"Clarify guidance for use of a BOM as a UTF-8 encoding signature\""}]},{"reference":"\"SDL Documentation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding","url_text":"\"SDL Documentation\""}]},{"reference":"Markus Scherer. \"UTS #6: Compression Scheme for Unicode\". Unicode.org. Retrieved 28 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr6/#Signature","url_text":"\"UTS #6: Compression Scheme for Unicode\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandisa_Maya
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Mandisa Maya
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["1 Early life and education","2 Legal education and career","3 Transkei Division: 2000–2006","4 Supreme Court of Appeal: 2006–2022","4.1 Nominations to the Constitutional Court","4.2 Deputy Presidency","4.3 Presidency","4.4 Nomination as Chief Justice","5 Constitutional Court: 2022–present","6 International Association of Women Judges","7 Honours","8 Personal life","9 References","10 External links"]
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South African judge
The HonourableMandisa MayaMaya in chambers in Bloemfontein, 20156th Deputy Chief Justice of South AfricaIncumbentAssumed office 1 September 2022Appointed byCyril RamaphosaChief JusticeRaymond ZondoPreceded byRaymond Zondo3rd President of the Supreme Court of AppealIn office26 May 2017 – 31 August 2022Appointed byJacob ZumaDeputyXola PetsePreceded byLex MpatiSucceeded byMahube Molemela4th Deputy President of the Supreme Court of Appeal of South AfricaIn office23 September 2015 – 1 September 2022Appointed byJacob ZumaPresidentLex MpatiPreceded byKenneth MthiyaneSucceeded byJeremiah ShongweJudge of the Supreme Court of AppealIn officeJune 2006 – 31 August 2022Appointed byThabo MbekiJudge of the High CourtIn office1 May 2000 – June 2006Appointed byThabo MbekiDivisionTranskeiChancellor of the University of MpumalangaIncumbentAssumed office 1 July 2021Vice-ChancellorThoko MayekisoPreceded byCyril Ramaphosa
Personal detailsBornMandisa Muriel Lindelwa Maya (1964-03-20) 20 March 1964 (age 60)St Cuthbert's, TsoloCape Province, South AfricaSpouseDabulamnazi MlokotiChildren3Alma materUniversity of Transkei (BProc)University of Natal (LLB)Duke University (LLM)
Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa Maya (born 20 March 1964) is the Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa. She was formerly the President of the Supreme Court of Appeal from 2017 to 2022. She joined the bench in May 2000 as a judge of the Transkei Division of the High Court of South Africa and was elevated to the Supreme Court of Appeal in 2006.
Born in the Eastern Cape, Maya began her legal career in the Transkei, working as a prosecutor and state law adviser until she was admitted as an advocate in 1994. President Thabo Mbeki appointed her to the Mthatha High Court in May 2000 and to the Supreme Court of Appeal in June 2006. In the appellate court, she was elevated to the deputy presidency in September 2015 and the presidency in May 2017, succeeding Lex Mpati in both positions. She was the first black woman to serve in the Supreme Court of Appeal, as well as the court's first woman deputy president and first woman president.
Maya was nominated unsuccessfully for elevation to the Constitutional Court in 2009 and 2012, and President Cyril Ramaphosa controversially declined to confirm her nomination as Chief Justice of South Africa in March 2022. In September 2022, however, Ramaphosa appointed her as the first woman Deputy Chief Justice, in which capacity she deputises Raymond Zondo. She was the president of the South African chapter of the International Association of Women Judges from 2018 to 2023, and she was appointed as the Chancellor of the University of Mpumalanga on 1 July 2021.
Early life and education
Maya was born on 20 March 1964 in St Cuthbert's, a rural area of Tsolo in the Transkei region of the Eastern Cape. She was the eldest of six children born to Sandile and Nombulelo Maya, who were both teachers. Her home language was Xhosa.
Her family moved to King William's Town in 1966 after her father got a job with Radio Bantu, and she attended school there until 1977, when, due to the disruptive effects of the Soweto uprising, she was sent to attend school in Mthatha. She matriculated in 1981 at St John's College, Mthatha.
Legal education and career
When Maya enrolled in the University of Transkei, she intended to register for a degree in medicine but was put off by a forensic medicine textbook that she happened to leaf through on registration day. She studied towards a BProc instead, graduating in 1986. Thereafter she attended the University of Natal, completing an LLB in 1988. She also clerked at the Mthatha firm of Dazana Mafungo Inc. between 1987 and 1988, and after graduation she took up work at the magistrate's court in Mthatha, where she was a court interpreter and then a public prosecutor.
In 1989, Maya moved to Durham, North Carolina to attend Duke University School of Law on a Fulbright Scholarship, studying labour law, alternative dispute resolution, and constitutional law. She later said that it was "mind-blowing" to leave apartheid-era South Africa for Duke. After she graduated in 1990 with an LLM, she worked as policy counsel at the Women's Legal Defense Fund in Washington, D. C. from 1990 to 1991.
Upon her return to South Africa, Maya was an assistant state law adviser in Mthatha from 1991 to 1993, during which time she was also a part-time lecturer in law at the University of Transkei. In 1993, she moved to Johannesburg to serve her pupillage, though she returned to the Transkei to practice after she was admitted as an advocate in 1994. She practised at the Transkei Bar for five years. According to Maya, she struggled to get briefs during her early years as an advocate and her practice depended on referrals from friends, particularly Nambitha Dambuza.
In 1999, she was appointed as an acting judge in the Mthatha High Court, the seat of the Transkei Division of the High Court of South Africa. She later said that Dumisa Ntsebeza had encouraged her to join the bench.
Transkei Division: 2000–2006
On 1 May 2000, Maya joined the bench permanently as a judge of the Transkei Division. She also served as an acting judge in the Labour Court, the Bhisho High Court (Ciskei Division), and the Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth High Courts (Eastern Cape Division). In February 2005, she was appointed as an acting judge in the Supreme Court of Appeal, and she remained at that court in Bloemfontein for over a year, until she was elevated permanently the following year.
Supreme Court of Appeal: 2006–2022
On 12 May 2006, on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, President Thabo Mbeki appointed Maya to a permanent seat in the Supreme Court of Appeal. She took office in June 2006. She was one of three women serving on the appellate bench at the time, the others being Judges Carole Lewis and Belinda van Heerden, and the first black woman ever to gain appointment as a judge of appeal. She later remembered that she had been refused entrance to the courthouse on her first day, by a gardener who thought she was lost, and she said that, among her colleagues on the bench, "There are those who ignored me and showed in subtle and not so subtle ways I had no place in being here."
By the end of her tenure in the Supreme Court, Maya had over 200 reported judgments. Her notable opinions included a dissent in Minister of Safety and Security v F: while the majority held that the state could not be held vicariously liable for a minor's rape by an off-duty police officer, Maya found otherwise, and the Constitutional Court upheld her dissent in 2012 in F v Minister of Safety and Security. She was also noted for writing the court's unanimous judgment in AfriForum v Chairperson of the Council of the University of South Africa, a dispute about the language policy of the University of South Africa; it was the first recorded judgment of a superior court written in Xhosa. She said that it had been inspired by Justice Johan Froneman's judgments in his own home language, Afrikaans. The judgment was upheld in the Constitutional Court in Chairperson of the Council of the University of South Africa v AfriForum.
While serving in the Supreme Court of Appeal, Maya was an acting judge in the Supreme Court of Namibia in 2008 and in the Lesotho Court of Appeal in 2015, as well as in the Constitutional Court of South Africa from February to May 2012. In the latter capacity, she wrote the Constitutional Court's majority judgment in Competition Commission v Loungefoam and Others. She was also the chairperson of the South African Law Reform Commission from 2013 to 2016.
Nominations to the Constitutional Court
During her first decade in the Supreme Court of Appeal, Maya was twice nominated unsuccessfully for appointment as a puisne judge of the Constitutional Court. She was first interviewed by the Judicial Service Commission in September 2009 as one of 24 candidates for four vacancies. She was one of the seven candidates whom the Judicial Service Commission shortlisted after its hearings, and Pierre de Vos viewed her as a strong candidate with a demonstrated "sensitivity for gender issues". However, President Jacob Zuma declined to appoint her, instead confirming the appointments of Johan Froneman, Chris Jafta, Sisi Khampepe and Mogoeng Mogoeng.
In May 2012, Maya was one of four candidates – alongside Raymond Zondo, Ronnie Bosielo, and Robert Nugent – nominated for the Constitutional Court seat vacated by Chief Justice Sandile Ngcobo's retirement. Maya had recently been an acting judge in the Constitutional Court, and several prominent gender rights organisations lobbied in support of her candidacy. However, during her interview in Johannesburg in June, she "appeared nervous" and was subjected to stern questioning about judicial independence and the exercise of judicial restraint in reviewing executive action. The Judicial Service Commission shortlisted all four candidates as suitable for appointment, but President Zuma elected to appoint Zondo. When Justice Zak Yacoob's retirement was announced later in 2012, Maya declined a third nomination to stand for elevation to the Constitutional Court.
Deputy Presidency
In June 2015, Maya was President Zuma's sole nominee for appointment as Deputy President of the Supreme Court of Appeal, a position that had been vacated by Kenneth Mthiyane upon his retirement in 2014. Following an interview in Johannesburg in July, the Judicial Service Commission recommended her as suitable for appointment. Zuma confirmed her appointment on 23 September 2015, and she became the first woman to serve as the court's Deputy President. When Supreme Court President Lex Mpati retired the following year, she stood in as acting President.
Presidency
The façade of the Supreme Court of Appeal courthouse in Bloemfontein, where Maya worked for 12 years
President Zuma announced in March 2017 that Maya was his sole nominee to succeed Mpati as Supreme Court President. During and after her confirmation interview with the Judicial Service Commission in April, she was highly candid about what she described as the Supreme Court's "challenges", describing the court as "not the most collegial of courts" and its judges as afflicted with "superiority complexes and disrespect". The Judicial Service Commission endorsed her appointment, which was confirmed by Zuma with immediate effect on 26 May 2017.
During the Covid-19 pandemic, Maya oversaw the Supreme Court's transition to virtual court hearings held through Microsoft Teams, and she was generally viewed as a strong leader and capable administrator. She later told the Judicial Service Commission that she had arranged for the appellate judges to attend a diversity seminar, over "vociferous opposition", and judge of appeal Steven Majiedt said that the court had become more collegial under her leadership.
Nomination as Chief Justice
In October 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Maya was included on a longlist of eight candidates to succeed Mogoeng Mogoeng as Chief Justice of South Africa, and the following month, he announced that he had shortlisted Maya and three others: Raymond Zondo, Mbuyiseli Madlanga, and Dunstan Mlambo. The Judicial Service Commission considered Maya's candidacy during an interview on 2 February 2022, which Maya opened with a lengthy address about the failure of judicial leadership to address sexism in the judiciary; among other things, she objected to the absence of formal policies on sexual harassment and maternity, recalling that, when she became the first serving judge to fall pregnant, the Department of Justice "simply did not know what to do with me". She was asked at length about her own gender, and she cried when commissioner Sylvia Lucas congratulated her at length for "breaking the glass ceiling".
The interview proceedings were controversial. Some commentators argued that Maya had been subjected to sexist treatment, with Rebecca Davis of the Daily Maverick pointing to commissioner Dali Mpofu's joke about having "spent a night" with Maya. Other commentators, however, believed that she had been given preferential treatment, especially by Supreme Court Deputy President Xola Petse; they argued that she faced far fewer substantive and jurisprudential questions than did the other candidates. After all four candidates were interviewed, the Judicial Service Commission announced that it would recommend Maya for appointment.
However, the commission's recommendation was not binding, and in March, President Ramaphosa announced that, contrary to the recommendation, he would appoint Zondo as Chief Justice. He said that he intended to nominate Maya to succeed Zondo as Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa.
Constitutional Court: 2022–present
In May 2022, Maya accepted Ramaphosa's nomination to the position of Deputy Chief Justice. After she was interviewed in June, the Judicial Service Commission endorsed the nomination, and Ramaphosa announced on 25 July that she would be appointed to the position with effect from 1 September 2022.
In February 2023, Zondo announced that Maya had been appointed to chair a new committee tasked with drafting a sexual harassment policy for the judiciary, and in June 2023, she handed down judgment on behalf of a unanimous court in Ashebo v Minister of Home Affairs and Others, which blocked the deportation of an asylum seeker.
International Association of Women Judges
Maya was a founding member of the South African chapter of the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) in 2002. She served as the chapter's deputy president from 2008 to 2010 and as its president from 2018 to 2023. She was later elected as IAWJ's regional director for West and Southern Africa in 2021, and as its vice president in 2023.
Honours
Maya was awarded honorary LLDs by Nelson Mandela University in 2018, Walter Sisulu University in 2019, and the University of Fort Hare in 2020. In July 2021, she was appointed as the Chancellor of the University of Mpumalanga.
Personal life
Maya is married to Dabulamanzi Mlokoti, a businessman from Johannesburg, and has three children. Her daughter, Wela Mlokoti, clerked on the Constitutional Court in Chris Jafta's chambers and rose to public prominence for lodging a disciplinary complaint against Judge Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane, who was acting in the Constitutional Court at the time.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Justice Maya Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa". Constitutional Court of South Africa. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ a b c d Tolsi, Niren (9 April 2017). "Newsmaker: Mandisa Maya making history". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ a b Thamm, Marianne (20 June 2022). "Speaking clearly in tongues: Judge Mandisa Maya's support of Afrikaans in her mother tongue, isiXhosa, a pioneering moment". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ a b "Wild Coast roots sustain top judge Mandisa Maya". Business Day. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ a b c d e "New judges: Judge Mandisa Maya" (PDF). Advocate. 14 (1): 22. April 2001.
^ a b c d Johannesburg Bar Council (13 June 2012). "Judge Mandisa Maya: The Joburg Bar Council's assessment". PoliticsWeb. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Profile: Mandisa Maya LLM '90 Spring 2023". Duke Law Magazine. 20 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ a b Macupe, Bongekile (20 June 2022). "Mandisa Maya: 'Endorse me for Deputy Chief Justice job to push women up in the judiciary ladder'". City Press. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Chief justice race advances as Mandisa Maya ups the stakes". Business Day. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "T Mbeki confirms appointment of judges". South African Government. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "SCA welcomes new woman judge". IOL. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Profile: Constitutional Court Chief Justice candidate Mandisa Maya". SABC News. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Sisters on the bench". The Mail & Guardian. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ a b "Chief justice interviews: Mandisa Maya". The Mail & Guardian. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ a b c "JSC Candidates Judge Mandisa Maya". Judges Matter. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Macupe, Bongekile (26 June 2022). "Judgment question: Why Judge Mandisa Maya wrote in IsiXhosa". City Press. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "You be the judge". News24. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "JSC names ConCourt shortlist". News24. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ de Vos, Pierre (23 September 2009). "Not a bad list – all things considered". Constitutionally Speaking. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ Grootes, Stephen (2009). "Zuma gets 3 out of 4 right with Con Court appointments". EWN. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ "Judges short-listed for ConCourt job". News24. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ "Concerns raised over ConCourt four". The Mail & Guardian. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "More women on the bench offer a better gender perspective". The Mail & Guardian. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Hard punches and soft-peddling by JSC in Con Court interviews". The Mail & Guardian. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ "Judicial autonomy frightens the JSC". The Mail & Guardian. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "New Constitutional Court judge". De Rebus. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ "JSC: A few good women needed". The Mail & Guardian. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Wakefield, Adam (10 June 2015). "Judge candidates announced – and they're all women". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Evans, Jenni (9 July 2015). "Zuma has his hands full with 4 ConCourt candidates, judicial row". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "SCA gets first female deputy president". IOL. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Evans, Jenni (6 March 2017). "Judge Maya makes SCA history... again". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Race tensions on the SCA ripped open". The Mail & Guardian. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Zuma appoints Mandisa Maya as SCA president". News24. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Judge Mandisa Maya is new president of the Supreme Court of Appeal". The Times. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ "SCA successfully holds court proceeding via online video platform". De Rebus. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "SA's next chief justice: The case for each contender". The Mail & Guardian. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Maughan, Karyn (20 November 2021). "Meet the nominees for SA's next chief justice: SCA President Judge Mandisa Maya". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "SCA tensions dominate at interviews". The Mail & Guardian. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "8 candidates nominated for chief justice post, including Zondo, Maya and Mlambo". News24. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "And then there were six: Ramaphosa fails to release shortlist for chief justice". The Mail & Guardian. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Zondo, Maya, Mlambo and Madlanga shortlisted for chief justice". The Mail & Guardian. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Chabalala, Jeanette (2 February 2022). "Chief Justice interviews: Mandisa Maya hits out at judiciary's lack of a sexual harassment policy". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Macupe, Bongekile (2 February 2022). "Chief Justice interviews: 'There has never been a shortage of women judges to lead' – Maya". City Press. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Sibanda, Omphemetse S. (6 February 2022). "JSC choice of Justice Maya for top post: Women judges still evoke hostility". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Balthazar, Professor (3 February 2022). "Judicial Service Commission — unfit for constitutional purpose". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Why is the JSC's 'autocratic legalism' faction pushing Mandisa Maya so badly?". News24. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "JSC recommends Mandisa Maya for chief justice". The Mail & Guardian. 5 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Zondo named chief justice". The Mail & Guardian. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Ramaphosa nominates Maya as deputy chief justice". The Mail & Guardian. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Mafolo, Karabo (20 June 2022). "Mandisa Maya set to become South Africa's first female Deputy Chief Justice". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Chabalala, Jeanette (25 July 2022). "It's official: Justice Mandisa Maya appointed deputy chief justice". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Ramaphosa appoints Mandisa Maya as deputy chief justice". The Mail & Guardian. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Work to be done: Maya heading committee drawing up anti-sexual harassment policy". The Mail & Guardian. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Hawker, Dianne (28 December 2023). "From refugee rights to tax record transparency, the Constitutional Court had a busy year — here are some significant judgments". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Justice Maya elected Regional Director for West and Southern Africa of the International Association of Women Judges". De Rebus. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Justice Mandisa Maya is the new Chancellor of UMP". The Mail & Guardian. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Rabkin, Franny (5 April 2019). "Constitutional Court interviews turn he-said-she-said". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
^ "High court judge should apologise to clerk for wrongly implying mistake". Sunday Times. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
External links
Justice Mandisa Maya at Judges Matter
Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa Maya at Constitutional Court
Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa Maya at Supreme Court of Appeal
Report by the Democratic Governance and Rights Unit
vteConstitutional Court of South AfricaConstitution Hill, JohannesburgCurrent justices
Chief Justice: Ray Zondo
Deputy Chief Justice: Mandisa Maya
Mbuyiseli Madlanga
Nonkosi Mhlantla
Leona Theron
Steven Majiedt
Zukisa Tshiqi
Jody Kollapen
Rammaka Mathopo
Owen Rogers
Former justices
Laurie Ackermann
Edwin Cameron
Arthur Chaskalson
John Didcott
Johan Froneman
Richard Goldstone
Chris Jafta
Sisi Khampepe
Johann Kriegler
Pius Langa
Tholie Madala
Ismail Mahomed
Yvonne Mokgoro
Dikgang Moseneke
Sandile Ngcobo
Bess Nkabinde
Kate O'Regan
Albie Sachs
Thembile Skweyiya
Johann van der Westhuizen
Zak Yacoob
Lists of judgments
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1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Law of South Africa
Constitution of South Africa
Courts of South Africa
Judiciary of South Africa
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She was formerly the President of the Supreme Court of Appeal from 2017 to 2022. She joined the bench in May 2000 as a judge of the Transkei Division of the High Court of South Africa and was elevated to the Supreme Court of Appeal in 2006.Born in the Eastern Cape, Maya began her legal career in the Transkei, working as a prosecutor and state law adviser until she was admitted as an advocate in 1994. President Thabo Mbeki appointed her to the Mthatha High Court in May 2000 and to the Supreme Court of Appeal in June 2006. In the appellate court, she was elevated to the deputy presidency in September 2015 and the presidency in May 2017, succeeding Lex Mpati in both positions. She was the first black woman to serve in the Supreme Court of Appeal, as well as the court's first woman deputy president and first woman president.Maya was nominated unsuccessfully for elevation to the Constitutional Court in 2009 and 2012, and President Cyril Ramaphosa controversially declined to confirm her nomination as Chief Justice of South Africa in March 2022. In September 2022, however, Ramaphosa appointed her as the first woman Deputy Chief Justice, in which capacity she deputises Raymond Zondo. She was the president of the South African chapter of the International Association of Women Judges from 2018 to 2023, and she was appointed as the Chancellor of the University of Mpumalanga on 1 July 2021.","title":"Mandisa Maya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsolo"},{"link_name":"Transkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Xhosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"King William's Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_Town"},{"link_name":"Soweto uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto_uprising"},{"link_name":"Mthatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthatha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"Maya was born on 20 March 1964 in St Cuthbert's, a rural area of Tsolo in the Transkei region of the Eastern Cape.[1] She was the eldest of six children born to Sandile and Nombulelo Maya, who were both teachers.[2] Her home language was Xhosa.[3]Her family moved to King William's Town in 1966 after her father got a job with Radio Bantu, and she attended school there until 1977, when, due to the disruptive effects of the Soweto uprising, she was sent to attend school in Mthatha.[4] She matriculated in 1981 at St John's College, Mthatha.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Transkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Transkei"},{"link_name":"forensic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_medicine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"University of Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"magistrate's court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate%27s_court_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Durham, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Duke University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law"},{"link_name":"alternative dispute resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution"},{"link_name":"constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Women's Legal Defense Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Legal_Defense_Fund"},{"link_name":"Washington, D. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"pupillage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillage"},{"link_name":"advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Nambitha Dambuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambitha_Dambuza"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Mthatha High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthatha_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Transkei Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei_Division"},{"link_name":"High Court of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dumisa Ntsebeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumisa_Ntsebeza"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"When Maya enrolled in the University of Transkei, she intended to register for a degree in medicine but was put off by a forensic medicine textbook that she happened to leaf through on registration day.[2] She studied towards a BProc instead, graduating in 1986.[1] Thereafter she attended the University of Natal, completing an LLB in 1988.[1] She also clerked at the Mthatha firm of Dazana Mafungo Inc. between 1987 and 1988, and after graduation she took up work at the magistrate's court in Mthatha, where she was a court interpreter and then a public prosecutor.[1][2]In 1989, Maya moved to Durham, North Carolina to attend Duke University School of Law on a Fulbright Scholarship,[2] studying labour law, alternative dispute resolution, and constitutional law.[6] She later said that it was \"mind-blowing\" to leave apartheid-era South Africa for Duke.[4][7] After she graduated in 1990 with an LLM, she worked as policy counsel at the Women's Legal Defense Fund in Washington, D. C. from 1990 to 1991.[5]Upon her return to South Africa, Maya was an assistant state law adviser in Mthatha from 1991 to 1993,[1] during which time she was also a part-time lecturer in law at the University of Transkei.[5] In 1993, she moved to Johannesburg to serve her pupillage, though she returned to the Transkei to practice after she was admitted as an advocate in 1994.[1][5] She practised at the Transkei Bar for five years. According to Maya, she struggled to get briefs during her early years as an advocate and her practice depended on referrals from friends, particularly Nambitha Dambuza.[8]In 1999, she was appointed as an acting judge in the Mthatha High Court, the seat of the Transkei Division of the High Court of South Africa.[1] She later said that Dumisa Ntsebeza had encouraged her to join the bench.[9]","title":"Legal education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Labour Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bhisho High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhisho_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Ciskei Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciskei_Division"},{"link_name":"Grahamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth High Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"text":"On 1 May 2000, Maya joined the bench permanently as a judge of the Transkei Division.[5] She also served as an acting judge in the Labour Court, the Bhisho High Court (Ciskei Division), and the Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth High Courts (Eastern Cape Division).[1] In February 2005, she was appointed as an acting judge in the Supreme Court of Appeal, and she remained at that court in Bloemfontein for over a year, until she was elevated permanently the following year.[6]","title":"Transkei Division: 2000–2006"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judicial Service Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Service_Commission_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Carole Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Belinda van Heerden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_van_Heerden"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_South_African"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"reported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_report"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-14"},{"link_name":"vicariously liable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-15"},{"link_name":"language policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_instruction"},{"link_name":"University of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Johan Froneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Froneman"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Lesotho Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"South African Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Law_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"On 12 May 2006, on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, President Thabo Mbeki appointed Maya to a permanent seat in the Supreme Court of Appeal.[10] She took office in June 2006.[6] She was one of three women serving on the appellate bench at the time, the others being Judges Carole Lewis and Belinda van Heerden,[11] and the first black woman ever to gain appointment as a judge of appeal.[12] She later remembered that she had been refused entrance to the courthouse on her first day, by a gardener who thought she was lost, and she said that, among her colleagues on the bench, \"There are those who ignored me and showed in subtle and not so subtle ways I had no place in being here.\"[13]By the end of her tenure in the Supreme Court, Maya had over 200 reported judgments.[14] Her notable opinions included a dissent in Minister of Safety and Security v F: while the majority held that the state could not be held vicariously liable for a minor's rape by an off-duty police officer, Maya found otherwise, and the Constitutional Court upheld her dissent in 2012 in F v Minister of Safety and Security.[15] She was also noted for writing the court's unanimous judgment in AfriForum v Chairperson of the Council of the University of South Africa, a dispute about the language policy of the University of South Africa; it was the first recorded judgment of a superior court written in Xhosa. She said that it had been inspired by Justice Johan Froneman's judgments in his own home language, Afrikaans.[3][16] The judgment was upheld in the Constitutional Court in Chairperson of the Council of the University of South Africa v AfriForum.While serving in the Supreme Court of Appeal, Maya was an acting judge in the Supreme Court of Namibia in 2008 and in the Lesotho Court of Appeal in 2015,[1] as well as in the Constitutional Court of South Africa from February to May 2012.[6] In the latter capacity, she wrote the Constitutional Court's majority judgment in Competition Commission v Loungefoam and Others. She was also the chairperson of the South African Law Reform Commission from 2013 to 2016.[1]","title":"Supreme Court of Appeal: 2006–2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puisne judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisne_judge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Vos"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"Jacob Zuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma"},{"link_name":"Johan Froneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Froneman"},{"link_name":"Chris Jafta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jafta"},{"link_name":"Sisi Khampepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisi_Khampepe"},{"link_name":"Mogoeng Mogoeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogoeng_Mogoeng"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-20"},{"link_name":"Raymond Zondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Zondo"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Bosielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Bosielo"},{"link_name":"Robert Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nugent_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Sandile Ngcobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandile_Ngcobo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"judicial independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence"},{"link_name":"judicial restraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_restraint"},{"link_name":"reviewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Zak Yacoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Yacoob"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Nominations to the Constitutional Court","text":"During her first decade in the Supreme Court of Appeal, Maya was twice nominated unsuccessfully for appointment as a puisne judge of the Constitutional Court. She was first interviewed by the Judicial Service Commission in September 2009 as one of 24 candidates for four vacancies.[17] She was one of the seven candidates whom the Judicial Service Commission shortlisted after its hearings,[18] and Pierre de Vos viewed her as a strong candidate with a demonstrated \"sensitivity for gender issues\".[19] However, President Jacob Zuma declined to appoint her, instead confirming the appointments of Johan Froneman, Chris Jafta, Sisi Khampepe and Mogoeng Mogoeng.[20]In May 2012, Maya was one of four candidates – alongside Raymond Zondo, Ronnie Bosielo, and Robert Nugent – nominated for the Constitutional Court seat vacated by Chief Justice Sandile Ngcobo's retirement.[21] Maya had recently been an acting judge in the Constitutional Court, and several prominent gender rights organisations lobbied in support of her candidacy.[22][23] However, during her interview in Johannesburg in June, she \"appeared nervous\" and was subjected to stern questioning about judicial independence and the exercise of judicial restraint in reviewing executive action.[24][25] The Judicial Service Commission shortlisted all four candidates as suitable for appointment, but President Zuma elected to appoint Zondo.[26] When Justice Zak Yacoob's retirement was announced later in 2012, Maya declined a third nomination to stand for elevation to the Constitutional Court.[27]","title":"Supreme Court of Appeal: 2006–2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deputy President of the Supreme Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)#List_of_deputy_presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Mthiyane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mthiyane"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Lex Mpati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Mpati"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Deputy Presidency","text":"In June 2015, Maya was President Zuma's sole nominee for appointment as Deputy President of the Supreme Court of Appeal, a position that had been vacated by Kenneth Mthiyane upon his retirement in 2014.[28] Following an interview in Johannesburg in July, the Judicial Service Commission recommended her as suitable for appointment.[29] Zuma confirmed her appointment on 23 September 2015, and she became the first woman to serve as the court's Deputy President.[30] When Supreme Court President Lex Mpati retired the following year, she stood in as acting President.[1]","title":"Supreme Court of Appeal: 2006–2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Court,_Bloemfontein,_South_Africa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Covid-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Teams"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-15"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"diversity seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_training"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-15"},{"link_name":"Steven Majiedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Majiedt"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Presidency","text":"The façade of the Supreme Court of Appeal courthouse in Bloemfontein, where Maya worked for 12 yearsPresident Zuma announced in March 2017 that Maya was his sole nominee to succeed Mpati as Supreme Court President.[31] During and after her confirmation interview with the Judicial Service Commission in April, she was highly candid about what she described as the Supreme Court's \"challenges\", describing the court as \"not the most collegial of courts\" and its judges as afflicted with \"superiority complexes and disrespect\".[32] The Judicial Service Commission endorsed her appointment, which was confirmed by Zuma with immediate effect on 26 May 2017.[33][34]During the Covid-19 pandemic, Maya oversaw the Supreme Court's transition to virtual court hearings held through Microsoft Teams,[35][36] and she was generally viewed as a strong leader and capable administrator.[15][37] She later told the Judicial Service Commission that she had arranged for the appellate judges to attend a diversity seminar, over \"vociferous opposition\",[15] and judge of appeal Steven Majiedt said that the court had become more collegial under her leadership.[38]","title":"Supreme Court of Appeal: 2006–2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyril Ramaphosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa"},{"link_name":"Mogoeng Mogoeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogoeng_Mogoeng"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mbuyiseli Madlanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuyiseli_Madlanga"},{"link_name":"Dunstan Mlambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstan_Mlambo"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-14"},{"link_name":"sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"the judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"sexual harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"maternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_leave"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Lucas"},{"link_name":"glass ceiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_ceiling"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Daily Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Maverick"},{"link_name":"Dali Mpofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dali_Mpofu"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Xola Petse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xola_Petse"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Nomination as Chief Justice","text":"In October 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Maya was included on a longlist of eight candidates to succeed Mogoeng Mogoeng as Chief Justice of South Africa,[39][40] and the following month, he announced that he had shortlisted Maya and three others: Raymond Zondo, Mbuyiseli Madlanga, and Dunstan Mlambo.[41] The Judicial Service Commission considered Maya's candidacy during an interview on 2 February 2022,[14] which Maya opened with a lengthy address about the failure of judicial leadership to address sexism in the judiciary; among other things, she objected to the absence of formal policies on sexual harassment and maternity, recalling that, when she became the first serving judge to fall pregnant, the Department of Justice \"simply did not know what to do with me\".[42] She was asked at length about her own gender, and she cried when commissioner Sylvia Lucas congratulated her at length for \"breaking the glass ceiling\".[43]The interview proceedings were controversial. Some commentators argued that Maya had been subjected to sexist treatment, with Rebecca Davis of the Daily Maverick pointing to commissioner Dali Mpofu's joke about having \"spent a night\" with Maya.[44] Other commentators, however, believed that she had been given preferential treatment, especially by Supreme Court Deputy President Xola Petse; they argued that she faced far fewer substantive and jurisprudential questions than did the other candidates.[45][46] After all four candidates were interviewed, the Judicial Service Commission announced that it would recommend Maya for appointment.[47]However, the commission's recommendation was not binding, and in March, President Ramaphosa announced that, contrary to the recommendation, he would appoint Zondo as Chief Justice. He said that he intended to nominate Maya to succeed Zondo as Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa.[48]","title":"Supreme Court of Appeal: 2006–2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"asylum seeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"In May 2022, Maya accepted Ramaphosa's nomination to the position of Deputy Chief Justice.[49] After she was interviewed in June, the Judicial Service Commission endorsed the nomination,[8][50] and Ramaphosa announced on 25 July that she would be appointed to the position with effect from 1 September 2022.[51][52]In February 2023, Zondo announced that Maya had been appointed to chair a new committee tasked with drafting a sexual harassment policy for the judiciary,[53] and in June 2023, she handed down judgment on behalf of a unanimous court in Ashebo v Minister of Home Affairs and Others, which blocked the deportation of an asylum seeker.[54]","title":"Constitutional Court: 2022–present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Association of Women Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Women_Judges"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Maya was a founding member of the South African chapter of the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) in 2002. She served as the chapter's deputy president from 2008 to 2010 and as its president from 2018 to 2023.[1] She was later elected as IAWJ's regional director for West and Southern Africa in 2021,[55] and as its vice president in 2023.[1]","title":"International Association of Women Judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_University"},{"link_name":"Walter Sisulu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sisulu_University"},{"link_name":"University of Fort Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"University of Mpumalanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mpumalanga"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Maya was awarded honorary LLDs by Nelson Mandela University in 2018, Walter Sisulu University in 2019, and the University of Fort Hare in 2020.[1] In July 2021, she was appointed as the Chancellor of the University of Mpumalanga.[56]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayeeza_Kathree-Setiloane"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Maya is married to Dabulamanzi Mlokoti, a businessman from Johannesburg,[1] and has three children.[1] Her daughter, Wela Mlokoti, clerked on the Constitutional Court in Chris Jafta's chambers and rose to public prominence for lodging a disciplinary complaint against Judge Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane, who was acting in the Constitutional Court at the time.[57][58]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The façade of the Supreme Court of Appeal courthouse in Bloemfontein, where Maya worked for 12 years","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/High_Court%2C_Bloemfontein%2C_South_Africa.JPG/220px-High_Court%2C_Bloemfontein%2C_South_Africa.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Justice Maya Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa\". Constitutional Court of South Africa. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges/12-acting-judges/197-justice-maya-mandisa-muriel-lindelwa","url_text":"\"Justice Maya Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa\""}]},{"reference":"Tolsi, Niren (9 April 2017). \"Newsmaker: Mandisa Maya making history\". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/newsmaker-mandisa-maya-making-history-20170409-2","url_text":"\"Newsmaker: Mandisa Maya making history\""}]},{"reference":"Thamm, Marianne (20 June 2022). \"Speaking clearly in tongues: Judge Mandisa Maya's support of Afrikaans in her mother tongue, isiXhosa, a pioneering moment\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-20-judge-mandisa-mayas-support-of-afrikaans-in-her-mother-tongue-isixhosa-a-pioneering-moment/","url_text":"\"Speaking clearly in tongues: Judge Mandisa Maya's support of Afrikaans in her mother tongue, isiXhosa, a pioneering moment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wild Coast roots sustain top judge Mandisa Maya\". Business Day. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-04-24-wild-coast-roots-sustain-top-judge-mandisa-maya/","url_text":"\"Wild Coast roots sustain top judge Mandisa Maya\""}]},{"reference":"\"New judges: Judge Mandisa Maya\" (PDF). Advocate. 14 (1): 22. April 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2001/april/2001-april-vol014-no1-pp21-22.pdf","url_text":"\"New judges: Judge Mandisa Maya\""}]},{"reference":"Johannesburg Bar Council (13 June 2012). \"Judge Mandisa Maya: The Joburg Bar Council's assessment\". PoliticsWeb. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/judge-mandisa-maya-the-joburg-bar-councils-assessm","url_text":"\"Judge Mandisa Maya: The Joburg Bar Council's assessment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Mandisa Maya LLM '90 Spring 2023\". Duke Law Magazine. 20 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://magazine.law.duke.edu/profile-mandisa-maya-llm-90-spring-2023/","url_text":"\"Profile: Mandisa Maya LLM '90 Spring 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Macupe, Bongekile (20 June 2022). \"Mandisa Maya: 'Endorse me for Deputy Chief Justice job to push women up in the judiciary ladder'\". City Press. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/mandisa-maya-endorse-me-for-deputy-chief-justice-job-to-push-women-up-in-the-judiciary-ladder-20220620","url_text":"\"Mandisa Maya: 'Endorse me for Deputy Chief Justice job to push women up in the judiciary ladder'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief justice race advances as Mandisa Maya ups the stakes\". Business Day. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2022-02-02-chief-justice-race-advances-as-mandisa-maya-ups-the-stakes/","url_text":"\"Chief justice race advances as Mandisa Maya ups the stakes\""}]},{"reference":"\"T Mbeki confirms appointment of judges\". South African Government. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.za/news/t-mbeki-confirms-appointment-judges-12-may-2006","url_text":"\"T Mbeki confirms appointment of judges\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCA welcomes new woman judge\". IOL. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/sca-welcomes-new-woman-judge-278668","url_text":"\"SCA welcomes new woman judge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Constitutional Court Chief Justice candidate Mandisa Maya\". SABC News. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/profile-constitutional-court-chief-justice-candidate-mandisa-maya/","url_text":"\"Profile: Constitutional Court Chief Justice candidate Mandisa Maya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sisters on the bench\". The Mail & Guardian. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2008-06-27-sisters-on-the-bench/","url_text":"\"Sisters on the bench\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief justice interviews: Mandisa Maya\". The Mail & Guardian. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2022-02-02-chief-justice-interviews-mandisa-maya/","url_text":"\"Chief justice interviews: Mandisa Maya\""}]},{"reference":"\"JSC Candidates Judge Mandisa Maya\". Judges Matter. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/judge-mandisa-maya/","url_text":"\"JSC Candidates Judge Mandisa Maya\""}]},{"reference":"Macupe, Bongekile (26 June 2022). \"Judgment question: Why Judge Mandisa Maya wrote in IsiXhosa\". City Press. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/judgment-question-why-judge-mandisa-maya-wrote-in-isixhosa-20220626","url_text":"\"Judgment question: Why Judge Mandisa Maya wrote in IsiXhosa\""}]},{"reference":"\"You be the judge\". News24. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/you-be-the-judge-20150429","url_text":"\"You be the judge\""}]},{"reference":"\"JSC names ConCourt shortlist\". News24. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/jsc-names-concourt-shortlist-20090922","url_text":"\"JSC names ConCourt shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"de Vos, Pierre (23 September 2009). \"Not a bad list – all things considered\". Constitutionally Speaking. Retrieved 17 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/not-a-bad-list-all-things-considered/","url_text":"\"Not a bad list – all things considered\""}]},{"reference":"Grootes, Stephen (2009). \"Zuma gets 3 out of 4 right with Con Court appointments\". EWN. Retrieved 17 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ewn.co.za/2009/10/12/Zuma-gets-3-out-of-4-right-with-Con-Court-appointments","url_text":"\"Zuma gets 3 out of 4 right with Con Court appointments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judges short-listed for ConCourt job\". News24. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/judges-short-listed-for-concourt-job-20150430","url_text":"\"Judges short-listed for ConCourt job\""}]},{"reference":"\"Concerns raised over ConCourt four\". The Mail & Guardian. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-07-concerns-raised-over-concourt-four/","url_text":"\"Concerns raised over ConCourt four\""}]},{"reference":"\"More women on the bench offer a better gender perspective\". The Mail & Guardian. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-31-more-women-on-the-bench-offer-a-better-gender-perspective/","url_text":"\"More women on the bench offer a better gender perspective\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hard punches and soft-peddling by JSC in Con Court interviews\". The Mail & Guardian. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-09-hard-punches-and-soft-peddling-by-the-jsc-in-con-court-interviews/","url_text":"\"Hard punches and soft-peddling by JSC in Con Court interviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judicial autonomy frightens the JSC\". The Mail & Guardian. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-14-judicial-autonomy-frightens-the-jsc/","url_text":"\"Judicial autonomy frightens the JSC\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Constitutional Court judge\". De Rebus. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derebus.org.za/new-constitutional-court-judge/","url_text":"\"New Constitutional Court judge\""}]},{"reference":"\"JSC: A few good women needed\". The Mail & Guardian. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-30-00-jsc-a-few-good-women-needed/","url_text":"\"JSC: A few good women needed\""}]},{"reference":"Wakefield, Adam (10 June 2015). \"Judge candidates announced – and they're all women\". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/judge-candidates-announced-and-theyre-all-women-20150610","url_text":"\"Judge candidates announced – and they're all women\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jenni (9 July 2015). \"Zuma has his hands full with 4 ConCourt candidates, judicial row\". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-has-his-hands-full-with-4-concourt-candidates-judicial-row-20150709","url_text":"\"Zuma has his hands full with 4 ConCourt candidates, judicial row\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCA gets first female deputy president\". IOL. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sca-gets-first-female-deputy-president-1920474","url_text":"\"SCA gets first female deputy president\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jenni (6 March 2017). \"Judge Maya makes SCA history... again\". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/judge-maya-makes-sca-history-again-20170306","url_text":"\"Judge Maya makes SCA history... again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race tensions on the SCA ripped open\". The Mail & Guardian. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-07-00-race-tensions-on-the-sca-ripped-open/","url_text":"\"Race tensions on the SCA ripped open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zuma appoints Mandisa Maya as SCA president\". News24. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-mandisa-maya-as-sca-president-20170526","url_text":"\"Zuma appoints Mandisa Maya as SCA president\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Mandisa Maya is new president of the Supreme Court of Appeal\". The Times. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2017/05/26/Judge-Mandisa-Maya-is-new-president-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Appeal","url_text":"\"Judge Mandisa Maya is new president of the Supreme Court of Appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_(South_Africa)","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"SCA successfully holds court proceeding via online video platform\". De Rebus. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derebus.org.za/sca-successfully-holds-court-proceeding-via-online-video-platform/","url_text":"\"SCA successfully holds court proceeding via online video platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"SA's next chief justice: The case for each contender\". The Mail & Guardian. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/opinion/2022-01-31-pros-and-cons-of-apex-court-contenders/","url_text":"\"SA's next chief justice: The case for each contender\""}]},{"reference":"Maughan, Karyn (20 November 2021). \"Meet the nominees for SA's next chief justice: SCA President Judge Mandisa Maya\". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/karynmaughan/karyn-maughan-meet-the-nominees-for-sas-next-chief-justice-sca-president-judge-mandisa-maya-20211119","url_text":"\"Meet the nominees for SA's next chief justice: SCA President Judge Mandisa Maya\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCA tensions dominate at interviews\". The Mail & Guardian. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-05-00-sca-tensions-dominate-at-interviews/","url_text":"\"SCA tensions dominate at interviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"8 candidates nominated for chief justice post, including Zondo, Maya and Mlambo\". News24. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/newsletters/icymi/featured/8-candidates-nominated-for-chief-justice-post-including-zondo-maya-and-mlambo-20211004","url_text":"\"8 candidates nominated for chief justice post, including Zondo, Maya and Mlambo\""}]},{"reference":"\"And then there were six: Ramaphosa fails to release shortlist for chief justice\". The Mail & Guardian. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2021-10-29-and-then-there-were-six-ramaphosa-fails-to-release-shortlist-for-chief-justice/","url_text":"\"And then there were six: Ramaphosa fails to release shortlist for chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zondo, Maya, Mlambo and Madlanga shortlisted for chief justice\". The Mail & Guardian. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2021-11-18-zondo-maya-mlambo-and-madlanga-shortlisted-for-chief-justice/","url_text":"\"Zondo, Maya, Mlambo and Madlanga shortlisted for chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"Chabalala, Jeanette (2 February 2022). \"Chief Justice interviews: Mandisa Maya hits out at judiciary's lack of a sexual harassment policy\". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/chief-justice-interviews-mandisa-maya-hits-out-at-judiciarys-lack-of-a-sexual-harassment-policy-20220202","url_text":"\"Chief Justice interviews: Mandisa Maya hits out at judiciary's lack of a sexual harassment policy\""}]},{"reference":"Macupe, Bongekile (2 February 2022). \"Chief Justice interviews: 'There has never been a shortage of women judges to lead' – Maya\". City Press. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/chief-justice-interviews-there-has-never-been-a-shortage-of-women-judges-to-lead-maya-20220202","url_text":"\"Chief Justice interviews: 'There has never been a shortage of women judges to lead' – Maya\""}]},{"reference":"Sibanda, Omphemetse S. (6 February 2022). \"JSC choice of Justice Maya for top post: Women judges still evoke hostility\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-02-06-jsc-recommendation-of-justice-maya-for-top-post-women-judges-still-evoke-hostility/","url_text":"\"JSC choice of Justice Maya for top post: Women judges still evoke hostility\""}]},{"reference":"Balthazar, Professor (3 February 2022). \"Judicial Service Commission — unfit for constitutional purpose\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-02-03-judicial-service-commission-unfit-for-constitutional-purpose/","url_text":"\"Judicial Service Commission — unfit for constitutional purpose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why is the JSC's 'autocratic legalism' faction pushing Mandisa Maya so badly?\". News24. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/serjeant_at_the_bar/serjeant-at-the-bar-why-is-the-jscs-autocratic-legalism-faction-pushing-mandisa-maya-so-badly-20220207","url_text":"\"Why is the JSC's 'autocratic legalism' faction pushing Mandisa Maya so badly?\""}]},{"reference":"\"JSC recommends Mandisa Maya for chief justice\". The Mail & Guardian. 5 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2022-02-05-jsc-recommends-mandisa-maya-for-chief-justice/","url_text":"\"JSC recommends Mandisa Maya for chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zondo named chief justice\". The Mail & Guardian. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2022-03-10-zondo-named-chief-justice/","url_text":"\"Zondo named chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramaphosa nominates Maya as deputy chief justice\". The Mail & Guardian. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2022-05-04-ramaphosa-nominates-maya-as-deputy-chief-justice/","url_text":"\"Ramaphosa nominates Maya as deputy chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"Mafolo, Karabo (20 June 2022). \"Mandisa Maya set to become South Africa's first female Deputy Chief Justice\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-20-mandisa-maya-set-to-become-sas-first-female-deputy-chief-justice/","url_text":"\"Mandisa Maya set to become South Africa's first female Deputy Chief Justice\""}]},{"reference":"Chabalala, Jeanette (25 July 2022). \"It's official: Justice Mandisa Maya appointed deputy chief justice\". News24. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/its-official-justice-mandisa-maya-appointed-deputy-chief-justice-20220725","url_text":"\"It's official: Justice Mandisa Maya appointed deputy chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramaphosa appoints Mandisa Maya as deputy chief justice\". The Mail & Guardian. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2022-07-25-ramaphosa-appoints-mandisa-maya-as-deputy-chief-justice/","url_text":"\"Ramaphosa appoints Mandisa Maya as deputy chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Work to be done: Maya heading committee drawing up anti-sexual harassment policy\". The Mail & Guardian. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/news/2023-02-24-work-to-be-done-maya-heading-committee-drawing-up-anti-sexual-harassment-policy/","url_text":"\"Work to be done: Maya heading committee drawing up anti-sexual harassment policy\""}]},{"reference":"Hawker, Dianne (28 December 2023). \"From refugee rights to tax record transparency, the Constitutional Court had a busy year — here are some significant judgments\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-12-28-the-constitutional-court-had-a-busy-year-some-significant-rulings/","url_text":"\"From refugee rights to tax record transparency, the Constitutional Court had a busy year — here are some significant judgments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Maya elected Regional Director for West and Southern Africa of the International Association of Women Judges\". De Rebus. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derebus.org.za/justice-maya-elected-regional-director-for-west-and-southern-africa-of-the-international-association-of-women-judges/","url_text":"\"Justice Maya elected Regional Director for West and Southern Africa of the International Association of Women Judges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Mandisa Maya is the new Chancellor of UMP\". The Mail & Guardian. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/special-reports/2021-07-26-justice-mandisa-maya-is-the-new-chancellor-of-ump/","url_text":"\"Justice Mandisa Maya is the new Chancellor of UMP\""}]},{"reference":"Rabkin, Franny (5 April 2019). \"Constitutional Court interviews turn he-said-she-said\". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-05-00-constitutional-court-interviews-turn-he-said-she-said/","url_text":"\"Constitutional Court interviews turn he-said-she-said\""}]},{"reference":"\"High court judge should apologise to clerk for wrongly implying mistake\". Sunday Times. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/news/2022-07-15-high-court-judge-should-apologise-to-clerk-for-wrongly-implying-mistake/","url_text":"\"High court judge should apologise to clerk for wrongly implying mistake\""}]}]
|
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Maya\""},{"Link":"https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/judge-mandisa-maya-the-joburg-bar-councils-assessm","external_links_name":"\"Judge Mandisa Maya: The Joburg Bar Council's assessment\""},{"Link":"https://magazine.law.duke.edu/profile-mandisa-maya-llm-90-spring-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Mandisa Maya LLM '90 Spring 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/mandisa-maya-endorse-me-for-deputy-chief-justice-job-to-push-women-up-in-the-judiciary-ladder-20220620","external_links_name":"\"Mandisa Maya: 'Endorse me for Deputy Chief Justice job to push women up in the judiciary ladder'\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2022-02-02-chief-justice-race-advances-as-mandisa-maya-ups-the-stakes/","external_links_name":"\"Chief justice race advances as Mandisa Maya ups the stakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.za/news/t-mbeki-confirms-appointment-judges-12-may-2006","external_links_name":"\"T Mbeki confirms appointment of judges\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/sca-welcomes-new-woman-judge-278668","external_links_name":"\"SCA welcomes new woman judge\""},{"Link":"https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/profile-constitutional-court-chief-justice-candidate-mandisa-maya/","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Constitutional Court Chief Justice candidate Mandisa Maya\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2008-06-27-sisters-on-the-bench/","external_links_name":"\"Sisters on the bench\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/news/2022-02-02-chief-justice-interviews-mandisa-maya/","external_links_name":"\"Chief justice interviews: Mandisa Maya\""},{"Link":"https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/judge-mandisa-maya/","external_links_name":"\"JSC Candidates Judge Mandisa Maya\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/judgment-question-why-judge-mandisa-maya-wrote-in-isixhosa-20220626","external_links_name":"\"Judgment question: Why Judge Mandisa Maya wrote in IsiXhosa\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/you-be-the-judge-20150429","external_links_name":"\"You be the judge\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/jsc-names-concourt-shortlist-20090922","external_links_name":"\"JSC names ConCourt shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/not-a-bad-list-all-things-considered/","external_links_name":"\"Not a bad list – all things considered\""},{"Link":"http://ewn.co.za/2009/10/12/Zuma-gets-3-out-of-4-right-with-Con-Court-appointments","external_links_name":"\"Zuma gets 3 out of 4 right with Con Court appointments\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/judges-short-listed-for-concourt-job-20150430","external_links_name":"\"Judges short-listed for ConCourt job\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-07-concerns-raised-over-concourt-four/","external_links_name":"\"Concerns raised over ConCourt 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women\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-has-his-hands-full-with-4-concourt-candidates-judicial-row-20150709","external_links_name":"\"Zuma has his hands full with 4 ConCourt candidates, judicial row\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sca-gets-first-female-deputy-president-1920474","external_links_name":"\"SCA gets first female deputy president\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/judge-maya-makes-sca-history-again-20170306","external_links_name":"\"Judge Maya makes SCA history... again\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-07-00-race-tensions-on-the-sca-ripped-open/","external_links_name":"\"Race tensions on the SCA ripped open\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-mandisa-maya-as-sca-president-20170526","external_links_name":"\"Zuma appoints Mandisa Maya as SCA president\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2017/05/26/Judge-Mandisa-Maya-is-new-president-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Appeal","external_links_name":"\"Judge Mandisa Maya is new president of the Supreme Court of Appeal\""},{"Link":"https://www.derebus.org.za/sca-successfully-holds-court-proceeding-via-online-video-platform/","external_links_name":"\"SCA successfully holds court proceeding via online video platform\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/opinion/2022-01-31-pros-and-cons-of-apex-court-contenders/","external_links_name":"\"SA's next chief justice: The case for each contender\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/karynmaughan/karyn-maughan-meet-the-nominees-for-sas-next-chief-justice-sca-president-judge-mandisa-maya-20211119","external_links_name":"\"Meet the nominees for SA's next chief justice: SCA President Judge Mandisa Maya\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-05-00-sca-tensions-dominate-at-interviews/","external_links_name":"\"SCA tensions dominate at 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Rose
|
Helen Rose
|
["1 Career","2 Recognition","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 Additional info","7 External links"]
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American costume designer (1904–1985)
Helen RoseFrom left to right: Annabella Levy, Elizabeth Taylor and Helen Rose on the set of Rhapsody (1954)Born(1904-02-02)February 2, 1904Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedNovember 9, 1985(1985-11-09) (aged 81)Palm Springs, California, U.S.OccupationCostume designerSpouseHarry V. RoseChildren1
Helen Rose (February 2, 1904 – November 9, 1985) was an American costume designer and clothing designer who spent the bulk of her career with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Career
Helen Rose was born on February 2, 1904, to William Bromberg and Ray Bobbs in Chicago, Illinois of German Jewish and Russian Jewish descent.
She attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and then designed nightclub and stage costumes for various acts. She moved to Los Angeles in 1929, where she designed outfits for Fanchon and Marco and later the Ice Follies. In the early 1940s, she spent two years working for 20th Century Fox, where she designed wardrobes for musical selections. In 1943, MGM hired her in the wake of Adrian's departure, and by the late 1940s, Rose was promoted to chief designer at the studio.
In 1956, Rose designed the wedding dress worn by Grace Kelly for her marriage to Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.
In the late 1960s, Rose left the studio to open her own design business and continued to provide attire for the famed and the wealthy. She also wrote a fashion column. She wrote two books: her autobiography Just Make Them Beautiful in 1976 and The Glamorous World of Helen Rose. In the 1970s, Rose also staged a traveling fashion show featuring some of her MGM-designed costumes that was called "The Helen Rose Show".
Recognition
Elizabeth Taylor in the wedding dress Rose designed for Father of the Bride (1950)
Rose won two Academy Awards for Best Costume Design: for The Bad and the Beautiful in 1952 and for I'll Cry Tomorrow in 1955. She was nominated a further eight times and was well-known for designing famous bridal gowns of the era. She designed the wedding dress of Grace Kelly when she married Rainier III, Prince of Monaco in 1956. She also designed clothing for Elizabeth Taylor in the movies Father of the Bride and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof as well as Elizabeth Taylor's bridal gown when she married Conrad "Nicky" Hilton.
Personal life
Rose was married to Harry V. Rose, whose birth name was Harry Rosenstein (1902–1993), and they had a daughter.
Helen Rose died in Palm Springs, California, in 1985, aged 81.
Filmography
We're in the Legion Now! (1936)
Hello, Frisco, Hello (1943)
Coney Island (1943)
Stormy Weather (1943)
Ziegfeld Follies (1945)
The Harvey Girls (1946)
Two Sisters from Boston (1946)
Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
The Unfinished Dance (1947)
Merton of the Movies (1947)
Good News (1947)
The Bride Goes Wild (1948)
Big City (1948)
Homecoming (1948)
A Date with Judy (1948)
Luxury Liner (1948)
Words and Music (1948)
Act of Violence (1948)
Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949)
The Stratton Story (1949)
The Red Danube (1949)
That Midnight Kiss (1949)
On the Town (1949)
East Side, West Side (1949)
Nancy Goes to Rio (1950)
The Reformer and the Redhead (1950)
Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
The Big Hangover (1950)
Father of the Bride (1950)
Three Little Words (1950)
Duchess of Idaho (1950)
The Toast of New Orleans (1950)
Summer Stock (1950) (for Gloria DeHaven)
A Life of Her Own (1950) (for Lana Turner)
Right Cross (1950)
To Please a Lady (1950)
Two Weeks with Love (1950)
Pagan Love Song (1950)
Grounds for Marriage (1951)
Royal Wedding (1951) (uncredited)
Father's Little Dividend (1951)
The Great Caruso (1951)
No Questions Asked (1951)
Excuse My Dust (1951)
Strictly Dishonorable (1951)
Rich, Young and Pretty (1951)
The Strip (1951)
The People Against O'Hara (1951)
Texas Carnival (1951)
Callaway Went Thataway (1951)
The Unknown Man (1951)
Too Young to Kiss (1951)
The Light Touch (1952)
Invitation (1952)
The Belle of New York (1952)
Love Is Better Than Ever (1952)
The Girl in White (1952)
Skirts Ahoy! (1952)
Glory Alley (1952)
Washington Story (1952)
Holiday for Sinners (1952)
The Merry Widow (1952)
Because You're Mine (1952)
Everything I Have Is Yours (1952)
Million Dollar Mermaid (1952)
The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)
Above and Beyond (1952)
The Story of Three Loves (1953)
I Love Melvin (1953)
The Girl Who Had Everything (1953)
Jeopardy (1953) (for Barbara Stanwyck)
Small Town Girl (1953)
Sombrero (1953)
Remains to Be Seen (1953)
Dangerous When Wet (1953)
Dream Wife (1953)
Latin Lovers (1953)
Mogambo (1953)
Torch Song (1953)
Easy to Love (1953)
Give a Girl a Break (1953)
Escape from Fort Bravo (1953)
The Long, Long Trailer (1954)
Rose Marie (1954)
Rhapsody (1954)
Executive Suite (1954)
The Student Prince (1954)
Her Twelve Men (1954)
Rogue Cop (1954)
Athena (1954)
The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954)
Deep in My Heart (1954)
Green Fire (1954) (for Grace Kelly)
Jupiter's Darling (1955)
Hit the Deck (1955)
The Glass Slipper (1955)
Interrupted Melody (1955)
Bedevilled (1955) (for Anne Baxter)
Love Me or Leave Me (1955)
The Cobweb (1955)
It's Always Fair Weather (1955)
The Tender Trap (1955)
The Rains of Ranchipur (1955) (for Lana Turner)
I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955)
Ransom! (1956) (for Donna Reed)
Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956)
Forbidden Planet (1956) (for Anne Francis)
The Swan (1956)
Gaby (1956)
High Society (1956)
These Wilder Years (1956) (for Barbara Stanwyck)
The Power and the Prize (1956)
Tea and Sympathy (1956) (for Deborah Kerr)
The Opposite Sex (1956)
Ten Thousand Bedrooms (1957)
Something of Value (1957)
Designing Woman (1957)
The Seventh Sin (1957) (for Eleanor Parker)
Silk Stockings (1957)
Tip on a Dead Jockey (1957) (for Dorothy Malone)
Don't Go Near the Water (1957)
Saddle the Wind (1958) (for Julie London)
The High Cost of Loving (1958) (for Gena Rowlands)
The Reluctant Debutante (1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) (for Elizabeth Taylor)
Party Girl (1958)
The Tunnel of Love (1958) (for Doris Day and Gia Scala)
Count Your Blessings (1959)
The Mating Game (1959)
Ask Any Girl (1959)
It Started with a Kiss (1959)
Never So Few (1959) (for Gina Lollobrigida)
The Gazebo (1959)
All the Fine Young Cannibals (1960)
BUtterfield 8 (1960)
Go Naked in the World (1961)
The Honeymoon Machine (1961)
Ada (1961)
Bachelor in Paradise (1961)
The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963)
Goodbye Charlie (1964)
Made in Paris (1966)
Mister Buddwing (1966) (for Jean Simmons)
How Sweet It Is! (1968)
References
^ Avrech, Robert J. (April 4, 2014). "Remembering Legendary Costume Designer Helen Rose". seraphicpress.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ a b c H. Kristina Haugland (2006). Grace Kelly: icon of style to royal bride. Yale University Press.
^ "Grace Kelly's Wedding Dress and Accessories". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ "Helen Rose". Vintage Fashion Guild. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
^ Folkart, Burt A. (November 12, 1985). "Film Costume Designer Helen Rose Dies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
^ "The Most Iconic Royal Wedding Gowns of All Time". Harper's Bazaar. April 13, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ a b Bergan, Ronald (March 31, 2011). "Designing Woman: Helen Rose". Slant Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
^ "Rose, Helen (1904–1985)." Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. Gale. 2007.
Additional info
1910 United States Federal Census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 7, Sheet 17, April 22–23, 1910.
1920 United States Federal Census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 6, Sheet 10A, January 10, 1920.
California Death Index on Ancestry.com.
External links
Helen Rose at IMDb
vteAcademy Award for Best Costume Design1948–1956
1948 (Black and white): Roger K. Furse / (Color): Dorothy Jeakins and Barbara Karinska
1949 (bw): Edith Head and Gile Steele / (c): Marjorie Best, Leah Rhodes and William Travilla
1950 (bw): Edith Head, Charles LeMaire / (c): Edith Head, Dorothy Jeakins, Elois Jenssen, Gile Steele, Gwen Wakeling
1951 (bw): Edith Head /(c): Orry-Kelly, Walter Plunkett, Irene Sharaff
1952 (bw): Helen Rose / (c): Marcel Vertès
1953 (bw): Edith Head / (c): Charles LeMaire, Emile Santiago
1954 (bw): Edith Head / (c): Sanzo Wada
1955 (bw): Helen Rose / (c): Charles LeMaire
1956 (bw): Jean Louis / (c): Irene Sharaff
1957–1958
1957: Orry-Kelly
1958: Cecil Beaton
1959–1960
1959 (bw): Orry-Kelly / (c): Elizabeth Haffenden
1960 (bw): Edith Head and Edward Stevenson / (c): Bill Thomas and Arlington Valles
1961–1966
1961 (bw): Piero Gherardi / (c): Irene Sharaff
1962 (bw): Norma Koch / (c): Mary Wills
1963 (bw): Piero Gherardi / (c): Renié, Vittorio Nino Novarese and Irene Sharaff
1964 (bw): Dorothy Jeakins / (c): Cecil Beaton
1965 (bw): Julie Harris / (c): Phyllis Dalton
1966 (bw): Irene Sharaff / (c): Joan Bridge and Elizabeth Haffenden
1967–1980
1967: John Truscott
1968: Danilo Donati
1969: Margaret Furse
1970: Vittorio Nino Novarese
1971: Yvonne Blake and Antonio Castillo
1972: Anthony Powell
1973: Edith Head
1974: Theoni V. Aldredge
1975: Milena Canonero and Ulla-Britt Söderlund
1976: Danilo Donati
1977: John Mollo
1978: Anthony Powell
1979: Albert Wolsky
1980: Anthony Powell
1981–2000
1981: Milena Canonero
1982: Bhanu Athaiya and John Mollo
1983: Marik Vos-Lundh
1984: Theodor Pištěk
1985: Emi Wada
1986: Jenny Beavan and John Bright
1987: James Acheson
1988: James Acheson
1989: Phyllis Dalton
1990: Franca Squarciapino
1991: Albert Wolsky
1992: Eiko Ishioka
1993: Gabriella Pescucci
1994: Tim Chappel and Lizzy Gardiner
1995: James Acheson
1996: Ann Roth
1997: Deborah Lynn Scott
1998: Sandy Powell
1999: Lindy Hemming
2000: Janty Yates
2001–2020
2001: Catherine Martin and Angus Strathie
2002: Colleen Atwood
2003: Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor
2004: Sandy Powell
2005: Colleen Atwood
2006: Milena Canonero
2007: Alexandra Byrne
2008: Michael O'Connor
2009: Sandy Powell
2010: Colleen Atwood
2011: Mark Bridges
2012: Jacqueline Durran
2013: Catherine Martin
2014: Milena Canonero
2015: Jenny Beavan
2016: Colleen Atwood
2017: Mark Bridges
2018: Ruth E. Carter
2019: Jacqueline Durran
2020: Ann Roth
2021–present
2021: Jenny Beavan
2022: Ruth E. Carter
2023: Holly Waddington
Black and White / Color separate (1948–1956, 1959–1966)
Authority control databases International
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"costume designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designer"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"}],"text":"Helen Rose (February 2, 1904 – November 9, 1985) was an American costume designer and clothing designer who spent the bulk of her career with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.","title":"Helen Rose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chicago Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugland-2"},{"link_name":"Fanchon and Marco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanchon_and_Marco"},{"link_name":"Ice Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Follies"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_(costume_designer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugland-2"},{"link_name":"Rainier III, Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Helen Rose was born on February 2, 1904, to William Bromberg and Ray Bobbs in Chicago, Illinois of German Jewish and Russian Jewish descent.[1]She attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and then designed nightclub and stage costumes for various acts.[2] She moved to Los Angeles in 1929, where she designed outfits for Fanchon and Marco and later the Ice Follies. In the early 1940s, she spent two years working for 20th Century Fox, where she designed wardrobes for musical selections. In 1943, MGM hired her in the wake of Adrian's departure, and by the late 1940s, Rose was promoted to chief designer at the studio.[2]In 1956, Rose designed the wedding dress worn by Grace Kelly for her marriage to Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.[3]In the late 1960s, Rose left the studio to open her own design business and continued to provide attire for the famed and the wealthy. She also wrote a fashion column. She wrote two books: her autobiography Just Make Them Beautiful in 1976 and The Glamorous World of Helen Rose. In the 1970s, Rose also staged a traveling fashion show featuring some of her MGM-designed costumes that was called \"The Helen Rose Show\".[4][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards for Best Costume Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design"},{"link_name":"The Bad and the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"I'll Cry Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Cry_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugland-2"},{"link_name":"wedding dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Grace_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Grace Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rainier III, Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-7"},{"link_name":"Father of the Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Conrad \"Nicky\" Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Hilton,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-7"}],"text":"Elizabeth Taylor in the wedding dress Rose designed for Father of the Bride (1950)Rose won two Academy Awards for Best Costume Design: for The Bad and the Beautiful in 1952 and for I'll Cry Tomorrow in 1955.[2] She was nominated a further eight times and was well-known for designing famous bridal gowns of the era. She designed the wedding dress of Grace Kelly[6] when she married Rainier III, Prince of Monaco in 1956.[7] She also designed clothing for Elizabeth Taylor in the movies Father of the Bride and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof as well as Elizabeth Taylor's bridal gown when she married Conrad \"Nicky\" Hilton.[7]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Rose was married to Harry V. Rose, whose birth name was Harry Rosenstein (1902–1993), and they had a daughter.Helen Rose died in Palm Springs, California, in 1985, aged 81.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"We're in the Legion Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_in_the_Legion_Now!"},{"link_name":"Hello, Frisco, Hello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Frisco,_Hello"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_(1943_film)"},{"link_name":"Stormy Weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Weather_(1943_film)"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Harvey Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvey_Girls"},{"link_name":"Two Sisters from Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Sisters_from_Boston"},{"link_name":"Till the Clouds Roll By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By"},{"link_name":"The Unfinished Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unfinished_Dance"},{"link_name":"Merton of the Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_of_the_Movies_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Good News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_News_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bride Goes Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_Goes_Wild"},{"link_name":"Big City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_City_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"A Date with Judy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Date_with_Judy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Luxury Liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_Liner_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Words and Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_and_Music_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Act of Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Violence"},{"link_name":"Take Me Out to the Ball Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Out_to_the_Ball_Game_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Stratton Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stratton_Story"},{"link_name":"The Red Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Danube"},{"link_name":"That Midnight Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Midnight_Kiss"},{"link_name":"On the Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Town_(film)"},{"link_name":"East Side, West Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Side,_West_Side_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Goes to Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Goes_to_Rio"},{"link_name":"The Reformer and the Redhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reformer_and_the_Redhead"},{"link_name":"Annie Get Your Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Hangover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Hangover"},{"link_name":"Father of the Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Three Little Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Words_(film)"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"The Toast of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toast_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Summer Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Stock"},{"link_name":"Gloria DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"A Life of Her Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Life_of_Her_Own"},{"link_name":"Lana Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Turner"},{"link_name":"Right Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Cross"},{"link_name":"To Please a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Please_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"Two Weeks with Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Weeks_with_Love"},{"link_name":"Pagan Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Grounds for Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounds_for_Marriage"},{"link_name":"Royal Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Father's Little Dividend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%27s_Little_Dividend"},{"link_name":"The Great Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Caruso"},{"link_name":"No Questions Asked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Questions_Asked_(film)"},{"link_name":"Excuse My Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excuse_My_Dust_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Strictly Dishonorable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Dishonorable_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Rich, Young and Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich,_Young_and_Pretty"},{"link_name":"The Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strip_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"The People Against O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_Against_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Texas Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Callaway Went Thataway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaway_Went_Thataway"},{"link_name":"The Unknown Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unknown_Man"},{"link_name":"Too Young to Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Young_to_Kiss"},{"link_name":"The Light Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_Touch"},{"link_name":"Invitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"The Belle of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belle_of_New_York_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Love Is Better Than Ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Better_Than_Ever"},{"link_name":"The Girl in White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_White"},{"link_name":"Skirts Ahoy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirts_Ahoy!"},{"link_name":"Glory Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Alley"},{"link_name":"Washington Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Story"},{"link_name":"Holiday for Sinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_for_Sinners"},{"link_name":"The Merry Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Widow_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Because You're Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Because_You%27re_Mine"},{"link_name":"Everything I Have Is Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_I_Have_Is_Yours_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Mermaid"},{"link_name":"The Bad and the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"Above and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_and_Beyond_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"The Story of Three Loves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Three_Loves"},{"link_name":"I Love Melvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Melvin"},{"link_name":"The Girl Who Had Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Had_Everything"},{"link_name":"Jeopardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Small Town Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Town_Girl_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Sombrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombrero_(film)"},{"link_name":"Remains to Be Seen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remains_to_Be_Seen_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dangerous When Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_When_Wet"},{"link_name":"Dream Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Wife"},{"link_name":"Latin Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Lovers_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Mogambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogambo"},{"link_name":"Torch Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_Song_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Easy to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_to_Love_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Give a Girl a Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_a_Girl_a_Break"},{"link_name":"Escape from Fort Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Fort_Bravo"},{"link_name":"The Long, Long Trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long,_Long_Trailer"},{"link_name":"Rose Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Marie_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_(film)"},{"link_name":"Executive Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Suite"},{"link_name":"The Student Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Student_Prince_(film)"},{"link_name":"Her Twelve Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Twelve_Men"},{"link_name":"Rogue Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_Cop"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"The Last Time I Saw Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris"},{"link_name":"Deep in My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_in_My_Heart_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Green Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Fire"},{"link_name":"Grace Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Jupiter's Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%27s_Darling_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hit the Deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_the_Deck_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"The Glass Slipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Slipper_(film)"},{"link_name":"Interrupted Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupted_Melody"},{"link_name":"Bedevilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedevilled_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Anne Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Love Me or Leave Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Me_or_Leave_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Cobweb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cobweb_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"It's Always Fair Weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Always_Fair_Weather"},{"link_name":"The Tender Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tender_Trap_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Rains of Ranchipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rains_of_Ranchipur"},{"link_name":"I'll Cry Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Cry_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Ransom!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom!"},{"link_name":"Donna Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Reed"},{"link_name":"Meet Me in Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Me_in_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Planet"},{"link_name":"Anne Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Francis"},{"link_name":"The Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swan_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"Gaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaby_(film)"},{"link_name":"High Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Society_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"These Wilder Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Wilder_Years"},{"link_name":"The Power and the Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_and_the_Prize"},{"link_name":"Tea and Sympathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Deborah Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Kerr"},{"link_name":"The Opposite Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opposite_Sex"},{"link_name":"Ten Thousand Bedrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Bedrooms"},{"link_name":"Something of Value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_of_Value"},{"link_name":"Designing Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Woman"},{"link_name":"The Seventh Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Sin"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Parker"},{"link_name":"Silk Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Stockings_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"Tip on a Dead Jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_on_a_Dead_Jockey"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Malone"},{"link_name":"Don't Go Near the Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Go_Near_the_Water_(film)"},{"link_name":"Saddle the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"Julie London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_London"},{"link_name":"The High Cost of Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_Cost_of_Loving"},{"link_name":"Gena Rowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gena_Rowlands"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant Debutante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reluctant_Debutante_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Party Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Girl_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"The Tunnel of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tunnel_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Doris Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Day"},{"link_name":"Gia Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Scala"},{"link_name":"Count Your Blessings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Your_Blessings_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mating Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mating_Game_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ask Any Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask_Any_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"It Started with a Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Started_with_a_Kiss_(film)"},{"link_name":"Never So Few","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_So_Few"},{"link_name":"Gina Lollobrigida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida"},{"link_name":"The Gazebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazebo"},{"link_name":"All the Fine Young Cannibals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Fine_Young_Cannibals"},{"link_name":"BUtterfield 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUtterfield_8"},{"link_name":"Go Naked in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Naked_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"The Honeymoon Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Machine"},{"link_name":"Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Bachelor in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_in_Paradise_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Courtship of Eddie's Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courtship_of_Eddie%27s_Father_(film)"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Charlie"},{"link_name":"Made in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Mister Buddwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Buddwing"},{"link_name":"Jean Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Simmons"},{"link_name":"How Sweet It Is!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Sweet_It_Is!"}],"text":"We're in the Legion Now! (1936)\nHello, Frisco, Hello (1943)\nConey Island (1943)\nStormy Weather (1943)\nZiegfeld Follies (1945)\nThe Harvey Girls (1946)\nTwo Sisters from Boston (1946)\nTill the Clouds Roll By (1946)\nThe Unfinished Dance (1947)\nMerton of the Movies (1947)\nGood News (1947)\nThe Bride Goes Wild (1948)\nBig City (1948)\nHomecoming (1948)\nA Date with Judy (1948)\nLuxury Liner (1948)\nWords and Music (1948)\nAct of Violence (1948)\nTake Me Out to the Ball Game (1949)\nThe Stratton Story (1949)\nThe Red Danube (1949)\nThat Midnight Kiss (1949)\nOn the Town (1949)\nEast Side, West Side (1949)\nNancy Goes to Rio (1950)\nThe Reformer and the Redhead (1950)\nAnnie Get Your Gun (1950)\nThe Big Hangover (1950)\nFather of the Bride (1950)\nThree Little Words (1950)\nDuchess of Idaho (1950)\nThe Toast of New Orleans (1950)\nSummer Stock (1950) (for Gloria DeHaven)\nA Life of Her Own (1950) (for Lana Turner)\nRight Cross (1950)\nTo Please a Lady (1950)\nTwo Weeks with Love (1950)\nPagan Love Song (1950)\nGrounds for Marriage (1951)\nRoyal Wedding (1951) (uncredited)\nFather's Little Dividend (1951)\nThe Great Caruso (1951)\nNo Questions Asked (1951)\nExcuse My Dust (1951)\nStrictly Dishonorable (1951)\nRich, Young and Pretty (1951)\nThe Strip (1951)\nThe People Against O'Hara (1951)\nTexas Carnival (1951)\nCallaway Went Thataway (1951)\nThe Unknown Man (1951)\nToo Young to Kiss (1951)\nThe Light Touch (1952)\nInvitation (1952)\nThe Belle of New York (1952)\nLove Is Better Than Ever (1952)\nThe Girl in White (1952)\nSkirts Ahoy! (1952)\nGlory Alley (1952)\nWashington Story (1952)\nHoliday for Sinners (1952)\nThe Merry Widow (1952)\nBecause You're Mine (1952)\nEverything I Have Is Yours (1952)\nMillion Dollar Mermaid (1952)\nThe Bad and the Beautiful (1952)\nAbove and Beyond (1952)\nThe Story of Three Loves (1953)\nI Love Melvin (1953)\nThe Girl Who Had Everything (1953)\nJeopardy (1953) (for Barbara Stanwyck)\nSmall Town Girl (1953)\nSombrero (1953)\nRemains to Be Seen (1953)\nDangerous When Wet (1953)\nDream Wife (1953)\nLatin Lovers (1953)\nMogambo (1953)\nTorch Song (1953)\nEasy to Love (1953)\nGive a Girl a Break (1953)\nEscape from Fort Bravo (1953)\nThe Long, Long Trailer (1954)\nRose Marie (1954)\nRhapsody (1954)\nExecutive Suite (1954)\nThe Student Prince (1954)\nHer Twelve Men (1954)\nRogue Cop (1954)\nAthena (1954)\nThe Last Time I Saw Paris (1954)\nDeep in My Heart (1954)\nGreen Fire (1954) (for Grace Kelly)\nJupiter's Darling (1955)\nHit the Deck (1955)\nThe Glass Slipper (1955)\nInterrupted Melody (1955)\nBedevilled (1955) (for Anne Baxter)\nLove Me or Leave Me (1955)\nThe Cobweb (1955)\nIt's Always Fair Weather (1955)\nThe Tender Trap (1955)\nThe Rains of Ranchipur (1955) (for Lana Turner)\nI'll Cry Tomorrow (1955)\nRansom! (1956) (for Donna Reed)\nMeet Me in Las Vegas (1956)\nForbidden Planet (1956) (for Anne Francis)\nThe Swan (1956)\nGaby (1956)\nHigh Society (1956)\nThese Wilder Years (1956) (for Barbara Stanwyck)\nThe Power and the Prize (1956)\nTea and Sympathy (1956) (for Deborah Kerr)\nThe Opposite Sex (1956)\nTen Thousand Bedrooms (1957)\nSomething of Value (1957)\nDesigning Woman (1957)\nThe Seventh Sin (1957) (for Eleanor Parker)\nSilk Stockings (1957)\nTip on a Dead Jockey (1957) (for Dorothy Malone)\nDon't Go Near the Water (1957)\nSaddle the Wind (1958) (for Julie London)\nThe High Cost of Loving (1958) (for Gena Rowlands)\nThe Reluctant Debutante (1958)\nCat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) (for Elizabeth Taylor)\nParty Girl (1958)\nThe Tunnel of Love (1958) (for Doris Day and Gia Scala)\nCount Your Blessings (1959)\nThe Mating Game (1959)\nAsk Any Girl (1959)\nIt Started with a Kiss (1959)\nNever So Few (1959) (for Gina Lollobrigida)\nThe Gazebo (1959)\nAll the Fine Young Cannibals (1960)\nBUtterfield 8 (1960)\nGo Naked in the World (1961)\nThe Honeymoon Machine (1961)\nAda (1961)\nBachelor in Paradise (1961)\nThe Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963)\nGoodbye Charlie (1964)\nMade in Paris (1966)\nMister Buddwing (1966) (for Jean Simmons)\nHow Sweet It Is! (1968)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1910 United States Federal Census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 7, Sheet 17, April 22–23, 1910.\n1920 United States Federal Census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 6, Sheet 10A, January 10, 1920.\nCalifornia Death Index on Ancestry.com.","title":"Additional info"}]
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[{"image_text":"Elizabeth Taylor in the wedding dress Rose designed for Father of the Bride (1950)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg/260px-Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Avrech, Robert J. (April 4, 2014). \"Remembering Legendary Costume Designer Helen Rose\". seraphicpress.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083658/http://www.seraphicpress.com/remembering-legendary-costume-designer-helen-rose/","url_text":"\"Remembering Legendary Costume Designer Helen Rose\""},{"url":"http://www.seraphicpress.com/remembering-legendary-costume-designer-helen-rose/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"H. Kristina Haugland (2006). Grace Kelly: icon of style to royal bride. Yale University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JE5ITOBYBJUC&pg=PT14","url_text":"Grace Kelly: icon of style to royal bride"}]},{"reference":"\"Grace Kelly's Wedding Dress and Accessories\". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 14 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/56621.html","url_text":"\"Grace Kelly's Wedding Dress and Accessories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Rose\". Vintage Fashion Guild. Retrieved May 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://vintagefashionguild.org/fashion-history/helen-rose/","url_text":"\"Helen Rose\""}]},{"reference":"Folkart, Burt A. (November 12, 1985). \"Film Costume Designer Helen Rose Dies\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1985-11-12/local/me-5029_1_helen-rose","url_text":"\"Film Costume Designer Helen Rose Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Iconic Royal Wedding Gowns of All Time\". Harper's Bazaar. April 13, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-articles/iconic-royal-wedding-gowns#slide-3","url_text":"\"The Most Iconic Royal Wedding Gowns of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Bergan, Ronald (March 31, 2011). \"Designing Woman: Helen Rose\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2011/03/designing-woman-helen-rose/","url_text":"\"Designing Woman: Helen Rose\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_the_Unready
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Æthelred the Unready
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["1 Name","2 Early life","3 Kingship","4 Conflict with the Danes","4.1 Battle of Maldon","4.2 England begins tributes","4.3 Renewed Danish raids","4.4 St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002","4.5 Invasion of 1013","5 Death and burial","6 Legislation","7 Legacy","7.1 Origin of the jury","8 Appearance and character","9 Marriages and issue","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Sources","11.2 Further reading","12 External links"]
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King of England (r. 978–1013 & 1014–16)
"Æthelred II" redirects here. For other uses, see Æthelred II (disambiguation).
Æthelred the UnreadyÆthelred II in an early thirteenth-century copy of the Abingdon ChronicleKing of the EnglishReign18 March 978 – 1013PredecessorEdward the MartyrSuccessorSweyn ForkbeardRegentÆlfthryth (978–984)Reign1014 – 23 April 1016PredecessorSweyn ForkbeardSuccessorEdmund IIBornc. 966EnglandDied23 April 1016 (aged about 50)London, EnglandBurialOld St Paul's Cathedral, London, now lostSpouses
Ælfgifu of York
Emma of Normandy
Issuemore...
Æthelstan Ætheling
Edmund II, King of the English
Eadred Ætheling
Eadwig Ætheling
Edward the Confessor, King of the English
Alfred Ætheling
Godgifu, Countess of the Vexin and Boulogne
HouseWessexFatherEdgar, King of the EnglishMotherÆlfthryth
Æthelred II (Old English: Æþelræd, pronounced ; Old Norse: Aðalráðr; c. 966 – 23 April 1016), known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016. His epithet comes from the Old English word unræd meaning "poorly advised"; it is a pun on his name, which means "well advised".
Æthelred was the son of King Edgar the Peaceful and Queen Ælfthryth. He came to the throne at about the age of 12, following the assassination of his older half-brother, King Edward the Martyr.
The chief characteristic of Æthelred's reign was conflict with the Danes. After several decades of relative peace, Danish raids on English territory began again in earnest in the 980s, becoming markedly more serious in the early 990s. Following the Battle of Maldon in 991, Æthelred paid tribute, or Danegeld, to the Danish king. In 1002, Æthelred ordered what became known as the St Brice's Day massacre of Danish settlers. In 1013, King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark invaded England, as a result of which Æthelred fled to Normandy in 1013 and was replaced by Sweyn. After Sweyn died in 1014, Æthelred returned to the throne, but he died just two years later. Æthelred's 37-year combined reign was the longest of any Anglo-Saxon English king and was only surpassed in the 13th century, by Henry III. Æthelred was briefly succeeded by his son Edmund Ironside, but Edmund died after a few months and was replaced by Sweyn's son Cnut. Another of Æthelred's sons, Edward the Confessor, would become king of England many years later.
Name
Æthelred's first name, composed of the elements æðele, "noble", and ræd, "counsel, advice", is typical of the compound names of those who belonged to the royal House of Wessex, and it characteristically alliterates with the names of his ancestors, like Æthelwulf ("noble-wolf"), Ælfred ("elf-counsel"), Eadweard ("rich-protection"), and Eadgar ("rich-spear").
Æthelred's notorious nickname, Old English Unræd, is commonly translated into present-day English as "The Unready" (less commonly but more accurately "The Redeless"). The Anglo-Saxon noun unræd means "evil counsel", "bad plan", or "folly". It was most often used in reference to decisions and deeds, but once in reference to the ill-advised disobedience of Adam and Eve. The element ræd in unræd is the same element in Æthelred's name that means "counsel" (compare the cognate in the German word Rat and Dutch raad). Thus Æþelræd Unræd is an oxymoron: "Noble counsel, No counsel". The nickname has also been translated as "ill-advised", "ill-prepared", thus "Æthelred the ill-advised".
Because the nickname was first recorded in the 1180s, more than 150 years after Æthelred's death, it is doubtful that it carries any implications as to the reputation of the king in the eyes of his contemporaries or near contemporaries.
Early life
Gold mancus of Æthelred wearing armour, 1003–1006
Sir Frank Stenton remarked that "much that has brought condemnation of historians on King Æthelred may well be due in the last resort to the circumstances under which he became king." Æthelred's father, King Edgar, had died suddenly in July 975, leaving two young sons behind. The elder, Edward (later Edward the Martyr), was probably illegitimate, and was "still a youth on the verge of manhood" in 975. The younger son was Æthelred, whose mother, Ælfthryth, Edgar had married in 964. Ælfthryth was the daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of Devon, and widow of Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia. At the time of his father's death, Æthelred could have been no more than 10 years old. As the elder of Edgar's sons, Edward – reportedly a young man given to frequent violent outbursts – probably would have naturally succeeded to the throne of England despite his young age, had he not "offended many important persons by his intolerable violence of speech and behaviour." In any case, a number of English nobles took to opposing Edward's succession and to defending Æthelred's claim to the throne; Æthelred was, after all, the son of Edgar's last, living wife, and no rumour of illegitimacy is known to have plagued Æthelred's birth, as it might have his elder brother's.
Both boys, Æthelred certainly, were too young to have played any significant part in the political manoeuvring which followed Edgar's death. It was the brothers' supporters, and not the brothers themselves, who were responsible for the turmoil which accompanied the choice of a successor to the throne. Æthelred's cause was led by his mother and included Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia and Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, while Edward's claim was supported by Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Oswald, the Archbishop of York among other noblemen, notably Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, and Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex. In the end, Edward's supporters proved the more powerful and persuasive, and he was crowned king at Kingston upon Thames before the year was out.
Edward reigned for only three years before he was murdered by members of his brother's household. Though little is known about Edward's short reign, it is known that it was marked by political turmoil. Edgar had made extensive grants of land to monasteries which pursued the new monastic ideals of ecclesiastical reform, but these disrupted aristocratic families' traditional patronage. The end of his firm rule saw a reversal of this policy, with aristocrats recovering their lost properties or seizing new ones. This was opposed by Dunstan, but according to Cyril Hart, "The presence of supporters of church reform on both sides indicates that the conflict between them depended as much on issues of land ownership and local power as on ecclesiastical legitimacy. Adherents of both Edward and Æthelred can be seen appropriating, or recovering, monastic lands." Nevertheless, favour for Edward must have been strong among the monastic communities. When Edward was killed at Æthelred's estate at Corfe Castle in Dorset in March 978, the job of recording the event, as well as reactions to it, fell to monastic writers. Stenton offers a summary of the earliest account of Edward's murder, which comes from a work praising the life of St Oswald:
On the surface his relations with Æthelred his half-brother and Ælfthryth his stepmother were friendly, and he was visiting them informally when he was killed. retainers came out to meet him with ostentatious signs of respect, and then, before he had dismounted, surrounded him, seized his hands, and stabbed him ... So far as can be seen the murder was planned and carried out by Æthelred's household men in order that their young master might become king. There is nothing to support the allegation, which first appears in writing more than a century later, that Queen Ælfthryth had plotted her stepson's death. No one was punished for a part in the crime, and Æthelred, who was crowned a month after the murder, began to reign in an atmosphere of suspicion which destroyed the prestige of the crown. It was never fully restored in his lifetime.— Stenton 2001, p. 373
Kingship
Further information: Government in Anglo-Saxon England
Nevertheless, at first, the outlook of the new king's officers and counsellors seems in no way to have been bleak. According to one chronicler, the coronation of Æthelred took place with much rejoicing by the councillors of the English people. Simon Keynes notes that "Byrhtferth of Ramsey states similarly that when Æthelred was consecrated king, by Archbishop Dunstan and Archbishop Oswald, "there was great joy at his consecration", and describes the king in this connection as "a young man in respect of years, elegant in his manners, with an attractive face and handsome appearance".
Æthelred was between nine and twelve years old when he became king and affairs were initially managed by leading councillors such as Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, Queen Ælfthryth and Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Æthelwold was especially influential and when he died, on 1 August 984, Æthelred abandoned his early councillors and launched on policies which involved encroachment on church privileges, to his later regret. In a charter of 993, he stated that Æthelwold's death had deprived the country of one "whose industry and pastoral care administered not only to my interest but also to that of all inhabitants of the country."
Ælfthryth enjoyed renewed status in the 990s, when she brought up his heirs and her brother Ordulf became one of Æthelred's leading advisers. She died between 1000 and 1002.
Despite conflicts with the Danes throughout his reign, Æthelred's reign of England saw expansion in England's population, trade and wealth.
Conflict with the Danes
England had experienced a period of peace after the reconquest of the Danelaw in the mid-10th century by King Edgar, Æthelred's father. However, beginning in 980, when Æthelred could not have been more than 14 years old, small companies of Danish adventurers carried out a series of coastline raids against England. Hampshire, Thanet and Cheshire were attacked in 980, Devon and Cornwall in 981, and Dorset in 982. A period of six years then passed before, in 988, another coastal attack is recorded as having taken place to the south-west, though here a famous battle was fought between the invaders and the thegns of Devon. Stenton notes that, though this series of isolated raids had no lasting effect on England itself, "their chief historical importance is that they brought England for the first time into diplomatic contact with Normandy."
Danish attacks started becoming more serious in the early 990s, with highly devastating assaults in 1006–1007 and 1009–1012. Tribute payments by Æthelred did not successfully temper the Danish attacks. Æthelred's forces were primarily composed of infantry, with substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries. He did not have substantial numbers of trained cavalry forces.
During this period, the Normans offered shelter to Danes returning from raids on England. This led to tension between the English and Norman courts, and word of their enmity eventually reached Pope John XV. The pope was disposed to dissolve their hostility towards each other, and took steps to engineer a peace between England and Normandy, which was ratified in Rouen in 991.
Battle of Maldon
In August 991, a sizeable Danish fleet began a sustained campaign in the south-east of England. It arrived off Folkestone, in Kent, and made its way around the south-east coast and up the River Blackwater, coming eventually to its estuary and occupying Northey Island. About 2 kilometres (1 mile) west of Northey lies the coastal town of Maldon, where Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, was stationed with a company of thegns. The battle that followed between English and Danes is immortalised by the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon, which describes the doomed but heroic attempt of Byrhtnoth to defend the coast of Essex against overwhelming odds. This was the first of a series of crushing defeats felt by the English: beaten first by Danish raiders, and later by organised Danish armies. Stenton summarises the events of the poem:
For access to the mainland they (the Danes) depended on a causeway, flooded at high tide, which led from Northey to the flats along the southern margin of the estuary. Before they (the Danes) had left their camp on the island Byrhtnoth, with his retainers and a force of local militia, had taken possession of the landward end of the causeway. Refusing a demand for tribute, shouted across the water while the tide was high, Byrhtnoth drew up his men along the bank, and waited for the ebb. As the water fell the raiders began to stream out along the causeway. But three of Byrhtnoth's retainers held it against them, and at last they asked to be allowed to cross unhindered and fight on equal terms on the mainland. With what even those who admired him most called 'over-courage', Byrhtnoth agreed to this; the pirates rushed through the falling tide, and battle was joined. Its issue was decided by Byrhtnoth's fall. Many even of his own men immediately took to flight and the English ranks were broken. What gives enduring interest to the battle is the superb courage with which a group of Byrhtnoth's thegns, knowing that the fight was lost, deliberately gave themselves to death in order that they might avenge their lord."— Stenton 2001, pp. 376–77
England begins tributes
Silver penny of Æthelred II
In the aftermath of Maldon, it was decided that the English should grant the tribute to the Danes that they desired, and so a gafol of £10,000 was paid them for their peace. Yet it was presumably the Danish fleet that had beaten Byrhtnoth at Maldon that continued to ravage the English coast from 991 to 993. In 994, the Danish fleet, which had swollen in ranks since 991, turned up the Thames estuary and headed toward London. The battle fought there was inconclusive.
It was about this time that Æthelred met with the leaders of the Danish fleet and arranged an uneasy accord. A treaty was signed that provided for seemingly civilised arrangements between the then-settled Danish companies and the English government, such as regulation of settlement disputes and trade. But the treaty also stipulated that the ravaging and slaughter of the previous year would be forgotten, and ended abruptly by stating that £22,000 of gold and silver had been paid to the raiders as the price of peace. In 994, Olaf Tryggvason, a Norwegian prince and already a baptised Christian, was confirmed as Christian in a ceremony at Andover; King Æthelred stood as his sponsor. After receiving gifts, Olaf promised "that he would never come back to England in hostility." Olaf then left England for Norway and never returned, though "other component parts of the Viking force appear to have decided to stay in England, for it is apparent from the treaty that some had chosen to enter into King Æthelred's service as mercenaries, based presumably on the Isle of Wight."
Renewed Danish raids
In 997, Danish raids began again. According to Keynes, "there is no suggestion that this was a new fleet or army, and presumably the mercenary force created in 994 from the residue of the raiding army of 991 had turned on those whom it had been hired to protect." It harried Cornwall, Devon, western Somerset and south Wales in 997, Dorset, Hampshire and Sussex in 998. In 999, it raided Kent, and, in 1000, it left England for Normandy, perhaps because the English had refused in this latest wave of attacks to acquiesce to the Danish demands for gafol or tribute, which would come to be known as Danegeld, 'Dane-payment'. This sudden relief from attack Æthelred used to gather his thoughts, resources, and armies: the fleet's departure in 1000 "allowed Æthelred to carry out a devastation of Strathclyde, the motive for which is part of the lost history of the north."
In 1001, a Danish fleet – perhaps the same fleet from 1000 – returned and ravaged west Sussex. During its movements, the fleet regularly returned to its base in the Isle of Wight. There was later an attempted attack in the south of Devon, though the English mounted a successful defence at Exeter. Nevertheless, Æthelred must have felt at a loss, and, in the Spring of 1002, the English bought a truce for £24,000. Æthelred's frequent payments of immense Danegelds are often held up as exemplary of the incompetency of his government and his own short-sightedness. However, Keynes points out that such payments had been practice for at least a century, and had been adopted by Alfred the Great, Charles the Bald and many others. Indeed, in some cases it "may have seemed the best available way of protecting the people against loss of life, shelter, livestock and crops. Though undeniably burdensome, it constituted a measure for which the king could rely on widespread support."
St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002
Main article: St Brice's Day massacre
Æthelred ordered the massacre of all Danish men in England to take place on 13 November 1002, St Brice's Day. Gunhilde, sister of Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, was said to have been among the victims. It is likely that a wish to avenge her was a principal motive for Sweyn's invasion of western England the following year. By 1004, Sweyn was in East Anglia, where he sacked Norwich. In this year, a nobleman of East Anglia, Ulfcytel Snillingr met Sweyn in force, and made an impression on the until-then rampant Danish expedition. Though Ulfcytel was eventually defeated, outside Thetford, he caused the Danes heavy losses and was nearly able to destroy their ships. The Danish army left England for Denmark in 1005, perhaps because of the losses they sustained in East Anglia, perhaps from the very severe famine which afflicted the continent and the British Isles in that year.
An expedition the following year was bought off in early 1007 by tribute money of £36,000, and for the next two years England was free from attack. In 1008, the government created a new fleet of warships, organised on a national scale, but this was weakened when one of its commanders took to piracy, and the king and his council decided not to risk it in a general action. In Stenton's view: "The history of England in the next generation was really determined between 1009 and 1012 ... the ignominious collapse of the English defence caused a loss of morale which was irreparable." The Danish army of 1009, led by Thorkell the Tall and his brother Hemming, was the most formidable force to invade England since Æthelred became king. It harried England until it was bought off by £48,000 in April 1012.
Invasion of 1013
Sweyn then launched an invasion in 1013 intending to crown himself king of England. By the end of 1013, English resistance had collapsed and Sweyn had conquered the country, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy. But the situation changed suddenly when Sweyn died on 3 February 1014. The crews of the Danish ships in the Trent that had supported Sweyn immediately swore their allegiance to Sweyn's son Cnut the Great, but leading English noblemen sent a deputation to Æthelred to negotiate his restoration to the throne. He was required to declare his loyalty to them, to bring in reforms regarding everything that they disliked and to forgive all that had been said and done against him in his previous reign. The terms of this agreement are of great constitutional interest in early English history as they are the first recorded pact between a King and his subjects; they are also widely regarded as showing that many English noblemen had submitted to Sweyn simply because of their distrust of Æthelred. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
they said that no lord was dearer to them than their natural (gecynde) lord, if he would govern them more justly than he did before. Then the king sent his son Edward hither with his messengers and bade them greet all his people and said that he would be a gracious (hold) lord to them, and reform all the things which they hated; and all the things which had been said and done against him should be forgiven on condition that they all unanimously turned to him (to him gecyrdon) without treachery. And complete friendship was then established with oath and pledge (mid worde and mid wædde) on both sides, and they pronounced every Danish king an exile from England forever.— Williams 2003, p. 123
Æthelred then launched an expedition against Cnut and his allies. Only the people of the Kingdom of Lindsey (modern North Lincolnshire) supported Cnut. Æthelred first set out to recapture London, apparently with the help of the Norwegian Olaf Haraldsson. According to the Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson, Olaf led a successful attack on London Bridge with a fleet of ships. He then went on to help Æthelred retake London and other parts of the country. Cnut and his army decided to withdraw from England in April 1014, leaving his Lindsey allies to suffer Æthelred's revenge. In about 1016, it is thought that Olaf left to concentrate on raiding western Europe. In the same year, Cnut returned to find a complex and volatile situation unfolding in England. Æthelred's son, Edmund Ironside, had revolted against his father and established himself in the North, which was angry at Cnut and Æthelred for the ravaging of Lindsey and was prepared to support Edmund in any uprising against both of them.
Death and burial
Over the next few months Cnut conquered most of England, while Edmund rejoined Æthelred to defend London when Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The subsequent war between Edmund and Cnut ended in a decisive victory for Cnut at the Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016. Edmund's reputation as a warrior was such that Cnut nevertheless agreed to divide England, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the whole of the country beyond the Thames. However, Edmund died on 30 November, and Cnut became king of the whole country.
Æthelred was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral, London. The tomb and his monument in the quire at Old St Paul's Cathedral were destroyed along with the cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666. A modern monument in the crypt lists his among the important graves lost.
Legislation
A charter of Æthelred's in 1003 to a follower, also called Æthelred. British Library, London
Æthelred's government produced extensive legislation, which he "ruthlessly enforced". Records of at least six legal codes survive from his reign, covering a range of topics. Notably, one of the members of his council (known as the Witan) was Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, a well-known homilist. The three latest codes from Æthelred's reign seemed to have been drafted by Wulfstan. These codes are extensively concerned with ecclesiastical affairs. They also exhibit the characteristics of Wulfstan's highly rhetorical style. Wulfstan went on to draft codes for King Cnut, and recycled there many of the laws which were used in Æthelred's codes.
Despite the failure of his government in the face of the Danish threat, Æthelred's reign was not without some important institutional achievements. The quality of the coinage, a good indicator of the prevailing economic conditions, significantly improved during his reign due to his numerous coinage reform laws.
Legacy
Later perspectives of Æthelred have been less than flattering. Numerous legends and anecdotes have sprung up to explain his shortcomings, often elaborating abusively on his character and failures. One such anecdote is given by William of Malmesbury (lived c. 1080 – 1143), who reports that Æthelred had defecated in the baptismal font as a child, which led St Dunstan to prophesy that the English monarchy would be overthrown during his reign. This story is, however, a fabrication and a similar story is told of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Copronymus (the epithet means "dung-named"), another medieval monarch who was unpopular among certain of his subjects.
Efforts to rehabilitate Æthelred's reputation have gained momentum since about 1980. Chief among the rehabilitators has been Simon Keynes, who has often argued that our poor impression of Æthelred is almost entirely based upon after-the-fact accounts of, and later accretions to, the narrative of events during Æthelred's long and complex reign. Chief among the culprits is in fact one of the most important sources for the history of the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which, as it reports events with a retrospect of 15 years, cannot help but interpret events with the eventual English defeat a foregone conclusion.
Yet, as virtually no strictly contemporary narrative account of the events of Æthelred's reign exists, historians are forced to rely on what evidence there is. Keynes and others thus draw attention to some of the inevitable snares of investigating the history of a man whom later popular opinion has utterly damned. Recent cautious assessments of Æthelred's reign have more often uncovered reasons to doubt, rather than uphold, Æthelred's later infamy. Though the failures of his government will always put Æthelred's reign in the shadow of the reigns of kings Edgar, Æthelstan, and Alfred, historians' current impression of Æthelred's personal character is certainly not as unflattering as it once was: "Æthelred's misfortune as a ruler was owed not so much to any supposed defects of his imagined character, as to a combination of circumstances which anyone would have found difficult to control."
Origin of the jury
Æthelred has been credited with the formation of a local investigative body made up of twelve thegns who were charged with publishing the names of any notorious or wicked men in their respective districts. Because the members of these bodies were under solemn oath to act in accordance with the law and their own good consciences, they have been seen by some legal historians as the prototype for the English grand jury. Æthelred makes provision for such a body in the Wantage Code (III Æthelred), promulgations enacted at Wantage in 997, which states:
þæt man habbe gemot on ælcum wæpentace; & gan ut þa yldestan XII þegnas & se gerefa mid, & swerian on þam haligdome, þe heom man on hand sylle, þæt hig nellan nænne sacleasan man forsecgean ne nænne sacne forhelan. & niman þonne þa tihtbysian men, þe mid þam gerefan habbað, & heora ælc sylle VI healfmarc wedd, healf landrican & healf wæpentake.— Liebermann 1903, pp. 228–32, "III Æthelred" 3.1–3.2
that there shall be an assembly in every wapentake, and in that assembly shall go forth the twelve eldest thegns and the reeve along with them, and let them swear on holy relics, which shall be placed in their hands, that they will never knowingly accuse an innocent man nor conceal a guilty man. And thereafter let them seize those notorious men, who have business with the reeve, and let each of them give a security of 6 half-marks, half of which shall go to the lord of that district, and half to the wapentake.
But the wording here suggests that Æthelred was perhaps revamping or re-confirming a custom which had already existed. He may actually have been expanding an established English custom for use among the Danish citizens in the North (the Danelaw). Previously, King Edgar had legislated along similar lines in his Whitbordesstan code:
ic wille, þæt ælc mon sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge buton burgum. & gewitnes sy geset to ælcere byrig & to ælcum hundrode. To ælcere byrig XXXVI syn gecorone to gewitnesse; to smalum burgum & to ælcum hundrode XII, buton ge ma willan. & ælc mon mid heora gewitnysse bigcge & sylle ælc þara ceapa, þe he bigcge oððe sylle aþer oððe burge oððe on wæpengetace. & heora ælc, þonne hine man ærest to gewitnysse gecysð, sylle þæne að, þæt he næfre, ne for feo ne for lufe ne for ege, ne ætsace nanes þara þinga, þe he to gewitnysse wæs, & nan oðer þingc on gewitnysse ne cyðe buton þæt an, þæt he geseah oððe gehyrde. & swa geæþdera manna syn on ælcum ceape twegen oððe þry to gewitnysse.— Liebermann 1903, pp. 206–14, "IV Edgar" 3–6.2
It is my wish that each person be in surety, both within settled areas and without. And "witnessing" shall be established in each city and each hundred. To each city let there be 36 chosen for witnessing; to small towns and to each hundred let there be 12, unless they desire more. And everybody shall purchase and sell their goods in the presence of a witness, whether he is buying or selling something, whether in a city or a wapentake. And each of them, when they first choose to become a witness, shall give an oath that he will never, neither for wealth nor love nor fear, deny any of those things which he will be a witness to, and will not, in his capacity as a witness, make known any thing except that which he saw and heard. And let there be either two or three of these sworn witnesses at every sale of goods.
The "legend" of an Anglo-Saxon origin to the jury was first challenged seriously by Heinrich Brunner in 1872, who claimed that evidence of the jury was only seen for the first time during the reign of Henry II, some 200 years after the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, and that the practice had originated with the Franks, who in turn had influenced the Normans, who thence introduced it to England. Since Brunner's thesis, the origin of the English jury has been much disputed. Throughout the 20th century, legal historians disagreed about whether the practice was English in origin, or was introduced, directly or indirectly, from either Scandinavia or Francia. Recently, the legal historians Patrick Wormald and Michael Macnair have reasserted arguments in favour of finding in practices current during the Anglo-Saxon period traces of the Angevin practice of conducting inquests using bodies of sworn, private witnesses. Wormald has gone as far as to present evidence suggesting that the English practice outlined in Æthelred's Wantage Code is at least as old as, if not older than, 975, and ultimately traces it back to a Carolingian model (something Brunner had done). However, no scholarly consensus has yet been reached.
Appearance and character
The twelfth century English chronicler, John of Worcester, describes Æthelred as "elegant in his manners, handsome in visage, glorious in appearance". No contemporary descriptions of Æthelred's appearance survive. The thirteenth-century Icelandic text, Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu, preserves a positive assessment of Æthelred's character, in which he is described by a visiting Icelander as "a good prince", a "generous prince", and a "war-swift king".
Marriages and issue
Æthelred married first Ælfgifu, daughter of Thored, earl of Northumbria, in about 985. Their known children are:
Æthelstan Ætheling (died 1014);
Ecgberht Ætheling (died c. 1005);
Edmund Ironside (King of England, died 1016);
Eadred Ætheling (died before 1013);
Eadwig Ætheling (executed by Cnut 1017);
Edgar Ætheling (died c. 1008);
Eadgyth or Edith (married Eadric Streona);
Ælfgifu (married Uhtred the Bold, ealdorman of Northumbria);
Wulfhild? (married Ulfcytel Snillingr);
Abbess of Wherwell Abbey?
In 1002, Æthelred married Emma of Normandy, sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. Their children were:
Edward the Confessor (King of England, died 1066);
Alfred Aetheling (died 1036–37);
Godgifu or Goda of England (married firstly Drogo of Mantes, Count of Mantes, Valois and the Vexin and secondly Eustace II, Count of Boulogne).
All of Æthelred's sons were named after English kings.
See also
Anglo-Saxon England portalBiography portalRoyalty portal
Burial places of British royalty
Cultural depictions of Æthelred the Unready
House of Wessex family tree
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Weir, Alison (1989). Britain's Royal Families. Vintage. p. 23. ISBN 9780099539735.
^ Bosworth & Toller 1882, p. 781.
^ Schröder 1944.
^ Bosworth & Toller 1882, p. 1124.
^ Williams 2003.
^ Keynes 1978, pp. 240–241.
^ Stenton 2001, p. 374.
^ a b Hart 2007.
^ a b Stenton 2001, p. 372.
^ Miller 1999, p. 163.
^ Higham 2000, pp. 7–8.
^ Stafford 1989, p. 58.
^ Phillips 1909.
^ Keynes 1980, p. 166.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Keynes 2004.
^ Stafford 2004.
^ Howard, Ian (2003). Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-85115-928-1.
^ Stenton 2001, p. 375.
^ a b Molyneaux, George (2015). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-102775-8.
^ Howard, Ian (2003). Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-85115-928-1.
^ Benham 2020, pp. 189–204.
^ Brusher, Joseph. S. J. "John XV – the Scholarly Pontiff". Popes Through the Ages.
^ Kane, Njord (2019). History of the Vikings and Norse Culture. Spangenhelm. p. N.p. ISBN 9781943066315. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ Stenton 2001, pp. 377–78.
^ Stenton 2001, p. 379.
^ Stenton 2001, p. 380.
^ Stenton 2001, pp. 381–84.
^ Stenton 2001, pp. 384–86.
^ a b Hagland & Watson 2005, pp. 328–33.
^ Stenton 2001, pp. 386–93.
^ Sinclair 1909, p. 93.
^ Keynes 2012, p. 129.
^ "Remarkable monuments from Pre-Fire St Paul's – St Paul's Cathedral". www.stpauls.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Wormald 1978, p. 49.
^ Liebermann 1903, pp. 216–70.
^ Wormald 2004.
^ Wormald 1999a, pp. 356–60.
^ "Ethelred II". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
^ William of Malmesbury; Sharpe, John (trans); Gile, John Allen (trans) (1847). William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the kings of England. From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen. London: H. G. Bohn. pp. 190–92.
^ Cartwright, Mark (13 November 2017). "Constantine V". www.worldhistory.org. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
^ Lapidge, Michael (2014). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. John Wiley & Sons. p. N.p. ISBN 9781118316108. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ Keynes 1986, p. 217.
^ a b Turner 1968, pp. passim.
^ Turner 1968, pp. 1–2.
^ Wormald 1999a, pp. 4–26, especially pp. 7–8 and 17–18.
^ Wormald 1999b, pp. 598–99, et passim.
^ John of Worcester 1995, pp. 430–431.
^ Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu 1957, p. 15.
^ Firth 2020, pp. 1–14.
^ a b Lawson 2004.
^ a b Fryde et al. 1996, p. 27.
^ a b Barlow 1965, p. 232.
^ Barlow 1997, p. 28 and family tree in endpaper.
^ Different spellings of this king's name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original Old English form Æþelræd. Compare the modern dialect word athel.
^ "Ethelred the Redeless" e.g. in Hodgkin, Thomas (1808). The History of England from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 373. While rede "counsel" survived into modern English, the negative unrede appears to fall out of use by the 15th century; c.f Richard the Redeless, a 15th century poem in reference to Richard II of England.
^ For this king's forebear of the same name, see Æthelred of Wessex.
^ Note that this terms specifies the north and north-eastern territories in England which were at the time largely governed according to Danish custom; no mention is made of the law's application to the hundreds, the southern and English equivalent of the Danish wapentake.
Sources
Barlow, Frank (1965). "Edward the Confessor's Early Life, Character and Attitudes". The English Historical Review. 80 (315). Oxford University Press: 225–251. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXV.225. JSTOR 560131.
Barlow, Frank (1997). Edward the Confessor. London: Yale University Press.
Benham, Jenny (2020). "The earliest arbitration treaty? A reassessment of the Anglo-Norman treaty of 991*". Historical Research. 93 (260): 189–204. doi:10.1093/hisres/htaa001. ISSN 0950-3471.
Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. N. (1882). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Firth, Matthew (2020). "Æthelred II 'the Unready' and the Role of Kingship in Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu". The Court Historian. 25: 1–14. doi:10.1080/14629712.2020.1728930. ISSN 1462-9712. S2CID 216504721.
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I, eds. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd with corrections ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu: The Saga of Gunnlaug Wormtongue (PDF). Translated by R. Quirke. London: Thomas Nelson. 1957.
Hagland, J.R.; Watson, B. (2005). "Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge" (PDF). London Archaeologist. 12. 10. London: London Archaeologist Association. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Hart, Cyril (24 May 2007). "Edward the Martyr". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8515. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Higham, Nick J. (2000). The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2469-6.
John of Worcester (1995). R.R. Darlington; P. McGurk (eds.). The Chronicle of John of Worcester. Vol. 2. Translated by Jennifer Bray; P. McGurk. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Keynes, Simon (1978), "The Declining Reputation of King Æthelred the Unready", in David Hill (ed.), Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference, British Archaeological Reports – British Series 59, pp. 227–253
Keynes, Simon (1980). The Diplomas of King Æthelred 'the Unready' 978–1016. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22718-6.
Keynes, Simon (1986). "A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series 36. 36: 195–217. doi:10.2307/3679065. JSTOR 3679065. S2CID 161932925.
Keynes, Simon (23 September 2004). "Æthelred II (c. 966–1016)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Keynes, Simon (2012). "The Burial of King Æthelred the Unready at St. Paul's". In David Roffe (ed.). The English and Their Legacy, 900–1200: Essays in Honour of Ann Williams. Boydell Press.
Lawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). "Edmund II". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8502. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Liebermann, Felix (1903). Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen: in der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung und Erläuterungen. Vol. 1. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer.
Miller, Sean (1999). "Edward the Martyr". In M. Lapidge; J. Blair; S. Keynes; D. Scragg (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopædia of Anglo-Saxon England. Wiley. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.
Phillips, G. E. (1909). "St. Edward the Martyr" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Schröder, Edward (1944). Deutsche Namenkunde: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kunde deutsche Personen- und Ortsnamen (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Sinclair, William Macdonald (1909). Memorials of St. Paul's Cathedral. George W. Jacobs & Company.
Stafford, Pauline (1989). Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. E. Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-6532-6.
Stafford, Pauline (2004). "Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/194. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 12 February 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Stenton, Frank Merry (2001). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
Turner, Ralph V. (1968). "The Origins of the Medieval English Jury: Frankish, English or Scandinavian?". The Journal of British Studies. 7 (2): 1–10. doi:10.1086/385549. JSTOR 175292. S2CID 146678716.
Williams, Ann (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. A&C Black. ISBN 1-85285-382-4.
Wormald, Patrick (1978), "Aethelred the lawmaker", in David Hill (ed.), Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference, British Archaeological Reports – British Series 59, pp. 47–80
Wormald, Patrick (1999a). Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Vol. 1: Legislation and its Limits. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-13496-1.
Wormald, Patrick (1999b). "Neighbors, Courts, and Kings: Reflections on Michael Macnair's Vicini". Law and History Review. 17 (3): 597–601. doi:10.2307/744383. JSTOR 744383. S2CID 147200281.
Wormald, Patrick (23 September 2004). "Wulfstan (d. 1023)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30098. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Further reading
Cubitt, Catherine (2012). "The politics of remorse: penance and royal piety in the reign of Æthelred the Unready". Historical Research. 85 (228): 179–192. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2011.00571.x.
Gilbride, M.B. "A Hollow Crown review". Medieval Mysteries.com "Reviews of Outstanding Historical Novels set in the Medieval Period". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Godsell, Andrew "Ethelred the Unready" in "History For All" magazine September 2000, republished in "Legends of British History" (2008).
Hart, Cyril, ed. and tr. (2006), Chronicles of the Reign of Æthelred the Unready: An Edition and Translation of the Old English and Latin Annals. The Early Chronicles of England 1.
Lavelle, Ryan (2008). Aethelred II: King of the English 978–1016 (New ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4678-3.
Roach, Levi (2016). Æthelred the Unready. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19629-0.
Skinner, Patricia, ed, Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter (2009), ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Æthelred the Unready.
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Æthelred the Unready.
Ethelred II at the official website of the British monarchy
Æthelred 32 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
Miller, Sean. "Æthelred the Unready".
Documentary – The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready
Portraits of King Ethelred II at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Regnal titles
Preceded byEdward the Martyr
King of the English 978–1013
Succeeded bySweyn
Preceded bySweyn
King of the English 1014–1016
Succeeded byEdmund II
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For other uses, see Æthelred II (disambiguation).Æthelred II (Old English: Æþelræd,[n 1] pronounced [ˈæðelræːd]; Old Norse: Aðalráðr; c. 966 – 23 April 1016), known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016.[1] His epithet comes from the Old English word unræd meaning \"poorly advised\"; it is a pun on his name, which means \"well advised\".Æthelred was the son of King Edgar the Peaceful and Queen Ælfthryth.[1] He came to the throne at about the age of 12, following the assassination of his older half-brother, King Edward the Martyr.The chief characteristic of Æthelred's reign was conflict with the Danes. After several decades of relative peace, Danish raids on English territory began again in earnest in the 980s, becoming markedly more serious in the early 990s. Following the Battle of Maldon in 991, Æthelred paid tribute, or Danegeld, to the Danish king. In 1002, Æthelred ordered what became known as the St Brice's Day massacre of Danish settlers. In 1013, King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark invaded England, as a result of which Æthelred fled to Normandy in 1013 and was replaced by Sweyn. After Sweyn died in 1014, Æthelred returned to the throne, but he died just two years later. Æthelred's 37-year combined reign was the longest of any Anglo-Saxon English king and was only surpassed in the 13th century, by Henry III. Æthelred was briefly succeeded by his son Edmund Ironside, but Edmund died after a few months and was replaced by Sweyn's son Cnut. Another of Æthelred's sons, Edward the Confessor, would become king of England many years later.","title":"Æthelred the Unready"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"æðele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller1882781-3"},{"link_name":"House of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Æthelwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf"},{"link_name":"Ælfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfred"},{"link_name":"Eadweard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"Eadgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchr%C3%B6der1944-4"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller18821124-6"},{"link_name":"disobedience of Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rat#German"},{"link_name":"oxymoron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymoron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1978240%E2%80%93241-8"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Æthelred's first name, composed of the elements æðele, \"noble\", and ræd, \"counsel, advice\",[2] is typical of the compound names of those who belonged to the royal House of Wessex, and it characteristically alliterates with the names of his ancestors, like Æthelwulf (\"noble-wolf\"), Ælfred (\"elf-counsel\"), Eadweard (\"rich-protection\"), and Eadgar (\"rich-spear\").[3]Æthelred's notorious nickname, Old English Unræd, is commonly translated into present-day English as \"The Unready\" (less commonly but more accurately \"The Redeless\").[n 2] The Anglo-Saxon noun unræd means \"evil counsel\", \"bad plan\", or \"folly\".[4] It was most often used in reference to decisions and deeds, but once in reference to the ill-advised disobedience of Adam and Eve. The element ræd in unræd is the same element in Æthelred's name that means \"counsel\" (compare the cognate in the German word Rat and Dutch raad). Thus Æþelræd Unræd is an oxymoron: \"Noble counsel, No counsel\". The nickname has also been translated as \"ill-advised\", \"ill-prepared\", thus \"Æthelred the ill-advised\".[5]Because the nickname was first recorded in the 1180s, more than 150 years after Æthelred's death, it is doubtful that it carries any implications as to the reputation of the king in the eyes of his contemporaries or near contemporaries.[6][n 3]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg"},{"link_name":"mancus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancus"},{"link_name":"Frank Stenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stenton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001374-10"},{"link_name":"Edward the Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372-12"},{"link_name":"Ælfthryth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)"},{"link_name":"Ordgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordgar"},{"link_name":"ealdorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdorman"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwald,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1999163-13"},{"link_name":"Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Æthelwold of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham20007%E2%80%938-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford198958-15"},{"link_name":"Dunstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstan"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1909-16"},{"link_name":"Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwine,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Byrhtnoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrhtnoth"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980166-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-11"},{"link_name":"Corfe Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfe_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Stenton 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStenton2001"}],"text":"Gold mancus of Æthelred wearing armour, 1003–1006Sir Frank Stenton remarked that \"much that has brought condemnation of historians on King Æthelred may well be due in the last resort to the circumstances under which he became king.\"[7] Æthelred's father, King Edgar, had died suddenly in July 975, leaving two young sons behind. The elder, Edward (later Edward the Martyr), was probably illegitimate,[8] and was \"still a youth on the verge of manhood\" in 975.[9] The younger son was Æthelred, whose mother, Ælfthryth, Edgar had married in 964. Ælfthryth was the daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of Devon, and widow of Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia. At the time of his father's death, Æthelred could have been no more than 10 years old. As the elder of Edgar's sons, Edward – reportedly a young man given to frequent violent outbursts – probably would have naturally succeeded to the throne of England despite his young age, had he not \"offended many important persons by his intolerable violence of speech and behaviour.\"[9] In any case, a number of English nobles took to opposing Edward's succession and to defending Æthelred's claim to the throne; Æthelred was, after all, the son of Edgar's last, living wife, and no rumour of illegitimacy is known to have plagued Æthelred's birth, as it might have his elder brother's.[10]Both boys, Æthelred certainly, were too young to have played any significant part in the political manoeuvring which followed Edgar's death. It was the brothers' supporters, and not the brothers themselves, who were responsible for the turmoil which accompanied the choice of a successor to the throne. Æthelred's cause was led by his mother and included Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia and Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester,[11][12] while Edward's claim was supported by Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Oswald, the Archbishop of York[13] among other noblemen, notably Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, and Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex. In the end, Edward's supporters proved the more powerful and persuasive, and he was crowned king at Kingston upon Thames before the year was out.Edward reigned for only three years before he was murdered by members of his brother's household.[14] Though little is known about Edward's short reign, it is known that it was marked by political turmoil. Edgar had made extensive grants of land to monasteries which pursued the new monastic ideals of ecclesiastical reform, but these disrupted aristocratic families' traditional patronage. The end of his firm rule saw a reversal of this policy, with aristocrats recovering their lost properties or seizing new ones. This was opposed by Dunstan, but according to Cyril Hart, \"The presence of supporters of church reform on both sides indicates that the conflict between them depended as much on issues of land ownership and local power as on ecclesiastical legitimacy. Adherents of both Edward and Æthelred can be seen appropriating, or recovering, monastic lands.\"[8] Nevertheless, favour for Edward must have been strong among the monastic communities. When Edward was killed at Æthelred's estate at Corfe Castle in Dorset in March 978, the job of recording the event, as well as reactions to it, fell to monastic writers. Stenton offers a summary of the earliest account of Edward's murder, which comes from a work praising the life of St Oswald:On the surface his [Edward's] relations with Æthelred his half-brother and Ælfthryth his stepmother were friendly, and he was visiting them informally when he was killed. [Æthelred's] retainers came out to meet him with ostentatious signs of respect, and then, before he had dismounted, surrounded him, seized his hands, and stabbed him ... So far as can be seen the murder was planned and carried out by Æthelred's household men in order that their young master might become king. There is nothing to support the allegation, which first appears in writing more than a century later, that Queen Ælfthryth had plotted her stepson's death. No one was punished for a part in the crime, and Æthelred, who was crowned a month after the murder, began to reign in an atmosphere of suspicion which destroyed the prestige of the crown. It was never fully restored in his lifetime.— Stenton 2001, p. 373","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government in Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"Simon Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Byrhtferth of Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrhtferth"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Dunstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstan"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard2-20"}],"text":"Further information: Government in Anglo-Saxon EnglandNevertheless, at first, the outlook of the new king's officers and counsellors seems in no way to have been bleak. According to one chronicler, the coronation of Æthelred took place with much rejoicing by the councillors of the English people.[15] Simon Keynes notes that \"Byrhtferth of Ramsey states similarly that when Æthelred was consecrated king, by Archbishop Dunstan and Archbishop Oswald, \"there was great joy at his consecration\", and describes the king in this connection as \"a young man in respect of years, elegant in his manners, with an attractive face and handsome appearance\".[15]Æthelred was between nine and twelve years old when he became king and affairs were initially managed by leading councillors such as Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, Queen Ælfthryth and Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Æthelwold was especially influential and when he died, on 1 August 984, Æthelred abandoned his early councillors and launched on policies which involved encroachment on church privileges, to his later regret. In a charter of 993, he stated that Æthelwold's death had deprived the country of one \"whose industry and pastoral care administered not only to my interest but also to that of all inhabitants of the country.\"[15]Ælfthryth enjoyed renewed status in the 990s, when she brought up his heirs and her brother Ordulf became one of Æthelred's leading advisers. She died between 1000 and 1002.[16]Despite conflicts with the Danes throughout his reign, Æthelred's reign of England saw expansion in England's population, trade and wealth.[17]","title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"King Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Thanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"thegns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thegn"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001375-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard-23"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Pope John XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XV"},{"link_name":"peace between England and Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rouen_(991)"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenham2020189%E2%80%93204-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brusher-25"}],"text":"England had experienced a period of peace after the reconquest of the Danelaw in the mid-10th century by King Edgar, Æthelred's father. However, beginning in 980, when Æthelred could not have been more than 14 years old, small companies of Danish adventurers carried out a series of coastline raids against England. Hampshire, Thanet and Cheshire were attacked in 980, Devon and Cornwall in 981, and Dorset in 982. A period of six years then passed before, in 988, another coastal attack is recorded as having taken place to the south-west, though here a famous battle was fought between the invaders and the thegns of Devon. Stenton notes that, though this series of isolated raids had no lasting effect on England itself, \"their chief historical importance is that they brought England for the first time into diplomatic contact with Normandy.\"[18]Danish attacks started becoming more serious in the early 990s, with highly devastating assaults in 1006–1007 and 1009–1012.[19] Tribute payments by Æthelred did not successfully temper the Danish attacks.[19] Æthelred's forces were primarily composed of infantry, with substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries. He did not have substantial numbers of trained cavalry forces.[20]During this period, the Normans offered shelter to Danes returning from raids on England. This led to tension between the English and Norman courts, and word of their enmity eventually reached Pope John XV. The pope was disposed to dissolve their hostility towards each other, and took steps to engineer a peace between England and Normandy, which was ratified in Rouen in 991.[21][22]","title":"Conflict with the Danes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"River Blackwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Northey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northey_Island"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"Maldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldon"},{"link_name":"Byrhtnoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrhtnoth"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"thegns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thegn"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Maldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Maldon"},{"link_name":"causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway"},{"link_name":"Stenton 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStenton2001"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Maldon","text":"In August 991, a sizeable Danish fleet began a sustained campaign in the south-east of England. It arrived off Folkestone, in Kent, and made its way around the south-east coast and up the River Blackwater, coming eventually to its estuary and occupying Northey Island.[15] About 2 kilometres (1 mile) west of Northey lies the coastal town of Maldon, where Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, was stationed with a company of thegns. The battle that followed between English and Danes is immortalised by the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon, which describes the doomed but heroic attempt of Byrhtnoth to defend the coast of Essex against overwhelming odds. This was the first of a series of crushing defeats felt by the English: beaten first by Danish raiders, and later by organised Danish armies. Stenton summarises the events of the poem:For access to the mainland they (the Danes) depended on a causeway, flooded at high tide, which led from Northey to the flats along the southern margin of the estuary. Before they (the Danes) had left their camp on the island[,] Byrhtnoth, with his retainers and a force of local militia, had taken possession of the landward end of the causeway. Refusing a demand for tribute, shouted across the water while the tide was high, Byrhtnoth drew up his men along the bank, and waited for the ebb. As the water fell the raiders began to stream out along the causeway. But three of Byrhtnoth's retainers held it against them, and at last they asked to be allowed to cross unhindered and fight on equal terms on the mainland. With what even those who admired him most called 'over-courage', Byrhtnoth agreed to this; the pirates rushed through the falling tide, and battle was joined. Its issue was decided by Byrhtnoth's fall. Many even of his own men immediately took to flight and the English ranks were broken. What gives enduring interest to the battle is the superb courage with which a group of Byrhtnoth's thegns, knowing that the fight was lost, deliberately gave themselves to death in order that they might avenge their lord.\"— Stenton 2001, pp. 376–77","title":"Conflict with the Danes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_(YORYM_2000_632)_obverse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldon"},{"link_name":"Byrhtnoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrhtnoth"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001377%E2%80%9378-27"},{"link_name":"Olaf Tryggvason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason"},{"link_name":"confirmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation"},{"link_name":"Andover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"}],"sub_title":"England begins tributes","text":"Silver penny of Æthelred IIIn the aftermath of Maldon, it was decided that the English should grant the tribute to the Danes that they desired, and so a gafol of £10,000 was paid them for their peace. Yet it was presumably the Danish fleet that had beaten Byrhtnoth at Maldon that continued to ravage the English coast from 991 to 993. In 994, the Danish fleet, which had swollen in ranks since 991, turned up the Thames estuary and headed toward London. The battle fought there was inconclusive.[23]It was about this time that Æthelred met with the leaders of the Danish fleet and arranged an uneasy accord. A treaty was signed that provided for seemingly civilised arrangements between the then-settled Danish companies and the English government, such as regulation of settlement disputes and trade. But the treaty also stipulated that the ravaging and slaughter of the previous year would be forgotten, and ended abruptly by stating that £22,000 of gold and silver had been paid to the raiders as the price of peace.[24] In 994, Olaf Tryggvason, a Norwegian prince and already a baptised Christian, was confirmed as Christian in a ceremony at Andover; King Æthelred stood as his sponsor. After receiving gifts, Olaf promised \"that he would never come back to England in hostility.\"[15] Olaf then left England for Norway and never returned, though \"other component parts of the Viking force appear to have decided to stay in England, for it is apparent from the treaty that some had chosen to enter into King Æthelred's service as mercenaries, based presumably on the Isle of Wight.\"[15]","title":"Conflict with the Danes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Danegeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danegeld"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001379-28"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"}],"sub_title":"Renewed Danish raids","text":"In 997, Danish raids began again. According to Keynes, \"there is no suggestion that this was a new fleet or army, and presumably the mercenary force created in 994 from the residue of the raiding army of 991 had turned on those whom it had been hired to protect.\"[15] It harried Cornwall, Devon, western Somerset and south Wales in 997, Dorset, Hampshire and Sussex in 998. In 999, it raided Kent, and, in 1000, it left England for Normandy, perhaps because the English had refused in this latest wave of attacks to acquiesce to the Danish demands for gafol or tribute, which would come to be known as Danegeld, 'Dane-payment'. This sudden relief from attack Æthelred used to gather his thoughts, resources, and armies: the fleet's departure in 1000 \"allowed Æthelred to carry out a devastation of Strathclyde, the motive for which is part of the lost history of the north.\"[25]In 1001, a Danish fleet – perhaps the same fleet from 1000 – returned and ravaged west Sussex. During its movements, the fleet regularly returned to its base in the Isle of Wight. There was later an attempted attack in the south of Devon, though the English mounted a successful defence at Exeter. Nevertheless, Æthelred must have felt at a loss, and, in the Spring of 1002, the English bought a truce for £24,000. Æthelred's frequent payments of immense Danegelds are often held up as exemplary of the incompetency of his government and his own short-sightedness. However, Keynes points out that such payments had been practice for at least a century, and had been adopted by Alfred the Great, Charles the Bald and many others. Indeed, in some cases it \"may have seemed the best available way of protecting the people against loss of life, shelter, livestock and crops. Though undeniably burdensome, it constituted a measure for which the king could rely on widespread support.\"[15]","title":"Conflict with the Danes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"St Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Gunhilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunhilde"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Forkbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard"},{"link_name":"King of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001380-29"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Ulfcytel Snillingr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulfcytel_Snillingr"},{"link_name":"Thetford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetford"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"Thorkell the Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001381%E2%80%9384-30"}],"sub_title":"St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002","text":"Æthelred ordered the massacre of all Danish men in England to take place on 13 November 1002, St Brice's Day. Gunhilde, sister of Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, was said to have been among the victims. It is likely that a wish to avenge her was a principal motive for Sweyn's invasion of western England the following year.[26] By 1004, Sweyn was in East Anglia, where he sacked Norwich. In this year, a nobleman of East Anglia, Ulfcytel Snillingr met Sweyn in force, and made an impression on the until-then rampant Danish expedition. Though Ulfcytel was eventually defeated, outside Thetford, he caused the Danes heavy losses and was nearly able to destroy their ships. The Danish army left England for Denmark in 1005, perhaps because of the losses they sustained in East Anglia, perhaps from the very severe famine which afflicted the continent and the British Isles in that year.[15]An expedition the following year was bought off in early 1007 by tribute money of £36,000, and for the next two years England was free from attack. In 1008, the government created a new fleet of warships, organised on a national scale, but this was weakened when one of its commanders took to piracy, and the king and his council decided not to risk it in a general action. In Stenton's view: \"The history of England in the next generation was really determined between 1009 and 1012 ... the ignominious collapse of the English defence caused a loss of morale which was irreparable.\" The Danish army of 1009, led by Thorkell the Tall and his brother Hemming, was the most formidable force to invade England since Æthelred became king. It harried England until it was bought off by £48,000 in April 1012.[27]","title":"Conflict with the Danes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Cnut the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001384%E2%80%9386-31"},{"link_name":"Williams 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilliams2003"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Olaf Haraldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Snorri Sturluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson"},{"link_name":"western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaglandWatson2005328%E2%80%9333-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaglandWatson2005328%E2%80%9333-32"},{"link_name":"Edmund Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ironside"}],"sub_title":"Invasion of 1013","text":"Sweyn then launched an invasion in 1013 intending to crown himself king of England. By the end of 1013, English resistance had collapsed and Sweyn had conquered the country, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy. But the situation changed suddenly when Sweyn died on 3 February 1014. The crews of the Danish ships in the Trent that had supported Sweyn immediately swore their allegiance to Sweyn's son Cnut the Great, but leading English noblemen sent a deputation to Æthelred to negotiate his restoration to the throne. He was required to declare his loyalty to them, to bring in reforms regarding everything that they disliked and to forgive all that had been said and done against him in his previous reign. The terms of this agreement are of great constitutional interest in early English history as they are the first recorded pact between a King and his subjects; they are also widely regarded as showing that many English noblemen had submitted to Sweyn simply because of their distrust of Æthelred.[28] According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:they [the counsellors] said that no lord was dearer to them than their natural (gecynde) lord, if he would govern them more justly than he did before. Then the king sent his son Edward hither with his messengers and bade them greet all his people and said that he would be a gracious (hold) lord to them, and reform all the things which they hated; and all the things which had been said and done against him should be forgiven on condition that they all unanimously turned to him (to him gecyrdon) without treachery. And complete friendship was then established with oath and pledge (mid worde and mid wædde) on both sides, and they pronounced every Danish king an exile from England forever.— Williams 2003, p. 123Æthelred then launched an expedition against Cnut and his allies. Only the people of the Kingdom of Lindsey (modern North Lincolnshire) supported Cnut. Æthelred first set out to recapture London, apparently with the help of the Norwegian Olaf Haraldsson. According to the Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson, Olaf led a successful attack on London Bridge with a fleet of ships. He then went on to help Æthelred retake London and other parts of the country. Cnut and his army decided to withdraw from England in April 1014, leaving his Lindsey allies to suffer Æthelred's revenge. In about 1016, it is thought that Olaf left to concentrate on raiding western Europe.[29] In the same year, Cnut returned to find a complex and volatile situation unfolding in England.[29] Æthelred's son, Edmund Ironside, had revolted against his father and established himself in the North, which was angry at Cnut and Æthelred for the ravaging of Lindsey and was prepared to support Edmund in any uprising against both of them.","title":"Conflict with the Danes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Assandun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001386%E2%80%9393-33"},{"link_name":"Old St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"quire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Old St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinclair190993-34"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012129-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Over the next few months Cnut conquered most of England, while Edmund rejoined Æthelred to defend London when Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The subsequent war between Edmund and Cnut ended in a decisive victory for Cnut at the Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016. Edmund's reputation as a warrior was such that Cnut nevertheless agreed to divide England, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the whole of the country beyond the Thames. However, Edmund died on 30 November, and Cnut became king of the whole country.[30]Æthelred was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral, London. The tomb and his monument in the quire at Old St Paul's Cathedral[31] were destroyed along with the cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666.[32] A modern monument in the crypt lists his among the important graves lost.[33]","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald197849-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebermann1903216%E2%80%9370-38"},{"link_name":"Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)"},{"link_name":"homilist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homily"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2004-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a356%E2%80%9360-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"A charter of Æthelred's in 1003 to a follower, also called Æthelred. British Library, LondonÆthelred's government produced extensive legislation, which he \"ruthlessly enforced\".[34] Records of at least six legal codes survive from his reign, covering a range of topics.[35] Notably, one of the members of his council (known as the Witan) was Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, a well-known homilist. The three latest codes from Æthelred's reign seemed to have been drafted by Wulfstan.[36] These codes are extensively concerned with ecclesiastical affairs. They also exhibit the characteristics of Wulfstan's highly rhetorical style. Wulfstan went on to draft codes for King Cnut, and recycled there many of the laws which were used in Æthelred's codes.[37]Despite the failure of his government in the face of the Danish threat, Æthelred's reign was not without some important institutional achievements. The quality of the coinage, a good indicator of the prevailing economic conditions, significantly improved during his reign due to his numerous coinage reform laws.[38]","title":"Legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William of Malmesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury"},{"link_name":"baptismal font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"},{"link_name":"Constantine Copronymus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_V"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Simon Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1986217-45"}],"text":"Later perspectives of Æthelred have been less than flattering. Numerous legends and anecdotes have sprung up to explain his shortcomings, often elaborating abusively on his character and failures. One such anecdote is given by William of Malmesbury (lived c. 1080 – 1143), who reports that Æthelred had defecated in the baptismal font as a child, which led St Dunstan to prophesy that the English monarchy would be overthrown during his reign.[39] This story is, however, a fabrication and a similar story is told of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Copronymus (the epithet means \"dung-named\"), another medieval monarch who was unpopular among certain of his subjects.[40]Efforts to rehabilitate Æthelred's reputation have gained momentum since about 1980. Chief among the rehabilitators has been Simon Keynes, who has often argued that our poor impression of Æthelred is almost entirely based upon after-the-fact accounts of, and later accretions to, the narrative of events during Æthelred's long and complex reign. Chief among the culprits is in fact one of the most important sources for the history of the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which, as it reports events with a retrospect of 15 years, cannot help but interpret events with the eventual English defeat a foregone conclusion.[41]Yet, as virtually no strictly contemporary narrative account of the events of Æthelred's reign exists, historians are forced to rely on what evidence there is. Keynes and others thus draw attention to some of the inevitable snares of investigating the history of a man whom later popular opinion has utterly damned. Recent cautious assessments of Æthelred's reign have more often uncovered reasons to doubt, rather than uphold, Æthelred's later infamy. Though the failures of his government will always put Æthelred's reign in the shadow of the reigns of kings Edgar, Æthelstan, and Alfred, historians' current impression of Æthelred's personal character is certainly not as unflattering as it once was: \"Æthelred's misfortune as a ruler was owed not so much to any supposed defects of his imagined character, as to a combination of circumstances which anyone would have found difficult to control.\"[42]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thegns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thegn"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''-46"},{"link_name":"Wantage Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantage_Code"},{"link_name":"Wantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantage"},{"link_name":"Liebermann 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiebermann1903"},{"link_name":"wapentake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentake"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"thegns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thegns"},{"link_name":"reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_(England)"},{"link_name":"holy relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic#Christian_relics"},{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security"},{"link_name":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Liebermann 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiebermann1903"},{"link_name":"surety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surety"},{"link_name":"hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Brunner"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner19681%E2%80%932-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a4%E2%80%9326,_especially_pp._7%E2%80%938_and_17%E2%80%9318-49"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''-46"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wormald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wormald"},{"link_name":"Angevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Carolingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999b598%E2%80%9399,_''et_passim''-50"}],"sub_title":"Origin of the jury","text":"Æthelred has been credited with the formation of a local investigative body made up of twelve thegns who were charged with publishing the names of any notorious or wicked men in their respective districts. Because the members of these bodies were under solemn oath to act in accordance with the law and their own good consciences, they have been seen by some legal historians as the prototype for the English grand jury.[43] Æthelred makes provision for such a body in the Wantage Code (III Æthelred), promulgations enacted at Wantage in 997, which states:þæt man habbe gemot on ælcum wæpentace; & gan ut þa yldestan XII þegnas & se gerefa mid, & swerian on þam haligdome, þe heom man on hand sylle, þæt hig nellan nænne sacleasan man forsecgean ne nænne sacne forhelan. & niman þonne þa tihtbysian men, þe mid þam gerefan habbað, & heora ælc sylle VI healfmarc wedd, healf landrican & healf wæpentake.— Liebermann 1903, pp. 228–32, \"III Æthelred\" 3.1–3.2that there shall be an assembly in every wapentake,[n 4] and in that assembly shall go forth the twelve eldest thegns and the reeve along with them, and let them swear on holy relics, which shall be placed in their hands, that they will never knowingly accuse an innocent man nor conceal a guilty man. And thereafter let them seize those notorious [lit. \"charge-laden\"] men, who have business with the reeve, and let each of them give a security of 6 half-marks, half of which shall go to the lord of that district, and half to the wapentake.But the wording here suggests that Æthelred was perhaps revamping or re-confirming a custom which had already existed. He may actually have been expanding an established English custom for use among the Danish citizens in the North (the Danelaw). Previously, King Edgar had legislated along similar lines in his Whitbordesstan code:ic wille, þæt ælc mon sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge buton burgum. & gewitnes sy geset to ælcere byrig & to ælcum hundrode. To ælcere byrig XXXVI syn gecorone to gewitnesse; to smalum burgum & to ælcum hundrode XII, buton ge ma willan. & ælc mon mid heora gewitnysse bigcge & sylle ælc þara ceapa, þe he bigcge oððe sylle aþer oððe burge oððe on wæpengetace. & heora ælc, þonne hine man ærest to gewitnysse gecysð, sylle þæne að, þæt he næfre, ne for feo ne for lufe ne for ege, ne ætsace nanes þara þinga, þe he to gewitnysse wæs, & nan oðer þingc on gewitnysse ne cyðe buton þæt an, þæt he geseah oððe gehyrde. & swa geæþdera manna syn on ælcum ceape twegen oððe þry to gewitnysse.— Liebermann 1903, pp. 206–14, \"IV Edgar\" 3–6.2It is my wish that each person be in surety, both within settled areas and without. And \"witnessing\" shall be established in each city and each hundred. To each city let there be 36 chosen for witnessing; to small towns and to each hundred let there be 12, unless they desire more. And everybody shall purchase and sell their goods in the presence of a witness, whether he is buying or selling something, whether in a city or a wapentake. And each of them, when they first choose to become a witness, shall give an oath that he will never, neither for wealth nor love nor fear, deny any of those things which he will be a witness to, and will not, in his capacity as a witness, make known any thing except that which he saw and heard. And let there be either two or three of these sworn witnesses at every sale of goods.The \"legend\" of an Anglo-Saxon origin to the jury was first challenged seriously by Heinrich Brunner in 1872, who claimed that evidence of the jury was only seen for the first time during the reign of Henry II, some 200 years after the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, and that the practice had originated with the Franks, who in turn had influenced the Normans, who thence introduced it to England.[44][45] Since Brunner's thesis, the origin of the English jury has been much disputed. Throughout the 20th century, legal historians disagreed about whether the practice was English in origin, or was introduced, directly or indirectly, from either Scandinavia or Francia.[43] Recently, the legal historians Patrick Wormald and Michael Macnair have reasserted arguments in favour of finding in practices current during the Anglo-Saxon period traces of the Angevin practice of conducting inquests using bodies of sworn, private witnesses. Wormald has gone as far as to present evidence suggesting that the English practice outlined in Æthelred's Wantage Code is at least as old as, if not older than, 975, and ultimately traces it back to a Carolingian model (something Brunner had done).[46] However, no scholarly consensus has yet been reached.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_of_Worcester1995430%E2%80%93431-51"},{"link_name":"Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnlaugs_saga_ormstungu"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnlaugs_saga_Ormstungu195715-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth20201%E2%80%9314-53"}],"text":"The twelfth century English chronicler, John of Worcester, describes Æthelred as \"elegant in his manners, handsome in visage, glorious in appearance\".[47] No contemporary descriptions of Æthelred's appearance survive. The thirteenth-century Icelandic text, Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu, preserves a positive assessment of Æthelred's character, in which he is described by a visiting Icelander as \"a good prince\", a \"generous prince\", and a \"war-swift king\".[48][49]","title":"Appearance and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ælfgifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York"},{"link_name":"Thored, earl of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thored,_earl_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan Ætheling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_%C3%86theling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-54"},{"link_name":"Edmund Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ironside"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"Eadred Ætheling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadred_%C3%86theling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"Eadwig Ætheling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadwig_%C3%86theling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-54"},{"link_name":"Eadric Streona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadric_Streona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"Uhtred the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhtred_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"ealdorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdorman"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Ulfcytel Snillingr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulfcytel_Snillingr"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627-55"},{"link_name":"Wherwell Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wherwell_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627-55"},{"link_name":"Emma of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Richard II, Duke of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"Alfred Aetheling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"Godgifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godgifu_(daughter_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready)"},{"link_name":"Drogo of Mantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo_of_Mantes"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232-56"},{"link_name":"Eustace II, Count of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_II,_Count_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232-56"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-1"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199728_and_family_tree_in_endpaper-57"}],"text":"Æthelred married first Ælfgifu, daughter of Thored, earl of Northumbria, in about 985.[1][15] Their known children are:Æthelstan Ætheling (died 1014);[1]\nEcgberht Ætheling (died c. 1005);[50]\nEdmund Ironside (King of England, died 1016);[1]\nEadred Ætheling (died before 1013);[1]\nEadwig Ætheling (executed by Cnut 1017);\nEdgar Ætheling (died c. 1008);[1][50]\nEadgyth or Edith (married Eadric Streona);[1]\nÆlfgifu (married Uhtred the Bold, ealdorman of Northumbria);\nWulfhild? (married Ulfcytel Snillingr);[51]\nAbbess of Wherwell Abbey?[51]In 1002, Æthelred married Emma of Normandy, sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.[1] Their children were:Edward the Confessor (King of England, died 1066);[1]\nAlfred Aetheling (died 1036–37);[1]\nGodgifu or Goda of England (married firstly Drogo of Mantes, Count of Mantes, Valois and the Vexin[52] and secondly Eustace II, Count of Boulogne).[52][1]All of Æthelred's sons were named after English kings.[53]","title":"Marriages and issue"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gold mancus of Æthelred wearing armour, 1003–1006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg/220px-Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver penny of Æthelred II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg/220px-Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg"},{"image_text":"A charter of Æthelred's in 1003 to a follower, also called Æthelred. British Library, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg/300px-Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Anglo-Saxon England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Royalty portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Royalty"},{"title":"Burial places of British royalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_places_of_British_royalty"},{"title":"Cultural depictions of Æthelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"title":"House of Wessex family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex#Family_tree"}]
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Popes Through the Ages.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stsmarthaandmary.org/popes/John%20XV.htm","url_text":"\"John XV – the Scholarly Pontiff\""}]},{"reference":"Kane, Njord (2019). History of the Vikings and Norse Culture. Spangenhelm. p. N.p. ISBN 9781943066315. Retrieved 5 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W6OsDwAAQBAJ&dq=994+danish+london+inconclusive&pg=PT103","url_text":"History of the Vikings and Norse Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781943066315","url_text":"9781943066315"}]},{"reference":"\"Remarkable monuments from Pre-Fire St Paul's – St Paul's Cathedral\". www.stpauls.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stpauls.co.uk/history-collections/the-collections/object-collection/the-pre-fire-monuments","url_text":"\"Remarkable monuments from Pre-Fire St Paul's – St Paul's Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethelred II\". 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Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cartwright","url_text":"Cartwright, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/Constantine_V/","url_text":"\"Constantine V\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia","url_text":"World History Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Lapidge, Michael (2014). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. John Wiley & Sons. p. N.p. ISBN 9781118316108. Retrieved 5 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tZkzAQAAQBAJ&dq=anglo-saxon+chronicle+aethelred+reputation&pg=PT52","url_text":"The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118316108","url_text":"9781118316108"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkin, Thomas (1808). The History of England from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest. 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London: Yale University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Benham, Jenny (2020). \"The earliest arbitration treaty? A reassessment of the Anglo-Norman treaty of 991*\". Historical Research. 93 (260): 189–204. doi:10.1093/hisres/htaa001. ISSN 0950-3471.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhisres%2Fhtaa001","url_text":"10.1093/hisres/htaa001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3471","url_text":"0950-3471"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. N. (1882). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 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E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I, eds. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd with corrections ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]},{"reference":"Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu: The Saga of Gunnlaug Wormtongue (PDF). Translated by R. Quirke. London: Thomas Nelson. 1957.","urls":[{"url":"http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/The%20Saga%20of%20Gunnlaug%20Serpent-Tongue.pdf","url_text":"Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu: The Saga of Gunnlaug Wormtongue"}]},{"reference":"Hagland, J.R.; Watson, B. (2005). \"Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge\" (PDF). London Archaeologist. 12. 10. London: London Archaeologist Association. Retrieved 27 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-457-1/dissemination/pdf/vol10/vol10_12/10_12_328_333.pdf","url_text":"\"Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Cyril (24 May 2007). \"Edward the Martyr\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8515","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8515"}]},{"reference":"Higham, Nick J. (2000). The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Sutton. 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ISBN 0-521-22718-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22718-6","url_text":"0-521-22718-6"}]},{"reference":"Keynes, Simon (1986). \"A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series 36. 36: 195–217. doi:10.2307/3679065. JSTOR 3679065. S2CID 161932925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679065","url_text":"10.2307/3679065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679065","url_text":"3679065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161932925","url_text":"161932925"}]},{"reference":"Keynes, Simon (23 September 2004). \"Æthelred II (c. 966–1016)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8915","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8915"}]},{"reference":"Keynes, Simon (2012). \"The Burial of King Æthelred the Unready at St. Paul's\". In David Roffe (ed.). The English and Their Legacy, 900–1200: Essays in Honour of Ann Williams. Boydell Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). \"Edmund II\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8502","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8502"}]},{"reference":"Liebermann, Felix (1903). Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen: in der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung und Erläuterungen. Vol. 1. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/diegesetzederang01liebuoft/page/i/mode/2up","url_text":"Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen: in der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung und Erläuterungen"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Sean (1999). \"Edward the Martyr\". In M. Lapidge; J. Blair; S. Keynes; D. Scragg (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopædia of Anglo-Saxon England. Wiley. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0","url_text":"0-631-22492-0"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, G. E. (1909). \"St. Edward the Martyr\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Edward_the_Martyr","url_text":"\"St. Edward the Martyr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Schröder, Edward (1944). Deutsche Namenkunde: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kunde deutsche Personen- und Ortsnamen [German name customs: Collected essays on the customs of German personal and place names] (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QHcrAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Deutsche Namenkunde: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kunde deutsche Personen- und Ortsnamen"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, William Macdonald (1909). Memorials of St. Paul's Cathedral. George W. Jacobs & Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sinclair_(archdeacon_of_London)","url_text":"Sinclair, William Macdonald"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IXJEAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Memorials of St. Paul's Cathedral"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Pauline (1989). Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. E. Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-6532-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2WNuQgAACAAJ","url_text":"Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6532-6","url_text":"978-0-7131-6532-6"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Pauline (2004). \"Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/194. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 12 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Stafford","url_text":"Stafford, Pauline"},{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-194","url_text":"\"Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F194","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"Stenton, Frank Merry (2001). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford: University Press. 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S2CID 146678716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385549","url_text":"10.1086/385549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/175292","url_text":"175292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146678716","url_text":"146678716"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Ann (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. A&C Black. ISBN 1-85285-382-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3EMHHtK4V1EC","url_text":"Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-382-4","url_text":"1-85285-382-4"}]},{"reference":"Wormald, Patrick (1978), \"Aethelred the lawmaker\", in David Hill (ed.), Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference, British Archaeological Reports – British Series 59, pp. 47–80","urls":[{"url":"http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/id/438373","url_text":"\"Aethelred the lawmaker\""}]},{"reference":"Wormald, Patrick (1999a). Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Vol. 1: Legislation and its Limits. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-13496-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VyarQgAACAAJ","url_text":"Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13496-1","url_text":"978-0-631-13496-1"}]},{"reference":"Wormald, Patrick (1999b). \"Neighbors, Courts, and Kings: Reflections on Michael Macnair's Vicini\". Law and History Review. 17 (3): 597–601. doi:10.2307/744383. JSTOR 744383. S2CID 147200281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_History_Review","url_text":"Law and History Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F744383","url_text":"10.2307/744383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/744383","url_text":"744383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147200281","url_text":"147200281"}]},{"reference":"Wormald, Patrick (23 September 2004). \"Wulfstan (d. 1023)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30098.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30098","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/30098"}]},{"reference":"Cubitt, Catherine (2012). \"The politics of remorse: penance and royal piety in the reign of Æthelred the Unready\". Historical Research. 85 (228): 179–192. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2011.00571.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2011.00571.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-2281.2011.00571.x"}]},{"reference":"Gilbride, M.B. \"A Hollow Crown review\". Medieval Mysteries.com \"Reviews of Outstanding Historical Novels set in the Medieval Period\". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170618195311/http://www.medievalmysteries.com/HollowCrownReview.html","url_text":"\"A Hollow Crown review\""},{"url":"http://www.medievalmysteries.com/HollowCrownReview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lavelle, Ryan (2008). Aethelred II: King of the English 978–1016 (New ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4678-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4678-3","url_text":"978-0-7524-4678-3"}]},{"reference":"Roach, Levi (2016). Æthelred the Unready. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19629-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19629-0","url_text":"978-0-300-19629-0"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Sean. \"Æthelred the Unready\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=person&id=EthelredtheUnready","url_text":"\"Æthelred the Unready\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Norias_Ranch
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Raid on Norias Ranch
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["1 Background","2 Raid","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 Citations","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 26°47′24″N 97°46′36″W / 26.7899°N 97.7767°W / 26.7899; -97.77671915 raid by Mexican Seditionistas near Kingsville, Texas
Raid on the Norias Division of the King RanchPart of the Bandit War, Mexican RevolutionDateAugust 8, 1915LocationNorias, Kenedy County, TexasResult
Retreat of SediciososBelligerents
United States
SediciososCommanders and leaders
Corporal Allen Mercer
Luis de la RosaStrength
16
~60Casualties and losses
4 wounded
5 to 15 killed
The Raid on the Norias Division of the King Ranch was an attack August 8, 1915 by a large band of disaffected Mexicans and Tejanos in southern Texas. It was one of the many small battles of the Mexican Revolution that spilled over into United States soil and resulted in an increased effort by the United States Army to defend the international border. Five to fifteen attackers were killed in the raid and more among the wounded may have died shortly afterwards.
Background
When Mexico ceded its claim on Texas to the United States, the treaty protected the rights of Tejanos who became U. S. citizens. There was never any official policy to force them off their land, but banking practices at the time made it difficult for people of color to obtain credit from banks. With each drought and economic depression during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Tejanos would lose land which Anglos would then buy up, increasing the size of their holdings. Hispanics on both sides of the border between Texas and Mexico came to hate the ranches as they saw businesses like the King Ranch increase their land in the hard times when Tejanos were losing theirs. The rapid expansion of railroads into south Texas in the late nineteenth century also brought a flood of Anglo Americans wanting land when these large ranches then subdivided. This drove up property prices as well as taxes, increasing Hispanic animosity against the United States and Anglos in general. Into this tense situation the infighting and turmoil of the Mexican Revolution sent waves of refugees north across the border, rapidly increasing demand for goods, services and competition for land and jobs. In January 1915 the Plan of San Diego was drafted by Mexican political prisoners in Monterrey, Mexico which called for Hispanics, Blacks and Japanese in the U. S. border states to rebel against the government and kill all white male inhabitants more than sixteen years old as a first step in creating their own republic. The Plan came to light when one its signatories entered the U. S. to gather support for Venustiano Carranza, leader of one of the factions in the revolution, but was arrested by officials in Texas who supported Pancho Villa. It was found in his belongings and he was taken to Brownsville where he was questioned by Immigration Service inspectors there. Scholars believe the Plan was supported by Carranza as a means of gathering favor for his faction in the revolution.During the years of this strife, though, it was believed that Germany had a hand in the border friction, hoping to distract the United States from involvement in the First World War by destabilizing relations between the U.S. and its southern neighbor. But relations between Carranza himself and Germany at the time made this impossible. In any case, the overall plan was so unrealistic that it changed many times and resulted in only a few small raids into Texas from the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The raid on Norias Division was one of these.
Norias, a southern division of the 825,000-acre King Ranch, is located about seventy miles north of Brownsville and about sixty miles south of Kingsville in what was at the time the newly-formed Kenedy County. A watering stop for the St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway, the site itself resembled a hamlet. Fifty feet west of the tracks was the two-story wooden building that served as headquarters with a kitchen out the back. A netting fence topped with barbed wire surrounded the house and a bit of yard. A hundred feet north of the headquarters were two bunkhouses. Three hundred feet south of the headquarters was the section house where a few Hispanic railway workers and their families lived. Across the tracks from the section house was a tool shed and a pile of railway ties.
On August 8, ranch manager Caesar Kleberg was in Kingsville when he learned that a large group of armed Mexican men on horseback were stealing horses at El Sauz, the division of the King Ranch on Norias' southern border. Kleberg immediately telephoned the U. S. Army commander at Fort Brown near Brownsville who informed the head of the Texas Rangers, Adjutant General Henry Hutchings. Hutchings assembled thirteen rangers led by Captains Henry Ransom, George J. Head and James Monroe Fox, and seven privates from Troop C of the 12th Cavalry Regiment led by Corporal Allen Mercer. He also commandeered a special train to leave at two pm, ninety minutes earlier than usual, go to the Norias Division to investigate. Immigration inspector D. P. Gay, whose department had investigated the Plan of San Diego, was at the Brownsville station and saw the train leave early. He learned from the station master about the bandits so he got his rifle and ammunition and caught the normal northbound train to Norias at about 3:30. Customs inspector Joe Taylor was on the platform at the San Benito station when Gay's train got there and on hearing what was afoot, Taylor joined him. When the two of them got to Harlingen they were joined by another Customs Inspector, Marcus Hinds, and Cameron county deputy sheriff Gordon Hill.
The soldiers would have arrived at Norias before four pm. General Hutchings ordered Mercer and the cavalrymen to stay behind with the ranch personnel. Ranch foreman Tom Tate provided the rangers with horses and, taking along a few ranch hands, rode back south with them toward the El Sauz Division. While they were gone the second train arrived at about 5:30 pm, dropping off the heavily armed Gay, Taylor, Hinds and Hill. Gay found the cavalrymen guarding cowboys Frank Martin, Luke Snow, and Lauro Cavazos Sr., ranch carpenter George Forbes with his wife, ranch cook Albert Edmunds with his wife, a track foreman with his wife and toddler, Manuela Flores with her husband and son, and other Hispanic rail workers and their families.
Raid
Gay and his party were invited to supper. Shortly eating, they were on the porches and in the yard when Inspector Hinds noticed a group of men on horseback approaching from the south. The track foreman also had seen them. He grabbed his wife and toddler and ducked with them into a boxcar on a siding. Initially Hinds thought the riders were the rangers returning from their patrol. But when they were about a quarter of a mile away, Taylor noticed their sombreros and the white flag they carried, a Sediciosos banner, and warned of a Mexican attack. Gay later swore that he and Joe Taylor, Marcus Hinds, Gordon Hill, Frank Martin, Lauro Cavazos Sr., King Ranch employees and eight soldiers were the only defense the ranch had in the ensuing fight. Coming against them was a mix of nearly eighty Carranza soldiers and Tejano supporters of the Plan of San Diego, armed with Mauser rifles and led by Carranza officers. They expected easy pickings, assuming that only four cowboys were at the ranch. Their plan was to derail and rob the night train, rob the ranch storehouse, then burn the buildings.
The Sediciosos, when they were about 250 yards away to the south, waved a red flag and opened fire. Manuela Flores and the rest of the railway employees fled to the section house with their families. Some of the defenders dove for the scant cover of the rail tracks at the fence. Others told the two wives to lay on the floor and covered them with mattresses. Seeing bullets fly through the walls of the house, they then ran outside to draw fire away from it and took cover, preparing to shoot from behind a water trough and rolls of fencing wire. Two of the soldiers and Frank Martin were shot before they found cover. The shot that hit Frank broke his arm in two places, but he would survive this day to become a deputy sheriff. As the defenders engaged in that firefight they discovered that another party of invaders had sneaked up to the east, about 90 yards away, catching them in a crossfire. Fifteen or so of the bandits to the east moved to the south and took cover in the tool shed and behind the pile of railway ties. Some also broke into the railway section house where the workers were sheltering. Manuela's son later told Gay that this group's leader commanded her to tell him how many gringos there were but she swore at him and told him to find out for himself so he shot her in the head, killing her instantly. When the defenders ran low on ammunition, twenty-one year-old Lauro Cavazos dashed to the house through the whizzing gunfire, grabbed some and dashed back with it, distributing it to them. The losses in the first attack left the defenders with thirteen able-bodied gunmen to fight off about seventy-eight bandits who were firing at them from the east, the south, the tool shed, the piled railway ties and the section house. But Cavazos shot the horse of one of the leaders out from under him, stalling a charge and allowing the wounded to be carried into the house. George Forbes was shot in the lung while helping move the wounded. A few of the marauders advancing from the east tried to climb the fence between the tracks and the house but got hung up in the barbed wire atop it and were shot there. Seeing the fence stopping these bandits, and realizing these bandits provided a bit of cover, the defenders stayed at the house and fired from its doors and windows. They fired at the raiders to the east and south and the ones at the tool shed, but they were reluctant to return fire at the section house because of the rail workers in the building.
Ranch cook Albert Edmonds braved the bullets flying through the house's walls to reach the telephone on the outer wall, crank it to life and call Caesar Kleberg, asking for his help. Kleberg told Edmonds that a train in Kingsville was ready to leave, loaded with armed men, supplies, and medical people, but no one was willing to operate it to Norias. Afterward Edmunds carried water to each defender, firing the defender's weapon while he drank. As the hours passed, dusk came with no help arriving for the defenders and their ammunition running very low. The Sediciosos then made a charge on foot that Joe Taylor stopped by killing the leader from forty yards' distance. This threw the marauders into confusion and they retreated southward into the darkening night, strapping their wounded to their horses. They had expected to rob and terrorize a few civilians, not face heavily armed soldiers and government agents. They lost five more as wounded bandits strapped to the horses died on the retreat and were found buried in the sand later.
Thinking that there were still bandits in the section house and tool shed, the defenders held their ground in the headquarters, watching and waiting. After an hour or so they heard riders approach. Repeated phone calls to Sarita, Kingsville and Brownsville had been made and one must have been underway at this moment because newspapers reported that the bandits returned. However, it was the rangers. Cavazos prevented further bloodshed by recognizing Tom Tate's voice. The rangers were utterly ignorant of gun the battle they had missed and the party of Sediciosos they had passed three times, once on the train and twice on horseback. The defenders yelled out that the house was surrounded by Mexicans. Captain Fox ran up the railway line to the section house where he found Manuela Flores dead and the rest of the terrified rail workers and their families huddled together. The track foreman and his family emerged unhurt from the boxcar. Thinking it empty, the Sediciosos ignored it and it was only hit by stray bullets.
Captain Ransom began to find fault with the way the defenders had conducted themselves. Joe Taylor retorted that the rangers had not been there, the defenders had been. They had been there when the Sediciosos arrived and when they left, and they had not lost a single man. Sheriff Hill also lost his temper and invited the rangers to track the bandits in the dark brush themselves if they were as brave as they thought the defenders should have been.Left to right: Monroe Fox, Henry Ransom and Tom Tate on horseback with dead Mexican bandits, Norias Division, August 9, 1915The rangers chose to reconnoiter the vicinity of the ranch compound and found the dead bandits and one badly injured one, as well as the white flag of the rebels. The injured man claimed he had been forced to join the bandits and said they planned to win back the Rio Grande region for Mexico. He died some time that night or the next day. Some hinted the rangers killed him, though contemporary newspaper accounts say he died of his wounds.
At about midnight a special train from Brownsville arrived carrying two troops of cavalry as well as the sheriffs of Cameron and Hidalgo counties. A few hours later, at 2:00 am, a group of fifty-two rebels led by Antonio Roche and Dario Morada arrived at the Cerritos subdivision of the Norias Division and forced Pedro Longorio, Luis Solis and Macario Longorio to feed and water their horses. A few hours after that, sometime in the morning on the Norias headquarters, the promised train from Kingsville arrived. Photographer Robert Runyon was onboard and by the time the rangers were finished being photographed with the rebels they hadn't stopped, the last of the Sediciosos crossed into Mexico. Near the Rio Grande they had run into United States Army troops and another company of Texas Rangers and lost another dozen or so men. Back at Norias, Lauro Cavazos was directed to bury the bodies, but he never made it into the photographs. When a photographer on the train snapped a photo out the window of Tom Tate and two rangers dragging the corpses out for burial Cavazos was on the ground below the train window, out of view. The postcards made from that, and other photographs, sold all through the American South and Mexico and caused a lot of outrage in northern states.
Aftermath
The Americans reported that they had killed five of the Mexicans but only four appear in pictures taken of the dead on the following morning of August 9 when Hutchings and the Texas Rangers returned. However, Cavazos claimed that he was tasked with burying the bodies of ten rebels at the ranch that day and that five wounded Mexicans who were strapped to horses later died and were buried by their comrades somewhere on the ranch. Considering this and the casualties the Sediciosos suffered approaching the Rio Grande, the group which actually made it back into Mexico had suffered significant losses.
Cavazos later noticed unfamiliar tracks on the ranch and followed them to find a trespasser. The man turned out to be a bounty hunter and in his pocket Cavazos found a piece of paper with his own name on it, as well as the names of the others who defended Norias, and that of King Ranch owner Bob Kleburg and Caesar Kleberg. Written next to their names was the amount of money offered for the death of each victim.
Lauro Faustino Cavazos avoided future threats and went on to work the rest of his life for the King family as a highly valued employee, becoming division manager for the Santa Gertrudis Division and raising his children in Kingsville, dying in 1958.
Thomas Rankin Tate also worked the rest of his life for the King family, staying on the Norias Division as division manager. He married Mabel Waters and raised his children there, dying in 1947.
Frank Martin survived his wound and became a deputy sheriff. He was shot to death November 26, 1917 trying to bring order to a Mexican dance where things had gotten out of hand.
David Portus Gay went on to become a patrol inspector of the Immigration Border Patrol in Brownsville when that was founded in 1924. He became Chief Patrol Inspector in Brownsville when the Border Patrol became a separate unit in 1926. He died in 1936.
Ranger Captain Henry Ransom continued in his service in the Rangers until he was accidentally shot to death in a hotel hallway April 2, 1918 in Sweetwater, Texas.
Ranger Captain James Monroe Fox continued his service in the Rangers until the Porvenir Massacre. Though he did not participate, he was the commanding officer of the participants and invented a fiction to cover their deeds. He joined again as a captain in 1925 but resigned again when anti-ranger Texas governor Miriam Ferguson was elected. He was commissioned a Special Ranger in 1934 and discharged in 1935. He died quietly in 1937.
George John Head had been a captain in the Texas National Guard, forming up an honor guard to greet William Jennings Bryan on his visit to Brownsville in 1908. A few months before the raid he resigned, then was arrested and indicted for embezzling from the Guard. On January 20 following the raid, his trial for embezzlement was set to begin in federal court. By the middle of that March he was in Tampico where he applied to the consulate for a passport, listing his occupation as "broker" and stating that he had left the United States for his own safety. He listed his occupation as "wood seller" on his draft card in 1917, and again as brokerage business on his 1919 passport. He collapsed suddenly, dying instantly in 1929.
See also
Map of the King Ranch divisions, showing the early counties
The six uninjured cavalrymen
Norias Division headquarters (Section house partly visible at left, bullet holes in fence post)
Citations
^ Weber, John William (2008). The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations (PhD thesis). College of William and Mary. pp. 38–39. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
^ Weber (2008). "Shadow of the Revolution". p. 8.
^ Hager, William H. (Winter 1963). "The Plan of San Diego Unrest on the Texas Border in 1915". Arizona and the West. 5 (4): 327–336 – via JSTOR.
^ Harris, Charles H.; Sadler, Louis R. (1978). "The Plan of San Diego and the Mexican-United States War Crisis of 1916: A Reexamination". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (3): 383–4. doi:10.2307/2513956. ISSN 0018-2168 – via JSTOR.
^ Harris; Sadler. "The Plan of San Diego". p. 386.
^ Katz, Friedrich (1981). The secret war in Mexico : Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution. Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-226-42588-7.
^ "Map of South Texas Showing King Ranch". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
^ General Land Office (1921). "Kenedy County". The Portal to Texas History. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
^ Cavazos, Lauro F. (2008). A Kineño Remembers: From the King Ranch to the White House. Texas A&M University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-60344-044-8.
^ a b c d e f g Rozeff, Norman (2015-02-05). "Border Bandits, Part II". Somos Primos. At "On August 7, 1915, about two o'clock" in the page's source code. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
^ a b c d e Boessenecker, John (May 6, 2016). "Frank Hamer and the Texas Bandit War of 1915". The History Reader. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
^ Cavazos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 10.
^ a b c Cavazos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 11.
^ "Situation is Tense and Excitement High". The Texas City Times. August 9, 1915. p. 1.
^ a b Cavasos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 13.
^ Cavasos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 14.
^ Haug, Chris (2023-05-12). "Kingsville: Learn, explore a hero's hometown". fortcavazosmediacenter.com. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
^ "Rosary for Ranch Foreman Will Be Today at Kingsville". The Corpus Christi Times. December 2, 1958. p. 28. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ "Obituary for Tom R Tate (Aged 59)". Corpus Christi Times. 1947-11-06. p. 16. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
^ "Frank Martin not with Kenedy Ranch". The Brownsville Herald. December 1, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "FRANK MARTIN MURDERED, 2 GUNMEN SOUGHT BY OFFICERS". The Brownsville Herald. Nov 26, 1917. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "D. P. Gay Dies Late Monday: Veteran Officer to Be Buried Today". The Rio Grande Farmer. January 21, 1936. p. 1.
^ "Henry Ransom killed". Corsicana Daily Sun. 1918-04-02. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
^ "James Monroe Fox". Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
^ "James Monroe Fox". The Austin American. p. 2.
^ "Reception to Bryan". The Brownsville daily herald. Chronicling America, LIbrary of Congress. 1908-12-02. Page 2, last paragraph. ISSN 2159-4015. Retrieved 2024-06-15.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Gov. Recalls Troop Order, Capt. Quits". 2. Mar 24, 1915. pp. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Former Captain of Texas Nat'l Guard Placed Under Arrest". Waco Morning News. June 26, 1915. p. 1.
^ "Texas Guard May Forgo Encampment". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. July 1, 1915. p. 14. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ "Dodges Indictment; Joins Carranza's Army". El Paso Herald. January 19, 1916. pp. continued on page 5.
^ "U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1916-1917. Roll 0301 - Certificates: 21101-21500, 01 Apr 1916-08 Apr 1916". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
^ "U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1918-1919. Roll 0671 - Certificates: 56000-56249, 09 Jan 1919-11 Jan 1919". www.familysearch.org. February 27, 1918. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
^ "Town Talk". Corpus Christi Caller. Jun 21, 1929. p. 10. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
References
Weber, John W. (2008). The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations. ISBN 978-0-549-96152-9.
Cavazos, Lauro F. (2008). A Kineno Remembers: From the King Ranch to the White House. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-044-8.
26°47′24″N 97°46′36″W / 26.7899°N 97.7767°W / 26.7899; -97.7767
vteU.S. involvement in the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
Tampico Affair
Ypiranga incident
Veracruz
German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
Border War
1st Agua Prieta
1st Ciudad Juarez
Bandit War
Norias Ranch
Ojo de Agua
2nd Nogales
Santa Isabel
Mexican Expedition
Columbus
San Isidro
Aguacaliente
Parral
Puerto de Varas
Tomóchic
Glenn Springs
Carrizal
Guerrero
Ojos Azules
Rubio Ranch
Castillon
Las Varas Pass
San Ygnacio
Zimmermann Affair
Brite Ranch
1st Pilares
Neville Ranch
2nd Pilares
Porvenir
3rd Nogales
3rd Ciudad Juárez
Candelaria
Ruby
see also
German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Mexicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tejanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejanos"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"}],"text":"1915 raid by Mexican Seditionistas near Kingsville, TexasThe Raid on the Norias Division of the King Ranch was an attack August 8, 1915 by a large band of disaffected Mexicans and Tejanos in southern Texas. It was one of the many small battles of the Mexican Revolution that spilled over into United States soil and resulted in an increased effort by the United States Army to defend the international border. Five to fifteen attackers were killed in the raid and more among the wounded may have died shortly afterwards.","title":"Raid on Norias Ranch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ceded its claim on Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anglos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo"},{"link_name":"Hispanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Plan of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Monterrey, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Venustiano Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"King Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kingsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Brownsville_and_Mexico_Railway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"bunkhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkhouse"},{"link_name":"section house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_house"},{"link_name":"Caesar Kleberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Kleberg"},{"link_name":"Kingsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-11"},{"link_name":"Fort Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Brown"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division"},{"link_name":"Adjutant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_general"},{"link_name":"Henry Hutchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hutchings"},{"link_name":"12th Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"Customs inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_officer"}],"text":"When Mexico ceded its claim on Texas to the United States, the treaty protected the rights of Tejanos who became U. S. citizens. There was never any official policy to force them off their land, but banking practices at the time made it difficult for people of color to obtain credit from banks.[1] With each drought and economic depression during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Tejanos would lose land which Anglos would then buy up, increasing the size of their holdings. Hispanics on both sides of the border between Texas and Mexico came to hate the ranches as they saw businesses like the King Ranch increase their land in the hard times when Tejanos were losing theirs. The rapid expansion of railroads into south Texas in the late nineteenth century also brought a flood of Anglo Americans wanting land when these large ranches then subdivided. This drove up property prices as well as taxes, increasing Hispanic animosity against the United States and Anglos in general. Into this tense situation the infighting and turmoil of the Mexican Revolution sent waves of refugees north across the border, rapidly increasing demand for goods, services and competition for land and jobs.[2] In January 1915 the Plan of San Diego was drafted by Mexican political prisoners in Monterrey, Mexico which called for Hispanics, Blacks and Japanese in the U. S. border states to rebel against the government and kill all white male inhabitants more than sixteen years old as a first step in creating their own republic.[3] The Plan came to light when one its signatories entered the U. S. to gather support for Venustiano Carranza, leader of one of the factions in the revolution, but was arrested by officials in Texas who supported Pancho Villa.[4] It was found in his belongings and he was taken to Brownsville where he was questioned by Immigration Service inspectors there. Scholars believe the Plan was supported by Carranza as a means of gathering favor for his faction in the revolution.[5]During the years of this strife, though, it was believed that Germany had a hand in the border friction, hoping to distract the United States from involvement in the First World War by destabilizing relations between the U.S. and its southern neighbor. But relations between Carranza himself and Germany at the time made this impossible.[6] In any case, the overall plan was so unrealistic that it changed many times and resulted in only a few small raids into Texas from the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The raid on Norias Division was one of these.Norias, a southern division of the 825,000-acre King Ranch, is located about seventy miles north of Brownsville and about sixty miles south of Kingsville in what was at the time the newly-formed Kenedy County.[7][8] A watering stop for the St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway, the site itself resembled a hamlet.[9] Fifty feet west of the tracks was the two-story wooden building that served as headquarters with a kitchen out the back.[10] A netting fence topped with barbed wire surrounded the house and a bit of yard. A hundred feet north of the headquarters were two bunkhouses. Three hundred feet south of the headquarters was the section house where a few Hispanic railway workers and their families lived. Across the tracks from the section house was a tool shed and a pile of railway ties.On August 8, ranch manager Caesar Kleberg was in Kingsville when he learned that a large group of armed Mexican men on horseback were stealing horses at El Sauz, the division of the King Ranch on Norias' southern border.[11] Kleberg immediately telephoned the U. S. Army commander at Fort Brown near Brownsville who informed the head of the Texas Rangers, Adjutant General Henry Hutchings. Hutchings assembled thirteen rangers led by Captains Henry Ransom, George J. Head and James Monroe Fox, and seven privates from Troop C of the 12th Cavalry Regiment led by Corporal Allen Mercer. He also commandeered a special train to leave at two pm, ninety minutes earlier than usual, go to the Norias Division to investigate. Immigration inspector D. P. Gay, whose department had investigated the Plan of San Diego, was at the Brownsville station and saw the train leave early.[10] He learned from the station master about the bandits so he got his rifle and ammunition and caught the normal northbound train to Norias at about 3:30. Customs inspector Joe Taylor was on the platform at the San Benito station when Gay's train got there and on hearing what was afoot, Taylor joined him. When the two of them got to Harlingen they were joined by another Customs Inspector, Marcus Hinds, and Cameron county deputy sheriff Gordon Hill.The soldiers would have arrived at Norias before four pm. General Hutchings ordered Mercer and the cavalrymen to stay behind with the ranch personnel. Ranch foreman Tom Tate provided the rangers with horses and, taking along a few ranch hands, rode back south with them toward the El Sauz Division. While they were gone the second train arrived at about 5:30 pm, dropping off the heavily armed Gay, Taylor, Hinds and Hill. Gay found the cavalrymen guarding cowboys Frank Martin, Luke Snow, and Lauro Cavazos Sr., ranch carpenter George Forbes with his wife, ranch cook Albert Edmunds with his wife, a track foreman with his wife and toddler, Manuela Flores with her husband and son, and other Hispanic rail workers and their families.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sombreros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombrero"},{"link_name":"Mauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"gringos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gringo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rangers1915.JPG"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"Robert Runyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Runyon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"}],"text":"Gay and his party were invited to supper. Shortly eating, they were on the porches and in the yard when Inspector Hinds noticed a group of men on horseback approaching from the south. The track foreman also had seen them. He grabbed his wife and toddler and ducked with them into a boxcar on a siding. Initially Hinds thought the riders were the rangers returning from their patrol. But when they were about a quarter of a mile away, Taylor noticed their sombreros and the white flag they carried, a Sediciosos banner, and warned of a Mexican attack. Gay later swore that he and Joe Taylor, Marcus Hinds, Gordon Hill, Frank Martin, Lauro Cavazos Sr., King Ranch employees and eight soldiers were the only defense the ranch had in the ensuing fight. Coming against them was a mix of nearly eighty Carranza soldiers and Tejano supporters of the Plan of San Diego, armed with Mauser rifles and led by Carranza officers.[11] They expected easy pickings, assuming that only four cowboys were at the ranch. Their plan was to derail and rob the night train, rob the ranch storehouse, then burn the buildings.The Sediciosos, when they were about 250 yards away to the south, waved a red flag and opened fire.[10] Manuela Flores and the rest of the railway employees fled to the section house with their families. Some of the defenders dove for the scant cover of the rail tracks at the fence. Others told the two wives to lay on the floor and covered them with mattresses. Seeing bullets fly through the walls of the house, they then ran outside to draw fire away from it and took cover, preparing to shoot from behind a water trough and rolls of fencing wire.[12] Two of the soldiers and Frank Martin were shot before they found cover. The shot that hit Frank broke his arm in two places, but he would survive this day to become a deputy sheriff. As the defenders engaged in that firefight they discovered that another party of invaders had sneaked up to the east, about 90 yards away, catching them in a crossfire. Fifteen or so of the bandits to the east moved to the south and took cover in the tool shed and behind the pile of railway ties. Some also broke into the railway section house where the workers were sheltering. Manuela's son later told Gay that this group's leader commanded her to tell him how many gringos there were but she swore at him and told him to find out for himself so he shot her in the head, killing her instantly. When the defenders ran low on ammunition, twenty-one year-old Lauro Cavazos dashed to the house through the whizzing gunfire, grabbed some and dashed back with it, distributing it to them.[13] The losses in the first attack left the defenders with thirteen able-bodied gunmen to fight off about seventy-eight bandits who were firing at them from the east, the south, the tool shed, the piled railway ties and the section house.[10] But Cavazos shot the horse of one of the leaders out from under him, stalling a charge and allowing the wounded to be carried into the house. George Forbes was shot in the lung while helping move the wounded. A few of the marauders advancing from the east tried to climb the fence between the tracks and the house but got hung up in the barbed wire atop it and were shot there. Seeing the fence stopping these bandits, and realizing these bandits provided a bit of cover, the defenders stayed at the house and fired from its doors and windows. They fired at the raiders to the east and south and the ones at the tool shed, but they were reluctant to return fire at the section house because of the rail workers in the building.Ranch cook Albert Edmonds braved the bullets flying through the house's walls to reach the telephone on the outer wall, crank it to life and call Caesar Kleberg, asking for his help.[13] Kleberg told Edmonds that a train in Kingsville was ready to leave, loaded with armed men, supplies, and medical people, but no one was willing to operate it to Norias. Afterward Edmunds carried water to each defender, firing the defender's weapon while he drank.[11] As the hours passed, dusk came with no help arriving for the defenders and their ammunition running very low. The Sediciosos then made a charge on foot that Joe Taylor stopped by killing the leader from forty yards' distance. This threw the marauders into confusion and they retreated southward into the darkening night, strapping their wounded to their horses. They had expected to rob and terrorize a few civilians, not face heavily armed soldiers and government agents. They lost five more as wounded bandits strapped to the horses died on the retreat and were found buried in the sand later.Thinking that there were still bandits in the section house and tool shed, the defenders held their ground in the headquarters, watching and waiting.[10] After an hour or so they heard riders approach. Repeated phone calls to Sarita, Kingsville and Brownsville had been made and one must have been underway at this moment because newspapers reported that the bandits returned.[14] However, it was the rangers.[15] Cavazos prevented further bloodshed by recognizing Tom Tate's voice. The rangers were utterly ignorant of gun the battle they had missed and the party of Sediciosos they had passed three times, once on the train and twice on horseback.[11] The defenders yelled out that the house was surrounded by Mexicans. Captain Fox ran up the railway line to the section house where he found Manuela Flores dead and the rest of the terrified rail workers and their families huddled together. The track foreman and his family emerged unhurt from the boxcar.[13] Thinking it empty, the Sediciosos ignored it and it was only hit by stray bullets.Captain Ransom began to find fault with the way the defenders had conducted themselves.[10] Joe Taylor retorted that the rangers had not been there, the defenders had been. They had been there when the Sediciosos arrived and when they left, and they had not lost a single man. Sheriff Hill also lost his temper and invited the rangers to track the bandits in the dark brush themselves if they were as brave as they thought the defenders should have been.[11]Left to right: Monroe Fox, Henry Ransom and Tom Tate on horseback with dead Mexican bandits, Norias Division, August 9, 1915The rangers chose to reconnoiter the vicinity of the ranch compound and found the dead bandits and one badly injured one, as well as the white flag of the rebels. The injured man claimed he had been forced to join the bandits and said they planned to win back the Rio Grande region for Mexico. He died some time that night or the next day. Some hinted the rangers killed him, though contemporary newspaper accounts say he died of his wounds.At about midnight a special train from Brownsville arrived carrying two troops of cavalry as well as the sheriffs of Cameron and Hidalgo counties.[10] A few hours later, at 2:00 am, a group of fifty-two rebels led by Antonio Roche and Dario Morada arrived at the Cerritos subdivision of the Norias Division and forced Pedro Longorio, Luis Solis and Macario Longorio to feed and water their horses. A few hours after that, sometime in the morning on the Norias headquarters, the promised train from Kingsville arrived. Photographer Robert Runyon was onboard and by the time the rangers were finished being photographed with the rebels they hadn't stopped, the last of the Sediciosos crossed into Mexico. Near the Rio Grande they had run into United States Army troops and another company of Texas Rangers and lost another dozen or so men. Back at Norias, Lauro Cavazos was directed to bury the bodies, but he never made it into the photographs.[15] When a photographer on the train snapped a photo out the window of Tom Tate and two rangers dragging the corpses out for burial Cavazos was on the ground below the train window, out of view. The postcards made from that, and other photographs, sold all through the American South and Mexico and caused a lot of outrage in northern states.","title":"Raid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"bounty hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_hunter"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Porvenir Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porvenir_massacre_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Miriam Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Texas National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Military_Forces"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tampico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The Americans reported that they had killed five of the Mexicans but only four appear in pictures taken of the dead on the following morning of August 9 when Hutchings and the Texas Rangers returned. However, Cavazos claimed that he was tasked with burying the bodies of ten rebels at the ranch that day and that five wounded Mexicans who were strapped to horses later died and were buried by their comrades somewhere on the ranch. Considering this and the casualties the Sediciosos suffered approaching the Rio Grande, the group which actually made it back into Mexico had suffered significant losses.Cavazos later noticed unfamiliar tracks on the ranch and followed them to find a trespasser.[16] The man turned out to be a bounty hunter and in his pocket Cavazos found a piece of paper with his own name on it, as well as the names of the others who defended Norias, and that of King Ranch owner Bob Kleburg and Caesar Kleberg. Written next to their names was the amount of money offered for the death of each victim.Lauro Faustino Cavazos avoided future threats and went on to work the rest of his life for the King family as a highly valued employee, becoming division manager for the Santa Gertrudis Division and raising his children in Kingsville, dying in 1958.[17][18]Thomas Rankin Tate also worked the rest of his life for the King family, staying on the Norias Division as division manager. He married Mabel Waters and raised his children there, dying in 1947.[19]Frank Martin survived his wound and became a deputy sheriff. He was shot to death November 26, 1917 trying to bring order to a Mexican dance where things had gotten out of hand.[20][21]David Portus Gay went on to become a patrol inspector of the Immigration Border Patrol in Brownsville when that was founded in 1924. He became Chief Patrol Inspector in Brownsville when the Border Patrol became a separate unit in 1926. He died in 1936.[22]Ranger Captain Henry Ransom continued in his service in the Rangers until he was accidentally shot to death in a hotel hallway April 2, 1918 in Sweetwater, Texas.[23]Ranger Captain James Monroe Fox continued his service in the Rangers until the Porvenir Massacre. Though he did not participate, he was the commanding officer of the participants and invented a fiction to cover their deeds. He joined again as a captain in 1925 but resigned again when anti-ranger Texas governor Miriam Ferguson was elected. He was commissioned a Special Ranger in 1934 and discharged in 1935.[24] He died quietly in 1937.[25]George John Head had been a captain in the Texas National Guard, forming up an honor guard to greet William Jennings Bryan on his visit to Brownsville in 1908.[26] A few months before the raid he resigned, then was arrested and indicted for embezzling from the Guard.[27][28][29] On January 20 following the raid, his trial for embezzlement was set to begin in federal court.[30] By the middle of that March he was in Tampico where he applied to the consulate for a passport, listing his occupation as \"broker\" and stating that he had left the United States for his own safety.[31] He listed his occupation as \"wood seller\" on his draft card in 1917, and again as brokerage business on his 1919 passport.[32] He collapsed suddenly, dying instantly in 1929.[33]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210225181228id_/https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3326&context=etd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Shadow of the Revolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210225181228id_/https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3326&context=etd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Plan of San Diego Unrest on the Texas Border in 1915\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40167788"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Plan of San Diego and the Mexican-United States War Crisis of 1916: A 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Recalls Troop Order, Capt. 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Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1916-1917. Roll 0301 - Certificates: 21101-21500, 01 Apr 1916-08 Apr 1916\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89X7-H5BT?i=411&cc=2185145&personaUrl=/ark:/61903/1:1:QVJG-1D11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1918-1919. Roll 0671 - Certificates: 56000-56249, 09 Jan 1919-11 Jan 1919\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99X3-3X93?i=347&cc=2185145&personaUrl=/ark:/61903/1:1:QKDN-NR9S"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Town Talk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/754811713/"}],"text":"^ Weber, John William (2008). The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations (PhD thesis). College of William and Mary. pp. 38–39. Retrieved June 13, 2024.\n\n^ Weber (2008). \"Shadow of the Revolution\". p. 8.\n\n^ Hager, William H. (Winter 1963). \"The Plan of San Diego Unrest on the Texas Border in 1915\". Arizona and the West. 5 (4): 327–336 – via JSTOR.\n\n^ Harris, Charles H.; Sadler, Louis R. (1978). \"The Plan of San Diego and the Mexican-United States War Crisis of 1916: A Reexamination\". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (3): 383–4. doi:10.2307/2513956. ISSN 0018-2168 – via JSTOR.\n\n^ Harris; Sadler. \"The Plan of San Diego\". p. 386.\n\n^ Katz, Friedrich (1981). The secret war in Mexico : Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution. Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-226-42588-7.\n\n^ \"Map of South Texas Showing King Ranch\". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-14.\n\n^ General Land Office [Texas] (1921). \"Kenedy County\". The Portal to Texas History. Retrieved 2024-06-14.\n\n^ Cavazos, Lauro F. (2008). A Kineño Remembers: From the King Ranch to the White House. Texas A&M University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-60344-044-8.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Rozeff, Norman (2015-02-05). \"Border Bandits, Part II\". Somos Primos. At \"On August 7, 1915, about two o'clock\" in the page's source code. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved 2024-06-14.\n\n^ a b c d e Boessenecker, John (May 6, 2016). \"Frank Hamer and the Texas Bandit War of 1915\". The History Reader. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved 2024-06-14.\n\n^ Cavazos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 10.\n\n^ a b c Cavazos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 11.\n\n^ \"Situation is Tense and Excitement High\". The Texas City Times. August 9, 1915. p. 1.\n\n^ a b Cavasos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 13.\n\n^ Cavasos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 14.\n\n^ Haug, Chris (2023-05-12). \"Kingsville: Learn, explore a hero's hometown\". fortcavazosmediacenter.com. Retrieved 2024-06-14.\n\n^ \"Rosary for Ranch Foreman Will Be Today at Kingsville\". The Corpus Christi Times. December 2, 1958. p. 28. Retrieved June 14, 2024.\n\n^ \"Obituary for Tom R Tate (Aged 59)\". Corpus Christi Times. 1947-11-06. p. 16. Retrieved 2024-06-15.\n\n^ \"Frank Martin not with Kenedy Ranch\". The Brownsville Herald. December 1, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2024.\n\n^ \"FRANK MARTIN MURDERED, 2 GUNMEN SOUGHT BY OFFICERS\". The Brownsville Herald. Nov 26, 1917. Retrieved June 16, 2024.\n\n^ \"D. P. Gay Dies Late Monday: Veteran Officer to Be Buried Today\". The Rio Grande Farmer. January 21, 1936. p. 1.\n\n^ \"Henry Ransom killed\". Corsicana Daily Sun. 1918-04-02. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-15.\n\n^ \"James Monroe Fox\". Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2024-06-15.\n\n^ \"James Monroe Fox\". The Austin American. p. 2.\n\n^ \"Reception to Bryan\". The Brownsville daily herald. Chronicling America, LIbrary of Congress. 1908-12-02. Page 2, last paragraph. ISSN 2159-4015. Retrieved 2024-06-15.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ \"Gov. Recalls Troop Order, Capt. Quits\". 2. Mar 24, 1915. pp. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved June 16, 2024.\n\n^ \"Former Captain of Texas Nat'l Guard Placed Under Arrest\". Waco Morning News. June 26, 1915. p. 1.\n\n^ \"Texas Guard May Forgo Encampment\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. July 1, 1915. p. 14. Retrieved June 15, 2024.\n\n^ \"Dodges Indictment; Joins Carranza's Army\". El Paso Herald. January 19, 1916. pp. continued on page 5.\n\n^ \"U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1916-1917. Roll 0301 - Certificates: 21101-21500, 01 Apr 1916-08 Apr 1916\". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2024-06-15.\n\n^ \"U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1918-1919. Roll 0671 - Certificates: 56000-56249, 09 Jan 1919-11 Jan 1919\". www.familysearch.org. February 27, 1918. Retrieved 2024-06-16.\n\n^ \"Town Talk\". Corpus Christi Caller. Jun 21, 1929. p. 10. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","title":"Citations"}]
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[{"image_text":"Left to right: Monroe Fox, Henry Ransom and Tom Tate on horseback with dead Mexican bandits, Norias Division, August 9, 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Rangers1915.JPG/220px-Rangers1915.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Map of the King Ranch divisions, showing the early counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.facebook.com/kingranchofficial/photos/a.202287043228612/315224895268159/?type=3"},{"title":"The six uninjured cavalrymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/briscoe_center/6079696099/in/photostream/"},{"title":"Norias Division headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/briscoe_center/6080279195/"}]
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[{"reference":"Weber, John William (2008). The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations (PhD thesis). College of William and Mary. pp. 38–39. Retrieved June 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225181228id_/https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3326&context=etd","url_text":"The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations"}]},{"reference":"Weber (2008). \"Shadow of the Revolution\". p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225181228id_/https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3326&context=etd","url_text":"\"Shadow of the Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Hager, William H. (Winter 1963). \"The Plan of San Diego Unrest on the Texas Border in 1915\". 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ISSN 0018-2168 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2513956","url_text":"\"The Plan of San Diego and the Mexican-United States War Crisis of 1916: A Reexamination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2513956","url_text":"10.2307/2513956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168","url_text":"0018-2168"}]},{"reference":"Harris; Sadler. \"The Plan of San Diego\". p. 386.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2513956?seq=6","url_text":"\"The Plan of San Diego\""}]},{"reference":"Katz, Friedrich (1981). The secret war in Mexico : Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution. Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-226-42588-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/secretwarinmexic0000katz","url_text":"The secret war in Mexico : Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42588-7","url_text":"978-0-226-42588-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of South Texas Showing King Ranch\". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=315224895268159&set=a.202287043228612","url_text":"\"Map of South Texas Showing King Ranch\""},{"url":"http://archive.today/2024.06.14-084006/https://www.facebook.com/kingranchofficial/photos/a.202287043228612/315224895268159/?type=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"General Land Office [Texas] (1921). \"Kenedy County\". The Portal to Texas History. Retrieved 2024-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth232019/m1/1/zoom/","url_text":"\"Kenedy County\""}]},{"reference":"Cavazos, Lauro F. (2008). A Kineño Remembers: From the King Ranch to the White House. Texas A&M University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-60344-044-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_f4ljyQXO7sC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"A Kineño Remembers: From the King Ranch to the White House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-044-8","url_text":"978-1-60344-044-8"}]},{"reference":"Rozeff, Norman (2015-02-05). \"Border Bandits, Part II\". Somos Primos. At \"On August 7, 1915, about two o'clock\" in the page's source code. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved 2024-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://somosprimos.com/sp2014/spaug14/spaug14.htm","url_text":"\"Border Bandits, Part II\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205035107/https://somosprimos.com/sp2014/spaug14/spaug14.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boessenecker, John (May 6, 2016). \"Frank Hamer and the Texas Bandit War of 1915\". The History Reader. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved 2024-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehistoryreader.com/military-history/frank-hamer/","url_text":"\"Frank Hamer and the Texas Bandit War of 1915\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012445/https://www.thehistoryreader.com/military-history/frank-hamer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cavazos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_f4ljyQXO7sC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"A Kineño Remembers"}]},{"reference":"Cavazos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_f4ljyQXO7sC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"A Kineño Remembers"}]},{"reference":"\"Situation is Tense and Excitement High\". The Texas City Times. August 9, 1915. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1576875/m1/1/?q=norias%20ranch","url_text":"\"Situation is Tense and Excitement High\""}]},{"reference":"Cavasos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_f4ljyQXO7sC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"A Kineño Remembers"}]},{"reference":"Cavasos (2008). A Kineño Remembers. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_f4ljyQXO7sC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q=draw&f=false","url_text":"A Kineño Remembers"}]},{"reference":"Haug, Chris (2023-05-12). \"Kingsville: Learn, explore a hero's hometown\". fortcavazosmediacenter.com. Retrieved 2024-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortcavazosmediacenter.com/kingsville-learn-explore-a-heros-hometown/","url_text":"\"Kingsville: Learn, explore a hero's hometown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosary for Ranch Foreman Will Be Today at Kingsville\". The Corpus Christi Times. December 2, 1958. p. 28. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/755976752/?article=39fa79b3-a205-439b-b334-8aad47af97b4&terms=%22lauro%20f.%20cavazos%22","url_text":"\"Rosary for Ranch Foreman Will Be Today at Kingsville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary for Tom R Tate (Aged 59)\". Corpus Christi Times. 1947-11-06. p. 16. Retrieved 2024-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-times-obituary-for-tom-r/93576835/","url_text":"\"Obituary for Tom R Tate (Aged 59)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Martin not with Kenedy Ranch\". The Brownsville Herald. December 1, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/872487150/?match=1&terms=%22frank%20martin%22%20killed","url_text":"\"Frank Martin not with Kenedy Ranch\""}]},{"reference":"\"FRANK MARTIN MURDERED, 2 GUNMEN SOUGHT BY OFFICERS\". The Brownsville Herald. Nov 26, 1917. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/872487072/?match=1&terms=%22frank%20martin%22%20killed","url_text":"\"FRANK MARTIN MURDERED, 2 GUNMEN SOUGHT BY OFFICERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"D. P. Gay Dies Late Monday: Veteran Officer to Be Buried Today\". The Rio Grande Farmer. January 21, 1936. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/48567480/?article=1cbfadae-9741-488f-ad6d-4f73de486d22&terms=%22D.%20P.%20Gay%22","url_text":"\"D. P. Gay Dies Late Monday: Veteran Officer to Be Buried Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Ransom killed\". Corsicana Daily Sun. 1918-04-02. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/corsicana-daily-sun-henry-ransom-killed/964945/","url_text":"\"Henry Ransom killed\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Monroe Fox\". Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2024-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://texasranger.pastperfectonline.com/byperson?keyword=Fox,+J.+M.+%22Monroe%22","url_text":"\"James Monroe Fox\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Monroe Fox\". The Austin American. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/385958849/?match=1&terms=%22james%20monroe%20fox%22","url_text":"\"James Monroe Fox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reception to Bryan\". The Brownsville daily herald. Chronicling America, LIbrary of Congress. 1908-12-02. Page 2, last paragraph. ISSN 2159-4015. Retrieved 2024-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86099906/1908-12-02/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Reception to Bryan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2159-4015","url_text":"2159-4015"}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Recalls Troop Order, Capt. Quits\". 2. Mar 24, 1915. pp. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/634373871/?match=1&terms=%22george%20J%20Head%22","url_text":"\"Gov. Recalls Troop Order, Capt. Quits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Captain of Texas Nat'l Guard Placed Under Arrest\". Waco Morning News. June 26, 1915. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections-baylor.quartexcollections.com/Documents/Detail/waco-morning-news-waco-texas-vol.-4-no.-345-saturday-june-26-1915/550090","url_text":"\"Former Captain of Texas Nat'l Guard Placed Under Arrest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Guard May Forgo Encampment\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. July 1, 1915. p. 14. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/634380777/?match=1","url_text":"\"Texas Guard May Forgo Encampment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dodges Indictment; Joins Carranza's Army\". El Paso Herald. January 19, 1916. pp. continued on page 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/43251574/","url_text":"\"Dodges Indictment; Joins Carranza's Army\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/43251582/","url_text":"continued on page 5"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1916-1917. Roll 0301 - Certificates: 21101-21500, 01 Apr 1916-08 Apr 1916\". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2024-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89X7-H5BT?i=411&cc=2185145&personaUrl=/ark:/61903/1:1:QVJG-1D11","url_text":"\"U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1916-1917. Roll 0301 - Certificates: 21101-21500, 01 Apr 1916-08 Apr 1916\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1918-1919. Roll 0671 - Certificates: 56000-56249, 09 Jan 1919-11 Jan 1919\". www.familysearch.org. February 27, 1918. Retrieved 2024-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99X3-3X93?i=347&cc=2185145&personaUrl=/ark:/61903/1:1:QKDN-NR9S","url_text":"\"U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925. 1918-1919. Roll 0671 - Certificates: 56000-56249, 09 Jan 1919-11 Jan 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town Talk\". Corpus Christi Caller. Jun 21, 1929. p. 10. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/754811713/","url_text":"\"Town Talk\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, John W. (2008). The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations. ISBN 978-0-549-96152-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-96152-9","url_text":"978-0-549-96152-9"}]},{"reference":"Cavazos, Lauro F. (2008). A Kineno Remembers: From the King Ranch to the White House. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-044-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-044-8","url_text":"978-1-60344-044-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgravine_Marie_Anna_of_Hesse-Homburg
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Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg
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["1 Life","2 Marriage and issue","3 Ancestry","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
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Princess Wilhelm of Prussia
Princess Maria AnnaPrincess Wilhelm of Prussia1820 oil painting by Wilhelm SchadowBorn(1785-10-13)13 October 1785Bad Homburg vor der HöheDied14 April 1846(1846-04-14) (aged 60)BerlinSpousePrince Wilhelm of PrussiaIssue…DetailsPrince Adalbert Elisabeth, Princess Karl of Hesse and by Rhine Prince Waldemar Marie, Queen of BavariaHouseHesseFatherFrederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-HomburgMotherCaroline of Hesse-Darmstadt
Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg (13 October 1785, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe – 14 April 1846, Berlin) was a German noblewoman. She was the most senior woman at the Prussian court from 1810 to 1823. She was styled as "Princess Wilhelm of Prussia".
Life
She was the twelfth child (and sixth daughter) of Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg and Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, thus being a granddaughter of Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken, known as the "great Landgräfin".
Maria Anna belonged to the anti-Napoleon-party around Queen Luise and supported the war against France in 1806. She followed the royal house in its escape from the French occupation.
After the death of Queen Luise in 1810, she acted as first lady on official occasions. In March 1813, she proclaimed the famous "Aufruf der königlichen Prinzessinnen an die Frauen im preußischen Staate" and founded the patriotic women's association "Vaterländischen Frauenverein." She corresponded with Freiherr vom Stein, von Hardenberg and the Humboldt brothers and was an acquaintance of the poet Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué. In 1822, she was in love with Count Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode, who later became Prussian Minister of State. She was active in prison care at the Berliner Gefängnisinsassen and founded an orphanage in Pankow in Berlin.
Marriage and issue
She married in 1804 to Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851), her first cousin, and they had nine children:
Princess Amalie Friederike Luise Karoline Wilhelmine of Prussia (4 July 1805 – 23 November 1805); died in infancy.
Princess Irene of Prussia (born and died 3 November 1806); stillborn.
Unnamed son (born and died 30 August 1809); stillborn.
Prince Friedrich Tassilo Wilhelm of Prussia (29 October 1811 – 9 January 1813); died in infancy.
Prince Heinrich Wilhelm Adalbert of Prussia (29 October 1811 – 6 June 1873); married morganatically, in 1850, Therese Elssler and had issue.
Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Tassilo of Prussia (15 November 1813 – 9 January 1814); died in infancy.
Princess Marie Elisabeth Karoline Viktoria of Prussia (18 June 1815 – 21 March 1885); married, in 1836, Prince Karl of Hesse and by Rhine and had issue.
Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Waldemar of Prussia (2 August 1817 – 17 February 1849), never married.
Princess Marie Friederike Franziska Hedwig of Prussia (15 October 1825 – 17 May 1889); married, in 1842, King Maximilian II of Bavaria and had issue.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg 8. Prince Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg 4. Frederick IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 9. Countess Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels 2. Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 10. Frederick William, Prince of Solms-Braunfels 5. Princess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels 11. Countess Sophie Magdalena Benigna of Solms-Laubach-Utphe 1. Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg 12. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 6. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 13. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg 3. Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt 14. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken 7. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken 15. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken
References
Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg.
Horst Häker (Hrsg.): Tagebuch der Prinzessin Marianne von Preußen. (= Heilbronner Kleist-Editionen; 1). Kleist-Archiv Sembdner, Heilbronn 2006, ISBN 3-931060-97-7
Stefan Hartmann (1990), "Marianne", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 210–211; (full text online)
Hermann von Petersdorff (1906), "Marianne, Prinzessin von Preußen", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 52, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 202–210
Karl Schwartz: Landgraf Friedrich V. von Hessen-Homburg und seine Familie. Aus Archivalien und Familienpapieren. Rudolstadt 1878
vtePrussian princesses by marriageGenerations indicate marriage to descendants Frederick I, the first King of Prussia1st generation
Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
2nd generation
Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel
Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt
3rd generation
Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick
Landgravine Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt
4th generation
Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg
5th generation
Princess Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Princess Marianne of the Netherlands
Princess Luise of Anhalt-Bernburg
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Victoria, Princess Royal
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7th generation
Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine
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Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Duchess Sophia Charlotte of Oldenburg
Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Alexandra Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Ina Marie von Bassewitz
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This article about a member of the German nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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She was styled as \"Princess Wilhelm of Prussia\".","title":"Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Caroline_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Queen Luise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"Freiherr vom Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein"},{"link_name":"von Hardenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_of_Stolberg-Wernigerode"}],"text":"She was the twelfth child (and sixth daughter) of Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg and Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, thus being a granddaughter of Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken, known as the \"great Landgräfin\".Maria Anna belonged to the anti-Napoleon-party around Queen Luise and supported the war against France in 1806. She followed the royal house in its escape from the French occupation.After the death of Queen Luise in 1810, she acted as first lady on official occasions. In March 1813, she proclaimed the famous \"Aufruf der königlichen Prinzessinnen an die Frauen im preußischen Staate\" and founded the patriotic women's association \"Vaterländischen Frauenverein.\" She corresponded with Freiherr vom Stein, von Hardenberg and the Humboldt brothers and was an acquaintance of the poet Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué. In 1822, she was in love with Count Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode, who later became Prussian Minister of State. She was active in prison care at the Berliner Gefängnisinsassen and founded an orphanage in Pankow in Berlin.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Wilhelm of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm_of_Prussia_(1783%E2%80%931851)"},{"link_name":"Prince Heinrich Wilhelm Adalbert of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia_(1811%E2%80%931873)"},{"link_name":"married morganatically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic_marriage"},{"link_name":"Therese Elssler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_Elssler"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Elisabeth Karoline Viktoria of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Prince Karl of Hesse and by Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Karl_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Waldemar of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1817%E2%80%931849)"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Friederike Franziska Hedwig of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"King Maximilian II of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"She married in 1804 to Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851), her first cousin, and they had nine children:Princess Amalie Friederike Luise Karoline Wilhelmine of Prussia (4 July 1805 – 23 November 1805); died in infancy.\nPrincess Irene of Prussia (born and died 3 November 1806); stillborn.\nUnnamed son (born and died 30 August 1809); stillborn.\nPrince Friedrich Tassilo Wilhelm of Prussia (29 October 1811 – 9 January 1813); died in infancy.\nPrince Heinrich Wilhelm Adalbert of Prussia (29 October 1811 – 6 June 1873); married morganatically, in 1850, Therese Elssler and had issue.\nPrince Friedrich Wilhelm Tassilo of Prussia (15 November 1813 – 9 January 1814); died in infancy.\nPrincess Marie Elisabeth Karoline Viktoria of Prussia (18 June 1815 – 21 March 1885); married, in 1836, Prince Karl of Hesse and by Rhine and had issue.\nPrince Friedrich Wilhelm Waldemar of Prussia (2 August 1817 – 17 February 1849), never married.\nPrincess Marie Friederike Franziska Hedwig of Prussia (15 October 1825 – 17 May 1889); married, in 1842, King Maximilian II of Bavaria and had issue.","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_William_of_Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"Countess Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Charlotte_of_Solms-Braunfels"},{"link_name":"Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick William, Prince of Solms-Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William,_Prince_of_Solms-Braunfels"},{"link_name":"Princess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Ulrike_Louise_of_Solms-Braunfels"},{"link_name":"Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Charlotte_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg"},{"link_name":"Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Caroline_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Caroline_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken"}],"text":"Ancestors of Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg 8. Prince Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg 4. Frederick IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 9. Countess Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels 2. Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 10. Frederick William, Prince of Solms-Braunfels 5. Princess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels 11. Countess Sophie Magdalena Benigna of Solms-Laubach-Utphe 1. Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg 12. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 6. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 13. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg 3. Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt 14. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken 7. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken 15. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Princess_Maria_Anna_of_Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"Kleist-Archiv Sembdner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kleist-Archiv_Sembdner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-931060-97-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931060-97-7"},{"link_name":"\"Marianne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016334/images/index.html?seite=222"},{"link_name":"Neue Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"full text online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn119259737.html"},{"link_name":"Marianne, Prinzessin von 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Mecklenburg-Strelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Ludovika_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach_(1808%E2%80%931877)"},{"link_name":"Princess Marianne of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marianne_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Princess Luise of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Luise_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Victoria, 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Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid_Guinness"},{"link_name":"Princess Henriette of Schönaich-Carolath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Henriette_of_Sch%C3%B6naich-Carolath"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Vladimirovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Sophie of Isenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie,_Princess_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261889#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/398801/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000382881106"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/266385141"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGTtrrJCcHyK3gR84wmd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119259737"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no97060104"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p168873230"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600283505606"},{"link_name":"Deutsche 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Maria_Anna_of_Hesse-Homburg&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-noble-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg.Horst Häker (Hrsg.): Tagebuch der Prinzessin Marianne von Preußen. (= Heilbronner Kleist-Editionen; 1). Kleist-Archiv Sembdner, Heilbronn 2006, ISBN 3-931060-97-7\nStefan Hartmann (1990), \"Marianne\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 210–211; (full text online)\nHermann von Petersdorff (1906), \"Marianne, Prinzessin von Preußen\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 52, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 202–210\nKarl Schwartz: Landgraf Friedrich V. von Hessen-Homburg und seine Familie. Aus Archivalien und Familienpapieren. Rudolstadt 1878vtePrussian princesses by marriageGenerations indicate marriage to descendants Frederick I, the first King of Prussia1st generation\nPrincess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover\n2nd generation\nDuchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel\nDuchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel\nPrincess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel\nMargravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt\n3rd generation\nDuchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick\nLandgravine Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt\n4th generation\nDuchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz\nDuchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz\nPrincess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg\n5th generation\nPrincess Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria\nPrincess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\nPrincess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\nPrincess Marianne of the Netherlands\nPrincess Luise of Anhalt-Bernburg\n6th generation\nVictoria, Princess Royal\nPrincess Maria Anna of Anhalt-Dessau\nPrincess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg\n7th generation\nPrincess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein\nPrincess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine\nPrincess Louise Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg\n8th generation\nDuchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin\nDuchess Sophia Charlotte of Oldenburg\nPrincess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen\nPrincess Alexandra Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg\nIna Marie von Bassewitz\nPrincess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt\n9th generation\nGrand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia\nPrincess Magdalena Reuss of Köstritz\nLady Brigid Katherine Rachel Guinness\nPrincess Henriette of Schönaich-Carolath\n10th generation\nGrand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia\n11th generation\nPrincess Sophie of IsenburgAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nRISM\nSNAC\nIdRefThis article about a member of the German nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Douglas
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Caroline Douglas
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["1 Early life and family","2 Roman Catholicism","3 Political activism","4 References"]
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Caroline DouglasBornCaroline Margaret Clayton1821IrelandDied14 February 1904 (aged 82–83)NationalityIrish
Caroline Douglas (1821 – 1904) was a Marchioness of Queensberry, and Irish nationalist benefactor.
Early life and family
Caroline Douglas was born Caroline Alice Margaret Clayton in Ireland in 1821. Her father was English, Sir William Clayton, a retired British army general and one of the members of parliament for Marlow, Buckinghamshire. Her mother, Alice Clayton (born O'Donnell), was from County Mayo, and was a Roman Catholic, but despite this the couple's four children were raised as Anglicans. Douglas lived in Bantry, County Cork, until the age of two, when the family moved to England to the family seat of Harleyford House, Buckinghamshire. This house was regularly visited by royalty and politicians, including Napoleon III. When her father refused to give his consent for her to marry Archibald Douglas, Lord Drumlanrig, the couple eloped and were married at Gretna Green on 28 May 1840. The couple went on to have five sons and two daughters: Gertrude, John, Francis, Archibald, and twins James and Florence. One son died in infancy. Their marriage suffered, due to her husband's gambling and adultery.
Roman Catholicism
The Marquess died in 1858 in a hunting accident, leaving his widow to live what has been described as a "restless life." She travelled between fashionable resorts in Britain and Europe and the Douglas estate, Glen Stuart, in Dumfries, Scotland. In 1861 she converted to Roman Catholicism, shocking her family. She became aware that her mother-in-law planned to take her children away from her, prompting her to flee to France with her youngest children, Archibald, then twelve, and Florence and James, aged seven, where she could educate them as she wished. This led the children's guardians to threaten her with an action under English law to take her children away from her. The three were too young to choose a guardian under Scottish law. In the event, they remained in France for two years. Falconer Atlee, the British Consul at Nantes, offered them a place of safety when their first location was discovered, and the Emperor Napoleon III eventually extended Lady Queensberry his protection, ensuring that she could keep the custody of the three children. Eventually, it was agreed that Caroline would retain custody of her younger children, and they returned to England in 1864, when her mother-in-law's health started to decline.
Archibald eventually became a Roman Catholic priest. Gertrude also converted, and her Anglican fiancé would not agree to their children being brought up in her faith, the engagement was broken off. She entered the Good Shepherd convent in Hammersmith and completed her novitiate to take her black veil of profession in 1867, but later left the order.
Political activism
Douglas always considered herself to be Irish and favoured the cause of Irish Home Rule. In 1867 she caused a scandal in London society by raising money towards the defence of the Manchester Martyrs, writing to all three men while they were in prison and sending a cheque for £100 to help to support their dependents. She continued to support Irish nationalism, regardless of the cold reception she received in English society because of it, and wrote pamphlets on the subject, including Let there be light (1867). She also regularly wrote letters to newspapers about the Irish question and was a regular donor to Irish radicals. There were rumours that she funded a Fenian newspaper clandestinely.
Douglas supported a number of Scottish Roman Catholic charities and helped her son Archibald in his parish duties. It is believed she corresponded with James Connolly from 1896 to 1903 and was a subscriber to the Irish Socialist Republican Party's literature. It was incorrectly assumed that she became a nun later in life, due to a letter she wrote to John Devoy from a Franciscan convent in Bayswater. In fact, she lived in Boulogne on a small annuity bequeathed to her by her father, but was at Glen Stuart when she died on 14 February 1904. She was listed among "The Devoted Friends of the Manchester Martyrs" on the National Monument erected in 1906 in Grand Parade, Cork.
References
^ a b c d e Clarke, Frances (2009). "Douglas, Caroline Margaret". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ "Sister Caroline and Brother James". blog.nli.ie. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ "Caroline Margaret Clayton". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ Stratmann, Linda (2013). The Marquess of Queensberry : Wilde's nemesis. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. pp. 69–77. ISBN 978-0300173802. Retrieved 13 July 2016.; Douglas, Gertrude (2 July 1870). "Lady Gertrude Douglas on Convent Life". The Darling Downs Gazette and General Advertiser (Toowoomba, Qld.). p. 4. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
^ Healy, Seán (2006). National Monument in Cork (PDF). Irish War Memorials. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
People
Ireland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marchioness of Queensberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchioness_of_Queensberry"},{"link_name":"Irish nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Caroline Douglas (1821 – 1904) was a Marchioness of Queensberry, and Irish nationalist benefactor.[1][2]","title":"Caroline Douglas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sir William Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Clayton,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Marlow, Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Anglicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Bantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantry"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas, Lord Drumlanrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_8th_Marquess_of_Queensberry"},{"link_name":"Gretna Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_Green"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas,_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Francis_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Archibald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Archibald_Edward_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Florence_Dixie"}],"text":"Caroline Douglas was born Caroline Alice Margaret Clayton in Ireland in 1821. Her father was English, Sir William Clayton, a retired British army general and one of the members of parliament for Marlow, Buckinghamshire. Her mother, Alice Clayton (born O'Donnell), was from County Mayo, and was a Roman Catholic, but despite this the couple's four children were raised as Anglicans. Douglas lived in Bantry, County Cork, until the age of two, when the family moved to England to the family seat of Harleyford House, Buckinghamshire. This house was regularly visited by royalty and politicians, including Napoleon III. When her father refused to give his consent for her to marry Archibald Douglas, Lord Drumlanrig, the couple eloped and were married at Gretna Green on 28 May 1840.[1][3] The couple went on to have five sons and two daughters: Gertrude, John, Francis, Archibald, and twins James and Florence. One son died in infancy. Their marriage suffered, due to her husband's gambling and adultery.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest"},{"link_name":"Good Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"veil of profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_profession"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Marquess died in 1858 in a hunting accident, leaving his widow to live what has been described as a \"restless life.\" She travelled between fashionable resorts in Britain and Europe and the Douglas estate, Glen Stuart, in Dumfries, Scotland. In 1861 she converted to Roman Catholicism, shocking her family. She became aware that her mother-in-law planned to take her children away from her, prompting her to flee to France with her youngest children, Archibald, then twelve, and Florence and James, aged seven, where she could educate them as she wished. This led the children's guardians to threaten her with an action under English law to take her children away from her. The three were too young to choose a guardian under Scottish law. In the event, they remained in France for two years. Falconer Atlee, the British Consul at Nantes, offered them a place of safety when their first location was discovered, and the Emperor Napoleon III eventually extended Lady Queensberry his protection, ensuring that she could keep the custody of the three children. Eventually, it was agreed that Caroline would retain custody of her younger children, and they returned to England in 1864, when her mother-in-law's health started to decline.[1]Archibald eventually became a Roman Catholic priest. Gertrude also converted, and her Anglican fiancé would not agree to their children being brought up in her faith, the engagement was broken off. She entered the Good Shepherd convent in Hammersmith and completed her novitiate to take her black veil of profession in 1867, but later left the order.[4]","title":"Roman Catholicism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule"},{"link_name":"Manchester Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"James Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Irish Socialist Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"John Devoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Devoy"},{"link_name":"Bayswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"Grand Parade, Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Parade,_Cork"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Douglas always considered herself to be Irish and favoured the cause of Irish Home Rule. In 1867 she caused a scandal in London society by raising money towards the defence of the Manchester Martyrs, writing to all three men while they were in prison and sending a cheque for £100 to help to support their dependents. She continued to support Irish nationalism, regardless of the cold reception she received in English society because of it, and wrote pamphlets on the subject, including Let there be light (1867). She also regularly wrote letters to newspapers about the Irish question and was a regular donor to Irish radicals. There were rumours that she funded a Fenian newspaper clandestinely.[1]Douglas supported a number of Scottish Roman Catholic charities and helped her son Archibald in his parish duties. It is believed she corresponded with James Connolly from 1896 to 1903 and was a subscriber to the Irish Socialist Republican Party's literature. It was incorrectly assumed that she became a nun later in life, due to a letter she wrote to John Devoy from a Franciscan convent in Bayswater. In fact, she lived in Boulogne on a small annuity bequeathed to her by her father, but was at Glen Stuart when she died on 14 February 1904.[1] She was listed among \"The Devoted Friends of the Manchester Martyrs\" on the National Monument erected in 1906 in Grand Parade, Cork.[5]","title":"Political activism"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Clarke, Frances (2009). \"Douglas, Caroline Margaret\". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sister Caroline and Brother James\". blog.nli.ie. Retrieved 19 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.nli.ie/index.php/2011/08/09/sister-caroline-and-brother-james/","url_text":"\"Sister Caroline and Brother James\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caroline Margaret Clayton\". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 19 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p2031.htm#i20306","url_text":"\"Caroline Margaret Clayton\""}]},{"reference":"Stratmann, Linda (2013). The Marquess of Queensberry : Wilde's nemesis. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. pp. 69–77. ISBN 978-0300173802. Retrieved 13 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3dDZeY9cYC&pg=PA95","url_text":"The Marquess of Queensberry : Wilde's nemesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300173802","url_text":"978-0300173802"}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Gertrude (2 July 1870). \"Lady Gertrude Douglas on Convent Life\". The Darling Downs Gazette and General Advertiser (Toowoomba, Qld.). p. 4. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75462201","url_text":"\"Lady Gertrude Douglas on Convent Life\""}]},{"reference":"Healy, Seán (2006). National Monument in Cork (PDF). Irish War Memorials. Retrieved 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishwarmemorials.ie/pdf/263.pdf","url_text":"National Monument in Cork"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://blog.nli.ie/index.php/2011/08/09/sister-caroline-and-brother-james/","external_links_name":"\"Sister Caroline and Brother James\""},{"Link":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p2031.htm#i20306","external_links_name":"\"Caroline Margaret Clayton\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3dDZeY9cYC&pg=PA95","external_links_name":"The Marquess of Queensberry : Wilde's nemesis"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75462201","external_links_name":"\"Lady Gertrude Douglas on Convent Life\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishwarmemorials.ie/pdf/263.pdf","external_links_name":"National Monument in Cork"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315694341","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.002722.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomphaliones
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Neomphaliones
|
["1 Taxonomy","2 References"]
|
Subclass of gastropods
Neomphaliones
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Superphylum:
Lophotrochozoa
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Neomphaliones
Neomphaliones is a subclass of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), in the class Gastropoda.
Taxonomy
According to revised taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi et al. 2017, this subclass consists only of the following orders:
Cocculinida
Neomphalida
References
^ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Neomphaliones. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1342211 on 2020-08-25
^ Bouchet P., Rocroi J.P., Hausdorf B., Kaim A., Kano Y., Nützel A., Parkhaev P., Schrödl M. & Strong E.E. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1-2): 1-526.
Taxon identifiersNeomphaliones
Wikidata: Q88575743
Wikispecies: Neomphaliones
iNaturalist: 989723
WoRMS: 1342211
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet"},{"link_name":"gastropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"Gastropoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Neomphaliones is a subclass of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), in the class Gastropoda.[1]","title":"Neomphaliones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cocculinida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocculinida"},{"link_name":"Neomphalida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomphalida"}],"text":"According to revised taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi et al. 2017, this subclass consists only of the following orders:[2]Cocculinida\nNeomphalida","title":"Taxonomy"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1342211","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1342211"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/989723","external_links_name":"989723"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1342211","external_links_name":"1342211"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksley_(band)
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Locksley (band)
|
["1 Beginnings, Don't Make Me Wait (2003–2009)","2 Television, press and placements","3 Be in Love (2009–2010)","4 Locksley album (2011)","5 Touring","6 Discography","6.1 Albums","6.2 EPs","6.3 Singles","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American pop rock band
Locksleyfrom left to right: Sam Bair, Jordan Laz, Jesse Laz, Kai KennedyBackground informationOriginMadison, Wisconsin, United StatesGenresPower pop, Indie rock, alternative rock, garage rock revivalYears active2003–presentLabelsFeatureMembersJesse Laz (lead vocals, rhythm guitar)Kai Kennedy (lead guitar, vocals)Jordan Laz (bass, vocals)Sam Bair (drums)Past membersAaron Collins (2003–2008)Websitehttp://www.locksley.com
Locksley is an indie four-piece pop rock/power pop band from Madison, Wisconsin. They are self-released on their own Feature Records label. Their songwriting is heavily influenced by early British Invasion bands with an instrumental style based more on early American punk bands and modern garage rock groups. The band describe their sound as doo-wop punk.
Beginnings, Don't Make Me Wait (2003–2009)
Locksley was formed in Madison, Wisconsin in 2003 by Jesse Laz, Sam Bair, Kai Kennedy and Aaron Collins. They were students at Madison West High School. The band relocated to New York shortly after forming. Their first show was September 10, 2003, at the CBGB Gallery. They recorded a CD of demos in their apartment called Safely From the City, which they self-released in the fall of 2004. Only 1000 copies were ever printed.
In 2005 Locksley released a five-song, self-titled EP. Several tracks off Locksley were licensed for commercials, including "Don't Make Me Wait" and "She Does" to Payless Shoes and "Don't Make Me Wait" to the STARZ network. Locksley was featured in the STARZ ad campaign as well, in a music video shot by the network. The EP and the licensing exposure attracted some label interest, though ultimately they never signed a record contract, instead releasing "Don't Make Me Wait" (a collection that included a mix of originals, tracks from the Locksley EP and some rerecordings of songs off Safely From the City) on their own Feature Records label in January 2007. (It was later released in Japan on Fabtone Records in June 2007 and in France on Minimum Records in August 2008). This release would be their first studio album and first broad album release. The band cites "Don't Make Me Wait" as their first album.
On January 18, 2008, Locksley announced on their website that bassist Aaron Collins would be leaving the band. Jordan Laz, Jesse Laz's younger brother, played bass for the band during a performance at the Mercury Lounge in New York City on March 20, 2008. He was officially announced as the band's new bassist the following day. Shortly thereafter, Locksley left on tour as direct support for Rooney and spent the rest of the spring in between tours with Rooney and The Hives. "Don't Make Me Wait" was rereleased on September 9, 2008.
Television, press and placements
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Locksley performed "Don't Make Me Wait", "Let Me Know" and "She Does" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! March 2, 2007. They performed "Let Me Know" on Late Night with Conan O'Brien on August 13, 2007. MTV made Locksley their Featured Artist of the Week for two weeks straight from September 8 to 22, 2008.
After the release of Don't Make Me Wait, Locksley were featured in multiple magazine spreads, notably SPIN's "Breaking Out", Rolling Stone's "6 Breakout Bands to Watch", Alternative Press's "100 Bands You Need To Know" and in ELLE with an eight-page fashion spread in their March 2007 issue. They also performed the national anthem as well as "Oh! Wisconsin" during halftime at the 2011 Christmas game against the Chicago Bears. They are now the first and only band to perform at halftime at Lambeau Field.
Many of the songs off of Don't Make Me Wait were licensed for TV, commercials and movies, notably: "She Does" as the theme to HLN's Morning Express with Robin Meade, placement in the Friday the 13th remake, "Don't Make Me Wait" as the trailer music to the Paul Rudd and Eva Longoria movie Over Her Dead Body and "My Kind of Lover" in the J. J. Abrams-produced Cloverfield.
On August 24, 2008, "All Over Again," "Don't Make Me Wait," and "She Does" were made available as downloadable content for the popular Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 game series Rock Band. The songs have been downloaded over 60,000 times to date. Locksley credits licenses with keeping the band going.
Locksley wrote the song "Slink (A Hymn)" for use as the theme song to FOX's TV show The Good Guys.
"On Fire" was featured on the soundtrack and end credits of the 2011 film Scream 4.
Owens Community College uses "The Whip" in a number of radio and TV commercials. "The Whip" is also used in an American Family Insurance commercial, and has been used by the Colorado Avalanche, Columbus Blue Jackets, Detroit Red Wings, Vancouver Canucks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Dallas Stars, and Florida Panthers as their goal song at some point since the 2011-12 NHL season. The ECHL hockey team Toledo Walleye, and AIHL ice hockey team the Melbourne Mustangs also use the song as their goal song. The Cincinnati Reds have also used the song when they hit a home run.
The season two premiere of The Detour (TV series) features "Black Ajax" in two scenes.
Be in Love (2009–2010)
Locksley began recording their second studio album (Be in Love) at the beginning of January 2009. Locksley announces "Be In Love" to be released January 26 as well as an opening slot as direct support for Mae on their Afternoon Tour.
The band's first-ever single release, "Darling, It's True", was released September 22, 2009, digitally and as the A-side to a 7" released on Steven Van Zandt's Wicked Cool Records. B-sides were "There's a Love" (a William Bell cover) and "Talk to Me" (an original Locksley song by Kai Kennedy).
The Be In Love release was pushed back to February 23 for the album digitally and March 16 in stores.
The video for "The Whip" premiered to fans on June 13, 2010, via Locksley's website. Immediately following the debut the band joined fans for a live chat about the video and upcoming tour. No dates had been set.
The Whip has been used as the scoring song for some professional sports teams, which include Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds and the American Hockey League's Cleveland Monsters, who adopted it when affiliating with the National Hockey League's Columbus Blue Jackets, who also use it.
Locksley album (2011)
Locksley released their third full-length album on July 12, 2011.
Touring
Locksley's first national shows were a club tour with San Francisco's Scissors for Lefty in early 2007. They followed that as support on The Rapture's early 2007 Pieces of the People We Love tour. That summer Locksley performed at the MIDI festival in Beijing, China and the Summersonic Festival in Tokyo, Japan.
In late 2007 they were direct support on Hanson's The Walk tour. In early/mid-2008 they were direct support on Rooney's U.S. tour and The Hives U.S./Canada tour.
In late 2008 they headlined MTV's Choose or Lose Tour and in late 2008 they were direct support and the backing band for Ray Davies on his U.S. tour.
In late 2009 they were direct support for Mae on their Afternoon Tour. In Dec. 2009 Locksley announced a spring Japan tour, as direct support for The Bawdies.
In early and mid-2010, Locksley were the opening act for Butch Walker on his North American tour. As of 2013, the band has started a social networking campaign using the Twitter hashtag #whereislocksley accompanied by anonymous photos to play a number of secret shows in cities like Tucson, AZ and Uncasville, CT. In January 2015, Locksley was featured during the National Hockey League's All-Star Game in Columbus, Ohio.
Discography
Albums
Safely From The City
Don't Make Me Wait (2007/2008, rerelease)
Be In Love (2010)
Locksley (2011)
Forward (2018)
EPs
Locksley (2005)
Garage Sale (2008)
Ghosts (2011)
Forward | Summer (2016)
Forward | Fall (2016)
Singles
"Darling, It's True" (2009)
"The Whip" (2010)
"Black Ajax" (2012)
"Hype" (2012)
"Holiday" (2012)
"Let It Ride" (2014)
"Spooky" (2020)
References
^ "Video: Wendy's Fresh Faces- Locksley- Ep. 7 von Wendys - Myspace Video". Myspace. December 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013.
^
Clear, Katjusa (2 October 2008). "Locksley's West grads move on up to play the East side". Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ a b Medsker, David (September 11, 2008). "A Chat with Jesse Laz, Jesse Laz interview, Locksley, Locksley reissue, Don't Make Me Wait, Beatles". Bullz-Eye.com.
^ "Blog von Locksley". Myspace. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
^ Cleveland Monsters Goal Horn and Song Live in arena 2021/22, retrieved 2022-10-08
^ Columbus Blue Jackets goal horn live + Cannon (Alexandre Texier empty net goal vs Dallas Stars), retrieved 2022-10-08
^ "Locksley Announce New Locksley Album, Sream 4 Soundtrack, Sirius XM Hits 1 add news" (Press release). MVRemix Rock.
^ "Blog von Locksley". Myspace. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
^ "Locksley". Facebook. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
External links
Official website
Locksley at AllMusic
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_music"},{"link_name":"four-piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"power pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_band"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myspace.com-1"}],"text":"Locksley is an indie four-piece pop rock/power pop band from Madison, Wisconsin. They are self-released on their own Feature Records label. Their songwriting is heavily influenced by early British Invasion bands with an instrumental style based more on early American punk bands and modern garage rock groups. The band describe their sound as doo-wop punk.[1]","title":"Locksley (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse Laz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Laz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam Bair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Bair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kai Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Aaron Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Collins_(bassist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madison West High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_West_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bullz-eye.com-3"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooney_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Hives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hives"}],"text":"Locksley was formed in Madison, Wisconsin in 2003 by Jesse Laz, Sam Bair, Kai Kennedy and Aaron Collins. They were students at Madison West High School.[2] The band relocated to New York shortly after forming. Their first show was September 10, 2003, at the CBGB Gallery. They recorded a CD of demos in their apartment called Safely From the City, which they self-released in the fall of 2004. Only 1000 copies were ever printed.[3]In 2005 Locksley released a five-song, self-titled EP. Several tracks off Locksley were licensed for commercials, including \"Don't Make Me Wait\" and \"She Does\" to Payless Shoes and \"Don't Make Me Wait\" to the STARZ network. Locksley was featured in the STARZ ad campaign as well, in a music video shot by the network. The EP and the licensing exposure attracted some label interest, though ultimately they never signed a record contract, instead releasing \"Don't Make Me Wait\" (a collection that included a mix of originals, tracks from the Locksley EP and some rerecordings of songs off Safely From the City) on their own Feature Records label in January 2007. (It was later released in Japan on Fabtone Records in June 2007 and in France on Minimum Records in August 2008). This release would be their first studio album and first broad album release. The band cites \"Don't Make Me Wait\" as their first album.On January 18, 2008, Locksley announced on their website that bassist Aaron Collins would be leaving the band. Jordan Laz, Jesse Laz's younger brother, played bass for the band during a performance at the Mercury Lounge in New York City on March 20, 2008. He was officially announced as the band's new bassist the following day. Shortly thereafter, Locksley left on tour as direct support for Rooney and spent the rest of the spring in between tours with Rooney and The Hives. \"Don't Make Me Wait\" was rereleased on September 9, 2008.","title":"Beginnings, Don't Make Me Wait (2003–2009)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Kimmel Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Conan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"SPIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"ELLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELLE"},{"link_name":"HLN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLN_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Morning Express with Robin Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Express_with_Robin_Meade"},{"link_name":"Friday the 13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Eva Longoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Longoria"},{"link_name":"Over Her Dead Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_Her_Dead_Body"},{"link_name":"J. J. Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Abrams"},{"link_name":"Cloverfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverfield"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bullz-eye.com-3"},{"link_name":"The Good Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Guys_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scream 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_4"},{"link_name":"Owens Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_Community_College"},{"link_name":"American Family Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Insurance"},{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Columbus Blue Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Dallas Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"2011-12 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-12_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"ECHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHL"},{"link_name":"Toledo Walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Walleye"},{"link_name":"AIHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIHL"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Mustangs"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"The Detour (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detour_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Locksley performed \"Don't Make Me Wait\", \"Let Me Know\" and \"She Does\" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! March 2, 2007. They performed \"Let Me Know\" on Late Night with Conan O'Brien on August 13, 2007. MTV made Locksley their Featured Artist of the Week for two weeks straight from September 8 to 22, 2008.After the release of Don't Make Me Wait, Locksley were featured in multiple magazine spreads, notably SPIN's \"Breaking Out\", Rolling Stone's \"6 Breakout Bands to Watch\", Alternative Press's \"100 Bands You Need To Know\" and in ELLE with an eight-page fashion spread in their March 2007 issue. They also performed the national anthem as well as \"Oh! Wisconsin\" during halftime at the 2011 Christmas game against the Chicago Bears. They are now the first and only band to perform at halftime at Lambeau Field.Many of the songs off of Don't Make Me Wait were licensed for TV, commercials and movies, notably: \"She Does\" as the theme to HLN's Morning Express with Robin Meade, placement in the Friday the 13th remake, \"Don't Make Me Wait\" as the trailer music to the Paul Rudd and Eva Longoria movie Over Her Dead Body and \"My Kind of Lover\" in the J. J. Abrams-produced Cloverfield.On August 24, 2008, \"All Over Again,\" \"Don't Make Me Wait,\" and \"She Does\" were made available as downloadable content for the popular Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 game series Rock Band. The songs have been downloaded over 60,000 times to date. Locksley credits licenses with keeping the band going.[3]Locksley wrote the song \"Slink (A Hymn)\" for use as the theme song to FOX's TV show The Good Guys.\"On Fire\" was featured on the soundtrack and end credits of the 2011 film Scream 4.Owens Community College uses \"The Whip\" in a number of radio and TV commercials. \"The Whip\" is also used in an American Family Insurance commercial, and has been used by the Colorado Avalanche, Columbus Blue Jackets, Detroit Red Wings, Vancouver Canucks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Dallas Stars, and Florida Panthers as their goal song at some point since the 2011-12 NHL season. The ECHL hockey team Toledo Walleye, and AIHL ice hockey team the Melbourne Mustangs also use the song as their goal song. The Cincinnati Reds have also used the song when they hit a home run.The season two premiere of The Detour (TV series) features \"Black Ajax\" in two scenes.","title":"Television, press and placements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"A-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Steven Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"American Hockey League's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Columbus Blue Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Locksley began recording their second studio album (Be in Love) at the beginning of January 2009. Locksley announces \"Be In Love\" to be released January 26 as well as an opening slot as direct support for Mae on their Afternoon Tour.[4][failed verification]The band's first-ever single release, \"Darling, It's True\", was released September 22, 2009, digitally and as the A-side to a 7\" released on Steven Van Zandt's Wicked Cool Records. B-sides were \"There's a Love\" (a William Bell cover) and \"Talk to Me\" (an original Locksley song by Kai Kennedy).The Be In Love release was pushed back to February 23 for the album digitally and March 16 in stores.The video for \"The Whip\" premiered to fans on June 13, 2010, via Locksley's website. Immediately following the debut the band joined fans for a live chat about the video and upcoming tour. No dates had been set.The Whip has been used as the scoring song for some professional sports teams, which include Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds and the American Hockey League's Cleveland Monsters, who adopted it when affiliating with the National Hockey League's Columbus Blue Jackets, who also use it. [5][6]","title":"Be in Love (2009–2010)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Locksley released their third full-length album on July 12, 2011.[7]","title":"Locksley album (2011)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scissors for Lefty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors_for_Lefty"},{"link_name":"The Rapture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Bawdies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bawdies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Butch Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Walker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Locksley's first national shows were a club tour with San Francisco's Scissors for Lefty in early 2007. They followed that as support on The Rapture's early 2007 Pieces of the People We Love tour. That summer Locksley performed at the MIDI festival in Beijing, China and the Summersonic Festival in Tokyo, Japan. \nIn late 2007 they were direct support on Hanson's The Walk tour. In early/mid-2008 they were direct support on Rooney's U.S. tour and The Hives U.S./Canada tour.\nIn late 2008 they headlined MTV's Choose or Lose Tour and in late 2008 they were direct support and the backing band for Ray Davies on his U.S. tour.\nIn late 2009 they were direct support for Mae on their Afternoon Tour. In Dec. 2009 Locksley announced a spring Japan tour, as direct support for The Bawdies.[8][failed verification]\nIn early and mid-2010, Locksley were the opening act for Butch Walker on his North American tour. As of 2013, the band has started a social networking campaign using the Twitter hashtag #whereislocksley accompanied by anonymous photos to play a number of secret shows in cities like Tucson, AZ and Uncasville, CT.[9] In January 2015, Locksley was featured during the National Hockey League's All-Star Game in Columbus, Ohio.","title":"Touring"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Safely From The City\nDon't Make Me Wait (2007/2008, rerelease)\nBe In Love (2010)\nLocksley (2011)\nForward (2018)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Locksley (2005)\nGarage Sale (2008)\nGhosts (2011)\nForward | Summer (2016)\nForward | Fall (2016)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Darling, It's True\" (2009)\n\"The Whip\" (2010)\n\"Black Ajax\" (2012)\n\"Hype\" (2012)\n\"Holiday\" (2012)\n\"Let It Ride\" (2014)\n\"Spooky\" (2020)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Video: Wendy's Fresh Faces- Locksley- Ep. 7 von Wendys - Myspace Video\". Myspace. December 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130110072538/http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=101078714","url_text":"\"Video: Wendy's Fresh Faces- Locksley- Ep. 7 von Wendys - Myspace Video\""},{"url":"http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=101078714","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clear, Katjusa (2 October 2008). \"Locksley's West grads move on up to play the East side\". Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://host.madison.com/entertainment/music/locksley-s-west-grads-move-on-up-to-play-the/article_87933f5a-c753-11de-b3ac-001cc4c03286.html","url_text":"\"Locksley's West grads move on up to play the East side\""}]},{"reference":"Medsker, David (September 11, 2008). \"A Chat with Jesse Laz, Jesse Laz interview, Locksley, Locksley reissue, Don't Make Me Wait, Beatles\". Bullz-Eye.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bullz-eye.com/music/interviews/2008/locksley.htm","url_text":"\"A Chat with Jesse Laz, Jesse Laz interview, Locksley, Locksley reissue, Don't Make Me Wait, Beatles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blog von Locksley\". Myspace. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2010-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120712071322/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendId=2614884&page=2","url_text":"\"Blog von Locksley\""},{"url":"http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendId=2614884&page=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cleveland Monsters Goal Horn and Song Live in arena 2021/22, retrieved 2022-10-08","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOg_cWVKkyQ","url_text":"Cleveland Monsters Goal Horn and Song Live in arena 2021/22"}]},{"reference":"Columbus Blue Jackets goal horn live + Cannon (Alexandre Texier empty net goal vs Dallas Stars), retrieved 2022-10-08","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThXVeY1r9pM","url_text":"Columbus Blue Jackets goal horn live + Cannon (Alexandre Texier empty net goal vs Dallas Stars)"}]},{"reference":"\"Locksley Announce New Locksley Album, Sream 4 Soundtrack, Sirius XM Hits 1 add news\" (Press release). MVRemix Rock.","urls":[{"url":"http://mvremix.com/rock_blogs/2011/04/12/locksley-announce-new-locksley-album-sream-4-soundtrack-sirius-xm-hits-1-add-news/","url_text":"\"Locksley Announce New Locksley Album, Sream 4 Soundtrack, Sirius XM Hits 1 add news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blog von Locksley\". Myspace. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2010-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707093141/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendId=2614884&page=1","url_text":"\"Blog von Locksley\""},{"url":"http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendId=2614884&page=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Locksley\". Facebook. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/locksleymusic","url_text":"\"Locksley\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hills
|
Anne Hills
|
["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American folk singer-songwriter (born 1953)
Anne HillsAnne Hills and Tom Paxton performing in Nelsonville, Ohio, on May 15, 2005.Background informationBirth nameAnne E. HillsBorn (1953-10-18) October 18, 1953 (age 70)Moradabad, IndiaGenresFolkOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, actorInstrument(s)Vocals, guitar, banjo, autoharpYears active1967–presentLabelsFlying Fish, Hogeye, AppleseedWebsiteOfficial WebsiteMusical artist
Anne Hills (born October 18, 1953) is an American folk singer-songwriter who lives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Biography
Hills was born to a family of missionaries in Moradabad, India, and grew up in Michigan in the United States.
A member of her church choir as a child, she became involved in community theater when she was still in elementary school. A student at the Interlochen Center for the Arts, she played in a band there with Chris Brubeck and Peter Erskine. By high school, she was singing classical, jazz and popular music.
In 1976, she moved to Chicago and was a co-founder of the record label Hogeye Music. After releasing a few records on Hogeye, the label was bought out by Flying Fish Records in the mid-1980s.
In 1984, Hills was briefly a member of a trio (along with Tom Paxton and Bob Gibson) known as the Best of Friends. In 1988, she began collaborating with Cindy Mangsen, with whom she released two duo albums. Together with Priscilla Herdman the three singers recorded as a trio in 1990 and again in 1997. In 1998, she contributed renditions to tribute albums for Pete Seeger and Phil Ochs.
The 2000s saw her collaborating with Tom Paxton and singing in a fourpiece called Fourtold with Steve Gillette, Mangsen, and Michael Peter Smith. Hills was awarded the Kate Wolf Memorial Award by the World Folk Music Association in 2002.
In addition to her musical endeavors, Hills also acts on the live stage. Additionally, she collaborated with Liz Paxson on a children's book with an accompanying album, featuring Hills and her daughter, Tamlyn. She lives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and is married to Mark Moss, editor of Sing Out!.
Discography
Woman of a Calm Heart (1978)
The Panic is On (with Jan Burda) (Hogeye, 1982)
Don't Explain (Hogeye, 1984)
On This Day Earth Shall Sing (Hogeye, 1984)
Woman of a Calm Heart (Flying Fish Records, 1988)
October Child (Flying Fish, 1993)
Angle of the Light (Flying Fish, 1995)
Bittersweet Street (Redwing Music, 1998)
Paradise Lost & Found (with Michael Peter Smith) (Redwing, 1999)
Under American Skies (with Tom Paxton) (2001)
Fourtold (with Steve Gillette, Cindy Mangsen, and Michael Peter Smith) (2003)
Best of Friends (with Tom Paxton and Bob Gibson) (2004)
Beauty Attends: The Heartsongs of Opal Whiteley (2006)
Ef You Don't Watch Out (2007)
Points of View (2009)
Rhubarb Trees (with David Roth) (2011)
The Things I Notice Now: Anne Hills Sings the Songs of Tom Paxton (2012)
Tracks (2014)
Fragile Gifts (with Jay Ansill) (2016)
Accidental August (2021)
With Cindy Mangsen
Never Grow Old (1994)
Never Grow Up (1998)
With Cindy Mangsen and Priscilla Herdman
Voices (1990)
Voices of Winter (1997)
At the Turning of the Year (2000)
References
^ Gehman, Geoff. "Translating Zen earthquakes into song."
Allentown, Pennsylvania: The Morning Call, May 28, 2000, p. 82 (subscription required).
^ Gehman, Geoff. "An infamous child's diary inspires folk singer." Allentown, Pennsylvania: The Morning Call, June 9, 2005, p. 39 (subscription required).
^ Longsdorf, Amy. "Anne Hills lets her heart guide her social conscience." Allentown, Pennsylvania: The Morning Call, October 22, 1988, p. 60 (subscription required).
^ Duckett, Jodi. "Catching a Dream: Anne Hills turns song into book for children." Allentown, Pennsylvania: The Morning Call, April 10, 1998, p. 62 (subscription required).
^ "Anne Hills brings rhythms of trains and folk music together". Archived from the original on December 5, 2014.
^ Longsdorf, "Anne Hills lets her heart guide her social conscience," The Morning Call, October 22, 1988.
^ Longsdorf, "Anne Hills lets her heart guide her social conscience," The Morning Call, October 22, 1988.
^ Noble, Richard E. (2009). Number #1 : the story of the original Highwaymen. Denver: Outskirts Press. pp. 265–267. ISBN 9781432738099. OCLC 426388468.
External links
Official Website
Anne Hills at AllMusic
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Musical artistAnne Hills (born October 18, 1953) is an American folk singer-songwriter who lives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Anne Hills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Moradabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Interlochen Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlochen_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Chris Brubeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"Peter Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Erskine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Flying Fish Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Fish_Records"},{"link_name":"Tom Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Bob Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gibson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cindy Mangsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Mangsen"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Herdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Herdman"},{"link_name":"Pete Seeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger"},{"link_name":"Phil Ochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ochs"},{"link_name":"Tom Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Steve Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gillette"},{"link_name":"Michael Peter Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Peter_Smith"},{"link_name":"World Folk Music Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Folk_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noble-8"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sing Out!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Out!"}],"text":"Hills was born to a family of missionaries in Moradabad, India,[5][6] and grew up in Michigan in the United States.A member of her church choir as a child, she became involved in community theater when she was still in elementary school. A student at the Interlochen Center for the Arts, she played in a band there with Chris Brubeck and Peter Erskine. By high school, she was singing classical, jazz and popular music.[7]In 1976, she moved to Chicago and was a co-founder of the record label Hogeye Music. After releasing a few records on Hogeye, the label was bought out by Flying Fish Records in the mid-1980s.In 1984, Hills was briefly a member of a trio (along with Tom Paxton and Bob Gibson) known as the Best of Friends. In 1988, she began collaborating with Cindy Mangsen, with whom she released two duo albums. Together with Priscilla Herdman the three singers recorded as a trio in 1990 and again in 1997. In 1998, she contributed renditions to tribute albums for Pete Seeger and Phil Ochs.The 2000s saw her collaborating with Tom Paxton and singing in a fourpiece called Fourtold with Steve Gillette, Mangsen, and Michael Peter Smith. Hills was awarded the Kate Wolf Memorial Award by the World Folk Music Association in 2002.[8]In addition to her musical endeavors, Hills also acts on the live stage. Additionally, she collaborated with Liz Paxson on a children's book with an accompanying album, featuring Hills and her daughter, Tamlyn. She lives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and is married to Mark Moss, editor of Sing Out!.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flying Fish Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Fish_Records"},{"link_name":"Michael Peter Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Peter_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tom Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Steve Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gillette"},{"link_name":"Cindy Mangsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Mangsen"},{"link_name":"Michael Peter Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Peter_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tom Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Bob Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gibson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Cindy Mangsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Mangsen"},{"link_name":"Cindy Mangsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Mangsen"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Herdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Herdman"}],"text":"Woman of a Calm Heart (1978)\nThe Panic is On (with Jan Burda) (Hogeye, 1982)\nDon't Explain (Hogeye, 1984)\nOn This Day Earth Shall Sing (Hogeye, 1984)\nWoman of a Calm Heart (Flying Fish Records, 1988)\nOctober Child (Flying Fish, 1993)\nAngle of the Light (Flying Fish, 1995)\nBittersweet Street (Redwing Music, 1998)\nParadise Lost & Found (with Michael Peter Smith) (Redwing, 1999)\nUnder American Skies (with Tom Paxton) (2001)\nFourtold (with Steve Gillette, Cindy Mangsen, and Michael Peter Smith) (2003)\nBest of Friends (with Tom Paxton and Bob Gibson) (2004)\nBeauty Attends: The Heartsongs of Opal Whiteley (2006)\nEf You Don't Watch Out (2007)\nPoints of View (2009)\nRhubarb Trees (with David Roth) (2011)\nThe Things I Notice Now: Anne Hills Sings the Songs of Tom Paxton (2012)\nTracks (2014)\nFragile Gifts (with Jay Ansill) (2016)\nAccidental August (2021)With Cindy MangsenNever Grow Old (1994)\nNever Grow Up (1998)With Cindy Mangsen and Priscilla HerdmanVoices (1990)\nVoices of Winter (1997)\nAt the Turning of the Year (2000)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Anne Hills brings rhythms of trains and folk music together\". Archived from the original on December 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205075952/http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/music/mc-anne-hills-godfrey-daniels-tracks-bethlehem-20141017-story.html/","url_text":"\"Anne Hills brings rhythms of trains and folk music together\""},{"url":"http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/music/mc-anne-hills-godfrey-daniels-tracks-bethlehem-20141017-story.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Noble, Richard E. (2009). Number #1 : the story of the original Highwaymen. Denver: Outskirts Press. pp. 265–267. ISBN 9781432738099. OCLC 426388468.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781432738099","url_text":"9781432738099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/426388468","url_text":"426388468"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.annehills.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/278568595/?terms=%22Anne%20Hills%22%20and%20Bethlehem&match=1","external_links_name":"Translating Zen earthquakes into song"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/279529073/?terms=%22Anne%20Hills%22%20and%20Bethlehem&match=1","external_links_name":"An infamous child's diary inspires folk singer"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/282709169/?terms=%22Anne%20Hills%22%20and%20Bethlehem&match=1","external_links_name":"Anne Hills lets her heart guide her social conscience"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/277577682/?terms=%22Anne%20Hills%22%20and%20Bethlehem&match=1","external_links_name":"Catching a Dream: Anne Hills turns song into book for children"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205075952/http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/music/mc-anne-hills-godfrey-daniels-tracks-bethlehem-20141017-story.html/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Hills brings rhythms of trains and folk music together\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/music/mc-anne-hills-godfrey-daniels-tracks-bethlehem-20141017-story.html/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/426388468","external_links_name":"426388468"},{"Link":"http://www.annehills.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p2007/biography","external_links_name":"Anne Hills"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055529383","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/53379783","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxjQ9VPKtwGWybvjYpT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15029828","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13524403X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94054912","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/70bec691-4503-4219-9013-15802ed4bb65","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itabira
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Itabira
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Culture","4 Notable people","5 Sister cities - twin towns","6 See also","7 References"]
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Coordinates: 19°37′08″S 43°13′37″W / 19.61889°S 43.22694°W / -19.61889; -43.22694Municipality in Minas Gerais, BrazilItabiraMunicipalityMunicipality of Itabira
FlagCoat of armsNickname(s): Cidade do Ferro ("City of Iron")Cidade da Poesia ("City of Poetry")Capital Nacional da Poesia ("National Capital of Poetry")Capital Estadual do Tropeirismo ("State Capital of Tropeirismo")Ita CityLocation in Minas GeraisItabiraLocation in BrazilCoordinates: 19°37′08″S 43°13′37″W / 19.61889°S 43.22694°W / -19.61889; -43.22694Country BrazilState Minas GeraisRegionSoutheastIntermediate RegionBelo HorizonteImmediate RegionItabiraGovernment • MayorMarco Antônio Lage (PSB)Area • Total1,253.704 km2 (484.058 sq mi)Elevation795 m (2,608 ft)Population (2020 est.) • Total120,904 • Density96/km2 (250/sq mi)DemonymitabiranoTime zoneUTC−3 (BRT)HDI (2010)0.756 – highWebsiteitabira.mg.gov.br
Banded Iron Formation or "itabirite", polished slab from the Paleoproterozoic-aged Minas Supergroup in the Iron Quadrangle District. The red bands are hematite, and the silver bands are magnetite. These are quarried, sawn, polished and sold as decorative stones.
Itabira is a Brazilian municipality and a major city in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area mesoregion and to the Itabira microregion.
It is currently the twenty-fourth largest city in the state in terms of population, with 120,904 inhabitants, according to a 2020 IBGE survey. It is known as the "Capital of Poetry", by virtue of being the birthplace of poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade, is part of the Circuit of the Gold and of Estrada Real.
History
The first settlements at the site date to the early eighteenth century, when the village of Itabira do Mato Dentro was founded by bandeirantes seeking gold. Itabira was politically emancipated as a municipality on 9 October 1848, through Provincial Law No. 374.
Geography
It is located in southeast Minas Gerais, 110 kilometers away from the state capital, Belo Horizonte and 845 kilometers away from the federal capital Brasília. The highest point in the city is 1,672 meters above sea level, and is known as Alto da Mutuca. Itabira is an access point for a number of smaller cities, such as Jaboticatubas, Santa Maria de Itabira, Itambé do Mato Dentro and Nova Era. The closest international airport is Tancredo Neves International Airport (Confins) in Belo Horizonte.
Itabira is a regional economic center, and hosts a thriving iron ore extraction operation headed by Companhia Vale do Rio Doce since 1942, when the company was created by President Getúlio Vargas specifically for the mineral exploration of the Rio Doce valley. As of 2017, it is the second largest mining company in the world, and a considerable part of its iron ore output comes from the mines at Itabira. As a result of the decades-old extraction operations, the city faces air pollution problems.
Culture
In Carlos Drummond de Andrade's poem "Confidência do Itabirano," the speaker remarks:
"Tive ouro, tive gado, tive fazendas.
Hoje sou funcionário público.
Itabira é apenas uma fotografia na parede.
Mas como dói!"
"I had gold, I had cattle, I had farms.
Today I'm a public servant.
Itabira is just a photograph on the wall.
But oh, how it hurts!"
Notable people
Carlos Drummond de Andrade, poet and writer.
Ana Beatriz Barros, Brazilian top model.
Renan Oliveira, Brazilian footballer.
Didi, former Brazilian footballer.
Marco Túlio, Brazilian footballer.
Talmo Oliveira, former volleyball player.
Alessandro Vinícius, Brazilian footballer.
Sister cities - twin towns
Itabira has a one sister city:
Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Itabira.
List of municipalities in Minas Gerais
Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral, Itabira
References
^ "Creative Economy and Culture in Itabira, the City of Iron and Poetry". UNESCO (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-23.
^ "ANIVERSÁRIO DE ITABIRA". Associação dos Municípios Mineradores de Minas Gerais (AMIG) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-23.
^ "Na "Cidade da Poesia", Festival Literário de Itabira homenageia Drummond pelos seus 120 anos". Midia Ninja (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
^ "Santa Maria de Itabira – Casa de D. Maria Prachedes". ipatrimônio (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-23.
^ "Itabira – Muito além de Carlos Drummond de Andrade". 98FM (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
^ IBGE 2020
^ "IDHM 2010" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
^ "Confidência do Itabirano - Carlos Drummond de Andrade". Letras.mus.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-02-29.
^ DeFato Online: Itabira é declarada cidade-irmã de Itajubá; o foco é o crescimento da Unifei
vte Municipalities of Minas GeraisCapital: Belo HorizonteIntermediate Geographic Region of BarbacenaBarbacena
Alfredo Vasconcelos
Alto Rio Doce
Antônio Carlos
Barbacena
Barroso
Cipotânea
Desterro do Melo
Dores de Campos
Ibertioga
Ressaquinha
Santa Bárbara do Tugúrio
Santa Rita de Ibitipoca
Santana do Garambéu
Senhora dos Remédios
Conselheiro Lafaiete
Belo Vale
Capela Nova
Caranaíba
Carandaí
Casa Grande
Catas Altas da Noruega
Congonhas
Conselheiro Lafaiete
Cristiano Otoni
Desterro de Entre Rios
Entre Rios de Minas
Itaverava
Jeceaba
Lamim
Ouro Branco
Piranga
Queluzito
Rio Espera
Santana dos Montes
São Brás do Suaçuí
Senhora de Oliveira
São João del-Rei
Conceição da Barra de Minas
Coronel Xavier Chaves
Lagoa Dourada
Madre de Deus de Minas
Nazareno
Piedade do Rio Grande
Prados
Resende Costa
Ritápolis
Santa Cruz de Minas
São João del-Rei
São Tiago
Tiradentes
Intermediate Geographic Region of Belo HorizonteBelo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte
Betim
Brumadinho
Caeté
Confins
Contagem
Esmeraldas
Florestal
Ibirité
Igarapé
Jaboticatubas
Juatuba
Lagoa Santa
Mário Campos
Mateus Leme
Moeda
Nova Lima
Nova União
Pedro Leopoldo
Raposos
Ribeirão das Neves
Rio Acima
Sabará
Santa Luzia
São Joaquim de Bicas
São José da Lapa
Sarzedo
Taquaraçu de Minas
Vespasiano
Sete Lagoas
Araçaí
Baldim
Cachoeira da Prata
Caetanópolis
Capim Branco
Conceição do Mato Dentro
Congonhas do Norte
Cordisburgo
Fortuna de Minas
Funilândia
Inhaúma
Jequitibá
Matozinhos
Morro do Pilar
Paraopeba
Prudente de Morais
Santana de Pirapama
Santana do Riacho
Sete Lagoas
Santa Bárbara-Ouro Preto
Barão de Cocais
Catas Altas
Itabirito
Mariana
Ouro Preto
Santa Bárbara
Curvelo
Augusto de Lima
Buenópolis
Corinto
Curvelo
Felixlândia
Inimutaba
Monjolos
Morro da Garça
Presidente Juscelino
Santo Hipólito
Três Marias
Itabira
Bom Jesus do Amparo
Carmésia
Ferros
Itabira
Itambé do Mato Dentro
Passabém
Santa Maria de Itabira
Santo Antônio do Rio Abaixo
São Sebastião do Rio Preto
Intermediate Geographic Region of DivinópolisDivinópolis
Araújos
Camacho
Carmo da Mata
Carmo do Cajuru
Cláudio
Conceição do Pará
Divinópolis
Itapecerica
Itatiaiuçu
Itaúna
Japaraíba
Lagoa da Prata
Leandro Ferreira
Nova Serrana
Pedra do Indaiá
Perdigão
Pitangui
Santo Antônio do Monte
São Gonçalo do Pará
São Sebastião do Oeste
Formiga
Arcos
Bambuí
Córrego Danta
Córrego Fundo
Formiga
Iguatama
Medeiros
Pains
Pimenta
Tapiraí
Dores do Indaiá
Bom Despacho
Dores do Indaiá
Estrela do Indaiá
Luz
Martinho Campos
Moema
Pompéu
Quartel Geral
Serra da Saudade
Pará de Minas
Igaratinga
Maravilhas
Onça de Pitangui
Papagaios
Pará de Minas
Pequi
São José da Varginha
Oliveira
Bonfim
Carmópolis de Minas
Crucilândia
Itaguara
Oliveira
Passa Tempo
Piedade dos Gerais
Piracema
Rio Manso
São Francisco de Paula
Abaeté
Abaeté
Biquinhas
Cedro do Abaeté
Morada Nova de Minas
Paineiras
Intermediate Geographic Region of Governador ValadaresGovernador Valadares
Alpercata
Capitão Andrade
Conselheiro Pena
Coroaci
Divino das Laranjeiras
Engenheiro Caldas
Fernandes Tourinho
Frei Inocêncio
Galiléia
Goiabeira
Gonzaga
Governador Valadares
Itanhomi
Jampruca
Marilac
Mathias Lobato
Nacip Raydan
Santa Efigênia de Minas
São Geraldo da Piedade
São Geraldo do Baixio
São José da Safira
Sardoá
Sobrália
Tarumirim
Tumiritinga
Virgolândia
Guanhães
Cantagalo
Coluna
Divinolândia de Minas
Dom Joaquim
Dores de Guanhães
Frei Lagonegro
Guanhães
José Raydan
Materlândia
Paulistas
Peçanha
Rio Vermelho
Sabinópolis
Santa Maria do Suaçuí
São João Evangelista
São José do Jacuri
São Pedro do Suaçuí
São Sebastião do Maranhão
Senhora do Porto
Virginópolis
Mantena
Central de Minas
Itabirinha
Mantena
Mendes Pimentel
Nova Belém
São Félix de Minas
São João do Manteninha
Aimorés-Resplendor
Aimorés
Cuparaque
Itueta
Resplendor
Santa Rita do Itueto
Intermediate Geographic Region of IpatingaIpatinga
Açucena
Antônio Dias
Belo Oriente
Braúnas
Bugre
Coronel Fabriciano
Dionísio
Dom Cavati
Iapu
Ipaba
Ipatinga
Jaguaraçu
Joanésia
Marliéria
Mesquita
Naque
Periquito
Pingo-d'Água
Santana do Paraíso
São João do Oriente
São José do Goiabal
Timóteo
Caratinga
Alvarenga
Bom Jesus do Galho
Caratinga
Córrego Novo
Entre Folhas
Imbé de Minas
Inhapim
Piedade de Caratinga
Raul Soares
Santa Bárbara do Leste
Santa Rita de Minas
São Domingos das Dores
São Sebastião do Anta
Ubaporanga
Vargem Alegre
Vermelho Novo
João Monlevade
Bela Vista de Minas
João Monlevade
Nova Era
Rio Piracicaba
São Domingos do Prata
São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo
Intermediate Geographic Region of Juiz de ForaJuiz de Fora
Andrelândia
Aracitaba
Arantina
Belmiro Braga
Bias Fortes
Bocaina de Minas
Bom Jardim de Minas
Chácara
Chiador
Coronel Pacheco
Ewbank da Câmara
Goianá
Juiz de Fora
Liberdade
Lima Duarte
Matias Barbosa
Olaria
Oliveira Fortes
Paiva
Passa Vinte
Pedro Teixeira
Piau
Rio Novo
Rio Preto
Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde
Santa Rita de Jacutinga
Santana do Deserto
Santos Dumont
Simão Pereira
Manhuaçu
Abre Campo
Alto Caparaó
Alto Jequitibá
Caparaó
Caputira
Chalé
Conceição de Ipanema
Durandé
Ipanema
Lajinha
Luisburgo
Manhuaçu
Manhumirim
Martins Soares
Matipó
Mutum
Pocrane
Reduto
Santa Margarida
Santana do Manhuaçu
São João do Manhuaçu
São José do Mantimento
Simonésia
Taparuba
Ubá
Brás Pires
Divinésia
Dores do Turvo
Guarani
Guidoval
Guiricema
Mercês
Piraúba
Rio Pomba
Rodeiro
São Geraldo
Senador Firmino
Silveirânia
Tabuleiro
Tocantins
Ubá
Visconde do Rio Branco
Ponte Nova
Acaiaca
Alvinópolis
Amparo do Serra
Barra Longa
Diogo de Vasconcelos
Dom Silvério
Guaraciaba
Jequeri
Oratórios
Piedade de Ponte Nova
Ponte Nova
Rio Casca
Rio Doce
Santa Cruz do Escalvado
Santo Antônio do Grama
São Pedro dos Ferros
Sem-Peixe
Sericita
Urucânia
Muriaé
Antônio Prado de Minas
Barão de Monte Alto
Eugenópolis
Fervedouro
Miradouro
Miraí
Muriaé
Patrocínio do Muriaé
Rosário da Limeira
São Francisco do Glória
São Sebastião da Vargem Alegre
Vieiras
Cataguases
Argirita
Astolfo Dutra
Cataguases
Dona Eusébia
Itamarati de Minas
Laranjal
Leopoldina
Palma
Recreio
Santana de Cataguases
Viçosa
Araponga
Cajuri
Canaã
Coimbra
Ervália
Paula Cândido
Pedra do Anta
Porto Firme
Presidente Bernardes
São Miguel do Anta
Teixeiras
Viçosa
Carangola
Caiana
Carangola
Divino
Espera Feliz
Faria Lemos
Orizânia
Pedra Bonita
Pedra Dourada
Tombos
São João Nepomuceno-Bicas
Bicas
Descoberto
Guarará
Mar de Espanha
Maripá de Minas
Pequeri
Rochedo de Minas
São João Nepomuceno
Senador Cortes
Além Paraíba
Além Paraíba
Estrela Dalva
Pirapetinga
Santo Antônio do Aventureiro
Volta Grande
Intermediate Geographic Region of Montes ClarosMontes Claros
Bocaiúva
Botumirim
Brasília de Minas
Campo Azul
Capitão Enéas
Claro dos Poções
Coração de Jesus
Cristália
Engenheiro Navarro
Francisco Dumont
Francisco Sá
Glaucilândia
Grão Mogol
Guaraciama
Ibiracatu
Itacambira
Japonvar
Jequitaí
Joaquim Felício
Josenópolis
Juramento
Lagoa dos Patos
Lontra
Luislândia
Mirabela
Montes Claros
Olhos-d'Água
Patis
São João da Lagoa
São João do Pacuí
Varzelândia
Janaúba
Jaíba
Janaúba
Manga
Matias Cardoso
Miravânia
Nova Porteirinha
Pai Pedro
Porteirinha
Riacho dos Machados
Serranópolis de Minas
Verdelândia
Salinas
Berizal
Curral de Dentro
Fruta de Leite
Indaiabira
Ninheira
Novorizonte
Padre Carvalho
Rio Pardo de Minas
Rubelita
Salinas
Santa Cruz de Salinas
São João do Paraíso
Taiobeiras
Vargem Grande do Rio Pardo
Januária
Bonito de Minas
Cônego Marinho
Itacarambi
Januária
Juvenília
Montalvânia
Pedras de Maria da Cruz
São João das Missões
Pirapora
Buritizeiro
Ibiaí
Lassance
Pirapora
Ponto Chique
Santa Fé de Minas
Várzea da Palma
São Francisco
Chapada Gaúcha
Icaraí de Minas
Pintópolis
São Francisco
São Romão
Ubaí
Espinosa
Catuti
Espinosa
Gameleiras
Mamonas
Mato Verde
Monte Azul
Montezuma
Santo Antônio do Retiro
Intermediate Geographic Region of Patos de MinasPatos de Minas
Arapuá
Brasilândia de Minas
Carmo do Paranaíba
Guarda-Mor
João Pinheiro
Lagamar
Lagoa Formosa
Lagoa Grande
Matutina
Paracatu
Patos de Minas
Presidente Olegário
Rio Paranaíba
São Gonçalo do Abaeté
São Gotardo
Tiros
Varjão de Minas
Vazante
Unaí
Arinos
Bonfinópolis de Minas
Buritis
Cabeceira Grande
Dom Bosco
Formoso
Natalândia
Riachinho
Unaí
Uruana de Minas
Urucuia
Patrocínio
Coromandel
Cruzeiro da Fortaleza
Guimarânia
Patrocínio
Serra do Salitre
Intermediate Geographic Region of Pouso AlegrePouso Alegre
Albertina
Bom Repouso
Borda da Mata
Bueno Brandão
Cachoeira de Minas
Camanducaia
Cambuí
Careaçu
Conceição dos Ouros
Congonhal
Consolação
Córrego do Bom Jesus
Espírito Santo do Dourado
Estiva
Extrema
Heliodora
Inconfidentes
Ipuiúna
Itapeva
Jacutinga
Monte Sião
Munhoz
Natércia
Ouro Fino
Pouso Alegre
Santa Rita do Sapucaí
São João da Mata
São Sebastião da Bela Vista
Senador Amaral
Senador José Bento
Silvianópolis
Tocos do Moji
Toledo
Turvolândia
Poços de Caldas
Andradas
Bandeira do Sul
Botelhos
Caldas
Campestre
Ibitiúra de Minas
Poços de Caldas
Santa Rita de Caldas
Itajubá
Brasópolis
Conceição das Pedras
Delfim Moreira
Gonçalves
Itajubá
Maria da Fé
Marmelópolis
Paraisópolis
Pedralva
Piranguçu
Piranguinho
São José do Alegre
Sapucaí-Mirim
Wenceslau Braz
São Lourenço
Alagoa
Carmo de Minas
Conceição do Rio Verde
Cristina
Dom Viçoso
Itamonte
Itanhandu
Jesuânia
Lambari
Olímpio Noronha
Passa Quatro
Pouso Alto
São Lourenço
São Sebastião do Rio Verde
Soledade de Minas
Virgínia
Caxambu-Baependi
Aiuruoca
Baependi
Carvalhos
Caxambu
Cruzília
Minduri
Seritinga
Serranos
Intermediate Geographic Region of Teófilo OtoniCapelinha
Água Boa
Angelândia
Aricanduva
Capelinha
Chapada do Norte
Itamarandiba
Leme do Prado
Minas Novas
Turmalina
Veredinha
Teófilo Otoni
Ataléia
Campanário
Caraí
Carlos Chagas
Catuji
Franciscópolis
Frei Gaspar
Itaipé
Itambacuri
Itaobim
Ladainha
Malacacheta
Monte Formoso
Nanuque
Nova Módica
Novo Cruzeiro
Novo Oriente de Minas
Ouro Verde de Minas
Padre Paraíso
Pavão
Pescador
Ponto dos Volantes
Poté
São João do Divino
Serra dos Aimorés
Setubinha
Teófilo Otoni
Almenara
Almenara
Bandeira
Felisburgo
Jacinto
Jequitinhonha
Joaíma
Jordânia
Mata Verde
Palmópolis
Rio do Prado
Rubim
Salto da Divisa
Santa Maria do Salto
Santo Antônio do Jacinto
Diamantina
Alvorada de Minas
Carbonita
Couto de Magalhães de Minas
Datas
Diamantina
Felício dos Santos
Gouveia
Presidente Kubitschek
Santo Antônio do Itambé
São Gonçalo do Rio Preto
Senador Modestino Gonçalves
Serra Azul de Minas
Serro
Araçuaí
Araçuaí
Berilo
Coronel Murta
Francisco Badaró
Itinga
Jenipapo de Minas
José Gonçalves de Minas
Virgem da Lapa
Pedra Azul
Águas Vermelhas
Cachoeira de Pajeú
Comercinho
Divisa Alegre
Divisópolis
Medina
Pedra Azul
Águas Formosas
Águas Formosas
Bertópolis
Crisólita
Fronteira dos Vales
Machacalis
Santa Helena de Minas
Umburatiba
Intermediate Geographic Region of UberabaUberaba
Água Comprida
Campo Florido
Conceição das Alagoas
Conquista
Delta
Nova Ponte
Sacramento
Santa Juliana
Uberaba
Veríssimo
Araxá
Araxá
Campos Altos
Ibiá
Pedrinópolis
Perdizes
Pratinha
Santa Rosa da Serra
Tapira
Frutal
Comendador Gomes
Fronteira
Frutal
Itapagipe
Pirajuba
Planura
Iturama
Carneirinho
Iturama
Limeira do Oeste
São Francisco de Sales
União de Minas
Intermediate Geographic Region of UberlândiaUberlândia
Araguari
Araporã
Campina Verde
Canápolis
Cascalho Rico
Centralina
Indianópolis
Monte Alegre de Minas
Prata
Tupaciguara
Uberlândia
Ituiutaba
Cachoeira Dourada
Capinópolis
Gurinhatã
Ipiaçu
Ituiutaba
Santa Vitória
Monte Carmelo
Abadia dos Dourados
Douradoquara
Estrela do Sul
Grupiara
Iraí de Minas
Monte Carmelo
Romaria
Intermediate Geographic Region of VarginhaVarginha
Cordislândia
Elói Mendes
Monsenhor Paulo
São Gonçalo do Sapucaí
Varginha
Passos
Alpinópolis
Bom Jesus da Penha
Capetinga
Carmo do Rio Claro
Cássia
Claraval
Delfinópolis
Fortaleza de Minas
Guapé
Ibiraci
Itaú de Minas
Passos
Pratápolis
São João Batista do Glória
São José da Barra
Alfenas
Alfenas
Alterosa
Areado
Campo do Meio
Campos Gerais
Carvalhópolis
Conceição da Aparecida
Divisa Nova
Fama
Machado
Paraguaçu
Poço Fundo
Serrania
Lavras
Bom Sucesso
Cana Verde
Carrancas
Ibituruna
Ijaci
Ingaí
Itumirim
Itutinga
Lavras
Luminárias
Nepomuceno
Perdões
Ribeirão Vermelho
Santo Antônio do Amparo
Guaxupé
Arceburgo
Cabo Verde
Guaranésia
Guaxupé
Juruaia
Monte Belo
Muzambinho
Nova Resende
São Pedro da União
Três Corações
Cambuquira
Campanha
Carmo da Cachoeira
São Bento Abade
São Thomé das Letras
Três Corações
Três Pontas-Boa Esperança
Boa Esperança
Coqueiral
Ilicínea
Santana da Vargem
Três Pontas
São Sebastião do Paraíso
Itamogi
Jacuí
Monte Santo de Minas
São Sebastião do Paraíso
São Tomás de Aquino
Campo Belo
Aguanil
Campo Belo
Candeias
Cristais
Santana do Jacaré
Piumhi
Capitólio
Doresópolis
Piumhi
São Roque de Minas
Vargem Bonita
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
This geographical article relating to Minas Gerais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BIF_(jaspilite_meta-BIF,_Paleoproterozoic_Minas_Gerais.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banded Iron Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_Iron_Formation"},{"link_name":"Paleoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"hematite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite"},{"link_name":"magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"IBGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Carlos Drummond de Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade"},{"link_name":"Circuit of the Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circuit_of_the_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Estrada Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada_Real"}],"text":"Municipality in Minas Gerais, BrazilBanded Iron Formation or \"itabirite\", polished slab from the Paleoproterozoic-aged Minas Supergroup in the Iron Quadrangle District. The red bands are hematite, and the silver bands are magnetite. These are quarried, sawn, polished and sold as decorative stones.Itabira is a Brazilian municipality and a major city in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area mesoregion and to the Itabira microregion.It is currently the twenty-fourth largest city in the state in terms of population, with 120,904 inhabitants, according to a 2020 IBGE survey. It is known as the \"Capital of Poetry\", by virtue of being the birthplace of poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade, is part of the Circuit of the Gold and of Estrada Real.","title":"Itabira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bandeirantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeirantes"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first settlements at the site date to the early eighteenth century, when the village of Itabira do Mato Dentro was founded by bandeirantes seeking gold. Itabira was politically emancipated as a municipality on 9 October 1848, through Provincial Law No. 374.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Alto da Mutuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto_da_Mutuca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jaboticatubas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaboticatubas"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria de Itabira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Itabira"},{"link_name":"Itambé do Mato Dentro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamb%C3%A9_do_Mato_Dentro"},{"link_name":"Nova Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Era"},{"link_name":"Tancredo Neves International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancredo_Neves_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"Companhia Vale do Rio Doce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhia_Vale_do_Rio_Doce"},{"link_name":"Getúlio Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Rio Doce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Doce"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It is located in southeast Minas Gerais, 110 kilometers away from the state capital, Belo Horizonte and 845 kilometers away from the federal capital Brasília. The highest point in the city is 1,672 meters above sea level, and is known as Alto da Mutuca. Itabira is an access point for a number of smaller cities, such as Jaboticatubas, Santa Maria de Itabira, Itambé do Mato Dentro and Nova Era. The closest international airport is Tancredo Neves International Airport (Confins) in Belo Horizonte.Itabira is a regional economic center, and hosts a thriving iron ore extraction operation headed by Companhia Vale do Rio Doce since 1942, when the company was created by President Getúlio Vargas specifically for the mineral exploration of the Rio Doce valley. As of 2017, it is the second largest mining company in the world, and a considerable part of its iron ore output comes from the mines at Itabira.[citation needed] As a result of the decades-old extraction operations, the city faces air pollution problems. [citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Drummond de Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In Carlos Drummond de Andrade's poem \"Confidência do Itabirano,\" the speaker remarks:[8]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Drummond de Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade"},{"link_name":"Ana Beatriz Barros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Barros"},{"link_name":"Renan Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renan_Oliveira_(footballer,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"Didi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_(footballer,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Marco Túlio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_T%C3%BAlio_(footballer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Talmo Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmo_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Vinícius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Vin%C3%ADcius"}],"text":"Carlos Drummond de Andrade, poet and writer.\nAna Beatriz Barros, Brazilian top model.\nRenan Oliveira, Brazilian footballer.\nDidi, former Brazilian footballer.\nMarco Túlio, Brazilian footballer.\nTalmo Oliveira, former volleyball player.\nAlessandro Vinícius, Brazilian footballer.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Itajubá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itajub%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Itabira has a one sister city:Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil[9]","title":"Sister cities - twin towns"}]
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[{"image_text":"Banded Iron Formation or \"itabirite\", polished slab from the Paleoproterozoic-aged Minas Supergroup in the Iron Quadrangle District. The red bands are hematite, and the silver bands are magnetite. These are quarried, sawn, polished and sold as decorative stones.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BIF_%28jaspilite_meta-BIF%2C_Paleoproterozoic_Minas_Gerais.jpg/220px-BIF_%28jaspilite_meta-BIF%2C_Paleoproterozoic_Minas_Gerais.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Itabira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Itabira"},{"title":"List of municipalities in Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Minas_Gerais_(MG),_Brazil"},{"title":"Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral, Itabira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_Cathedral,_Itabira"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Creative Economy and Culture in Itabira, the City of Iron and Poetry\". UNESCO (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/creative-economy-and-culture-itabira-city-iron-and-poetry","url_text":"\"Creative Economy and Culture in Itabira, the City of Iron and Poetry\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANIVERSÁRIO DE ITABIRA\". Associação dos Municípios Mineradores de Minas Gerais (AMIG) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amig.org.br/noticias/aniversario-de-itabira","url_text":"\"ANIVERSÁRIO DE ITABIRA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Na \"Cidade da Poesia\", Festival Literário de Itabira homenageia Drummond pelos seus 120 anos\". Midia Ninja (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://midianinja.org/news/na-cidade-da-poesia-festival-literario-de-itabira-homenageia-drummond-pelos-seus-120-anos/","url_text":"\"Na \"Cidade da Poesia\", Festival Literário de Itabira homenageia Drummond pelos seus 120 anos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Maria de Itabira – Casa de D. Maria Prachedes\". ipatrimônio (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipatrimonio.org/santa-maria-de-itabira-casa-de-d-maria-prachedes/","url_text":"\"Santa Maria de Itabira – Casa de D. Maria Prachedes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Itabira – Muito além de Carlos Drummond de Andrade\". 98FM (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://98live.com.br/entretenimento/turismo/itabira-muito-alem-de-carlos-drummond-de-andrade","url_text":"\"Itabira – Muito além de Carlos Drummond de Andrade\""}]},{"reference":"\"IDHM 2010\" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","url_text":"\"IDHM 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme","url_text":"United Nations Development Programme"},{"url":"http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Confidência do Itabirano - Carlos Drummond de Andrade\". Letras.mus.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letras.mus.br/carlos-drummond-de-andrade/460645/","url_text":"\"Confidência do Itabirano - Carlos Drummond de Andrade\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Itabira¶ms=19_37_08_S_43_13_37_W_region:BR_type:city(120904)","external_links_name":"19°37′08″S 43°13′37″W / 19.61889°S 43.22694°W / -19.61889; -43.22694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Itabira¶ms=19_37_08_S_43_13_37_W_region:BR_type:city(120904)","external_links_name":"19°37′08″S 43°13′37″W / 19.61889°S 43.22694°W / -19.61889; -43.22694"},{"Link":"http://itabira.mg.gov.br/","external_links_name":"itabira.mg.gov.br"},{"Link":"https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/creative-economy-and-culture-itabira-city-iron-and-poetry","external_links_name":"\"Creative Economy and Culture in Itabira, the City of Iron and Poetry\""},{"Link":"https://www.amig.org.br/noticias/aniversario-de-itabira","external_links_name":"\"ANIVERSÁRIO DE ITABIRA\""},{"Link":"https://midianinja.org/news/na-cidade-da-poesia-festival-literario-de-itabira-homenageia-drummond-pelos-seus-120-anos/","external_links_name":"\"Na \"Cidade da Poesia\", Festival Literário de Itabira homenageia Drummond pelos seus 120 anos\""},{"Link":"https://www.ipatrimonio.org/santa-maria-de-itabira-casa-de-d-maria-prachedes/","external_links_name":"\"Santa Maria de Itabira – Casa de D. Maria Prachedes\""},{"Link":"https://98live.com.br/entretenimento/turismo/itabira-muito-alem-de-carlos-drummond-de-andrade","external_links_name":"\"Itabira – Muito além de Carlos Drummond de Andrade\""},{"Link":"https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/mg/itabira/panorama","external_links_name":"IBGE 2020"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IDHM 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.letras.mus.br/carlos-drummond-de-andrade/460645/","external_links_name":"\"Confidência do Itabirano - Carlos Drummond de Andrade\""},{"Link":"https://defatoonline.com.br//itabira-e-declarada-cidade-irma-de-itajuba-o-foco-e-o-crescimento-da-unifei/","external_links_name":"DeFato Online: Itabira é declarada cidade-irmã de Itajubá; o foco é o crescimento da Unifei"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158374695","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14566179t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14566179t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4605038-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564830405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87929253","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itabira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_Gorges
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Black River Gorges National Park
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 20°25′S 57°25′E / 20.417°S 57.417°E / -20.417; 57.417National park in Mauritius
Black River Gorges National ParkBlack River Gorges National ParkLocationMauritiusArea67.54 km2 (26.08 sq mi)EstablishedJune 15, 1994 (1994-06-15)
Black River Gorges National Park is a national park in the hilly south-western part of Mauritius. It was proclaimed on June 15, 1994 and is managed by the National Parks and Conservation Service. It covers an area of 67.54 km2 including humid upland forest, drier lowland forest and marshy heathland. Facilities for visitors include two information centres, picnic areas and 60 kilometres of trails. There are four field stations in the park which are used for National Parks and Conservation Service and Mauritian Wildlife Foundation research and conservation projects.
The park protects most of the island's remaining rainforest although much of this has been degraded by introduced plants such as Chinese guava and privet and animals such as rusa deer and wild pigs. Several areas have been fenced off and invasive species have been eradicated from them to preserve native wildlife. Many endemic plants and animals still occur in the park including the Mauritian flying fox and all of the island's endemic birds: Mauritius kestrel, pink pigeon, Mauritius parakeet, Mauritius cuckooshrike, Mauritius bulbul, Mauritius olive white-eye, Mauritius grey white-eye and Mauritius fody. The park has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
References
^ Ellis, Royston; Richards, Alexandra & Schuurman, Derek (2002) Mauritius, Rodrigues, Réunion: the Bradt Travel Guide, 5th edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, UK
^ National Parks and Conservation Service, Accessed 13/11/07
^ Sinclair, Ian & Langrand, Olivier (1998) Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands, Struik, Cape Town
^ "Black River Gorges National Park in Mauritius". ile-maurice-sejour.com.
^ "Black River Gorges and surrounding areas". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
External links
Lonelyplanet.com
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black River Gorges National Park.
vteNational Parks of Mauritius
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20°25′S 57°25′E / 20.417°S 57.417°E / -20.417; 57.417
This Mauritius location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath"},{"link_name":"Mauritian Wildlife Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritian_Wildlife_Foundation"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"Chinese guava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psidium_cattleyanum"},{"link_name":"privet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privet"},{"link_name":"rusa deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rusa"},{"link_name":"wild pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigs"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Mauritian flying fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritian_flying_fox"},{"link_name":"Mauritius kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_kestrel"},{"link_name":"pink pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Mauritius parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_parakeet"},{"link_name":"Mauritius cuckooshrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_cuckooshrike"},{"link_name":"Mauritius bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_bulbul"},{"link_name":"Mauritius olive white-eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_olive_white-eye"},{"link_name":"Mauritius grey white-eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_grey_white-eye"},{"link_name":"Mauritius fody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_fody"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-5"}],"text":"National park in MauritiusBlack River Gorges National Park is a national park in the hilly south-western part of Mauritius.[1][2][3][4] It was proclaimed on June 15, 1994 and is managed by the National Parks and Conservation Service. It covers an area of 67.54 km2 including humid upland forest, drier lowland forest and marshy heathland. Facilities for visitors include two information centres, picnic areas and 60 kilometres of trails. There are four field stations in the park which are used for National Parks and Conservation Service and Mauritian Wildlife Foundation research and conservation projects.The park protects most of the island's remaining rainforest although much of this has been degraded by introduced plants such as Chinese guava and privet and animals such as rusa deer and wild pigs. Several areas have been fenced off and invasive species have been eradicated from them to preserve native wildlife. Many endemic plants and animals still occur in the park including the Mauritian flying fox and all of the island's endemic birds: Mauritius kestrel, pink pigeon, Mauritius parakeet, Mauritius cuckooshrike, Mauritius bulbul, Mauritius olive white-eye, Mauritius grey white-eye and Mauritius fody. The park has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.[5]","title":"Black River Gorges National Park"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Black River Gorges National Park in Mauritius\". ile-maurice-sejour.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ile-maurice-sejour.com/tourisme/vacances/black-river-gorges-national-park.htm","url_text":"\"Black River Gorges National Park in Mauritius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black River Gorges and surrounding areas\". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/black-river-gorges-national-park-and-surrounding-areas-iba-mauritius","url_text":"\"Black River Gorges and surrounding areas\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_River_Gorges_National_Park¶ms=20_25_S_57_25_E_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"20°25′S 57°25′E / 20.417°S 57.417°E / -20.417; 57.417"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060721143620/http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/moasite/nationalpark/index.htm","external_links_name":"National Parks and Conservation Service"},{"Link":"http://www.ile-maurice-sejour.com/tourisme/vacances/black-river-gorges-national-park.htm","external_links_name":"\"Black River Gorges National Park in Mauritius\""},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/black-river-gorges-national-park-and-surrounding-areas-iba-mauritius","external_links_name":"\"Black River Gorges and surrounding areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/mauritius/central-mauritius/black-river-gorges-national-park","external_links_name":"Lonelyplanet.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_River_Gorges_National_Park¶ms=20_25_S_57_25_E_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"20°25′S 57°25′E / 20.417°S 57.417°E / -20.417; 57.417"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_River_Gorges_National_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Ambience
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Aquatic Ambience
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["1 Composition","2 Reception and legacy","3 References"]
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1994 instrumental by David Wise"Aquatic Ambience"A depiction of Donkey Kong in a water level, which is where Aquatic Ambiance can usually play in Donkey Kong CountryInstrumental by David WiseReleasedNovember 18, 1994 (1994-11-18)Recorded1993GenreVideo game musicComposer(s)David WiseAudio sampleA 21-second excerpt from "Aquatic Ambience".filehelp
"Aquatic Ambience" (also written as "Aquatic Ambiance") is a musical theme composed by David Wise for the video game Donkey Kong Country (1994). It plays in the underwater levels.
Composition
Wise initially worked as a freelancer and assumed his music would be replaced by a Japanese composer because of the importance of Donkey Kong to Nintendo. Rare asked Wise to record three jungle demo melodies, which were merged to become the "DK Island Swing", the first level's track. Wise was subsequently offered the job to produce the final score.
According to Wise, he "just eight waveforms and played them in sequence and that first experiment became the baseline for 'Aquatic Ambiance'". The song took five weeks to compose and Wise used a Korg Wavestation. He said the track was his favourite and the game's biggest technical accomplishment in regards to the audio.
Rearrangements of "Aquatic Ambience" appear in Donkey Kong Country Returns (2010) and Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze (2014).
Reception and legacy
In 2016, Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club described the song as "a placid piece of music that uses a sophisticated palette of synthesized instruments and futuristic sound effects to create a mood of calm that's very different from the sped-up themes usually associated with platform games", being "more nocturnal and urban than submarine". He said that the song could be better appreciated "without a controller in hand", something that he considered rare, and that Wise seemed to be the only one that "managed to get as much texture and ambiance out of Super Nintendo's S-SMP sound chip" as he did.
"Aquatic Ambience" has been particularly influential. It has been described as "the 'Eleanor Rigby' of video game music", praised by artists such as Trent Reznor and Donald Glover, and Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that it spawned a "minor cult" dedicated to remixes. Glover sampled it in his 2012 song "Eat Your Vegetables", to which Wise expressed approval. In 2016, it was remixed for a video game music award.
References
^ a b c d e IGN (6 August 2023). The Most Emotional Video Game Music in the Unlikeliest of Places. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023 – via YouTube.
^ "Quick Beats: Donkey Kong Country Composer Talks Aquatic Ambiance And Get Lucky". Nintendo Life. 2021-09-05. Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ Greening, Chris (December 2010). "Interview with David Wise". Square Enix Music Online. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012.
^ Wise, David (5 July 2019). Composer David Wise Dissects Donkey Kong Country's Best Music. Game Informer (YouTube). Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
^ Harris, Craig (October 28, 2010). "Going Ape Over Donkey Kong Country Returns". IGN. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
^ Riendeau, Danielle (October 27, 2016). "Nobody Played 'Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze,' but I Loved It Anyway". Vice. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
^ a b Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (7 January 2016). "Chill out with Donkey Kong Country". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
^ Reseigh-Lincoln, Dom (24 May 2018). "Random: Childish Gambino sampled Donkey Kong Country and David Wise definitely approves". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
^ Reynolds, Shawn (29 October 2016). "New Donkey Kong Aquatic Ambience remix composed for video game music awards". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
vteDonkey KongList of video gamesMain seriesOriginal series
Donkey Kong (1981)
Donkey Kong Jr.
Donkey Kong 3
Donkey KongCountry series
Country
2: Diddy's Kong Quest
3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!
Returns
Tropical Freeze
Other
Donkey Kong (1994)
Land
Land 2
Land III
64
Jungle Beat
Spin-offsMario vs. Donkey Kong
Mario vs. Donkey Kong
March of the Minis
Minis March Again!
Mini-Land Mayhem!
Minis on the Move
Tipping Stars
Mini Mario & Friends: Amiibo Challenge
Racing
Diddy Kong Racing
Barrel Blast
Other
LCD games
Jr. Math
Donkey Konga
DK: King of Swing
Donkey Kong: Jungle Climber
Characters
Donkey Kong
Mario
Pauline
Music
"Aquatic Ambience"
"DK Rap"
Television and film
Saturday Supercade
Captain N: The Game Master
Donkey Kong Country
episodes
The Super Mario Bros. Movie
RelatedVideo games
Crazy Kong
Mario
Kart
Party
Tennis
Popeye
Banjo-Kazooie
Super Smash Bros.
Conker
NES Remix
Nintendo Land
Nintendo World Championships: NES Edition
Yooka-Laylee
Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair
Developers
Nintendo
Shigeru Miyamoto
Yoshiaki Koizumi
Rare
Stamper brothers
Gregg Mayles
David Wise
Namco
Paon
Retro Studios
Kensuke Tanabe
Kenji Yamamoto
Other
Universal City Studios v. Nintendo
Donkey Kong high score competition
The King of Kong
Pixels
Curse of the Crystal Coconut
Category
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[{}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madang_(disambiguation)
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Madang (disambiguation)
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["1 Regions","1.1 Papua New Guinea","1.2 Other countries","2 Theatres","3 Other"]
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Madang may refer to:
Regions
Papua New Guinea
Madang, capital of Madang Province
Madang District
Madang Province
Madang Airport, airport in Madang
Other countries
Kampong Madang, a village in Brunei
Madang, Burma, a village in Bhamo District, Kachin State, Burma
Madang Road Station, a station of Shanghai Metro Line 9 in Shanghai, China
Theatres
Madangguk, a theatrical art in Korea
Other
Artocarpus odoratissimus, a tropical plant sometimes known as madang
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Madang.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Madang (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madang"},{"link_name":"Madang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madang_District"},{"link_name":"Madang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madang_Province"},{"link_name":"Madang Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madang_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Papua New Guinea","text":"Madang, capital of Madang Province\nMadang District\nMadang Province\nMadang Airport, airport in Madang","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kampong Madang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Madang"},{"link_name":"Madang, Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madang,_Burma"},{"link_name":"Madang Road Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madang_Road_Station"}],"sub_title":"Other countries","text":"Kampong Madang, a village in Brunei\nMadang, Burma, a village in Bhamo District, Kachin State, Burma\nMadang Road Station, a station of Shanghai Metro Line 9 in Shanghai, China","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madangguk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madangguk"}],"text":"Madangguk, a theatrical art in Korea","title":"Theatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artocarpus odoratissimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artocarpus_odoratissimus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Madang_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Artocarpus odoratissimus, a tropical plant sometimes known as madangTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Madang.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other"}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Madang_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sosa_Esquivel
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José Sosa Esquivel
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["1 Career","2 References"]
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "José Sosa Esquivel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019)
José Sosa Esquivel (March 22, 1923 in Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro – June 15, 1968 in Tampico, Mexico) was a Mexican tenor. He is best known for being the father of the famed singer José José. He died because of his alcoholism, after leaving his family.
Career
Jose Sosa Esquivel studied singing with the professor José Pierson, and the contralto Fanny Anitùa, at the Academia de la Ópera de Bellas Artes (Opera Academy of Fine Arts). He debuted in 1950 at the Palacio de Bellas Artes playing the role of Azael on Debussy's L'Enfant prodigue. In 1951, he played the role of Rinuccio in the Mexican premiere of Puccini's Gianni Schicchi. He was principal tenor of the national opera and first comprimario of the international opera. He sang in the opera seasons of Bellas Artes in Mexico City, Guadalajara, Veracruz, Guanajuato and Monterrey.
In 1953, he played the roles of Prince Vasiliy Ivanovich Shuysky and Yurodivy in Boris Godunov, next to Nicola Rossi-Lemeni. In 1954, he participated in the inauguration of the Virginia Fábregas Theatre, singing the title role in Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld, and in 1958 at the world premiere of the "Cantata Homage to Juarez", by Blas Galindo, at the Degollado Theatre. He sang in productions like L'elisir d'amore, La traviata, Madama Butterfly in the roles of Pinkerton and Goro, Pagliacci in the role of Beppe, Mefistofele, Trionfo di Afrodite -at its premiere in Mexico-, Orphée aux Enfers, Tosca as Spoletta, L'amore dei tre re, Fedora, Andrea Chénier, L'amico Fritz, Carmina Burana and La bohème. He spanned the genres of lied, oratorio, zarzuela and operetta. He sang in Havana, Cuba, in the 1954-1957 seasons.
References
^ "Organización Editorial Mexicana".
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago de Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"Tampico, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"José José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"}],"text":"José Sosa Esquivel (March 22, 1923 in Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro – June 15, 1968 in Tampico, Mexico) was a Mexican tenor.[1] He is best known for being the father of the famed singer José José. He died because of his alcoholism, after leaving his family.","title":"José Sosa Esquivel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pierson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"contralto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contralto"},{"link_name":"Fanny Anitùa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Anit%C3%B9a"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Bellas Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes"},{"link_name":"Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy"},{"link_name":"L'Enfant prodigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enfant_prodigue"},{"link_name":"Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccini"},{"link_name":"Gianni Schicchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Prince Vasiliy Ivanovich Shuysky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Yurodivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurodivy"},{"link_name":"Boris Godunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Rossi-Lemeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Rossi-Lemeni"},{"link_name":"Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"Orpheus in the Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Juarez"},{"link_name":"Blas Galindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Galindo"},{"link_name":"L'elisir d'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore"},{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Pagliacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagliacci"},{"link_name":"Mefistofele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefistofele"},{"link_name":"Trionfo di Afrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trionfo_di_Afrodite"},{"link_name":"Orphée aux Enfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orph%C3%A9e_aux_Enfers"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"L'amore dei tre re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27amore_dei_tre_re"},{"link_name":"Fedora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Andrea Chénier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier"},{"link_name":"L'amico Fritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27amico_Fritz"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"lied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"zarzuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarzuela"},{"link_name":"operetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"}],"text":"Jose Sosa Esquivel studied singing with the professor José Pierson, and the contralto Fanny Anitùa, at the Academia de la Ópera de Bellas Artes (Opera Academy of Fine Arts). He debuted in 1950 at the Palacio de Bellas Artes playing the role of Azael on Debussy's L'Enfant prodigue. In 1951, he played the role of Rinuccio in the Mexican premiere of Puccini's Gianni Schicchi. He was principal tenor of the national opera and first comprimario of the international opera. He sang in the opera seasons of Bellas Artes in Mexico City, Guadalajara, Veracruz, Guanajuato and Monterrey.In 1953, he played the roles of Prince Vasiliy Ivanovich Shuysky and Yurodivy in Boris Godunov, next to Nicola Rossi-Lemeni. In 1954, he participated in the inauguration of the Virginia Fábregas Theatre, singing the title role in Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld, and in 1958 at the world premiere of the \"Cantata Homage to Juarez\", by Blas Galindo, at the Degollado Theatre. He sang in productions like L'elisir d'amore, La traviata, Madama Butterfly in the roles of Pinkerton and Goro, Pagliacci in the role of Beppe, Mefistofele, Trionfo di Afrodite -at its premiere in Mexico-, Orphée aux Enfers, Tosca as Spoletta, L'amore dei tre re, Fedora, Andrea Chénier, L'amico Fritz, Carmina Burana and La bohème. He spanned the genres of lied, oratorio, zarzuela and operetta. He sang in Havana, Cuba, in the 1954-1957 seasons.","title":"Career"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert_(bibliographer)
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William Herbert (bibliographer)
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["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 Notes"]
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William HerbertBorn29 November 1718 Died18 March 1795 (aged 76)OccupationBibliographer, publisher
For other people with the same name, see William Herbert (disambiguation).
William Herbert (1718–1795) was an English bibliographer, known for his revision of the Typographical Antiquities of Joseph Ames.
Life
He was born 29 November 1718, and was educated at Hitchin, Hertfordshire. He was apprenticed to a hosier, and on the expiration of his articles took up his freedom of the city, and opened a shop in Leadenhall Street, London. He was admitted to the livery of his company and chosen a member of the court of assistants.
In order to learn the art of painting on glass he gave up the hosiery business, but about 1748 accepted a situation as purser's clerk to three ships belonging to the East India Company. After an adventure with some French men-of-war at Tellicherry, he made a long overland journey with a small company of Indians, adopted a form of local dress and let his beard grow. On returning to England he drew plans of settlements, for which the company gave him a grant. These plans were included in a publication issued by Bowles, printseller, near Mercers' Chapel.
Herbert then established himself as a chart-engraver and printseller on London Bridge. A fire, which took place on the bank of the River Thames suggested to him the plan of a floating fire-engine, which was afterwards carried into practical effect. When the houses on London Bridge were pulled down, about 1758, Herbert moved to a shop in Leadenhall Street, on the site afterwards covered by an addition to the India House. After a short stay in Leadenhall Street he moved to 27 Goulston Square, Whitechapel.
Herbert sold his business and stock to Henry Gregory for a thousand guineas, and retired to a country house at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire. He died childless, 18 March 1795, in his seventy-seventh year, and was buried in Cheshunt churchyard. He had married his first wife about the time of his residence on London Bridge. He married a second time to a niece of the Rev. Mr. Newman, pastor of the meeting in Carter Lane, a woman with money. He brought out catalogues of books, charts, and maps,’ and his business profits, added to his wife's income, enabled him to live well and to buy old books and manuscripts. After the death of his second wife he married Philippa, daughter of John Croshold, mayor of Norwich, and niece of Robert Marsham of Stratton Strawless, Norfolk, who also brought him a good fortune. She died in 1808.
Works
In 1758 he published, ‘at the Golden Globe, under the Piazzas, London Bridge,’ ‘A new Directory for the East Indies, with general and particular charts for the navigation of those seas, wherein the French Neptune Oriental has been chiefly considered and examined, with additions, corrections, and explanatory notes,’ a quarto volume, with folio charts. Herbert, who calls himself ‘hydrographer,’ states in the dedication to the East India Company, ‘all that has been set forth in the Neptune Oriental has been carefully examined and compared with the particular remarks and journals of ships in your honour's service, as also some country ones, besides many curious charts and plans I have been favoured with, as well as many collected whilst I was in India.’ A second and third edition, unaltered, were issued. William Nicholson supplied the practical sea-knowledge. A fourth edition, ‘with additions,’ was published by Herbert's successor in 1775; a fifth edition, ‘enlarged by S. Dunn,’ appeared in 1780.
When in Goulston Square he published the second edition of ‘The Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire,’ by Sir Robert Atkyns (1768).
Joseph Ames's interleaved copy of his Typographical Antiquities, with the plates, blocks, and copyright, came into Herbert's possession, and in 1780 he issued proposals for a new edition, upon which he had then been engaged twenty years. He searched the registers of the Company of Stationers, worked in public and private libraries of the kingdom, and carried on correspondence with owners of rare books. Some of his letters to Cole, Steevens, Chiswell, Dalrymple, G. Mason, and others are preserved by John Nichols in his Literary Anecdotes and Illustrations. His edition of the Typographical Antiquities increased three times the size of the original of Ames. In 1785 was published the first volume; the book was favourably reviewed, the second volume appeared in 1786, and the third and concluding volume in 1790. The unfinished edition of Thomas Frognall Dibdin did not supersede it.
His library of old English books was dispersed after his death; a catalogue of some of his books was published in 1796 by his nephew, Isaac Herbert, bookseller, of 29 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury.
References
"Herbert, William (1718-1795)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Notes
^ Typographical Antiquities, or an Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Printing in Great Britain and Ireland; containing Memoirs of our ancient Printers, and a Register of Books printed by them, from the year 1471 to 1500. Begun by the late Joseph Ames, considerably augmented, both in the Memoirs and number of books.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Herbert, William (1718-1795)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Herbert (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ames_(author)"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see William Herbert (disambiguation).William Herbert (1718–1795) was an English bibliographer, known for his revision of the Typographical Antiquities of Joseph Ames.","title":"William Herbert (bibliographer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hitchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchin"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Leadenhall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadenhall_Street"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Tellicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellicherry"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1100612"},{"link_name":"Cheshunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshunt"},{"link_name":"Stratton Strawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton_Strawless"}],"text":"He was born 29 November 1718, and was educated at Hitchin, Hertfordshire. He was apprenticed to a hosier, and on the expiration of his articles took up his freedom of the city, and opened a shop in Leadenhall Street, London. He was admitted to the livery of his company and chosen a member of the court of assistants.In order to learn the art of painting on glass he gave up the hosiery business, but about 1748 accepted a situation as purser's clerk to three ships belonging to the East India Company. After an adventure with some French men-of-war at Tellicherry, he made a long overland journey with a small company of Indians, adopted a form of local dress and let his beard grow. On returning to England he drew plans of settlements, for which the company gave him a grant. These plans were included in a publication issued by Bowles, printseller, near Mercers' Chapel.Herbert then established himself as a chart-engraver and printseller on London Bridge. A fire, which took place on the bank of the River Thames suggested to him the plan of a floating fire-engine, which was afterwards carried into practical effect. When the houses on London Bridge were pulled down, about 1758, Herbert moved to a shop in Leadenhall Street, on the site afterwards covered by an addition to the India House. After a short stay in Leadenhall Street he moved to 27 Goulston Square, Whitechapel.Herbert sold his business and stock to Henry Gregory for a thousand guineas, and retired to a country house at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire. He died childless, 18 March 1795, in his seventy-seventh year, and was buried in Cheshunt churchyard. He had married his first wife about the time of his residence on London Bridge. He married a second time to a niece of the Rev. Mr. Newman, pastor of the meeting in Carter Lane, a woman with money. He brought out catalogues of books, charts, and maps,’ and his business profits, added to his wife's income, enabled him to live well and to buy old books and manuscripts. After the death of his second wife he married Philippa, daughter of John Croshold, mayor of Norwich, and niece of Robert Marsham of Stratton Strawless, Norfolk, who also brought him a good fortune. She died in 1808.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Robert Atkyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Atkyns_(topographer)"},{"link_name":"Company of Stationers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Stationers"},{"link_name":"John Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nichols_(printer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Frognall Dibdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Frognall_Dibdin"}],"text":"In 1758 he published, ‘at the Golden Globe, under the Piazzas, London Bridge,’ ‘A new Directory for the East Indies, with general and particular charts for the navigation of those seas, wherein the French Neptune Oriental has been chiefly considered and examined, with additions, corrections, and explanatory notes,’ a quarto volume, with folio charts. Herbert, who calls himself ‘hydrographer,’ states in the dedication to the East India Company, ‘all that has been set forth in the Neptune Oriental has been carefully examined and compared with the particular remarks and journals of ships in your honour's service, as also some country ones, besides many curious charts and plans I have been favoured with, as well as many collected whilst I was in India.’ A second and third edition, unaltered, were issued. William Nicholson supplied the practical sea-knowledge. A fourth edition, ‘with additions,’ was published by Herbert's successor in 1775; a fifth edition, ‘enlarged by S. Dunn,’ appeared in 1780.When in Goulston Square he published the second edition of ‘The Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire,’ by Sir Robert Atkyns (1768).Joseph Ames's interleaved copy of his Typographical Antiquities, with the plates, blocks, and copyright, came into Herbert's possession, and in 1780 he issued proposals for a new edition, upon which he had then been engaged twenty years. He searched the registers of the Company of Stationers, worked in public and private libraries of the kingdom, and carried on correspondence with owners of rare books. Some of his letters to Cole, Steevens, Chiswell, Dalrymple, G. Mason, and others are preserved by John Nichols in his Literary Anecdotes and Illustrations. His edition of the Typographical Antiquities increased three times the size of the original of Ames. In 1785 was published the first volume;[1] the book was favourably reviewed, the second volume appeared in 1786, and the third and concluding volume in 1790. The unfinished edition of Thomas Frognall Dibdin did not supersede it.His library of old English books was dispersed after his death; a catalogue of some of his books was published in 1796 by his nephew, Isaac Herbert, bookseller, of 29 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Herbert, William (1718-1795)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Herbert,_William_(1718-1795)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8012237#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/11863/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000081206561"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/41944166"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjbR4qjdtrVCrCQwvrbd"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1455282"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496758p"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496758p"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/10413786X"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429053905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50034984"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130784753"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/123010"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd10413786X.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xw8q4p"}],"text":"^ Typographical Antiquities, or an Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Printing in Great Britain and Ireland; containing Memoirs of our ancient Printers, and a Register of Books printed by them, from the year 1471 to 1500. Begun by the late Joseph Ames, considerably augmented, both in the Memoirs and number of books.AttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Herbert, William (1718-1795)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Notes"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayted
|
Relayted
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2010 studio album by GayngsRelaytedStudio album by GayngsReleasedMay 11, 2010 (2010-05-11)GenreIndie rock, soft rockLength55:00LabelJagjaguwarProducerRyan OlsonGayngs chronology
Relayted(2010)
Affiliyated(2011)
Relayted is the first studio album by Minneapolis indie rock collective Gayngs. It was released via Jagjaguwar on May 11, 2010. Inspired by 10cc's "I'm Not in Love", every song on the album was recorded at 69 BPM. On May 14, 2010, the album release show was held at First Avenue. The album peaked at number 27 on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums chart. As of 2011, it has sold 13,000 copies.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic78/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubB+BBC MusicfavorableThe GuardianMusicOMHNME9/10Pitchfork6.5/10PopMattersThe Skinny
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Relayted received an average score of 78, based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Steven Hyden of The A.V. Club gave the album a grade of B+, calling it "a record fueled by the soft-rock solipsism of 10cc and loads of antidepressants." Barry Nicolson of The Skinny gave the album 4 stars out of 5, saying: "Dipping its toe in everything from soft-rock to hip-hop to R&B and sixties soul, the songs all manage the trick of sounding roughly the same, completely unique, and uniformly superb."
NME placed Relayted at number 13 on the "75 Best Albums of 2010" list. Pitchfork placed "The Gaudy Side of Town" at number 99 on the "Top 100 Tracks of 2010" list.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."The Gaudy Side of Town"7:072."The Walker"4:503."Cry" (Godley & Creme)5:224."No Sweat"6:055."False Bottom"2:546."The Beatdown"3:007."Crystal Rope"3:248."Spanish Platinum"4:229."Faded High"7:2810."Ride"3:4911."The Last Prom on Earth"6:33
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Justin Vernon – vocals (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11), guitar (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9), Rhodes piano (8), mixing
Zach Coulter – human beatbox (1), vocals (1, 3, 7, 10), keyboards (1, 4, 11), piano (4), guitar (6)
Michael Lewis – saxophone (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11)
Phil Cook – electric piano (1), vocals (3), guitar (3), keyboards (4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11)
Brad Cook – bass guitar (1, 7, 9, 11)
James Buckley – phone call (1), organ (5), bass guitar (11)
Joe Westerlund – drums (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), vocals (8)
Ivan Howard – vocals (2, 9, 11), piano (6)
Nick Ryan – guitar (2, 8)
Shön Troth – slide guitar (2, 6, 7)
Jake Luck – keyboards (2, 7, 9), organ (4), trumpet (5)
Nate Vernon – gun (2)
Amish Kids – chainsaw (2)
Danny Krzykowski – guitar (3)
Grant Cutler – vocals (3)
Maggie Morrison – vocals (3, 9, 11), electric piano (10)
Adam Hurlbert – bass guitar (4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), keyboards (5)
Xander – piano (4)
Channy Moon Casselle – vocals (4, 6, 9)
Maggie Wander – vocals (4, 9)
LeRon – vocals (4)
Joe Mabbott – vocals (5)
Mike Noyce – vocals (6, 9)
Katy Morley – vocals (9)
Ryan Olson – bass guitar (7, 11), programming, sequencing, arrangement
Bruce Templeton – mastering
Michael Gaughan – painting
Eric Carlson – logo
Daniel Murphy – layout
Charts
Chart
Peakposition
US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard)
27
References
^ a b Lipshutz, Jason (May 20, 2011). "Bon Iver: The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Reilly, Dan (September 30, 2016). "Justin Vernon's 11 Best Non-Bon Iver Songs & Guest Appearances". Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Hughes, Josiah (May 25, 2010). "GAYNGS Count Prince Among Their Fans, Set Up for North American Tour". Exclaim!. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Hughes, Josiah (February 19, 2010). "Bon Iver, Megafaun, P.O.S. Guest on GAYNGS' Jagjaguwar Debut". Exclaim!. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Denney, Alex (May 7, 2010). "Hot Dayte: Sex, Friends & Keeping It 69 Smooth - A Gayngs Interview". The Quietus. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Marsh, Steve (May 17, 2010). "Live: Gayngs' First Show, The Last Prom on Earth". The Fader. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ a b "Gayngs: Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ a b "Relayted - Gayngs". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
^ Raggett, Ned. "Relayted - Gayngs". AllMusic. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
^ a b Hyden, Steven (May 11, 2010). "Gayngs: Relayted". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Lukowski, Andrzej (May 14, 2010). "BBC - Music - Review of Gayngs - Relayted". BBC Music. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Petridis, Alexis (December 9, 2010). "Gayngs: Related - review". The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Hogwood, Ben (May 17, 2010). "Gayngs - Relayted". MusicOMH. Archived from the original on November 10, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ Thronton, Anthony (May 13, 2010). "Album Review: Gayngs - 'Relayted' (Jagjaguwar)". NME. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Patrin, Nate (May 6, 2010). "Gayngs: Relayted". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Copplestone, Joe (May 18, 2010). "Gayngs: Relayted". PopMatters. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ a b Nicolson, Barry (May 3, 2010). "Gayngs - Relayted". The Skinny. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "75 best albums of 2010". NME. November 22, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ "The Top 100 Tracks of 2010 (Page 1 of 10)". Pitchfork. December 13, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
External links
Relayted at Discogs (list of releases)
Relayted at Jagjaguwar
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-10"},{"link_name":"The Skinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skinny_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theskinny-17"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Relayted received an average score of 78, based on 13 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[8]Steven Hyden of The A.V. Club gave the album a grade of B+, calling it \"a record fueled by the soft-rock solipsism of 10cc and loads of antidepressants.\"[10] Barry Nicolson of The Skinny gave the album 4 stars out of 5, saying: \"Dipping its toe in everything from soft-rock to hip-hop to R&B and sixties soul, the songs all manage the trick of sounding roughly the same, completely unique, and uniformly superb.\"[17]NME placed Relayted at number 13 on the \"75 Best Albums of 2010\" list.[18] Pitchfork placed \"The Gaudy Side of Town\" at number 99 on the \"Top 100 Tracks of 2010\" list.[19]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_(Godley_%26_Creme_song)"},{"link_name":"Godley & Creme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley_%26_Creme"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"The Gaudy Side of Town\"7:072.\"The Walker\"4:503.\"Cry\" (Godley & Creme)5:224.\"No Sweat\"6:055.\"False Bottom\"2:546.\"The Beatdown\"3:007.\"Crystal Rope\"3:248.\"Spanish Platinum\"4:229.\"Faded High\"7:2810.\"Ride\"3:4911.\"The Last Prom on Earth\"6:33","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Michael Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Maggie Wander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessa"},{"link_name":"LeRon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.S_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Joe Mabbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mabbott"}],"text":"Credits adapted from liner notes.Justin Vernon – vocals (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11), guitar (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9), Rhodes piano (8), mixing\nZach Coulter – human beatbox (1), vocals (1, 3, 7, 10), keyboards (1, 4, 11), piano (4), guitar (6)\nMichael Lewis – saxophone (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11)\nPhil Cook – electric piano (1), vocals (3), guitar (3), keyboards (4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11)\nBrad Cook – bass guitar (1, 7, 9, 11)\nJames Buckley – phone call (1), organ (5), bass guitar (11)\nJoe Westerlund – drums (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), vocals (8)\nIvan Howard – vocals (2, 9, 11), piano (6)\nNick Ryan – guitar (2, 8)\nShön Troth – slide guitar (2, 6, 7)\nJake Luck – keyboards (2, 7, 9), organ (4), trumpet (5)\nNate Vernon – gun (2)\nAmish Kids – chainsaw (2)\nDanny Krzykowski – guitar (3)\nGrant Cutler – vocals (3)\nMaggie Morrison – vocals (3, 9, 11), electric piano (10)\nAdam Hurlbert – bass guitar (4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), keyboards (5)\nXander – piano (4)\nChanny Moon Casselle – vocals (4, 6, 9)\nMaggie Wander – vocals (4, 9)\nLeRon – vocals (4)\nJoe Mabbott – vocals (5)\nMike Noyce – vocals (6, 9)\nKaty Morley – vocals (9)\nRyan Olson – bass guitar (7, 11), programming, sequencing, arrangement\nBruce Templeton – mastering\nMichael Gaughan – painting\nEric Carlson – logo\nDaniel Murphy – layout","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
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[]
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Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/gayngs_count_prince_among_their_fans_set_up_for_north_american_tour","url_text":"\"GAYNGS Count Prince Among Their Fans, Set Up for North American Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!","url_text":"Exclaim!"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Josiah (February 19, 2010). \"Bon Iver, Megafaun, P.O.S. Guest on GAYNGS' Jagjaguwar Debut\". Exclaim!. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/bon_iver_megafaun_pos_guest_on_gayngs_jagjaguwar_debut","url_text":"\"Bon Iver, Megafaun, P.O.S. Guest on GAYNGS' Jagjaguwar Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!","url_text":"Exclaim!"}]},{"reference":"Denney, Alex (May 7, 2010). \"Hot Dayte: Sex, Friends & Keeping It 69 Smooth - A Gayngs Interview\". The Quietus. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thequietus.com/articles/04213-hot-dayte-sex-friends-keeping-it-69-smooth-a-gayngs-interview","url_text":"\"Hot Dayte: Sex, Friends & Keeping It 69 Smooth - A Gayngs Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus","url_text":"The Quietus"}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Steve (May 17, 2010). \"Live: Gayngs' First Show, The Last Prom on Earth\". The Fader. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefader.com/2010/05/17/live-gayngs-first-show-the-last-prom-on-earth","url_text":"\"Live: Gayngs' First Show, The Last Prom on Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader","url_text":"The Fader"}]},{"reference":"\"Gayngs: Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)\". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628073154/https://www.billboard.com/music/gayngs/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","url_text":"\"Gayngs: Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/gayngs/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Relayted - Gayngs\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/relayted/gayngs","url_text":"\"Relayted - Gayngs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"Raggett, Ned. \"Relayted - Gayngs\". AllMusic. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/relayted-mw0001977431","url_text":"\"Relayted - Gayngs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Hyden, Steven (May 11, 2010). \"Gayngs: Relayted\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/review/gayngs-irelaytedi-40990","url_text":"\"Gayngs: Relayted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Lukowski, Andrzej (May 14, 2010). \"BBC - Music - Review of Gayngs - Relayted\". BBC Music. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/z38r","url_text":"\"BBC - Music - Review of Gayngs - Relayted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music","url_text":"BBC Music"}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (December 9, 2010). \"Gayngs: Related - review\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/dec/09/gayngs-related-cd-review","url_text":"\"Gayngs: Related - review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Hogwood, Ben (May 17, 2010). \"Gayngs - Relayted\". MusicOMH. Archived from the original on November 10, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101110222253/http://www.musicomh.com/albums/gayngs_0510.htm","url_text":"\"Gayngs - Relayted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH","url_text":"MusicOMH"},{"url":"http://www.musicomh.com/albums/gayngs_0510.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thronton, Anthony (May 13, 2010). \"Album Review: Gayngs - 'Relayted' (Jagjaguwar)\". NME. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/gayngs/11302","url_text":"\"Album Review: Gayngs - 'Relayted' (Jagjaguwar)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Patrin, Nate (May 6, 2010). \"Gayngs: Relayted\". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14188-relayted/","url_text":"\"Gayngs: Relayted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Copplestone, Joe (May 18, 2010). \"Gayngs: Relayted\". PopMatters. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/125222-gayngs-relayted/","url_text":"\"Gayngs: Relayted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Nicolson, Barry (May 3, 2010). \"Gayngs - Relayted\". The Skinny. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/reviews/albums/gayngs-relayted","url_text":"\"Gayngs - Relayted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skinny_(magazine)","url_text":"The Skinny"}]},{"reference":"\"75 best albums of 2010\". NME. November 22, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/photos/75-best-albums-of-2010-1415713","url_text":"\"75 best albums of 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 100 Tracks of 2010 (Page 1 of 10)\". Pitchfork. December 13, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/7895-the-top-100-tracks-of-2010/?page=1","url_text":"\"The Top 100 Tracks of 2010 (Page 1 of 10)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographies_of_the_Immortals
|
Liexian Zhuan
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["1 Title","2 Liu Xiang","3 Textual versions","4 Content","5 Translations","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Biography of Taoist immortals
Liexian ZhuanLiexian Zhuan entry for Chisongzi (Master Redpine), Ming dynasty 1445 Daoist CanonTraditional Chinese列仙傳Simplified Chinese列仙传Literal meaningBiographies of Exemplary ImmortalsTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLièxiān zhuànWade–GilesLieh-hsien ChuanYue: CantoneseJyutpinglit6 sin1 zyun6Middle ChineseMiddle Chinese ljetsjen drjwenOld ChineseBaxter–Sagart (2014)retsar Cə-m-tron
The Liexian Zhuan, sometimes translated as Biographies of Immortals, is the oldest extant Chinese hagiography of Daoist xian "transcendents; immortals; saints; alchemists". The text, which compiles the life stories of about 70 mythological and historical xian, was traditionally attributed to the Western Han dynasty editor and imperial librarian Liu Xiang (77–8 BCE), but internal evidence dates it to the 2nd century CE during the Eastern Han period. The Liexian Zhuan became a model for later authors, such as Ge Hong's 4th century CE Shenxian zhuan ("Biographies of Divine Immortals").
Title
Liexian Zhuan combines three words:
liè (列, "rank; array; order; line up; list")
xiān (仙, "transcendent being; celestial being; 'immortal'")
zhuàn (傳, " tradition; biography; commentary on a classic (e.g., Zuozhuan)"(—cf. chuàn (傳, "transmit; pass along; hand down; spread")
The compound lièzhuàn (列傳, lit. "arrayed lives") is a Classical Chinese term meaning " biographies". The Liexian Zhuan follows the liezhuan biographical format of traditional Chinese historiography, which was established by Sima Qian in his c. 94 BCE Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian). Many later texts adopted the liezhuan format, for example, the Daoist Shenxian zhuan and the Buddhist Gaoseng zhuan (Memoirs of Eminent Monks).
There is no standard translation of Liexian Zhuan, and renderings include:
A Gallery of Chinese Immortals
Biographies of the Many Immortals
Biographies of Illustrious Genii
Collections of the Biographies of the Immortals
Immortals' Biographies
Arrayed Lives of Transcendents
Biographies of the Immortals
Biographies of Exemplary Immortals
Biographies of Immortals
Arrayed Traditions of Transcendents
Traditions of Exemplary Transcendents
Biography of the Immortal Deities
Lives of the Immortals
The difficulty of translating this title is demonstrated by Campany's three versions. Note the modern shift to translating xian as "transcendent" rather than "immortal"; Daoist texts describe xian as having extraordinary "longevity" or "long life" but not eternal "immortality" as understood in Western religions.
Liu Xiang
The traditional attribution of the Liexian Zhuan to the Western Han scholar Liu Xiang is regarded as dubious, and modern scholars generally believe it was compiled during the Eastern Han (25-220 CE). There are two kinds of evidence that Liu was not the compiler.
First, the Liexian Zhuan was not listed in Ban Gu's 111 CE Book of Han Yiwenzhi ("Treatise on Literature") imperial bibliography, and the 636 Book of Sui was the first official dynastic history to record it bibliographically. However, the Yiwenzhi does list many works written and compiled by Liu Xiang, including two with similar titles: Lienǚ Zhuan (列女傳, Biographies of Exemplary Women) and Lieshi zhuan (列士傳, Biographies of Exemplary Officials).
Second, some sections of the Liexian Zhuan refer to events after Liu Xiang's death in 8 or 6 BCE. Eastern Han historical books dating from the early 2nd century CE cite a version (or versions) of the hagiography. Internal evidence shows that some sections of the text were added in the 2nd century, and later editing occurred. The hagiography contains some phrases dating from the Jin dynasty (266–420), but remains the oldest surviving collection of Taoist hagiography.
The attribution of the Liexian zhuan to Liu Xiang occurred relatively early, and it was accepted by the Eastern Jin Daoist scholar Ge Hong. Ge's c. 330 Baopuzi describes how Liu redacted his Liexian Zhuan in a context explaining the reason Liu failed to produce an alchemical gold elixir using the private method of Liu An was because no teacher had transmitted the necessary oral explanations to him.
As for his compilation (撰) of Liexian zhuan, he revised and extracted (自刪…出) passages from the book by the Qin grandee Ruan Cang 阮倉, and in some cases things he had personally seen (或所親見), and only thus (然後) came to record (記) it. It is not an unwarranted fabrication ( 非妄言也).
Ge Hong uses ranhou (然後, "only thus") to emphasize that the veracity of Liexian Zhuan biographies is not tainted by Liu Xiang's failure in waidan alchemy, indicating that the collected stories are reliable because he could not have invented them. Internal evidence suggests that Liu compiled the Liexian zhuan in the very last years of his life. Although his authorship is disputed and the text is dated later than the 1st century BCE, "recent scholars have argued cogently" for the traditional attribution. He concludes that the ascription to Liu Xiang is "not wholly incredible, but the text we have today contains later accretions and has also dropped some passages".
Since Liu Xiang was an orthodox Confucianist and not a Daoist, his Liexian Zhuan depiction of transcendents' lives represents knowledge from general Han culture rather than a specific religious community. In subsequent generations, his hagiography became widely known as a source for literary allusion among educated Chinese of later periods.
From a higher perspective, the question of Liu Xiang's authorship "is irrelevant", because the received text is not the original. The Liexian Zhuan was transmitted in diverse manuscript copies for ten centuries, until the Song dynasty 1019 Daoist Canon incorporated a standard edition.
Textual versions
The Liexian Zhuan exists in many, sometimes dissimilar, versions. For instance, the original text likely contained 72 hagiographies, yet the standard version has 70, and others have 71. The c. 1029 Daoist encyclopedia Yunji Qiqian includes 48 hagiographies.
Two Tang dynasty leishu Chinese encyclopedias, the 624 Yiwen Leiju and 983 Taiping Yulan extensively quote from the Liexian Zhuan. Analysis of Liexian zhuan citations preserved in these and other old sources shows that some portions of the original text have been lost from all surviving versions.
The earliest extant version of the Liexian Zhuan is from the Ming dynasty 1445 Zhengtong daozang (正統道藏, "Daoist Canon of the Zhengtong Era, 1436-1450"). Several other Ming and Qing editions of the text were published, including two jiàozhèng (校正, "corrected; rectified") versions.
Liexian Zhuan is also the title of a different Yuan dynasty (1206-1368) collection of 55 xian biographies, including the popular Eight Immortals, with woodcut illustrations.
Content
The present Daoist canonical Liexian Zhuan, which is divided into two chapters, comprises about 70 "tersely worded" hagiographies of transcendents. In many cases, the Liexian Zhuan is the only early source referring to an individual transcendent. The collection does not offer anything resembling a full biography, but only a few informative anecdotes about each person. The briefest entries have fewer than 200 characters.
Employing the traditional liezhuan ("arrayed lives") biographical arrangement, the Liexian Zhuan arranges its Daoist hagiographies in roughly chronological order, starting with the mythological figure Chisongzi who was Rain Master for the culture hero Shennong (mythically dated to the 28th century BCE), and ending with the Western Han herbalist and fangshi Xuan Su 玄俗. They include individuals "of every rank and station, ranging from purely mythical beings to hermits, heroes, and men and women of the common people". The collection includes mythic personages (e.g., Yellow Emperor and Pengzu who allegedly lived over 800 years), famous Daoists (Laozi and Yinxi the Guardian of the Pass), and historical figures (Anqi Sheng who instructed Qin Shi Huang (r. 247-220 BCE) and Dongfang Shuo the court jester for Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE)).
The standard format for Liexian zhuan entries is to give the subject's name, sometimes style name, usually native place (or the formulaic "No one knows where he came from"), and often the period in which he or she supposedly lived. Sometime after the 330s, the text was appended with sets of laudatory zàn (贊, "encomia") that are rhymed hymns praising the recorded xian. Some editions include an old preface, of uncertain authorship and date, that is not included in the Daoist canonical edition.
Two sample hagiographies illustrate some common themes in the Liexian Zhuan. First, many stories focus on the supernatural techniques of transcendents and how they acquired them. Mashi Huang (馬師皇) was a legendary equine veterinarian during the Yellow Emperor's reign.
...a horse doctor in the time of the Yellow Emperor. He knew the vital symptoms in a horse's constitution, and on receiving his treatment the animal would immediately get well. Once a dragon flew down and approached him with drooping ears and open jaws. Huang said to himself: "This dragon is ill and knows that I can effect a cure." Thereupon he performed acupuncture on its mouth just below the upper lip, and gave it a decoction of sweet herbs to swallow, which caused it to recover. Afterwards, whenever the dragon was ailing, it issued from its watery lair and presented itself for treatment. One morning the dragon took Huang on its back and bore him away
Second, hagiographies often didactically represent xian using their transcendental powers to support the poor and helpless. Chang Rong (昌容) was able to maintain the appearance of a young woman for two centuries by only eating Rubus crataegifolius (Korean raspberry) roots:
Chang Rong was a follower of the Dao from Mount Chang (Changshan 常山; i.e., the Hengshan, Shanxi). She called herself the daughter of the King of Yin (Yinwang nǚ 殷王女) and ate roots of rubus (penglei 蓬虆). She would come and go, ascending and descending. People saw her for some two hundred years yet she always looked about twenty. When she was able to get purple grass she sold it to dyers and gave the proceeds to widows and orphans. It was like this for generations. Thousands came to make offerings at her shrine.
Researchers have found evidence of anti-inflammatory effects from R. crataegifolius root extracts.
Third, like the above "decoction of sweet herbs" and "roots of rubus", about half the transcendents described in the Liexian Zhuan had powers that ultimately came from drugs. For instance, after Master Redpine took a drug called shuiyu (水玉, "liquid jade") denoting quartz crystals in solution, he transformed himself by fire, and ascended to Mount Kunlun where he lived with the Queen Mother of the West. The text mentions many herbal and mineral drugs, including pine nuts, pine resin, China root, fungus, Chinese angelica, cinnabar powder, and mica.
Translations
There are no full English translations of the text analogous to the French critical edition and annotated translation Le Lie-sien tchouan by Kaltenmark. Giles translated eight Liexian Zhuan entries,. and Campany's annotated translation of the Shenxian Zhuan frequently cites the Liexian Zhuan.
References
Campany, Robert Ford (1996). Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China. Albany NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791426593.
Campany, Robert Ford (2002). To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents. contribution by Hong Ge. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520230347.
Campany, Robert Ford (2009). Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824833336.
Giles, Lionel (1979) . A Gallery of Chinese Immortals. London / New York City: John Murray / AMS Press (reprint). ISBN 0-404-14478-0.
Kohn, Livia, ed. (1989). Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques. University of Michigan Center for Chinese studies. ISBN 9780892640850.
Pas, Julian; Leung, Man Kam (1998). Historical Dictionary of Taoism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810833692.
Penny, Benjamin (2008). "Liexian zhuan 列仙傳 Biographies of Exemplary Immortals". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Two volumes. Routledge. pp. 653–654. ISBN 9780700712007.
Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei Pien of Ko Hung. Translated by Ware, James R. MIT Press. 1966. ISBN 9780262230223.
Wu, Lu-Ch'iang and Davis, Tenney L. (1934). "Ko Hung (Pao P'u Tzu), Chinese Alchemist of the Fourth Century", Journal of Chemical Education, pp. 517–20.
Footnotes
^ Campany 1996, p. 25.
^ a b Giles 1979.
^ Chan, Wing-Tsit. (1963). The Way of Lao Tzu, Bobbs-Merrill.
^ Ware 1966.
^ Needham, Joseph; et al. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521087315.
^ Kohn 1989.
^ Campany 1996.
^ Eskildsen, Stephen (1998). Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion. Albany NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-3955-0.
^ Penny 2008.
^ Pas & Leung 1998.
^ a b c d Theobald, Ulrich (2010), Liexianzhuan 列仙傳 "Biographies of Immortals", Chinaknowledge.
^ a b Campany 2002.
^ Campany 2009.
^ Yap, Joseph P. (2016). Zizhi Tongjian, Warring States and Qin, CreateSpace.
^ Strickmann, Michel and Anna K. Seidel (2017), "Daoism", Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Bokenkamp, Stephen R. (1997). Early Daoist Scriptures. University of California Press. pp. 21-3. ISBN 9780520923126.
^ Campany 2002, pp. 4-5; Campany 2009, pp. 33-4.
^ a b c d e f Penny 2008, p. 653.
^ Tr. Campany 2002, p. 104, emending Ware 1966, p. 51.
^ Campany 2002, p. 104.
^ a b c Campany 1996, p. 41.
^ a b Campany 2009, p. 7.
^ Pas & Leung 1998, p. 55.
^ a b Campany 1996, pp. 40–1.
^ Giles 1979, p. 11.
^ Pas & Leung 1998, p. 56.
^ Giles 1979, p. 13.
^ a b Penny 2008, p. 654.
^ Penny 2008, pp. 653–4.
^ Tr. Giles 1979, p. 13.
^ Tr. .Penny 2008, p. 654.
^ Cao Y., Wang Y., Jin H., Wang A., Liu M., and Li X. (1996), "Anti-inflammatory effects of alcoholic extract of roots of Rubus crataegifolius", Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi (China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica) 21.11: 687-688.
^ Campany 2002, p. 230.
^ Kohn 1989, p. 76.
^ Kaltenmark, Max, tr. (1953). Le Lie-sien tchouan: Biographies légendaires des immortels taoïstes de l'antiquité. Beijing: Université de Paris, Publications du Centre d'études sinologiques de Pékin. 1987 reprint Paris: Collège de France.
Further reading
Kohn, Livia. (1998). God of the Dao, Lord Lao in History and Myth, Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.
External links
Liexian Zhuan full text at the Chinese Text Project (in Chinese)
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The text, which compiles the life stories of about 70 mythological and historical xian, was traditionally attributed to the Western Han dynasty editor and imperial librarian Liu Xiang (77–8 BCE), but internal evidence dates it to the 2nd century CE during the Eastern Han period. 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The Liexian Zhuan follows the liezhuan biographical format of traditional Chinese historiography, which was established by Sima Qian in his c. 94 BCE Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian). Many later texts adopted the liezhuan format, for example, the Daoist Shenxian zhuan and the Buddhist Gaoseng zhuan (Memoirs of Eminent Monks).[1]There is no standard translation of Liexian Zhuan, and renderings include:A Gallery of Chinese Immortals[2]\nBiographies of the Many Immortals[3]\nBiographies of Illustrious Genii[4]\nCollections of the Biographies of the Immortals[5]\nImmortals' Biographies[6]\nArrayed Lives of Transcendents[7]\nBiographies of the Immortals[8]\nBiographies of Exemplary Immortals[9]\nBiographies of Immortals[10][11]\nArrayed Traditions of Transcendents[12]\nTraditions of Exemplary Transcendents[13]\nBiography of the Immortal Deities[14]\nLives of the Immortals[15]The difficulty of translating this title is demonstrated by Campany's three versions. Note the modern shift to translating xian as \"transcendent\" rather than \"immortal\"; Daoist texts describe xian as having extraordinary \"longevity\" or \"long life\" but not eternal \"immortality\" as understood in Western religions.[16][17]","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han"},{"link_name":"Liu Xiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008653-18"},{"link_name":"Ban Gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Gu"},{"link_name":"Book of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Yiwenzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwenzhi"},{"link_name":"Book of Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Sui"},{"link_name":"official dynastic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories"},{"link_name":"Lienǚ Zhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienu_Zhuan"},{"link_name":"Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar-official"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008653-18"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty (266–420)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theobald2010-11"},{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ge Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Hong"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008653-18"},{"link_name":"Baopuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baopuzi"},{"link_name":"alchemical gold elixir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alchemy"},{"link_name":"Liu An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_An"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"waidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waidan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU1oLPR5VzIYCpgPA104_p._104]-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidURk_YbbwELkCpgPA41_p._41]-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiF8VX800TdoCpgPA7_p._7]-22"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature"},{"link_name":"allusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008653-18"},{"link_name":"received text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_text"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Daoist Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daozang"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasLeung199855-23"}],"text":"The traditional attribution of the Liexian Zhuan to the Western Han scholar Liu Xiang is regarded as dubious, and modern scholars generally believe it was compiled during the Eastern Han (25-220 CE).[18] There are two kinds of evidence that Liu was not the compiler.First, the Liexian Zhuan was not listed in Ban Gu's 111 CE Book of Han Yiwenzhi (\"Treatise on Literature\") imperial bibliography, and the 636 Book of Sui was the first official dynastic history to record it bibliographically. However, the Yiwenzhi does list many works written and compiled by Liu Xiang, including two with similar titles: Lienǚ Zhuan (列女傳, Biographies of Exemplary Women) and Lieshi zhuan (列士傳, Biographies of Exemplary Officials).Second, some sections of the Liexian Zhuan refer to events after Liu Xiang's death in 8 or 6 BCE. Eastern Han historical books dating from the early 2nd century CE cite a version (or versions) of the hagiography. Internal evidence shows that some sections of the text were added in the 2nd century, and later editing occurred.[18] The hagiography contains some phrases dating from the Jin dynasty (266–420), but remains the oldest surviving collection of Taoist hagiography.[11]The attribution of the Liexian zhuan to Liu Xiang occurred relatively early, and it was accepted by the Eastern Jin Daoist scholar Ge Hong.[18] Ge's c. 330 Baopuzi describes how Liu redacted his Liexian Zhuan in a context explaining the reason Liu failed to produce an alchemical gold elixir using the private method of Liu An was because no teacher had transmitted the necessary oral explanations to him.As for his compilation (撰) of Liexian zhuan, he revised and extracted (自刪…出) passages from the book by the Qin grandee Ruan Cang 阮倉, and in some cases [added] things he had personally seen (或所親見), and only thus (然後) came to record (記) it. It is not an unwarranted fabrication ([or \"fiction\"] 非妄言也).[19]Ge Hong uses ranhou (然後, \"only thus\") to emphasize that the veracity of Liexian Zhuan biographies is not tainted by Liu Xiang's failure in waidan alchemy, indicating that the collected stories are reliable because he could not have invented them.[20] Internal evidence suggests that Liu compiled the Liexian zhuan in the very last years of his life. Although his authorship is disputed and the text is dated later than the 1st century BCE, \"recent scholars have argued cogently\" for the traditional attribution.[21] He concludes that the ascription to Liu Xiang is \"not wholly incredible, but the text we have today contains later accretions and has also dropped some passages\".[22]Since Liu Xiang was an orthodox Confucianist and not a Daoist, his Liexian Zhuan depiction of transcendents' lives represents knowledge from general Han culture rather than a specific religious community. In subsequent generations, his hagiography became widely known as a source for literary allusion among educated Chinese of later periods.[18]From a higher perspective, the question of Liu Xiang's authorship \"is irrelevant\", because the received text is not the original. The Liexian Zhuan was transmitted in diverse manuscript copies for ten centuries, until the Song dynasty 1019 Daoist Canon incorporated a standard edition.[23]","title":"Liu Xiang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yunji Qiqian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunji_Qiqian"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidURk_YbbwELkCpgPA41_p._41]-21"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"leishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishu"},{"link_name":"Chinese encyclopedias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_encyclopedias"},{"link_name":"Yiwen Leiju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwen_Leiju"},{"link_name":"Taiping Yulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Yulan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theobald2010-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008653-18"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhengtong Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany199640%E2%80%931-24"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Eight Immortals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Immortals"},{"link_name":"woodcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles197911-25"}],"text":"The Liexian Zhuan exists in many, sometimes dissimilar, versions. For instance, the original text likely contained 72 hagiographies, yet the standard version has 70, and others have 71. The c. 1029 Daoist encyclopedia Yunji Qiqian includes 48 hagiographies.[21]Two Tang dynasty leishu Chinese encyclopedias, the 624 Yiwen Leiju and 983 Taiping Yulan extensively quote from the Liexian Zhuan.[11] Analysis of Liexian zhuan citations preserved in these and other old sources shows that some portions of the original text have been lost from all surviving versions.[18]The earliest extant version of the Liexian Zhuan is from the Ming dynasty 1445 Zhengtong daozang (正統道藏, \"Daoist Canon of the Zhengtong Era, 1436-1450\"). Several other Ming and Qing editions of the text were published, including two jiàozhèng (校正, \"corrected; rectified\") versions.[24]Liexian Zhuan is also the title of a different Yuan dynasty (1206-1368) collection of 55 xian biographies, including the popular Eight Immortals, with woodcut illustrations.[25]","title":"Textual versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiF8VX800TdoCpgPA7_p._7]-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasLeung199856-26"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008653-18"},{"link_name":"mythological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology"},{"link_name":"Chisongzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Shi#As_Chisongzi"},{"link_name":"Shennong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennong"},{"link_name":"Western Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han"},{"link_name":"fangshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangshi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles197913-27"},{"link_name":"Yellow Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Pengzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Zu"},{"link_name":"Laozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi"},{"link_name":"Yinxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxi"},{"link_name":"Anqi Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqi_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Qin Shi Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang"},{"link_name":"Dongfang Shuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo"},{"link_name":"court jester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_jester"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008654-28"},{"link_name":"style name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"贊","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B4%8A#Chinese"},{"link_name":"encomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008653%E2%80%934-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany199640%E2%80%931-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidURk_YbbwELkCpgPA41_p._41]-21"},{"link_name":"馬","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC#Chinese"},{"link_name":"師","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AB#Chinese"},{"link_name":"皇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87#Chinese"},{"link_name":"veterinarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarian"},{"link_name":"Yellow Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon"},{"link_name":"acupuncture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theobald2010-11"},{"link_name":"昌","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8C#Chinese"},{"link_name":"容","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B9#Chinese"},{"link_name":"Rubus crataegifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_crataegifolius"},{"link_name":"Hengshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Shanxi)"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaoETAL1996-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU1oLPR5VzIYCpgPA230_p._230]-33"},{"link_name":"Mount Kunlun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Queen Mother of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"pine nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_nuts"},{"link_name":"pine resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_resin"},{"link_name":"China root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilax_china"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom"},{"link_name":"Chinese angelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_sinensis"},{"link_name":"cinnabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar"},{"link_name":"mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn198976-34"}],"text":"The present Daoist canonical Liexian Zhuan, which is divided into two chapters, comprises about 70 \"tersely worded\" hagiographies of transcendents.[22] In many cases, the Liexian Zhuan is the only early source referring to an individual transcendent.[26] The collection does not offer anything resembling a full biography, but only a few informative anecdotes about each person. The briefest entries have fewer than 200 characters.[18]Employing the traditional liezhuan (\"arrayed lives\") biographical arrangement, the Liexian Zhuan arranges its Daoist hagiographies in roughly chronological order, starting with the mythological figure Chisongzi who was Rain Master for the culture hero Shennong (mythically dated to the 28th century BCE), and ending with the Western Han herbalist and fangshi Xuan Su 玄俗. They include individuals \"of every rank and station, ranging from purely mythical beings to hermits, heroes, and men and women of the common people\".[27] The collection includes mythic personages (e.g., Yellow Emperor and Pengzu who allegedly lived over 800 years), famous Daoists (Laozi and Yinxi the Guardian of the Pass), and historical figures (Anqi Sheng who instructed Qin Shi Huang (r. 247-220 BCE) and Dongfang Shuo the court jester for Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE)).[28]The standard format for Liexian zhuan entries is to give the subject's name, sometimes style name, usually native place (or the formulaic \"No one knows where he came from\"), and often the period in which he or she supposedly lived. Sometime after the 330s, the text was appended with sets of laudatory zàn (贊, \"encomia\") that are rhymed hymns praising the recorded xian.[29] Some editions include an old preface, of uncertain authorship and date, that is not included in the Daoist canonical edition.[24]Two sample hagiographies illustrate some common themes in the Liexian Zhuan. First, many stories focus on the supernatural techniques of transcendents and how they acquired them.[21] Mashi Huang (馬師皇) was a legendary equine veterinarian during the Yellow Emperor's reign....a horse doctor in the time of the Yellow Emperor. He knew the vital symptoms in a horse's constitution, and on receiving his treatment the animal would immediately get well. Once a dragon flew down and approached him with drooping ears and open jaws. Huang said to himself: \"This dragon is ill and knows that I can effect a cure.\" Thereupon he performed acupuncture on its mouth just below the upper lip, and gave it a decoction of sweet herbs to swallow, which caused it to recover. Afterwards, whenever the dragon was ailing, it issued from its watery lair and presented itself for treatment. One morning the dragon took Huang on its back and bore him away[30]Second, hagiographies often didactically represent xian using their transcendental powers to support the poor and helpless.[11] Chang Rong (昌容) was able to maintain the appearance of a young woman for two centuries by only eating Rubus crataegifolius (Korean raspberry) roots:Chang Rong was a follower of the Dao from Mount Chang (Changshan 常山; i.e., the Hengshan, Shanxi). She called herself the daughter of the King of Yin (Yinwang nǚ 殷王女) and ate roots of rubus (penglei 蓬虆). She would come and go, ascending and descending. People saw her for some two hundred years yet she always looked about twenty. When she was able to get purple grass she sold it to dyers and gave the proceeds to widows and orphans. It was like this for generations. Thousands came to make offerings at her shrine.[31]Researchers have found evidence of anti-inflammatory effects from R. crataegifolius root extracts.[32]Third, like the above \"decoction of sweet herbs\" and \"roots of rubus\", about half the transcendents described in the Liexian Zhuan had powers that ultimately came from drugs. For instance, after Master Redpine took a drug called shuiyu (水玉, \"liquid jade\") denoting quartz crystals in solution,[33] he transformed himself by fire, and ascended to Mount Kunlun where he lived with the Queen Mother of the West. The text mentions many herbal and mineral drugs, including pine nuts, pine resin, China root, fungus, Chinese angelica, cinnabar powder, and mica.[34]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Kaltenmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Kaltenmark"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaltenmark1953-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2008654-28"},{"link_name":"Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Giles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1979-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampany2002-12"}],"text":"There are no full English translations of the text analogous to the French critical edition and annotated translation Le Lie-sien tchouan by Kaltenmark.[35][28] Giles translated eight Liexian Zhuan entries,.[2] and Campany's annotated translation of the Shenxian Zhuan frequently cites the Liexian Zhuan.[12]","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kohn, Livia. (1998). God of the Dao, Lord Lao in History and Myth, Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Campany, Robert Ford (1996). Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China. Albany NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791426593.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=URk_YbbwELkC","url_text":"Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York","url_text":"Albany NY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York#SUNY_Press","url_text":"SUNY Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791426593","url_text":"9780791426593"}]},{"reference":"Campany, Robert Ford (2002). To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents. contribution by Hong Ge. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520230347.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U1oLPR5VzIYC","url_text":"To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520230347","url_text":"9780520230347"}]},{"reference":"Campany, Robert Ford (2009). Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824833336.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8VX800TdoC","url_text":"Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawai%27i_Press","url_text":"University of Hawai'i Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824833336","url_text":"9780824833336"}]},{"reference":"Giles, Lionel (1979) [1948]. A Gallery of Chinese Immortals. London / New York City: John Murray / AMS Press (reprint). ISBN 0-404-14478-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Giles","url_text":"Giles, Lionel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-14478-0","url_text":"0-404-14478-0"}]},{"reference":"Kohn, Livia, ed. (1989). Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques. University of Michigan Center for Chinese studies. ISBN 9780892640850.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892640850","url_text":"9780892640850"}]},{"reference":"Pas, Julian; Leung, Man Kam (1998). Historical Dictionary of Taoism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810833692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield#Imprints","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810833692","url_text":"9780810833692"}]},{"reference":"Penny, Benjamin (2008). \"Liexian zhuan 列仙傳 Biographies of Exemplary Immortals\". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Two volumes. Routledge. pp. 653–654. ISBN 9780700712007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Pregadio","url_text":"Fabrizio Pregadio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700712007","url_text":"9780700712007"}]},{"reference":"Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei Pien of Ko Hung. Translated by Ware, James R. MIT Press. 1966. ISBN 9780262230223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262230223","url_text":"9780262230223"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Joseph; et al. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521087315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham","url_text":"Needham, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China","url_text":"Science and Civilisation in China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521087315","url_text":"9780521087315"}]},{"reference":"Eskildsen, Stephen (1998). Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion. Albany NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-3955-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York","url_text":"Albany NY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York#SUNY_Press","url_text":"SUNY Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3955-0","url_text":"0-7914-3955-0"}]},{"reference":"Bokenkamp, Stephen R. (1997). Early Daoist Scriptures. University of California Press. pp. 21-3. ISBN 9780520923126.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qngJspoY3TMC&pg=PA21","url_text":"pp. 21-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520923126","url_text":"9780520923126"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=URk_YbbwELkC","external_links_name":"Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U1oLPR5VzIYC","external_links_name":"To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8VX800TdoC","external_links_name":"Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=URk_YbbwELkC&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"p. 25"},{"Link":"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Daoists/liexianzhuan.html","external_links_name":"Liexianzhuan 列仙傳 \"Biographies of Immortals\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Daoism","external_links_name":"Daoism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qngJspoY3TMC&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"pp. 21-3"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U1oLPR5VzIYC&pg=PA4","external_links_name":"pp. 4-5"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8VX800TdoC&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"pp. 33-4"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U1oLPR5VzIYC&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"p. 104"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U1oLPR5VzIYC&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"p. 104"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=URk_YbbwELkC&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"p. 41"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8VX800TdoC&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"p. 7"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U1oLPR5VzIYC&pg=PA230","external_links_name":"p. 230"},{"Link":"http://ctext.org/lie-xian-zhuan","external_links_name":"Liexian Zhuan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_B%C3%B6hmov%C3%A1_(1986)
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Kateřina Böhmová (tennis player, born 1986)
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["1 Biography","2 ITF Circuit finals","2.1 Singles (3–4)","2.2 Doubles (0–1)","3 External links"]
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Czech tennis player
Kateřina BöhmováCountry (sports) Czech RepublicResidencePrague, Czech RepublicBorn (1986-11-18) 18 November 1986 (age 37)Ostrava, CzechoslovakiaHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Turned pro2005Retired2012PlaysLeft (two-handed backhand)Prize moneyUS$ 147,620SinglesCareer record130–110Career titles3 ITFHighest rankingNo. 107 (12 June 2006)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian OpenQ3 (2006)French OpenQ1 (2005)Wimbledon1R (2005)US OpenQ1 (2004, 2005)DoublesCareer record20–25Highest rankingNo. 214 (24 July 2006)
Kateřina Böhmová (born 18 November 1986) is a Czech former professional tennis player. She is the daughter of Kateřina Böhmová-Skronská, Czechoslovak tennis player active in the 1980s. Through marriage she is also known as Kateřina Klapková.
Her career-high singles ranking is world No 107, which she achieved on 12 June 2006. Her biggest career highlight is winning the girls' doubles title at the 2004 French Open, partnering Michaëlla Krajicek.
Biography
Böhmová has won three ITF Women's Circuit titles in her career, including the Barcelona Ladies Open in 2005; and has played on many WTA Tour events. She has made one Grand Slam main draw- at the 2005 Wimbledon Championships where she lost in a tight three-setter to No. 9 seed Anastasia Myskina, 5–7, 7–6(5), 6–4. In 2004, Kateřina, alongside Michaëlla Krajicek, won the girls' doubles title at the 2004 French Open. She was also the runner-up at the 2003 French Open and the 2003 Wimbledon Championships girls' doubles events, both with Krajicek.
ITF Circuit finals
$100,000 tournaments
$75,000 tournaments
$50,000 tournaments
$25,000 tournaments
$10,000 tournaments
Singles (3–4)
Result
No.
Date
Tournament
Surface
Opponent
Score
Win
1.
24 August 2003
Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
Clay
Marta Leśniak
2–6, 6–2, 6–2
Loss
2.
28 March 2004
Athens, Greece
Hard
Virginie Pichet
1–6, 2–6
Loss
3.
23 May 2004
Caserta, Italy
Clay (i)
Paula García
6–0, 3–6, 2–6
Win
4.
20 June 2004
Lenzerheide, Switzerland
Clay
Julia Babilon
6–4, 6–4
Loss
5.
8 August 2004
Rimini, Italy
Clay
Yuliana Fedak
4–6, 3–6
Win
6.
8 October 2005
Barcelona Ladies Open, Spain
Clay
María Sánchez Lorenzo
3–6, 6–3, 7–5
Loss
7.
6 August 2006
Baden-Baden, Germany
Clay
Martina Müller
1–6, 1–6
Doubles (0–1)
Result
No.
Date
Tournament
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Loss
1.
4 December 2005
Palm Beach Gardens, United States
Clay
Olga Vymetálková
Chan Chin-wei Hsieh Su-wei
6–7(2–7), 5–7
External links
Kateřina Böhmová at the Women's Tennis Association
Kateřina Böhmová at the International Tennis Federation
vteFrench Open girls' doubles champions
1981: Sophie Amiach / Corinne Vanier
1982: Beth Herr / Janet Lagasse
1983: Carin Anderholm / Helena Olsson
1984: Digna Ketelaar / Simone Schilder
1985: Mariana Pérez Roldán / Patricia Tarabini
1986: Leila Meskhi / Natalia Zvereva
1987: Natalia Medvedeva / Natalia Zvereva
1988: Alexia Dechaume / Emmanuelle Derly
1989: Nicole Pratt / Wang Shi-ting
1990: Ruxandra Dragomir / Irina Spîrlea
1991: Eva Bes / Inés Gorrochategui
1992: Laurence Courtois / Nancy Feber
1993: Laurence Courtois / Nancy Feber
1994: Martina Hingis / Henrieta Nagyová
1995: Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová
1996: Alice Canepa / Giulia Casoni
1997: Cara Black / Irina Selyutina
1998: Kim Clijsters / Jelena Dokic
1999: Flavia Pennetta / Roberta Vinci
2000: María José Martínez Sánchez / Anabel Medina Garrigues
2001: Petra Cetkovská / Renata Voráčová
2002: Anna-Lena Grönefeld / Barbora Strýcová
2003: Adriana González-Peñas / Marta Fraga Pérez
2004: Kateřina Böhmová / Michaëlla Krajicek
2005: Victoria Azarenka / Ágnes Szávay
2006: Sharon Fichman / Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
2007: Ksenia Milevskaya / Urszula Radwańska
2008: Jessica Moore / Polona Hercog
2009: Elena Bogdan / Noppawan Lertcheewakarn
2010: Tímea Babos / Sloane Stephens
2011: Irina Khromacheva / Maryna Zanevska
2012: Daria Gavrilova / Irina Khromacheva
2013: Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková
2014: Ioana Ducu / Ioana Loredana Roșca
2015: Miriam Kolodziejová / Markéta Vondroušová
2016: Paula Arias Manjón / Olga Danilović
2017: Bianca Andreescu / Carson Branstine
2018: Caty McNally / Iga Świątek
2019: Chloe Beck / Emma Navarro
2020: Eleonora Alvisi / Lisa Pigato
2021: Alex Eala / Oksana Selekhmeteva
2022: Sára Bejlek / Lucie Havlíčková
2023: Tyra Caterina Grant / Clervie Ngounoue
2024: Renáta Jamrichová / Tereza Valentová
This biographical article relating to Czech tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Kateřina Böhmová-Skronská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_B%C3%B6hmov%C3%A1_(1958)"},{"link_name":"2004 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_French_Open"},{"link_name":"Michaëlla Krajicek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlla_Krajicek"}],"text":"Kateřina Böhmová (born 18 November 1986) is a Czech former professional tennis player. She is the daughter of Kateřina Böhmová-Skronská, Czechoslovak tennis player active in the 1980s. Through marriage she is also known as Kateřina Klapková.Her career-high singles ranking is world No 107, which she achieved on 12 June 2006. Her biggest career highlight is winning the girls' doubles title at the 2004 French Open, partnering Michaëlla Krajicek.","title":"Kateřina Böhmová (tennis player, born 1986)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITF Women's Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Ladies Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Ladies_Open"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"2005 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Myskina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Myskina"},{"link_name":"Michaëlla Krajicek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlla_Krajicek"},{"link_name":"2004 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_French_Open"},{"link_name":"2003 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_French_Open"},{"link_name":"2003 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Wimbledon_Championships"}],"text":"Böhmová has won three ITF Women's Circuit titles in her career, including the Barcelona Ladies Open in 2005; and has played on many WTA Tour events. She has made one Grand Slam main draw- at the 2005 Wimbledon Championships where she lost in a tight three-setter to No. 9 seed Anastasia Myskina, 5–7, 7–6(5), 6–4. In 2004, Kateřina, alongside Michaëlla Krajicek, won the girls' doubles title at the 2004 French Open. She was also the runner-up at the 2003 French Open and the 2003 Wimbledon Championships girls' doubles events, both with Krajicek.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles (3–4)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles (0–1)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/players/310979/-","external_links_name":"Kateřina Böhmová"},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/katerina-bohmova/800227358/cze","external_links_name":"Kateřina Böhmová"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate%C5%99ina_B%C3%B6hmov%C3%A1_(tennis_player,_born_1986)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_16_in_South_Dakota
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U.S. Route 16 in South Dakota
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["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 Related routes","4.1 South Dakota Highway 248","4.2 South Dakota Highway 264","5 References","6 External links"]
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Route map: Section of U.S. Highway in South Dakota, United States
This article is about the section of U.S. Route 16 in South Dakota. For the entire route, see U.S. Route 16.
U.S. Highway 16Current US 16 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by SDDOTLength69.00 mi (111.04 km)Existed1926–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 16 at Wyoming state lineMajor intersections
US 385 / US 16A in Custer
US 385 in Three Forks
US 16A near Keystone
SD 44 in Rapid City
East end I-190 / I-90 in Rapid City
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateSouth DakotaCountiesCuster, Pennington
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System
List
Special
Divided
South Dakota State Trunk Highway System
Interstate
US
State
← SD 15→ SD 16
US 16 eastbound at Keystone Wye
U.S. Highway 16 (US 16) is a 69-mile-long (111 km) east–west United States Numbered Highway in the western part of the state of South Dakota. It travels between Yellowstone National Park near Newcastle, Wyoming and Interstate 90 (I-90) in Rapid City.
Route description
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2018)
US 16 is also known as Mount Rushmore Road in western South Dakota. The highway enters South Dakota east of Newcastle, Wyoming. It travels near Jewel Cave, the fourth-longest cave in the world. The highway goes through the city of Custer and shares alignment with US 385. East of Hill City, US 16 splits off US 385. It then becomes a four-lane divided highway, with the two roadways separated by up to 0.5 miles (0.80 km) in some places, including the old gold-mining town of Rockerville, South Dakota, which is contained entirely in the median of US 16. In Rapid City, US 16 follows Mount Rushmore Road to a concurrency with South Dakota Highway 44 (SD 44; Omaha Street) to the southern terminus of I-190. US 16 stays concurrent with I-190 until both highways end at I-90.
This section of US 16 is defined at South Dakota Codified Laws § 31-4-138.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
US 16 formerly ran all the way across the state, to the Minnesota state line east of Sioux Falls. It entered the state on the current routing of US 14/I-90 (the current routing is former US 216) and followed the US 14 routing to Rapid City. It joined US 216 in Rapid City and continued east into Box Elder. "Highway 14-16", as it was known, was a divided highway through most of Box Elder before returning to a two-lane road. (This road is still in use today, and still referred to as "14-16".) US 16 traveled east to New Underwood, then continued through the foothills to Wasta. The highway ran north of Wasta, across the Cheyenne River, then ran southeast to Wall. In Wall, an alternate route of US 16 (present day SD 240) split from the highway and headed south, through the Badlands National Monument (now Badlands National Park). US 14 and US 16 split south of Philip, with US 14 traveling due east and US 16 continuing south (following present-day SD 73 to its intersection with the eastern end of US 16 Alternate. From there, US 16 traveled due east, on the present-day routing of South Dakota Highway 248 (SD 248). The highway followed this routing through Kadoka, Murdo, and Vivian, where it intersected US 83. The highway continued east to Reliance, where present-day SD 248 ends. US 16 then returned to the current routing of I-90 and followed this routing to Oacoma, where it followed the current I-90 Business to a bridge over the Missouri River into Chamberlain. East of Chamberlain, US 16 followed present day Old Airport Road to East King Street, then turned onto 249th Street just north of where I-90 now lies. It followed 249th Street to Pukwana, present-day 350th Avenue to an intersection with SD 47 (now SD 50), 251st Street to Kimball, and 252nd Street to White Lake. US 16 then followed present-day County Road 34 (also named Old Highway 16) to Mount Vernon and present-day 254th Street to Mitchell. It then followed what is now SD 38 east to 421st Avenue, 421st Avenue to Alexandria, SD 262 to Bridgewater, and SD 42 to Sioux Falls. The highway followed Minnesota Avenue (SD 115), 6th Street, Sycamore Avenue, Madison Street, and Splitrock Boulevard (SD 11) to Brandon. It then followed present-day Aspen Boulevard (formerly South Dakota Highway 264, or SD 264) from Brandon east to the Minnesota state line north of Valley Springs.
Former extent of US 16
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
CusterWest Custer Township0.000.00 US 16 west – NewcastleContinuation into Wyoming
Custer26.4642.58 US 385 south / SD 89 south – Wind Cave National Park, Hot SpringsWestern end of US 385 and SD 89 concurrencies
26.9643.39 US 16A east / SD 89 north – Custer State ParkEastern end of SD 89 concurrency
PenningtonWest Pennington37.4960.33 SD 87 south (Needles Highway) / Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway – Sylvan Lake, Custer
37.6960.66 SD 244 east / Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway – Mount Rushmore
Hill City40.5165.19 US 16 Truck east / US 385 Truck north
41.0666.08 US 16 Truck west / US 385 Truck south
West Pennington45.0072.42 US 385 north – Deadwood, LeadEastern end of US 385 concurrency, also known as Three Forks
Unorganized Territory of Mount Rushmore50.6081.43 US 16A west – Keystone, Mount RushmoreDirectional-T interchange, also known as the Keystone Wye
RockervilleInterchange; left exits and entrances
Rapid City64.19103.30 US 16 Truck – I-90
I-90 BL east (St. Joseph Street)One way eastbound only
I-90 BL west (Main Street)One way westbound only
SD 44 east (Omaha Street)Western end of SD 44 concurrency
I-190 north / SD 44 east (Omaha Street)Eastern end of SD 44 concurrency; western end of I-190 concurrency; southern terminus of I-190
69.00111.04 I-90 / I-190 endsEastern terminus; eastern end of I-190 concurrency; northern terminus of I-190; trumpet interchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
Related routes
Main article: Special routes of U.S. Route 16
Special routes of US 16 in South Dakota consist of an alternate route that runs from Custer to near Keystone as well as truck routes in Hill City and Rapid City and formerly included a business route in Rapid City and an alternate route between Wall and Kadoka.
South Dakota Highway 248
Highway 248LocationBadlands National Park–RelianceLength117.108 mi (188.467 km)Existed1980–present
South Dakota Highway 248 (SD 248) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The highway travels parallel to I-90 less than one mile (1.6 km) away from it. It travels through Lyman, Jones, and Jackson counties starting near the entrance to Badlands National Park at an intersection with SD 240 (just south of exit 131 on I-90) and terminating at exit 248 of I-90 east of Reliance. SD 248 is a former routing of US 16.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
JacksonNorthwest Jackson0.00.0 SD 240 (Badlands Loop) to I-90 – Interior, Badlands National ParkWestern terminus
11.919.2 To I-90 / SD 73 – Philip, Wall, Badlands, KadokaI-90 exit 143
Kadoka18.930.4 I-90 BL west to SD 73 / I-90 – MartinWestern end of BL 90 concurrency
Northeast Jackson21.134.0 I-90 BL east to CR 4 north / I-90 – Wall, Badlands, BelvidereI-90 exit 152; eastern end of BL 90 concurrency
Belvidere31.851.2 SD 63 (Main Street) to I-90 – Belvidere, Norris
Northeast Jackson39.263.1 To I-90 / SD 63 – Murdo, Belvidere, MidlandI-90 exit 170
Stamford41.266.3 Stamford Road to I-90 – Murdo, BelvidereI-90 exit 172
JonesGrandview Township46.474.7 To I-90 – Murdo, BelvidereUnnamed gravel road; leads to I-90 exit 177
Okaton52.284.0 262nd Avenue to I-90 – Murdo, BelvidereI-90 exit 183
Central Jones60.1–60.396.7–97.0 I-90 – Belvidere, Draper
I-90 BL beginsI-90 exit 191; western end of BL 90 concurrency
Murdo61.799.3 I-90 BL east to I-90 / US 83 – White RiverEastern end of BL 90 concurrency
Draper70.2113.0 To I-90 (CR N13)
Mussman Township77.3124.4 To I-90 (CR S10)
LymanVivian81.8131.6 US 83 – Fort Pierre, Pierre
83.4134.2 293rd Avenue to I-90Former BL 90
Northwest Lyman89.7–90.0144.4–144.8 300th Avenue to I-90 – Presho, DraperI-90 exit 220
Presho94.8152.6 I-90 BL west (305th Avenue) to I-90Western end of BL 90 concurrency
South Lyman95.8154.2 I-90 BL east (Willow Street) to I-90 / US 183 south – Winner, Vivian, KennebecEastern end of BL 90 concurrency; I-90 exit 226
Kennebec104.8168.7 SD 273 / I-90 to SD 1806 – KennebecServes as a southern continuation of SD 1806
Lyman111.3179.1 321st Avenue to I-90
Reliance116.5187.5 SD 47 / Lewis and Clark Trail – Highmore, Fort Thompson, Gregory, WinnerSD 248 runs along former US 16 until this point
117.1188.5 I-90 – Chamberlain, KennebecEastern terminus; I-90 exit 248
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
Browse numbered routes
← SD 247SD 248→ SD 249
South Dakota Highway 264
Highway 264LocationBrandon–Valley SpringsLength6.0 mi (9.7 km)Existedc. 1976–1999
South Dakota Highway 264 (SD 264) was a state highway located on a former alignment of US 16 in eastern Minnehaha County. It was created c. 1976, when the South Dakota Department of Transportation and the Minnesota Department of Transportation moved US 16 from surface streets to I-90 in the area. The route was decommissioned in 1999.
Major intersections
The entire route was in Minnehaha County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Brandon0.00.0 SD 11Western terminus; US 16 continued south on SD 11
Valley Springs6.09.7 CSAH 4 – Beaver Creek, LuverneEastern terminus at state line; US 16 continued on CSAH 4
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Browse numbered routes
← SD 262SD 264→ SD 271
References
^ a b "State Highway Log: Rapid City Region" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Transportation. January 2017. pp. 23–24. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "Jewel Cave National Monument". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
^ "South Dakota Codified Laws". South Dakota Legislature. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
^ Minnesota Department of Highways (1975). Official Road Map (Map). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 9519845 – via Minnesota Digital Library.
^ Minnesota Department of Transportation (1977). Official Highway Map Minnesota (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Transportation. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 4448315 – via Minnesota Digital Library.
^ Geelhart, Chris (March 3, 2005). "SD 200-1806". The Unofficial South Dakota Highways Page. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
^ Google (February 21, 2022). "Overview Map of SD 264" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 16 in South DakotaKML is not from Wikidata
1949 South Dakota Transportation Map
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_16_East_At_Keystone_Wye.jpg"},{"link_name":"Keystone Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Wye"},{"link_name":"United States Numbered Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Newcastle, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Interstate 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Rapid City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota"}],"text":"Section of U.S. Highway in South Dakota, United StatesThis article is about the section of U.S. Route 16 in South Dakota. For the entire route, see U.S. Route 16.US 16 eastbound at Keystone WyeU.S. Highway 16 (US 16) is a 69-mile-long (111 km) east–west United States Numbered Highway in the western part of the state of South Dakota. It travels between Yellowstone National Park near Newcastle, Wyoming and Interstate 90 (I-90) in Rapid City.","title":"U.S. Route 16 in South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewel Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Cave"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Hill City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"Rockerville, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockerville,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_44"},{"link_name":"I-190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_190_(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"US 16 is also known as Mount Rushmore Road in western South Dakota. The highway enters South Dakota east of Newcastle, Wyoming. It travels near Jewel Cave, the fourth-longest cave in the world.[2] The highway goes through the city of Custer and shares alignment with US 385. East of Hill City, US 16 splits off US 385. It then becomes a four-lane divided highway, with the two roadways separated by up to 0.5 miles (0.80 km) in some places, including the old gold-mining town of Rockerville, South Dakota, which is contained entirely in the median of US 16. In Rapid City, US 16 follows Mount Rushmore Road to a concurrency with South Dakota Highway 44 (SD 44; Omaha Street) to the southern terminus of I-190. US 16 stays concurrent with I-190 until both highways end at I-90.This section of US 16 is defined at South Dakota Codified Laws § 31-4-138.[3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"US 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_14"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90"},{"link_name":"Box Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Elder,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"New Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Underwood,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasta,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_River"},{"link_name":"Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_240"},{"link_name":"Badlands National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_73"},{"link_name":"Kadoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadoka,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Murdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdo,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Vivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83"},{"link_name":"Reliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Oacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oacoma,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"I-90 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_Business_(Oacoma%E2%80%93Chamberlain,_South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Pukwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukwana,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_47"},{"link_name":"SD 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimball,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"White Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lake,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_38"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_262"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_42"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_115"},{"link_name":"SD 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Valley Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Springs,_South_Dakota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"US 16 formerly ran all the way across the state, to the Minnesota state line east of Sioux Falls. It entered the state on the current routing of US 14/I-90 (the current routing is former US 216) and followed the US 14 routing to Rapid City. It joined US 216 in Rapid City and continued east into Box Elder. \"Highway 14-16\", as it was known, was a divided highway through most of Box Elder before returning to a two-lane road. (This road is still in use today, and still referred to as \"14-16\".) US 16 traveled east to New Underwood, then continued through the foothills to Wasta. The highway ran north of Wasta, across the Cheyenne River, then ran southeast to Wall. In Wall, an alternate route of US 16 (present day SD 240) split from the highway and headed south, through the Badlands National Monument (now Badlands National Park). US 14 and US 16 split south of Philip, with US 14 traveling due east and US 16 continuing south (following present-day SD 73 to its intersection with the eastern end of US 16 Alternate. From there, US 16 traveled due east, on the present-day routing of South Dakota Highway 248 (SD 248). The highway followed this routing through Kadoka, Murdo, and Vivian, where it intersected US 83. The highway continued east to Reliance, where present-day SD 248 ends. US 16 then returned to the current routing of I-90 and followed this routing to Oacoma, where it followed the current I-90 Business to a bridge over the Missouri River into Chamberlain. East of Chamberlain, US 16 followed present day Old Airport Road to East King Street, then turned onto 249th Street just north of where I-90 now lies. It followed 249th Street to Pukwana, present-day 350th Avenue to an intersection with SD 47 (now SD 50), 251st Street to Kimball, and 252nd Street to White Lake. US 16 then followed present-day County Road 34 (also named Old Highway 16) to Mount Vernon and present-day 254th Street to Mitchell. It then followed what is now SD 38 east to 421st Avenue, 421st Avenue to Alexandria, SD 262 to Bridgewater, and SD 42 to Sioux Falls. The highway followed Minnesota Avenue (SD 115), 6th Street, Sycamore Avenue, Madison Street, and Splitrock Boulevard (SD 11) to Brandon. It then followed present-day Aspen Boulevard (formerly South Dakota Highway 264, or SD 264) from Brandon east to the Minnesota state line north of Valley Springs.Former extent of US 16","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"an alternate route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_16A"},{"link_name":"Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Keystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Hill City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Rapid City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Kadoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadoka,_South_Dakota"}],"text":"Special routes of US 16 in South Dakota consist of an alternate route that runs from Custer to near Keystone as well as truck routes in Hill City and Rapid City and formerly included a business route in Rapid City and an alternate route between Wall and Kadoka.","title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Badlands National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands_National_Park"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SD 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_240"},{"link_name":"Reliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"South Dakota Highway 248","text":"South Dakota Highway 248 (SD 248) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The highway travels parallel to I-90 less than one mile (1.6 km) away from it. It travels through Lyman, Jones, and Jackson counties starting near the entrance to Badlands National Park at an intersection with SD 240 (just south of exit 131 on I-90) and terminating at exit 248 of I-90 east of Reliance. SD 248 is a former routing of US 16.Major intersections","title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnehaha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_County,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"South Dakota Highway 264","text":"South Dakota Highway 264 (SD 264) was a state highway located on a former alignment of US 16 in eastern Minnehaha County. It was created c. 1976, when the South Dakota Department of Transportation and the Minnesota Department of Transportation moved US 16 from surface streets to I-90 in the area.[4][5] The route was decommissioned in 1999.[6]Major intersections\nThe entire route was in Minnehaha County.","title":"Related routes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"US 16 eastbound at Keystone Wye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/US_16_East_At_Keystone_Wye.jpg/220px-US_16_East_At_Keystone_Wye.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"State Highway Log: Rapid City Region\" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Transportation. January 2017. pp. 23–24. Retrieved April 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/pavement/docs/Rapid_City_Region_Highway_Log.pdf","url_text":"\"State Highway Log: Rapid City Region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Dakota Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Jewel Cave National Monument\". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved May 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/jeca/index.htm","url_text":"\"Jewel Cave National Monument\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service","url_text":"U.S. National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"South Dakota Codified Laws\". South Dakota Legislature. Retrieved April 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/2052620","url_text":"\"South Dakota Codified Laws\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Legislature","url_text":"South Dakota Legislature"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Highways (1975). Official Road Map (Map). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 9519845 – via Minnesota Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1243/rec/60","url_text":"Official Road Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","url_text":"5673160"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","url_text":"80405240"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9519845","url_text":"9519845"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Transportation (1977). Official Highway Map Minnesota (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Transportation. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 4448315 – via Minnesota Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1249/rec/62","url_text":"Official Highway Map Minnesota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","url_text":"5673160"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","url_text":"80405240"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4448315","url_text":"4448315"}]},{"reference":"Geelhart, Chris (March 3, 2005). \"SD 200-1806\". The Unofficial South Dakota Highways Page. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121220063210/http://www.dm.net/~chris-g/sd200up.html","url_text":"\"SD 200-1806\""},{"url":"http://www.dm.net/~chris-g/sd200up.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (February 21, 2022). \"Overview Map of SD 264\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/43.5890085,-96.5722355/43.5880326,-96.453459/@43.6083578,-96.5706812,19875m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0?hl=en&authuser=0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of SD 264\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_16_in_South_Dakota&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/pavement/docs/Rapid_City_Region_Highway_Log.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Log: Rapid City Region\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/jeca/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jewel Cave National Monument\""},{"Link":"https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/2052620","external_links_name":"\"South Dakota Codified Laws\""},{"Link":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1243/rec/60","external_links_name":"Official Road Map"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","external_links_name":"5673160"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","external_links_name":"80405240"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9519845","external_links_name":"9519845"},{"Link":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1249/rec/62","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map Minnesota"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","external_links_name":"5673160"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","external_links_name":"80405240"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4448315","external_links_name":"4448315"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121220063210/http://www.dm.net/~chris-g/sd200up.html","external_links_name":"\"SD 200-1806\""},{"Link":"http://www.dm.net/~chris-g/sd200up.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/43.5890085,-96.5722355/43.5880326,-96.453459/@43.6083578,-96.5706812,19875m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0?hl=en&authuser=0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of SD 264\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_16_in_South_Dakota&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_16_in_South_Dakota&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~212134~5500242:Shell-Highway-Map-of-South-Dakota-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&qvq=q:south%20dakota%20highway;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=1&trs=3","external_links_name":"1949 South Dakota Transportation Map"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pylades_(1884)
|
HMS Pylades (1884)
|
["1 Service history","2 Citations","3 References"]
|
Sloop of the Royal Navy
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Pylades.
HMS Pylades anchored at Hobsons Bay, Port Phillip c. 1895.
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Pylades
NamesakePylades
BuilderSheerness Dockyard
Laid down1 January 1883
Launched5 November 1884
Commissioned17 November 1884
FateSold on 3 April 1906 for breaking up
General characteristics
Class and typeSatellite-class sloop
Displacement1,420 tons
Length200 ft (61 m) pp
Beam38 ft (12 m)
Draught15 ft 9 in (4.80 m)
Installed power1,470 ihp (1,096 kW)
Propulsion
Single horizontal compound-expansion steam engine
Single screw
Sail planBarque-rigged
RangeApproximately 6,000 nmi (11,000 km) at 10 kn (19 km/h)
Complement170–200
Armament
Eight BL 6-inch/100-pounder (81cwt) Mk II guns
One light gun
Four machine guns
ArmourInternal steel deck over machinery and magazines
HMS Pylades was a Satellite-class composite screw sloop of the Royal Navy, built at Sheerness Dockyard and launched on 5 November 1884. She was later reclassified as a corvette and was the last corvette built for the Royal Navy until the Second World War.
Service history
Initially on service with the North America and West Indies Station, she commenced service on the Australia Station in November 1894.
From 30 May to 10 August 1896, she toured through the Solomon Islands with Charles Morris Woodford, who had been appointed the Resident Commissioner of the Solomon Islands, which was administered as part of British Western Pacific Territories.
Commander Robert Hornby was appointed in command in September 1901. The following year she was with HMS Royal Arthur (flagship) and HMS Mildura when she visited Norfolk Island in July, and Suva, Fiji in August, then paid a visit to Gilbert Islands on her own. Commander Herbert Charles da Costa was appointed in command from 3 January 1903. She left the Australia Station on 29 January 1905. She was sold to Cohen of Felixstowe for breaking on 3 April 1906.
Pylades is what is known as "composite" built. Soon after the building of ships with iron was commenced, this composite system of construction was adopted in the British merchant service, and some very fast and celebrated vessels were thus constructed. The iron framing, with wooden skin planking, admitted of considerable strength being obtained, and the possibility of sheathing the bottom with metal in order to avoid fouling, appeared to be another advantage in favor of the composite system. Soon, however, it was shown that the galvanic action set up between the copper on the "yellow metal" sheathing, and the iron frames tended to rapidly deteriorate the ironwork, and perhaps, sooner or later, hasten the loss of the vessel. So rapid, indeed, was this wasting of the frame found to be, that for some time past the composite system has been, so far as regards merchantmen, quite abandoned. Some ships, however, are still built "composite" for the Royal Navy, especially such craft as are intended for use on foreign stations, and whose duties would render frequent docking impossible. Such vessels are built with frames of steel, then sheathed with wood, and coppered.
Crew on HMS Pylades at Brisbane in June 1896
Citations
^ a b c d Winfield (2004) p.293
^ "Satellite-class sloops at Battleships-Cruisers website". Retrieved 8 October 2010.
^ a b c Bastock, p.110.
^ Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). "Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital" (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 9781925022032.
^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36835. London. 1 August 1902. p. 8.
^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36852. London. 21 August 1902. p. 8.
^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36969. London. 5 January 1903. p. 5.
^ Barry, John Arthur (1 June 1904). "H.M.S Pylades. The Last of Her Class". Australian Town and Country Journal. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
References
Bastock, John (1988), Ships on the Australia Station, Child & Associates Publishing Pty Ltd; Frenchs Forest, Australia. ISBN 0-86777-348-0
Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555.
vteSatellite-class sloops
Satellite
Heroine
Hyacinth
Royalist
Rapid
Caroline
Pylades
Preceded by: Doterel class
Followed by: Nymphe class
List of corvette and sloop classes of the Royal Navy
This article about a specific naval ship or boat of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Pylades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pylades"},{"link_name":"Satellite-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite-class_sloop"},{"link_name":"screw sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_sloop"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Sheerness Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerness_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bastock-3"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Pylades.HMS Pylades was a Satellite-class composite screw sloop of the Royal Navy, built at Sheerness Dockyard and launched on 5 November 1884.[3] She was later reclassified as a corvette and was the last corvette built for the Royal Navy until the Second World War.","title":"HMS Pylades (1884)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North America and West Indies Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"Australia Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Station"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Charles Morris Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Morris_Woodford"},{"link_name":"British Western Pacific Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRL6-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Hornby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hornby"},{"link_name":"HMS Royal Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_Arthur_(1891)"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"HMS Mildura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Mildura"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Suva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bastock-3"},{"link_name":"Felixstowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felixstowe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bastock-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crew_on_HMS_Pylades_Brisbane_June_1896.jpg"}],"text":"Initially on service with the North America and West Indies Station, she commenced service on the Australia Station in November 1894. \nFrom 30 May to 10 August 1896, she toured through the Solomon Islands with Charles Morris Woodford, who had been appointed the Resident Commissioner of the Solomon Islands, which was administered as part of British Western Pacific Territories.[4]Commander Robert Hornby was appointed in command in September 1901. The following year she was with HMS Royal Arthur (flagship) and HMS Mildura when she visited Norfolk Island in July,[5] and Suva, Fiji in August,[6] then paid a visit to Gilbert Islands on her own. Commander Herbert Charles da Costa was appointed in command from 3 January 1903.[7] She left the Australia Station on 29 January 1905.[3] She was sold to Cohen of Felixstowe for breaking on 3 April 1906.[3]Pylades is what is known as \"composite\" built. Soon after the building of ships with iron was commenced, this composite system of construction was adopted in the British merchant service, and some very fast and celebrated vessels were thus constructed. The iron framing, with wooden skin planking, admitted of considerable strength being obtained, and the possibility of sheathing the bottom with metal in order to avoid fouling, appeared to be another advantage in favor of the composite system. Soon, however, it was shown that the galvanic action set up between the copper on the \"yellow metal\" sheathing, and the iron frames tended to rapidly deteriorate the ironwork, and perhaps, sooner or later, hasten the loss of the vessel. So rapid, indeed, was this wasting of the frame found to be, that for some time past the composite system has been, so far as regards merchantmen, quite abandoned. Some ships, however, are still built \"composite\" for the Royal Navy, especially such craft as are intended for use on foreign stations, and whose duties would render frequent docking impossible. Such vessels are built with frames of steel, then sheathed with wood, and coppered.[8]Crew on HMS Pylades at Brisbane in June 1896","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BC_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Satellite-class sloops at Battleships-Cruisers website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/satellite_class__sloops.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bastock_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bastock_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bastock_3-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BRL6_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch063.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781925022032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925022032"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"H.M.S Pylades. The Last of Her Class\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1302291h.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d Winfield (2004) p.293\n\n^ \"Satellite-class sloops at Battleships-Cruisers website\". Retrieved 8 October 2010.\n\n^ a b c Bastock, p.110.\n\n^ Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). \"Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital\" (PDF). The Naturalist and his \"Beautiful Islands\": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 9781925022032.\n\n^ \"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36835. London. 1 August 1902. p. 8.\n\n^ \"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36852. London. 21 August 1902. p. 8.\n\n^ \"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36969. London. 5 January 1903. p. 5.\n\n^ Barry, John Arthur (1 June 1904). \"H.M.S Pylades. The Last of Her Class\". Australian Town and Country Journal. Retrieved 12 April 2016.","title":"Citations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Crew on HMS Pylades at Brisbane in June 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crew_on_HMS_Pylades_Brisbane_June_1896.jpg/220px-Crew_on_HMS_Pylades_Brisbane_June_1896.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Satellite-class sloops at Battleships-Cruisers website\". Retrieved 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/satellite_class__sloops.htm","url_text":"\"Satellite-class sloops at Battleships-Cruisers website\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). \"Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital\" (PDF). The Naturalist and his \"Beautiful Islands\": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 9781925022032.","urls":[{"url":"http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch063.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925022032","url_text":"9781925022032"}]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36835. London. 1 August 1902. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36852. London. 21 August 1902. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36969. London. 5 January 1903. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barry, John Arthur (1 June 1904). \"H.M.S Pylades. The Last of Her Class\". Australian Town and Country Journal. Retrieved 12 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1302291h.html","url_text":"\"H.M.S Pylades. The Last of Her Class\""}]},{"reference":"Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-032-6","url_text":"978-1-86176-032-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52620555","url_text":"52620555"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/satellite_class__sloops.htm","external_links_name":"\"Satellite-class sloops at Battleships-Cruisers website\""},{"Link":"http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch063.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital\""},{"Link":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1302291h.html","external_links_name":"\"H.M.S Pylades. The Last of Her Class\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52620555","external_links_name":"52620555"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Pylades_(1884)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bisukiro
|
Marcel Bisukiro
|
["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 Citations","4 References"]
|
Congolese journalist and politician (1929–2016)
Marcel BisukiroBisukiro in 2010Minister of External Commerce of the Republic of the CongoIn office24 June 1960 – September 1960In office2 August 1961 – 13 April 1962
Personal detailsBorn27 September 1929Kamayi, Rutshuru Territory, Belgian CongoDied7 June 2016Resting placeKahanga, Rutshuru Territory, Democratic Republic of the CongoPolitical partyCentre du Regroupement Africain
Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro wa Kamonyi (27 September 1929 – 7 June 2016) was a Congolese journalist and politician. He was a leading member of the Centre du Regroupement Africain and served twice as Minister of External Commerce of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from June until September 1960 and from August 1961 until April 1962.
Biography
Marcel Bisukiro was born on 27 September 1929 in Kamayi, Rutshuru Territory, Kivu Province, Belgian Congo to a Nyarwanda family. He attended middle school in Nyangezi. He later worked as a clerk for the Office dès produits agricoles du Kivu.
Bisukiro cofounded the Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA) party in Bukavu in 1958 and assisted in establishing several new chapters. He also acted as the commercial director of the party publication, Vérité. Bisukiro had connections with foreign leftists and took a programmatic approach to his politics. In August 1959 Bisukiro was elected secretary general of the party. That year he was also elected to the Kadutu communal council. He attended the Belgo-Congolese Political Round Table Conference of January–February 1960 as a deputy delegate for CEREA and participated in the subsequent Economic Round Table Conference.
The Lumumba Government shortly after its investiture; Bisukiro stands fourth from the left.
In the general elections of 1960, Bisukiro was elected by the Provincial Assembly of Kivu to serve in the Senate on a non-customary, CEREA ticket. In June 1960 he was appointed by Patrice Lumumba to serve as Minister of External Commerce in his government. After Lumumba's dismissal, he continued to hold the office under Joseph Iléo, but later in the year he fled the capital to take up the same portfolio in Antoine Gizenga's rival government. On 19 March 1961 Bisukiro founded a journal, Dignité Nouvelle, in Bukavu. Negotiations between various factions resulted in the investiture of a new government on 2 August under Cyrille Adoula, and he returned to his post as Minister of External Commerce in the central government. On 13 April 1962 a motion of censure was tabled against him in the Chamber of Deputies. The petitioning deputies stated that his commercial activities in the private sector were constitutionally incompatible with his ministerial duties, accused him of scheming to sell Virunga National Park to foreigners, and suggested that he was of "non-Congolese" nationality. Though he was vociferously defended by Chamber First Vice-President Joseph Midiburo, following the debate the motion of censure was passed, 58 votes to six with seven abstentions, and Bisukiro was dismissed from his post. In November the Adoula Government decreed a state of military rule and arrested Bisukiro and three other parliamentarians on charges of plotting rebellion. On 23 November the Chamber forced the government to rescind its actions. After ending his service in Parliament he worked as a businessman. In 1964 a new constitution was ratified that marginalised Rwandan immigrants. Bisukiro criticised it as discriminatory. On 1 July 2010 he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the National Heroes Kabila-Lumumba by President Joseph Kabila.
Bisukiro died on 7 June 2016. His body was flown to Goma on 12 July, where it was received at the airport by the Provincial Governor of Kivu and the President of the Provincial Assembly and given honours by the police. After a funeral procession toured the city, the body was brought to the locality of Kahanga, Rutshuru Territory and was buried in a family cemetery. A wake was held for him at the Rugabo II stadium in Rutshuru.
Notes
^ According to the Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques and Artigue, Bisukiro was born in November.
Citations
^ a b c "Des hommages mérités à Goma au patriarche Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro" (in French). Agence Congolaise de Presse. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ a b c d e f CRISP no. 120 1961, paragraph 98.
^ a b c d e f Artigue 1961, p. 37.
^ Contribution à la connaissance des peuples 2002, p. 36.
^ Weissman 1974, pp. 20–21.
^ The Belgo-Congolese Round Table 1960, pp. 62–63.
^ Bonyeka 1992, pp. 323–324.
^ Young 1965, p. 364.
^ Murangwa, Memeyi (27 June 2010). "RDC:Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro, pionnier de l'indépendance oublié par le gouvernement". VirungaNews (in French). Retrieved 23 April 2019.
^ The International Journal of African Historical Studies 1997, p. 523.
References
Artigue, Pierre (1961). Qui sont les leaders congolais?. Carrefours Africains (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions Europe-Afrique. OCLC 469948352.
The Belgo-Congolese Round Table: The historic days of February 1960. Brussels: C. Van Cortenbergh. 1960. OCLC 20742268.
Bonyeka, Bomandeke (1992). Le Parlement congolais sous le régime de la Loi fondamentale (in French). Kinshasa: Presses universitaire du Zaire. OCLC 716913628.
Contribution à la connaissance des peuples de l'Est de la R.D. Congo: cas des Hutu du Nord-Kivu (in French). Kinshasa: Droit et vérité. 2002. OCLC 52391170.
The International Journal of African Historical Studies. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation. 1997. ISSN 0361-7882.
"Onze mois de crise politique au Congo". Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP (in French) (120). Brussels: Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques: 1–24. 1961. doi:10.3917/cris.120.0001.
Weissman, Stephen R. (1974). American Foreign Policy in the Congo: 1960-1964. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801408120.
Young, Crawford (1965). Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 307971.
vteLumumba GovernmentMinistersPrime Minister and Minister of National Defence
Patrice Lumumba
Deputy Prime Minister
Antoine Gizenga
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Justin Bomboko
Minister of External Commerce
Marcel Bisukiro
Minister Resident in Belgium
Albert Delvaux
Minister of Justice
Rémy Mwamba
Minister-Delegate to the United Nations
Thomas Kanza
Minister of the Interior
Christophe Gbenye
Minister of Finance
Pascal Nkayi
Minister of Economic Coordination and Planning
Aloïs Kabangi
Minister of Public Works
Alphonse Ilunga
Minister of Agriculture
Joseph Lutula
Minister of Communications
Alphonse Songolo
Minister of Economic Affairs
Joseph Yav
Minister of Labour
Joseph Masena
Minister of Public Health
Grégoire Kamanga
Minister of Mines and Power
Edmond Rudahindwa
Minister of Social Affairs
Antoine Ngwenza
Minister of Information and Cultural Affairs
Anicet Kashamura
Minister of Youth and Sports
Maurice Mpolo
Minister of the Middle Classes
Joseph Mbuyi
Minister of National Education and Fine Arts
Pierre Mulele
Minister of Land AffairsAlexandre MahambaMinister of State
Georges Grenfell
Minister of State
Charles Kisolokele
Minister of State
Paul Bolya
Minister of State
André Ngenge
Secretaries of StateSecretary of State to the Presidency
Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
Secretary of State to the Presidency
Jacques Lumbala
Secretary of State for External Commerce
Antoine Kiwewa
Secretary of State for Finance
André Tshibangu
Secretary of State for Justice
Maximilien Liongo
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
André Mandi
Secretary of State for the Interior
Raphael Batshikama
Secretary of State for Defence
Albert Nyembo
Secretary of State for Information and Cultural Affairs
Antoine-Roger Bolamba
Secretary of State for Economic Coordination and Planning
Alphonse Nguvulu
|
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He was a leading member of the Centre du Regroupement Africain and served twice as Minister of External Commerce of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from June until September 1960 and from August 1961 until April 1962.","title":"Marcel Bisukiro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acp-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rutshuru Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory"},{"link_name":"Kivu Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137-3"},{"link_name":"Nyarwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyarwanda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98-2"},{"link_name":"Bukavu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukavu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContribution_%C3%A0_la_connaissance_des_peuples200236-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissman197420%E2%80%9321-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137-3"},{"link_name":"Kadutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadutu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98-2"},{"link_name":"Belgo-Congolese Political Round Table Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgo-Congolese_Round_Table_Conference"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Belgo-Congolese_Round_Table196062%E2%80%9363-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Congolese_government.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lumumba Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumumba_Government"},{"link_name":"general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_general_election,_1960"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137-3"},{"link_name":"Patrice Lumumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba"},{"link_name":"his government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumumba_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Iléo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o"},{"link_name":"Antoine Gizenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga"},{"link_name":"rival government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Cyrille Adoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98-2"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)"},{"link_name":"Virunga National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Joseph Midiburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Midiburo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonyeka1992323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1965364-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"new constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luluabourg_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Journal_of_African_Historical_Studies1997523-11"},{"link_name":"Order of the National Heroes Kabila-Lumumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_National_Heroes_Kabila-Lumumba"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kabila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acp-1"},{"link_name":"Goma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma"},{"link_name":"wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_(ceremony)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acp-1"}],"text":"Marcel Bisukiro was born on 27 September 1929[1][a] in Kamayi, Rutshuru Territory, Kivu Province, Belgian Congo[3] to a Nyarwanda family. He attended middle school in Nyangezi. He later worked as a clerk for the Office dès produits agricoles du Kivu.[2]Bisukiro cofounded the Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA) party in Bukavu in 1958[4] and assisted in establishing several new chapters.[3] He also acted as the commercial director of the party publication, Vérité.[2] Bisukiro had connections with foreign leftists and took a programmatic approach to his politics.[5] In August 1959 Bisukiro was elected secretary general of the party.[3] That year he was also elected to the Kadutu communal council.[2] He attended the Belgo-Congolese Political Round Table Conference of January–February 1960 as a deputy delegate for CEREA[6] and participated in the subsequent Economic Round Table Conference.[2]The Lumumba Government shortly after its investiture; Bisukiro stands fourth from the left.In the general elections of 1960, Bisukiro was elected by the Provincial Assembly of Kivu to serve in the Senate on a non-customary, CEREA ticket.[3] In June 1960 he was appointed by Patrice Lumumba to serve as Minister of External Commerce in his government.[3] After Lumumba's dismissal, he continued to hold the office under Joseph Iléo, but later in the year he fled the capital to take up the same portfolio in Antoine Gizenga's rival government. On 19 March 1961 Bisukiro founded a journal, Dignité Nouvelle, in Bukavu. Negotiations between various factions resulted in the investiture of a new government on 2 August under Cyrille Adoula, and he returned to his post as Minister of External Commerce in the central government.[2] On 13 April 1962 a motion of censure was tabled against him in the Chamber of Deputies. The petitioning deputies stated that his commercial activities in the private sector were constitutionally incompatible with his ministerial duties, accused him of scheming to sell Virunga National Park to foreigners, and suggested that he was of \"non-Congolese\" nationality. Though he was vociferously defended by Chamber First Vice-President Joseph Midiburo, following the debate the motion of censure was passed, 58 votes to six with seven abstentions, and Bisukiro was dismissed from his post.[7] In November the Adoula Government decreed a state of military rule and arrested Bisukiro and three other parliamentarians on charges of plotting rebellion. On 23 November the Chamber forced the government to rescind its actions.[8] After ending his service in Parliament he worked as a businessman.[9] In 1964 a new constitution was ratified that marginalised Rwandan immigrants. Bisukiro criticised it as discriminatory.[10] On 1 July 2010 he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the National Heroes Kabila-Lumumba by President Joseph Kabila.[1]Bisukiro died on 7 June 2016. His body was flown to Goma on 12 July, where it was received at the airport by the Provincial Governor of Kivu and the President of the Provincial Assembly and given honours by the police. After a funeral procession toured the city, the body was brought to the locality of Kahanga, Rutshuru Territory and was buried in a family cemetery. A wake was held for him at the Rugabo II stadium in Rutshuru.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137-3"}],"text":"^ According to the Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques and Artigue, Bisukiro was born in November.[2][3]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acp_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acp_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acp_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Des hommages mérités à Goma au patriarche Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//acpcongo.com/acp/des-hommages-merites-a-goma-au-patriarche-marcel-bisukiro-tabaro/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._1201961paragraph_98_2-5"},{"link_name":"CRISP no. 120 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCRISP_no._1201961"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtigue196137_3-5"},{"link_name":"Artigue 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFArtigue1961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContribution_%C3%A0_la_connaissance_des_peuples200236_5-0"},{"link_name":"Contribution à la connaissance des peuples 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFContribution_%C3%A0_la_connaissance_des_peuples2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissman197420%E2%80%9321_6-0"},{"link_name":"Weissman 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeissman1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Belgo-Congolese_Round_Table196062%E2%80%9363_7-0"},{"link_name":"The Belgo-Congolese Round Table 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThe_Belgo-Congolese_Round_Table1960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonyeka1992323%E2%80%93324_8-0"},{"link_name":"Bonyeka 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBonyeka1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung1965364_9-0"},{"link_name":"Young 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYoung1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"RDC:Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro, pionnier de l'indépendance oublié par le gouvernement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.virunganews.com/rdcmarcel-bisukiro-tabaro-pionnier-de-lindependance-oublie-par-le-gouvernement/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Journal_of_African_Historical_Studies1997523_11-0"},{"link_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThe_International_Journal_of_African_Historical_Studies1997"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Des hommages mérités à Goma au patriarche Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro\" (in French). Agence Congolaise de Presse. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.\n\n^ a b c d e f CRISP no. 120 1961, paragraph 98.\n\n^ a b c d e f Artigue 1961, p. 37.\n\n^ Contribution à la connaissance des peuples 2002, p. 36.\n\n^ Weissman 1974, pp. 20–21.\n\n^ The Belgo-Congolese Round Table 1960, pp. 62–63.\n\n^ Bonyeka 1992, pp. 323–324.\n\n^ Young 1965, p. 364.\n\n^ Murangwa, Memeyi (27 June 2010). \"RDC:Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro, pionnier de l'indépendance oublié par le gouvernement\". VirungaNews (in French). Retrieved 23 April 2019.\n\n^ The International Journal of African Historical Studies 1997, p. 523.","title":"Citations"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Des hommages mérités à Goma au patriarche Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro\" (in French). Agence Congolaise de Presse. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://acpcongo.com/acp/des-hommages-merites-a-goma-au-patriarche-marcel-bisukiro-tabaro/","url_text":"\"Des hommages mérités à Goma au patriarche Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro\""}]},{"reference":"Murangwa, Memeyi (27 June 2010). \"RDC:Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro, pionnier de l'indépendance oublié par le gouvernement\". VirungaNews (in French). Retrieved 23 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virunganews.com/rdcmarcel-bisukiro-tabaro-pionnier-de-lindependance-oublie-par-le-gouvernement/","url_text":"\"RDC:Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro, pionnier de l'indépendance oublié par le gouvernement\""}]},{"reference":"Artigue, Pierre (1961). Qui sont les leaders congolais?. Carrefours Africains (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions Europe-Afrique. OCLC 469948352.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=24c5AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Qui sont les leaders congolais?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/469948352","url_text":"469948352"}]},{"reference":"The Belgo-Congolese Round Table: The historic days of February 1960. Brussels: C. Van Cortenbergh. 1960. OCLC 20742268.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheBelgo-congoleseRoundTable","url_text":"The Belgo-Congolese Round Table: The historic days of February 1960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20742268","url_text":"20742268"}]},{"reference":"Bonyeka, Bomandeke (1992). Le Parlement congolais sous le régime de la Loi fondamentale (in French). Kinshasa: Presses universitaire du Zaire. OCLC 716913628.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u9dEAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Le Parlement congolais sous le régime de la Loi fondamentale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/716913628","url_text":"716913628"}]},{"reference":"Contribution à la connaissance des peuples de l'Est de la R.D. Congo: cas des Hutu du Nord-Kivu (in French). Kinshasa: Droit et vérité. 2002. OCLC 52391170.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tY5zAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Contribution à la connaissance des peuples de l'Est de la R.D. Congo: cas des Hutu du Nord-Kivu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52391170","url_text":"52391170"}]},{"reference":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation. 1997. ISSN 0361-7882.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UncMAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7882","url_text":"0361-7882"}]},{"reference":"\"Onze mois de crise politique au Congo\". Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP (in French) (120). Brussels: Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques: 1–24. 1961. doi:10.3917/cris.120.0001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cairn.info/revue-courrier-hebdomadaire-du-crisp-1961-30-page-1.htm","url_text":"\"Onze mois de crise politique au Congo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fcris.120.0001","url_text":"10.3917/cris.120.0001"}]},{"reference":"Weissman, Stephen R. (1974). American Foreign Policy in the Congo: 1960-1964. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801408120.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanforeignp00step","url_text":"American Foreign Policy in the Congo: 1960-1964"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801408120","url_text":"9780801408120"}]},{"reference":"Young, Crawford (1965). Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 307971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/307971","url_text":"307971"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nickell
|
Paul Nickell
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American television director
Paul NickellBornJohn Paul Nickell(1915-12-28)December 28, 1915Salt Lick, Kentucky, U.S.DiedMay 17, 2000(2000-05-17) (aged 84)Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.Alma materMorehead State UniversityUniversity of North CarolinaOccupationTelevision directorYears active1948–1968
John Paul Nickell (December 28, 1915 – May 17, 2000) was an American television director.
Nickell was born in Salt Lick, Kentucky. He attended Morehead State University and the University of North Carolina. He started working in television on WPTZ in Philadelphia, moving to New York in 1948 to direct the anthology drama series Studio One. Nickell's other directing credits include Mr. Lucky, The Eleventh Hour, Ben Casey, The Virginian, Naked City, Wide Country, The Donna Reed Show, Sam Benedict, 77 Sunset Strip, The Young Marrieds and Bonanza.
In 1964, Nickell was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for his work on the television series The Farmer's Daughter, sharing the nomination with William D. Russell and Don Taylor. He retired from directing in 1968, and then taught at the University of North Carolina.
Nickell died in May 2000 in Raleigh, North Carolina, at the age of 84.
References
^ a b c d e f g "John Paul Nickell; Director During TV's Golden Age". Los Angeles Times. May 20, 2000. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
^ a b Roberts, Jerry (June 5, 2009). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press. p. 418. ISBN 9780810863781 – via Google Books.
^ "Director Named". The Bridgeport Post. Bridgeport, Connecticut. October 2, 1960. p. 54. Retrieved April 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Outstanding Directing For A Comedy Series - 1964". Television Academy. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
External links
Paul Nickell at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Other
SNAC
This article about a television director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Horacek
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Tony Horacek
|
["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Career statistics","4 References","5 External links"]
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Ice hockey player
Tony HoracekBorn
(1967-02-03) February 3, 1967 (age 57)Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaHeight
6 ft 4 in (193 cm)Weight
215 lb (98 kg; 15 st 5 lb)Position
Left wingShot
LeftPlayed for
Philadelphia FlyersChicago BlackhawksNHL draft
147th overall, 1985Philadelphia FlyersPlaying career
1988–1998
Anthony S. Horacek (born February 3, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Philadelphia Flyers and Chicago Blackhawks.
Playing career
Horacek had his best game as a professional on December 30, 1989. In a game at the Great Western Forum against the Los Angeles Kings, his hat trick helped the Flyers to a 6–3 win.
Coaching career
He recently accepted a head coaching position at Lebanon Valley College in Annville, Pennsylvania. He currently coaches the Midget 16U AAA Palmyra Black Knights
Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
1984–85
Kelowna Wings
WHL
67
9
18
27
114
6
0
1
1
11
1985–86
Spokane Chiefs
WHL
64
19
28
47
129
9
4
5
9
29
1986–87
Spokane Chiefs
WHL
64
23
37
60
177
5
1
3
4
18
1986–87
Hershey Bears
AHL
—
—
—
—
—
1
0
0
0
0
1987–88
Spokane Chiefs
WHL
24
17
23
40
63
—
—
—
—
—
1987–88
Kamloops Blazers
WHL
26
14
17
31
51
18
6
4
10
73
1987–88
Hershey Bears
AHL
1
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
—
—
1988–89
Hershey Bears
AHL
10
0
0
0
38
—
—
—
—
—
1988–89
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
43
11
13
24
138
—
—
—
—
—
1989–90
Philadelphia Flyers
NHL
48
5
5
10
117
—
—
—
—
—
1989–90
Hershey Bears
AHL
12
0
5
5
25
—
—
—
—
—
1990–91
Philadelphia Flyers
NHL
34
3
6
9
49
—
—
—
—
—
1990–91
Hershey Bears
AHL
19
5
3
8
35
4
2
0
2
14
1991–92
Philadelphia Flyers
NHL
34
1
3
4
51
—
—
—
—
—
1991–92
Chicago Blackhawks
NHL
12
1
4
5
21
2
1
0
1
2
1992–93
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
6
1
1
2
28
5
3
2
5
18
1993–94
Chicago Blackhawks
NHL
7
0
0
0
53
—
—
—
—
—
1993–94
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
29
6
7
13
63
—
—
—
—
—
1994–95
Chicago Blackhawks
NHL
19
0
1
1
25
—
—
—
—
—
1994–95
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
51
7
19
26
201
—
—
—
—
—
1995–96
Hershey Bears
AHL
34
4
9
13
75
5
1
1
2
4
1996–97
Cincinnati Cyclones
IHL
60
4
5
9
158
2
0
1
1
2
1997–98
Utah Grizzlies
IHL
5
0
0
0
7
—
—
—
—
—
NHL totals
154
10
19
29
316
2
1
0
1
2
References
^ LVC Names Tony Horacek Head Coach of Ice Hockey
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://godutchmen.com/news/2010/3/18/IH_0318101830.aspx","external_links_name":"LVC Names Tony Horacek Head Coach of Ice Hockey"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8447963","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=70463&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/h/horacto01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=2352","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_Effect_(music_group)
|
Greenhouse (music group)
|
["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American hip hop group
GreenhouseAlso known asGreenhouse EffectOriginColumbus, Ohio, United StatesGenresHip hopYears active1997–presentLabelsWeightless RecordingsMembersBlueprintIllogicPast membersInkwelManifest
Greenhouse is an American hip hop group from Columbus, Ohio. Originally formed as Greenhouse Effect by Blueprint, Inkwel, and Manifest, it now consists of Blueprint and Illogic.
History
In 1997, Greenhouse Effect was formed by Blueprint, Inkwel, and Manifest. In 1999, the group released the debut EP, Up to Speed. The first album, Life Sentences, was released in 2003.
After Inkwel's leaving the group, Blueprint and Manifest released the album, Columbus or Bust, in 2005. In 2009, it was announced that Illogic replaced Manifest and that Greenhouse Effect changed the name to Greenhouse.
In 2009, Blueprint and Illogic released the Electric Purgatory: Part One EP, which was followed by the Electric Purgatory: Part Two EP in the next year. In 2013, Greenhouse released the album, Bend But Don't Break.
Members
Current
Blueprint - rapper, producer
Illogic - rapper
Former
Inkwel - rapper
Manifest - rapper
Discography
Albums
Life Sentences (2003)
Columbus or Bust (2005)
Bend But Don't Break (2013)
EPs
Up to Speed (1999)
Greenhouse Effect vs. Radiohead (2005)
Electric Purgatory: Part One (2009)
Electric Purgatory: Part Two (2010)
Singles
"Smile" (2010)
References
^ Balfour, Jay (July 18, 2013). "Greenhouse (Illogic & Blueprint) - Bend But Don't Break". HipHopDX.
^ a b c Umile, Dominic (June 28, 2005). "Greenhouse Effect Columbus or Bust". Prefix.
^ Martin, Andrew (July 10, 2013). "Greenhouse (Blueprint & Illogic) – "This Is It" (Potholes Video Premiere)". Potholes in My Blog.
^ DeVille, Chris (July 21, 2011). "Hip-hop in Columbus: Key moments". Columbus Alive.
^ Gloden, Gabe (October 30, 2003). "Headucation: Greenhouse Effect / Omid". Stylus Magazine.
^ Gillespie, Blake (October 19, 2009). "Greenhouse (Effect): The New Cast". Impose Magazine.
^ Betz, Chet (December 6, 2009). "Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory EP". Cokemachineglow.
^ Betz, Chet (August 3, 2010). "Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory Part Two EP". Cokemachineglow.
^ Meara, Paul (July 11, 2013). "Locals: Hip-hop duo Greenhouse aims to make Carabar an incubator for local artists". Columbus Alive.
External links
Greenhouse on Weightless Recordings
Greenhouse discography at Discogs
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Blueprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prefixmag-2"},{"link_name":"Illogic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illogic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Greenhouse is an American hip hop group from Columbus, Ohio.[1] Originally formed as Greenhouse Effect by Blueprint, Inkwel, and Manifest,[2] it now consists of Blueprint and Illogic.[3]","title":"Greenhouse (music group)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blueprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prefixmag-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prefixmag-2"},{"link_name":"Illogic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illogic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1997, Greenhouse Effect was formed by Blueprint, Inkwel, and Manifest.[2] In 1999, the group released the debut EP, Up to Speed.[4] The first album, Life Sentences, was released in 2003.[5]After Inkwel's leaving the group, Blueprint and Manifest released the album, Columbus or Bust, in 2005.[2] In 2009, it was announced that Illogic replaced Manifest and that Greenhouse Effect changed the name to Greenhouse.[6]In 2009, Blueprint and Illogic released the Electric Purgatory: Part One EP,[7] which was followed by the Electric Purgatory: Part Two EP in the next year.[8] In 2013, Greenhouse released the album, Bend But Don't Break.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blueprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Illogic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illogic"}],"text":"CurrentBlueprint - rapper, producer\nIllogic - rapperFormerInkwel - rapper\nManifest - rapper","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AlbumsLife Sentences (2003)\nColumbus or Bust (2005)\nBend But Don't Break (2013)EPsUp to Speed (1999)\nGreenhouse Effect vs. Radiohead (2005)\nElectric Purgatory: Part One (2009)\nElectric Purgatory: Part Two (2010)Singles\"Smile\" (2010)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Balfour, Jay (July 18, 2013). \"Greenhouse (Illogic & Blueprint) - Bend But Don't Break\". HipHopDX.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/album-reviews/id.2114/title.greenhouse-illogic-blueprint-bend-but-don-t-break","url_text":"\"Greenhouse (Illogic & Blueprint) - Bend But Don't Break\""}]},{"reference":"Umile, Dominic (June 28, 2005). \"Greenhouse Effect Columbus or Bust\". Prefix.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/greenhouse-effect/columbus-or-bust/14803/","url_text":"\"Greenhouse Effect Columbus or Bust\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Andrew (July 10, 2013). \"Greenhouse (Blueprint & Illogic) – \"This Is It\" (Potholes Video Premiere)\". Potholes in My Blog.","urls":[{"url":"http://potholesinmyblog.com/greenhouse-blueprint-illogic-this-is-it-potholes-video-premiere/","url_text":"\"Greenhouse (Blueprint & Illogic) – \"This Is It\" (Potholes Video Premiere)\""}]},{"reference":"DeVille, Chris (July 21, 2011). \"Hip-hop in Columbus: Key moments\". Columbus Alive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2011/07/21/hip-hop-in-columbus-key-moments.html","url_text":"\"Hip-hop in Columbus: Key moments\""}]},{"reference":"Gloden, Gabe (October 30, 2003). \"Headucation: Greenhouse Effect / Omid\". Stylus Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/headucation/greenhouse-effect-omid.htm","url_text":"\"Headucation: Greenhouse Effect / Omid\""}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Blake (October 19, 2009). \"Greenhouse (Effect): The New Cast\". Impose Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imposemagazine.com/bytes/new-music/greenhouse-effect-the-new-cast","url_text":"\"Greenhouse (Effect): The New Cast\""}]},{"reference":"Betz, Chet (December 6, 2009). \"Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory EP\". Cokemachineglow.","urls":[{"url":"http://cokemachineglow.com/records/-electricpurgatory-2009/","url_text":"\"Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory EP\""}]},{"reference":"Betz, Chet (August 3, 2010). \"Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory Part Two EP\". Cokemachineglow.","urls":[{"url":"http://cokemachineglow.com/records/greenhouse-electricpurgatory2-2010/","url_text":"\"Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory Part Two EP\""}]},{"reference":"Meara, Paul (July 11, 2013). \"Locals: Hip-hop duo Greenhouse aims to make Carabar an incubator for local artists\". Columbus Alive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2013/07/11/locals-hip-hop-duo-greenhouse-aims-to-make-carabar-an-incubator-for-local-artists.html","url_text":"\"Locals: Hip-hop duo Greenhouse aims to make Carabar an incubator for local artists\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/album-reviews/id.2114/title.greenhouse-illogic-blueprint-bend-but-don-t-break","external_links_name":"\"Greenhouse (Illogic & Blueprint) - Bend But Don't Break\""},{"Link":"http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/greenhouse-effect/columbus-or-bust/14803/","external_links_name":"\"Greenhouse Effect Columbus or Bust\""},{"Link":"http://potholesinmyblog.com/greenhouse-blueprint-illogic-this-is-it-potholes-video-premiere/","external_links_name":"\"Greenhouse (Blueprint & Illogic) – \"This Is It\" (Potholes Video Premiere)\""},{"Link":"http://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2011/07/21/hip-hop-in-columbus-key-moments.html","external_links_name":"\"Hip-hop in Columbus: Key moments\""},{"Link":"http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/headucation/greenhouse-effect-omid.htm","external_links_name":"\"Headucation: Greenhouse Effect / Omid\""},{"Link":"http://www.imposemagazine.com/bytes/new-music/greenhouse-effect-the-new-cast","external_links_name":"\"Greenhouse (Effect): The New Cast\""},{"Link":"http://cokemachineglow.com/records/-electricpurgatory-2009/","external_links_name":"\"Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory EP\""},{"Link":"http://cokemachineglow.com/records/greenhouse-electricpurgatory2-2010/","external_links_name":"\"Greenhouse: Electric Purgatory Part Two EP\""},{"Link":"http://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2013/07/11/locals-hip-hop-duo-greenhouse-aims-to-make-carabar-an-incubator-for-local-artists.html","external_links_name":"\"Locals: Hip-hop duo Greenhouse aims to make Carabar an incubator for local artists\""},{"Link":"http://weightless.net/artists/greenhouse/","external_links_name":"Greenhouse"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Greenhouse+Effect","external_links_name":"Greenhouse"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152059466","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball_team
|
2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team
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["1 Outlook","2 Coaching staff","3 Recruiting","4 Roster","5 Schedule","6 Rankings","7 Accomplishments","8 References"]
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American college basketball season
This article is about 2009–10 Pitt men's basketball. For 2009–10 Pitt women's basketball, see 2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball team.
2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketballNCAA tournament, Round of 32ConferenceBig East ConferenceRankingCoachesNo. 20APNo. 18Record25–9 (13–5 Big East)Head coachJamie Dixon (7th season)Assistant coaches
Tom Herrion (3rd season)
Pat Sandle (9th season)
Brandin Knight (2nd season)
Home arenaPetersen Events Center(Capacity: 12,508)Seasons← 2008–092010–11 →
2009–10 Big East men's basketball standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
No. 4 Syracuse
15
–
3
.833
30
–
5
.857
No. 6 West Virginia †
13
–
5
.722
31
–
7
.816
No. 9 Villanova
13
–
5
.722
25
–
8
.758
No. 18 Pittsburgh
13
–
5
.722
25
–
9
.735
Marquette
11
–
7
.611
22
–
12
.647
Louisville
11
–
7
.611
20
–
13
.606
No. 14 Georgetown
10
–
8
.556
23
–
11
.676
Notre Dame
10
–
8
.556
23
–
12
.657
South Florida
9
–
9
.500
20
–
13
.606
Seton Hall
9
–
9
.500
19
–
13
.594
Cincinnati
7
–
11
.389
19
–
16
.543
Connecticut
7
–
11
.389
18
–
16
.529
St. John's
6
–
12
.333
17
–
16
.515
Rutgers
5
–
13
.278
15
–
17
.469
Providence
4
–
14
.222
12
–
19
.387
DePaul
1
–
17
.056
8
–
23
.258
† 2010 Big East tournament winnerAs of April 3, 2010Rankings from AP Poll
The 2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach was Jamie Dixon, who was in his 7th year as head coach at Pittsburgh and 11th overall at the University. The team played its home games in the Petersen Events Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and were members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 25–9, 13–5 in Big East play and lost in the quarterfinals of the 2010 Big East men's basketball tournament. They received an at–large bid to the 2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, earning a 3 seed in the West Region. They defeated 14 seed Oakland in the first round before losing to 6 seed and AP No. 25 Xavier in the second round.
Outlook
The Pittsburgh Panthers advanced to last season's NCAA Elite Eight. The team lost four starters, including NBA draft selections Sam Young and DeJuan Blair, along with point guard Levance Fields and forward/center Tyrell Biggs. Guard Jermaine Dixon was the only returning starter from last season's squad while projected starter Gilbert Brown was suspended for the fall semester for academic reasons, although he reenrolled and returned to the team in December. Four freshman joined the Panthers, including McDonald's High School All-American Dante Taylor. Also new to the team was senior guard Chase Adams, a transfer from Centenary College of Louisiana. The Panthers' roster was the most inexperienced in the Big East, with six freshmen, two sophomores and only two seniors, and when Dixon went down with a foot injury in the offseason, ruling him out until well into December, the remaining roster had a total of one career start.
The Panthers were selected to finish 9th in the Big East by the Big East coaches during their conference media day.
Coaching staff
Name
Position
Year at Pittsburgh
Alma Mater (Year)
Jamie Dixon
Head coach
11th (7th as head coach)
TCU (1987)
Tom Herrion
Associate head coach
3rd
Merrimack (1989)
Pat Sandle
Assistant coach
9th
San Francisco State (1987)
Brandin Knight
Assistant coach
4th
University of Pittsburgh (2005)
Brian Regan
Director of Operations
3rd
Saint Vincent (1988)
Rasheen Davis
Video Coordinator
2nd
St. Thomas Aquinas (2005)
Recruiting
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date
Lamar Patterson small forward
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
St. Benedict's Prep/J.P. McCaskey H.S.
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
220 lb (100 kg)
Dec 28, 2007
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: N/A ESPN grade: 91
J. J. Richardson center/power forward
Missouri City, Texas
Fort Bend Hightower HS
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
232.5 lb (105.5 kg)
Sep 16, 2008
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: N/A ESPN grade: 89
Dante Taylor power forward
Greenburgh, New York
National Christian Academy, MD
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
222.5 lb (100.9 kg)
Jul 14, 2008
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: N/A ESPN grade: 97
Talib Zanna center/power forward
Kaduna, Nigeria
Bishop McNamara HS, MD
6 ft 8.5 in (2.04 m)
222.5 lb (100.9 kg)
Sep 29, 2008
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: N/A ESPN grade: 90
Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 15 Rivals: 25
Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.
Sources:
"Pittsburgh Commit List for 2009". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
"Men's Basketball Recruiting". Scout.com. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
"Pittsburgh Basketball Recruiting 2009". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
"2009 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
Roster
Name
#
Position
Height
Weight (lb.)
Year
Hometown
Previous School
Chase Adams
3
Guard
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
190
2Senior
Baltimore, MD
Centenary/Mount Saint Joseph HS
Gilbert Brown*
5
Guard/Forward
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
200
2Junior (RS)
Harrisburg, PA
South Kent School
Jermaine Dixon
24
Guard
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
200
3Senior, Transfer
Baltimore, MD
Tallahassee CC/Maine Central Inst/Blake HS
Tim Frye
44
Guard
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
205
2Junior
Mars, PA
Mars Area HS
Ashton Gibbs
12
Guard
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
190
1Sophomore
Scotch Plains, NJ
Seton Hall Prep
Gary McGhee
52
Center
6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
250
2Junior
Anderson, IN
Highland HS
Dwight Miller
25
Forward
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
240
1Freshman (RS)
Nassau, Bahamas
St. Pius X HS
Lamar Patterson
21
Guard/Forward
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
220
1Freshman
Lancaster, PA
St. Benedict's Prep/J.P. McCaskey H.S.
J. J. Richardson
55
Forward
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
235
1Freshman
Missouri City, TX
Fort Bend Hightower HS
Nick Rivers
14
Guard
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
180
1Junior
Phoenix, AZ
Brophy College Prep
Nasir Robinson
35
Forward
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
220
1Sophomore
Chester, PA
Chester HS
Dante Taylor
11
Forward
6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
240
1Freshman
Greenburgh, NY
National Christian Academy (MD)
Brad Wanamaker
22
Guard
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
210
2Junior
Philadelphia, PA
Roman Catholic HS
Travon Woodall
1
Guard
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
190
1Freshman (RS)
Brooklyn, NY
St. Anthony HS
Talib Zanna
42
Forward
6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
225
1Freshman
Kaduna, Nigeria
Bishop McNamara HS (MD)
*Suspended for the fall semester for academic reasons, but re-enrolled and returned to the team in December.
Schedule
Datetime, TV
Rank#
Opponent#
Result
Record
Site (attendance) city, state
Exhibition
Sun. Nov. 1*4:00 pm
Slippery Rock
W 75–64
—
Petersen Events Center (5,815)Pittsburgh, PA
Sun. Nov. 8*4:00 pm
Coker
W 83–40
—
Petersen Events Center (6,103)Pittsburgh, PA
Regular season
Fri. Nov. 13*8:10 pm
Wofford
W 63–60
1–0
Petersen Events Center (10,112)Pittsburgh, PA
Tue. Nov. 17*5:30 pm, ESPN2
Binghamton CBE Classic
W 71–46
2–0
Petersen Events Center (7,677)Pittsburgh, PA
Thu. Nov. 19*7:00 pm
Eastern Kentucky CBE Classic
W 71–60
3–0
Petersen Events Center (9,148)Pittsburgh, PA
Mon. Nov. 23*7:37 pm, ESPN2
vs. Wichita State CBE Classic Semifinal
W 68–55
4–0
Sprint Center Kansas City, MO
Tue. Nov. 24*10:25 pm, ESPN2
vs. No. 3 Texas CBE Classic Championship
L 62–78
4–1
Sprint Center (8,076)Kansas City, MO
Sat. Nov. 28*12:00 pm, ESPN Regional/FSN Pittsburgh
Youngstown State
W 72–56
5–1
Petersen Events Center (10,135)Pittsburgh, PA
Wed. Dec. 2*7:00 pm, CBS College Sports
vs. Duquesne The City Game
W 67–58
6–1
Mellon Arena (12,336)Pittsburgh, PA
Fri. Dec. 4*7:00 pm
New Hampshire
W 47–32
7–1
Petersen Events Center (8,856)Pittsburgh, PA
Tue. Dec. 8*9:00 pm, ESPN
vs. Indiana Jimmy V Classic
L 64–74
7–2
Madison Square Garden (8,975)New York, NY
Sat. Dec. 12*2:00 pm, ESPNU
Kent State
W 71–59
8–2
Petersen Events Center (9,468)Pittsburgh, PA
Sat. Dec. 19*4:00 pm
Mount St. Mary's
W 66–48
9–2
Petersen Events Center (7,039)Pittsburgh, PA
Tue. Dec. 22*7:00 pm, ESPN Regional/FSN Pittsburgh
Ohio
W 74–49
10–2
Petersen Events Center (9,261)Pittsburgh, PA
Mon. Dec. 287:00 pm, ESPNU
DePaul
W 65–52
11–2(1–0)
Petersen Events Center (10,811)Pittsburgh, PA
Sat. Jan. 212:00 pm, ESPN Regional/WTAE-TV
at No. 5 Syracuse
W 82–72
12–2(2–0)
Carrier Dome (24,969)Syracuse, NY
Mon. Jan. 47:00 pm, ESPN Big Monday
No. 23
at Cincinnati
W 74–71
13–2(3–0)
Fifth Third Arena (8,699)Cincinnati, OH
Wed. Jan. 137:00 pm, ESPN2
No. 16
at No. 15 Connecticut
W 67–57
14–2(4–0)
XL Center (15,290)Hartford, CT
Sat. Jan. 1612:00 pm, ESPN Regional/WTAE-TV
No. 16
Louisville
W 82–77 OT
15–2(5–0)
Petersen Events Center (12,781)Pittsburgh, PA
Wed. Jan. 207:00 pm, ESPNU
No. 9
No. 12 Georgetown
L 66–74
15–3(5–1)
Petersen Events Center (12,677)Pittsburgh, PA
Sun. Jan. 242:00 pm, ESPN Regional/FSN Pittsburgh
No. 9
at Seton Hall
L 61–64
15–4(5–2)
Prudential Center (8,043)Newark, NJ
Thu. Jan. 287:00 pm, ESPNU
No. 17
St. John's
W 63–53
16–4(6–2)
Petersen Events Center (12,511)Pittsburgh, PA
Sun. Jan. 311:00 pm, ESPNU
No. 17
at South Florida
L 61–70
16–5(6–3)
USF Sun Dome (5,370)Tampa, FL
Wed. Feb. 37:00 pm, ESPN Regional/FSN Pittsburgh
No. 22
at No. 6 West Virginia Backyard Brawl
L 51–70
16–6(6–4)
WVU Coliseum (15,419)Morgantown, WV
Sat. Feb. 66:00 pm
No. 22
Seton Hall
W 83–58
17–6(7–4)
Petersen Events Center (6,681)Pittsburgh, PA
Mon. Feb. 8*8:00 pm, ESPN Regional/FSN Pittsburgh
No. 25
Robert Morris
W 77–53
18–6
Petersen Events Center (7,211)Pittsburgh, PA
Fri. Feb. 129:00 pm, ESPN
No. 25
No. 5 West Virginia Backyard Brawl
W 98–95 3OT
19–6(8–4)
Petersen Events Center (12,902)Pittsburgh, PA
Thu. Feb. 189:00 pm, ESPN2
No. 19
at Marquette
W 58–51
20–6(9–4)
Bradley Center (16,486)Milwaukee, WI
Sun. Feb. 2112:00 pm, CBS
No. 19
No. 3 Villanova
W 70–65
21–6(10–4)
Petersen Events Center (12,920)Pittsburgh, PA
Wed. Feb. 247:00 pm, ESPN2
No. 12
at Notre Dame
L 53–68
21–7(10–5)
Edmund P. Joyce Center (8,581)Notre Dame, IN
Sat. Feb. 2712:00 pm, ESPN Regional/FSN Pittsburgh
No. 12
at St. John's
W 71–64
22–7(11–5)
Madison Square Garden (6,892)New York, NY
Thu. Mar. 49:00 pm, ESPN2
No. 17
Providence
W 73–71
23–7(12–5)
Petersen Events Center (12,511)Pittsburgh, PA
Sat. Mar. 64:30 pm, ESPN Regional/FSN Pittsburgh
No. 17
Rutgers
W 83–54
24–7(13–5)
Petersen Events Center (12,508)Pittsburgh, PA
Big East tournament
Thu. Mar. 117:00 pm, ESPN
(2) No. 16
vs. (7) Notre Dame Big East Quarterfinals
L 45–50
24–8
Madison Square Garden (19,375)New York, NY
NCAA tournament
Fri. Mar. 193:05 pm, CBS
(3 W) No. 18
vs. (14 W) Oakland NCAA First Round
W 89–66
25–8
Bradley Center (17,847)Milwaukee, WI
Sun. Mar. 214:50 pm, CBS
(3 W) No. 18
vs. (6 W) No. 25 Xavier NCAA Second Round
L 68–71
25–9
Bradley Center (18,031)Milwaukee, WI
*Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. W=NCAA West Regional. All times are in Eastern Time.
Rankings
Main article: 2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings
Ranking MovementLegend: ██ Improvement in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking. ██ Not ranked the previous week. rv=Others receiving votes.
Poll
Pre
Wk 1
Wk 2
Wk 3
Wk 4
Wk 5
Wk 6
Wk 7
Wk 8
Wk 9
Wk 10
Wk 11
Wk 12
Wk 13
Wk 14
Wk 15
Wk 16
WK 17
Wk 18
Final
AP
rv
rv
rv
rv
rv
rv
rv
--
23
16
9
17
22
25
19
12
17
16
18
n/a
Coaches
rv
rv
rv
rv
--
--
--
--
rv
20
11
17
21
23
21
16
18
16
16
20
Accomplishments
Pitt achieved a school record ninth straight 20-win season and a school record ninth straight season with 10 wins in the Big East Conference.
Sophomore guard Ashton Gibbs was named Second-Team All-Big East.
Ashton Gibbs was named the Big East's most improved player.
Ninth straight NCAA Tournament appearance.
References
^ "Big East Conference Standings - 2009-10." ESPN.com. Retrieved 03-25-10.
^ a b Gorman, Kevin (August 28, 2009). "Pitt suspends Gilbert Brown for fall semester". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
^ O'Neil, Dana (January 13, 2010). "Gritty Panthers modeled after Pittsburgh". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
^ Grupp, John (October 21, 2009). "Pitt picked to finish 9th in Big East by coaches". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
^ Hotchkiss, pg 66–74
^ "PITTSBURGH OFFICIAL ATHLETIC SITE - Men's Basketball". Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
^ Fittipaldo, Ray (March 7, 2010). "Pitt's Gibbs named second-team all-Big East". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
^ Fittipaldo, Ray (March 9, 2010). "Pitt's Gibbs named most improved in Big East". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
vtePittsburgh Panthers men's basketballVenues
Motor Square Garden (1905–1912)
Duquesne Gardens (1905–1912)
Trees Gym (1912–1925)
Pitt Pavilion (1925–1951)
Fitzgerald Field House (1951–2002)
Civic Arena (alternate; 1984–2002)
Petersen Events Center (2002–present)
Rivalries
Duquesne
West Virginia
Culture & lore
Oakland Zoo
"Hail to Pitt"
"Pitt Victory Song"
Gambling scandal
People
Head coaches
NBA players
Statistical leaders
Seasons
List of seasons
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
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1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
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1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
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1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
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2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
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2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Helms national championships in bold; NCAA Final Four appearance in italics
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Pittsburgh_Panthers_women%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Petersen Events Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_Events_Center"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Big East Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_East_Conference"},{"link_name":"2010 Big East men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Big_East_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Oakland_Golden_Grizzlies_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Xavier_Musketeers_men%27s_basketball_team"}],"text":"This article is about 2009–10 Pitt men's basketball. For 2009–10 Pitt women's basketball, see 2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball team.The 2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach was Jamie Dixon, who was in his 7th year as head coach at Pittsburgh and 11th overall at the University. The team played its home games in the Petersen Events Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and were members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 25–9, 13–5 in Big East play and lost in the quarterfinals of the 2010 Big East men's basketball tournament. They received an at–large bid to the 2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, earning a 3 seed in the West Region. They defeated 14 seed Oakland in the first round before losing to 6 seed and AP No. 25 Xavier in the second round.","title":"2009–10 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"NCAA Elite Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NBA_Draft"},{"link_name":"Sam Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Young_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"DeJuan Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeJuan_Blair"},{"link_name":"Levance Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levance_Fields"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Brown_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilsupspension-2"},{"link_name":"McDonald's High School All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_High_School_All-American"},{"link_name":"Centenary College of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_College_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediaDay-4"}],"text":"The Pittsburgh Panthers advanced to last season's NCAA Elite Eight. The team lost four starters, including NBA draft selections Sam Young and DeJuan Blair, along with point guard Levance Fields and forward/center Tyrell Biggs. Guard Jermaine Dixon was the only returning starter from last season's squad while projected starter Gilbert Brown was suspended for the fall semester for academic reasons, although he reenrolled and returned to the team in December.[2] Four freshman joined the Panthers, including McDonald's High School All-American Dante Taylor. Also new to the team was senior guard Chase Adams, a transfer from Centenary College of Louisiana. The Panthers' roster was the most inexperienced in the Big East, with six freshmen, two sophomores and only two seniors, and when Dixon went down with a foot injury in the offseason, ruling him out until well into December, the remaining roster had a total of one career start.[3]The Panthers were selected to finish 9th in the Big East by the Big East coaches during their conference media day.[4]","title":"Outlook"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recruiting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilsupspension-2"}],"text":"[6]*Suspended for the fall semester for academic reasons, but re-enrolled and returned to the team in December.[2]","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Pitt achieved a school record ninth straight 20-win season and a school record ninth straight season with 10 wins in the Big East Conference.\nSophomore guard Ashton Gibbs was named Second-Team All-Big East.[7]\nAshton Gibbs was named the Big East's most improved player.[8]\nNinth straight NCAA Tournament appearance.","title":"Accomplishments"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Benjamin_Dimmick
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J. Benjamin Dimmick
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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American politician
J. Benjamin Dimmick14th Mayor of ScrantonIn office1906–1909Preceded byAlex T. ConnellSucceeded byJohn Von Bergen Jr.
Personal detailsBornJoseph Benjamin DimmickOctober 3, 1858 (1858-10-03)Honesdale, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedJanuary 14, 1920 (1920-01-15) (aged 61)Stratford, Ontario, CanadaPolitical partyRepublicanResidence(s)Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Joseph Benjamin Dimmick (October 3, 1858 – January 14, 1920) was a Mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania during a cholera epidemic.
Biography
Dimmick was born in Honesdale, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Samuel E. Dimmick, a Pennsylvania Attorney General. Dimmick was a Mayor of Scranton during a cholera epidemic. Dimmick had successfully run for Mayor of Scranton in 1906 with a specific aim of improving Scranton's sewerage system. Dimmick, Scranton's thirteenth mayor served until 1909.
In 1914 Boies Penrose was re-elected as the Republican senator for Pennsylvania in preference to Dimmick. Dimmick took the message of the defeat and afterwards confined himself to local politics and public speaking.
Dimmick died in Stratford, Ontario in 1920 and left a wife and two daughters. His widowed sister in law became Mary Dimmick Harrison when she married the former President of the United States, Benjamin Harrison.
References
^ "Dimmick, Samuel E. (d. 1875)". The Political Graveyard. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
^ Wenzel, David J. (2006). Scranton's Mayors. p. 58. ISBN 9780976507260.
^ "An Old Inmate of the Family. The ex-President's Relatives Said to be Aggrieved at the Match and Inclined to Grumble. The Wedding to Take Place in St. Thomas's Church in This City April 6". New York Times. March 29, 1896. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
This article about a Pennsylvania politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dimmick, Samuel E. (d. 1875)\". The Political Graveyard. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110103140801/http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dilweg-dionysius.html#S3J12I0Z4","url_text":"\"Dimmick, Samuel E. (d. 1875)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Political_Graveyard","url_text":"The Political Graveyard"},{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dilweg-dionysius.html#S3J12I0Z4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wenzel, David J. (2006). Scranton's Mayors. p. 58. ISBN 9780976507260.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ExX4SDKgamQC&pg=PA57","url_text":"Scranton's Mayors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780976507260","url_text":"9780976507260"}]},{"reference":"\"An Old Inmate of the Family. The ex-President's Relatives Said to be Aggrieved at the Match and Inclined to Grumble. The Wedding to Take Place in St. Thomas's Church in This City April 6\". New York Times. March 29, 1896. Retrieved 2009-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1896/03/29/archives/soon-to-be-mrs-harrison-mrs-dimmick-will-be-a-bride-with-a-domestic.html","url_text":"\"An Old Inmate of the Family. The ex-President's Relatives Said to be Aggrieved at the Match and Inclined to Grumble. The Wedding to Take Place in St. Thomas's Church in This City April 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beck_(actor)
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William Beck (actor)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","4 Theatre","5 Radio","6 References","7 External links"]
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British actor
William BeckEducation
Kineton High School
The Poor School
OccupationActorYears active1999–presentChildren2
William Beck is a British actor, known for his appearances in the BBC drama series Robin Hood and Casualty.
Early life
Beck has a family history of employment in medicine and states that his earliest memories are of hospitals. This encouraged him to join medical school, which he later quit, despite maintaining an interest. On quitting medical school, Beck explained, "I didn't give up medical school because I couldn't do it, I just think at that age I got bored with things very quickly." He added that he did not want to waste time and resources after realising he did not want to continue.
Career
After deciding to quit medical school, Beck pursued a career in acting. He was inspired to become an actor by some people he met during medical school. His move to acting was criticised as it was thought that Beck was "giving up the most secure profession for perhaps the least secure". Beck has since featured in films Northanger Abbey, Snatch and Goal II: Living the Dream, as well as drama series Red Cap, Robin Hood and Vital Signs. Beck felt "fortunate" to receive such employment and was pleased to "work pretty consistently over the last 10 years". In March 2011, he stated that his favourite job was Robin Hood, praising his fellow cast members. His character was killed off early in the series, disappointing Beck. Beck also starred in The Suspicions of Mr Whicher, which he felt gave him the opportunity to learn from other actors.
Beck was introduced as "shambolic" consultant Dylan Keogh in the BBC medical drama Casualty in March 2011. The actor felt that his medical school background helped him in his role. He left the drama in 2012 and Dylan departed in December. Two years later, Beck reprised the role and Dylan returned in October 2014. The actor told David Brown of the Radio Times that he found it strange to return to Casualty, but looked forward to portraying the character again.
Filmography
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
2000
Snatch
Neil
2001
Gypsy Woman
Gary
2003
Quicksand
Nicoli
2004
Fallen
Dave Walker
2006
The Truth
Scott
2007
More More More
Scott
Northanger Abbey
John Thorpe
Goal II: Living the Dream
Steve Parr
2008
The Agent
Alexander Joyce
2009
Infidel
David
2017
Bitter Harvest
Stefan
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999
The Bill
Adam Thwaite
Episode: "All Change"
2000
Attachments
Reece Wilson
2003
Serious and Organised
Billy English
1 episode
The Canterbury Tales
Colin
Episode: "The Pardoner's Tale"
Second Generation
Nick
2003–2004
Red Cap
Sgt. Maj. Steve Forney
2004
The Murder Room
DI Piers Tarrant
2006
Johnny and the Bomb
Dr. Harris
Vital Signs
Dr. Harris
Robin Hood
Roy
4 episodes
2008
Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story
David Turner
2011
M.I. High
Theo Phantom
Episode: "Ghosts"
Hustle
Jiles
Episode: "Clearance from a Deal"
The Suspicions of Mr Whicher
Dolly Williamson
2011–2012, 2014–present
Casualty
Dylan Keogh
Series regular
2012
Holby City
Dylan Keogh
Episode: "Unsafe Haven: Part Two"
2013
Whitechapel
John Washington
2 episodes
2014
Midsomer Murders
Michael Dewar
Episode: "Let Us Prey"
Death in Paradise
Matthew Webster
1 episode
The Devil's Harvest
The Great Fire
Richard Smith
Kim Philby - His Most Intimate Betrayal
Nicholas Elliot
2 episodes
2019
Pointless Celebrities
Himself
1 episode
Theatre
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1999)
Kes (2004)
Festen (2004)
The Tragedy of Thomas Hobbes (2008)
The Merchant of Venice (2008)
The Taming of the Shrew (2008)
Arthur & George (2010)
Radio
Filthy Rich: A BBC Radio 4 Dramatisation
References
^ a b c d "William Beck Interview". Holby.tv. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ a b c d e f g "Med student turned actor William Beck scrubs up for Casualty" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 12 March 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ Ellis, Sarah (8–21 December 2012). "Goodbye Dylan!". Inside Soap. Vol. 2012, no. 49–50. p. 15.
^ Brown, David (28 October 2014). "Casualty spoilers: Dylan Keogh set to clash with Connie, reveals actor Will Beck". Radio Times. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
External links
William Beck at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Casualty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(TV_series)"}],"text":"William Beck is a British actor, known for his appearances in the BBC drama series Robin Hood and Casualty.","title":"William Beck (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holby-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-2"}],"text":"Beck has a family history of employment in medicine and states that his earliest memories are of hospitals.[1] This encouraged him to join medical school, which he later quit, despite maintaining an interest. On quitting medical school, Beck explained, \"I didn't give up medical school because I couldn't do it, I just think at that age I got bored with things very quickly.\"[2] He added that he did not want to waste time and resources after realising he did not want to continue.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holby-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-2"},{"link_name":"Northanger Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northanger_Abbey_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Snatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_(film)"},{"link_name":"Goal II: Living the Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_II:_Living_the_Dream"},{"link_name":"Red Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cap_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Vital Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_Signs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holby-1"},{"link_name":"The Suspicions of Mr Whicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suspicions_of_Mr_Whicher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holby-1"},{"link_name":"Dylan Keogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Keogh"},{"link_name":"Casualty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After deciding to quit medical school, Beck pursued a career in acting. He was inspired to become an actor by some people he met during medical school.[1] His move to acting was criticised as it was thought that Beck was \"giving up the most secure profession for perhaps the least secure\".[2] Beck has since featured in films Northanger Abbey, Snatch and Goal II: Living the Dream, as well as drama series Red Cap, Robin Hood and Vital Signs.[2] Beck felt \"fortunate\" to receive such employment and was pleased to \"work pretty consistently over the last 10 years\".[2] In March 2011, he stated that his favourite job was Robin Hood, praising his fellow cast members. His character was killed off early in the series, disappointing Beck.[1] Beck also starred in The Suspicions of Mr Whicher, which he felt gave him the opportunity to learn from other actors.[1]Beck was introduced as \"shambolic\" consultant Dylan Keogh in the BBC medical drama Casualty in March 2011.[2] The actor felt that his medical school background helped him in his role.[2] He left the drama in 2012 and Dylan departed in December.[3] Two years later, Beck reprised the role and Dylan returned in October 2014. The actor told David Brown of the Radio Times that he found it strange to return to Casualty, but looked forward to portraying the character again.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Shoot_Horses,_Don%27t_They%3F_(novel)#Adaptations_and_influence"},{"link_name":"Kes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes_(film)"},{"link_name":"Festen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festen_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Merchant of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"The Taming of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew"},{"link_name":"Arthur & George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_%26_George#Dramatisation"}],"text":"They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1999)\nKes (2004)\nFesten (2004)\nThe Tragedy of Thomas Hobbes (2008)\nThe Merchant of Venice (2008)\nThe Taming of the Shrew (2008)\nArthur & George (2010)","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Filthy Rich: A BBC Radio 4 Dramatisation","title":"Radio"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"William Beck Interview\". Holby.tv. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holby.tv/william-beck-interview/","url_text":"\"William Beck Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Med student turned actor William Beck scrubs up for Casualty\" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 12 March 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/2011/wk11/feature_casualty_william_b.shtml","url_text":"\"Med student turned actor William Beck scrubs up for Casualty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Press Office"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Sarah (8–21 December 2012). \"Goodbye Dylan!\". Inside Soap. Vol. 2012, no. 49–50. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap","url_text":"Inside Soap"}]},{"reference":"Brown, David (28 October 2014). \"Casualty spoilers: Dylan Keogh set to clash with Connie, reveals actor Will Beck\". Radio Times. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-10-28/casualty-spoilers-dylan-keogh-set-to-clash-with-connie-reveals-actor-will-beck/","url_text":"\"Casualty spoilers: Dylan Keogh set to clash with Connie, reveals actor Will Beck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.holby.tv/william-beck-interview/","external_links_name":"\"William Beck Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/2011/wk11/feature_casualty_william_b.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Med student turned actor William Beck scrubs up for Casualty\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-10-28/casualty-spoilers-dylan-keogh-set-to-clash-with-connie-reveals-actor-will-beck/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty spoilers: Dylan Keogh set to clash with Connie, reveals actor Will Beck\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0065307/","external_links_name":"William Beck"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_History_X_(album)
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Progressive History X
|
["1 Track listing"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Progressive History X" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2001 compilation album by FlukeProgressive History XCompilation album by FlukeReleased23 July 2001GenreElectronicaLabelCircaProducerFlukeFluke chronology
Risotto(1997)
Progressive History X(2001)
Progressive History XXX(2002)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkPopMatters(favourable) link
Progressive History X is a compilation album by British electronica group Fluke, first released in July 2001. It is not to be confused with Progressive History XXX, their next compilation album. The cover artwork is from "Just your Average Second On This Planet" 1997-1998 (Discotheque) by David Bethell. Progressive History X is a compilation spanning their entire ten year producing history.
Track listing
"Thumper!" (Original Mix) – 5:56
"Philly" (Jamorphous) – 7:12
"Slid" (Glid) – 6:57
"Electric Guitar" (Humbucker) – 7:32
"Groovy Feeling" (Make Mine A 99) – 7:51
"Bubble" (Speechbubble) – 6:41
"Bullet" (Bullion) – 7:46
"Tosh" (Gosh) – 6:31
"Atom Bomb" (Atomix 1) – 5:41
"Absurd" (Whitewash) – 5:59
"Squirt" (Risotto Vox) – 6:20
vteFluke
Mike Bryant
Jon Fugler
Rachel Stewart
Mike Tournier
Studio albums
The Techno Rose of Blighty
Six Wheels on My Wagon
Oto
Risotto
Puppy
Compilation albums
Progressive History X
Progressive History XXX
Live albums
Out (In Essence)
The Peel Sessions
Singles
"Philly"
"The Bells"
"Slid"
"Electric Guitar"
"Groovy Feeling"
"Bubble"
"Bullet"
"Tosh"
"Atom Bomb"
"Absurd"
"Squirt"
"Absurd: The Remixes"
"Pulse"
"Switch"
Related articles
Discography
2 Bit Pie
Jan Burton
Syntax
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"Fluke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluke_(band)"},{"link_name":"Progressive History XXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_History_XXX"},{"link_name":"\"Just your Average Second On This Planet\" 1997-1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Just_your_Average_Second_On_This_Planet%22_1997-1998"},{"link_name":"David Bethell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bethell&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"2001 compilation album by FlukeProgressive History X is a compilation album by British electronica group Fluke, first released in July 2001. It is not to be confused with Progressive History XXX, their next compilation album. The cover artwork is from \"Just your Average Second On This Planet\" 1997-1998 (Discotheque) by David Bethell. Progressive History X is a compilation spanning their entire ten year producing history.","title":"Progressive History X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fluke"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Fluke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fluke"},{"link_name":"Fluke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluke_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mike Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Jon Fugler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Fugler"},{"link_name":"Rachel Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Mike Tournier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tournier"},{"link_name":"The Techno Rose of Blighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Techno_Rose_of_Blighty"},{"link_name":"Six Wheels on My Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Wheels_on_My_Wagon"},{"link_name":"Oto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto_(album)"},{"link_name":"Risotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risotto_(album)"},{"link_name":"Puppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_(Fluke_album)"},{"link_name":"Progressive History X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Progressive History XXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_History_XXX"},{"link_name":"Out (In Essence)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(In_Essence)"},{"link_name":"The Peel Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peel_Sessions_(Fluke_album)"},{"link_name":"Philly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philly_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bells_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Slid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slid_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Electric Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Guitar_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Groovy Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy_Feeling_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Tosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosh_(song)"},{"link_name":"Atom Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_Bomb_(song)"},{"link_name":"Absurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurd_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Squirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirt_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Absurd: The Remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurd:_The_Remixes"},{"link_name":"Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(Fluke_song)"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluke_discography"},{"link_name":"2 Bit Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Bit_Pie"},{"link_name":"Jan Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Burton"},{"link_name":"Syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(band)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248745#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/49d98d7f-16b4-31ea-8d60-6488dcefcd84"}],"text":"\"Thumper!\" (Original Mix) – 5:56\n\"Philly\" (Jamorphous) – 7:12\n\"Slid\" (Glid) – 6:57\n\"Electric Guitar\" (Humbucker) – 7:32\n\"Groovy Feeling\" (Make Mine A 99) – 7:51\n\"Bubble\" (Speechbubble) – 6:41\n\"Bullet\" (Bullion) – 7:46\n\"Tosh\" (Gosh) – 6:31\n\"Atom Bomb\" (Atomix 1) – 5:41\n\"Absurd\" (Whitewash) – 5:59\n\"Squirt\" (Risotto Vox) – 6:20vteFluke\nMike Bryant\nJon Fugler\nRachel Stewart\nMike Tournier\nStudio albums\nThe Techno Rose of Blighty\nSix Wheels on My Wagon\nOto\nRisotto\nPuppy\nCompilation albums\nProgressive History X\nProgressive History XXX\nLive albums\nOut (In Essence)\nThe Peel Sessions\nSingles\n\"Philly\"\n\"The Bells\"\n\"Slid\"\n\"Electric Guitar\"\n\"Groovy Feeling\"\n\"Bubble\"\n\"Bullet\"\n\"Tosh\"\n\"Atom Bomb\"\n\"Absurd\"\n\"Squirt\"\n\"Absurd: The Remixes\"\n\"Pulse\"\n\"Switch\"\nRelated articles\nDiscography\n2 Bit Pie\nJan Burton\nSyntaxAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Track listing"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Progressive+History+X%22","external_links_name":"\"Progressive History X\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Progressive+History+X%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Progressive+History+X%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Progressive+History+X%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Progressive+History+X%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Progressive+History+X%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r544984","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/f/fluke-progressive.shtml","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/49d98d7f-16b4-31ea-8d60-6488dcefcd84","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica_Canal
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Kłodnica Canal
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["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 External links"]
|
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Kłodnicki Canal (Polish: Kanał Kłodnicki) is a canal along the Kłodnica River in Upper Silesia, Poland between the Oder River and Gliwice. Constructed when the territory was part of Prussian Silesia, it was originally known as the Klodnitz Canal (German: Klodnitzkanal).
Because the Kłodnica (Klodnitz) was not navigable, a canal was needed to provide transportation for the flourishing coal and ore mining, as well as the metallurgy industry in the Upper Silesia region. Designed by John Baildon, an engineer from Scotland and Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, Director of the High Mining Office in Breslau (Wrocław), the canal was built between 1792 and 1812. It had a length of about 46 km (29 mi) and an altitude difference of about 49 meters (161 ft). It incorporated two hybrid inclined track/ canal locks.
The depth of the canal and the design of the locks allowed the use of vessels of up to 50 tons of payload. However, construction of rail transport facilities connecting the Upper Silesian coalfields eroded the importance of the waterway. The freight volume on the canal in 1847 was 70,000 tons, but shipments dropped to only 4,400 tons by 1865. Between 1888 and 1893, the canal was expanded to allow the passage of vessels up to 100 tons load and 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) draft. However the waterway did not regain its importance.
The Klodnitz Canal facility was replaced by the Gleiwitz (Gliwice) Canal, built from 1935-1939. The territory became part of Poland in 1945 after World War II.
References
Notes
^ Early canal inclined planes in Silesia www.mikeclarke.myzen.co.uk, accessed 21 August 2022
External links
Szymonowicz, Jarosław "A Scotsman in Silesia" Warsaw Voice, 28 March 2007, retrieved on October 16, 2007.
The history of the "Królowa Luiza" mine in Zabrze Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on October 16, 2007.
Pounds, Norman J. G. "The Industrial Geography of Modern Poland". Economic Geography, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1960), pp. 231–253.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Kłodnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Gliwice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"John Baildon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baildon"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Reden"},{"link_name":"Breslau (Wrocław)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)"},{"link_name":"rail transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"Gleiwitz (Gliwice) Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice_Canal"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Kłodnicki Canal (Polish: Kanał Kłodnicki) is a canal along the Kłodnica River in Upper Silesia, Poland between the Oder River and Gliwice. Constructed when the territory was part of Prussian Silesia, it was originally known as the Klodnitz Canal (German: Klodnitzkanal).Because the Kłodnica (Klodnitz) was not navigable, a canal was needed to provide transportation for the flourishing coal and ore mining, as well as the metallurgy industry in the Upper Silesia region. Designed by John Baildon, an engineer from Scotland and Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, Director of the High Mining Office in Breslau (Wrocław), the canal was built between 1792 and 1812. It had a length of about 46 km (29 mi) and an altitude difference of about 49 meters (161 ft). It incorporated two hybrid inclined track/ canal locks.[1]The depth of the canal and the design of the locks allowed the use of vessels of up to 50 tons of payload. However, construction of rail transport facilities connecting the Upper Silesian coalfields eroded the importance of the waterway. The freight volume on the canal in 1847 was 70,000 tons, but shipments dropped to only 4,400 tons by 1865. Between 1888 and 1893, the canal was expanded to allow the passage of vessels up to 100 tons load and 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) draft. However the waterway did not regain its importance.The Klodnitz Canal facility was replaced by the Gleiwitz (Gliwice) Canal, built from 1935-1939. The territory became part of Poland in 1945 after World War II.","title":"Kłodnica Canal"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.mikeclarke.myzen.co.uk/Stollen.htm","external_links_name":"Early canal inclined planes in Silesia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111073309/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/14399","external_links_name":"Szymonowicz, Jarosław \"A Scotsman in Silesia\" Warsaw Voice, 28 March 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.luiza.zabrze.pl/historia.php","external_links_name":"The history of the \"Królowa Luiza\" mine in Zabrze"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017023124/http://www.luiza.zabrze.pl/historia.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/309596670","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1052613071","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsbetriebe_STI
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Verkehrsbetriebe STI
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["1 History","2 Lines","3 Fleet","4 Colors","5 References","6 External links"]
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Bus operator in the Swiss canton of BernThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Verkehrsbetriebe STI" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Verkehrsbetriebe STI (Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken) is a bus operator in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is a private company based in the city of Thun, and operates bus services in that city, as well as routes linking Thun with the neighbouring towns and villages including the tourist hubs of Interlaken and Steffisburg.
The company also manages the Thunersee–Beatenberg Funicular and the Seilbahnen Beatenberg-Niederhorn.
History
A trolleybus and trailer at the Thun STI station in 1979.
Share of the AG Elektrische Bahn Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken, issued 30. November 1912
STI was formed in December 1911, originally as the Elektrische Bahn Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken (English: Steffisburg–Thun–Interlaken Electric Railway), and began carrying passengers on 10 October 1913, with the opening of a tram line between Steffisburg and Oberhofen (via Thun), which was later extended to Beatenbucht and finally to Interlaken. Plans for road rebuilding led to the closure of the Beatenbucht–Interlaken section of tramway in 1939, but trams continued to provide the Thun–Beatenbucht service, STI's main line, until 1952. The Thun–Steffisburg tram line closed in 1958, and since then the STI network has been covered exclusively by buses. Trolleybuses, powered by electricity drawn from overhead wires, were used on the main line, Thun–Beatenbucht, connecting at Beatenbucht with the Thunersee–Beatenberg funicular and with a motorbus route covering the section to Interlaken. In 1982, the trolleybuses were replaced with conventional, diesel-powered buses. STI introduced its first night service in 1993, between Thun and Bern called the Moonliner. Further extensions made to the network in 1999 and 2001 took STI buses into areas such as Gwatt, which had seen railway station closures. In 2022, STI moved headquarters to the Cremo building in Schwäbis.
Lines
Line
Route
1
Steffisburg Flühli – Thun – Gwatt Deltapark – Spiez (section Thun Bhf – Gwatt Deltapark formerly SAT, section Einen – Spiez formerly ASKA (Spiez local bus))
2
Thun – Neufeld – Schorenfriedhof (formerly SAT)
3
Blumenstein – Allmendingen – Thun – Alte Bernstrasse – Heimberg Dornhalde (section Thun Bhf – Allmendingen formerly SAT and Thun Bhf – Stocken – Blumenstein formerly TSG)
4
Thun – Lerchenfeld (formerly SAT)
5
Thun – Dürrenast – Schorenfriedhof (formerly SAT)
6
Thun – Westquartier
21
Thun – Oberhofen – Beatenbucht – Interlaken Ost
22
Untere Wart – Hünibach – Höhenweg – Hilterfingen – Friedhof – Oberhofen – Tannacker ("Hangbus")
24
Oberhofen – Aeschlen – Schwanden – Sigriswil (formerly AGS)
25
Thun – (express route) Gunten – Sigriswil (section Gunten – Sigriswil formerly AGS)
31
Thun – Goldiwil – Heiligenschwendi (formerly ATGH)
31
Thun – Dörfli – Heiligenschwendi (formerly ATGH)
33
Thun – Steffisburg – Teuffenthal (formerly Postbus )
41
Thun – Fahrni bei Thun – Schwarzenegg – Innereriz (formerly AvH)
42
Thun – Fahrni bei Thun – Schwarzenegg – Süderen – Heimenschwand (formerly AvH)
43
Thun – Emberg – Heimenschwand (formerly AvH)
44
Oberdiessbach – Linden – Heimenschwand (formerly AvH)
50
Thun – Uebeschi – Blumenstein (formerly TSG)
51
Thun – Wattenwil – Blumenstein (formerly TSG)
53
Blumenstein - Wattenwil - Seftigen, Bahnhof (formerly TSG)
55
Thun – Wimmis (formerly TSG and even earlier section Thun – Reutigen PTT)
M13
Kiesen–Oberdiessbach–Linden–Heimenschwand (night bus)
M15
Bern – Thun – Spiez – Interlaken (night bus)
Fleet
As of January 2014 the fleet consisted of 65 vehicles
Colors
Since its 100th anniversary the STI vehicles are painted in a light yellow and an anthracite.
References
^ "Company". Niederhornbahn AG. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
^ Suppes 94/95 Historische Wertpapiere. WWW Bernd Suppes. 1994. p. 454. ISSN 0936-9406.
^ a b c Pearson, David (January 1982). "The Thunersee Trolley". Trolleybus Magazine No. 122, pp. 5–14. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.
^ Probst, Roger (May 24, 2022). "Jahrelange Suche hat ein Ende" . Thuner Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved October 31, 2023.
^ "STI-Busse im neuen Erscheinungsbild" (PDF). STI Verkehrsdienste. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verkehrsbetriebe STI.
Official site
Ferrovie, with images of STI vehicles
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steffisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffisburg"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thun"},{"link_name":"Interlaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaken"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thun"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thun"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"Interlaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaken"},{"link_name":"Steffisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffisburg"},{"link_name":"Thunersee–Beatenberg Funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunersee%E2%80%93Beatenberg_Funicular"},{"link_name":"Seilbahnen Beatenberg-Niederhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seilbahnen_Beatenberg-Niederhorn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-company-1"}],"text":"Verkehrsbetriebe STI (Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken) is a bus operator in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is a private company based in the city of Thun, and operates bus services in that city, as well as routes linking Thun with the neighbouring towns and villages including the tourist hubs of Interlaken and Steffisburg.The company also manages the Thunersee–Beatenberg Funicular and the Seilbahnen Beatenberg-Niederhorn.[1]","title":"Verkehrsbetriebe STI"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thun_trolleybus_8_and_trailer_23_at_Thun_Bahnhof_in_1979.jpg"},{"link_name":"trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elektr._Bahn_Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken_1911.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sup-2"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearson-3"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Steffisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffisburg"},{"link_name":"Oberhofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhofen_am_Thunersee"},{"link_name":"Beatenbucht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beatenbucht&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearson-3"},{"link_name":"buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"Thunersee–Beatenberg funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunersee%E2%80%93Beatenberg_railway"},{"link_name":"motorbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorbus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearson-3"},{"link_name":"Gwatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwatt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A trolleybus and trailer at the Thun STI station in 1979.Share of the AG Elektrische Bahn Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken, issued 30. November 1912 [2]STI was formed in December 1911, originally as the Elektrische Bahn Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken (English: Steffisburg–Thun–Interlaken Electric Railway),[3] and began carrying passengers on 10 October 1913, with the opening of a tram line between Steffisburg and Oberhofen (via Thun), which was later extended to Beatenbucht and finally to Interlaken. Plans for road rebuilding led to the closure of the Beatenbucht–Interlaken section of tramway in 1939, but trams continued to provide the Thun–Beatenbucht service, STI's main line, until 1952.[3] The Thun–Steffisburg tram line closed in 1958, and since then the STI network has been covered exclusively by buses. Trolleybuses, powered by electricity drawn from overhead wires, were used on the main line, Thun–Beatenbucht, connecting at Beatenbucht with the Thunersee–Beatenberg funicular and with a motorbus route covering the section to Interlaken.[3] In 1982, the trolleybuses were replaced with conventional, diesel-powered buses. STI introduced its first night service in 1993, between Thun and Bern called the Moonliner. Further extensions made to the network in 1999 and 2001 took STI buses into areas such as Gwatt, which had seen railway station closures. In 2022, STI moved headquarters to the Cremo building in Schwäbis.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As of January 2014 the fleet consisted of 65 vehicles [citation needed]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newBusses-5"}],"text":"Since its 100th anniversary the STI vehicles are painted in a light yellow and an anthracite.[5]","title":"Colors"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A trolleybus and trailer at the Thun STI station in 1979.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thun_trolleybus_8_and_trailer_23_at_Thun_Bahnhof_in_1979.jpg/220px-Thun_trolleybus_8_and_trailer_23_at_Thun_Bahnhof_in_1979.jpg"},{"image_text":"Share of the AG Elektrische Bahn Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken, issued 30. November 1912 [2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Elektr._Bahn_Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken_1911.JPG/220px-Elektr._Bahn_Steffisburg-Thun-Interlaken_1911.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Company\". Niederhornbahn AG. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niederhorn.ch/en/company/?navid=356439356439","url_text":"\"Company\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327113224/https://www.niederhorn.ch/en/company/?navid=356439356439","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Suppes 94/95 Historische Wertpapiere. WWW Bernd Suppes. 1994. p. 454. ISSN 0936-9406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0936-9406","url_text":"0936-9406"}]},{"reference":"Probst, Roger (May 24, 2022). \"Jahrelange Suche hat ein Ende\" [Years of searching are over]. Thuner Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thunertagblatt.ch/sti-bekommt-ein-neues-zuhause-466942422044","url_text":"\"Jahrelange Suche hat ein Ende\""}]},{"reference":"\"STI-Busse im neuen Erscheinungsbild\" (PDF). STI Verkehrsdienste. Retrieved 24 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stibus.ch/media/docs/Unternehmen/Medien/Mitteilungen/STI/Buspraesentation-Baelliz.pdf","url_text":"\"STI-Busse im neuen Erscheinungsbild\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Duanes_(1930_film)
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The Last of the Duanes (1930 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"]
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1930 film
The Last of the DuanesDirected byAlfred L. WerkerWritten byZane Grey (novel Last of the Duanes)Ernest Pascal (screenplay)Produced byEdward Butcher (producer)Harold B. Lipsitz (producer)StarringSee belowCinematographyDaniel B. ClarkEdited byRalph DietrichMusic bySamuel KaylinDistributed byFox Film CorporationRelease date
August 31, 1930 (1930-08-31)
Running time54 minutes (USA)62 minutes (American original version)CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Last of the Duanes is a 1930 American pre-Code Western film produced and released by Fox Film Corporation, directed by Alfred L. Werker, and starring George O'Brien, Lucile Browne and Myrna Loy.
The film is based on Zane Grey's 1914 novel, Last of the Duanes. It is a remake of Fox's successful 1919 silent starring William Farnum and their 1924 silent remake starring Tom Mix. The novel was also adapted in 1941 starring George Montgomery.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
George O'Brien as Buck Duane
Lucile Browne as Ruth Garrett
Myrna Loy as Lola
Walter McGrail as Bland
Clara Blandick as Mrs. Duane
Frank Campeau as Luke Stevens
Natalie Kingston as Morgan's girlfriend
Jim Mason as Jim Morgan
James Bradbury Jr. as Euchre
Lloyd Ingraham as Mr. Garrett
Willard Robertson as Texas Ranger Captain
Soundtrack
"Cowboy Dan" (Written by Cliff Friend)
"The Outlaw Song" (Written by Cliff Friend)
References
^ Dickstein, Martin (September 15, 1930). "'Last of the Duanes' Features New Programs at the Roxy Theatre". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 19. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
External links
The Last of the Duanes at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Alfred L. Werker
The Pioneer Scout (1928)
The Sunset Legion (1928)
Kit Carson (1928)
Chasing Through Europe (1929)
Blue Skies (1929)
Double Cross Roads (1930)
The Last of the Duanes (1930)
Annabelle's Affairs (1931)
Fair Warning (1931)
Heartbreak (1931)
The Gay Caballero (1932)
Rackety Rax (1932)
Hello, Sister! (1933)
Advice to the Lovelorn (1933)
It's Great to Be Alive (1933)
Gallant Lady (1934)
The House of Rothschild (1934)
You Belong to Me (1934)
Stolen Harmony (1935)
Love in Exile (1936)
Wild and Woolly (1937)
Big Town Girl (1937)
We Have Our Moments (1937)
City Girl (1938)
Kidnapped (1938)
Gateway (1938)
Up the River (1938)
It Could Happen to You (1939)
News Is Made at Night (1939)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939)
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Moon Over Her Shoulder (1941)
The Mad Martindales (1942)
A-Haunting We Will Go (1942)
Whispering Ghosts (1942)
My Pal Wolf (1944)
Shock (1946)
Repeat Performance (1947)
Pirates of Monterey (1947)
He Walked by Night (1948)
Lost Boundaries (1949)
Sealed Cargo (1951)
Walk East on Beacon (1952)
The Last Posse (1953)
Devil's Canyon (1953)
Three Hours to Kill (1954)
At Gunpoint (1955)
Canyon Crossroads (1955)
Rebel in Town (1956)
The Young Don't Cry (1957)
This 1930s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Code"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Fox Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. Werker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Werker"},{"link_name":"George O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_O%27Brien_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lucile Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucile_Browne"},{"link_name":"Myrna Loy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrna_Loy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zane Grey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Grey"},{"link_name":"Last of the Duanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_the_Duanes_(novel)"},{"link_name":"1919 silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Duanes_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"William Farnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farnum"},{"link_name":"Tom Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mix"},{"link_name":"adapted in 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_the_Duanes_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"George Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montgomery_(actor)"}],"text":"The Last of the Duanes is a 1930 American pre-Code Western film produced and released by Fox Film Corporation, directed by Alfred L. Werker, and starring George O'Brien, Lucile Browne and Myrna Loy.[1]The film is based on Zane Grey's 1914 novel, Last of the Duanes. It is a remake of Fox's successful 1919 silent starring William Farnum and their 1924 silent remake starring Tom Mix. The novel was also adapted in 1941 starring George Montgomery.","title":"The Last of the Duanes (1930 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_O%27Brien_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lucile Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucile_Browne"},{"link_name":"Myrna Loy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrna_Loy"},{"link_name":"Walter McGrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_McGrail"},{"link_name":"Clara Blandick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Blandick"},{"link_name":"Frank Campeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Campeau"},{"link_name":"Natalie Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Jim Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"James Bradbury Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bradbury_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lloyd Ingraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Ingraham"},{"link_name":"Willard Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Robertson"}],"text":"George O'Brien as Buck Duane\nLucile Browne as Ruth Garrett\nMyrna Loy as Lola\nWalter McGrail as Bland\nClara Blandick as Mrs. Duane\nFrank Campeau as Luke Stevens\nNatalie Kingston as Morgan's girlfriend\nJim Mason as Jim Morgan\nJames Bradbury Jr. as Euchre\nLloyd Ingraham as Mr. Garrett\nWillard Robertson as Texas Ranger Captain","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cliff Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Friend"}],"text":"\"Cowboy Dan\" (Written by Cliff Friend)\n\"The Outlaw Song\" (Written by Cliff Friend)","title":"Soundtrack"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dickstein, Martin (September 15, 1930). \"'Last of the Duanes' Features New Programs at the Roxy Theatre\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 19. Retrieved July 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/59868863/?terms=%22last%20of%20the%20duanes%22&match=1","url_text":"\"'Last of the Duanes' Features New Programs at the Roxy Theatre\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Duanes_(1930_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/59868863/?terms=%22last%20of%20the%20duanes%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"'Last of the Duanes' Features New Programs at the Roxy Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021051/","external_links_name":"The Last of the Duanes"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Duanes_(1930_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun
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Clun
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Attractions","4 Facilities","5 Festivals","6 Media","7 Related uses of the name","8 Notable people","9 In culture","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°25′17″N 3°01′47″W / 52.4214°N 3.0297°W / 52.4214; -3.0297
Human settlement in EnglandClunClun Bridge over the River ClunClunLocation within ShropshirePopulation680 (2011 Census)OS grid referenceSO302808Civil parishClun and Chapel LawnUnitary authorityShropshireCeremonial countyShropshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCRAVEN ARMSPostcode districtSY7Dialling code01588PoliceWest MerciaFireShropshireAmbulanceWest Midlands
UK ParliamentLudlow
List of places
UK
England
Shropshire
52°25′17″N 3°01′47″W / 52.4214°N 3.0297°W / 52.4214; -3.0297
Annual sheep auction; P B Abery (1877?–1948); 1920s
Clun post office, 1910s
Clun /ˈklʌn/ (Welsh: Colunwy) is a town in south west Shropshire, England, and the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The 2011 census recorded 680 people living in the town. Research by the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England suggests that Clun is one of the "most tranquil" locations in England.
History
Clun takes its name from the river upon whose banks it stands. Deriving from the Welsh Colunwy, it shares its very early Brythonic root with the two rivers Colne, in Lancashire and Essex, each of which has a town of the same name on its banks.
Clun grew up around the site of an Anglo-Saxon church towards the end of the 7th century AD. However, in the surrounding area there was a scattered population at least as early as the Neolithic period, about 5000 years ago. Clun was on the historic drove road where flocks and herds were driven from Wales to the markets in the Midlands and London. At the time of the Norman Conquest Clun formed part of the extensive lands of Eadric the Wild, who led a revolt against King William I, whereon his lands were confiscated and given to Roger de Montgomery who was created Earl of Shrewsbury. Roger in turn granted 27 manors, of which Clun was the largest, to Picot de Say. These lands constituted a single Marcher Lordship which became known as the Barony of Clun. The de Say family established Clun Castle.
Clun Castle
The 14th-century pack horse bridge that crosses the river connecting Saxon Clun to Norman Clun has given rise to a local saying: "whoever crosses Clun Bridge comes back sharper than he went".
Clun Mill located to the north of the town is nicknamed the "malevolent mill" on account of numerous deaths having been recorded there and occupants disappearing after purchasing it. Last used around 1920, it opened as a youth hostel in 1932.
Geography
The town's name is taken from that of the River Clun (Welsh: Colunwy), which flows from west to east through the settlement. The Clun Valley is dominated by agriculture, though some areas of woodland remain. The River Unk joins the Clun just to the west of the town.
The A488 and B4368 roads cross in the town of Clun. Craven Arms, Bishop's Castle and Ludlow are the neighbouring Shropshire towns, and Knighton, which is in Wales, is 7 miles (11 km) to the south. Nearby is Offa's Dyke and the Offa's Dyke Path. Clun Forest is to the west of the town, further upstream of the Rivers Unk and Clun. The Jack Mytton Way passes through the town as does the Shropshire Way and further significant historic routes pass through the area.
Clun, in the "Clun Valley", surrounded by agricultural lands in the early 20th century.
The town centre on the north bank of the River Clun lies 185 metres (607 ft) above sea level while the oldest part of the settlement, by St George's Church on the south bank, is a little more elevated, at 193 metres (633 ft). Between the two, Clun Bridge 181 metres (594 ft) above sea level) carries the A488 and B4368 routes across the river.
In addition to Clun Bridge there is also a ford further downstream, at Waterloo, which has recently been made usable to most motor vehicles, A third crossing point, a footbridge just upstream of Clun Bridge, connects the town's main car park to the castle grounds.
The population of the civil parish of Clun was 1,184 as measured by the 2011 census. The population of the town is considerably less than that of its much wider parish, recorded as just 680 people in 2011, compared with 642 in 2001; this is a population normally associated with that of a village in modern-day England. It is said that the population of the town is now smaller than it was during the flourishing days of the wool trade in England centuries ago. The town is the smallest in Shropshire and is smaller than many villages in the county. It is also the only town in Shropshire never to have had a railway line or station.
The electoral division of Clun covers a much wider area than the civil parish and the population of this division recorded at the 2011 census was 3,964.
Attractions
Clun Town Hall, now a museum, by The Square
Attractions in the town include:
the Norman Clun Castle, now only a ruin but with grounds which are used for the May fair
the fifteenth century Clun Bridge (basically a packhorse bridge), most of which is still the original stone despite being a road bridge today used by all vehicles
Trinity Hospital, almshouses built in 1614, on Hospital Lane
a museum in Clun Town Hall, on the corner of The Square and High Street
The main church in the town is St George's Church, which is situated on the steep rise out of the town ("Church Street") to the south of Clun Bridge. The nave includes Norman columns, but the entire church apart from the tower was rebuilt extensively by the Victorian architect G. E. Street in 1877.
Clun is a popular starting point for walkers who wish to explore the Shropshire Way, the Jack Mytton Way or the local circular walks. A walkers' car park is situated at the Memorial Hall.
Facilities
The main streets in the town are Enfield Street, The Square, High Street, Ford Street, Bridge Street and Church Street. Along these streets are a handful of shops including a hair salon and a convenience store. The town previously had two butchers, which have since closed. However, there are two cafes, one directly on the bridge in a beautiful spot. Caractacus is a shop selling many things from candles to cards in the Square and further along on Ford Street is Craft Creations which opens on selected days and sells handcrafted items made by artisans in the Clun Valley. There is also a post office (now within the convenience store) and a museum in the Square. On the Craven Arms Road there are a number of small businesses (mostly at "The Green Industrial Estate"), as well as the local fire station.
There are two pubs in the town – the Sun Inn and the White Horse Inn. The Buffalo Head Hotel ("the Buffalo") has been closed since about 2004, but has not yet been converted into another use (it lies dormant). The White Horse has an entry in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide 2015.
The town has a primary school (St George's). Renowned for its great nursery, the school is situated near the church where it holds its annual nativity and various festivals and plays, open to children and parents. The school has a reputation across Shropshire for its excellent education and student support.
There are two community centres: the Memorial Hall (dedicated to local dead of both World Wars whose names are listed on boards indoors) in the north, which hosts community events such as sports days and flicks in the sticks (regular showings of films and plays), and can also be rented out for weddings; and the Hightown Community Room, located in the south
There is also a Youth Hostel at Clun Mill, just to the north of the town.
There is a short stay car park on the B4368 Newcastle Road, near Clun Bridge, where there are public toilets, although walkers and tourists are encouraged to use the longer stay Memorial Hall car park to prevent overcrowding.
Festivals
Over the three days of the first May bank holiday every year, the Green Man festival is held. On the bank holiday Monday the Green Man enters Clun to battle the spirit of winter at Clun Bridge and a May fair is held in the grounds of Clun Castle with a May Queen.
The last weekend in June is Clun Open Gardens. Approximately 20 private gardens are open to the public. Cream teas, plants, books and refurbished garden tools are all on sale. St George's Church is the host to flower arrangements and also holds music recitals.
The first Saturday in August every year sees the Clun Carnival and Show take place with a procession through the town's streets and a fete at the playing fields to the north of the town. Local people of all ages flock to exhibit their marrows, Victoria sponges and flower arrangements in the show tent. There are many stalls, a bouncy castle and a tea tent.
The first weekend in October sees the Clun Valley Beer Festival which takes place in the six open pubs in the valley (from Anchor to Aston on Clun).
Media
In terms of television, the town is covered by BBC Midlands Today and ITV News Central both broadcast from Birmingham. Television signals are received from the local relay transmitter which is transmitted from the Wrekin transmitter, it is situated south east of the town.
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Shropshire on 104.1 FM, Sunshine Radio on 105.9 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire on 106.5 FM, and Free Radio Black Country & Shropshire on 103.1 FM.
The Shropshire Star is the local newspaper which covers the town.
Related uses of the name
See also: Clun Forest sheep
Clun is also a term used sometimes for the extreme southwest part of the county of Shropshire. Shropshire Council has an electoral division called Clun which covers Clun and the surrounding parishes. From the 2009 elections this electoral division continued to exist, though became slightly smaller. The electoral division returns one councillor to the council. The term "Clun Valley" is also used for the villages and communities along the River Clun – such as Anchor, Newcastle and Aston on Clun.
Notable people
Ruins of Clun Castle, 2007
Robert de Say (11th C.) Norman knight, noted for the initial construction of Clun Castle
Henry de Say (died after 1130) Norman nobleman, lived in Clun, he inherited Clun Castle from his father, Robert
Helias de Say (died 1165), also called Hellias, a Norman nobleman, lived in Clun
Duke of Norfolk (third creation 1483) is also Baron of Clun.
Sir Robert Howard KB (1585–1653) politician, inherited Clun Castle in 1626 from his brother.
John Burrough (1873 in Clun – 1922) first-class cricketer, played in 24 matches for Cambridge University
William Burrough (1875 in Clun – 1939) played first-class cricket for Somerset
Bruce Bairnsfather (1887–1959) cartoonist, created Old Bill cartoons, resided at Cresswell House during WWII.
Martin Woosnam (1903–1962) Welsh international footballer, played for Thames A.F.C. and Brentford F.C.
Keith Kissack MBE (1913 in Clun – 2010) a British schoolteacher and historian
John Osborne (1929–1994 in Clunton) playwright, wrote Look Back in Anger, lived in Clunton.
Guy N. Smith (1939–2020) English writer mainly in horror fiction and other genres, lived near Clun in later life.
In culture
Sir Walter Scott is said to have stayed at The Buffalo Inn while writing part of his novel The Betrothed (published 1825), basing the castle called in the story Garde Doloreuse on Clun Castle.
In A Shropshire Lad, A. E. Housman wrote the verse: "Clunton and Clunbury,/ Clungunford and Clun,/ Are the quietest places/ Under the sun."
E. M. Forster visited Clun, which subsequently featured as Oniton in his novel Howards End (1910).
Malcolm Saville wrote a series of books about a group of children who solve mysteries and have adventures (The Lone Pine Club) either in Clun or in places close to the town.
Destinations from Clun
Cefn Einion, Mainstone
ColebatchBishop's Castle
Lydbury NorthShrewsbury (county town)
Whitcott Keysett, Newcastle, Bettws-y-crwyn, Anchor
Clun
Clunton, Clunbury, Purslow, Aston on ClunCraven Arms
Llanfair Waterdine, Knucklas
New InventionKnighton
Bucknell, Bedstone, Leintwardine
See also
Listed buildings in Clun
References
^ a b Combined populations for the two output areas covering the town. and
^ Campaign for the Protection of Rural England. "Tranquillity map: Shropshire". Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names
^ "Clun". Key to English Place-names. English Place Name Society at the University of Nottingham. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
^ Open Domesday Online: Clun; accessed August 2018.
^ "The History of Clun Castle". English Heritage. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ Mackenzie, James D. (1896) The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure, Vol II. New York: Macmillan, p. 131
^ Timmins, H. Thornhill (2018). Nooks and Corners of Shropshire. Outlook Verlag. p. 77. ISBN 978-3732631872.
^ Historic listing of YHA hostels
^ National Statistics Clun parish population density area in 2011
^ "Ward population 2011". Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ Historic England. "Clun Museum (1054426)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ "St George's Church, Clun". www.clun.org.uk. UK. Archived from the original on 8 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^ Brief Notes on St George's Church, Clun.
^ "The Sun Inn". Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
^ "The White Horse Inn". Retrieved 13 August 2008.
^ Francis, Peter (2013). Shropshire War Memorials, Sites of Remembrance. YouCaxton Publishing, Bishops Castle. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-909644-11-3.
^ Clun Green Man Festival, UK.
^ Clun Open Gardens, UK.
^ Visit Shropshire Hills Clun
^ Shropshire Star Town ready for Clun Carnival capers
^ "Clun Valley Beer Festival". Retrieved 13 August 2008.
^ "Freeview Light on the Clun (Shropshire, England) transmitter". 1 May 2004. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^ "Shropshire Star". British Papers. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^ "Howard, Robert (1585-1653)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ "Player profile: John Burrough". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
^ "William Burrough". www.cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
^ Nicolle, Dorothy (2009). Discovering Shropshire Towns. Blue Hills Press. p. 40.
^ Haynes, Graham; Coumbe, Frank (2006). Timeless Bees: Brentford F.C. Who's Who 1920–2006. Harefield: Yore Publications. p. 172. ISBN 978-0955294914.
^ Heilpern, John (2006). John Osborne: A Patriot for Us. Chatto & Windus. pp. 470–479. ISBN 978-0-7011-6780-6.
^ "Cleaner, 40, took £2,400 from top novelist who trusted her". Shropshire Star. 20 July 2022. p. 19.Report by Mark Andrews.
^ Dickins, Gordon (1987). An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire. Shropshire Libraries. pp. 63, 94. ISBN 0-903802-37-6.
^ Housman, A. E. (1906). A Shropshire Lad. New York: John Lane Company. p. 76.
^ An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire, pp.31-32, 94.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clun.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Clun.
Clun Town Council
Clun Town Museum Archived 13 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Clun and Clun Valley (for visitors)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annual_sheep_auction_at_Clun_(3468631762).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clun_post_office_(1293401).jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˈklʌn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Hills_AONB"},{"link_name":"Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newpop-1"},{"link_name":"Campaign for the Protection of Rural England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_the_Protection_of_Rural_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandAnnual sheep auction; P B Abery (1877?–1948); 1920sClun post office, 1910sClun /ˈklʌn/ (Welsh: Colunwy) is a town in south west Shropshire, England, and the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The 2011 census recorded 680 people living in the town.[1] Research by the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England suggests that Clun is one of the \"most tranquil\" locations in England.[2]","title":"Clun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Neolithic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_period"},{"link_name":"drove road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drove_road"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Eadric the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadric_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"King William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Roger de Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Montgomerie,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Earl of Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Picot de Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Say"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clun_Castle_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yh-9"}],"text":"Clun takes its name from the river upon whose banks it stands. Deriving from the Welsh Colunwy, it shares its very early Brythonic root with the two rivers Colne, in Lancashire and Essex, each of which has a town of the same name on its banks.[3][4]Clun grew up around the site of an Anglo-Saxon church towards the end of the 7th century AD. However, in the surrounding area there was a scattered population at least as early as the Neolithic period, about 5000 years ago. Clun was on the historic drove road where flocks and herds were driven from Wales to the markets in the Midlands and London. At the time of the Norman Conquest Clun formed part of the extensive lands of Eadric the Wild, who led a revolt against King William I, whereon his lands were confiscated and given to Roger de Montgomery who was created Earl of Shrewsbury. Roger in turn granted 27 manors, of which Clun was the largest, to Picot de Say.[5] These lands constituted a single Marcher Lordship which became known as the Barony of Clun.[6] The de Say family established Clun Castle.[7]Clun CastleThe 14th-century pack horse bridge that crosses the river connecting Saxon Clun to Norman Clun has given rise to a local saying: \"whoever crosses Clun Bridge comes back sharper than he went\".[8]Clun Mill located to the north of the town is nicknamed the \"malevolent mill\" on account of numerous deaths having been recorded there and occupants disappearing after purchasing it. Last used around 1920, it opened as a youth hostel in 1932.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Clun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clun,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"River Unk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Unk,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"A488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A488_road"},{"link_name":"Craven Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Arms"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Knighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighton,_Powys"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Offa's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Offa's Dyke Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke_Path"},{"link_name":"Clun Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Forest"},{"link_name":"Jack Mytton Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Mytton_Way"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Way"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22_Clun%22_and_the_Clun_valley_(1295153).jpg"},{"link_name":"St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George"},{"link_name":"Clun Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Bridge"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(river)"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Clun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_and_Chapel_Lawn"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newpop-1"},{"link_name":"wool trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_trade"},{"link_name":"electoral division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The town's name is taken from that of the River Clun (Welsh: Colunwy), which flows from west to east through the settlement. The Clun Valley is dominated by agriculture, though some areas of woodland remain. The River Unk joins the Clun just to the west of the town.The A488 and B4368 roads cross in the town of Clun. Craven Arms, Bishop's Castle and Ludlow are the neighbouring Shropshire towns, and Knighton, which is in Wales, is 7 miles (11 km) to the south. Nearby is Offa's Dyke and the Offa's Dyke Path. Clun Forest is to the west of the town, further upstream of the Rivers Unk and Clun. The Jack Mytton Way passes through the town as does the Shropshire Way and further significant historic routes pass through the area.Clun, in the \"Clun Valley\", surrounded by agricultural lands in the early 20th century.The town centre on the north bank of the River Clun lies 185 metres (607 ft) above sea level while the oldest part of the settlement, by St George's Church on the south bank, is a little more elevated, at 193 metres (633 ft). Between the two, Clun Bridge 181 metres (594 ft) above sea level) carries the A488 and B4368 routes across the river.In addition to Clun Bridge there is also a ford further downstream, at Waterloo, which has recently been made usable to most motor vehicles, A third crossing point, a footbridge just upstream of Clun Bridge, connects the town's main car park to the castle grounds.The population of the civil parish of Clun was 1,184 as measured by the 2011 census.[10] The population of the town is considerably less than that of its much wider parish, recorded as just 680 people in 2011,[1] compared with 642 in 2001; this is a population normally associated with that of a village in modern-day England. It is said that the population of the town is now smaller than it was during the flourishing days of the wool trade in England centuries ago. The town is the smallest in Shropshire and is smaller than many villages in the county. It is also the only town in Shropshire never to have had a railway line or station.The electoral division of Clun covers a much wider area than the civil parish and the population of this division recorded at the 2011 census was 3,964.[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clun_Town_Hall_and_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_380354.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clun Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"ruin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruin"},{"link_name":"Clun Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Bridge"},{"link_name":"packhorse bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packhorse_bridge"},{"link_name":"almshouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouse"},{"link_name":"Clun Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"G. E. Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Street"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Way"},{"link_name":"Jack Mytton Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Mytton_Way"}],"text":"Clun Town Hall, now a museum, by The SquareAttractions in the town include:the Norman Clun Castle, now only a ruin but with grounds which are used for the May fair\nthe fifteenth century Clun Bridge (basically a packhorse bridge), most of which is still the original stone despite being a road bridge today used by all vehicles\nTrinity Hospital, almshouses built in 1614, on Hospital Lane\na museum in Clun Town Hall, on the corner of The Square and High Street[12]The main church in the town is St George's Church, which is situated on the steep rise out of the town (\"Church Street\") to the south of Clun Bridge.[13] The nave includes Norman columns, but the entire church apart from the tower was rebuilt extensively by the Victorian architect G. E. Street in 1877.[14]Clun is a popular starting point for walkers who wish to explore the Shropshire Way, the Jack Mytton Way or the local circular walks. A walkers' car park is situated at the Memorial Hall.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local fire station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_houses"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"CAMRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"link_name":"Good Beer Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Beer_Guide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Youth Hostel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Hostel"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Shropshire"}],"text":"The main streets in the town are Enfield Street, The Square, High Street, Ford Street, Bridge Street and Church Street. Along these streets are a handful of shops including a hair salon and a convenience store. The town previously had two butchers, which have since closed. However, there are two cafes, one directly on the bridge in a beautiful spot. Caractacus is a shop selling many things from candles to cards in the Square and further along on Ford Street is Craft Creations which opens on selected days and sells handcrafted items made by artisans in the Clun Valley. There is also a post office (now within the convenience store) and a museum in the Square. On the Craven Arms Road there are a number of small businesses (mostly at \"The Green Industrial Estate\"), as well as the local fire station.There are two pubs in the town – the Sun Inn[15] and the White Horse Inn.[16] The Buffalo Head Hotel (\"the Buffalo\") has been closed since about 2004, but has not yet been converted into another use (it lies dormant). The White Horse has an entry in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide 2015.The town has a primary school (St George's). Renowned for its great nursery, the school is situated near the church where it holds its annual nativity and various festivals and plays, open to children and parents. The school has a reputation across Shropshire for its excellent education and student support.There are two community centres: the Memorial Hall (dedicated to local dead of both World Wars whose names are listed on boards indoors) in the north,[17] which hosts community events such as sports days and flicks in the sticks (regular showings of films and plays), and can also be rented out for weddings; and the Hightown Community Room, located in the southThere is also a Youth Hostel at Clun Mill, just to the north of the town.There is a short stay car park on the B4368 Newcastle Road, near Clun Bridge, where there are public toilets, although walkers and tourists are encouraged to use the longer stay Memorial Hall car park to prevent overcrowding.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May bank holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_bank_holiday"},{"link_name":"Green Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Man"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"May Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Queen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Aston on Clun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_on_Clun"}],"text":"Over the three days of the first May bank holiday every year, the Green Man festival is held. On the bank holiday Monday the Green Man enters Clun to battle the spirit of winter at Clun Bridge and a May fair is held in the grounds of Clun Castle with a May Queen.[18]The last weekend in June is Clun Open Gardens. Approximately 20 private gardens are open to the public. Cream teas, plants, books and refurbished garden tools are all on sale. St George's Church is the host to flower arrangements and also holds music recitals.[19]The first Saturday in August every year sees the Clun Carnival and Show take place with a procession through the town's streets and a fete at the playing fields to the north of the town. Local people of all ages flock to exhibit their marrows, Victoria sponges and flower arrangements in the show tent. There are many stalls, a bouncy castle and a tea tent.[20][21]The first weekend in October sees the Clun Valley Beer Festival[22] which takes place in the six open pubs in the valley (from Anchor to Aston on Clun).","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Midlands Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Midlands_Today"},{"link_name":"ITV News Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News_Central"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Wrekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrekin_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Radio_(Ludlow)"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_107"},{"link_name":"Free Radio Black Country & Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Radio_Black_Country_%26_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Star"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In terms of television, the town is covered by BBC Midlands Today and ITV News Central both broadcast from Birmingham. Television signals are received from the local relay transmitter which is transmitted from the Wrekin transmitter, it is situated south east of the town.[23]Local radio stations are BBC Radio Shropshire on 104.1 FM, Sunshine Radio on 105.9 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire on 106.5 FM, and Free Radio Black Country & Shropshire on 103.1 FM.The Shropshire Star is the local newspaper which covers the town.[24]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clun Forest sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Forest_sheep"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Council"},{"link_name":"electoral division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Aston on Clun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_on_Clun"}],"text":"See also: Clun Forest sheepClun is also a term used sometimes for the extreme southwest part of the county of Shropshire. Shropshire Council has an electoral division called Clun which covers Clun and the surrounding parishes. From the 2009 elections this electoral division continued to exist, though became slightly smaller. The electoral division returns one councillor to the council. The term \"Clun Valley\" is also used for the villages and communities along the River Clun – such as Anchor, Newcastle and Aston on Clun.","title":"Related uses of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Clun_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"Robert de Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Say"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"Henry de Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Say"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"Helias de Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Say#Helias_de_Say"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Howard_(Royalist)"},{"link_name":"Clun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clun_Castle"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"John Burrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burrough_(Cambridge_University_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"William Burrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burrough_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Bruce Bairnsfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Bairnsfather"},{"link_name":"Old Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bill_(comics)"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Martin Woosnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Woosnam"},{"link_name":"Thames A.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Brentford F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Keith Kissack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Kissack"},{"link_name":"John Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Look Back in Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger"},{"link_name":"Clunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunton"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Guy N. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_N._Smith"},{"link_name":"horror fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Ruins of Clun Castle, 2007Robert de Say (11th C.) Norman knight, noted for the initial construction of Clun Castle\nHenry de Say (died after 1130) Norman nobleman, lived in Clun, he inherited Clun Castle from his father, Robert\nHelias de Say (died 1165), also called Hellias, a Norman nobleman, lived in Clun\nDuke of Norfolk (third creation 1483) is also Baron of Clun.\nSir Robert Howard KB (1585–1653) politician, inherited Clun Castle in 1626 from his brother.[25]\nJohn Burrough (1873 in Clun – 1922) first-class cricketer, played in 24 matches for Cambridge University[26]\nWilliam Burrough (1875 in Clun – 1939) played first-class cricket for Somerset[27]\nBruce Bairnsfather (1887–1959) cartoonist, created Old Bill cartoons, resided at Cresswell House during WWII.[28]\nMartin Woosnam (1903–1962) Welsh international footballer, played for Thames A.F.C. and Brentford F.C.[29]\nKeith Kissack MBE (1913 in Clun – 2010) a British schoolteacher and historian\nJohn Osborne (1929–1994 in Clunton) playwright, wrote Look Back in Anger, lived in Clunton.[30]\nGuy N. Smith (1939–2020) English writer mainly in horror fiction and other genres, lived near Clun in later life.[31]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"The Betrothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Scott_novel)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"A Shropshire Lad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Shropshire_Lad"},{"link_name":"A. E. Housman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman"},{"link_name":"Clunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunton"},{"link_name":"Clunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunbury"},{"link_name":"Clungunford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clungunford"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"E. M. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster"},{"link_name":"Howards End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howards_End"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Saville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Saville"},{"link_name":"Cefn Einion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefn_Einion"},{"link_name":"Mainstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstone"},{"link_name":"Colebatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colebatch,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lydbury North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydbury_North"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"Whitcott Keysett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitcott_Keysett"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Bettws-y-crwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettws-y-crwyn"},{"link_name":"Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Clunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunton"},{"link_name":"Clunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunbury"},{"link_name":"Purslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purslow"},{"link_name":"Aston on Clun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_on_Clun"},{"link_name":"Craven Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Arms"},{"link_name":"Llanfair Waterdine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfair_Waterdine"},{"link_name":"Knucklas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knucklas"},{"link_name":"New Invention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Invention,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Knighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighton,_Powys"},{"link_name":"Bucknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucknell,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Bedstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedstone"},{"link_name":"Leintwardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leintwardine"}],"text":"Sir Walter Scott is said to have stayed at The Buffalo Inn while writing part of his novel The Betrothed (published 1825), basing the castle called in the story Garde Doloreuse on Clun Castle.[32]\nIn A Shropshire Lad, A. E. Housman wrote the verse: \"Clunton and Clunbury,/ Clungunford and Clun,/ Are the quietest places/ Under the sun.\"[33]\nE. M. Forster visited Clun, which subsequently featured as Oniton in his novel Howards End (1910).[34]\nMalcolm Saville wrote a series of books about a group of children who solve mysteries and have adventures (The Lone Pine Club) either in Clun or in places close to the town.Destinations from Clun\nCefn Einion, Mainstone\nColebatchBishop's Castle\nLydbury NorthShrewsbury (county town)\n\n\n\n\n\nWhitcott Keysett, Newcastle, Bettws-y-crwyn, Anchor\n\nClun\n\nClunton, Clunbury, Purslow, Aston on ClunCraven Arms\n\n\n\n\n\nLlanfair Waterdine, Knucklas\nNew InventionKnighton\nBucknell, Bedstone, Leintwardine","title":"In culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Annual sheep auction; P B Abery (1877?–1948); 1920s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Annual_sheep_auction_at_Clun_%283468631762%29.jpg/220px-Annual_sheep_auction_at_Clun_%283468631762%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clun post office, 1910s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Clun_post_office_%281293401%29.jpg/220px-Clun_post_office_%281293401%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clun Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Clun_Castle_02.jpg/220px-Clun_Castle_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clun, in the \"Clun Valley\", surrounded by agricultural lands in the early 20th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%22_Clun%22_and_the_Clun_valley_%281295153%29.jpg/220px-%22_Clun%22_and_the_Clun_valley_%281295153%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clun Town Hall, now a museum, by The Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Clun_Town_Hall_and_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_380354.jpg/220px-Clun_Town_Hall_and_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_380354.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of Clun Castle, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ruins_of_Clun_Castle.jpg/160px-Ruins_of_Clun_Castle.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Listed buildings in Clun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Clun"}]
|
[{"reference":"Campaign for the Protection of Rural England. \"Tranquillity map: Shropshire\". Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_the_Protection_of_Rural_England","url_text":"Campaign for the Protection of Rural England"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090614092814/http://www.cpre.org.uk/campaigns/landscape/tranquillity/national-and-regional-tranquillity-maps/county-tranquillity-map-shropshire","url_text":"\"Tranquillity map: Shropshire\""},{"url":"http://www.cpre.org.uk/campaigns/landscape/tranquillity/national-and-regional-tranquillity-maps/county-tranquillity-map-shropshire","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clun\". Key to English Place-names. English Place Name Society at the University of Nottingham. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Shropshire/Clun","url_text":"\"Clun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Place_Name_Society","url_text":"English Place Name Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham","url_text":"University of Nottingham"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Clun Castle\". English Heritage. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/clun-castle/history/","url_text":"\"The History of Clun Castle\""}]},{"reference":"Timmins, H. Thornhill (2018). Nooks and Corners of Shropshire. Outlook Verlag. p. 77. ISBN 978-3732631872.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VVRRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"Nooks and Corners of Shropshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3732631872","url_text":"978-3732631872"}]},{"reference":"\"Ward population 2011\". Retrieved 24 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/clun-e05008156#sthash.wyWOP4OO.dpbs","url_text":"\"Ward population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Clun Museum (1054426)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1054426","url_text":"\"Clun Museum (1054426)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"St George's Church, Clun\". www.clun.org.uk. UK. Archived from the original on 8 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808024730/http://www.clun.org.uk/church.htm","url_text":"\"St George's Church, Clun\""},{"url":"http://www.clun.org.uk/church.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sun Inn\". Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120200026/http://www.thesunatclun.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The Sun Inn\""},{"url":"http://thesunatclun.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The White Horse Inn\". Retrieved 13 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whi-clun.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The White Horse Inn\""}]},{"reference":"Francis, Peter (2013). Shropshire War Memorials, Sites of Remembrance. YouCaxton Publishing, Bishops Castle. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-909644-11-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909644-11-3","url_text":"978-1-909644-11-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Clun Valley Beer Festival\". Retrieved 13 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cvbf.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Clun Valley Beer Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freeview Light on the Clun (Shropshire, England) transmitter\". 1 May 2004. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Clun","url_text":"\"Freeview Light on the Clun (Shropshire, England) transmitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shropshire Star\". British Papers. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-wmids/shropshire-star/","url_text":"\"Shropshire Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howard, Robert (1585-1653)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Howard,_Robert_(1585-1653)","url_text":"\"Howard, Robert (1585-1653)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Player profile: John Burrough\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/28/28319/28319.html","url_text":"\"Player profile: John Burrough\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Burrough\". www.cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3472/3472.html","url_text":"\"William Burrough\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolle, Dorothy (2009). Discovering Shropshire Towns. Blue Hills Press. p. 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haynes, Graham; Coumbe, Frank (2006). Timeless Bees: Brentford F.C. Who's Who 1920–2006. Harefield: Yore Publications. p. 172. ISBN 978-0955294914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955294914","url_text":"978-0955294914"}]},{"reference":"Heilpern, John (2006). John Osborne: A Patriot for Us. Chatto & Windus. pp. 470–479. ISBN 978-0-7011-6780-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heilpern","url_text":"Heilpern, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johnosbornepatri0000heil","url_text":"John Osborne: A Patriot for Us"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus","url_text":"Chatto & Windus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6780-6","url_text":"978-0-7011-6780-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Cleaner, 40, took £2,400 from top novelist who trusted her\". Shropshire Star. 20 July 2022. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dickins, Gordon (1987). An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire. Shropshire Libraries. pp. 63, 94. ISBN 0-903802-37-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903802-37-6","url_text":"0-903802-37-6"}]},{"reference":"Housman, A. E. (1906). A Shropshire Lad. New York: John Lane Company. p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman","url_text":"Housman, A. E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shropshirelad00hous/page/76","url_text":"A Shropshire Lad"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clun¶ms=52.4214_N_3.0297_W_region:GB_type:city(680)","external_links_name":"52°25′17″N 3°01′47″W / 52.4214°N 3.0297°W / 52.4214; -3.0297"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clun¶ms=52.420717_N_3.027803_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Clun","external_links_name":"SO302808"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clun¶ms=52.4214_N_3.0297_W_region:GB_type:city(680)","external_links_name":"52°25′17″N 3°01′47″W / 52.4214°N 3.0297°W / 52.4214; -3.0297"},{"Link":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/clun-e00147706","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/clun-e00147705","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090614092814/http://www.cpre.org.uk/campaigns/landscape/tranquillity/national-and-regional-tranquillity-maps/county-tranquillity-map-shropshire","external_links_name":"\"Tranquillity map: Shropshire\""},{"Link":"http://www.cpre.org.uk/campaigns/landscape/tranquillity/national-and-regional-tranquillity-maps/county-tranquillity-map-shropshire","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Shropshire/Clun","external_links_name":"\"Clun\""},{"Link":"http://opendomesday.org/place/SO3080/clun/","external_links_name":"Open Domesday Online: Clun"},{"Link":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/clun-castle/history/","external_links_name":"\"The History of Clun Castle\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VVRRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"Nooks and Corners of Shropshire"},{"Link":"http://calmview.bham.ac.uk/GetDocument.ashx?db=Catalog&fname=YHA+Historical+listing+of+all+youth+hostels+and+associated+accommodation+Y900003.pdf","external_links_name":"Historic listing of YHA hostels"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11122118&c=Clun&d=16&e=61&g=6461061&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1383559493965&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491","external_links_name":"National Statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/clun-e05008156#sthash.wyWOP4OO.dpbs","external_links_name":"\"Ward population 2011\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1054426","external_links_name":"\"Clun Museum (1054426)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808024730/http://www.clun.org.uk/church.htm","external_links_name":"\"St George's Church, Clun\""},{"Link":"http://www.clun.org.uk/church.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120200026/http://www.thesunatclun.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"The Sun Inn\""},{"Link":"http://thesunatclun.co.uk/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.whi-clun.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"The White Horse Inn\""},{"Link":"http://www.clungreenman.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Clun Green Man Festival"},{"Link":"http://www.clungardensopen.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Clun Open Gardens"},{"Link":"http://www.visitshropshirehills.co.uk/towns/clun/","external_links_name":"Visit Shropshire Hills"},{"Link":"http://www.shropshirestar.com/entertainment/2016/07/21/town-ready-for-clun-carnival-capers/","external_links_name":"Shropshire Star"},{"Link":"http://www.cvbf.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Clun Valley Beer Festival\""},{"Link":"https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Clun","external_links_name":"\"Freeview Light on the Clun (Shropshire, England) transmitter\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-wmids/shropshire-star/","external_links_name":"\"Shropshire Star\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Howard,_Robert_(1585-1653)","external_links_name":"\"Howard, Robert (1585-1653)\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/28/28319/28319.html","external_links_name":"\"Player profile: John Burrough\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3472/3472.html","external_links_name":"\"William Burrough\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/johnosbornepatri0000heil","external_links_name":"John Osborne: A Patriot for Us"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shropshirelad00hous/page/76","external_links_name":"A Shropshire Lad"},{"Link":"http://www.clun-chapellawn.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Clun Town Council"},{"Link":"http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/homepage:20060811144911","external_links_name":"Clun Town Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413021714/http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/homepage:20060811144911","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.clun.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Clun and Clun Valley"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146623508","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566923605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_bronze_vessels
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Chinese ritual bronzes
|
["1 Use","2 Metallurgy and origin","3 Casting technology","3.1 Piece-mould casting","3.2 Casting-on","3.3 Lost-wax casting","4 Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection","4.1 Sacrificial vessels","4.2 Wine vessels","4.3 Food vessels","4.4 Water vessels","4.5 Musical instruments","4.6 Weapons","4.7 Measuring containers","4.8 Ancient money","4.9 Miscellaneous","5 Patterns and decoration","5.1 Taotie","5.2 Pre-Zhou stylistic development","5.3 Western Zhou styles","5.4 Springs and Autumns period","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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Chinese decorated bronzes deposited as grave goods
A variety of wine vessels around an altar, Western Zhou – Metropolitan Museum of Art.
From c. 1650 BC, elaborately decorated bronze vessels were deposited as grave goods in the tombs of royalty and nobility during the Chinese Bronze Age. Documented excavations have found over 200 pieces in a single royal tomb. They were produced for an individual or social group to use in making ritual offerings of food and drink to his or their ancestors and other deities or spirits. Such ceremonies generally took place in family temples or ceremonial halls over tombs. These ceremonies can be seen as ritual banquets in which both living and dead members of a family were supposed to participate. Details of these ritual ceremonies are preserved through early literary records. On the death of the owner of a ritual bronze, it would often be placed in his tomb, so that he could continue to pay his respects in the afterlife; other examples were cast specifically as grave goods. Indeed, many surviving examples have been excavated from graves.
The bronzes were likely not used for normal eating and drinking; they represent larger, more elaborate versions of the types of vessels used for this, and made in precious materials. Many of the shapes also survive in pottery, and pottery versions continued to be made in an antiquarian spirit until modern times. Apart from table vessels, weapons and some other objects were made in special ritual forms. Another class of ritual objects are those, also including weapons, made in jade, which was probably the most highly valued of all, and which had been long used for ritual tools and weapons, since c. 4500 BC.
Taibao Ding from Shandong, Western Zhou (c. 10th century BC)
At least initially, the production of bronze was probably controlled by the ruler, who gave unformed metal to his nobility as a sign of favour. The technology of bronze production was described in the Kao Gong Ji, compiled some time between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC.
Use
Burial pit at the Tomb of Fu Hao
Bronzes (青铜器; 青銅器; qīng tóng qì; ch'ing t'ong ch'i) are some of the most important pieces of ancient Chinese art, warranting an entire separate catalogue in the Imperial art collections. The Chinese Bronze Age began in the Xia dynasty (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC), and bronze ritual containers form the bulk of collections of Chinese antiquities, reaching its zenith during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC) and the early part of the Zhou dynasty (1045–256 BC).
The majority of surviving Chinese ancient bronze artefacts are ritual forms rather than their equivalents made for practical use, either as tools or weapons. Weapons like daggers and axes had a sacrificial meaning, symbolizing the heavenly power of the ruler. The strong religious associations of bronze objects brought up a great number of vessel types and shapes which became regarded as classic and totemic and were copied, often in other media such as Chinese porcelain, throughout subsequent periods of Chinese art.
The ritual books of old China minutely describe who was allowed to use what kinds of sacrificial vessels and how much. The king of Zhou used 9 dings and 8 gui vessels, a duke was allowed to use 7 dings and 6 guis, a baron could use 5 dings and 3 guis, a nobleman was allowed to use 3 dings and 2 guis. Turning to actual archaeological finds, the tomb of Fu Hao, an unusually powerful Shang queen, contained her set of ritual vessels, numbering over two hundred, which are also far larger than the twenty-four vessels in the tomb of a contemporary nobleman. Her higher status would have been clear not only to her contemporaries, but also, it was believed, to her ancestors and other spirits. Many of the pieces were cast with inscriptions using the posthumous form of her name, indicating they were made especially for burial in the tomb.
Metallurgy and origin
The origin of the ores or metals used for Shang and other early Chinese bronze is a current (2018) topic of research. As with other early civilisations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus), Shang settlement was centered on river valleys, and driven in part by the introduction of intensive agriculture. In China such areas lacked ore deposits and required the import of metallurgical material. Typical Shang period bronzes contain over 2% lead, unlike contemporary coppers of the Eurasian Steppe. Pre-Shang bronzes do not contain the radiogenic lead isotopes. Scholars have sought to determine the source of the ores been based on lead content and trace isotope analysis. In the case of Shang period bronzes, various sites, from early to late Shang period, numerous samples of the bronze alloy are characterized by high radiogenic lead isotope content (derived from both uranium and thorium decay), unlike most known native Chinese lead ores. Potential sources of the ore include Qinling, middle to lower Yangtze area, and south-west China; the possibility that ore or metal was imported from Africa in this period has been proposed, based on potential isotopic matches, but challenged and rejected by other researchers.
The pattern of metal circulation revealed by the existence of highly radiogenic lead remains controversial, partly because radiogenic lead sources may not be as rare in China as initially thought but also because different lead isotope signatures do not necessarily signify different geographical locations, but pockets of radiogenic lead in the same common lead deposit. A recent compositional analysis has proposed that the metals used to manufacture the Chinese ritual bronzes derived from mining progressively deeper ores in deposits close to where many of these bronzes were unearthed, and calls into question interpretations of social, cultural and technological change during the Chinese Bronze Age predicated on the acquisition of metals from disparate regions.
The bronzes typically contain between 5% and 30% tin and between 2% and 3% lead.
Casting technology
Piece-mould casting
Shang pottery moulds, c. 1200 BC
From the Bronze Age to the Han Dynasty, the main technique used in ancient China to cast ritual vessels, weapons and other utensils was the piece-mould casting. In the piece-mould process, a section mould can be formed in two ways. First, a clay mould is formed around the model of the object to be cast and then removed in sections. In the second approach, no model is required. Instead, create a mould inside a clay-lined container and stamp it with the desired finish. In both methods, mould parts are fired and then reassembled. Clay castings are then made, and parts removed. The resulting clay casting looks like a finished product, is allowed to dry, and then filed flat to form a core. This establishes the casting space, which determines the thickness of the finished product. The parts are then reassembled around the core, and the parts are cast. The clay moulds are then broken up, and the finished castings are removed and polished with abrasives to obtain a shiny finish. The number of parts the mould is cut into depends entirely on the shape and design of the object to be cast.
Casting-on
Casting is an ancient Chinese casting technique used to attach prefabricated handles and other small accessories to larger bronze objects. This technique has been in use as early as the Bronze Age, first in the South and then in the Shanghe region of the Central Plains. The importance of casting in the manufacture of personal ornaments is that it is used to create the connecting bronze chains.
Lost-wax casting
The items above are unearthed from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, and are great examples of lost-wax casting- without which such intricate designs are impossible to achieve.
The earliest archaeological evidence of lost wax casting in China was found in the 6th century BC, at the cemetery of Chu in Xichuan, Henan province. Bronze Jin, cast using traditional piece-mould techniques, is further embellished by adding prefabricated ornate open worked handles, which are produced through a lost wax process and then attached. Lost wax was eventually introduced to China from the ancient Near East as far west as possible, and the process has an early and long history in the region, but exactly when and how it was introduced is unclear. The dewaxing process is more suitable for casting decorations with deep undercuts and openwork designs than the moulding process, which complicates the removal of moulded parts from the model. Although lost-wax casting was never used to make large vessels, it became more and more popular between the late Eastern Zhou and Han dynasties. The lost-wax casting process for casting small parts was more economical than the mould-making process because the amount of metal used was easier to control.
In the "lost-wax" process, the object to be cast is first modeled. Wax, which is easy to shape and carve and which melts away under the proper conditions, has been the most commonly used material for this purpose since antiquity. The wax model is then coated with clay to form the mould. The first coat of clay is usually carefully brushed to prevent trapping of air bubbles; subsequent coats may be rougher. Then, the clay is fired and the wax melts (thus "lost wax"). Molten metal is then poured into the clay mould to replace the burnt wax model. After the metal cools, the fired-clay model is opened to reveal the finished product. The resulting cast object is a metal replica of the original wax model.
Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection
The appreciation, creation and collection of Chinese bronzes as pieces of art and not as ritual items began in the Song dynasty and reached its zenith in the Qing dynasty during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, whose massive collection is recorded in the catalogues known as the Xiqing gujian and the Xiqing jijian (西清繼鑑). Within those two catalogues, the bronzeware is categorized according to use:
Sacrificial vessels (祭器, jìqì),
Wine vessels (酒器, jiǔqì),
Food vessels (食器, shíqì),
Water vessels (水器, shuǐqì),
Musical instruments (樂器, yuèqì),
Weapons (兵器, bīngqì),
Measuring containers (量器, liángqì),
Ancient money (錢幣, qiánbì), and
Miscellaneous (雜器, záqì).
The most highly prized are generally the sacrificial and wine vessels, which form the majority of most collections. Often these vessels are elaborately decorated with taotie designs.
Sacrificial vessels
The Houmuwu ding, the largest ancient bronze ever found
Dǐng (鼎) Sacrificial vessel (祭器), originally a cauldron for cooking and storing meat (食器). The Shang prototype has a round bowl, wider than it is tall, set on three legs (足); there are two short handles on each side (耳). Later examples became larger and larger and were considered a measure of power. It is considered the single most important class of Chinese bronzeware in terms of its cultural importance. There is a variation called a fāngdǐng (方鼎) which has a square bowl and four legs at each corner. There exist rare forms with lids. 西清古鑒 contains over two hundred examples, and this is the most highly regarded of all Chinese bronzes.
Dòu (豆): Sacrificial vessel (祭器) that was originally a food vessel. Flat, covered bowl on a long stem.
Fǔ (簠): Rectangular dish, triangular in vertical cross-section. Always with a lid shaped like the dish.
Zūn (尊 or 樽 or 鐏): Wine vessel and sacrificial vessel (器為盛酒亦祭用也). Tall cylindrical wine cup, with no handles or legs. The mouth is usually slightly broader than the body. In the late Zhōu (周) dynasty, this type of vessel became exceedingly elaborate, often taking the shape of animals and abandoning the traditional shape. These later types are distinguished from gōng (觥) by retaining a small, roughly circular mouth. This type of vessel forms the second largest group of objects in the Xiqing gujian, after the dǐng (鼎).
Zǔ (俎): Flat rectangular platform with square legs at each corner. Not represented in the Xiqing gujian.
Yí (彝): Sacrificial vessel. Two forms: A. Large squat round pot with two handles; B. Tall box-like container, the base narrower than the mouth with a roof-like lid. Later became a generic name for all sacrificial vessels.
A Late Shang dǐng
The original zun shape, with taotie, Shang
Later zun in the shape of an ox
Han dynasty bronze highlighted in The Macau Museum in Lisbon, Portugal
Zhou dynasty bronze sculpture of a dragon highlighted in The Macau Museum in Lisbon, Portugal
Shang dynasty ritual vessel highlighted in The Macau Museum in Lisbon, Portugal
Wine vessels
Two zué on either side of a gū, all from the Shang dynasty
Gōng (觥, not pronounced guāng): Wine vessel often elongated and carved in the shape of an animal. There is always a cover and the mouth of the vessel usually covers the length of the vessel. This is not a classification used in the Xiqing Gujian; objects of this type are classed under 匜 (Yi (vessel)).
Gū (觚): Tall wine cup with no handles, the mouth larger than its base.
Guǐ (簋): A bowl with two handles.
Hé (盉): A wine vessel shaped like a tea pot with three legs. It has a handle (pàn 鋬) and a straight spout that points diagonally upwards.
Jiǎ (斝): A cauldron for warming wine. Like a dǐng (鼎) except the body is taller than it is broad, and it may have two sticks (柱) sticking straight up from the brim, acting as handles.
Jué (角, not pronounced jiǎo): A wine cup similar to a 爵, except the spout and brim extension are identical and there is a cover.
Jué (爵): A wine cup with three legs, a spout (流) with a pointed brim extension (尾) diametrically opposite, plus a handle (鋬).
Léi (罍): Vessel for wine with a round body, a neck, a cover and a handle on either side of the mouth.
Lì (鬲): Cauldron with three legs. Similar to a dǐng (鼎) except the legs blend into the body or have large swellings on top.
Zhī (卮/巵/梔): Wine vessel, and also a measuring container. Like a píng (瓶), except shorter and broader.
Zhōng (鍾): A wine vessel with no handles.
Zun (尊/樽/鐏): Wine vessel and sacrificial vessel (器為盛酒亦祭用也). Tall cylindrical wine cup, with no handles or legs. The mouth is usually slightly broader than the body. In the late Zhou, this type of vessel became exceedingly elaborate, often taking the shape of animals and abandoning the traditional shape. These later types are distinguished from gōng (觥) by retaining a small, roughly circular mouth. This type of vessel forms the second largest group of objects in the Xiqing gujian, after the dǐng (鼎).
Ritual wine server (guang), Indianapolis Museum of Art, 60.43
Shang Jiǎ
Zhou water pourer Yí, from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
Food vessels
Dui vessel with geometric cloud pattern, Warring States period, Hubei Provincial Museum.
Pan food vessel, here in a legless style
Covered Food Container (dou), 6th Century B.C. The Walters Art Museum.
Duì (敦, not pronounced dūn): Spherical dish with a cover to protect its contents from dust and other contaminants.
Pán (盤): Round curved dish for food. May have no legs, or it may have three or four short legs.
Yǒu (卣): Covered pot with a single looping handle attached on opposite sides of the mouth of the vessel.
Zèng (甑): A rice pot; referred to as a 腹 fù in Xiqing gujian. Has no separate category in 西清古鑑: see yǎn (甗).
Water vessels
Bù (瓿): see pǒu (瓿)
Dǒu 斗: Scoop. Tall bowl with a long handle.
Móu (鍪): A vase with two handles. Vessels of this type are classed as hú (壺) in the Xiqing gujian.
Píng (瓶): Tall vase with a long slender neck opening up to a narrow mouth.
Pǒu (瓿, pronounced bù in China): A small bronze wèng (甕).
Wèng (瓮 or 甕): Round mouthed, round bellied jar with no foot for holding water or wine. Now commonly used to hold ashes.
Yàndī (硯滴): Water container for an ink stone; often in the shape of an animal with a long thin dropper to control the amount of water dispensed.
Yí (匜): A bowl or ewer with a spout; May be elaborately shaped like an animal.
Yú (盂): Basin for water. May have up to four decorative handles around the edge; no brim.
Zhì (觶): Broad-mouthed vase, similar in shape to a hú (壺), but with no handles.
Zhōng (盅): Small cup with no handles. Not represented in Xiqing gujian.
Musical instruments
Bó (鈸): Cymbals. Not represented in the Xiqing gujian. See náo (鐃).
Gǔ (鼓): A drum.
Líng (鈴): A small bell (as might be hung from ribbons). This item is not represented in Xiqing gujian.
Náo (鐃): Cymbals. Not represented in Xiqing gujian. See also bó (鈸).
Zhōng (鐘): A large bell, as might stand in a tower.
Weapons
Duì (鐓, not pronounced dūn): Bronze decoration for the end of a spear or halberd handle; often with an animal motif.
Jiàn (劍): A sword. There are only three examples in Xiqing gujian.
Nǔjī (弩機): Crossbow mechanism. There are only two examples in the Xiqing gujian.
Pī (鈹): A type of sword.
Zú (鏃): An arrow head.
Measuring containers
Zhī (卮 or 巵 or 梔): A wine vessel and also a measuring container. Like a píng (瓶), except shorter and broader.
Ancient money
Bù (布) or bùwén (布文): Ancient money (錢幣). Rectangular with two legs and a head. Type of qián (錢)
Fúyìnqián (符印錢): Taoist amulet minted in the shape of a yuán (圓), usually with an incantation on the obverse and picture on the reverse.
Qián (錢): Ancient money (錢幣). Well represented in 西清古鑑; occurs in three types: 布, 刀, 圓(元) q.v.
Yuán (圓): Also called yuánbì (圓幣), yuánbǎo (元寶), or yuánqián (元錢). Circular coins with a hole in the middle, usually made of copper or bronze; what most Westerners think of as 'Chinese money'. Also see fúyìnqián (符印錢).
Miscellaneous
A jian bronze mirror from the Warring States period (475–221 BC)
Biǎozuò (表座) Cylindrical container with added animal motif. There are only three examples in the Xiqing gujian.
Jiàn (鑑 or 鑒): Refers to two different objects: either a tall, broad bronze dish for water, or a circular bronze mirror, usually with intricate ornamentation on the back. The modern meaning is a mirror.
Jué (钁): Farming implement shaped like a pickaxe, but used as a hoe. 西清古鑑 contains only two examples; the rubric states: 按說文大鉏也又博雅斫謂之钁 "According to the Shouwen it is a large hoe, that is called a jué by the learned." Only the bronze heads of the two examples survive, because the wooden handles have long rotted away.
Lú (鑪): A brazier. These are a nebulously classified group of bronze vessels and there are a number of forms: A. It may similar to a dǐng (鼎) with very short legs sitting on a pán (盤); or B., a duì (敦) on a pán (盤); or C., like a dòu (豆) on a pán (盤).
Shūzhèn (書鎮): Paper weight. Usually solid bronze, moulded in the shape of a reclining or crouching animal (three recorded in Xiqing gujian).
Xǔ (盨): A vessel with two ears and lid, serving as a food container (may not appear in the "Imperial Collection").
Patterns and decoration
Taotie
Main article: Taotie
Taotie on a ding from late Shang dynasty
The taotie pattern was a popular bronze-ware decorative design in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, named by scholars of the Song dynasty (960–1279) after a monster on Zhou ding vessels with a head but no body mentioned in Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals (239 BC).
The earliest form of the taotie on bronzeware, dating from early in the Erligang period, consists of a pair of eyes with some subsidiary lines stretching to the left and right.
The motif was soon elaborated as a frontal view of a face with oval eyes and mouth, continuing on each side into a side view of a body.
It reached its full development as a monster mask at around the time of king Wu Ding, early in the Late Shang period.
The typical taotie pattern is usually interpreted as a full-face round-eyed animal face ("mask"), with sharp teeth and horns, although the degree to which this was the intended meaning is sometimes disputed. In all of these patterns, the eyes are always the focus. The huge eyes leave an awesome impression on viewers even from a distance. The taotie pattern features rich variations from one bronze piece to another because one ceramic mould could only cast one bronze work in the early days of casting. The patterns are normally symetrical around the vertical axis, and the lower jaw area is missing. The most obvious difference between taotie patterns are the "horns", if that is what indeed they are. Some have shapes interpreted as ox horns, some sheep horns, and some have tiger's ears.
Pre-Zhou stylistic development
Beginning in the 1930s and culminating in 1953, the art historian Max Loehr identified a developmental sequence of five decorative styles found on pre-Zhou bronze vessels. The vessels Loehr worked with were unprovenanced, but he assumed that they had all originated from the Late Shang site of Yinxu (in modern Anyang), the only site that had been excavated by that time. When subsequent excavations at various sites yielded vessels with archaeological context, his sequence was confirmed. However, the timescale was longer than he had envisaged, beginning in the Erlitou period and reaching his Style V early in the Late Shang period.
In Loehr's Style I, vessels were decorated with lines carved into the mould, which the piece-mould process made accessible. This produced thin raised lines on the cast object. Because the design was carved on the pieces of the mould, it was naturally divided into sections. Subdivision of the design would persist through the later styles, even when carving the design on the model made it no longer a technical necessity. The principal motif used with this style was the taotie. Loehr identified this style as the first because he found it used on the crudest vessels. This style accounts for all the decorated bronzes found at Erlitou and some from the succeeding Erligang period.
In Style II, the thickness of the raised lines is varied. This could have been achieved either by painting the pattern on the mould and carving out the ink-covered areas, or by painting on the model and carving the areas between. In addition to the taotie, a second motif used was a one-eyed animal seen in profile, usually identified as a dragon. The Erligang period is characterized by Style II, along with late Style I and early Style III.
Style III began as a smooth development from Style II, with no clear separation. The patterns increased in complexity and spread over more of the vessel's surface. Many new designs and variations of relief were introduced. As the designs became more elaborate, they were carried out exclusively on the model. Unlike the raised surfaces, the sunken lines are all of the same width, suggesting that they were carved on the model with a particular tool. It was at this time that Central Plains bronze techniques spread over a wide area, and new regional styles emerged in the Yangtze valley. The style became fully developed in the period between the Erligang culture and the Late Shang. Late Style III objects introduced undulating relief to make the elaborate designs more readable.
Style IV represents an abrupt switch to a new method to make the design intelligible. Instead of carving the whole design with uniform grooves of consistent density, motifs are represented with a low density of lines, contrasting with a high density of thinner lines representing the ground. The ground areas were eventually filled with fine spirals known as léiwén 雷文. The motifs now had a clear shape, and the imaginary taotie and dragon were joined by images of birds and animals from nature.
Style V built on Style IV, raising the motif in high relief to further emphasize the contrast with the ground. Raised flanges were used to mark subdivisions of the design. The bronze vessels recovered from the tomb of Fu Hao, consort of the Late Shang king Wu Ding, are decorated in Style V. Some traditions from the Yangtze region feature high relief without léiwén, suggesting that they represent independent developments from Style III.
Examples of Loehr's developmental sequence of decorative styles
Dǐng, Style I
Dǐng, Style II
Zūn, Style III
Hú, Style IV
Fāngyí, Style V
Vessels from Hunan, 13th–11th centuries BC
Four-ram square zūn
Zūn in the shape of an elephant
Yǒu in the shape of a tiger
Da He dǐng
Western Zhou styles
Western Zhou vessels may be divided into early, middle and later periods based on their form, decoration and the types of vessels preferred.
The most common vessels throughout the period were the guǐ basin and dǐng cauldron. They were also the vessels most likely to carry long inscriptions.
Vessels of the early Western Zhou were elaborations of Late Chang designs, featuring high-relief decor, often with pronounced flanges, and made extensive use of the taotie motif.
Wine vessels such as jué, jiǎ and gū continued to be produced, but largely disappeared in later periods.
Yǒu and zūn were usually cast in matching sets.
The earliest guǐ vessels are elevated on a base.
Over time, vessels became less flamboyant.
By the mid-10th century BC, in the middle Western Zhou, the taotie had been replaced by pairs of long-tailed birds facing each other.
Vessels became smaller and cleaner in outline.
New types were the hú vase, zhōng bell and xǔ vessel.
Guǐ vessels of this period tend to have covers.
In the late Western Zhou (from the early 9th century BC), new vessel types were introduced, initially in far-western Shaanxi, but quickly spreading to central Shaanxi.
These new types, which were grouped in large sets, may have corresponded to a change in Zhou ritual practice.
Animal decorations were replaced by geometric forms such as ribbing and bands of lozenge shapes.
However, legs and handles became larger and more elaborate, and were often topped with animal heads.
Examples of Western Zhou guǐ vessels
Li guǐ, early Western Zhou
Dong guǐ, middle Western Zhou
Xing guǐ, late Western Zhou
Examples of Western Ding dǐng cauldrons
Xianhou dǐng, early Western Zhou
Da Yu dǐng, early/mid Western Zhou
Da Ke dǐng, mid/late Western Zhou
Mao Gong dǐng, late Western Zhou
Springs and Autumns period
For the first century of this period, designs largely continued those of the late Western Zhou, with some gradual changes. Vessels tended to grow wider and shorter. New dragon decorations also appeared.
Several innovations in production appeared in the middle of the period. The body and attachments of a vessel could be cast separately and welded together to complete the shape. Reusable pattern blocks made production faster and cheaper. These innovations contributed to revitalized designs with more intricate forms.
See also
Chinese bronze inscriptions
History of Chinese archaeology
Notes
^ "Altar Set". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
^ a b Rawson (2007), pp. 44–60.
^ Rawson (2007), pp. 33–34.
^ a b Pare, Sascha (10 August 2022). "Researchers decode metal-making recipes in ancient Chinese text". The Guardian.
^ Rawson (2007), p. 33.
^ "Excavations at the Tomb of Fu Hao" Archived 2007-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, accessed August 4, 2007, National Gallery of Art, Washington
^ a b Liu, S.; Chen, K.L.; Rehren, Th.; Mei, J.J.; Chen, J. L.; Liu, Y.; Killick, D. (2018), "Did China Import Metals from Africa in the Bronze Age?", Archaeometry, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 105–117, doi:10.1111/arcm.12352
^ Cannon, R. S. J.; Pierce, A. P.; Delevaux, M. H. (1963), "Lead isotope variation with growth zoning in a galena crystal", Science, vol. 142, no. 3592, pp. 574–576, Bibcode:1963Sci...142..574C, doi:10.1126/science.142.3592.574, PMID 17738562, S2CID 6893743
^ Wood, J. R.; Liu, Y. (2022), "A Multivariate Approach to Investigate Metallurgical Technology: The Case of the Chinese Ritual Bronzes", Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 30 (3): 707–756, doi:10.1007/s10816-022-09572-8, S2CID 251891306 Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
^ Gernet, Jaques (1987). Lumea chineză (the first volume). Editura meridiane. p. 67 și 68.
^ White, Julia M.; Bunker, Emma C. (1994). Adornment for Eternity : Status and Rank in Chinese Ornament. Denver Art Museum in Association with the Woods Pub.
^ Peng (2020), pp. 23–24.
^ Peng (2020).
^ "Covered Food Container". The Walters Art Museum.
^ Allan (1991), p. 145.
^ Bagley (1987), p. 19.
^ Kesner (1991), p. 51.
^ Kesner (1991).
^ Loehr (1953), pp. 43–44.
^ Bagley (1999), pp. 146–147.
^ Loehr (1953), pp. 45–46.
^ Bagley (1999), pp. 147–148.
^ Loehr (1953), p. 46.
^ Bagley (1999), pp. 148–149.
^ Loehr (1953), pp. 46–47.
^ Bagley (1999), pp. 149–150.
^ Loehr (1953), pp. 47–48.
^ Bagley (1999), pp. 150–153.
^ Loehr (1953), pp. 48–49.
^ a b Bagley (1999), pp. 153–154.
^ Bagley (1999), p. 197.
^ Loehr (1953), Fig. 7.
^ Bagley (1999), p. 152.
^ Loehr (1953), Fig. 18.
^ a b c Shaughnessy (1992), p. 126.
^ Shaughnessy (1992), p. 129.
^ a b c d e Rawson (1999), p. 360.
^ a b Shaughnessy (1992), p. 128.
^ Shaughnessy (1992), pp. 129–130.
^ Shaughnessy (1992), p. 130.
^ Shaughnessy (1999), p. 331.
^ Shaughnessy (1992), pp. 126–127.
^ Sun (2020), p. 454.
^ Sun (2020), p. 456.
^ Rawson (1999), p. 393.
^ Sun (2020), p. 452.
^ Shaughnessy (1999), pp. 320–322.
^ Sun (2020), p. 459.
^ Xu (2020), pp. 537–538.
^ Xu (2020), p. 538.
References
Allan, Sarah (1991), The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-9449-3.
Bagley, Robert W. (1987), Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-80525-9.
——— (1999), "Shang archaeology", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, Cambridge University Press, pp. 124–231, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.005, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Kesner, Ladislav (1991), "The Taotie Reconsidered: Meaning and Functions of the Shang Theriomorphic Imagery", Artibus Asiae, 51 (1/2): 29–53, JSTOR 3249675.
Loehr, Max (1953), "The Bronze Styles of the Anyang Period (1300–1028 B.C.)", Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America, 7: 42–53, JSTOR 20066953.
Peng, Peng (2020), Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process, Cambria Press, ISBN 978-1-60497-962-6.
Rawson, Jessica (1999), "Western Zhou archaeology", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, Cambridge University Press, pp. 352–449, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.008, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Rawson, Jessica, ed. (2007), The British Museum Book of Chinese Art (2nd ed.), British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-2446-9.
Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1992), Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07028-8.
——— (1999), "Western Zhou history", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 292–351, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.007, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Sun, Yan (2020), "Bronze vessels: style, assemblages, and innovations of the Western Zhou period", in Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early China, Oxford University Press, pp. 451–470, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.21, ISBN 978-0-19-932836-9.
Xu, Xiolong (2020), "Cultures and styles during the Springs and Autumns period", in Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early China, Oxford University Press, pp. 528–578, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.25, ISBN 978-0-19-932836-9.
Further reading
Wang Tao (ed.) Mirroring China's Past: Emperors, Scholars, and their Bronzes (with chapters by Sarah Allan, Jeffrey Moser, Su Rongyu, Zhixin Sun, Zhou Ya, Liu Yu and Lu Zhang), Art Institute of Chicago/Yale Books, 2018, to coincide with a major exhibition in 2018.
Fong, Wen, ed. (1980). The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870992260.
Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L & Soper A, "The Art and Architecture of China", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675
Xi'an Jiaqiang (in Chinese)
Xiqing Gujian (西清古鑒). China. 1749–1755.
https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/ancientmetals2.pdf Chinese Bronzes: Casting, Finishing, Patination, and Corrosion
http://www.academia.edu/3459636/The_Intersection_of_Past_And_Present_The_Qianlong_Emperor_and_His_Ancient_Bronzes
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese ritual bronzes.
ritual vessels from AAT-Taiwan
Frick Collection ARCADE
vteChinese ritual bronzesTypes
Bianzhong
Ding (鼎)
Dui (敦)
Fangyi (方彜)
Gu (觚)
Guang (觥)
Gui (簋)
Hu (壺)
Jia (斝)
Jue (爵)
Lei (罍)
Yi (匜)
You (卣)
Zun (尊) or Yi (彝)
TLV mirror
Individual artifacts
Da He ding
Da Ke ding
Da Yu ding
Four-goat Square zun
Guoji Zibai pan
He zun
Houmuwu ding
Kang Hou gui
Li gui
Mao Gong ding
Min fanglei
Shi Qiang pan
Shi zun
Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng
Luboshez guang
Fu Hao owl zun
Fujita ram guang
Simu Xin ding
Song gui
Related
Chinese bronze inscriptions
Taotie
Tomb of Fu Hao
Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
Xiqing Gujian
^ Wang, Tao, ed. (2018). Mirroring China's past: emperors, scholars, and their bronzes. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-300-22863-2.
^ "Art Institute of Chicago Presents MIRRORING CHIna's PAST: EMPERORS AND THEIR BRONZES Exhibit Preview". 19 January 2018.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MET_DP219959.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"grave goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods"},{"link_name":"Chinese Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson200744%E2%80%9360-2"},{"link_name":"jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson200744%E2%80%9360-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taibao_Ding.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson200733%E2%80%9334-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pare-4"},{"link_name":"Kao Gong Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Gong_Ji"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pare-4"}],"text":"A variety of wine vessels around an altar, Western Zhou – Metropolitan Museum of Art.[1]From c. 1650 BC, elaborately decorated bronze vessels were deposited as grave goods in the tombs of royalty and nobility during the Chinese Bronze Age. Documented excavations have found over 200 pieces in a single royal tomb. They were produced for an individual or social group to use in making ritual offerings of food and drink to his or their ancestors and other deities or spirits. Such ceremonies generally took place in family temples or ceremonial halls over tombs. These ceremonies can be seen as ritual banquets in which both living and dead members of a family were supposed to participate. Details of these ritual ceremonies are preserved through early literary records. On the death of the owner of a ritual bronze, it would often be placed in his tomb, so that he could continue to pay his respects in the afterlife; other examples were cast specifically as grave goods.[2] Indeed, many surviving examples have been excavated from graves.The bronzes were likely not used for normal eating and drinking; they represent larger, more elaborate versions of the types of vessels used for this, and made in precious materials. Many of the shapes also survive in pottery, and pottery versions continued to be made in an antiquarian spirit until modern times. Apart from table vessels, weapons and some other objects were made in special ritual forms. Another class of ritual objects are those, also including weapons, made in jade, which was probably the most highly valued of all, and which had been long used for ritual tools and weapons, since c. 4500 BC.[2]Taibao Ding from Shandong, Western Zhou (c. 10th century BC)At least initially, the production of bronze was probably controlled by the ruler, who gave unformed metal to his nobility as a sign of favour.[3][4] The technology of bronze production was described in the Kao Gong Ji, compiled some time between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC.[4]","title":"Chinese ritual bronzes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Fu Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao"},{"link_name":"Chinese art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art"},{"link_name":"Xia dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chinese porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_porcelain"},{"link_name":"dings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"gui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gui_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"tomb of Fu Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson200733-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Burial pit at the Tomb of Fu HaoBronzes (青铜器; 青銅器; qīng tóng qì; ch'ing t'ong ch'i) are some of the most important pieces of ancient Chinese art, warranting an entire separate catalogue in the Imperial art collections. The Chinese Bronze Age began in the Xia dynasty (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC), and bronze ritual containers form the bulk of collections of Chinese antiquities, reaching its zenith during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC) and the early part of the Zhou dynasty (1045–256 BC).The majority of surviving Chinese ancient bronze artefacts are ritual forms rather than their equivalents made for practical use, either as tools or weapons. Weapons like daggers and axes had a sacrificial meaning, symbolizing the heavenly power of the ruler. The strong religious associations of bronze objects brought up a great number of vessel types and shapes which became regarded as classic and totemic and were copied, often in other media such as Chinese porcelain, throughout subsequent periods of Chinese art.The ritual books of old China minutely describe who was allowed to use what kinds of sacrificial vessels and how much. The king of Zhou used 9 dings and 8 gui vessels, a duke was allowed to use 7 dings and 6 guis, a baron could use 5 dings and 3 guis, a nobleman was allowed to use 3 dings and 2 guis. Turning to actual archaeological finds, the tomb of Fu Hao, an unusually powerful Shang queen, contained her set of ritual vessels, numbering over two hundred, which are also far larger than the twenty-four vessels in the tomb of a contemporary nobleman. Her higher status would have been clear not only to her contemporaries, but also, it was believed, to her ancestors and other spirits.[5] Many of the pieces were cast with inscriptions using the posthumous form of her name, indicating they were made especially for burial in the tomb.[6]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurasian Steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iso1-7"},{"link_name":"radiogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiogenic"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"},{"link_name":"Qinling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinling"},{"link_name":"Yangtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iso1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The origin of the ores or metals used for Shang and other early Chinese bronze is a current (2018) topic of research. As with other early civilisations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus), Shang settlement was centered on river valleys, and driven in part by the introduction of intensive agriculture. In China such areas lacked ore deposits and required the import of metallurgical material. Typical Shang period bronzes contain over 2% lead, unlike contemporary coppers of the Eurasian Steppe. Pre-Shang bronzes do not contain the radiogenic lead isotopes. Scholars have sought to determine the source of the ores been based on lead content and trace isotope analysis.[7] In the case of Shang period bronzes, various sites, from early to late Shang period, numerous samples of the bronze alloy are characterized by high radiogenic lead isotope content (derived from both uranium and thorium decay), unlike most known native Chinese lead ores. Potential sources of the ore include Qinling, middle to lower Yangtze area, and south-west China; the possibility that ore or metal was imported from Africa in this period has been proposed, based on potential isotopic matches, but challenged and rejected by other researchers.[7]The pattern of metal circulation revealed by the existence of highly radiogenic lead remains controversial, partly because radiogenic lead sources may not be as rare in China as initially thought but also because different lead isotope signatures do not necessarily signify different geographical locations, but pockets of radiogenic lead in the same common lead deposit.[8] A recent compositional analysis has proposed that the metals used to manufacture the Chinese ritual bronzes derived from mining progressively deeper ores in deposits close to where many of these bronzes were unearthed, and calls into question interpretations of social, cultural and technological change during the Chinese Bronze Age predicated on the acquisition of metals from disparate regions.[9]The bronzes typically contain between 5% and 30% tin and between 2% and 3% lead.[10]","title":"Metallurgy and origin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Casting technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shang_Pottery_Moulds_for_Casting_Bronze_(10198648953).jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Piece-mould casting","text":"Shang pottery moulds, c. 1200 BCFrom the Bronze Age to the Han Dynasty, the main technique used in ancient China to cast ritual vessels, weapons and other utensils was the piece-mould casting. In the piece-mould process, a section mould can be formed in two ways. First, a clay mould is formed around the model of the object to be cast and then removed in sections. In the second approach, no model is required. Instead, create a mould inside a clay-lined container and stamp it with the desired finish. In both methods, mould parts are fired and then reassembled. Clay castings are then made, and parts removed. The resulting clay casting looks like a finished product, is allowed to dry, and then filed flat to form a core. This establishes the casting space, which determines the thickness of the finished product. The parts are then reassembled around the core, and the parts are cast. The clay moulds are then broken up, and the finished castings are removed and polished with abrasives to obtain a shiny finish. The number of parts the mould is cut into depends entirely on the shape and design of the object to be cast.[11]","title":"Casting technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Casting-on","text":"Casting is an ancient Chinese casting technique used to attach prefabricated handles and other small accessories to larger bronze objects. This technique has been in use as early as the Bronze Age, first in the South and then in the Shanghe region of the Central Plains. The importance of casting in the manufacture of personal ornaments is that it is used to create the connecting bronze chains.","title":"Casting technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zun_pan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng"},{"link_name":"lost wax casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_wax_casting"},{"link_name":"Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state))&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichuan_County"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeng202023%E2%80%9324-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeng2020-13"},{"link_name":"fired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"}],"sub_title":"Lost-wax casting","text":"The items above are unearthed from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, and are great examples of lost-wax casting- without which such intricate designs are impossible to achieve.The earliest archaeological evidence of lost wax casting in China was found in the 6th century BC, at the cemetery of Chu in Xichuan, Henan province.[12] Bronze Jin, cast using traditional piece-mould techniques, is further embellished by adding prefabricated ornate open worked handles, which are produced through a lost wax process and then attached. Lost wax was eventually introduced to China from the ancient Near East as far west as possible, and the process has an early and long history in the region, but exactly when and how it was introduced is unclear. The dewaxing process is more suitable for casting decorations with deep undercuts and openwork designs than the moulding process, which complicates the removal of moulded parts from the model. Although lost-wax casting was never used to make large vessels, it became more and more popular between the late Eastern Zhou and Han dynasties. The lost-wax casting process for casting small parts was more economical than the mould-making process because the amount of metal used was easier to control.In the \"lost-wax\" process, the object to be cast is first modeled. Wax, which is easy to shape and carve and which melts away under the proper conditions, has been the most commonly used material for this purpose since antiquity.[13] The wax model is then coated with clay to form the mould. The first coat of clay is usually carefully brushed to prevent trapping of air bubbles; subsequent coats may be rougher. Then, the clay is fired and the wax melts (thus \"lost wax\"). Molten metal is then poured into the clay mould to replace the burnt wax model. After the metal cools, the fired-clay model is opened to reveal the finished product. The resulting cast object is a metal replica of the original wax model.","title":"Casting technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Xiqing gujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiqing_gujian"},{"link_name":"taotie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taotie"}],"text":"The appreciation, creation and collection of Chinese bronzes as pieces of art and not as ritual items began in the Song dynasty and reached its zenith in the Qing dynasty during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, whose massive collection is recorded in the catalogues known as the Xiqing gujian and the Xiqing jijian (西清繼鑑). Within those two catalogues, the bronzeware is categorized according to use:Sacrificial vessels (祭器, jìqì),\nWine vessels (酒器, jiǔqì),\nFood vessels (食器, shíqì),\nWater vessels (水器, shuǐqì),\nMusical instruments (樂器, yuèqì),\nWeapons (兵器, bīngqì),\nMeasuring containers (量器, liángqì),\nAncient money (錢幣, qiánbì), and\nMiscellaneous (雜器, záqì).The most highly prized are generally the sacrificial and wine vessels, which form the majority of most collections. Often these vessels are elaborately decorated with taotie designs.","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houmuwu ding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmuwu_ding"},{"link_name":"Dǐng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Zūn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liu_Ding.jpg"},{"link_name":"dǐng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_(vessel)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zun_with_animal_mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"zun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zun"},{"link_name":"taotie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taotie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20090822_Shanghai_Museum_3284.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Han_dynasty_bronze_tortoise_Inv._649.tif"},{"link_name":"The Macau Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Scientific_and_Cultural_Centre_Museum_(The_Macau_Museum)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhou_dynasty_dragon_Inv._648.tif"},{"link_name":"The Macau Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Scientific_and_Cultural_Centre_Museum_(The_Macau_Museum)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_ritual_vessel_Inv._643.tif"},{"link_name":"The Macau Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Scientific_and_Cultural_Centre_Museum_(The_Macau_Museum)"}],"sub_title":"Sacrificial vessels","text":"The Houmuwu ding, the largest ancient bronze ever foundDǐng (鼎) Sacrificial vessel (祭器), originally a cauldron for cooking and storing meat (食器). The Shang prototype has a round bowl, wider than it is tall, set on three legs (足); there are two short handles on each side (耳). Later examples became larger and larger and were considered a measure of power. It is considered the single most important class of Chinese bronzeware in terms of its cultural importance. There is a variation called a fāngdǐng (方鼎) which has a square bowl and four legs at each corner. There exist rare forms with lids. 西清古鑒 contains over two hundred examples, and this is the most highly regarded of all Chinese bronzes.\nDòu (豆): Sacrificial vessel (祭器) that was originally a food vessel. Flat, covered bowl on a long stem.\nFǔ (簠): Rectangular dish, triangular in vertical cross-section. Always with a lid shaped like the dish.\nZūn (尊 or 樽 or 鐏): Wine vessel and sacrificial vessel (器為盛酒亦祭用也). Tall cylindrical wine cup, with no handles or legs. The mouth is usually slightly broader than the body. In the late Zhōu (周) dynasty, this type of vessel became exceedingly elaborate, often taking the shape of animals and abandoning the traditional shape. These later types are distinguished from gōng (觥) by retaining a small, roughly circular mouth. This type of vessel forms the second largest group of objects in the Xiqing gujian, after the dǐng (鼎).\nZǔ (俎): Flat rectangular platform with square legs at each corner. Not represented in the Xiqing gujian.\nYí (彝): Sacrificial vessel. Two forms: A. Large squat round pot with two handles; B. Tall box-like container, the base narrower than the mouth with a roof-like lid. Later became a generic name for all sacrificial vessels.A Late Shang dǐng\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe original zun shape, with taotie, Shang\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLater zun in the shape of an ox\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHan dynasty bronze highlighted in The Macau Museum in Lisbon, Portugal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZhou dynasty bronze sculpture of a dragon highlighted in The Macau Museum in Lisbon, Portugal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShang dynasty ritual vessel highlighted in The Macau Museum in Lisbon, Portugal","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shang_Dynasty_bronzes,_one_vase_and_two_tripods.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gōng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guang_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Xiqing Gujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiqing_Gujian"},{"link_name":"Yi (vessel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Gū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Guǐ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gui_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Jiǎ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Jué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jue_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Léi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Zun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_ritual_wine_server_(guang).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ritual wine server (guang), Indianapolis Museum of Art, 60.43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_wine_server_(guang),_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art,_60.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritual_wine_container_Shang_dynasty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jiǎ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_(vessel)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20090822_Shanghai_Museum_3256.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng"}],"sub_title":"Wine vessels","text":"Two zué on either side of a gū, all from the Shang dynastyGōng (觥, not pronounced guāng): Wine vessel often elongated and carved in the shape of an animal. There is always a cover and the mouth of the vessel usually covers the length of the vessel. This is not a classification used in the Xiqing Gujian; objects of this type are classed under 匜 (Yi (vessel)).\nGū (觚): Tall wine cup with no handles, the mouth larger than its base.\nGuǐ (簋): A bowl with two handles.\nHé (盉): A wine vessel shaped like a tea pot with three legs. It has a handle (pàn 鋬) and a straight spout that points diagonally upwards.\nJiǎ (斝): A cauldron for warming wine. Like a dǐng (鼎) except the body is taller than it is broad, and it may have two sticks (柱) sticking straight up from the brim, acting as handles.\nJué (角, not pronounced jiǎo): A wine cup similar to a 爵, except the spout and brim extension are identical and there is a cover.\nJué (爵): A wine cup with three legs, a spout (流) with a pointed brim extension (尾) diametrically opposite, plus a handle (鋬).\nLéi (罍): Vessel for wine with a round body, a neck, a cover and a handle on either side of the mouth.\nLì (鬲): Cauldron with three legs. Similar to a dǐng (鼎) except the legs blend into the body or have large swellings on top.\nZhī (卮/巵/梔): Wine vessel, and also a measuring container. Like a píng (瓶), except shorter and broader.\nZhōng (鍾): A wine vessel with no handles.\nZun (尊/樽/鐏): Wine vessel and sacrificial vessel (器為盛酒亦祭用也). Tall cylindrical wine cup, with no handles or legs. The mouth is usually slightly broader than the body. In the late Zhou, this type of vessel became exceedingly elaborate, often taking the shape of animals and abandoning the traditional shape. These later types are distinguished from gōng (觥) by retaining a small, roughly circular mouth. This type of vessel forms the second largest group of objects in the Xiqing gujian, after the dǐng (鼎).Ritual wine server (guang), Indianapolis Museum of Art, 60.43\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShang Jiǎ\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZhou water pourer Yí, from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_dui_vessel_with_inlaid_geometric_cloud_pattern.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dui_(Bronze_vessel)"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Hubei Provincial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei_Provincial_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VM_4712_Hubei_Provincial_Museum_-_pan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_-_Covered_Food_Container_-_Walters_542182_-_Profile.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Duì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dui_(Bronze_vessel)"},{"link_name":"Yǒu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_(vessel)"}],"sub_title":"Food vessels","text":"Dui vessel with geometric cloud pattern, Warring States period, Hubei Provincial Museum.Pan food vessel, here in a legless styleCovered Food Container (dou), 6th Century B.C.[14] The Walters Art Museum.Duì (敦, not pronounced dūn): Spherical dish with a cover to protect its contents from dust and other contaminants.\nPán (盤): Round curved dish for food. May have no legs, or it may have three or four short legs.\nYǒu (卣): Covered pot with a single looping handle attached on opposite sides of the mouth of the vessel.\nZèng (甑): A rice pot; referred to as a 腹 fù in Xiqing gujian. Has no separate category in 西清古鑑: see yǎn (甗).","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Yí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"ewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewer"}],"sub_title":"Water vessels","text":"Bù (瓿): see pǒu (瓿)\nDǒu 斗: Scoop. Tall bowl with a long handle.\nMóu (鍪): A vase with two handles. Vessels of this type are classed as hú (壺) in the Xiqing gujian.\nPíng (瓶): Tall vase with a long slender neck opening up to a narrow mouth.\nPǒu (瓿, pronounced bù in China): A small bronze wèng (甕).\nWèng (瓮 or 甕): Round mouthed, round bellied jar with no foot for holding water or wine. Now commonly used to hold ashes.\nYàndī (硯滴): Water container for an ink stone; often in the shape of an animal with a long thin dropper to control the amount of water dispensed.\nYí (匜): A bowl or ewer with a spout; May be elaborately shaped like an animal.\nYú (盂): Basin for water. May have up to four decorative handles around the edge; no brim.\nZhì (觶): Broad-mouthed vase, similar in shape to a hú (壺), but with no handles.\nZhōng (盅): Small cup with no handles. Not represented in Xiqing gujian.","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Musical instruments","text":"Bó (鈸): Cymbals. Not represented in the Xiqing gujian. See náo (鐃).\nGǔ (鼓): A drum.\nLíng (鈴): A small bell (as might be hung from ribbons). This item is not represented in Xiqing gujian.\nNáo (鐃): Cymbals. Not represented in Xiqing gujian. See also bó (鈸).\nZhōng (鐘): A large bell, as might stand in a tower.","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weapons","text":"Duì (鐓, not pronounced dūn): Bronze decoration for the end of a spear or halberd handle; often with an animal motif.\nJiàn (劍): A sword. There are only three examples in Xiqing gujian.\nNǔjī (弩機): Crossbow mechanism. There are only two examples in the Xiqing gujian.\nPī (鈹): A type of sword.\nZú (鏃): An arrow head.","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Measuring containers","text":"Zhī (卮 or 巵 or 梔): A wine vessel and also a measuring container. Like a píng (瓶), except shorter and broader.","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ancient money","text":"Bù (布) or bùwén (布文): Ancient money (錢幣). Rectangular with two legs and a head. Type of qián (錢)\nFúyìnqián (符印錢): Taoist amulet minted in the shape of a yuán (圓), usually with an incantation on the obverse and picture on the reverse.\nQián (錢): Ancient money (錢幣). Well represented in 西清古鑑; occurs in three types: 布, 刀, 圓(元) q.v.\nYuán (圓): Also called yuánbì (圓幣), yuánbǎo (元寶), or yuánqián (元錢). Circular coins with a hole in the middle, usually made of copper or bronze; what most Westerners think of as 'Chinese money'. Also see fúyìnqián (符印錢).","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirror_with_T-shaped_design,_China,_Warring_States_period,_475-221_BC),_bronze_-_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00705.JPG"},{"link_name":"bronze mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_mirror"},{"link_name":"bronze mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_mirror"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"A jian bronze mirror from the Warring States period (475–221 BC)Biǎozuò (表座) Cylindrical container with added animal motif. There are only three examples in the Xiqing gujian.\nJiàn (鑑 or 鑒): Refers to two different objects: either a tall, broad bronze dish for water, or a circular bronze mirror, usually with intricate ornamentation on the back. The modern meaning is a mirror.\nJué (钁): Farming implement shaped like a pickaxe, but used as a hoe. 西清古鑑 contains only two examples; the rubric states: 按說文大鉏也又博雅斫謂之钁 \"According to the Shouwen [an ancient Chinese dictionary] it is a large hoe, that is called a jué by the learned.\" Only the bronze heads of the two examples survive, because the wooden handles have long rotted away.\nLú (鑪): A brazier. These are a nebulously classified group of bronze vessels and there are a number of forms: A. It may similar to a dǐng (鼎) with very short legs sitting on a pán (盤); or B., a duì (敦) on a pán (盤); or C., like a dòu (豆) on a pán (盤).\nShūzhèn (書鎮): Paper weight. Usually solid bronze, moulded in the shape of a reclining or crouching animal (three recorded in Xiqing gujian).\nXǔ (盨): A vessel with two ears and lid, serving as a food container (may not appear in the \"Imperial Collection\").","title":"Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Patterns and decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liu_Ding_part.jpg"},{"link_name":"taotie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taotie"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_L%C3%BC%27s_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan1991145-15"},{"link_name":"Erligang period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erligang_period"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley198719-16"},{"link_name":"Wu Ding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Ding"},{"link_name":"Late Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Shang"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesner199151-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesner1991-18"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Taotie","text":"Taotie on a ding from late Shang dynastyThe taotie pattern was a popular bronze-ware decorative design in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, named by scholars of the Song dynasty (960–1279) after a monster on Zhou ding vessels with a head but no body mentioned in Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals (239 BC).[15]The earliest form of the taotie on bronzeware, dating from early in the Erligang period, consists of a pair of eyes with some subsidiary lines stretching to the left and right.\nThe motif was soon elaborated as a frontal view of a face with oval eyes and mouth, continuing on each side into a side view of a body.[16]\nIt reached its full development as a monster mask at around the time of king Wu Ding, early in the Late Shang period.[17]The typical taotie pattern is usually interpreted as a full-face round-eyed animal face (\"mask\"), with sharp teeth and horns, although the degree to which this was the intended meaning is sometimes disputed. In all of these patterns, the eyes are always the focus. The huge eyes leave an awesome impression on viewers even from a distance. The taotie pattern features rich variations from one bronze piece to another because one ceramic mould could only cast one bronze work in the early days of casting. The patterns are normally symetrical around the vertical axis, and the lower jaw area is missing.[18][page needed] The most obvious difference between taotie patterns are the \"horns\", if that is what indeed they are. Some have shapes interpreted as ox horns, some sheep horns, and some have tiger's ears.","title":"Patterns and decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Loehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Loehr"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr195343%E2%80%9344-19"},{"link_name":"Late Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Shang"},{"link_name":"Yinxu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu"},{"link_name":"Anyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyang"},{"link_name":"Erlitou period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlitou_period"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999146%E2%80%93147-20"},{"link_name":"Erligang period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erligang_period"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr195345%E2%80%9346-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999147%E2%80%93148-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr195346-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999148%E2%80%93149-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr195346%E2%80%9347-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999149%E2%80%93150-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr195347%E2%80%9348-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999150%E2%80%93153-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr195348%E2%80%9349-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999153%E2%80%93154-30"},{"link_name":"Wu Ding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Ding"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999197-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999153%E2%80%93154-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Late_Xia_Bronze_Ding_(10179697674)_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ding,_China,_Shang_dynasty,_Anyang_period,_1200s_BC,_bronze_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09667.JPG"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr1953Fig._7-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shang_Bronze_Zun.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999152-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritual_wine_container_(hu)_with_masks_(taotie)_and_dragons.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinastia_shang,_periodo_anyang,_contenitore_per_il_vino_(fangyi),_xii_secolo_ac_ca._01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoehr1953Fig._18-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Four-ram square zūn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-goat_Square_Zun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shang_Bronze_Elephant_Zun_(10111970773).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Tigresse_(vase_you_%E5%8D%A3),_M.C._6155.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_He_ding_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Da He dǐng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_He_ding"}],"sub_title":"Pre-Zhou stylistic development","text":"Beginning in the 1930s and culminating in 1953, the art historian Max Loehr identified a developmental sequence of five decorative styles found on pre-Zhou bronze vessels.[19] The vessels Loehr worked with were unprovenanced, but he assumed that they had all originated from the Late Shang site of Yinxu (in modern Anyang), the only site that had been excavated by that time. When subsequent excavations at various sites yielded vessels with archaeological context, his sequence was confirmed. However, the timescale was longer than he had envisaged, beginning in the Erlitou period and reaching his Style V early in the Late Shang period.[20]In Loehr's Style I, vessels were decorated with lines carved into the mould, which the piece-mould process made accessible. This produced thin raised lines on the cast object. Because the design was carved on the pieces of the mould, it was naturally divided into sections. Subdivision of the design would persist through the later styles, even when carving the design on the model made it no longer a technical necessity. The principal motif used with this style was the taotie. Loehr identified this style as the first because he found it used on the crudest vessels. This style accounts for all the decorated bronzes found at Erlitou and some from the succeeding Erligang period.[21][22]In Style II, the thickness of the raised lines is varied. This could have been achieved either by painting the pattern on the mould and carving out the ink-covered areas, or by painting on the model and carving the areas between. In addition to the taotie, a second motif used was a one-eyed animal seen in profile, usually identified as a dragon. The Erligang period is characterized by Style II, along with late Style I and early Style III.[23][24]Style III began as a smooth development from Style II, with no clear separation. The patterns increased in complexity and spread over more of the vessel's surface. Many new designs and variations of relief were introduced. As the designs became more elaborate, they were carried out exclusively on the model. Unlike the raised surfaces, the sunken lines are all of the same width, suggesting that they were carved on the model with a particular tool. It was at this time that Central Plains bronze techniques spread over a wide area, and new regional styles emerged in the Yangtze valley. The style became fully developed in the period between the Erligang culture and the Late Shang. Late Style III objects introduced undulating relief to make the elaborate designs more readable.[25][26]Style IV represents an abrupt switch to a new method to make the design intelligible. Instead of carving the whole design with uniform grooves of consistent density, motifs are represented with a low density of lines, contrasting with a high density of thinner lines representing the ground. The ground areas were eventually filled with fine spirals known as léiwén 雷文. The motifs now had a clear shape, and the imaginary taotie and dragon were joined by images of birds and animals from nature.[27][28]Style V built on Style IV, raising the motif in high relief to further emphasize the contrast with the ground. Raised flanges were used to mark subdivisions of the design.[29][30] The bronze vessels recovered from the tomb of Fu Hao, consort of the Late Shang king Wu Ding, are decorated in Style V.[31] Some traditions from the Yangtze region feature high relief without léiwén, suggesting that they represent independent developments from Style III.[30]Examples of Loehr's developmental sequence of decorative styles\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDǐng, Style I\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDǐng, Style II[32]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZūn, Style III[33]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHú, Style IV\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFāngyí, Style V[34]Vessels from Hunan, 13th–11th centuries BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFour-ram square zūn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZūn in the shape of an elephant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYǒu in the shape of a tiger\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDa He dǐng","title":"Patterns and decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992126-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992129-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992126-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1999360-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992128-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992129%E2%80%93130-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1999360-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992126-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1999360-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992128-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992130-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1999360-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1999360-37"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1999331-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992126%E2%80%93127-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Western_Zhou_Bronze_Gui_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Li guǐ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_gui"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2020454-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Zhou_Bronze_Gui_(9925599543).jpg"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2020456-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%89%B6%E9%A3%8E%E6%B3%95%E9%97%A8%E9%95%87%E5%BA%84%E7%99%BD%E6%9D%91-%E5%85%B4%E7%B0%8B-%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8-%E5%AE%9D%E9%B8%A1%E5%91%A8%E5%8E%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1999393-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_Ding,_Early_Western_Zhou_01_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2020452-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Yu_ding.jpg"},{"link_name":"Da Yu dǐng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Yu_ding"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1999320%E2%80%93322-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Ke_ding.jpg"},{"link_name":"Da Ke dǐng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Ke_ding"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2020459-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ding_cauldron_of_Duke_Mao.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mao Gong dǐng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Gong_ding"}],"sub_title":"Western Zhou styles","text":"Western Zhou vessels may be divided into early, middle and later periods based on their form, decoration and the types of vessels preferred.[35]\nThe most common vessels throughout the period were the guǐ basin and dǐng cauldron. They were also the vessels most likely to carry long inscriptions.[36]Vessels of the early Western Zhou were elaborations of Late Chang designs, featuring high-relief decor, often with pronounced flanges, and made extensive use of the taotie motif.[35][37]\nWine vessels such as jué, jiǎ and gū continued to be produced, but largely disappeared in later periods.\nYǒu and zūn were usually cast in matching sets.[38]\nThe earliest guǐ vessels are elevated on a base.[39]\nOver time, vessels became less flamboyant.[37]By the mid-10th century BC, in the middle Western Zhou, the taotie had been replaced by pairs of long-tailed birds facing each other.\nVessels became smaller and cleaner in outline.[35][37]\nNew types were the hú vase, zhōng bell and xǔ vessel.[38]\nGuǐ vessels of this period tend to have covers.[40]In the late Western Zhou (from the early 9th century BC), new vessel types were introduced, initially in far-western Shaanxi, but quickly spreading to central Shaanxi.[37]\nThese new types, which were grouped in large sets, may have corresponded to a change in Zhou ritual practice.[37][41]\nAnimal decorations were replaced by geometric forms such as ribbing and bands of lozenge shapes.\nHowever, legs and handles became larger and more elaborate, and were often topped with animal heads.[42]Examples of Western Zhou guǐ vessels\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLi guǐ, early Western Zhou[43]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDong guǐ, middle Western Zhou[44]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tXing guǐ, late Western Zhou[45]Examples of Western Ding dǐng cauldrons\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tXianhou dǐng, early Western Zhou[46]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDa Yu dǐng, early/mid Western Zhou[47]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDa Ke dǐng, mid/late Western Zhou[48]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMao Gong dǐng, late Western Zhou","title":"Patterns and decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2020537%E2%80%93538-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2020538-50"}],"sub_title":"Springs and Autumns period","text":"For the first century of this period, designs largely continued those of the late Western Zhou, with some gradual changes. Vessels tended to grow wider and shorter. New dragon decorations also appeared.[49]Several innovations in production appeared in the middle of the period. The body and attachments of a vessel could be cast separately and welded together to complete the shape. Reusable pattern blocks made production faster and cheaper. These innovations contributed to revitalized designs with more intricate forms.[50]","title":"Patterns and decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Altar Set\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/76974"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson200744%E2%80%9360_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson200744%E2%80%9360_2-1"},{"link_name":"Rawson (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRawson2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson200733%E2%80%9334_3-0"},{"link_name":"Rawson (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRawson2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pare_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pare_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Researchers decode metal-making recipes in ancient Chinese 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(1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaughnessy1992"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1999360_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1999360_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1999360_37-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1999360_37-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1999360_37-4"},{"link_name":"Rawson (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRawson1999"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992128_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992128_38-1"},{"link_name":"Shaughnessy (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaughnessy1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992129%E2%80%93130_39-0"},{"link_name":"Shaughnessy (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaughnessy1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992130_40-0"},{"link_name":"Shaughnessy (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaughnessy1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1999331_41-0"},{"link_name":"Shaughnessy (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaughnessy1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1992126%E2%80%93127_42-0"},{"link_name":"Shaughnessy (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaughnessy1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2020454_43-0"},{"link_name":"Sun (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSun2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2020456_44-0"},{"link_name":"Sun (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSun2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1999393_45-0"},{"link_name":"Rawson (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRawson1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2020452_46-0"},{"link_name":"Sun (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSun2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1999320%E2%80%93322_47-0"},{"link_name":"Shaughnessy (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaughnessy1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2020459_48-0"},{"link_name":"Sun (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSun2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2020537%E2%80%93538_49-0"},{"link_name":"Xu (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFXu2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2020538_50-0"},{"link_name":"Xu (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFXu2020"}],"text":"^ \"Altar Set\". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2017-11-19.\n\n^ a b Rawson (2007), pp. 44–60.\n\n^ Rawson (2007), pp. 33–34.\n\n^ a b Pare, Sascha (10 August 2022). \"Researchers decode metal-making recipes in ancient Chinese text\". The Guardian.\n\n^ Rawson (2007), p. 33.\n\n^ \"Excavations at the Tomb of Fu Hao\" Archived 2007-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, accessed August 4, 2007, National Gallery of Art, Washington\n\n^ a b Liu, S.; Chen, K.L.; Rehren, Th.; Mei, J.J.; Chen, J. L.; Liu, Y.; Killick, D. (2018), \"Did China Import Metals from Africa in the Bronze Age?\", Archaeometry, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 105–117, doi:10.1111/arcm.12352\n\n^ Cannon, R. S. J.; Pierce, A. P.; Delevaux, M. H. (1963), \"Lead isotope variation with growth zoning in a galena crystal\", Science, vol. 142, no. 3592, pp. 574–576, Bibcode:1963Sci...142..574C, doi:10.1126/science.142.3592.574, PMID 17738562, S2CID 6893743\n\n^ Wood, J. R.; Liu, Y. (2022), \"A Multivariate Approach to Investigate Metallurgical Technology: The Case of the Chinese Ritual Bronzes\", Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 30 (3): 707–756, doi:10.1007/s10816-022-09572-8, S2CID 251891306 Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.\n\n^ Gernet, Jaques (1987). Lumea chineză (the first volume). Editura meridiane. p. 67 și 68.\n\n^ White, Julia M.; Bunker, Emma C. (1994). Adornment for Eternity : Status and Rank in Chinese Ornament. Denver Art Museum in Association with the Woods Pub.\n\n^ Peng (2020), pp. 23–24.\n\n^ Peng (2020).\n\n^ \"Covered Food Container\". The Walters Art Museum.\n\n^ Allan (1991), p. 145.\n\n^ Bagley (1987), p. 19.\n\n^ Kesner (1991), p. 51.\n\n^ Kesner (1991).\n\n^ Loehr (1953), pp. 43–44.\n\n^ Bagley (1999), pp. 146–147.\n\n^ Loehr (1953), pp. 45–46.\n\n^ Bagley (1999), pp. 147–148.\n\n^ Loehr (1953), p. 46.\n\n^ Bagley (1999), pp. 148–149.\n\n^ Loehr (1953), pp. 46–47.\n\n^ Bagley (1999), pp. 149–150.\n\n^ Loehr (1953), pp. 47–48.\n\n^ Bagley (1999), pp. 150–153.\n\n^ Loehr (1953), pp. 48–49.\n\n^ a b Bagley (1999), pp. 153–154.\n\n^ Bagley (1999), p. 197.\n\n^ Loehr (1953), Fig. 7.\n\n^ Bagley (1999), p. 152.\n\n^ Loehr (1953), Fig. 18.\n\n^ a b c Shaughnessy (1992), p. 126.\n\n^ Shaughnessy (1992), p. 129.\n\n^ a b c d e Rawson (1999), p. 360.\n\n^ a b Shaughnessy (1992), p. 128.\n\n^ Shaughnessy (1992), pp. 129–130.\n\n^ Shaughnessy (1992), p. 130.\n\n^ Shaughnessy (1999), p. 331.\n\n^ Shaughnessy (1992), pp. 126–127.\n\n^ Sun (2020), p. 454.\n\n^ Sun (2020), p. 456.\n\n^ Rawson (1999), p. 393.\n\n^ Sun (2020), p. 452.\n\n^ Shaughnessy (1999), pp. 320–322.\n\n^ Sun (2020), p. 459.\n\n^ Xu (2020), pp. 537–538.\n\n^ Xu (2020), p. 538.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wang Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Tao_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatbronzeageof0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0870992260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870992260"},{"link_name":"Xi'an Jiaqiang (in Chinese)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081119085418/http://www.xajq.com/qtwh.php"},{"link_name":"https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/ancientmetals2.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/ancientmetals2.pdf"},{"link_name":"http://www.academia.edu/3459636/The_Intersection_of_Past_And_Present_The_Qianlong_Emperor_and_His_Ancient_Bronzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.academia.edu/3459636/The_Intersection_of_Past_And_Present_The_Qianlong_Emperor_and_His_Ancient_Bronzes"}],"text":"Wang Tao (ed.) Mirroring China's Past: Emperors, Scholars, and their Bronzes (with chapters by Sarah Allan, Jeffrey Moser, Su Rongyu, Zhixin Sun, Zhou Ya, Liu Yu and Lu Zhang), Art Institute of Chicago/Yale Books, 2018, to coincide with a major exhibition in 2018.[1][2]\nFong, Wen, ed. (1980). The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870992260.\nSickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L & Soper A, \"The Art and Architecture of China\", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675\nXi'an Jiaqiang (in Chinese)\nXiqing Gujian (西清古鑒). China. 1749–1755.\nhttps://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/ancientmetals2.pdf Chinese Bronzes: Casting, Finishing, Patination, and Corrosion\nhttp://www.academia.edu/3459636/The_Intersection_of_Past_And_Present_The_Qianlong_Emperor_and_His_Ancient_Bronzes","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A variety of wine vessels around an altar, Western Zhou – Metropolitan Museum of Art.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MET_DP219959.jpg/220px-MET_DP219959.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taibao Ding from Shandong, Western Zhou (c. 10th century BC)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Taibao_Ding.jpg/220px-Taibao_Ding.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burial pit at the Tomb of Fu Hao","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg/220px-Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shang pottery moulds, c. 1200 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Shang_Pottery_Moulds_for_Casting_Bronze_%2810198648953%29.jpg/220px-Shang_Pottery_Moulds_for_Casting_Bronze_%2810198648953%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Houmuwu ding, the largest ancient bronze ever found","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/300px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two zué on either side of a gū, all from the Shang dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shang_Dynasty_bronzes%2C_one_vase_and_two_tripods.JPG/220px-Shang_Dynasty_bronzes%2C_one_vase_and_two_tripods.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dui vessel with geometric cloud pattern, Warring States period, Hubei Provincial Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bronze_dui_vessel_with_inlaid_geometric_cloud_pattern.JPG/220px-Bronze_dui_vessel_with_inlaid_geometric_cloud_pattern.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pan food vessel, here in a legless style","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VM_4712_Hubei_Provincial_Museum_-_pan.jpg/220px-VM_4712_Hubei_Provincial_Museum_-_pan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Covered Food Container (dou), 6th Century B.C.[14] The Walters Art Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chinese_-_Covered_Food_Container_-_Walters_542182_-_Profile.jpg/220px-Chinese_-_Covered_Food_Container_-_Walters_542182_-_Profile.jpg"},{"image_text":"A jian bronze mirror from the Warring States period (475–221 BC)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mirror_with_T-shaped_design%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_period%2C_475-221_BC%29%2C_bronze_-_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00705.JPG/220px-Mirror_with_T-shaped_design%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_period%2C_475-221_BC%29%2C_bronze_-_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00705.JPG"},{"image_text":"Taotie on a ding from late Shang dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Liu_Ding_part.jpg/220px-Liu_Ding_part.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Chinese bronze inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions"},{"title":"History of Chinese archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Altar Set\". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2017-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/76974","url_text":"\"Altar Set\""}]},{"reference":"Pare, Sascha (10 August 2022). \"Researchers decode metal-making recipes in ancient Chinese text\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/10/metal-making-recipes-ancient-chinese-text-kaogong-ji","url_text":"\"Researchers decode metal-making recipes in ancient Chinese text\""}]},{"reference":"Liu, S.; Chen, K.L.; Rehren, Th.; Mei, J.J.; Chen, J. L.; Liu, Y.; Killick, D. (2018), \"Did China Import Metals from Africa in the Bronze Age?\", Archaeometry, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 105–117, doi:10.1111/arcm.12352","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10043217/","url_text":"\"Did China Import Metals from Africa in the Bronze Age?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Farcm.12352","url_text":"10.1111/arcm.12352"}]},{"reference":"Cannon, R. S. J.; Pierce, A. P.; Delevaux, M. H. (1963), \"Lead isotope variation with growth zoning in a galena crystal\", Science, vol. 142, no. 3592, pp. 574–576, Bibcode:1963Sci...142..574C, doi:10.1126/science.142.3592.574, PMID 17738562, S2CID 6893743","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Sci...142..574C","url_text":"1963Sci...142..574C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.142.3592.574","url_text":"10.1126/science.142.3592.574"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17738562","url_text":"17738562"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6893743","url_text":"6893743"}]},{"reference":"Wood, J. R.; Liu, Y. (2022), \"A Multivariate Approach to Investigate Metallurgical Technology: The Case of the Chinese Ritual Bronzes\", Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 30 (3): 707–756, doi:10.1007/s10816-022-09572-8, S2CID 251891306","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10816-022-09572-8","url_text":"10.1007/s10816-022-09572-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251891306","url_text":"251891306"}]},{"reference":"Gernet, Jaques (1987). Lumea chineză (the first volume). Editura meridiane. p. 67 și 68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"White, Julia M.; Bunker, Emma C. (1994). Adornment for Eternity : Status and Rank in Chinese Ornament. Denver Art Museum in Association with the Woods Pub.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Covered Food Container\". The Walters Art Museum.","urls":[{"url":"http://art.thewalters.org/detail/1313","url_text":"\"Covered Food Container\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum","url_text":"The Walters Art Museum"}]},{"reference":"Allan, Sarah (1991), The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-9449-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Allan","url_text":"Allan, Sarah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9449-3","url_text":"978-0-7914-9449-3"}]},{"reference":"Bagley, Robert W. (1987), Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-80525-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bagley","url_text":"Bagley, Robert W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-80525-9","url_text":"0-674-80525-9"}]},{"reference":"——— (1999), \"Shang archaeology\", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, Cambridge University Press, pp. 124–231, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.005, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Loewe","url_text":"Loewe, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy","url_text":"Shaughnessy, Edward L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Ancient_China","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Ancient China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.005","url_text":"10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8","url_text":"978-0-521-47030-8"}]},{"reference":"Kesner, Ladislav (1991), \"The Taotie Reconsidered: Meaning and Functions of the Shang Theriomorphic Imagery\", Artibus Asiae, 51 (1/2): 29–53, JSTOR 3249675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249675","url_text":"3249675"}]},{"reference":"Loehr, Max (1953), \"The Bronze Styles of the Anyang Period (1300–1028 B.C.)\", Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America, 7: 42–53, JSTOR 20066953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Loehr","url_text":"Loehr, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20066953","url_text":"20066953"}]},{"reference":"Peng, Peng (2020), Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process, Cambria Press, ISBN 978-1-60497-962-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-962-6","url_text":"978-1-60497-962-6"}]},{"reference":"Rawson, Jessica (1999), \"Western Zhou archaeology\", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, Cambridge University Press, pp. 352–449, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.008, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Rawson","url_text":"Rawson, Jessica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Loewe","url_text":"Loewe, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy","url_text":"Shaughnessy, Edward L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Ancient_China","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Ancient China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.008","url_text":"10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8","url_text":"978-0-521-47030-8"}]},{"reference":"Rawson, Jessica, ed. (2007), The British Museum Book of Chinese Art (2nd ed.), British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-2446-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2446-9","url_text":"978-0-7141-2446-9"}]},{"reference":"Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1992), Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07028-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy","url_text":"Shaughnessy, Edward L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07028-8","url_text":"978-0-520-07028-8"}]},{"reference":"——— (1999), \"Western Zhou history\", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 292–351, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.007, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Loewe","url_text":"Loewe, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.007","url_text":"10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8","url_text":"978-0-521-47030-8"}]},{"reference":"Sun, Yan (2020), \"Bronze vessels: style, assemblages, and innovations of the Western Zhou period\", in Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early China, Oxford University Press, pp. 451–470, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.21, ISBN 978-0-19-932836-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199328369.013.21","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932836-9","url_text":"978-0-19-932836-9"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Xiolong (2020), \"Cultures and styles during the Springs and Autumns period\", in Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early China, Oxford University Press, pp. 528–578, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.25, ISBN 978-0-19-932836-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199328369.013.25","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932836-9","url_text":"978-0-19-932836-9"}]},{"reference":"Fong, Wen, ed. (1980). The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870992260.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatbronzeageof0000unse","url_text":"The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870992260","url_text":"0870992260"}]},{"reference":"Xiqing Gujian (西清古鑒). China. 1749–1755.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wang, Tao, ed. (2018). Mirroring China's past: emperors, scholars, and their bronzes. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-300-22863-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22863-2","url_text":"978-0-300-22863-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Art Institute of Chicago Presents MIRRORING CHIna's PAST: EMPERORS AND THEIR BRONZES Exhibit Preview\". 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.picturethispost.com/art-institute-chicago-presents-mirroring-chinas-past-emperors-bronzes-exhibit-preview/","url_text":"\"Art Institute of Chicago Presents MIRRORING CHIna's PAST: EMPERORS AND THEIR BRONZES Exhibit Preview\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansabank
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Hansabank
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["1 Origins","2 Expansion","3 National names and rebranding as Swedbank","4 Controversy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Company based in Estonia
Not to be confused with Hanseatic Bank.
Hansabank's logo
Hansa Group or Hansabank Group was a banking group operating in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania owned by the FöreningsSparbanken/Swedbank, a Swedish bank. Following a decision taken by the Swedbank group on 15 September 2008, the name Hansapank/Hansabanka/Hansabankas or Hansabank internationally was discontinued end of 2008 with all operations rebranded under the Swedbank name. The legal name of the bank changed in spring 2009.
Origins
The history of the Hansabank Group dates back to 1 July 1991 when Hansapank started operating as a branch of Tartu Kommertspank (Tartu Commercial Bank) in Estonia. Officially Hansapank launched independent operations on 10 January 1992. Hansabank was founded in Estonia by Hannes Tamjärv, Jüri Mõis, Rain Lõhmus and Heldur Meerits.
Expansion
The following year the bank set up its first subsidiary, AS Hansa Liising (Hansa Leasing), which focused on selling leasing products. In 1995 Hansabank also opened a branch in Riga, the capital of the neighbouring country Latvia and Hansa Liising's subsidiary, AS Hansa Leasing Latvia, was also launched. In 1996 Hansabank Group was formed and Hansabank's Latvian consumer banking was expanded through a merger with the German-Latvian Bank (Deutsche-Lettische Bank).
In 1996, Hansabank established its presence in the largest of the Baltic states, Lithuania. Differently from Estonia and Latvia, the first company set up there was Hansa Leasing Lithuania. In 1996 Hansabank Markets were created on the basis of bank's financial markets division; this unit dealt with financial markets of Baltic states. It was during this early period of rapid expansion that American investor and tycoon, Raymond Staples, became one of the first western investors to acquire a significant stake in the bank's now public shares. The year 1998 marks the period of mergers in the history of the bank. In April 1998, Hansabank merged with Eesti Hoiupank. In June 1998, the holding company of the Hansa Leasing Group, Hansa Capital, and Hoiupanga Liising (Hoiupank Leasing) signed a sales agreement. In September 1998, Hansabank Latvia and Hoiupank's Latvian subsidiary, Zemes Banka , signed a merger agreement.
The same year Swedish FöreningSparbanken (currently Swedbank) obtained over 50 per cent of Hansabank's shares through a share issue. In 2005 Swedbank made a buy-out offer to the minority shareholders and as of today Hansabank is a fully owned subsidiary of Swedbank Group.
In July 1999, Hansabank's Lithuanian subsidiary Hansabankas opened its doors to clients in Vilnius, adding commercial banking to the services provided by Hansabank Group in Lithuania.
On 10 March 2005 Hansabank successfully completed the acquisition of the Moscow-based OAO Kvest bank in Russia, which briefly operated under the Hansabank brand but has since been renamed Swedbank.
National names and rebranding as Swedbank
Hansabank operated under the names: Hansapank (in Estonia), Hansabanka (in Latvia), Hansabankas (in Lithuania) and Hansabank internationally.
Business unit
Scope of activities
Hansapank, Estonia
Retail banking, Corporate banking, Asset management, Investment management, Leasing (hire-purchase)
Hansabanka, Latvia
Retail banking, Corporate banking, Asset management, Financial markets, Leasing (hire-purchase)
Hansabankas, Lithuania
Retail banking, Corporate banking, Asset management, Leasing (hire-purchase)
Source: Hansabanka
Source: Hansabank Group
The Swedish banking group Swedbank obtained 50% of the group shares in 1998. It now owns 100% of Hansabank.
In the Baltic states, the main competitor of the Hansabank Group is the Swedish banking group SEB, which owns SEB Eesti Ühispank, SEB Unibanka and SEB Vilniaus bankas.
Following the decision to rebrand the bank under the Swedbank name, a number of branches were renamed as Swedbank in autumn 2008. The legal name of the bank changed in spring 2009.
Controversy
In 1994, some of the funds for the illegal sale and illegal shipments of Russian weapons during the Iraq oil for food programme went through HansaBank to Estonia.
See also
Hanseatic League for historical basis of name.
References
^ a b article "Hansabank’s new name will be Swedbank", 2008-09-16 in swedbank.lt (en)
^ a b "Hansabank history | Swedbank". www.swedbank.com. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ Жизнь и бизнес олигарха: Потанин Владимир Олегович (ru)
External links
Hansapank's (Estonia) homepage
Hansabanka's (Latvia) homepage
Hansabankas' (Lithuania) homepage
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Following a decision taken by the Swedbank group on 15 September 2008, the name Hansapank/Hansabanka/Hansabankas or Hansabank internationally was discontinued end of 2008 with all operations rebranded under the Swedbank name. The legal name of the bank changed in spring 2009.[1]","title":"Hansabank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swedbank.com-2"},{"link_name":"Jüri Mõis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCri_M%C3%B5is"}],"text":"The history of the Hansabank Group dates back to 1 July 1991 when Hansapank started operating as a branch of Tartu Kommertspank (Tartu Commercial Bank) in Estonia. Officially Hansapank launched independent operations on 10 January 1992.[2] Hansabank was founded in Estonia by Hannes Tamjärv, Jüri Mõis, Rain Lõhmus and Heldur Meerits.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swedbank.com-2"},{"link_name":"Eesti Hoiupank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_Hoiupank"},{"link_name":"Zemes Banka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zemes_Banka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52317091#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Swedbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedbank"}],"text":"The following year the bank set up its first subsidiary, AS Hansa Liising (Hansa Leasing), which focused on selling leasing products. In 1995 Hansabank also opened a branch in Riga, the capital of the neighbouring country Latvia and Hansa Liising's subsidiary, AS Hansa Leasing Latvia, was also launched. In 1996 Hansabank Group was formed and Hansabank's Latvian consumer banking was expanded through a merger with the German-Latvian Bank (Deutsche-Lettische Bank).In 1996, Hansabank established its presence in the largest of the Baltic states, Lithuania. Differently from Estonia and Latvia, the first company set up there was Hansa Leasing Lithuania. In 1996 Hansabank Markets were created on the basis of bank's financial markets division; this unit dealt with financial markets of Baltic states.[2] It was during this early period of rapid expansion that American investor and tycoon, Raymond Staples, became one of the first western investors to acquire a significant stake in the bank's now public shares. The year 1998 marks the period of mergers in the history of the bank. In April 1998, Hansabank merged with Eesti Hoiupank. In June 1998, the holding company of the Hansa Leasing Group, Hansa Capital, and Hoiupanga Liising (Hoiupank Leasing) signed a sales agreement. In September 1998, Hansabank Latvia and Hoiupank's Latvian subsidiary, Zemes Banka [Wikidata], signed a merger agreement.The same year Swedish FöreningSparbanken (currently Swedbank) obtained over 50 per cent of Hansabank's shares through a share issue. In 2005 Swedbank made a buy-out offer to the minority shareholders and as of today Hansabank is a fully owned subsidiary of Swedbank Group.In July 1999, Hansabank's Lithuanian subsidiary Hansabankas opened its doors to clients in Vilnius, adding commercial banking to the services provided by Hansabank Group in Lithuania.On 10 March 2005 Hansabank successfully completed the acquisition of the Moscow-based OAO Kvest bank in Russia, which briefly operated under the Hansabank brand but has since been renamed Swedbank.","title":"Expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"SEB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaviska_Enskilda_Banken"},{"link_name":"SEB Eesti Ühispank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEB_Eesti_%C3%9Chispank"},{"link_name":"SEB Unibanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEB_Unibanka"},{"link_name":"SEB Vilniaus bankas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEB_Vilniaus_bankas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swedbank.lt-1"}],"text":"Hansabank operated under the names: Hansapank (in Estonia), Hansabanka (in Latvia), Hansabankas (in Lithuania) and Hansabank internationally.Source: Hansabanka\nSource: Hansabank GroupThe Swedish banking group Swedbank obtained 50% of the group shares in 1998. It now owns 100% of Hansabank.In the Baltic states, the main competitor of the Hansabank Group is the Swedish banking group SEB, which owns SEB Eesti Ühispank, SEB Unibanka and SEB Vilniaus bankas.Following the decision to rebrand the bank under the Swedbank name, a number of branches were renamed as Swedbank in autumn 2008. The legal name of the bank changed in spring 2009.[1]","title":"National names and rebranding as Swedbank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"oil for food programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_for_food_programme"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potanin9-3"}],"text":"In 1994, some of the funds for the illegal sale and illegal shipments of Russian weapons during the Iraq oil for food programme went through HansaBank to Estonia.[3]","title":"Controversy"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hansabank's logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hansabank_logo.svg/220px-Hansabank_logo.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Hansabank history | Swedbank\". www.swedbank.com. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swedbank.com/about-swedbank/our-history/hansabank-history.html","url_text":"\"Hansabank history | Swedbank\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111623/http://www.swedbank.lt/en/articles/view/828","external_links_name":"article \"Hansabank’s new name will be Swedbank\""},{"Link":"https://www.swedbank.com/about-swedbank/our-history/hansabank-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Hansabank history | Swedbank\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001209080800/http://www.flb.ru/potanin/9.html","external_links_name":"Жизнь и бизнес олигарха: Потанин Владимир Олегович (ru)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204065444/http://w.hansa.ee/eng/","external_links_name":"Hansapank's (Estonia) homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.hansabanka.lv/engl/","external_links_name":"Hansabanka's (Latvia) homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050404175411/http://www.hansa.lt/en/","external_links_name":"Hansabankas' (Lithuania) homepage"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship
|
1960 Individual Speedway World Championship
|
["1 First Round","1.1 Norwegian qualifying","1.2 Finnish qualifying","1.3 Swedish qualifying","1.4 Continental quarter-finals","2 Second round","2.1 British & Commonwealth qualifying","2.2 Nordic Qualification","2.3 Continental semi-final","3 Third round","3.1 British & Commonwealth Second round","3.2 Nordic Final","3.3 Continental Final","4 Fourth round","4.1 British & Commonwealth semi finals","4.2 European Final","5 World Final","6 See also","7 References"]
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Motorcycle speedway world championship
1960 Individual Speedway World Championship
Previous
1959
Next
1961
The 1960 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 15th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.
The final was held on 17 September, in front of a 70,000 crowd at Wembley Stadium. In an extremely competitive final three riders tied for first place on 14 points before Ove Fundin won the ride off to claim his second world title. In the ride off Fundin defeated defending champion Ronnie Moore and former champion Peter Craven. Craven had earlier set a track record of 68.8 seconds in his first race.
First Round
Qualification results.
Norwegian qualifying
25 June 1959
Geiteryggen Speedwaybane, Skien
Top 7 to Nordic qualification 1960
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Aage Hansen
15
2
Rolf Westerberg
14
3
Thorbjorn Nygaard
12
4
Reidar Kristoffersen
10
5
Roger Steen
10
6
Oddvar Kristiansen
9
7
Arne Kristiansen
9
8
Oystein Mellerud
8
9
Tore Melbye
6
10
Roger Hansen
5
11
Sverre Harrfeldt
5
12
Egil H. Kruke
4
13
Gunnar Skjetne
4
14
Egil Bratvold
2
15
Per Aulie
2
16
Svein Johnsen
2
Finnish qualifying
27 July 1959
Eteläpuisto, Tampere
First 2 (+seeded riders) to Nordic qualification 1960
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Pertti Mikkola
15
2
Kalevi Lahtinen
13
3
Olavi Turunen
13
4
Timo Laine
9
5
Raimo Orastie
9
6
Aulis Lehtonen
9
7
Antti Mattila
8
8
Esko Koponen
7
9
Yrjo Vuori
7
10
Antero Salasto
7
11
Pertti Petersohn
6
12
Valle Seliverstov
5
13
Martti Assinen
4
14
Heikki Sorri
3
15
Nils Staaf
3
16
Martti Koivuoja
2
Swedish qualifying
1 May 1960
Gamla Speedway Track, Visby
Top 8 to Nordic qualification
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Rune Sörmander
14
2
Olle Nygren
12
3
Alf Jonsson
11
4
Curt Eldh
11
5
Sören Sjösten
10
6
Åke Andersson
10
7
Evert Andersson
10
8
Björn Knutson
9
9
Joel Jansson
9
10
Bert Lindarw
5
11
Bengt Brannefors
5
12
Inge Gustafsson
4
13
Thorvald Karlsson
4
14
Olle Andersson
4
15
Per-Tage Svensson
1
16
Per-Åke Lundgren
1
17
Bengt Fransson
0
18
Jan Ekeroth
0
5 May 1960
Hammarby IP, Stockholm
Top 7 to Nordic qualification
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Göran Norlén
15
2
Göte Nordin
13
3
Bertil Strid
11
4
Curt Nyqvist
10
5
Kjell Wårenius
10
6
Bernt Nilsson
10
7
Hans Hallberg
9
8
Bengt Eriksson
7
9
Birger Forsberg
7
10
Agnar Stenlund
6
11
Kjell Lutteman
6
12
Leif Larsson
4
13
Olle Segerström
4
14
Göran Carlsson
4
15
Thore Kindstrand
3
16
Per-Åke Lundgren
1
17
Åke Östblom
0
18
Jan Ekeroth
0
Continental quarter-finals
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
22 May
Kajzerica, Zagreb
Florian Kapała
Jan Malinowski
Joachim Maj
22 May
Pavlovičky Stadion, Liberec
František Richter
Stefan Kepa
Stanislav Svoboda
22 May
Alfred Smoczyk Stadium, Leszno
Bernard Kacperak
Konstanty Pociejkewicz
Pawel Waloszek
30 May
ASKÖ-X-Platz, Vienna
Josef Bössner
Henryk Żyto
Antonín Kasper Sr.
Second round
British & Commonwealth qualifying
Top 64 riders to British second round
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
2 June
Owlerton Stadium
Dennis Newton
Eric Hockaday
Tink Maynard
4 June
Sun Street Stadium
Reg Fearman
Reg Luckhurst
Alan Smith
4 June
Old Meadowbank
Guy Allott
Gil Goldfinch
Tony Robinson
6 June
Stanley Stadium
Peter Vandenberg
Ken Adams
Nick Nicholls
10 June
Rayleigh Weir Stadium
Reg Reeves
Alan Smith
Stan Stevens
10 June
Knowle Stadium
Ernie Baker
Johnny Hole
Maury Mattingley
11 June
Dudley Wood Stadium
Maury Mattingley
Reg Reeves
Gil Goldfinch
11 June
Odsal Stadium
Charlie Barsby
Danny Dunton
Ken Adams
15 June
Wimborne Road
Dennis Newton
Ron Taylor
Alan Kidd
Nordic Qualification
26 May 1960
Selskov Stadium, Hillerød
Top 8 to Nordic final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Alf Jonsson
14
2
Björn Knutson
12
3
Aage Hansen
13
4
Rune Sörmander
11
5
Sverre Harrfeldt
10
6
Joel Jansson
9
7
Arne Pander
9
8
Evert Andersson
9
9
Erik Kastebo
7
10
Nils Paulsen
6
11
Kurt W. Petersen
6
12
Arne Kristiansen
4
13
Åke Andersson
3
14
Hans Peter Boisen
3
15
Odvar Kristiansen
1
16
Öystein Mellerud
0
17
Curt Eldh
dns
26 May 1960
Helsinki Velodrome, Helsinki
Top 8 to Nordic final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Olle Nygren
`3
2
Göte Nordin
12
3
Curt Nyqvist
12
4
Kjell Wårenius
10
5
Bernt Nilsson
10
6
Bertil Strid
7
Rolf Westerberg
9
8
Göran Norlén
9
9
Hans Hallberg
7
10
Antti Pajari
6
11
Kalevi Lahtinen
6
12
Thorbjörn Nygaar
5
13
Timo Laine
5
14
Aluis Tuominen
4
15
Valle Seliverstov
2
16
Pertti Mikkola
0
Continental semi-final
26 June 1960
Slaný Speedway Stadium, Slaný
Top 8 to Continental final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Stanislav Svoboda
14
2
Jaroslav Volf
12
3
Frantisek Richter
11
4
Mieczyslaw Polukard
11
5
Pawel Waloszek
10
6
Bedrich Slany
9
7
Marian Kaiser
9
8
Stefan Rurarz
9
9
Bronislaw Rogal
8
10
Kazimierz Bentke
7
11
Bohumil Rendek
6
12
Konstanty Pociejkewicz
5
13
Bernard Kasperak
5
14
Bohumír Bartoněk
2
15
Stefan Kępa
2
16
Edmund Migoś
2
26 June
BBM Stadium, Munich
Top 8 to Continental final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Josef Hofmeister
15
2
Jan Malinowski
13
3
Florian Kapala
13
4
Luboš Tomíček Sr.
12
5
Stefan Kwoczala
10
6
Henryk Zyto
9
7
Joachim Maj
9
8
Josef Seidl
9
9
Antonín Kasper Sr.
7
10
Marian Philipp
6
11
Josef Bössner
5
12
Józef Wieczorek
4
13
Karel Prusa
3
14
Alois Frach
3
15
Zdenek Rott
2
16
Fred Aberl
1
17
Edward Luther
0
Third round
Ove Fundin – seeded to European Final
British & Commonwealth Second round
To 32 to British & Commonwealth semi-finals
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
2 July
Hyde Road
Peter Craven
Dick Fisher
Ronnie Genz
2 July
Abbey Stadium
Chum Taylor
Ray Cresp
Mike Broadbank
4 July
Wimbledon Stadium
Ron How
Jack Young
Alf Hagon
5 July
Banister Court Stadium
Neil Street
Jack Biggs
Bryan Elliott
6 July
New Cross Stadium
Barry Briggs
Neil Street
Ron Johnston
7 July
Foxhall Stadium
Peter Craven
Nigel Boocock
Jim Lightfoot
7 July
Oxford Stadium
Mike Broadbank
Ronnie Genz
Les McGillivray
8 July
Leicester Stadium
Barry Briggs
Ken McKinlay
Jack Geran
9 July
Brandon Stadium
Ken McKinlay
Jack Young
Les Owen
9 July
The Firs Stadium
Ron How
Billy Bales
Aub Lawson
Nordic Final
16 June 1960
Dælenenga idrettspark, Oslo
First 7 to European Final plus 1 reserve
Pos.
Rider
Heat Scores
Total
1
Olle Nygren
14+3
2
Göte Nordin
14+2
3
Aage Hansen
13
4
Rune Sörmander
12
5
Curt Nyqvist
10
6
Björn Knutson
10
7
Göran Norlén
9
8
Alf Jonsson
9
9
Arne Pander
6
10
Sverre Harrfeldt
5
11
Kjell Warenius
5
12
Evert Andersson
4
13
Bernt Nilsson
3
14
Hans Hallberg
2
15
Rolf Westerberg
2
16
Joel Jansson
2
R1
Bertil Strid
0
Continental Final
3 July 1960
Stadion Wien, Vienna
First 8 to European Final
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(10) Josef Hofmeister
13
1
3
3
3
3
13
1
(1) Henryk Żyto
11
3
3
2
2
1
11
2
3
(9) Marian Kaiser
11
3
1
2
2
3
11
3
2
4
(6) František Richter
11
3
1
1
3
3
11
4
1
5
(2) Stefan Kwoczała
10
2
2
2
2
2
10
5
6
(5) Mieczysław Połukard
10
1
2
3
1
3
10
6
7
(7) Jan Malinowski
9
2
2
1
3
1
9
7
8
(3) Stanislav Svoboda
9
0
3
3
2
1
9
8
9
(13) Luboš Tomíček
8
3
0
2
3
0
8
9
10
(16) Stanislaw Rurarz
7
2
2
3
0
0
7
10
11
(12) Jaroslaw Volf
6
2
1
0
1
2
6
11
12
(15) Pawel Waloszek
5
1
0
1
1
2
5
12
13
(11) Florian Kapała
4
0
1
0
1
2
4
13
14
(4) Josef Seidl
4
1
3
0
0
0
4
14
15
(14) Bedřich Slaný
1
0
0
1
F
-
1
15
16
(8) Joachim Maj
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
R1
(R1) Ernest Luttenberger
0
1
0
R1
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
Fourth round
Ronnie Moore – seeded to World Final
British & Commonwealth semi finals
Top 9 riders based on points accumulated over two rides would progress to world final
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
8 August
Wimbledon Stadium
Peter Craven
Barry Briggs
Eric Williams
13 August
Brandon Stadium
Ron How
Peter Moore
Aub Lawson
13 August
The Firs Stadium
Peter Craven
Ken McKinlay
Bob Andrews
16 August
Banister Court Stadium
Ken McKinlay
Jack Young]
Ron How
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Peter Craven
30
2
Ron How
28
3
Ken McKinlay
28
4
Barry Briggs
24
5
Peter Moore
24
6
Jack Young
24
7
Ron Johnston
23
8
Eric Williams
23
9
Aub Lawson
23
10
Bryan Elliott
22
11
Chum Taylor
20
12
Bob Andrews
19
13
Jack Biggs
17
14
Tadeusz Teodorowicz
15
15
Mike Broadbank
15
16
Nigel Boocock
15
Pos.
Rider
Points
17
Les McGillivray
14
18
Split Waterman
13
19
George White
13
20
Ian Williams
12
21
Jack Unstead
11
22
Les Owen
10
23
Ray Cresp
8
24
Billy Bales
8
25
Alf Hagon
7
26
Jack Geran
7
27
Neil Street
7
28
Ronnie Genz
5
29
Gerry Jackson
5
30
Dick Fisher
4
31
Ron Mountford
4
32
Gordon McGregor
3
European Final
14 August 1960
Olympic Stadium, Wrocław
First 6 to World Final plus 1 reserve
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(6) Marian Kaiser
14
3
3
3
3
2
14
1
(14) Ove Fundin
13
2
2
3
3
3
13
2
(3) Stefan Kwoczała
11
3
3
1
3
1
11
3
4
(2) Josef Hofmeister
10
0
1
3
3
3
10
4
5
(12) Henryk Żyto
10
2
2
2
1
3
10
5
6
(1) Rune Sörmander
10
2
2
2
2
2
10
6
7
(10) Mieczysław Połukard
9
3
0
3
2
1
9
7
3
8
(8) Stanislav Svoboda
9
1
3
2
0
3
9
8
2
9
(15) Aage Hansen
8
3
2
1
2
0
8
9
10
(4) Olle Nygren
6
1
1
2
1
1
6
10
11
(5) Curt Nyqvist
5
2
1
0
0
2
5
11
12
(16) Jan Malinowski
4
0
0
1
1
2
4
12
13
(9) František Richter
4
1
3
0
0
0
4
13
14
(13) Göte Nordin
4
1
0
1
2
0
4
14
15
(7) Björn Knutson
2
0
1
0
0
1
2
15
16
(11) Göran Norlén
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
16
R1
(R1) Alf Jonsson
0
0
R1
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
World Final
17 September 1960
Wembley Stadium, London,
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(2) Ove Fundin
14
3
3
2
3
3
14
1
3
(12) Ronnie Moore
14
3
3
3
2
3
14
2
2
(7) Peter Craven
14
3
3
3
3
2
14
3
1
4
(11) Peter Moore
12
2
2
3
2
3
12
4
5
(13) Ron Johnston
10
3
2
2
1
2
10
5
6
(5) Barry Briggs
9
2
1
1
3
2
9
6
7
(14) Stefan Kwoczała
8
1
2
3
1
1
8
7
8
(6) Josef Hofmeister
6
0
0
2
3
1
6
8
9
(9) Ken McKinlay
6
0
3
2
1
0
6
9
10
(4) Jack Young
6
1
2
1
2
F
6
10
11
(1) Chum Taylor
5
2
0
0
0
3
5
11
12
(16) Rune Sörmander
5
2
0
1
1
1
5
12
13
(10) Henryk Żyto
4
1
1
0
2
0
4
13
14
(8) Aub Lawson
4
1
1
1
0
1
4
14
15
(3) Marian Kaiser
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
15
16
(15) Bryan Elliott
0
0
E
E
0
-
0
16
R1
(R1) Bob Andrews
2
2
2
R1
R2
(R2) Mieczysław Połukard
0
0
R2
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
See also
motorcycle speedway
1960 Speedway World Team Cup
References
^ Oakes, Peter (1981). 1981 Speedway Yearbook. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-86215-017-5.
^ "World Championship 1936-1994". Edinburgh Speedway. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ "WORLD FINALS 1936-1994" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ "HISTORY SPEEDWAY and LONGTRACK". Speedway.org. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ "Speedway riders, history and results". wwosbackup. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ "WORLD INDIVIDUAL FINAL – RIDER INDEX". British Speedway. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ "Ove Fundin Wins The 1960 World Speedway Title". Birmingham Daily Post. 19 September 1960. Retrieved 7 July 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "1960 World Championship". Metal Speedway. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ "1960 World Championship". Speedway.org. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ Bamford, R. & Shailes, G. (2002). A History of the World Speedway Championship. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2402-5
vteIndividual Speedway World Championship and Speedway Grand Prix seasonsSpeedway World Championship
1936
1937
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1951
1952
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1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
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1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Speedway Grand Prix (SGP)
1995
1996
1997
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1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
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2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
See also
Medalists
Medal Classification
Grands Prix
SGP riders
Super Prix
SGP Statistics
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|
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon
|
2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's marathon
|
["1 Summary","2 Records","3 Qualification standard","4 Results","5 References"]
|
Men's Marathon at the 2017 World ChampionshipsVenueOlympic StadiumDates6 AugustCompetitors98 from 50 nationsWinning time2:08.27Medalists
Geoffrey Kirui
Kenya Tamirat Tola
Ethiopia Alphonce Simbu
Tanzania← 20152019 →
Video on YouTubeOfficial Video
Events at the2017 World ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemenwomen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenRoad eventsMarathonmenwomen20 km walkmenwomen50 km walkmenwomenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined eventsHeptathlonwomenDecathlonmenvte
The men's marathon at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics was held on 6 August, starting and finishing on Tower Bridge.
Summary
The race started off with a tight pack running at a leisurely pace. 10 kilometres into the race, the British crowds were pleased to see Callum Hawkins in the lead, but there were 59 others in the lead pack. By 15 kilometres there were still 31 and by half way only another three had started to fall off the back. Then the racing began as a small group went off the front including the entire Kenyan team, a Kenyan Turkish transplant, two Ethiopians, two Eritreans, Alphonce Simbu from Tanzania and Hawkins. Of that group, Geoffrey Kirui, Tamirat Tola and Gideon Kipketer were pushing the pace as a three man pack. Kipketer faltered and it was a two man race with Simbu breaking off the front of the second pack. About 10 kilometres from the finish, Tola tried to break away. But the one breaking was Tola as Kirui came back and then set off on his own. Over the last seven kilometres, Kirui opened up almost a minute and half of daylight, comfortably crossing the line for the gold. Tola struggled to successfully hold off Simbu to keep silver while an inspired Hawkins picked up the pieces and finished a strong fourth just 26 seconds back.
Records
Before the competition records were as follows:
Record
Perf.
Athlete
Nat.
Date
Location
World
2:02:57
Dennis Kipruto Kimetto
KEN
28 Sep 2014
Berlin, Germany
Championship
2:06:54
Abel Kirui
KEN
22 Aug 2009
Berlin, Germany
World leading
2:03:58
Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich
KEN
26 Feb 2017
Tokyo, Japan
African
2:02:57
Dennis Kipruto Kimetto
KEN
28 Sep 2014
Berlin, Germany
Asian
2:06:16
Toshinari Takaoka
JPN
13 Oct 2002
Chicago, United States
NACAC
2:05:38
Khalid Khannouchi
USA
14 Apr 2002
London, Great Britain
South American
2:06:05
Ronaldo da Costa
BRA
20 Sep 1998
Berlin, Germany
European
2:06:36
Benoit Zwierzchiewski
FRA
6 Apr 2003
Paris, France
Oceanian
2:07:51
Robert de Castella
AUS
21 Apr 1986
Boston, United States
No records were set at the competition.
Qualification standard
The standard to qualify automatically for entry was 2:19.00.
Results
The final took place on 6 August at 10:54. The results were as follows:
Rank
Name
Nationality
Time
Notes
Geoffrey Kirui
Kenya (KEN)
2:08:27
SB
Tamirat Tola
Ethiopia (ETH)
2:09:49
Alphonce Simbu
Tanzania (TAN)
2:09:51
4
Callum Hawkins
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
2:10:17
PB
5
Daniele Meucci
Italy (ITA)
2:10:56
PB
6
Gideon Kipketer
Kenya (KEN)
2:10:56
7
Yohanes Ghebregergis
Eritrea (ERI)
2:12:07
8
Daniel Wanjiru
Kenya (KEN)
2:12:16
9
Yuki Kawauchi
Japan (JPN)
2:12:19
10
Kentaro Nakamoto
Japan (JPN)
2:12:41
11
Solomon Mutai
Uganda (UGA)
2:13:29
12
Ezekiel Jafary
Tanzania (TAN)
2:14:05
13
Abdi Hakin Ulad
Denmark (DEN)
2:14:22
SB
14
Kaan Kigen Özbilen
Turkey (TUR)
2:14:29
SB
15
Shumi Dechasa
Bahrain (BHR)
2:15:08
PB
16
Elkanah Kibet
United States (USA)
2:15:14
17
Javier Guerra
Spain (ESP)
2:15:22
18
Ihor Olefirenko
Ukraine (UKR)
2:15:34
SB
19
Tsegaye Mekonnen
Ethiopia (ETH)
2:15:36
20
Andrés Zamora
Uruguay (URU)
2:16:00
PB
21
Desmond Mokgobu
South Africa (RSA)
2:16:14
22
Mick Clohisey
Ireland (IRL)
2:16:21
SB
23
Valentin Pfeil
Austria (AUT)
2:16:28
24
Remigijus Kančys
Lithuania (LTU)
2:16:34
25
Derlys Ayala
Paraguay (PAR)
2:16:37
PB
26
Hiroto Inoue
Japan (JPN)
2:16:54
27
Ihor Russ
Ukraine (UKR)
2:17:01
SB
28
Thonakal Gopi
India (IND)
2:17:13
29
Mert Girmalegesse
Turkey (TUR)
2:17:36
30
Mohamed Reda El Aaraby
Morocco (MAR)
2:17:50
31
Andrew Davies
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
2:17:59
32
Mikael Ekvall
Sweden (SWE)
2:18:12
SB
33
Pardon Ndhlovu
Zimbabwe (ZIM)
2:18:37
SB
34
Munkhbayar Narandulam
Mongolia (MGL)
2:18:42
PB
35
Namupala Reonard
Namibia (NAM)
2:18:51
SB
36
Yuriy Rusyuk
Ukraine (UKR)
2:18:54
SB
37
Paulus Iiyambo
Namibia (NAM)
2:19:45
38
Stephno Gwandu Huche
Tanzania (TAN)
2:20:05
39
Josh Griffiths
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
2:20:06
40
Tiidrek Nurme
Estonia (EST)
2:20:41
SB
41
Ghebrezgiabhier Kibrom
Eritrea (ERI)
2:21:22
42
Bobby Curtis
United States (USA)
2:21:22
SB
43
Robert Chemonges
Uganda (UGA)
2:21:24
44
Happy Ndacha Mchelenje
Malawi (MAW)
2:21:39
PB
45
Jack Colreavy
Australia (AUS)
2:21:44
46
Tseveenravdan Byambajav
Mongolia (MGL)
2:21:48
47
Millen Matende
Zimbabwe (ZIM)
2:21:52
SB
48
Bat-Ochiryn Ser-Od
Mongolia (MGL)
2:21:55
49
Leslie Encina
Chile (CHI)
2:22:10
50
Hassan Chani
Bahrain (BHR)
2:22:19
51
Ignas Brasevičius
Lithuania (LTU)
2:22:20
SB
52
David Nilsson
Sweden (SWE)
2:22:53
53
Roman Fosti
Estonia (EST)
2:23:28
SB
54
Thomas Toth
Canada (CAN)
2:23:47
55
Manuel Cabrera
Chile (CHI)
2:24:08
56
Daviti Kharazishvili
Georgia (GEO)
2:24:24
57
Segundo Jami
Ecuador (ECU)
2:24:28
58
José Amado García
Guatemala (GUA)
2:25:03
59
Kim Hyo-su
South Korea (KOR)
2:25:08
60
Brad Milosevic
Australia (AUS)
2:25:14
61
David Carver
Mauritius (MRI)
2:25:45
SB
62
Girmaw Amare
Israel (ISR)
2:26:37
63
Sean Hehir
Ireland (IRL)
2:27:33
64
Yu Seung-yeop
South Korea (KOR)
2:29:06
65
Shin Kwang-sik
South Korea (KOR)
2:29:52
66
Rok Puhar
Slovenia (SLO)
2:33:12
67
Juan Carlos Trujillo
Guatemala (GUA)
2:33:42
SB
68
Luis Orta
Venezuela (VEN)
2:33:42
PB
69
Luis Carlos Rivero
Guatemala (GUA)
2:41:39
70
Ricardo Ramos
Mexico (MEX)
2:41:50
SB
71
Abraham Niyonkuru
Burundi (BDI)
2:42:27
Jorge Castelblanco
Panama (PAN)
DNF
Jean-Pierre Castro
Peru (PER)
DNF
Anuradha Cooray
Sri Lanka (SRI)
DNF
Nicolás Cuestas
Uruguay (URU)
DNF
Abdelhadi El Hachimi
Belgium (BEL)
DNF
Iván Fernández
Spain (ESP)
DNF
Eric Gillis
Canada (CAN)
DNF
Josh Harris
Australia (AUS)
DNF
Marius Ionescu
Romania (ROM)
DNF
Stefano La Rosa
Italy (ITA)
DNF
Ayad Lamdassem
Spain (ESP)
DNF
Raúl Machacuay
Peru (PER)
DNF
Augustus Maiyo
United States (USA)
DNF
Mariano Mastromarino
Argentina (ARG)
DNF
Tsepo Mathibelle
Lesotho (LES)
DNF
Amanuel Mesel
Eritrea (ERI)
DNF
Ercan Muslu
Turkey (TUR)
DNF
Lebenya Nkoka
Lesotho (LES)
DNF
Cutbert Nyasango
Zimbabwe (ZIM)
DNF
Sibusiso Nzima
South Africa (RSA)
DNF
Bhumiraj Rai
Nepal (NEP)
DNF
Ricardo Ribas
Portugal (POR)
DNF
Aguelmis Rojas
Uruguay (URU)
DNF
Maru Teferi
Israel (ISR)
DNF
Yemane Tsegay
Ethiopia (ETH)
DNF
Enzo Yáñez
Chile (CHI)
DNF
Valērijs Žolnerovičs
Latvia (LAT)
DNF
Lusapho April
South Africa (RSA)
DNS
Mumin Gala
Djibouti (DJI)
DNS
References
^ "Marathon Men − Timetable". IAAF. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
^ Start list
^ "World Championships 2017: Callum Hawkins fourth as Geoffrey Kirui wins marathon". BBC Sport. 6 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
^
"Marathon Men − Records". IAAF. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
^ "Records Set - Final" (PDF). IAAF. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ "Qualification System and Entry Standards" (PDF). IAAF. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
^ "Marathon Men − Final − Results" (PDF). IAAF. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
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|
[{"image_text":"Video on YouTubeOfficial Video","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TV-icon-2.svg/110px-TV-icon-2.svg.png"}]
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becsehely
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Becsehely
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["1 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°26′45″N 16°47′14″E / 46.44595°N 16.78713°E / 46.44595; 16.78713Place in Zala, HungaryBecsehelyBecsehelyLocation of BecsehelyCoordinates: 46°26′45″N 16°47′14″E / 46.44595°N 16.78713°E / 46.44595; 16.78713Country HungaryCountyZalaArea • Total36.13 km2 (13.95 sq mi)Population (2004) • Total2,279 • Density63.07/km2 (163.4/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code8866Area code93MotorwaysM7Distance from Budapest227 km (141 mi) Northeast
Becsehely (Croatian: Bečehel) is a village in Zala County, Hungary.
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This Zala location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel
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Théodore Botrel
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["1 Life","1.1 La Paimpolaise","1.2 Fame","1.3 World War I and after","2 Songwriting","3 Notes","4 External links"]
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French singer-songwriter, poet and playwright
Théodore BotrelBotrel in traditional Breton costumeBackground informationBirth nameJean-Baptiste-Théodore-Marie BotrelBorn(1868-09-14)14 September 1868Dinan, Brittany, FranceDied28 July 1925(1925-07-28) (aged 56)Pont-Aven, Brittany, FranceGenreschanson, melodramaOccupationsSinger-songwriter, playwright, poetInstrumentsVocalsYears active1895–1925Musical artist
Jean-Baptiste-Théodore-Marie Botrel (14 September 1868 – 28 July 1925) was a French singer-songwriter, poet and playwright. He is best known for his popular songs about his native Brittany, of which the most famous is La Paimpolaise. During World War I he became France's official "Bard of the Armies".
Life
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Born in Dinan, Botrel was the son of a blacksmith. He was left with his grandmother in Saint-Méen-le-Grand as a child, since his parents had moved to Paris. He joined them in the capital at the age of seven. His native language was the Gallo dialect, though almost all his songs are in standard French, and he learned the Breton language later in life.
As a teenager he became involved in amateur theatricals, performing on stage in plays, and writing songs. His first published song Le Petit Biniou (The Little Bagpipe) was not a success.
Botrel shelved his theatrical ambitions, joining the army for five years and then working as a clerk for the Paris-Lyon-Marseille railway company. He continued to appear on stage and to write and perform songs. In 1891 he met and married singer Hélène Lugton, known as Léna.
La Paimpolaise
One evening in 1895, standing in for another act, he performed his song La Paimpolaise (The Paimpol Girl) to great acclaim from the audience, launching himself as a popular singer. La Paimpolaise became his signature song – a lilting ballad about a Breton sailor fishing in Iceland lamenting his separation from the fishing village of Paimpol and especially a Paimpolese girl (la Paimpolaise). The song ends tragically with his death at sea, her being his final thought.
Botrel only visited Paimpol in 1897, after he wrote the song. The song's refrain, "J'aime Paimpol et sa falaise" ("I love Paimpol and its cliff"), was apparently chosen because 'falaise' rhymes with 'Paimpolaise'. It has often been noted that there is no cliff in the town. Nevertheless the nearby Pointe de Guiben has been marketed as the cliff described in the song. The choice of Paimpol probably derived from the popularity of Pierre Loti's recent novel Pêcheur d'Islande, which is set in the town. The song was a central feature of the repertoire of Félix Mayol until his death in 1941. Mayol also showcased many of Botrel's later songs.
La Paimpolaise inspired a number of other sentimental songs which idealised Breton towns and regions. In Jésus chez les bretons (Jesus Among the Bretons) he implies that the second coming will be in Brittany.
Fame
Botrel's publicity made much of his noble looks. The New York Times quoted the following description: "Even before he opens his mouth you are interested and attracted by his noble and frank bearing. His features are of classical regularity, his complexion pale, his forehead wide and high like that of a deep thinker. Beneath a thick moustache one sees clean-cut lips, and his eyes, keen and penetrating, also have a faraway look."
Botrel attracted the attention of Caran d'Ache and the intellectual coterie associated with the Le Chat Noir club, though he most often performed at the rival Le Chien-Noir club. With the support of Parisian intellectuals a collection of Botrel's songs was published as Chansons de chez nous (Songs Bretonnes) in 1898, with a preface by the Breton folklorist Anatole Le Braz. The book was highly praised and was awarded a prize by the Académie française.
Edmond Rostand wrote, "Botrel's adorable verses make the broom-flowers sprout when one sings them". François Coppée said "While I read Botrel's verses...I compare myself to a sick man dragging his walking stick along the suburb of a city and stopping now and then to listen to the young voices of the children singing. Ah, Botrel's voice is high and true and clear!."
Botrel gave up his day job to become a professional singer-songwriter. When not performing in Paris, he lived in Brittany, initially taking a house in Port-Blanc, then moving permanently to Pont-Aven. He edited the journal of popular verse La Bonne Chanson and in 1905 founded the "Fête des Fleurs d'Ajonc" ("Gorse Flower Festival") in Pont-Aven, the first of the music festivals that have since become common in Brittany. In 1909, he established a permanent monument to Breton writer Auguste Brizeux in Pont-Aven.
In addition to songwriting, Botrel tried his hand at drama, writing and performing in a number of plays, including an original Sherlock Holmes story, Le Mystere de Kéravel, in which the detective solves a murder while travelling incognito in Brittany.
His wife Léna often sang duets with him, and regularly appeared in publicity images with him in traditional Breton costume (though in fact she was from Luxembourg). She also co-wrote some songs. Botrel's friend Émile Hamonic created number of photographic tableaux representing the scenes and stories of his songs and plays, which were widely sold and circulated as postcards with Botrel's signature.
Botrel also became involved in the burgeoning Pan-Celticist movement. In 1904, he and Léna attended the Pan-Celtic Congress in Caernarfon as Breton representatives.
Botrel was politically conservative, a Royalist and a devout Roman Catholic. Many of his later songs celebrated these values, and appealed to popular patriotism. The song Le Mouchoir rouge de Cholet (The Red Handkerchief of Cholet) is about a soldier in the Chouannerie, the Royalist Catholic rebellion against the French Revolution, who buys the handkerchief for his girl. It inspired a local manufacturer to create red Cholet handkerchiefs, the popularity of which boosted the local textile industry.
World War I and after
Botrel performing to troops in 1915
Botrel was an enthusiastic supporter of the French cause in World War I. Turned down for service in the French army because of his age, he attempted to enlist with Belgian forces, but was again rejected. He decided to work for the war effort by writing and performing patriotic songs.
He had already published a collection of military songs before the war in 1912 as "Coups de Clairon". A British writer noted "It is a noble work, and one cannot think of another poet, here or in France, so abundantly equipped for its performance. Botrel has no counterpart in Britain, so it were vain to seek comparisons."
After his rejection for military service Botrel started a monthly publication entitled Les chants du Bivouac containing songs for the soldiers. In 1915 he was appointed as official "Chansonnier des Armées", or "Bard of the Armies". According to the New York Times he was authorised by the Minister of War "to enter all military depots, camps and hospitals for the purpose of reciting and singing his patriotic poems."
He travelled throughout the front line performing to the troops. The patriotic songs were also published as poems for a children's book promoting the war effort, Les Livres Rose pour la Jeunesse. Botrel's most famous wartime songs were Rosalie (the nickname of the French bayonet) and Ma P'tite Mimi (about a machine-gun). The latter was revived by Pierre Desproges in the 1980s. At this time some of his lyrics were translated into English by G.E. Morrison and Edgar Preston as Songs of Brittany.
Botrel's wife Léna died in 1916. In 1918, he remarried, to Marie-Elisabeth "Maïlise" Schreiber. He had two daughters with her, the elder of whom, named Léna after his first wife, married the writer Emile Danoën. The younger, Janick, was the mother of singer Renaud Detressan.
Botrel died in 1925. His incomplete autobiography, souvenirs d'un barde errant, was published after his death. His daughter Léna later wrote extra chapters to complete the story of his life. A monument to him was erected in Paimpol designed by Pierre Lenoir. It shows the Paimpolaise gazing out to sea from the imaginary cliff. There is also a statue of him in Pont-Aven.
Songwriting
Botrel and his wife Léna at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904 (in the background, the photographer Émile Hamonic and the linguist Paul Barbier.)
Unable to write music, Botrel could only publish his work by singing the tune to a professional musician who would write it down. Initially he was denied credit for the melody of his most famous song when the transcriber Eugène Feautrier asserted that he was the "author" of the music. Another claimed credit as "arranger". Botrel was advised by specialists at the Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique that "from the moment you yourself compose the melody, even if you dictate it to a musician you remain the sole author of your chanson." From that point on he insisted on sole credit, but this produced some resentment from musicians who believed their contributions were being denied. It was also objected that songs and arrangements that were essentially in the style of modern Parisian chanson were being marketed as "Breton" music. Botrel and Léna also made a number of recordings.
Notes
^ a b monument-a-theodore-botrel, Monument to Theodore Botrel], fr.topic-topos.com. Accessed 2 December 2022.
^ Michelin Guide to Brittany, p. 309.
^ a b c Philippe Bervas, Ce barde errant Théodore Botrel, Editions Ouest France, 2000, p. 4; passim.
^ a b c "Botrel, The Trench Laureate", New York Times, 18 July 1915.
^ a b "Theodore Botrel: the Poet of Brittany", The Irish Monthly, 1911, vol xxxix, pp. 33–42.
^ Original French: "les adorable chansons de Botrel font pousser des genêts quand on les chante".
^ Marion Loffler, A Book of Mad Celts: John Wickens and the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon 1904, Gomer Press, 2000, p. 38.
^ Ville de Cholet, ville-cholet.fr. Accessed 2 December 2022.
^ Edgar Preston, "Theodore Botrel", T.P.'s Journal of Great Deeds of the Great War, 27 February 1915 The Military Minstrel of France – Theodore Botrel – Breton Poet, greatwardifferent.com. Accessed 2 December 2022.
^ Les Livres Rose pour la Jeunesse, greatest different.com. Accessed 2 December 2022.
^ a b Steven Moore Whiting, Satie the Bohemian: From Cabaret to Concert Hall, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.221
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"French singer-songwriter, poet and playwrightMusical artistJean-Baptiste-Théodore-Marie Botrel (14 September 1868 – 28 July 1925) was a French singer-songwriter, poet and playwright. He is best known for his popular songs about his native Brittany, of which the most famous is La Paimpolaise. During World War I he became France's official \"Bard of the Armies\".","title":"Théodore Botrel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinan"},{"link_name":"Saint-Méen-le-Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-M%C3%A9en-le-Grand"},{"link_name":"Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_language"},{"link_name":"Breton language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Paris-Lyon-Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Lyon_et_%C3%A0_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e"}],"text":"Born in Dinan, Botrel was the son of a blacksmith. He was left with his grandmother in Saint-Méen-le-Grand as a child, since his parents had moved to Paris. He joined them in the capital at the age of seven. His native language was the Gallo dialect, though almost all his songs are in standard French, and he learned the Breton language later in life.As a teenager he became involved in amateur theatricals, performing on stage in plays, and writing songs. His first published song Le Petit Biniou (The Little Bagpipe) was not a success.Botrel shelved his theatrical ambitions, joining the army for five years and then working as a clerk for the Paris-Lyon-Marseille railway company. He continued to appear on stage and to write and perform songs. In 1891 he met and married singer Hélène Lugton, known as Léna.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paimpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paimpol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pierre Loti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Loti"},{"link_name":"Pêcheur d'Islande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAcheur_d%27Islande"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-3"},{"link_name":"Félix Mayol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mayol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-3"},{"link_name":"second coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_coming"}],"sub_title":"La Paimpolaise","text":"One evening in 1895, standing in for another act, he performed his song La Paimpolaise (The Paimpol Girl) to great acclaim from the audience, launching himself as a popular singer. La Paimpolaise became his signature song – a lilting ballad about a Breton sailor fishing in Iceland lamenting his separation from the fishing village of Paimpol and especially a Paimpolese girl (la Paimpolaise). The song ends tragically with his death at sea, her being his final thought.Botrel only visited Paimpol in 1897, after he wrote the song. The song's refrain, \"J'aime Paimpol et sa falaise\" (\"I love Paimpol and its cliff\"), was apparently chosen because 'falaise' rhymes with 'Paimpolaise'. It has often been noted that there is no cliff in the town.[1] Nevertheless the nearby Pointe de Guiben has been marketed as the cliff described in the song.[2] The choice of Paimpol probably derived from the popularity of Pierre Loti's recent novel Pêcheur d'Islande, which is set in the town.[3] The song was a central feature of the repertoire of Félix Mayol until his death in 1941. Mayol also showcased many of Botrel's later songs.[3]La Paimpolaise inspired a number of other sentimental songs which idealised Breton towns and regions. In Jésus chez les bretons (Jesus Among the Bretons) he implies that the second coming will be in Brittany.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"Caran d'Ache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache"},{"link_name":"Le Chat Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chat_Noir"},{"link_name":"Anatole Le Braz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Le_Braz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irish-5"},{"link_name":"Edmond Rostand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Rostand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"François Coppée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Copp%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irish-5"},{"link_name":"Port-Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penv%C3%A9nan"},{"link_name":"Pont-Aven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-Aven"},{"link_name":"Auguste Brizeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Brizeux"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Émile Hamonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Hamonic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-3"},{"link_name":"Pan-Celticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Celticism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cholet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholet"},{"link_name":"Chouannerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouannerie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Fame","text":"Botrel's publicity made much of his noble looks. The New York Times quoted the following description: \"Even before he opens his mouth you are interested and attracted by his noble and frank bearing. His features are of classical regularity, his complexion pale, his forehead wide and high like that of a deep thinker. Beneath a thick moustache one sees clean-cut lips, and his eyes, keen and penetrating, also have a faraway look.\"[4]Botrel attracted the attention of Caran d'Ache and the intellectual coterie associated with the Le Chat Noir club, though he most often performed at the rival Le Chien-Noir club. With the support of Parisian intellectuals a collection of Botrel's songs was published as Chansons de chez nous (Songs Bretonnes) in 1898, with a preface by the Breton folklorist Anatole Le Braz.[4] The book was highly praised and was awarded a prize by the Académie française.[5]Edmond Rostand wrote, \"Botrel's adorable verses make the broom-flowers sprout when one sings them\".[6] François Coppée said \"While I read Botrel's verses...I compare myself to a sick man dragging his walking stick along the suburb of a city and stopping now and then to listen to the young voices of the children singing. Ah, Botrel's voice is high and true and clear!.\"[5]Botrel gave up his day job to become a professional singer-songwriter. When not performing in Paris, he lived in Brittany, initially taking a house in Port-Blanc, then moving permanently to Pont-Aven. He edited the journal of popular verse La Bonne Chanson and in 1905 founded the \"Fête des Fleurs d'Ajonc\" (\"Gorse Flower Festival\") in Pont-Aven, the first of the music festivals that have since become common in Brittany. In 1909, he established a permanent monument to Breton writer Auguste Brizeux in Pont-Aven.In addition to songwriting, Botrel tried his hand at drama, writing and performing in a number of plays, including an original Sherlock Holmes story, Le Mystere de Kéravel, in which the detective solves a murder while travelling incognito in Brittany.His wife Léna often sang duets with him, and regularly appeared in publicity images with him in traditional Breton costume (though in fact she was from Luxembourg). She also co-wrote some songs. Botrel's friend Émile Hamonic created number of photographic tableaux representing the scenes and stories of his songs and plays, which were widely sold and circulated as postcards with Botrel's signature.[3]Botrel also became involved in the burgeoning Pan-Celticist movement. In 1904, he and Léna attended the Pan-Celtic Congress in Caernarfon as Breton representatives.[7]Botrel was politically conservative, a Royalist and a devout Roman Catholic. Many of his later songs celebrated these values, and appealed to popular patriotism. The song Le Mouchoir rouge de Cholet (The Red Handkerchief of Cholet) is about a soldier in the Chouannerie, the Royalist Catholic rebellion against the French Revolution, who buys the handkerchief for his girl. It inspired a local manufacturer to create red Cholet handkerchiefs, the popularity of which boosted the local textile industry.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_67_Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pierre Desproges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Desproges"},{"link_name":"Emile Danoën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Dano%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Renaud Detressan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldat_Louis"},{"link_name":"Pierre Lenoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Lenoir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top-1"}],"sub_title":"World War I and after","text":"Botrel performing to troops in 1915Botrel was an enthusiastic supporter of the French cause in World War I. Turned down for service in the French army because of his age, he attempted to enlist with Belgian forces, but was again rejected. He decided to work for the war effort by writing and performing patriotic songs.He had already published a collection of military songs before the war in 1912 as \"Coups de Clairon\". A British writer noted \"It is a noble work, and one cannot think of another poet, here or in France, so abundantly equipped for its performance. Botrel has no counterpart in Britain, so it were vain to seek comparisons.\"[9]After his rejection for military service Botrel started a monthly publication entitled Les chants du Bivouac containing songs for the soldiers. In 1915 he was appointed as official \"Chansonnier des Armées\", or \"Bard of the Armies\". According to the New York Times he was authorised by the Minister of War \"to enter all military depots, camps and hospitals for the purpose of reciting and singing his patriotic poems.\"[4]He travelled throughout the front line performing to the troops. The patriotic songs were also published as poems for a children's book promoting the war effort, Les Livres Rose pour la Jeunesse.[10] Botrel's most famous wartime songs were Rosalie (the nickname of the French bayonet) and Ma P'tite Mimi (about a machine-gun). The latter was revived by Pierre Desproges in the 1980s. At this time some of his lyrics were translated into English by G.E. Morrison and Edgar Preston as Songs of Brittany.Botrel's wife Léna died in 1916. In 1918, he remarried, to Marie-Elisabeth \"Maïlise\" Schreiber. He had two daughters with her, the elder of whom, named Léna after his first wife, married the writer Emile Danoën. The younger, Janick, was the mother of singer Renaud Detressan.Botrel died in 1925. His incomplete autobiography, souvenirs d'un barde errant, was published after his death. His daughter Léna later wrote extra chapters to complete the story of his life. A monument to him was erected in Paimpol designed by Pierre Lenoir. It shows the Paimpolaise gazing out to sea from the imaginary cliff.[1] There is also a statue of him in Pont-Aven.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botrel1904.jpg"},{"link_name":"Celtic Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Congress"},{"link_name":"Émile Hamonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Hamonic"},{"link_name":"Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_auteurs,_compositeurs_et_%C3%A9diteurs_de_musique"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ste-11"},{"link_name":"chanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ste-11"}],"text":"Botrel and his wife Léna at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904 (in the background, the photographer Émile Hamonic and the linguist Paul Barbier.)Unable to write music, Botrel could only publish his work by singing the tune to a professional musician who would write it down. Initially he was denied credit for the melody of his most famous song when the transcriber Eugène Feautrier asserted that he was the \"author\" of the music. Another claimed credit as \"arranger\". Botrel was advised by specialists at the Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique that \"from the moment you yourself compose the melody, even if you dictate it to a musician you remain the sole author of your chanson.\"[11] From that point on he insisted on sole credit, but this produced some resentment from musicians who believed their contributions were being denied. It was also objected that songs and arrangements that were essentially in the style of modern Parisian chanson were being marketed as \"Breton\" music.[11] Botrel and Léna also made a number of recordings.","title":"Songwriting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-top_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-top_1-1"},{"link_name":"monument-a-theodore-botrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fr.topic-topos.com/monument-a-theodore-botrel-paimpol"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ber_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ber_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ber_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_4-2"},{"link_name":"\"Botrel, The Trench Laureate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/18/104015161.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-irish_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-irish_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Ville de Cholet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ville-cholet.fr/Xdossiers/dossier_7_le+mouchoir+cholet.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Military Minstrel of France – Theodore Botrel – Breton Poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Music/Botrel_01.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Les Livres Rose pour la Jeunesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Livres_Roses/Livres_Roses_06.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ste_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ste_11-1"}],"text":"^ a b monument-a-theodore-botrel, Monument to Theodore Botrel], fr.topic-topos.com. Accessed 2 December 2022.\n\n^ Michelin Guide to Brittany, p. 309.\n\n^ a b c Philippe Bervas, Ce barde errant Théodore Botrel, Editions Ouest France, 2000, p. 4; passim.\n\n^ a b c \"Botrel, The Trench Laureate\", New York Times, 18 July 1915.\n\n^ a b \"Theodore Botrel: the Poet of Brittany\", The Irish Monthly, 1911, vol xxxix, pp. 33–42.\n\n^ Original French: \"les adorable chansons de Botrel font pousser des genêts quand on les chante\".\n\n^ Marion Loffler, A Book of Mad Celts: John Wickens and the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon 1904, Gomer Press, 2000, p. 38.\n\n^ Ville de Cholet, ville-cholet.fr. Accessed 2 December 2022.\n\n^ Edgar Preston, \"Theodore Botrel\", T.P.'s Journal of Great Deeds of the Great War, 27 February 1915 The Military Minstrel of France – Theodore Botrel – Breton Poet, greatwardifferent.com. Accessed 2 December 2022.\n\n^ Les Livres Rose pour la Jeunesse, greatest different.com. Accessed 2 December 2022.\n\n^ a b Steven Moore Whiting, Satie the Bohemian: From Cabaret to Concert Hall, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.221","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Botrel's publicity made much of his noble looks. The New York Times quoted the following description: \"Even before he opens his mouth you are interested and attracted by his noble and frank bearing. His features are of classical regularity, his complexion pale, his forehead wide and high like that of a deep thinker. Beneath a thick moustache one sees clean-cut lips, and his eyes, keen and penetrating, also have a faraway look.\"[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel.jpg/220px-Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Botrel performing to troops in 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/M_67_Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel.jpg/220px-M_67_Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Botrel and his wife Léna at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904 (in the background, the photographer Émile Hamonic and the linguist Paul Barbier.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Botrel1904.jpg/220px-Botrel1904.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhavoc_Press
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Malhavoc Press
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["1 History","2 Malhavoc Releases","3 References"]
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Tabletop role-playing game publisher
Malhavoc PressIndustryRole-playing gameFounded2001Defunct2009SuccessorMonte Cook GamesKey peopleMonte Cook (Founder)ParentWhite Wolf Publishing, Sword and Sorcery Studios
Malhavoc Press is an American publisher of role-playing games, specializing in third-party material for Dungeons & Dragons' third edition.
History
Game designer Monte Cook left Wizards of the Coast in April 2001, founding Malhavoc Press as a d20 System imprint in May 2001. In July 2001 Cook signed with White Wolf's Sword & Sorcery Studios, at that time the largest independent publisher of d20 material, so that they could handle publishing matters while he focused on game design and writing.
The company's first product was The Book of Eldritch Might (2001).: 136 This was the first commercial book published exclusively as a PDF that was released by a print publisher.: 288 It was an immediate success and has been credited with demonstrating the viability of PDF publishing within the role-playing industry. This and other early Malhavoc products were initially released only in electronic format through the Malhavoc site, though print versions of most of them were subsequently released by Sword & Sorcery. Malhavoc worked with Fiery Dragon Productions after the latter left Sword & Sorcery in 2002, and the majority of Fiery Dragon's licenses were taken from Malhavoc.: 226
In 2001 Malhavoc won the ENnie Award for Best Official Website, and in 2003 for Best Publisher.
While the company was successful, Monte Cook announced in August 2008 that he had originally moved on from Wizards of the Coast primarily to write fiction, rather than design and release RPG products, and that "there are other areas I'd like to explore creatively". As such, "Malhavoc Press and virtually all game-related work" on Cook's part was put "on the back-burner" at that time, though he stated that he was not closing the press and left open the possibility of releasing future work under the Malhavoc name, should he later desire (which did happen). August 2008 also saw the sale of Malhavoc's publisher, Sword & Sorcery Studios, by its owner, White Wolf. Malhavoc was never formally closed, but has not released any new product since 2009; Cook formed a new publishing company—Monte Cook Games—in 2012.
Malhavoc Releases
Most releases were written by Monte Cook, but other authors (such as Bruce Cordell, Sean K. Reynolds, Skip Williams, and Mike Mearls) also wrote for the company in its first few years.
The Book of Eldritch Might (2001)
Demon God's Fane (2001)
If Thoughts Could Kill (2001)
Book of Eldritch Might II: Songs and Souls of Power (2002)
The Banewarrens (2002)
Requiem for a God (2002)
Skreyn's Register: The Bonds of Magic Vols. 1 and 2 (2002)
The Book of Eldritch Might III: The Nexus (2002)
The Book of Hallowed Might (2003)
Mindscapes: A Psion's Guide (2003)
Mindscapes: Beasts of the Id (2003)
Mindscapes (2003)
When the Sky Falls (2003)
Monte Cook's Arcana Unearthed: A Variant Player's Handbook (2003)
Monte Cook's Arcana Unearthed DM's Screen and Player's Guide (2003)
Cry Havoc (2003)
Anger of Angels (2003)
Chaositech (2004)
Legacy of the Dragons (2004)
The Complete Book of Eldritch Might (2004)
Book of Hallowed Might II: Portents and Visions (2004)
Children of the Rune (2004)
Hyperconscious: Explorations in Psionics (2004)
Beyond Countless Doorways (2004)
Grimoire II (2004)
Mystic Secrets: The Lore of Word and Rune (2004)
The Book of Iron Might (2004)
Monte Cook's Arcana Evolved (2005)
Ruins of Intrigue (2005)
Transcendence (2005)
The Book of Roguish Luck (2005)
The Dragons' Return (2005)
Monte Cook Presents: Iron Heroes (2005)
The Iron Heroes Bestiary (2005)
Mastering Iron Heroes (2005)
Spell Treasury (2005)
Ptolus: City by the Spire (2006)
PT 1: A Player's Guide to Ptolus (2006)
PT 2: The World of Praemal (2006)
PT 3: Organizations (2006)
PT 4: Districts of the City, Vol. 1 (2006)
PT 5: Districts of the City, Vol. 2 (2006)
PT 6: DM's Companion (2006)
PT 7: Beneath the Streets (2006)
PT 8: Adventures (2006)
PT 9: The Spire (2006)
The Night of Dissolution (2006)
Secrets of the Delver's Guild (2007)
Earthblood (2008)
The Book of Experimental Might (2008)
The Book of Experimental Might Vol. II (2008)
Dark Tidings (2009)
The Collected Book of Experimental Might (2009)
References
^ "Monte Cook Exits 'D&D Next' Design Team". ICV2. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
^ "Dungeon Master's Guide Author Launches New d20 Imprint". MonteCook.com. Archived from the original on 2001-07-23. Retrieved 2017-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Malhavoc Press Joins Sword & Sorcery: A Note from Monte". MonteCook.com. Archived from the original on 2001-07-23. Retrieved 2017-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Monte Cook's Malhavoc Press Joins Sword & Sorcery". MonteCook.com. 2001-07-06. Archived from the original on 2001-07-23. Retrieved 2017-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b c Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.
^ "View From the Pelgrane's Nest". Pelgrane Press. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
^ "DriveThruRPG.com-Hottest Malhavoc Press Titles". DriveThruRPG.com. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^ "2001 Noms and Winners | ENnie Awards". www.ennie-awards.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-14.
^ "2003 Noms and Winners". ENnies. Archived from the original on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
^ "The Next Chapter". MonteCook.com. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
^ "Some Cool Finds at GenCon 2008". GamingReport.com. Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2017-09-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Shanna Germain". ShannaGermain.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"}],"text":"Malhavoc Press is an American publisher of role-playing games, specializing in third-party material for Dungeons & Dragons' third edition.","title":"Malhavoc Press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monte Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cook"},{"link_name":"Wizards of the Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"d20 System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D20_System"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"White Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Sword & Sorcery Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_and_Sorcery_Studios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fiery Dragon Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiery_Dragon_Productions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-5"},{"link_name":"ENnie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENnie_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Game designer Monte Cook left Wizards of the Coast in April 2001,[1] founding Malhavoc Press as a d20 System imprint in May 2001.[2] In July 2001 Cook signed with White Wolf's Sword & Sorcery Studios, at that time the largest independent publisher of d20 material, so that they could handle publishing matters while he focused on game design and writing.[3][4]The company's first product was The Book of Eldritch Might (2001).[5]: 136 This was the first commercial book published exclusively as a PDF that was released by a print publisher.[5]: 288 It was an immediate success and has been credited with demonstrating the viability of PDF publishing within the role-playing industry.[6] This and other early Malhavoc products were initially released only in electronic format through the Malhavoc site, though print versions of most of them were subsequently released by Sword & Sorcery.[7] Malhavoc worked with Fiery Dragon Productions after the latter left Sword & Sorcery in 2002, and the majority of Fiery Dragon's licenses were taken from Malhavoc.[5]: 226In 2001 Malhavoc won the ENnie Award for Best Official Website,[8] and in 2003 for Best Publisher.[9]While the company was successful, Monte Cook announced in August 2008 that he had originally moved on from Wizards of the Coast primarily to write fiction, rather than design and release RPG products, and that \"there are other areas I'd like to explore creatively\". As such, \"Malhavoc Press and virtually all game-related work\" on Cook's part was put \"on the back-burner\" at that time, though he stated that he was not closing the press and left open the possibility of releasing future work under the Malhavoc name, should he later desire (which did happen).[10] August 2008 also saw the sale of Malhavoc's publisher, Sword & Sorcery Studios, by its owner, White Wolf.[11] Malhavoc was never formally closed, but has not released any new product since 2009; Cook formed a new publishing company—Monte Cook Games—in 2012.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Cordell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cordell"},{"link_name":"Sean K. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_K._Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Skip Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Williams"},{"link_name":"Mike Mearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mearls"},{"link_name":"Monte Cook's Arcana Unearthed: A Variant Player's Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcana_Unearthed"},{"link_name":"Ptolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolus"}],"text":"Most releases were written by Monte Cook, but other authors (such as Bruce Cordell, Sean K. Reynolds, Skip Williams, and Mike Mearls) also wrote for the company in its first few years.The Book of Eldritch Might (2001) [2001 ENnies: Best Editor; Best Rulebook or Accessory; Best Writer]\nDemon God's Fane (2001)\nIf Thoughts Could Kill (2001) [2002 ENnie: Best Adventure]\nBook of Eldritch Might II: Songs and Souls of Power (2002)\nThe Banewarrens (2002) [2003 ENnie: Best Adventure]\nRequiem for a God (2002)\nSkreyn's Register: The Bonds of Magic Vols. 1 and 2 (2002) [compiled into a single-volume print release later that year]\nThe Book of Eldritch Might III: The Nexus (2002)\nThe Book of Hallowed Might (2003) [updated to 3.5 edition in a 2004 re-release]\nMindscapes: A Psion's Guide (2003)\nMindscapes: Beasts of the Id (2003)\nMindscapes (2003) [print compilation of the two prior Mindscapes releases, which were PDF only]\nWhen the Sky Falls (2003)\nMonte Cook's Arcana Unearthed: A Variant Player's Handbook (2003) [2004 ENnie: Best d20 Game]\nMonte Cook's Arcana Unearthed DM's Screen and Player's Guide (2003)\nCry Havoc (2003)\nAnger of Angels (2003)\nChaositech (2004)\nLegacy of the Dragons (2004)\nThe Complete Book of Eldritch Might (2004) [2004 ENnie: Best Revision, Update, or Compilation]\nBook of Hallowed Might II: Portents and Visions (2004)\nChildren of the Rune (2004) [fiction collection]\nHyperconscious: Explorations in Psionics (2004)\nBeyond Countless Doorways (2004) [2005 ENnie: Best Art, Cover]\nGrimoire II (2004)\nMystic Secrets: The Lore of Word and Rune (2004)\nThe Book of Iron Might (2004)\nMonte Cook's Arcana Evolved (2005) [2005 ENnies: Best Art, Interior; Best d20 Game]\nRuins of Intrigue (2005)\nTranscendence (2005)\nThe Book of Roguish Luck (2005)\nThe Dragons' Return (2005) [fiction collection]\nMonte Cook Presents: Iron Heroes (2005)\nThe Iron Heroes Bestiary (2005)\nMastering Iron Heroes (2005)\nSpell Treasury (2005) [2006 ENnie: Best Art, Cover]\nPtolus: City by the Spire (2006) [2007 ENnies: Best Cartography; Best Product; Best Production Values; Best Setting]\nPT 1: A Player's Guide to Ptolus (2006)\nPT 2: The World of Praemal (2006)\nPT 3: Organizations (2006)\nPT 4: Districts of the City, Vol. 1 (2006)\nPT 5: Districts of the City, Vol. 2 (2006)\nPT 6: DM's Companion (2006)\nPT 7: Beneath the Streets (2006)\nPT 8: Adventures (2006)\nPT 9: The Spire (2006)\nThe Night of Dissolution (2006)\nSecrets of the Delver's Guild (2007)\nEarthblood (2008)\nThe Book of Experimental Might (2008)\nThe Book of Experimental Might Vol. II (2008) [2008 ENnie: Best Electronic Book]\nDark Tidings (2009)\nThe Collected Book of Experimental Might (2009)","title":"Malhavoc Releases"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Germany
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Gun control in Germany
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["1 History of firearms restrictions in Germany","1.1 Regulation after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles","1.2 Gun regulations in Nazi Germany","2 Current laws","2.1 Firearms ownership license","2.2 Firearms banned from sporting use","2.3 Firearms that do not require a license","2.4 Prohibited firearms","2.5 Firearms carry permit","2.6 Small firearms carry permit","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Overview of the gun control in Germany
In Germany, access to guns is controlled by the German Weapons Act (German: Waffengesetz) (this law adheres to the European Firearms Directive), which was first enacted in 1972, and superseded by the law of 2003. This federal statute regulates the handling of firearms and ammunition as well as acquisition, storage, commerce and maintenance of firearms.
In a debate on stricter gun control after a school shooting that resulted in 16 deaths, German weapons expert Holger Soschinka asserted that "Germany has one of the strictest weapons laws worldwide - and it is sufficient". However, others criticized it as too lax and argued that more control is needed, with one anti-weapons group describing the law as "unconstitutional" because it "puts the interests of sport shooters above peoples' right to life and physical integrity".
While gun ownership is widespread, and associations and ranges for shooting sports and the use of historical guns and weapons in festivals are not forbidden, the use of guns for private self-defence is restricted.
The German Ministry of the Interior estimated in 2009 that the number of firearms in circulation, legally and illegally, could be up to 45 million. Germany's National Gun Registry, introduced at the end of 2012, counted 5.5 million firearms in use, which are legally owned by 1.4 million people in the country. About 1.5 million sport shooters in several thousand Schützenvereinen ("voluntary shooting sport associations") own and use guns for sport, about 400,000 hunters have a licensed gun, about 300,000 collect guns and about 900,000 own an inherited gun.
History of firearms restrictions in Germany
The Ewige Landfriede (Perpetual Public Peace) ruling of 1495 banned the medieval right of vendetta (Fehderecht) in the Holy Roman Empire (which encompassed most of what is modern Germany). It passed at the Diet of Worms and was enacted by the German king and emperor Maximilian I. In the Holy Roman Empire claims were henceforth no longer to be decided in battle, but through legal process. It established a certain monopoly of the state in the use of organized armed force. The German nationalist movement asked for Volksbewaffnung, a militia system according to the Swiss role model, but failed with those requests in the German revolutions of 1848–49. However, possession of guns and weapons was not generally restricted, but regulations about carrying arms in public came into use.
The general disarming of citizens and a generic gun law was imposed by the Allies after World War I. The law was introduced by the Weimar Republic; actual enforcement was not stringent, and there was no general disarmament immediately after the war. After incidents including the 1920 Kapp Putsch and the 1922 assassination of Walther Rathenau, the law was enforced more strictly. The Weimar Republic saw various Freikorps and paramilitary forces like the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Der Stahlhelm and the Nazi SA.
The requirement for trustworthiness of the owner and need for the special purpose of the user (e.g. hunting, sport or self-defence) has been included in German gun laws since then.
Regulation after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles included firearm reducing stipulations. Article 169 targeted the state: "Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, German arms, munitions, and war material, including anti-aircraft material, existing in Germany in excess of the quantities allowed, must be surrendered to the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers to be destroyed or rendered useless." Article 177 further banned all civilian use of firearms, any civilian instruction on their use, and any civilian shooting exercises activity, especially banning all organizations or associations from taking part in any such use and/or activity or allowing it to happen, in order to crush down on perceived Prussian militarism of the German people in general.
In order to comply with the Versailles Treaty, in 1919 the German government passed the Regulations on Weapons Ownership, which declared that "all firearms, as well as all kinds of firearms ammunition, are to be surrendered immediately." Under the regulations, anyone found in possession of a firearm or ammunition was subject to five years' imprisonment and a fine of 100,000 marks.
On August 7, 1920, rising fears whether or not Germany could have rebellions prompted the government to enact a second gun-regulation law called the Law on the Disarmament of the People. It put into effect the provisions of the Versailles Treaty in regard to the limit on military-type weapons.
However in spite of their intentions, all these laws failed to effectively put a complete stop to gun use and ownership. To fix this and fully comply to the Treaty, in 1928 the Law on Firearms and Ammunition was enacted. It relaxed gun restrictions as to ownership (but not as to their use and instruction on their use, as these were still illegal according to the Versailles Treaty) and put into effect a strict firearm licensing scheme. Under this scheme, Germans could possess firearms, but were required to have separate permits to do the following: own or sell firearms, carry firearms (including handguns), manufacture firearms, and professionally deal in firearms and ammunition. Furthermore, the law restricted ownership of firearms to "... people whose trustworthiness is not in question and who can show a need for a (gun) permit."
Especially car associations lobbied for an easy gun permit for car owners which was granted by the government for drivers traveling often in the countryside.
Gun regulations in Nazi Germany
See also: Disarmament of the German Jews
Nazi law to disarm Jews
The 1938 German Weapons Act, the precursor of the current weapons law, superseded the 1928 law. As under the 1928 law, citizens were required to have a permit to carry a firearm and a separate permit to acquire a firearm.
But under the new law:
Gun restriction laws applied only to handguns, not to long guns or ammunition. The 1938 revisions completely deregulated the acquisition and transfer of rifles and shotguns, and the possession of ammunition.
The legal age at which guns could be purchased was lowered from 20 to 18.
Permits were valid for three years, rather than one year.
Holders of annual hunting permits, government workers, and NSDAP (the National Socialist German Workers' Party) members were no longer subject to gun ownership restrictions. Prior to the 1938 law, only officials of the central government, the states, and employees of the German Reichsbahn Railways were exempted.
Manufacture of arms and ammunition continued to require a permit, with the proviso that such permits would no longer be issued to any company even partly owned by Jews; Jews could not manufacture or deal in firearms or ammunition.
Under both the 1928 and 1938 acts, gun manufacturers and dealers were required to maintain records about purchasers of guns, with serial numbers. These records were to be delivered to a police authority for inspection at the end of each year.
The 1938 Regulations Against Jews' Possession of Weapons, which came into force the day after Kristallnacht, effectively deprived all Jews living under Nazi rule of the right to possess any form of weapons, including truncheons, knives, firearms and ammunition. Exceptions were made for Jews and Poles who were foreign nationals under §3 of the act. Before that, some police forces used the pre-existing "trustworthiness" clause to disarm Jews on the basis that "the Jewish population 'cannot be regarded as trustworthy'".
On the whole, gun laws were actually made less stringent for German citizens who were loyal to Nazi rule and more restrictive for Jews.
Current laws
After 1945, even German police officers were initially not allowed to carry firearms. Private ownership of firearms was not allowed until 1956. The legal status returned essentially to that of the Law on Firearms and Ammunition of 1928. The law was thoroughly revised in 1972, when the new restrictive Federal Weapons Act (Bundeswaffengesetz) became effective, partly as a reaction to the terror of the Red Army Faction. It was developed in the Federal Weapons Act of 2002 and by amendments in 2008 and 2009. These laws were the result of a chain of school shootings in Erfurt, Emsdetten and Winnenden. They led to a public debate, in which blame was attributed to various elements of youth culture and society, including violent computer games, television programs, rock music and private gun ownership.
The Weapons Act of 2002 increased the age requirements for licensed hunters and competition shooters. It also introduced the requirement of a psychological evaluation for people under the age of 25 to fulfil the requirement of personal adequacy for large-bore firearms.
The first amendment became effective on 1 April 2008. The intention of that amendment was to ban certain kinds of weapons like airsoft-guns, tasers, imitation firearms (Anscheinswaffen) and knives with blades longer than 12 cm from public places. They may still be carried in sealed wrappings and for professional or ceremonial purposes. Their use on private premises and in non-public places like gun clubs is not restricted.
The second amendment became effective on 17 July 2009. It introduced routine verifications of safe firearms storage by local firearms control offices at the homes of licensees. It also tightened the conditions for continuous necessity. A constitutional complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde) was launched against the law, alleging a violation of the inviolability of the home, guaranteed by Art. 13 of the German constitution.
The weapons law does not apply to military use of weapons within the Bundeswehr or to the police. The identity cards of German troops and police officers contain a term allowing them to carry weapons. Nonetheless – within the military – issuance of guns and especially ammunition is very strictly controlled.
In Germany the possession of any firearm with a muzzle energy exceeding 7.5 Joule (~5.5 ft·lbf; for comparison, a .22LR cartridge has a muzzle energy of 159 J) requires a valid firearms ownership license for any particular weapon. The current Federal Weapons Act adopts a two-tiered approach to firearms licensing.
The law on possession of suppressors follows the firearms they are designed for; if a firearm does not require a license, neither does its suppressor.
The only restriction on magazines for firearms in Germany applies to sports shooters: it is unlawful to use a magazine that can hold more than 10 rounds of ammunition when sports shooting with long weapons in Germany. The acquisition and possession of any magazine of any size for any firearm is legal without a license.
Firearms ownership license
A firearms ownership license (Waffenbesitzkarte or WBK), or an entry to an existing WBK, is mandatory for each firearm purchased. It entitles owners to purchase firearms and handle them on their own property and any private property with the property owner's consent. On public premises, a licensed firearm must be transported unloaded and in a stable, fully enclosing, locked container. A weapons ownership license does not entitle the owner to shoot the weapon or carry it on public premises without the prescribed container. Owners must obtain mandatory insurance and a means to securely store the weapon on their premises (a weapons locker). Blanket ownership licenses are issued to arms dealers, firearms experts and – with limitations – to collectors. In 2010 there were about four million legal private gun owners.
A number of criteria must be met before a firearms ownership license is issued:
age 18 years (§ 4 WaffG)
trustworthiness (§ 5 WaffG)
personal adequacy (§ 6 WaffG)
expert knowledge (§ 7 WaffG) and
necessity (§ 8 WaffG).
Inheritors of legal firearms can obtain a permit without having to demonstrate expert knowledge or necessity, but without them the firearm has to be blocked by an arms dealer (§ 20 WaffG). An inheritor's license does not include the right to acquire or handle ammunition.
People who
are convicted felons
have a record of mental disorder or
are deemed unreliable (this includes people with drug or alcohol addiction histories, and known violent or aggressive people)
are barred from obtaining a firearms ownership license.
Firearms ownership licenses are issued in three color-coded varieties, depending on the applicants' necessity. While self-defence is usually not accepted as a reasonable grounds for such a license, the following ones are:
Competitive shooting: Members of registered gun clubs who the club attest have been practising at least once a month for at least a year can apply for a green license. These holders may purchase two handguns and three semi-automatic rifles compliant with the club rules. All firearms purchased must be pre-approved beforehand. Shooters wishing to purchase further firearms must acquire another approval from their association for each firearm, stating that the person participated in competitions regularly and is in need of the firearm. Additionally, people who are members of a gun club that is a member of a shooting association, are issued a yellow License, with which the holder is allowed to own an unlimited number of single-shot and bolt- or lever-action long guns, and single-shot handguns, without having to obtain prior approval or demonstrate individual necessity. However, no more than two firearms may be purchased in any six-month period by a competitive shooter.
Hunting: People who have passed the German hunter's exam and purchased a hunters' license may purchase an unlimited number of long guns not banned for hunting use, which mostly only applied to fully automatic rifles. Hunters do not need prior approval, but have to register the firearm within two weeks from purchase. They are also allowed two handguns (Single-shot, revolvers, or semi-automatics), whose purchase has to be pre-approved. More handguns may be purchased if the person provides a genuine reason.
Collecting and firearms' experts: A red license is issued to collectors and firearms experts. With this type of license, all kinds of firearms except "forbidden firearms" may be purchased without prior approval. While an expert's license is valid for all guns, collectors have to provide a "theme" of firearms they want to acquire, and are limited to those. Before you get a collectors license in Germany you have to explain to the state why you want to collect those kinds of guns and specifically tell them what kinds of guns you want to collect. Two examples would include WWII guns and guns made by Colt's Manufacturing Company.
Firearms banned from sporting use
The following firearms are banned from sporting use in Germany, and may not be purchased with a license issued for sporting use, but are allowed on hunters' and collectors' licenses:
Handguns with a barrel length of less than 7.62 cm (3 inches)
Semi-automatic long guns with a built-in magazine with a capacity of more than 10 rounds
Semi-automatic firearms that closely resemble a prohibited firearm (see below), if
the barrel length is less than 42 cm, or
the weapon is a bullpup design, or
the shell casing of the ammunition the firearm is designed for is less than 40mm
Firearms that do not require a license
For people over 18 years of age, a license is not required to own a single-shot percussion firearm developed before 1 January 1871, or to own and carry any muzzle-loader with a flintlock or earlier design. However, the purchase of black powder or similar in order to actually use the firearms requires a license.
Prohibited firearms
Firearms that are prohibited in Germany may not be owned by anyone except with a special license from the Federal Criminal Police Office, which is only given to manufacturers, exporters, and, on rare occasions, collectors. The most important ones are:
Firearms defined as "war weapons" by the law (tanks, rocket launchers, heavy machine guns)
Fully automatic firearms
Pump-action shotguns, if
the stock has been replaced by a pistol grip or
the overall length is less than 95 cm, or
the barrel length is less than 45 cm.
Firearms designed to look like an everyday object in order to conceal their nature
Handguns made after January 1, 1970, that fire ammunition with a caliber of less than 6.3mm, except those for rimfire ammunition.
Firearms carry permit
Firearms carry permits (Waffenschein) entitle licensees to publicly carry legally owned weapons, whether concealed or not. A mandatory legal and safety class and shooting proficiency tests are required to obtain such a permit. Carry permits are usually only issued to people with a particular need for carrying a firearm. This includes some private security personnel and people living under a raised threat level like celebrities and politicians. They are valid up to three years and can be extended. Carrying at public events is prohibited. Licensed hunters do not need a permit to carry loaded weapons while hunting, and unloaded weapons while directly traveling to and from such an activity.
Small firearms carry permit
A small firearms carry permit (Kleiner Waffenschein) was introduced in 2002. It can be obtained without having to demonstrate expert knowledge, necessity or a mandatory insurance. The only requirements are that the applicant be of legal age, trustworthy and personally adequate. It entitles the licensee to publicly carry gas pistols (both of the blank and irritant kind) and flare guns. These types of firearms are freely available to adults; only the actual carrying on public property requires the permit. Similar to the full permit, carrying at public events is prohibited.
See also
Forum Waffenrecht
References
^ a b "German group denounces weapons law as unconstitutional". Deutsche Welle.
^ "Five things to know about guns in Germany". The Local Germany. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
^ a b Zeitung, Badische (11 March 2009). "Deutschland: Deutsches Waffenrecht: 45 Millionen Waffen sind im Umlauf - badische-zeitung.de". www.badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
^ Historie des Waffenrechts Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine (History of gun law in Germany, website of Mönchengladbach Police)
^ Treaty of Versailles: Articles 159-213; Military, Naval, and Air Clauses
^ Verordnung des Rates der Volksbeauftragen über Waffenbesitz, Reichsgesetzblatt 1919, Volume I, § 1, page 31–32.
^ Allgemeinen Automobil-Zeitung, Jg. 89, 1928, Nr. 49, p. 7.
^ Uwe Fraunholz: Motorphobia. Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-525-35137-2, P. 153.
^ a b c d Harcourt, Bernard E (2004) "On the NRA, Adolf Hitler, Gun Registration, and the Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)" p 20-21.
^ a b Alex Seitz-Wald (January 11, 2013). "The Hitler gun control lie". salon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ "Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
^ Frick, Minister of the Interior (11 November 1938). "Nazi Weapon Law (GIF Image)". Jpfo.org (in German). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
^ Frick, Minister of the Interior (11 November 1938). "Nazi Weapons Law of November 11, 1938". Jpfo.org. Retrieved 3 January 2017. (English translation)
^ Halbrook, Stephen P. (2000) "Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews." Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol 17. No. 3. p.528.
^ Police of North Rhine-Westphalia on History of German Weapons Law (german)
^ Der Spiegel: Winnenden Commentary – Do You Know What Your Children Are Doing?
^ Presseerklärung der FvLW e.V. zur Verfassungsbeschwerde Archived July 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Grundwissen privater Waffenbesitz". NDR (in German). 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011.
^ "§27 SprengG". Retrieved July 7, 2017.
External links
German Department of the Interior on German Weapons Law (german)
On the NRA, Adolf Hitler, Gun Registration, and the Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Culture Wars (A Call to Historians), by Prof. Bernard E. Harcourt of the University of Chicago. 2004. Archived February 19, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews", by Stephen P. Halbrook, in Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 17, No. 3. 2000.Archived June 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"European Firearms Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Firearms_Directive"},{"link_name":"a school shooting that resulted in 16 deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnenden_school_shooting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeitung-3"},{"link_name":"sport shooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sport"},{"link_name":"Schützenvereinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCtzenverein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeitung-3"}],"text":"In Germany, access to guns is controlled by the German Weapons Act (German: Waffengesetz) (this law adheres to the European Firearms Directive), which was first enacted in 1972, and superseded by the law of 2003. This federal statute regulates the handling of firearms and ammunition as well as acquisition, storage, commerce and maintenance of firearms.In a debate on stricter gun control after a school shooting that resulted in 16 deaths, German weapons expert Holger Soschinka asserted that \"Germany has one of the strictest weapons laws worldwide - and it is sufficient\".[1] However, others criticized it as too lax and argued that more control is needed, with one anti-weapons group describing the law as \"unconstitutional\" because it \"puts the interests of sport shooters above peoples' right to life and physical integrity\".[1]While gun ownership is widespread,[2] and associations and ranges for shooting sports and the use of historical guns and weapons in festivals are not forbidden, the use of guns for private self-defence is restricted.The German Ministry of the Interior estimated in 2009 that the number of firearms in circulation, legally and illegally, could be up to 45 million.[3] Germany's National Gun Registry, introduced at the end of 2012, counted 5.5 million firearms in use, which are legally owned by 1.4 million people in the country. About 1.5 million sport shooters in several thousand Schützenvereinen (\"voluntary shooting sport associations\") own and use guns for sport, about 400,000 hunters have a licensed gun, about 300,000 collect guns and about 900,000 own an inherited gun.[3]","title":"Gun control in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ewige Landfriede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewiger_Landfriede"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Diet of Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms"},{"link_name":"monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence"},{"link_name":"German revolutions of 1848–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349"},{"link_name":"Allies after World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kapp Putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch"},{"link_name":"Walther Rathenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Rathenau"},{"link_name":"Freikorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps"},{"link_name":"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold"},{"link_name":"Der Stahlhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten"},{"link_name":"SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Ewige Landfriede (Perpetual Public Peace) ruling of 1495 banned the medieval right of vendetta (Fehderecht) in the Holy Roman Empire (which encompassed most of what is modern Germany). It passed at the Diet of Worms and was enacted by the German king and emperor Maximilian I. In the Holy Roman Empire claims were henceforth no longer to be decided in battle, but through legal process. It established a certain monopoly of the state in the use of organized armed force. The German nationalist movement asked for Volksbewaffnung, a militia system according to the Swiss role model, but failed with those requests in the German revolutions of 1848–49. However, possession of guns and weapons was not generally restricted, but regulations about carrying arms in public came into use.The general disarming of citizens and a generic gun law was imposed by the Allies after World War I. The law was introduced by the Weimar Republic; actual enforcement was not stringent, and there was no general disarmament immediately after the war. After incidents including the 1920 Kapp Putsch and the 1922 assassination of Walther Rathenau, the law was enforced more strictly. The Weimar Republic saw various Freikorps and paramilitary forces like the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Der Stahlhelm and the Nazi SA.The requirement for trustworthiness of the owner and need for the special purpose of the user (e.g. hunting, sport or self-defence) has been included in German gun laws since then.[4]","title":"History of firearms restrictions in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"militarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Regulation after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles","text":"The Treaty of Versailles included firearm reducing stipulations. Article 169 targeted the state: \"Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, German arms, munitions, and war material, including anti-aircraft material, existing in Germany in excess of the quantities allowed, must be surrendered to the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers to be destroyed or rendered useless.\"[5] Article 177 further banned all civilian use of firearms, any civilian instruction on their use, and any civilian shooting exercises activity, especially banning all organizations or associations from taking part in any such use and/or activity or allowing it to happen, in order to crush down on perceived Prussian militarism of the German people in general.In order to comply with the Versailles Treaty, in 1919 the German government passed the Regulations on Weapons Ownership, which declared that \"all firearms, as well as all kinds of firearms ammunition, are to be surrendered immediately.\"[6] Under the regulations, anyone found in possession of a firearm or ammunition was subject to five years' imprisonment and a fine of 100,000 marks.On August 7, 1920, rising fears whether or not Germany could have rebellions prompted the government to enact a second gun-regulation law called the Law on the Disarmament of the People. It put into effect the provisions of the Versailles Treaty in regard to the limit on military-type weapons.However in spite of their intentions, all these laws failed to effectively put a complete stop to gun use and ownership. To fix this and fully comply to the Treaty, in 1928 the Law on Firearms and Ammunition was enacted. It relaxed gun restrictions as to ownership (but not as to their use and instruction on their use, as these were still illegal according to the Versailles Treaty) and put into effect a strict firearm licensing scheme. Under this scheme, Germans could possess firearms, but were required to have separate permits to do the following: own or sell firearms, carry firearms (including handguns), manufacture firearms, and professionally deal in firearms and ammunition. Furthermore, the law restricted ownership of firearms to \"... people whose trustworthiness is not in question and who can show a need for a (gun) permit.\"Especially car associations lobbied for an easy gun permit for car owners[7] which was granted by the government for drivers traveling often in the countryside.[8]","title":"History of firearms restrictions in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disarmament of the German Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_German_Jews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsgesetz_1938.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRA-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lie-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lie-10"},{"link_name":"NSDAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP"},{"link_name":"Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbahn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRA-9"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRA-9"},{"link_name":"Kristallnacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRA-9"}],"sub_title":"Gun regulations in Nazi Germany","text":"See also: Disarmament of the German JewsNazi law to disarm JewsThe 1938 German Weapons Act, the precursor of the current weapons law, superseded the 1928 law. As under the 1928 law, citizens were required to have a permit to carry a firearm and a separate permit to acquire a firearm. \nBut under the new law:Gun restriction laws applied only to handguns, not to long guns or ammunition. The 1938 revisions completely deregulated the acquisition and transfer of rifles and shotguns, and the possession of ammunition.[9]\nThe legal age at which guns could be purchased was lowered from 20 to 18.[10][11]\nPermits were valid for three years, rather than one year.[10]\nHolders of annual hunting permits, government workers, and NSDAP (the National Socialist German Workers' Party) members were no longer subject to gun ownership restrictions. Prior to the 1938 law, only officials of the central government, the states, and employees of the German Reichsbahn Railways were exempted.[9]\nManufacture of arms and ammunition continued to require a permit, with the proviso that such permits would no longer be issued to any company even partly owned by Jews; Jews could not manufacture or deal in firearms or ammunition.[9]Under both the 1928 and 1938 acts, gun manufacturers and dealers were required to maintain records about purchasers of guns, with serial numbers. These records were to be delivered to a police authority for inspection at the end of each year.The 1938 Regulations Against Jews' Possession of Weapons, which came into force the day after Kristallnacht,[12][13] effectively deprived all Jews living under Nazi rule of the right to possess any form of weapons, including truncheons, knives, firearms and ammunition. Exceptions were made for Jews and Poles who were foreign nationals under §3 of the act.[14] Before that, some police forces used the pre-existing \"trustworthiness\" clause to disarm Jews on the basis that \"the Jewish population 'cannot be regarded as trustworthy'\".[9]On the whole, gun laws were actually made less stringent for German citizens who were loyal to Nazi rule and more restrictive for Jews.","title":"History of firearms restrictions in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Army Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_Faction"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"school shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_shooting"},{"link_name":"in Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt_massacre"},{"link_name":"Emsdetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsdetten#Emsdetten_school_shooting"},{"link_name":"Winnenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnenden_school_shooting"},{"link_name":"youth culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_culture"},{"link_name":"computer games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_game"},{"link_name":"television programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"competition shooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sport"},{"link_name":"psychological evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_evaluation"},{"link_name":"airsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airsoft"},{"link_name":"tasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taser"},{"link_name":"Verfassungsbeschwerde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassungsbeschwerde"},{"link_name":"German constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_constitution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"muzzle energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_energy"},{"link_name":".22LR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22LR"},{"link_name":"suppressors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor"},{"link_name":"magazines for firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)"}],"text":"After 1945, even German police officers were initially not allowed to carry firearms. Private ownership of firearms was not allowed until 1956. The legal status returned essentially to that of the Law on Firearms and Ammunition of 1928. The law was thoroughly revised in 1972, when the new restrictive Federal Weapons Act (Bundeswaffengesetz) became effective, partly as a reaction to the terror of the Red Army Faction.[15] It was developed in the Federal Weapons Act of 2002 and by amendments in 2008 and 2009. These laws were the result of a chain of school shootings in Erfurt, Emsdetten and Winnenden. They led to a public debate, in which blame was attributed to various elements of youth culture and society, including violent computer games, television programs, rock music and private gun ownership.[16]The Weapons Act of 2002 increased the age requirements for licensed hunters and competition shooters. It also introduced the requirement of a psychological evaluation for people under the age of 25 to fulfil the requirement of personal adequacy for large-bore firearms.The first amendment became effective on 1 April 2008. The intention of that amendment was to ban certain kinds of weapons like airsoft-guns, tasers, imitation firearms (Anscheinswaffen) and knives with blades longer than 12 cm from public places. They may still be carried in sealed wrappings and for professional or ceremonial purposes. Their use on private premises and in non-public places like gun clubs is not restricted.The second amendment became effective on 17 July 2009. It introduced routine verifications of safe firearms storage by local firearms control offices at the homes of licensees. It also tightened the conditions for continuous necessity. A constitutional complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde) was launched against the law, alleging a violation of the inviolability of the home, guaranteed by Art. 13 of the German constitution.[17]The weapons law does not apply to military use of weapons within the Bundeswehr or to the police. The identity cards of German troops and police officers contain a term allowing them to carry weapons. Nonetheless – within the military – issuance of guns and especially ammunition is very strictly controlled.In Germany the possession of any firearm with a muzzle energy exceeding 7.5 Joule (~5.5 ft·lbf; for comparison, a .22LR cartridge has a muzzle energy of 159 J) requires a valid firearms ownership license for any particular weapon. The current Federal Weapons Act adopts a two-tiered approach to firearms licensing.The law on possession of suppressors follows the firearms they are designed for; if a firearm does not require a license, neither does its suppressor.The only restriction on magazines for firearms in Germany applies to sports shooters: it is unlawful to use a magazine that can hold more than 10 rounds of ammunition when sports shooting with long weapons in Germany. The acquisition and possession of any magazine of any size for any firearm is legal without a license.","title":"Current laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WaffG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gesetze-im-internet.de/waffg_2002/BJNR397010002.html"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Firearms ownership license","text":"A firearms ownership license (Waffenbesitzkarte or WBK), or an entry to an existing WBK, is mandatory for each firearm purchased. It entitles owners to purchase firearms and handle them on their own property and any private property with the property owner's consent. On public premises, a licensed firearm must be transported unloaded and in a stable, fully enclosing, locked container. A weapons ownership license does not entitle the owner to shoot the weapon or carry it on public premises without the prescribed container. Owners must obtain mandatory insurance and a means to securely store the weapon on their premises (a weapons locker). Blanket ownership licenses are issued to arms dealers, firearms experts and – with limitations – to collectors. In 2010 there were about four million legal private gun owners.[18]A number of criteria must be met before a firearms ownership license is issued:age 18 years (§ 4 WaffG)\ntrustworthiness (§ 5 WaffG)\npersonal adequacy (§ 6 WaffG)\nexpert knowledge (§ 7 WaffG) and\nnecessity (§ 8 WaffG).Inheritors of legal firearms can obtain a permit without having to demonstrate expert knowledge or necessity, but without them the firearm has to be blocked by an arms dealer (§ 20 WaffG). An inheritor's license does not include the right to acquire or handle ammunition.People whoare convicted felons\nhave a record of mental disorder or\nare deemed unreliable (this includes people with drug or alcohol addiction histories, and known violent or aggressive people)are barred from obtaining a firearms ownership license.Firearms ownership licenses are issued in three color-coded varieties, depending on the applicants' necessity. While self-defence is usually not accepted as a reasonable grounds for such a license, the following ones are:Competitive shooting: Members of registered gun clubs who the club attest have been practising at least once a month for at least a year can apply for a green license. These holders may purchase two handguns and three semi-automatic rifles compliant with the club rules. All firearms purchased must be pre-approved beforehand. Shooters wishing to purchase further firearms must acquire another approval from their association for each firearm, stating that the person participated in competitions regularly and is in need of the firearm. Additionally, people who are members of a gun club that is a member of a shooting association, are issued a yellow License, with which the holder is allowed to own an unlimited number of single-shot and bolt- or lever-action long guns, and single-shot handguns, without having to obtain prior approval or demonstrate individual necessity. However, no more than two firearms may be purchased in any six-month period by a competitive shooter.\nHunting: People who have passed the German hunter's exam and purchased a hunters' license may purchase an unlimited number of long guns not banned for hunting use, which mostly only applied to fully automatic rifles.[clarification needed] Hunters do not need prior approval, but have to register the firearm within two weeks from purchase. They are also allowed two handguns (Single-shot, revolvers, or semi-automatics), whose purchase has to be pre-approved. More handguns may be purchased if the person provides a genuine reason.\nCollecting and firearms' experts: A red license is issued to collectors and firearms experts. With this type of license, all kinds of firearms except \"forbidden firearms\" may be purchased without prior approval. While an expert's license is valid for all guns, collectors have to provide a \"theme\" of firearms they want to acquire, and are limited to those. Before you get a collectors license in Germany you have to explain to the state why you want to collect those kinds of guns and specifically tell them what kinds of guns you want to collect. Two examples would include WWII guns and guns made by Colt's Manufacturing Company.","title":"Current laws"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Firearms banned from sporting use","text":"The following firearms are banned from sporting use in Germany, and may not be purchased with a license issued for sporting use, but are allowed on hunters' and collectors' licenses:Handguns with a barrel length of less than 7.62 cm (3 inches)\nSemi-automatic long guns with a built-in magazine with a capacity of more than 10 rounds\nSemi-automatic firearms that closely resemble a prohibited firearm (see below), if\nthe barrel length is less than 42 cm, or\nthe weapon is a bullpup design, or\nthe shell casing of the ammunition the firearm is designed for is less than 40mm","title":"Current laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"black powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_powder"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27SprengG-19"}],"sub_title":"Firearms that do not require a license","text":"For people over 18 years of age, a license is not required to own a single-shot percussion firearm developed before 1 January 1871, or to own and carry any muzzle-loader with a flintlock or earlier design.[citation needed] However, the purchase of black powder or similar in order to actually use the firearms requires a license.[19]","title":"Current laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rimfire ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition"}],"sub_title":"Prohibited firearms","text":"Firearms that are prohibited in Germany may not be owned by anyone except with a special license from the Federal Criminal Police Office, which is only given to manufacturers, exporters, and, on rare occasions, collectors. The most important ones are:Firearms defined as \"war weapons\" by the law (tanks, rocket launchers, heavy machine guns)\nFully automatic firearms\nPump-action shotguns, if\nthe stock has been replaced by a pistol grip or\nthe overall length is less than 95 cm, or\nthe barrel length is less than 45 cm.\nFirearms designed to look like an everyday object in order to conceal their nature\nHandguns made after January 1, 1970, that fire ammunition with a caliber of less than 6.3mm, except those for rimfire ammunition.","title":"Current laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity"},{"link_name":"politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"}],"sub_title":"Firearms carry permit","text":"Firearms carry permits (Waffenschein) entitle licensees to publicly carry legally owned weapons, whether concealed or not. A mandatory legal and safety class and shooting proficiency tests are required to obtain such a permit. Carry permits are usually only issued to people with a particular need for carrying a firearm. This includes some private security personnel and people living under a raised threat level like celebrities and politicians. They are valid up to three years and can be extended. Carrying at public events is prohibited. Licensed hunters do not need a permit to carry loaded weapons while hunting, and unloaded weapons while directly traveling to and from such an activity.","title":"Current laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gas pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_pistol"},{"link_name":"blank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)"},{"link_name":"flare guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gun"}],"sub_title":"Small firearms carry permit","text":"A small firearms carry permit (Kleiner Waffenschein) was introduced in 2002. It can be obtained without having to demonstrate expert knowledge, necessity or a mandatory insurance. The only requirements are that the applicant be of legal age, trustworthy and personally adequate. It entitles the licensee to publicly carry gas pistols (both of the blank and irritant kind) and flare guns. These types of firearms are freely available to adults; only the actual carrying on public property requires the permit. Similar to the full permit, carrying at public events is prohibited.","title":"Current laws"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Nazi law to disarm Jews","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Reichsgesetz_1938.jpg/220px-Reichsgesetz_1938.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Forum Waffenrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Waffenrecht"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"German group denounces weapons law as unconstitutional\". Deutsche Welle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.de/german-group-denounces-weapons-law-as-unconstitutional/a-5822589","url_text":"\"German group denounces weapons law as unconstitutional\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"\"Five things to know about guns in Germany\". The Local Germany. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2022-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelocal.de/20160616/five-things-to-know-about-guns-in-germany-us-gun-control-laws/","url_text":"\"Five things to know about guns in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"Zeitung, Badische (11 March 2009). \"Deutschland: Deutsches Waffenrecht: 45 Millionen Waffen sind im Umlauf - badische-zeitung.de\". www.badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved 2016-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badische-zeitung.de/deutschland-1/45-millionen-waffen-sind-im-umlauf--12577725.html","url_text":"\"Deutschland: Deutsches Waffenrecht: 45 Millionen Waffen sind im Umlauf - badische-zeitung.de\""}]},{"reference":"Alex Seitz-Wald (January 11, 2013). \"The Hitler gun control lie\". salon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/","url_text":"\"The Hitler gun control lie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate\". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 2019-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate","url_text":"\"Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate\""}]},{"reference":"Frick, Minister of the Interior (11 November 1938). \"Nazi Weapon Law (GIF Image)\". Jpfo.org (in German). Retrieved 3 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick","url_text":"Frick"},{"url":"http://jpfo.org/images02/NaziWeaponLaw1800x2667.gif","url_text":"\"Nazi Weapon Law (GIF Image)\""}]},{"reference":"Frick, Minister of the Interior (11 November 1938). \"Nazi Weapons Law of November 11, 1938\". Jpfo.org. Retrieved 3 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jpfo.org/filegen-n-z/NaziLawEnglish.htm","url_text":"\"Nazi Weapons Law of November 11, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grundwissen privater Waffenbesitz\". NDR (in German). 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110216013151/http://www.ndr.de/fernsehen/sendungen/45_min/hintergrund/waffenbesitz106.html","url_text":"\"Grundwissen privater Waffenbesitz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk","url_text":"NDR"},{"url":"http://www.ndr.de/fernsehen/sendungen/45_min/hintergrund/waffenbesitz106.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"§27 SprengG\". Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/sprengg_1976/__27.html","url_text":"\"§27 SprengG\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/waffg_2002/BJNR397010002.html","external_links_name":"WaffG"},{"Link":"http://www.dw.de/german-group-denounces-weapons-law-as-unconstitutional/a-5822589","external_links_name":"\"German group denounces weapons law as unconstitutional\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelocal.de/20160616/five-things-to-know-about-guns-in-germany-us-gun-control-laws/","external_links_name":"\"Five things to know about guns in Germany\""},{"Link":"http://www.badische-zeitung.de/deutschland-1/45-millionen-waffen-sind-im-umlauf--12577725.html","external_links_name":"\"Deutschland: Deutsches Waffenrecht: 45 Millionen Waffen sind im Umlauf - badische-zeitung.de\""},{"Link":"http://www.polizei-nrw.de/moenchengladbach/Waffenrecht/article/Historie_des_Waffenrechts.html","external_links_name":"Historie des Waffenrechts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719234123/http://www.polizei-nrw.de/moenchengladbach/Waffenrecht/article/Historie_des_Waffenrechts.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/ver159.html","external_links_name":"Treaty of Versailles: Articles 159-213; Military, Naval, and Air Clauses"},{"Link":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr","external_links_name":"\"On the NRA, Adolf Hitler, Gun Registration, and the Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)\""},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/","external_links_name":"\"The Hitler gun control lie\""},{"Link":"https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate","external_links_name":"\"Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate\""},{"Link":"http://jpfo.org/images02/NaziWeaponLaw1800x2667.gif","external_links_name":"\"Nazi Weapon Law (GIF Image)\""},{"Link":"http://jpfo.org/filegen-n-z/NaziLawEnglish.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nazi Weapons Law of November 11, 1938\""},{"Link":"http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews.\""},{"Link":"http://www1.polizei-nrw.de/moenchengladbach/Waffenrecht/article/Historie_des_Waffenrechts.html","external_links_name":"on History of German Weapons Law (german)"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,613618,00.html","external_links_name":"Winnenden Commentary – Do You Know What Your Children Are Doing?"},{"Link":"http://www.fvlw.de/2010/07/presseerklarung-der-fvlw-e-v-zur-verfassungsbeschwerde/","external_links_name":"Presseerklärung der FvLW e.V. zur Verfassungsbeschwerde"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100727171741/http://www.fvlw.de/2010/07/presseerklarung-der-fvlw-e-v-zur-verfassungsbeschwerde/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110216013151/http://www.ndr.de/fernsehen/sendungen/45_min/hintergrund/waffenbesitz106.html","external_links_name":"\"Grundwissen privater Waffenbesitz\""},{"Link":"http://www.ndr.de/fernsehen/sendungen/45_min/hintergrund/waffenbesitz106.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/sprengg_1976/__27.html","external_links_name":"\"§27 SprengG\""},{"Link":"https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/sicherheit/waffen/waffenrecht/waffenrecht-node.html","external_links_name":"German Department of the Interior on German Weapons Law (german)"},{"Link":"https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2460&context=journal_articles","external_links_name":"On the NRA, Adolf Hitler, Gun Registration, and the Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230219201000/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2460&context=journal_articles","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf","external_links_name":"Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230617195012/https://stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4139542-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540397605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008120618","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefomin
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Telefomin
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["1 References"]
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See also: Telefomin District and Telefomin Rural LLG
Place in Sandaun Province, Papua New GuineaTelefominAn image of Telefomin from space, the Sepik river can be seen, only a short distance from its source.TelefominLocation within Sandaun ProvinceCoordinates: 5°07′30″S 141°38′30″E / 5.12500°S 141.64167°E / -5.12500; 141.64167CountryPapua New GuineaProvinceSandaun Province (West Sepik)Time zoneUTC+10 (AEST)Location
47 km (29 mi) NE of Tabubil
272 km (169 mi) S of Vanimo
470 km (290 mi) NNW of Daru
780 km (480 mi) NW of Port Moresby
ClimateAf
Telefomin is a station town on the border of Sandaun and Western Provinces in Papua New Guinea. The town started during the Second World War after Mick Leahy was assigned to engineer an airstrip in 1944 for the United States for use against the Imperial Japanese Army forces based in New Guinea.
The Sepik River runs west–east south of the town. The Baptist Mission of Telefomin contains a notable museum and fossils that have been found in the area.
The Telefomin peoples traditionally have carved designs onto tall boards for the entrances of their houses.
In 1953 two Australian patrol officers and four police were killed by tribesman in the Telefomin Incident.
References
^ Stanley, David; Dalton, Bill (1983). South Pacific handbook Moon Handbooks South Pacific. David Stanley. p. 403. ISBN 0-9603322-3-5. Telefomin.
^ "Oceanic Art and Architecture". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
This Sandaun Province geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torleiv_Ole_Rognum
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Torleiv Ole Rognum
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["1 References"]
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Norwegian physician and politician
Torleiv Ole Rognum (born 9 April 1948) is a Norwegian physician and politician for the Christian Democratic Party.
He took the dr.med. degree as a cancer researcher in 1982, and but was appointed as an associate professor at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Oslo in 1984. He was promoted to professor in 1991. He has also worked at the Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, and at the hospital Rikshospitalet. He also aids the National Criminal Investigation Service in forensic identification.
He chaired the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board from 1998 to 2000, and was later deputy chair. He is a member of Asker municipal council. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Akershus during the term 2009–2013.
In 2007 he was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav.
References
^ a b c "60 år 9. april: Professor dr.med. Torleiv Ole Rognum" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 14 March 2008.
^ "Torleiv Ole Rognum" (in Norwegian). Storting.
Preceded byJulie Skjæraasen
Chair of the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board 1998–2000
Succeeded byWerner Christie
This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"60 år 9. april: Professor dr.med. Torleiv Ole Rognum\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 14 March 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Torleiv Ole Rognum\" (in Norwegian). Storting.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=TRO&tab=Biography","url_text":"\"Torleiv Ole Rognum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting","url_text":"Storting"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=TRO&tab=Biography","external_links_name":"\"Torleiv Ole Rognum\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torleiv_Ole_Rognum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_Kannaley
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Bambara Kannaley
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]
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2005 Indian filmBambara KannaleyPosterDirected byParthe BhaskarWritten byParthe BhaskarProduced bySenthil-GaneshStarringSrikanthAarthi AgarwalNamithaCinematographyS. SaravananEdited byG. SasikumarMusic bySrikanth DevaProductioncompanyAnnamalai Films (P) Ltd.Release date
18 November 2005 (2005-11-18)
Running time154 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil
Bambara Kannaley (transl. With the eyes like spinning top; spelt onscreen as Bambharakannaley) is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by Parthi Bhaskar. The film stars Srikanth, Aarthi Agarwal and Namitha. Its title is based on a song from Manamagan Thevai (1957).
Plot
This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Arumugam comes to Ooty for a job and falls in love with Pooja. However, Pooja already has a fiancé Gautham, who isn't as good as he appears to be. What happens to Arumugam's love is the rest of the film.
Cast
Srikanth as Arumugam
Aarthi Agarwal as Pooja
Namitha as Mynaa
Vadivelu as Kadailamuthu
Vikramadithya as Gautham
Shreekumar as Gunasekar
Ganja Karuppu
Singamuthu
Crane Manohar
Madhan Bob
Karate Raja
Bava Lakshmanan
Nellai Siva
Cool Suresh
Prema Priya
Production
This was Aarthi Agarwal's first and only film in Tamil.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Srikanth Deva and released by Star Music.
All lyrics are written by KabilanTrack listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Bambhara Kaanaley"Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam5:302."En Kaadhalum"Mukesh Mohamed, Reshmi3:043."Korukupettai"Shankar Mahadevan5:234."Mana Magale"Mukesh Mohamed, Sriram Parthasarathy, Roshini4:365."Om Muruga"Ranjith5:396."Om Muruga" (version 2)Srinivas5:397."Thakadhimi Thakadimi"Sunitha Sarathy3:21Total length:33:12
Reception
IndiaGlitz praised the performances of actors and music. Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote "Bambara Kannaley" is a love story without much love. Romance is the basis for everything that happens in the film but the romance itself occupies very little of its running time. That by itself is not a bad thing. But the rest of the running time is occupied by things that range from the uninteresting to the outright bad". Lajjavathi of Kalki wrote looking at the fresh approach in several scenes, we can expect aesthetic films from Parthi Bhaskar but panned the climax for wasting reels around 15 minutes.
References
^ Saravanan, T. (26 November 2005). "Success guaranteed". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
^ Subramanian, Anupama (7 June 2015). "I was shocked to hear the news: Shrikanth". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ "Bambara Kannaley actress passes away". The Times of India. 7 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
^ "Bambara Kannalae (2006)". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
^ "Bambharakannaley Review". IndiaGlitz. 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ Mannath, Malini (15 November 2005). "Bambhara Kannaale". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^ லஜ்ஜாவதி (27 November 2005). "பம்பரக் கண்ணாலே". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 1. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
External links
Bambara Kannaley at IMDb
|
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Its title is based on a song from Manamagan Thevai (1957).","title":"Bambara Kannaley"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Arumugam comes to Ooty for a job and falls in love with Pooja. However, Pooja already has a fiancé Gautham, who isn't as good as he appears to be. What happens to Arumugam's love is the rest of the film.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Srikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_(Tamil_actor,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Aarthi Agarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarthi_Agarwal"},{"link_name":"Namitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namitha"},{"link_name":"Vadivelu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadivelu"},{"link_name":"Vikramadithya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Shreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreekumar"},{"link_name":"Ganja Karuppu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_Karuppu"},{"link_name":"Singamuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singamuthu"},{"link_name":"Crane Manohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Manohar"},{"link_name":"Madhan Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhan_Bob"},{"link_name":"Karate Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_Raja"},{"link_name":"Nellai Siva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellai_Siva"},{"link_name":"Cool Suresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Suresh"}],"text":"Srikanth as Arumugam\nAarthi Agarwal as Pooja\nNamitha as Mynaa\nVadivelu as Kadailamuthu\nVikramadithya as Gautham\nShreekumar as Gunasekar\nGanja Karuppu\nSingamuthu\nCrane Manohar\nMadhan Bob\nKarate Raja\nBava Lakshmanan\nNellai Siva\nCool Suresh\nPrema Priya","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This was Aarthi Agarwal's first and only film in Tamil.[2][3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Srikanth Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_Deva"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kabilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilan_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Udit Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udit_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Sadhana Sargam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhana_Sargam"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Mohamed"},{"link_name":"Shankar Mahadevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Mahadevan"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Mohamed"},{"link_name":"Sriram Parthasarathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriram_Parthasarathy"},{"link_name":"Roshini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshini_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ranjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Srinivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivas_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sunitha Sarathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunitha_Sarathy"}],"text":"The music was composed by Srikanth Deva and released by Star Music.[4]All lyrics are written by KabilanTrack listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Bambhara Kaanaley\"Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam5:302.\"En Kaadhalum\"Mukesh Mohamed, Reshmi3:043.\"Korukupettai\"Shankar Mahadevan5:234.\"Mana Magale\"Mukesh Mohamed, Sriram Parthasarathy, Roshini4:365.\"Om Muruga\"Ranjith5:396.\"Om Muruga\" (version 2)Srinivas5:397.\"Thakadhimi Thakadimi\"Sunitha Sarathy3:21Total length:33:12","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"IndiaGlitz praised the performances of actors and music.[5] Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote \"Bambara Kannaley\" is a love story without much love. Romance is the basis for everything that happens in the film but the romance itself occupies very little of its running time. That by itself is not a bad thing. But the rest of the running time is occupied by things that range from the uninteresting to the outright bad\".[6] Lajjavathi of Kalki wrote looking at the fresh approach in several scenes, we can expect aesthetic films from Parthi Bhaskar but panned the climax for wasting reels around 15 minutes.[7]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Storer
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Tracy I. Storer
|
["1 Selected works","2 References","3 External links"]
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American zoologist
Tracy I. StorerBorn( 1889-08-17)August 17, 1889San Francisco, CaliforniaDiedJune 25, 1973(1973-06-25) (aged 83)Davis, CaliforniaAlma materUC BerkeleySpouseDr. Ruth Risdon StorerScientific careerFieldsZoologyInstitutionsUC Davis, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
Tracy Irwin Storer (1889–1973) was an American zoologist known for his contributions to the wildlife of California and the ecology of the Sierra Nevada. He was a professor of zoology at the University of California, Davis for over 30 years. He served as president of several biological societies, including the Cooper Ornithological Club (as a three-time president), Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, the Society of Mammalogists, and the Wildlife Society, and was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences which in 1968 awarded him the Fellow's Medal, the academy's highest honor.
Storer was born in San Francisco, California August 17, 1889. He attended the University of California, Berkeley where he earned a B.S. in 1912, followed by a M.S. in 1913. From 1914 to 1923 he worked in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology as an assistant curator of birds and field-naturalist. He worked with the ecologist Joseph Grinnell, with whom he co-authored Animal Life in the Yosemite and The Game Birds of California. Storer received his PhD from U.C. Berkeley in 1921, and in 1923 joined the faculty at the University of California, Davis, where he was the first professor of zoology and later founded the school's Department of Zoology. He retired in 1956 and was given a Doctor of Letters degree by U.C. Davis in 1960. A building on the campus, Storer Hall, is named after him.
Storer died in Davis, California on June 25, 1973.
Selected works
Storer authored or co-authored over 200 books and articles.
Some of his more notable works are listed below.
Joseph Grinnell, Harold C. Bryant and Tracy I. Storer. 1918. The Game Birds of California. University of California Press. Berkeley.
Joseph Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer. 1918. Animal Life in the Yosemite
Tracy I. Storer with Lloyd P. Tevis, Jr. 1955 (republished 1978). California Grizzly University of California Press. Berkeley
Tracy I. Storer and Robert L. Usinger. 1968. Sierra Nevada Natural History. University of California Press. Berkeley
References
^ Salt, G. W.; Rudd, R. L. (1975). "Tracy Irvin Storer (1889-1973): An Appreciation". Journal of Mammalogy. 56 (2): 538–552. doi:10.2307/1379393. JSTOR 1379393.
^ a b c Landwehr, Sharon. Tracy Irwin Storer (1889-1973)- Zoology, Ornithology. California Academy of Sciences. Accessed 2014-May-31
^ Medalists. Fellows of the California Academy of Sciences. California Academy of Sciences. Accessed 2014-May-31.
^ Herman T. Spieth; Emil M. Mrak; Harold G. Reiber; Thomas H. Jukes (March 1976). "Tracy I. Storer, Zoology: Davis". University of California: In Memoriam. pp. 115–117.
External links
Media related to Tracy I. Storer at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Tracy I. Storer at Internet Archive
Nature photographs and field notes by Tracy I. Storer at CalPhotos
Namesakes: Tracy Storer - UC Davis Centennial
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Croatia
Netherlands
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"wildlife of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_California"},{"link_name":"ecology of the Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Sierra_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salt&Rudd1975-1"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"Cooper Ornithological Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Ornithological_Club"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Society"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"California Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.S."},{"link_name":"M.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.S."},{"link_name":"Museum of Vertebrate Zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Vertebrate_Zoology"},{"link_name":"Joseph Grinnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAS-2"},{"link_name":"Davis, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAS-2"}],"text":"Tracy Irwin Storer (1889–1973) was an American zoologist known for his contributions to the wildlife of California and the ecology of the Sierra Nevada.[1] He was a professor of zoology at the University of California, Davis for over 30 years. He served as president of several biological societies, including the Cooper Ornithological Club (as a three-time president), Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, the Society of Mammalogists, and the Wildlife Society, and was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences which in 1968 awarded him the Fellow's Medal, the academy's highest honor.[2][3]Storer was born in San Francisco, California August 17, 1889. He attended the University of California, Berkeley where he earned a B.S. in 1912, followed by a M.S. in 1913. From 1914 to 1923 he worked in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology as an assistant curator of birds and field-naturalist. He worked with the ecologist Joseph Grinnell, with whom he co-authored Animal Life in the Yosemite and The Game Birds of California. Storer received his PhD from U.C. Berkeley in 1921, and in 1923 joined the faculty at the University of California, Davis, where he was the first professor of zoology and later founded the school's Department of Zoology. He retired in 1956 and was given a Doctor of Letters degree by U.C. Davis in 1960. A building on the campus, Storer Hall, is named after him.[2]Storer died in Davis, California on June 25, 1973.[2]","title":"Tracy I. Storer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Joseph Grinnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell"},{"link_name":"Harold C. Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_C._Bryant"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Usinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Usinger"}],"text":"Storer authored or co-authored over 200 books and articles.[4]\nSome of his more notable works are listed below.Joseph Grinnell, Harold C. Bryant and Tracy I. Storer. 1918. The Game Birds of California. University of California Press. Berkeley.\nJoseph Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer. 1918. Animal Life in the Yosemite\nTracy I. Storer with Lloyd P. Tevis, Jr. 1955 (republished 1978). California Grizzly University of California Press. Berkeley\nTracy I. Storer and Robert L. Usinger. 1968. Sierra Nevada Natural History. University of California Press. Berkeley","title":"Selected works"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Salt, G. W.; Rudd, R. L. (1975). \"Tracy Irvin Storer (1889-1973): An Appreciation\". Journal of Mammalogy. 56 (2): 538–552. doi:10.2307/1379393. JSTOR 1379393.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1379393","url_text":"\"Tracy Irvin Storer (1889-1973): An Appreciation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1379393","url_text":"10.2307/1379393"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1379393","url_text":"1379393"}]},{"reference":"Herman T. Spieth; Emil M. Mrak; Harold G. Reiber; Thomas H. Jukes (March 1976). \"Tracy I. Storer, Zoology: Davis\". University of California: In Memoriam. pp. 115–117.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb9k4009c7&chunk.id=div00046&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text","url_text":"\"Tracy I. Storer, Zoology: Davis\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowing_(music)
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Bow stroke
|
["1 Down bow","1.1 Instruments","1.2 Uses","2 Up bow","2.1 Instruments","2.2 Uses","3 References"]
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Movement of the bow on a bowed string instrument to produce sound
The position of the frog on the bow
On a bowed string instrument, a bow stroke is the movement of the bow back and forth perpendicularly across the string, from the frog to the tip and from the tip to the frog, producing sound. Multiple notes in one bow stroke are indicated by the use of slurs.
Down bow
Three notes with down-bow marksA down-bow is a type of stroke used when bowing a musical instrument, most often a string instrument. The player performs the indicated note by drawing the bow downward or to the right across the instrument, moving its point of contact from the frog toward the tip of the bow. This technique is indicated by a notated symbol resembling a small bracket over the note.
Instruments
How the down-bow is achieved varies depending on the shape and orientation of the instrument.
Instrument
How the player achieves the down-bow
Violin
The player pulls the bow down, away from the left shoulder
Viola
The player pulls the bow down, away from the left shoulder
Cello
The player pulls the bow to the right, away from the left elbow
Double bass
The player pulls the bow to the right, away from the left elbow
Uses
String players can exert stronger pressure when bowing near the frog than when bowing near the tip, due to the bowing hand's proximity to the bow's contact point with the string. Down-bows, which begin near the frog, are therefore often used to play the downbeat (strong beat) within musical phrases. Notes that begin loudly and diminuendo are ideally down-bowed — from frog to tip — allowing pressure on the string to decrease naturally.
Up bow
Three notes with up-bow marksAn up-bow is a type of stroke used when bowing a musical instrument, most often a string instrument. The player draws the bow upward or to the left across the instrument, moving the point of contact from the bow's tip toward the frog (the end of the bow held by the player).
Instruments
How the up-bow is achieved varies depending on the shape and orientation of the instrument.
Instrument
How the player achieves the up-bow
Violin
The player pushes the bow up, toward the left shoulder
Viola
The player pushes the bow up, toward the left shoulder
Cello
The player pushes the bow to the left, toward the left elbow
Double bass
The player pushes the bow to the left, toward the left elbow
Uses
String players can exert stronger pressure on the string when bowing near the frog than when bowing near the tip, due to the bowing hand's proximity to the bow's contact point with the string. Up-bows, which begin near the tip, are therefore often used to play the upbeats (weaker beats) within a musical phrase. Notes that begin quietly and crescendo are also ideally up-bowed — from tip to frog — allowing pressure on the string to increase naturally.
References
^ a b "Up-bow", On Music Dictionary. Accessed: 28 July 2018.
vteViolin familyInstrumentsViolin
Electric violin
Pochette
Five-string violin
Violino piccolo
Alexander violin
Stroh violin
Viola
Vertical viola
Viola pomposa
Tenor violin
Cello
Bass violin
Baritone violin
Cello da spalla
Cellone
Electric cello
Double bass
Violone
Octobass
Parts
Bass bar
Bow
Frog
Bridge
Chinrest
Endpin
F-hole
Fingerboard
Nut
Scroll
Shoulder rest
Sound post
Tailpiece
Tuning peg
Techniques
Bowing
Bow stroke
Col legno
Martelé
Portato
Spiccato
Tremolo
Arpeggio
Harmonics
Double stop
Fingering
Finger substitution
Bariolage
Pizzicato
Scordatura (changing string tuning)
Vibrato
Ensembles and genres of music
String quartet
String trio
String quintet
String sextet
String octet
String section
String orchestra
Violin concerto
Viola concerto
Cello concerto
Double bass concerto
Violin sonata
Viola sonata
Cello sonata
Carnatic music
Other
Violin acoustics
History of the violin
Jazz bass
Bass amplifier
Big band
Slap bass
Jazz violin
Rosin
Stradivarius
Viol
Violin lutherie
Violin musical styles
Violin octet
Category
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|
[{"image_text":"The position of the frog on the bow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Violin_bow_parts.jpg/250px-Violin_bow_parts.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://dictionary.onmusic.org/terms/3760-up-bow","external_links_name":"Up-bow"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8gni_Hoydal
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Høgni Hoydal
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["1 Before taking office","2 Political career","3 Member of the Folketing","4 Bibliography","5 The Hoydal family","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Faroese politician
Høgni HoydalDeputy Prime Minister of the Faroe IslandsIncumbentAssumed office 22 December 2022Prime MinisterAksel V. JohannesenPreceded byUni RasmussenIn office15 September 2015 – 16 September 2019Prime MinisterAksel V. JohannesenPreceded byAnnika OlsenSucceeded byJørgen NiclasenIn office5 February 2008 – 15 September 2008Prime MinisterJóannes EidesgaardPreceded byBjarni DjurholmSucceeded byJørgen NiclasenIn office15 May 1998 – 5 December 2003Prime MinisterAnfinn KallsbergPreceded byJóannes EidesgaardSucceeded byBjarni DjurholmMinister of Foreign Affairs and TradeIncumbentAssumed office 22 December 2022Prime MinisterAksel V. JohannesenPreceded byJenis av Rana (Foreign Affairs) / Magnus Rasmussen (Trade)Minister of FisheriesIn office15 September 2015 – 16 September 2019Prime MinisterAksel V. JohannesenPreceded byJacob VestergaardSucceeded byJacob VestergaardLeader of TjóðveldiIncumbentAssumed office 2000Preceded byHeini O. HeinesenMember of LøgtingIncumbentAssumed office 20 November 2001ConstituencyFaroe Islands (2001-2011 & 2015-)Minister of Foreign AffairsIn office4 February 2008 – 15 September 2008Prime MinisterJóannes EidesgaardSucceeded byJørgen NiclasenMinister of Selfgoverning and JusticeIn office15 May 1998 – 5 December 2003Prime MinisterAnfinn KallsbergPreceded byÓli JacobsenSucceeded byJógvan við Keldu
Personal detailsBornHøgni Karsten Hoydal (1966-03-28) 28 March 1966 (age 58)Copenhagen, DenmarkSpouseHildur HermansenChildren3Parent(s)Gunvør and Kjartan Hoydal
Høgni Karsten Hoydal (born 28 March 1966), commonly called Høgni Hoydal, is a Faroese politician. He currently serves as Deputy Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He has been the party leader of Tjóðveldi since 1998.
Before taking office
Høgni Hoydal was a reporter of the Faroese national television station, Kringvarp Føroya, for some years prior to his election to the Faroese parliament in 1998.
Political career
Høgni Hoydal brought the Republican Party back up from four MPs to eight in the 1998 elections and into government, due to popular opinion at the time. Høgni Hoydal became Minister of Justice and deputy Prime Minister.
The coalition stayed in power after the parliamentary elections in 2002 and brought one more political party into the coalition and government. This coalition, however, broke down on 5 December 2003 and new elections held. After these elections another coalition was formed leaving the Republican Party in opposition.
In 2008, Hoydal assumed the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs. The government coalition between the Republican Party, the People's Party and the Independence Party agreed on a road map towards independence and initiated negotiations with the Government of Denmark. The negotiations, however, broke down and the Faroese coalition started going on a path towards greater autonomy by taking over the responsibility of matters previously undertaken by Denmark.
Member of Republican Party
1998 member of the Faroese parliament (Løgting)
16 May 1998 to 5 September 2003 Minister of Justice and deputy Prime Minister
5 February to 15 September 2008 Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Second Cabinet of Jóannes Eidesgaard
2001 – 2011 Member of Danish parliament (Folketing) except for the periods when he was Minister
2015 – Minister of Fisheries
Member of the Folketing
In 2001, he was elected as one of the two Faroese members of the Danish Folketing. He was re-elected in 2005 and re-elected again in 2007; but in the 2011 election lost the party's only Folketing seat to the Social Democrats' Sjúrður Skaale.
Bibliography
Håb i krise, written together with Michael Haldrup, 1995 (Danish)
Frælsi er Ábyrgd, 2000 (Faroese)
Myten om rigsfællesskabet, 2000 (Danish)
The Hoydal family
The family name Hoydal takes name after a neighbourhood in Tórshavn named Hoydalar, it is in a valley near Hoyvík. Dánjal Hoydal was the first who took the name, he was Høgni Hoydal's great-grandfather, he was born Joensen. His son was the Faroese writer and politician Karsten Hoydal (1912–1990) who was born in Hoydalar. Karsten Hoydal and his wife Marie Louise Falk-Rønne have four children: Annika Hoydal, born 1945, is an actor and singer, Gunnar Hoydal, born 1941 is also a writer, Kjartan Hoydal, born 1941 (Gunnar and Kjartan are twins) was secretary of the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) and is now director of sp/f Skrivarastova Fish and Film. They have another son called Egil. Høgni Hoydal is Kjartan Hoydal's son.
References
^ dst.dk
^ "Høgni Hoydal". Tjóðveldi. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Høgni Hoydal.
Løgtingið og høvundarnir 2: Løgtingið 150 (1st ed.) p. 288. Tórshavn Løgtingið 2002.
The North Atlantic Group in the Danish Parliament
Co-Creator of current Faro Whaling policy
vteMembers of the Folketingvte2015–2019Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne)Akdogan • Antorini • Bramsen • Brosbøl • Bødskov • Christensen • Corydon • Damsbo-Andersen • Dybvad • Engelbrecht • Frederiksen • Gjerskov • Gaardsted • Halsboe-Jørgensen • Hav • Heunicke • Hummelgaard • Hækkerup • Jakobsen • L. Jensen • M. Jensen • T. Jensen • Joel • Johansen • Jørgensen • Klint • Kollerup • Krag • Kristensen • Langhoff • Larsen • Laustsen • Lind • Lunderød • Lykketoft • Madsen • Mortensen • Panduro • Petersen • Prehn • Rasmussen • Ravn • Reissmann • Rosenkrantz-Theil • Skovsby • Tesfaye • Thorning-Schmidt • Wammen • WermelinDanish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti)Adelsteen • Adsbøl • Ahrendtsen • Bech • Bendixen • Berth • Blixt • Bork • Brodersen • Bøgsted • Callesen • Christensen • Christiansen • J. Dahl • K. Dahl • M. H. Dencker • M. Dencker • Due • Eilersen • Espersen • Flydtkjær • Hansen • Harpsøe • Henriksen • Jakobsen • Kjærsgaard • Kofod • Krarup • Langballe • Larsen • Marinus • Messmann • Nødgaard • Ib Poulsen • Skibby • Skaarup • UllemoseLiberals (Venstre)Andersen • Bager • Bonnesen • Danielsen • Elholm • Ellemann • Ellemann-Jensen • Engel-Schmidt • Frederiksen • Gade • Geertsen • Hansen • Heitmann • Henriksen • Holst • Haarder • J. Jensen • K. Jensen • M. Jensen • Juel-Jensen • Jørgensen • Kissmeyer • Knuth • Larsen • Lauritzen • Lilleholt • Lorentzen • Løhde • Løkkegaard • Matthiesen • Nørby • Pedersen • Pind • Poulsen • Rasmussen • Schmidt • StøjbergLiberal Alliance (Liberal Alliance)Ammitzbøll-Bille • Bach • Bock • Christensen • Dahl • Egelund • Kattrup • Lindahl • Mikkelsen • Olesen • Olsen • Riisager • SamuelsenRed-Green Alliance (Enhedslisten)Brix • Dragsted • Flyvholm • Gjerding • Hyllested • Juhl • Lund • Rasmussen • Schmidt-Nielsen • Skipper • Sølvhøj • Søndergaard • Sørensen • Villumsen • VilsholmThe Alternative (Alternativet)Elbæk • Fock • Gade • Gejl • Grantzau • Maier • Matthisen • Nordqvist • Poll • Sandbæk • Schnoor‡Social Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre)Auken • Jelved • Lidegaard • Nielsen • Rod • Stampe • Steenberg • ØstergaardSocialist People's Party (Socialistisk Folkeparti)Andersen • Bech-Nielsen • Dahl • Dyhr • Hønge • Mark • Nielsen • TorpConservative People's Party (Konservative Folkeparti)Abildgaard • Jarlov • Jerkel • Khader • Mercado • Mikkelsen • PoulsenFrom Faroe IslandsRepublic (Tjóðveldi)Arge • HoydalSocial Democratic Party (Javnaðarflokkurin)SkaaleFrom GreenlandDescendants of our Country (Nunatta Qitornai)Hammond‡Community of the People (Inuit Ataqatigiit)Larsen‡ = Elected under a different partyItalic = Left office before end of termvte2007–2011Liberals (Venstre)Andersen • Bech • Bisgaard • Bonnesen • P. Christensen • T. Christensen • Christiansen • Elholm • Ellemann • Frederiksen • Gade • Hansen • Holberg • Hornbech • Hvilshøj • Høegh • Haarder • J. Jensen • K. Jensen • M. Jensen • Jespersen • Josefsen • Juel-Jensen • Kirk • Larsen • Lauritzen • Lilleholt • Lorentzen • Løhde • Møller • Nedergaard • Nonbo • Nørby • M. Pedersen • T. Pedersen • T. S. Pedersen • Pind • Poulsen • A. Rasmussen • L. Rasmussen • Rudiengaard • Rørvig • Sander • Schmidt • Støjberg • Thoning • Tørnæs • Vesselbo • Vibjerg • Aamund‡Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne)Adelskov • Akdogan • P. Andersen • S. Andersen • Antorini • Auken • Björnsson • Brosbøl • Bødskov • Christensen • Damsbo-Andersen • Engelbrecht • Frederiksen • Gjerskov • Grave • C. Hansen • L. Hansen • T. Hansen • Hav • Heunicke • Husted • Karen Hækkerup • Klaus Hækkerup • N. Hækkerup • O. Hækkerup • L. Jensen • M. Jensen • T. Jensen • Klint • Kofod • Kristensen • Larsen • Laustsen • Lund • Lykketoft • Meldgaard • F. Mortensen • K. Mortensen • Møller • Panduro • Paulsen • Prehn • Rademacher • Seelen • Sindal • Skovsby • Sohn • Thorning-Schmidt • VernersenDanish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti)Adelsteen • Blixt • Brix • Brodersen • Bøgsted • Camre • A. Christensen • R. Christensen • Christiansen • Dahl • Dalgaard • Dencker • Dohrmann • Espersen • Falkenberg • Harpsøe • Henriksen • Kjærsgaard • Knakkergaard • Krarup • Langballe • Messerschmidt • Nødgaard • Petersen • Poulsen • Skibby • SkaarupSocialist People's Party (Socialistisk Folkeparti)Agersnap • Andersen • Auken • Bagge • Bonne • Bornhøft • Baastrup • Cekic • Dahl • Dehnhardt • Dyhr • Frahm • Fuglsang • Gade • Holmsgaard • Hønge • Jensen • Krag • Nielsen • Petersen • Qureshi • Søvndal • TouborgConservative People's Party (Konservative Folkeparti)Barfoed • Behnke • Bendtsen • Christensen • Dyremose • Espersen • Hedegaard • Jarlov • Khader‡ • Kier • Kjær • Kristensen • Leegaard • Legarth • Lundsgaard • Mikkelsen • H. Møller • P. Møller • Nielsen • Rasmussen • Rugholm • SjelleSocial Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre)Andersen • Dahl • Dybkjær • Jelved • M. Petersen • N. Petersen • Johannes Poulsen • Jørgen Poulsen‡ • Vestager • ØstergaardLiberal Alliance (Liberal Alliance)Ammitzbøll-Bille‡ • Christensen • Høiby • SamuelsenRed-Green Alliance (Enhedslisten)Barfod • Clausen • Schmidt-Nielsen • AaenChristian Democrats (Kristendemokraterne)Jørgensen‡Outside groupChristmas-Møller‡ • Hansen‡ • Seeberg‡From Faroe IslandsRepublic (Tjóðveldi)HoydalUnion Party (Sambandsflokkurin)JoensenFrom GreenlandCommunity of the People (Inuit Ataqatigiit)HenningsenForward (Siumut)Johansen‡ = Elected under a different party.Italic = Left office before end of term.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faroese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tjóðveldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Faroe_Islands)"}],"text":"Høgni Karsten Hoydal (born 28 March 1966), commonly called Høgni Hoydal, is a Faroese politician. He currently serves as Deputy Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He has been the party leader of Tjóðveldi since 1998.","title":"Høgni Hoydal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kringvarp Føroya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kringvarp_F%C3%B8roya"}],"text":"Høgni Hoydal was a reporter of the Faroese national television station, Kringvarp Føroya, for some years prior to his election to the Faroese parliament in 1998.","title":"Before taking office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(Faroe)"},{"link_name":"Government of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Faroe_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Løgting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8gting"},{"link_name":"deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Second Cabinet of Jóannes Eidesgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_J%C3%B3annes_Eidesgaard_II"},{"link_name":"Folketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing"}],"text":"Høgni Hoydal brought the Republican Party back up from four MPs to eight in the 1998 elections and into government, due to popular opinion at the time. Høgni Hoydal became Minister of Justice and deputy Prime Minister.The coalition stayed in power after the parliamentary elections in 2002 and brought one more political party into the coalition and government. This coalition, however, broke down on 5 December 2003 and new elections held. After these elections another coalition was formed leaving the Republican Party in opposition.In 2008, Hoydal assumed the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs. The government coalition between the Republican Party, the People's Party and the Independence Party agreed on a road map towards independence and initiated negotiations with the Government of Denmark. The negotiations, however, broke down and the Faroese coalition started going on a path towards greater autonomy by taking over the responsibility of matters previously undertaken by Denmark.Member of Republican Party\n1998 member of the Faroese parliament (Løgting)\n16 May 1998 to 5 September 2003 Minister of Justice and deputy Prime Minister\n5 February to 15 September 2008 Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Second Cabinet of Jóannes Eidesgaard\n2001 – 2011 Member of Danish parliament (Folketing) except for the periods when he was Minister\n2015 – Minister of Fisheries","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing"},{"link_name":"the 2011 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Danish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Social Democrats'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Faroe_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Sjúrður Skaale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%BAr%C3%B0ur_Skaale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 2001, he was elected as one of the two Faroese members of the Danish Folketing. He was re-elected in 2005 and re-elected again in 2007; but in the 2011 election lost the party's only Folketing seat to the Social Democrats' Sjúrður Skaale.[1]","title":"Member of the Folketing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Håb i krise, written together with Michael Haldrup, 1995 (Danish)\nFrælsi er Ábyrgd, 2000 (Faroese)\nMyten om rigsfællesskabet, 2000 (Danish)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tórshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn"},{"link_name":"Hoyvík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyv%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Karsten Hoydal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karsten_Hoydal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Annika Hoydal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annika_Hoydal"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Hoydal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Hoydal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kjartan Hoydal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kjartan_Hoydal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Atlantic_Fisheries_Commission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The family name Hoydal takes name after a neighbourhood in Tórshavn named Hoydalar, it is in a valley near Hoyvík. Dánjal Hoydal was the first who took the name, he was Høgni Hoydal's great-grandfather, he was born Joensen. His son was the Faroese writer and politician Karsten Hoydal (1912–1990) who was born in Hoydalar. Karsten Hoydal and his wife Marie Louise Falk-Rønne have four children: Annika Hoydal, born 1945, is an actor and singer, Gunnar Hoydal, born 1941 is also a writer, Kjartan Hoydal, born 1941 (Gunnar and Kjartan are twins) was secretary of the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) and is now director of sp/f Skrivarastova Fish and Film.[citation needed] They have another son called Egil. Høgni Hoydal is Kjartan Hoydal's son.[2]","title":"The Hoydal family"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Høgni Hoydal\". Tjóðveldi. Retrieved 16 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tjodveldi.fo/?page_id=138","url_text":"\"Høgni Hoydal\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dst.dk/valg/Valg1204271/other/Folketingsvalget_Faeroerne.pdf","external_links_name":"dst.dk"},{"Link":"http://www.tjodveldi.fo/?page_id=138","external_links_name":"\"Høgni Hoydal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060424123649/http://www.dnag.dk/","external_links_name":"The North Atlantic Group in the Danish Parliament"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/faroe-islands-look-into-dolphin-killings-after-record-slaughter-2021-09-16/","external_links_name":"Co-Creator of current Faro Whaling policy"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000036197045","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54326312","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8QVwQjjQm98PQcGmTpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137465233","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137465233","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96022814","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._A._Fraser
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Fraser family of artists
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["1 The artists","2 References"]
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The Frasers of Huntingdonshire, of Scottish origin and emerging initially from the town of Bedford in the latter part of the nineteenth century, were a family of artists, known largely for their watercolour paintings, the predominant subject matter of which was the rural landscape of The Fens. Two of the family made illustrations for books and magazines.
Six of the group were the sons of an army surgeon, Major Robert Winchester Fraser (1819–1892) and his wife Mary Ann Anderson (1820–1898), who married in 1842 and produced a total of nine children. There was one son, Michie, who worked for the Consular Service and remained a bachelor. One of his sisters, Catherine, was his housekeeper.: p23 There is a suggestion that she and the other sister Margaret may also have painted.
The artists
The first Fraser to paint was Francis Arthur (1846–1924), generally known as Frank. He was a prolific illustrator; notable publications with his drawings include Great Expectations (Chapman and Hall, 1871), King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table by Henry Frith (George Routledge, 1884), Mark Twain's Roughing It and The Innocents At Home (Chatto & Windus, 1897), A Hero. Philip’s Book by Dinah Maria Mulock Craik (George Routledge, 1889) and a number of books by Maria Edgeworth, published by George Routledge.: pp78-81 Example of the illustrative work of Francis Arthur Fraser, 1846–1924, from the 1884 publication 'King Arthur & His Knights of the Round Table' (Author: Henry Frith)
Next was Robert Winchester Fraser (1848–1906), who received a degree of recognition in his own lifetime, generally signing his work 'R. W. Fraser'. His pictures were regularly exhibited, including at the Royal Academy and Royal Scottish Academy. He was more widely travelled than his artistic siblings, at one point receiving a commission to go and paint in Jamaica. He died while staying at the Bristol Hotel, Gibraltar.: p84
Both his sons were also painters. The elder, Robert James Winchester Fraser (1872–1930) signed his pictures 'R. Winter' or 'Robert Winter', to distinguish them from those by his father. Though less commercially successful than his father, Winter’s paintings have come to be well regarded and these days tend to sell at higher prices in auction. The Dictionary of British Watercolour Artists calls him "the best known, and perhaps the best, of the family".
The younger son, Francis Gordon Fraser (1879–1931) "was probably the most prolific, yet least recorded member of the famous Huntingdonshire family of landscape painters" (Jeremy Wood, Hidden Talents). "The quality of his work is variable and this has affected its value." Perhaps realising that he was in danger of flooding the market single-handedly, he signed his work in a variety of ways. Besides F. G. Fraser, he is known to have also used F. Gordon, Alex Gordon and quite possibly several other names.: p117 His huge output was driven by penury and it would seem that many of his paintings were hurriedly completed, though there are a few in circulation of a higher standard and with greater attention to detail. It is not known how much time he spent in or around The Fens region where his brother and uncles lived. His pictures of the area may possibly have been depicted from memory, imagination or his recollection of his father’s work, given that he mostly lived in south-west London. Two of his pictures were shown at the Devon and Exeter Annual Exhibition in 1907.Watercolour painting by Francis Gordon Fraser (1879–1931)
Example of watercolour painting by W. F. Garden (Garden William Fraser) 1856–1921
Like his nephew, Garden William Fraser (1856–1921) struggled with his finances and saw little return on his now very collectable paintings. Declared bankrupt in 1899, his money difficulties almost certainly contributed to the marital problems he endured with his wife Ethel. Together they produced 6 children but by 1906, Ethel had lost patience with the struggling artist and removed herself and the children to Birmingham.: p66 Garden William lived the rest of his life in a room at the Old Ferry Boat Inn in Holywell, Cambridgeshire. His distinctive work, which often has an almost photographic quality, is usually signed W. F. Garden; he may have adopted this version of his name not only to distinguish it from the rest of his family, but also to confuse creditors. Perhaps his most famous work is The Wood At Dusk, which is available in reproduction.
George Gordon Fraser (1859–1895), like his eldest brother Frank, showed great promise as an illustrator. His drawings and cartoons appeared in Fun magazine and he provided "upwards of one hundred and twenty illustrations" for an 1891 edition of Jerome K. Jerome's The Diary of a Pilgrimage. A reprinted version of this is still available though fails to credit G.G. Fraser as the artist. He also painted, in watercolours and occasionally in oils, signing 'G. Gordon Fraser' or using his initials. William Andrew Baird Grove, in his booklet The Frasers – A Local Family of Artists (1980) describes George Gordon's work as "a wide variety of Fen scenes of painstaking detail and accuracy, no longer fashionable in today's art. His brushwork was very fine and it appears that every single twig and every leaf is given individual attention." There are noticeably fewer examples of his work in circulation as he died young, at the age of 35, having fallen through the ice while skating on the River Ouse. He was buried with his father in a secluded spot in the graveyard of St. James's Church, Hemingford Grey, a village between Huntingdon and St. Ives, Cambridgeshire.: p54
Example of the illustrative work of George Gordon Fraser, 1859–1895, from the 1891 publication 'The Diary of a Pilgrimage'
Besides following his older brothers into the uncertain life of an artist, Arthur Anderson Fraser (1861–1904) was also an enthusiastic participant in the Neo-Jacobite Revival, founding a "White Cockade" club at the Ferry Boat Inn at Holywell. He married Margaret Lawson in 1885 and the couple had two sons, the elder of whom, Francis McGreigor, may also have dabbled in painting. As an artist, Arthur Anderson was particularly successful in capturing the distinctive morning and evening skies of the Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire landscape. His work is either signed by name or by the use of a small monogram joining the letters A and F.
Gilbert Baird Fraser (1865–1947) was the youngest and longest surviving member of the artistic family, outliving all his brothers and Robert Winchester’s sons. Like Arthur, he was involved with the Neo-Jacobites, standing for Parliament on a Jacobite platform in 1891. He lived with his wife May Heseltine at Reed Cottage in Holywell, Cambridgeshire, creating a considerable body of work, much of it with a somewhat warmer palette of colour than other family members.: p114 He is buried beside his brother Arthur Anderson and nephew Robert James Winchester in the churchyard at Holywell.
References
^ "Art As A Family Affair". Charles Lane. Article for Country Life magazine, UK, publ. June 1979.
^ a b c d e f g h : p109 The Fraser Family. Charles Lane. Publ. Chris Beetles Gallery, London, 2010.
^ a b c The Dictionary of British Watercolour Artists Up To 1920. H. L. Mallalieu. Publ. Antique Collectors' Club, 1976. p. 135.
^ Roughing It and The Innocents At Home. Mark Twain, illustrated by F. A. Fraser. Publ. Chatto & Windus, Piccadilly, 1885.
^ Hidden Talents. Dictionary of Neglected Artists Working 1880–1950. Jeremy Wood. Publ. Jeremy Wood Fine Art, 1994.p55
^ a b Victorian Landscape Watercolours. Yale Center for British Art, Editor Paul Anbinder. Publ. Hudson Hills Press, Inc. 1992.p172
^ The Diary of a Pilgrimage. Jerome K. Jerome, illustrated by G. G. Fraser. Publ. J. W. Arrowsmith 1891.
^ Pittock, Murray (1 August 2014). Spectrum of Decadence: The Literature of the 1890s. Routledge. ISBN 9781317629528.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallalieu1976-3"}],"text":"Six of the group were the sons of an army surgeon, Major Robert Winchester Fraser (1819–1892) and his wife Mary Ann Anderson (1820–1898), who married in 1842 and produced a total of nine children. There was one son, Michie, who worked for the Consular Service and remained a bachelor. One of his sisters, Catherine, was his housekeeper.[2]: p23 There is a suggestion that she and the other sister Margaret may also have painted.[3]","title":"Fraser family of artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roughing It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughing_It"},{"link_name":"Chatto & Windus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maria Edgeworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Arthur_Fraser_-_%27King_Pellinore_and_the_Damsel_at_the_Well%27._Book_illustration.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bristol Hotel, Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Hotel,_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallalieu1976-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F.G._FRASER_Sunset_over_River_and_Village.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W.F._Garden_-_Back_Lane,_Holywell,_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"},{"link_name":"the Old Ferry Boat Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Ferry_Boat_Inn"},{"link_name":"Holywell, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anbinder1992-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallalieu1976-3"},{"link_name":"Diary of a Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_a_Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hemingford Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemingford_Grey"},{"link_name":"St. Ives, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ives,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Gordon_Fraser_-_Illustration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neo-Jacobite Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anbinder1992-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pittock-8"},{"link_name":"Holywell, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane2010-2"}],"text":"The first Fraser to paint was Francis Arthur (1846–1924), generally known as Frank. He was a prolific illustrator; notable publications with his drawings include Great Expectations (Chapman and Hall, 1871), King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table by Henry Frith (George Routledge, 1884), Mark Twain's Roughing It and The Innocents At Home (Chatto & Windus, 1897),[4] A Hero. Philip’s Book by Dinah Maria Mulock Craik (George Routledge, 1889) and a number of books by Maria Edgeworth, published by George Routledge.[2]: pp78-81Example of the illustrative work of Francis Arthur Fraser, 1846–1924, from the 1884 publication 'King Arthur & His Knights of the Round Table' (Author: Henry Frith)Next was Robert Winchester Fraser (1848–1906), who received a degree of recognition in his own lifetime, generally signing his work 'R. W. Fraser'. His pictures were regularly exhibited, including at the Royal Academy and Royal Scottish Academy. He was more widely travelled than his artistic siblings, at one point receiving a commission to go and paint in Jamaica. He died while staying at the Bristol Hotel, Gibraltar.[2]: p84Both his sons were also painters. The elder, Robert James Winchester Fraser (1872–1930) signed his pictures 'R. Winter' or 'Robert Winter', to distinguish them from those by his father. Though less commercially successful than his father, Winter’s paintings have come to be well regarded and these days tend to sell at higher prices in auction. The Dictionary of British Watercolour Artists calls him \"the best known, and perhaps the best, of the family\".[3]The younger son, Francis Gordon Fraser (1879–1931) \"was probably the most prolific, yet least recorded member of the famous Huntingdonshire family of landscape painters\" (Jeremy Wood, Hidden Talents). \"The quality of his work is variable and this has affected its value.\" Perhaps realising that he was in danger of flooding the market single-handedly, he signed his work in a variety of ways. Besides F. G. Fraser, he is known to have also used F. Gordon, Alex Gordon and quite possibly several other names.[2]: p117 His huge output was driven by penury and it would seem that many of his paintings were hurriedly completed, though there are a few in circulation of a higher standard and with greater attention to detail. It is not known how much time he spent in or around The Fens region where his brother and uncles lived. His pictures of the area may possibly have been depicted from memory, imagination or his recollection of his father’s work, given that he mostly lived in south-west London. Two of his pictures were shown at the Devon and Exeter Annual Exhibition in 1907.[5]Watercolour painting by Francis Gordon Fraser (1879–1931)Example of watercolour painting by W. F. Garden (Garden William Fraser) 1856–1921Like his nephew, Garden William Fraser (1856–1921) struggled with his finances and saw little return on his now very collectable paintings. Declared bankrupt in 1899, his money difficulties almost certainly contributed to the marital problems he endured with his wife Ethel. Together they produced 6 children but by 1906, Ethel had lost patience with the struggling artist and removed herself and the children to Birmingham.[2]: p66 Garden William lived the rest of his life in a room at the Old Ferry Boat Inn in Holywell, Cambridgeshire.[6] His distinctive work, which often has an almost photographic quality, is usually signed W. F. Garden; he may have adopted this version of his name not only to distinguish it from the rest of his family, but also to confuse creditors.[3] Perhaps his most famous work is The Wood At Dusk, which is available in reproduction.George Gordon Fraser (1859–1895), like his eldest brother Frank, showed great promise as an illustrator. His drawings and cartoons appeared in Fun magazine and he provided \"upwards of one hundred and twenty illustrations\" for an 1891 edition of Jerome K. Jerome's The Diary of a Pilgrimage.[7] A reprinted version of this is still available though fails to credit G.G. Fraser as the artist. He also painted, in watercolours and occasionally in oils, signing 'G. Gordon Fraser' or using his initials. William Andrew Baird Grove, in his booklet The Frasers – A Local Family of Artists (1980) describes George Gordon's work as \"a wide variety of Fen scenes of painstaking detail and accuracy, no longer fashionable in today's art. His brushwork was very fine and it appears that every single twig and every leaf is given individual attention.\" There are noticeably fewer examples of his work in circulation as he died young, at the age of 35, having fallen through the ice while skating on the River Ouse. He was buried with his father in a secluded spot in the graveyard of St. James's Church, Hemingford Grey, a village between Huntingdon and St. Ives, Cambridgeshire.[2]: p54Example of the illustrative work of George Gordon Fraser, 1859–1895, from the 1891 publication 'The Diary of a Pilgrimage'Besides following his older brothers into the uncertain life of an artist, Arthur Anderson Fraser (1861–1904) was also an enthusiastic participant in the Neo-Jacobite Revival,[6] founding a \"White Cockade\" club at the Ferry Boat Inn at Holywell. He married Margaret Lawson in 1885 and the couple had two sons, the elder of whom, Francis McGreigor, may also have dabbled in painting. As an artist, Arthur Anderson was particularly successful in capturing the distinctive morning and evening skies of the Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire landscape. His work is either signed by name or by the use of a small monogram joining the letters A and F.[2]Gilbert Baird Fraser (1865–1947) was the youngest and longest surviving member of the artistic family, outliving all his brothers and Robert Winchester’s sons. Like Arthur, he was involved with the Neo-Jacobites, standing for Parliament on a Jacobite platform in 1891.[8] He lived with his wife May Heseltine at Reed Cottage in Holywell, Cambridgeshire, creating a considerable body of work, much of it with a somewhat warmer palette of colour than other family members.[2]: p114 He is buried beside his brother Arthur Anderson and nephew Robert James Winchester in the churchyard at Holywell.","title":"The artists"}]
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[{"image_text":"Example of the illustrative work of Francis Arthur Fraser, 1846–1924, from the 1884 publication 'King Arthur & His Knights of the Round Table' (Author: Henry Frith)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francis_Arthur_Fraser_-_%27King_Pellinore_and_the_Damsel_at_the_Well%27._Book_illustration.JPG/220px-Francis_Arthur_Fraser_-_%27King_Pellinore_and_the_Damsel_at_the_Well%27._Book_illustration.JPG"},{"image_text":"Watercolour painting by Francis Gordon Fraser (1879–1931)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/F.G._FRASER_Sunset_over_River_and_Village.JPG/220px-F.G._FRASER_Sunset_over_River_and_Village.JPG"},{"image_text":"Example of watercolour painting by W. F. Garden (Garden William Fraser) 1856–1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/W.F._Garden_-_Back_Lane%2C_Holywell%2C_1914.jpg/220px-W.F._Garden_-_Back_Lane%2C_Holywell%2C_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Example of the illustrative work of George Gordon Fraser, 1859–1895, from the 1891 publication 'The Diary of a Pilgrimage'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/George_Gordon_Fraser_-_Illustration.jpg/220px-George_Gordon_Fraser_-_Illustration.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Pittock, Murray (1 August 2014). Spectrum of Decadence: The Literature of the 1890s. Routledge. ISBN 9781317629528.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rl8tBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79","url_text":"Spectrum of Decadence: The Literature of the 1890s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317629528","url_text":"9781317629528"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rl8tBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79","external_links_name":"Spectrum of Decadence: The Literature of the 1890s"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotech_and_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area
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List of biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area
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["1 Biotechnology","1.1 Connecticut","1.2 New Jersey","1.3 New York","2 Pharmaceutical corporations","2.1 Connecticut","2.2 New Jersey","2.3 New York","3 See also","4 References"]
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Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area represent a significant and growing economic component of the New York metropolitan area, the most populous combined statistical area in the United States and one of the most populous megacities in the world.
The biotechnology sector is growing in the New York City area, based upon the region's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology in 2014, and in January 2018, the City of New York itself committed up to US$100 million into the venture.
In December 2014, the State of New York announced a US$50 million venture capital fund to encourage enterprises working in biotechnology and advanced materials; according to Governor Andrew Cuomo, the seed money would facilitate entrepreneurs in bringing their research into the marketplace.
New Jersey has a nickname "Medicine Chest of the World" due to its large workforce in biopharmaceutical industry. As of 2019, twelve of top 20 biopharmaceutical companies in the world has U.S. headquarters in the state.
Below is a list of notable New York metropolitan area biotechnology and pharmaceutical corporations, including companies with either global or U.S. headquarters in the metropolitan region encompassing and surrounding New York City.
Biotechnology
Connecticut
Arvinas
Biohaven
Loxo Oncology
Purdue Pharma
SpringWorks Therapeutics
New Jersey
Acino
Adma Biologics
Aerie Pharmaceuticals
AIM ImmunoTech
Akorn
Akrimax
Allergan
Alvogen
Amarin
Amicus Therapeutics
Amneal Pharmaceuticals
Angel Medical Systems
Apicore
Aphena Pharma Solutions
Aquestive Therapeutics
Ascendia Pharmaceuticals
Aucta Pharmaceuticals
AustarPharma
Bausch & Lomb
Becton Dickinson
Belrose Pharma
Bezwada Biomedical
BioAegis Therapeutics
BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Cambrex
Cancer Genetics
Castle Creek Pharma
Catalent
Celerion
Celgene
Celldex Therapeutics
Celvive
Certara
Champions Oncology
ChromoCell
Chugai Pharma
Citius Pharmaceuticals
Citron Pharma
Collagen matrix
ContraVir
Covance
C.R. Bard
Crystal Pharmatech
Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals
Diagenode
DPT Laboratories
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
Drais Pharmaceuticals
EAG Laboratories
Elite Pharmaceuticals
Emergent BioSolutions
Endomedix
Enzon Pharmaceuticals
Ethicon Inc.
Ferring Pharmaceuticals
Frontage
Genewiz
Genmab
GenScript
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals
Global Pharma Tek
Grace Therapeutics
Helsinn
Heritage Pharmaceuticals
Hovione
Hudson BioPharma
Immunomedics
Impax Laboratories
Integra Life Sciences
Intercept Pharmaceuticals
Kashiv Pharma
LabVantage
Leading Pharma
Lonza
MakroCare
Medicure
Menssana Research
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma
Ohm Laboratories
Oncobiologics
Ortho Clinical Diagnostics
Orthobond
Oyster Point Pharma
Palatin Technologies
Parexel
PBL Assay Science
PDS Biotechnology
Pearl Therapeutics (AstraZeneca)
Pernix Therapeutics Holdings
Pharsight
Phibro Animal Health
Photocure
Precision Oncology
Prolong Pharmaceuticals
Promius Pharma
PTC Therapeutics
QPharma Morristown
Raphael Pharmaceuticals
RiconPharma
Roche Molecular Systems
Salvona
Sandoz (Novartis)
Scienion
Shionogi
Soligenix
Stryker
Sun Pharmaceuticals
Scynexis
Taiho Oncology
Tara Innovations
Terumo Medical
3D Biotek
The Medicines Company
ThromboGenics
TKL Research
Tris Pharma
Validus Pharmaceuticals
VaxInnate
West-Ward (HIKMA)
WuXi Biologics
Worthington Biochemical
XenoBiotic Laboratories (WuXi Apptec)
Zoetis
New York
AccuVein
Aceto
Acorda Therapeutics
Actinium Pharmaceuticals
Affina Biotechnologies
AJES Life Sciences
Akari Therapeutics
Alpha-1 Biologics
American Regent
Amicus Therapeutics
Anavex Life Sciences
Angion Biomedica
Applied DNA Sciences
Armgo Pharma
Axios Oncology
Axovant Sciences
Azure Biotech
AzurRx Biopharma
Bantam Pharmaceutical
Bioreclamation
BioSpecifics
Caladrius Biosciences
Cellectis
Certerra
Chembio Diagnostic Systems
Clinilabs
Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals
Codagenix
ContraFect
Charles River Laboratories
Creative Biogene
Creative Biolabs
Creative Diagnostics
Creative Enzymes
Cynvec
DanDrit
Dipexium Pharmaceuticals
Dompé
Ember Therapeutics
Endo Pharmaceuticals
Envisagenics
Gene Link
Iberica US
iCell Gene Therapeutics
ICON Clinical Research
Immtech Pharmaceuticals
Intellect Neurosciences
Innovimmune Biotherapeutics
Intra-Cellular Therapies
Kallyope
Kyras Therapeutics
Lucerna
Mesoblast
Microlin Bio
Mispro Biotech
Motif BioSciences
Lixte Biotechnology
Ohr Pharmaceuticals
Oligomerix
Ovid Therapeutics
Progyny
Prophetic
PsychoGenics
Q BioMed
Relmada Therapeutics
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
RGenix
S1 Biopharma
Seelos Therapeutics
Siga
SolveBio
Synergy Pharmaceuticals
Tactical Therapeutics
Tara Biosystems
TechnoVax
TG Therapeutics
Tonix Pharmaceuticals
Travere Therapeutics
Savage Laboratories (Fougera)
Theragnostic Technologies
TheraSource
United Biomedical
Pharmaceutical corporations
Connecticut
Boehringer Ingelheim
New Jersey
Aurobindo Pharma
Barr Pharmaceuticals
Bayer
Daiichi Sankyo
Eisai
Eli Lilly and Company
Janssen Pharmaceuticals (J&J)
Johnson & Johnson
Merck & Co.
Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Orexo
Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical (J&J)
Paion
Par Pharmaceutical
Sanofi
Teva (planned move to Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey)
The Medicines Company
Valeant
Zoetis
New York
Pfizer
Turing Pharmaceuticals
See also
Biology portalTechnology portalNew York City portal
Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area
References
^ "NYC's Biotech Startup Ecosystem | Technology Ventures". techventures.columbia.edu. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
^ Noto A (November 6, 2015). "Sector spotlight: How biotech in N.Y.C. holds up compared to other cities". New York Business Journal. Retrieved January 8, 2016. However, considered second tier when held up against other cities.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico – 2015 Population Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ "World's Largest Urban Areas ". Rhett Butler. 2003–2006. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ "Largest Cities of the World – (by metro population)". Woolwine-Moen Group d/b/a Graphic Maps. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ Morris K (28 July 2014). "Wanted: Biotech Startups in New York City: The Alexandria Center for Life Science Looks to Expand". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
^ Ryan Cross (March 5, 2018). "New York City biotech scene gains more traction". C&EN Chemical and Engineering News. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
^ Klopott F (12 December 2014). "New York State Will Start $50 Million Venture-Capital Fund". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
^ "Spotlight on Delaware". Nature. 12 July 2001. doi:10.1038/nj0021.
^ New Jersey Industry Spotlight: Life Sciences. Cushman & Wakefield Research. 2019. p. 4. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^ www.arvinas.com https://www.arvinas.com/. Retrieved July 16, 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Contact Us". www.biohavenpharma.com. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
^ "Biotechnology Company Overview of Loxo Oncology, Inc". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ "Locations & Operations". www.purduepharma.com. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
^ www.springworkstx.com http://www.springworkstx.com/. Retrieved September 20, 2019. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp "New Jersey Biotech Pharma & Medical Device Companies - Career Pages". biopharmguy.com. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
^ "Contact Us". Intercept Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw "New York Biotech, Pharma & Medical Device Company List". biopharmguy.com. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ https://www.genelink.com/
^ us.boehringer-ingelheim.com http://us.boehringer-ingelheim.com/our_company/our_locations.html. Retrieved November 10, 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Aurobindo Pharma India - Contact Details". Aurobindo Pharma India. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
^ www.bayer.us https://www.bayer.us/en/contact-us.php. Retrieved November 10, 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Contact Us - Daiichi Sankyo US". dsi.com. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ "Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation". Dun & Bradstreet. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
^ "Sanofi-aventis U.S. - Sanofi-aventis US researches, develops and brings to market new and innovative healthcare products and treatments for cardiovascular diseases, oncology, sleep disorder, thrombosis, allergy and respiratory illness, diabetes, central nervous system, internal medicine, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis and hypertension". www.sanofi.us. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ Anthony G. Attrino (July 6, 2018). "Pharma giant moving headquarters to N.J., creating hundreds of jobs". NJ Advance Media. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
^ "Contact Us | The Medicines Company". www.themedicinescompany.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-17.
^ "Our Locations | Bausch Health". www.valeant.com. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
|
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By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology in 2014,[6] and in January 2018, the City of New York itself committed up to US$100 million into the venture.[7]In December 2014, the State of New York announced a US$50 million venture capital fund to encourage enterprises working in biotechnology and advanced materials; according to Governor Andrew Cuomo, the seed money would facilitate entrepreneurs in bringing their research into the marketplace.[8]New Jersey has a nickname \"Medicine Chest of the World\" due to its large workforce in biopharmaceutical industry. As of 2019, twelve of top 20 biopharmaceutical companies in the world has U.S. headquarters in the state.[9][10]Below is a list of notable New York metropolitan area biotechnology and pharmaceutical corporations, including companies with either global or U.S. headquarters in the metropolitan region encompassing and surrounding New York City.","title":"List of biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biotechnology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arvinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arvinas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Biohaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biohaven&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Loxo Oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loxo_Oncology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Purdue Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Pharma"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"SpringWorks Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpringWorks_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Connecticut","text":"Arvinas[11]\nBiohaven[12]\nLoxo Oncology[13]\nPurdue Pharma[14]\nSpringWorks Therapeutics[15]","title":"Biotechnology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Adma Biologics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adma_Biologics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Aerie Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerie_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"AIM ImmunoTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_ImmunoTech"},{"link_name":"Akorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akorn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Allergan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergan"},{"link_name":"Alvogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvogen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Amarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarin_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Amicus Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_Therapeutics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Amneal Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amneal_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Angel Medical Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_Medical_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Apicore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apicore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Aphena Pharma Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphena_Pharma_Solutions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Aquestive Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquestive_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ascendia Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascendia_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Aucta Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aucta_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"AustarPharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AustarPharma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Bausch & Lomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Becton 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Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BrainStorm_Cell_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"Cambrex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrex_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Castle Creek Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castle_Creek_Pharma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Catalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalent"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Celerion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celerion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Celgene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celgene"},{"link_name":"Celldex Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celldex_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Celvive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celvive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Champions Oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_Oncology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"ChromoCell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ChromoCell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Chugai Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chugai_Pharma"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Citius Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citius_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Citron Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citron_Pharma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Collagen matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collagen_matrix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"ContraVir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ContraVir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Covance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covance"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"C.R. Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.R._Bard"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Crystal Pharmatech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Pharmatech&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclacel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Diagenode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diagenode&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"DPT Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DPT_Laboratories&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Dr. Reddy's 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Genetics[16]\nCastle Creek Pharma[16]\nCatalent[16]\nCelerion[16]\nCelgene\nCelldex Therapeutics[16]\nCelvive[16]\nCertara[16]\nChampions Oncology[16]\nChromoCell[16]\nChugai Pharma[16]\nCitius Pharmaceuticals[16]\nCitron Pharma[16]\nCollagen matrix[16]\nContraVir[16]\nCovance[16]\nC.R. Bard[16]\nCrystal Pharmatech[16]\nCyclacel Pharmaceuticals[16]\nDiagenode[16]\nDPT Laboratories[16]\nDr. Reddy's Laboratories[16]\nDrais Pharmaceuticals[16]\nEAG Laboratories[16]\nElite Pharmaceuticals[16]\nEmergent BioSolutions[16]\nEndomedix[16]\nEnzon Pharmaceuticals[16]\nEthicon Inc.[16]\nFerring Pharmaceuticals[16]\nFrontage[16]\nGenewiz[16]\nGenmab[16]\nGenScript[16]\nGlenmark Pharmaceuticals[16]\nGlobal Pharma Tek[16]\nGrace Therapeutics[16]\nHelsinn[16]\nHeritage Pharmaceuticals[16]\nHovione[16]\nHudson BioPharma[16]\nImmunomedics[16]\nImpax Laboratories[16]\nIntegra Life Sciences[16]\nIntercept Pharmaceuticals[17]\nKashiv Pharma[16]\nLabVantage[16]\nLeading Pharma[16]\nLonza[16]\nMakroCare[16]\nMedicure[16]\nMenssana Research[16]\nMitsubishi Tanabe Pharma[16]\nOhm Laboratories[16]\nOncobiologics[16]\nOrtho Clinical Diagnostics[16]\nOrthobond[16]\nOyster Point Pharma\nPalatin Technologies[16]\nParexel[16]\nPBL Assay Science[16]\nPDS Biotechnology[16]\nPearl Therapeutics 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Biolabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Biolabs"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Creative Diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Diagnostics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Creative Enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_Enzymes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Cynvec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynvec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"DanDrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DanDrit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Dipexium Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipexium_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Dompé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domp%C3%A9_Farmaceutici"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Ember Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ember_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Endo Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endo_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Envisagenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Envisagenics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Gene Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gene_Link&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Iberica US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberica_US&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"iCell Gene Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICell_Gene_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"ICON Clinical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICON_plc"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Immtech Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immtech_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Intellect Neurosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellect_Neurosciences&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Innovimmune Biotherapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Innovimmune_Biotherapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Intra-Cellular Therapies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intra-Cellular_Therapies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Kallyope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kallyope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Kyras Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyras_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Mesoblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoblast"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Microlin Bio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microlin_Bio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Mispro Biotech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mispro_Biotech&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Motif BioSciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motif_BioSciences&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Lixte Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lixte_Biotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Ohr Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohr_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Oligomerix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligomerix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Ovid Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovid_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Progyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progyny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"PsychoGenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PsychoGenics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Q BioMed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Q_BioMed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Relmada Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relmada_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"RGenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGenix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"S1 Biopharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S1_Biopharma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Seelos Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seelos_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"SolveBio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SolveBio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Synergy Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synergy_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Tactical Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Tara Biosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tara_Biosystems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"TechnoVax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TechnoVax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"TG Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TG_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Tonix Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonix_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Travere Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travere_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savage Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savage_Laboratories&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"Theragnostic Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theragnostic_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"TheraSource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TheraSource&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"},{"link_name":"United Biomedical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Biomedical&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYBioPharma-18"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"AccuVein[18]\nAceto[18]\nAcorda Therapeutics[18]\nActinium Pharmaceuticals[18]\nAffina Biotechnologies[18]\nAJES Life Sciences[18]\nAkari Therapeutics[18]\nAlpha-1 Biologics[18]\nAmerican Regent\nAmicus Therapeutics[18]\nAnavex Life Sciences[18]\nAngion Biomedica[18]\nApplied DNA Sciences[18]\nArmgo Pharma[18]\nAxios Oncology[18]\nAxovant Sciences\nAzure Biotech[18]\nAzurRx Biopharma[18]\nBantam Pharmaceutical[18]\nBioreclamation[18]\nBioSpecifics[18]\nCaladrius Biosciences[18]\nCellectis[18]\nCerterra[18]\nChembio Diagnostic Systems[18]\nClinilabs[18]\nClinuvel Pharmaceuticals[18]\nCodagenix[18]\nContraFect[18]\nCharles River Laboratories[18]\nCreative Biogene[18]\nCreative Biolabs[18]\nCreative Diagnostics[18]\nCreative Enzymes[18]\nCynvec[18]\nDanDrit[18]\nDipexium Pharmaceuticals[18]\nDompé[18]\nEmber Therapeutics[18]\nEndo Pharmaceuticals[18]\nEnvisagenics[18]\nGene Link[19]\nIberica US[18]\niCell Gene Therapeutics[18]\nICON Clinical Research[18]\nImmtech Pharmaceuticals[18]\nIntellect Neurosciences\nInnovimmune Biotherapeutics[18]\nIntra-Cellular Therapies[18]\nKallyope[18]\nKyras Therapeutics[18]\nLucerna[18]\nMesoblast[18]\nMicrolin Bio[18]\nMispro Biotech[18]\nMotif BioSciences[18]\nLixte Biotechnology[18]\nOhr Pharmaceuticals[18]\nOligomerix[18]\nOvid Therapeutics[18]\nProgyny[18]\nProphetic\nPsychoGenics[18]\nQ BioMed[18]\nRelmada Therapeutics[18]\nRegeneron Pharmaceuticals\nRGenix[18]\nS1 Biopharma[18]\nSeelos Therapeutics[18]\nSiga[18]\nSolveBio[18]\nSynergy Pharmaceuticals[18]\nTactical Therapeutics[18]\nTara Biosystems[18]\nTechnoVax[18]\nTG Therapeutics[18]\nTonix Pharmaceuticals[18]\nTravere Therapeutics\nSavage Laboratories (Fougera)[18]\nTheragnostic Technologies[18]\nTheraSource[18]\nUnited Biomedical[18]","title":"Biotechnology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pharmaceutical corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boehringer_Ingelheim"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Connecticut","text":"Boehringer Ingelheim[20]","title":"Pharmaceutical corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurobindo Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurobindo_Pharma"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AurobindoIndiaNJ-21"},{"link_name":"Barr Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Daiichi Sankyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiichi_Sankyo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eisai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisai_(company)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Janssen Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Merck & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Orexo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orexo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortho-McNeil_Pharmaceutical"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJBioTech-16"},{"link_name":"Par Pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_Pharmaceutical"},{"link_name":"Sanofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Teva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceutical_Industries"},{"link_name":"Parsippany-Troy Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsippany-Troy_Hills,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Medicines Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Medicines_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Valeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeant_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Zoetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis"}],"sub_title":"New Jersey","text":"Aurobindo Pharma[21]\nBarr Pharmaceuticals\nBayer[22]\nDaiichi Sankyo[23]\nEisai[16]\nEli Lilly and Company\nJanssen Pharmaceuticals (J&J)[16]\nJohnson & Johnson\nMerck & Co.\nNovartis Pharmaceuticals[24]\nOrexo[16]\nOrtho-McNeil Pharmaceutical (J&J)\nPaion[16]\nPar Pharmaceutical\nSanofi[25]\nTeva (planned move to Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey)[26]\nThe Medicines Company[27]\nValeant[28]\nZoetis","title":"Pharmaceutical corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"Turing Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Pharmaceuticals"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"Pfizer\nTuring Pharmaceuticals","title":"Pharmaceutical corporations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"title":"Biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg"},{"title":"Technology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology"},{"title":"New York City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_City"},{"title":"Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_companies_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area"}]
|
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Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=242747766","url_text":"\"Biotechnology Company Overview of Loxo Oncology, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Locations & Operations\". www.purduepharma.com. Retrieved November 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.purduepharma.com/about/locations-operations/","url_text":"\"Locations & Operations\""}]},{"reference":"www.springworkstx.com http://www.springworkstx.com/. Retrieved September 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.springworkstx.com/","url_text":"http://www.springworkstx.com/"}]},{"reference":"\"New Jersey Biotech Pharma & Medical Device Companies - Career Pages\". biopharmguy.com. Retrieved November 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://biopharmguy.com/links/career-by-location-new-jersey.php","url_text":"\"New Jersey Biotech Pharma & Medical Device Companies - Career Pages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". Intercept Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://interceptpharma.com/contact-us/","url_text":"\"Contact Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Biotech, Pharma & Medical Device Company List\". biopharmguy.com. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://biopharmguy.com/links/state-ny-all-geo.php","url_text":"\"New York Biotech, Pharma & Medical Device Company List\""}]},{"reference":"us.boehringer-ingelheim.com http://us.boehringer-ingelheim.com/our_company/our_locations.html. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://us.boehringer-ingelheim.com/our_company/our_locations.html","url_text":"http://us.boehringer-ingelheim.com/our_company/our_locations.html"}]},{"reference":"\"Aurobindo Pharma India - Contact Details\". Aurobindo Pharma India. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304092554/http://www.aurobindo.com/contact-us/reach-us","url_text":"\"Aurobindo Pharma India - Contact Details\""},{"url":"http://www.aurobindo.com/contact-us/reach-us","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"www.bayer.us https://www.bayer.us/en/contact-us.php. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bayer.us/en/contact-us.php","url_text":"https://www.bayer.us/en/contact-us.php"}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Us - Daiichi Sankyo US\". dsi.com. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dsi.com/web/dsi/contact-us1","url_text":"\"Contact Us - Daiichi Sankyo US\""}]},{"reference":"\"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation\". Dun & Bradstreet. Retrieved 13 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.novartis_pharmaceuticals_corporation.1d3a7f114d84da4c3ba1e1b3851d0315.html","url_text":"\"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanofi-aventis U.S. - Sanofi-aventis US researches, develops and brings to market new and innovative healthcare products and treatments for cardiovascular diseases, oncology, sleep disorder, thrombosis, allergy and respiratory illness, diabetes, central nervous system, internal medicine, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis and hypertension\". www.sanofi.us. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807102243/http://www.sanofi.us/l/us/en/index.jsp","url_text":"\"Sanofi-aventis U.S. - Sanofi-aventis US researches, develops and brings to market new and innovative healthcare products and treatments for cardiovascular diseases, oncology, sleep disorder, thrombosis, allergy and respiratory illness, diabetes, central nervous system, internal medicine, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis and hypertension\""},{"url":"http://www.sanofi.us/l/us/en/index.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anthony G. Attrino (July 6, 2018). \"Pharma giant moving headquarters to N.J., creating hundreds of jobs\". NJ Advance Media. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2018/07/pharma_giant_moving_headquarters_to_nj_creating_hu.html","url_text":"\"Pharma giant moving headquarters to N.J., creating hundreds of jobs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Us | The Medicines Company\". www.themedicinescompany.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150717030155/http://www.themedicinescompany.com/contact","url_text":"\"Contact Us | The Medicines Company\""},{"url":"http://www.themedicinescompany.com/contact","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Locations | Bausch Health\". www.valeant.com. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.valeant.com/about/locations","url_text":"\"Our Locations | Bausch Health\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Perry
|
Jacques Perry
|
["1 Works","2 References"]
|
French novelist
Jacques Perry (born 1921 Paris – 23 April 2016) was a French novelist.
He won the 1952 Prix Renaudot for L'Amour de rien, the 1966 Prix des Libraires for Vie d'un païen, and the 1976 Prix du Livre Inter for Le Ravenala ou l'Arbre du voyageur.
Works
Le Testament, 1948
L'Amour de rien, R. Julliard, 1952, Prix Renaudot 1952
Le Mouton noir: roman, R. Julliard, 1953; Julliard, 1968
The Black Sheep, V. Gollancz, 1955
Monsieur d'Ustelles: roman, R. Julliard, 1954
Dieu prétexte, Julliard, 1955
L'Amour de toi, Julliard, 1956
Maurice Vlaminck, R. Kister, 1957
Vie d'un païen, R. Laffont, 1965; R. Laffont, 1984, Prix des libraires 1966
Vida de un pagano, Domingo Pruna, Plaza & Janés, 1968
Vie d'un païen 2 : La Beauté à genoux
Vie d'un païen 3 : La Peau dure R. Laffont, 1967
La Grande Idée R. Julliard, 1959
With Manuel Rossell Pesant, La belleza de rodillas, Plaza y Janés, 1968
La Liberté en croupe, roman, R. Laffont, 1969
Rue du dragon Éditions et publications premières, 1971
Le Trouble-source, A. Michel, 1975, ISBN 978-2-226-00157-3
Le Ravenala ou l'Arbre du voyageur, A. Michel, 1976, ISBN 978-2-226-00297-6, Prix du Livre Inter 1976
Les Fruits de la passion, A. Michel, 1977, ISBN 978-2-226-00471-0
L'Île d'un autre: roman, A. Michel, 1979
L'Abbé don Juan, Ramsay, 1980, ISBN 978-2-85956-171-0
Yo Picasso, J.C. Lattès, 1982
Folie suisse A. Michel, 1983, ISBN 978-2-226-01778-9
Le Cœur de l'escargot, A. Michel, 1985, ISBN 978-2-226-02121-2, prix des Bouquinistes 1995
Oubli, A. Michel, 1987, ISBN 978-2-226-02873-0
Alcool vert, Balland, 1989
Les Sables roses d'Essaouira Calmann-Lévy, 1990, ISBN 978-2-7021-1883-2
Les Taches du léopard Belfond, 1992, ISBN 978-2-7144-2958-2
Marin: roman, A. Michel, 1998, ISBN 978-2-226-10057-3
Les Indiscrets, Rocher, 2001, ISBN 978-2-268-04074-5
Le Gouverneur des ruines, Rocher, 2003, ISBN 978-2-268-04451-4
Jeu de nain, Rocher, 2004, ISBN 978-2-268-04962-5
Oda, Éditions du Rocher, 2005, ISBN 978-2-268-05323-3
Fringales, Rocher, 2006, ISBN 978-2-268-05905-1
References
^ "Jacques Perry". 15 June 1921.
vteLaureates of the Prix Renaudot1926–1950
1926: Armand Lunel
1927: Bernard Nabonne
1928: André Obey
1929: Marcel Aymé
1930: Germaine Beaumont
1931: Philippe Hériat
1932: Louis-Ferdinand Céline
1933: Charles Braibant
1934: Louis Francis
1935: François de Roux
1936: Louis Aragon
1937: Jean Rogissart
1938: Pierre Jean Launay
1939: Jean Malaquais
1940: Jules Roy
1941: Paul Mousset
1942: Robert Gaillard
1943: André Soubiran
1944: Roger Peyrefitte
1945: Henri Bosco
1946: David Rousset
1947: Jean Cayrol
1948: Pierre Fisson
1949: Louis Guilloux
1950: Pierre Molaine
1951–1975
1951: Robert Margerit
1952: Jacques Perry
1953: Célia Bertin
1954: Jean Reverzy
1955: Georges Govy
1956: André Perrin
1957: Michel Butor
1958: Édouard Glissant
1959: Albert Palle
1960: Alfred Kern
1961: Roger Bordier
1962: Simone Jacquemard
1963: J. M. G. Le Clézio
1964: Jean-Pierre Faye
1965: Georges Perec
1966: José Cabanis
1967: Salvat Etchart
1968: Yambo Ouologuem
1969: Max Olivier-Lacamp
1970: Jean Freustié
1971: Pierre-Jean Rémy
1972: Christopher Frank
1973: Suzanne Prou
1974: Georges Borgeaud
1975: Jean Joubert
1976–2000
1976: Michel Henry
1977: Alphonse Boudard
1978: Conrad Detrez
1979: Jean-Marc Roberts
1980: Danièle Sallenave
1981: Michel del Castillo
1982: Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud
1983: Jean-Marie Rouart
1984: Annie Ernaux
1985: Raphaële Billetdoux
1986: Christian Giudicelli
1987: René-Jean Clot
1988: René Depestre
1989: Philippe Doumenc
1990: Jean Colombier
1991: Dan Franck
1992: François Weyergans
1993: Nicolas Bréhal
1994: Guillaume Le Touze
1995: Patrick Besson
1996: Boris Schreiber
1997: Pascal Bruckner
1998: Dominique Bona
1999: Daniel Picouly
2000: Ahmadou Kourouma
2001–present
2001: Martine Le Coz
2002: Gérard de Cortanze
2003: Philippe Claudel
2004: Irène Némirovsky
2005: Nina Bouraoui
2006: Alain Mabanckou
2007: Daniel Pennac
2008: Tierno Monénembo
2009: Frédéric Beigbeder
2010: Virginie Despentes
2011: Emmanuel Carrère
2012: Scholastique Mukasonga
2013: Yann Moix
2014: David Foenkinos
2015: Delphine de Vigan
2016: Yasmina Reza
2017: Olivier Guez
2018: Valérie Manteau
2019: Sylvain Tesson
2020: Marie-Hélène Lafon
2021: Amélie Nothomb
2022: Simon Liberati
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef
|
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Julliard, 1952, Prix Renaudot 1952\nLe Mouton noir: roman, R. Julliard, 1953; Julliard, 1968\nThe Black Sheep, V. Gollancz, 1955\nMonsieur d'Ustelles: roman, R. Julliard, 1954\nDieu prétexte, Julliard, 1955\nL'Amour de toi, Julliard, 1956\nMaurice Vlaminck, R. Kister, 1957\nVie d'un païen, R. Laffont, 1965; R. Laffont, 1984, Prix des libraires 1966\nVida de un pagano, Domingo Pruna, Plaza & Janés, 1968\nVie d'un païen 2 : La Beauté à genoux\nVie d'un païen 3 : La Peau dure R. Laffont, 1967\nLa Grande Idée R. Julliard, 1959\nWith Manuel Rossell Pesant, La belleza de rodillas, Plaza y Janés, 1968\nLa Liberté en croupe, roman, R. Laffont, 1969\nRue du dragon Éditions et publications premières, 1971\nLe Trouble-source, A. Michel, 1975, ISBN 978-2-226-00157-3\nLe Ravenala ou l'Arbre du voyageur, A. Michel, 1976, ISBN 978-2-226-00297-6, Prix du Livre Inter 1976\nLes Fruits de la passion, A. Michel, 1977, ISBN 978-2-226-00471-0\nL'Île d'un autre: roman, A. Michel, 1979\nL'Abbé don Juan, Ramsay, 1980, ISBN 978-2-85956-171-0\nYo Picasso, J.C. Lattès, 1982\nFolie suisse A. Michel, 1983, ISBN 978-2-226-01778-9\nLe Cœur de l'escargot, A. Michel, 1985, ISBN 978-2-226-02121-2, prix des Bouquinistes 1995\nOubli, A. Michel, 1987, ISBN 978-2-226-02873-0\nAlcool vert, Balland, 1989\nLes Sables roses d'Essaouira Calmann-Lévy, 1990, ISBN 978-2-7021-1883-2\nLes Taches du léopard Belfond, 1992, ISBN 978-2-7144-2958-2\nMarin: roman, A. Michel, 1998, ISBN 978-2-226-10057-3\nLes Indiscrets, Rocher, 2001, ISBN 978-2-268-04074-5\nLe Gouverneur des ruines, Rocher, 2003, ISBN 978-2-268-04451-4\nJeu de nain, Rocher, 2004, ISBN 978-2-268-04962-5\nOda, Éditions du Rocher, 2005, ISBN 978-2-268-05323-3\nFringales, Rocher, 2006, ISBN 978-2-268-05905-1","title":"Works"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers%E2%80%93Princeton_Cannon_War
|
Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
The Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War refers to a series of incidents involving two Revolutionary War cannons and a rivalry between the College of New Jersey in Princeton, New Jersey – now Princeton University – and Rutgers College – now Rutgers University – in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
History
Rutgers and Princeton are both located in Central New Jersey, about 17 miles from each other. Princeton was founded in Elizabeth, New Jersey in 1746 and then relocated to Princeton 10 years later; Rutgers was founded in New Brunswick in 1766. In 1864, Rutgers educators George Cook and David Murray led a successful campaign to designate Rutgers as New Jersey's designated land-grant university, overcoming competition from other colleges in the state, notably Princeton. On November 6, 1869, Rutgers defeated Princeton in New Brunswick at the first intercollegiate football game on a field where Rutgers' College Ave Gymnasium now stands, adding to the rivalry between the two schools.
Two Revolutionary War cannons were left on the Princeton campus at the end of the war, although neither of them were used in the Battle of Princeton, as is often claimed. Big Cannon is located behind Nassau Hall in the center of the quadrangle there, called Cannon Green, and Little Cannon is situated between Whig and Clio Halls. For the War of 1812, "Big Cannon" was transported to New Brunswick to help defend the city against potential attack by the British, remaining on the Rutgers campus – where it was used for training during and after the Civil War by Rutgers cadets – until it was taken back to Princeton in 1836 by the "Princeton Blues", a local militia. Unfortunately, the wagon it was being transported in broke down on the outskirts of Princeton, and the cannon did not reach the Princeton campus until 1838 when Leonard Jerome – who would become the maternal grandfather of Winston Churchill – led a large group of students who brought it to Nassau Hall. The cannon was then planted muzzle down in its current location in 1840.
Rutgers College Students Stealing the Little Canon from Princeton on April 25, 1875
On the night of April 25, 1875 ten members of the Rutgers Class of 1877 set out to steal back "Big Cannon" from Princeton However, they were unable to move it, so instead they returned to New Brunswick with "Little Cannon." Princeton responded with a raid on Rutgers, stealing some muskets, and the heads of the two colleges exchanged polite but demanding correspondence. Eventually, a joint committee settled the matter, and "Little Cannon" was returned to Princeton, escorted by the New Brunswick Police Chief.
In October 1946, a contingent of Rutgers men slipped onto the Princeton campus and again tried to steal the famed cannon. This attempt was even more disastrous than the first. They attached one end of a heavy chain to the cannon and the other to their Ford automobile. Surprised by Princeton students and the police, they gunned the engine of the car so hard that the car was torn in half. The Rutgers students managed to escape, but with neither the car nor the cannon.
On the eve of the annual Rutgers-Princeton game in the fall of 1971 the cannon was apparently stolen again. A 4' x 5' hole some 5 feet deep was found where the cannon sat. Campus police were baffled that the cannon had been taken given its extreme weight. After crime photos were taken, it appears that a hole had simply been dug next to cannon and the dirt from the hole used to bury it. Reports appeared in both the Rutgers Targum as well as the New Jersey and Princeton papers.
On January 31, 1976, five Rutgers students and an elderly woman (the grandmother of one of the students) executed their year-long plan in an attempt to recover the cannon. The group opted to create a fictitious New Jersey Citizens Bicentennial Committee (NJCBC) and infiltrate the campus with a phony story. They found a contact in Princeton and managed to obtain a security pass. That pass, along with the matron who posed as the Chairman of the NJCBC made things look legitimate enough to get their trucks and heavy equipment through security and onto Princeton grounds. A cover letter, which they gave to the security guards read that their committee had secured permission from appropriate university officials to remove the cannon to be taken on a statewide bicentennial tour. But within minutes of digging, a Princeton University Detective approached the group and foiled their plans, declaring "all right you guys, we know you're from Rutgers." The group later found out why the plan failed. As fate would have it, the detective's wife's friend was secretary of the real New Jersey State Bicentennial Commission. A phone call by the detectives quickly blew the "cannon-nappers'" cover. The six were initially accused of malicious mischief, but after pleading "it was only a lark" by the grandmother, all charges were dropped.
January 1976: Three of the five Rutgers students actively digging up the cannon in broad daylight after successfully clearing security with their phony papers, only to be thwarted minutes later by Princeton security.
The cannon at Princeton is routinely painted red by Rutgers students, particularly in the week leading to Rutgers commencement as well as on other notable Rutgers dates. In February 2010, the war between loyal Rutgers and Princeton students became more than just "the painting of a cannon." In the depths of 2 feet (0.6 m) of snow, students not only painted the cannon and its surrounding concrete, but used spray paint to "tag" Princeton classroom buildings, dormitories, and libraries. Many Rutgers bumper stickers reading "Rutgers, Jersey Roots Global Reach" were placed all over campus.
A few Rutgers students spiritedly painting the cannon on the Princeton University campus
In November 2011, a group of Rutgers students who went to paint the cannon in Princeton brought a video camera with them and made a documentary about the tradition. The footage became part of a larger project about the history of the Cannon War and its perception in the minds of current students today. The film "Knights, Tigers, and Cannons. Oh My!" by Zack Morrison premiered at the New Jersey Film Festival in September 2012, and won the award for Best Student Film.
See also
Princeton–Rutgers rivalry
Colonial colleges
History of New Jersey
List of practical joke topics
References
Notes
^ a b Smagorinsky, Margaret. "Some Legends and Lore of Princeton University" Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Princeton University, 1993.
^ a b c Leitch, Alexander. A Princeton Companion. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978
^ a b c Stamato, Linda. "Rutgers and Princeton: Tradition, rivalry and the cannon wars" NJ.com (September 11, 2012)
^ "The True Story of the Princeton Cannons". Times Machine. New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
^ "Princeton's Old Cannon - The Story of Its Capture by Rutgers" (PDF). Times Machine. New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
^ "Cannon Ploy Backfires". The NY Times. February 2, 1976.
^ Narr, Stuart (February 4, 1976). "How Not to Steal a Colonial Cannon". The Trenton Evening Times.
^ Lasica, Joe (February 2, 1976). "Students, Grandma fail to liberate cannon". Rutgers Targum.
Bibliography
Demarest, William Henry Steele. History of Rutgers College: 1776-1924. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers College, 1924). (No ISBN)
Lukac, George J. (ed.), Aloud to Alma Mater. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966), 70-73. (No ISBN)
McCormick, Richard P. Rutgers: a Bicentennial History. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966). ISBN 0-8135-0521-6
Schmidt, George P. Princeton and Rutgers: The Two Colonial Colleges of New Jersey. (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1964). (No ISBN)
"Again, War Over A Cannon: Rivals Besmirch Princeton Gun," in Life. Vol. 35, No. 17. October 26, 1953. p. 147
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"land-grant university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university"},{"link_name":"first intercollegiate football game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_college_football_season#First_football_game_ever_played"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lore-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lore-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leitch-2"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tradition-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leonard Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leitch-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rutgers_College_Students_Stealing_a_Canon_at_Princeton_on_April_25,_1875.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tradition-3"},{"link_name":"muskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leitch-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ford automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannon_napping.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rutgers_CannonWar.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tradition-3"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Film_Festival"}],"text":"Rutgers and Princeton are both located in Central New Jersey, about 17 miles from each other. Princeton was founded in Elizabeth, New Jersey in 1746 and then relocated to Princeton 10 years later; Rutgers was founded in New Brunswick in 1766. In 1864, Rutgers educators George Cook and David Murray led a successful campaign to designate Rutgers as New Jersey's designated land-grant university, overcoming competition from other colleges in the state, notably Princeton. On November 6, 1869, Rutgers defeated Princeton in New Brunswick at the first intercollegiate football game on a field where Rutgers' College Ave Gymnasium now stands, adding to the rivalry between the two schools.Two Revolutionary War cannons were left on the Princeton campus at the end of the war, although neither of them were used in the Battle of Princeton, as is often claimed.[1] Big Cannon is located behind Nassau Hall in the center of the quadrangle there, called Cannon Green, [1] and Little Cannon is situated between Whig and Clio Halls.[2] For the War of 1812, \"Big Cannon\" was transported to New Brunswick to help defend the city against potential attack by the British, remaining on the Rutgers campus – where it was used for training during and after the Civil War by Rutgers cadets[3] – until it was taken back to Princeton in 1836 by the \"Princeton Blues\", a local militia.[4] Unfortunately, the wagon it was being transported in broke down on the outskirts of Princeton, and the cannon did not reach the Princeton campus until 1838 when Leonard Jerome – who would become the maternal grandfather of Winston Churchill – led a large group of students who brought it to Nassau Hall. The cannon was then planted muzzle down in its current location in 1840.[2]Rutgers College Students Stealing the Little Canon from Princeton on April 25, 1875On the night of April 25, 1875 ten members of the Rutgers Class of 1877 set out to steal back \"Big Cannon\" from Princeton However, they were unable to move it, so instead they returned to New Brunswick with \"Little Cannon.\"[3] Princeton responded with a raid on Rutgers, stealing some muskets, and the heads of the two colleges exchanged polite but demanding correspondence. Eventually, a joint committee settled the matter, and \"Little Cannon\" was returned to Princeton, escorted by the New Brunswick Police Chief.[2][5]In October 1946, a contingent of Rutgers men slipped onto the Princeton campus and again tried to steal the famed cannon. This attempt was even more disastrous than the first. They attached one end of a heavy chain to the cannon and the other to their Ford automobile. Surprised by Princeton students and the police, they gunned the engine of the car so hard that the car was torn in half. The Rutgers students managed to escape, but with neither the car nor the cannon.[citation needed]On the eve of the annual Rutgers-Princeton game in the fall of 1971 the cannon was apparently stolen again. A 4' x 5' hole some 5 feet deep was found where the cannon sat. Campus police were baffled that the cannon had been taken given its extreme weight. After crime photos were taken, it appears that a hole had simply been dug next to cannon and the dirt from the hole used to bury it. Reports appeared in both the Rutgers Targum as well as the New Jersey and Princeton papers.On January 31, 1976, five Rutgers students and an elderly woman (the grandmother of one of the students) executed their year-long plan in an attempt to recover the cannon. The group opted to create a fictitious New Jersey Citizens Bicentennial Committee (NJCBC) and infiltrate the campus with a phony story. They found a contact in Princeton and managed to obtain a security pass. That pass, along with the matron who posed as the Chairman of the NJCBC made things look legitimate enough to get their trucks and heavy equipment through security and onto Princeton grounds. A cover letter, which they gave to the security guards read that their committee had secured permission from appropriate university officials to remove the cannon to be taken on a statewide bicentennial tour. But within minutes of digging, a Princeton University Detective approached the group and foiled their plans, declaring \"all right you guys, we know you're from Rutgers.\" The group later found out why the plan failed. As fate would have it, the detective's wife's friend was secretary of the real New Jersey State Bicentennial Commission. A phone call by the detectives quickly blew the \"cannon-nappers'\" cover. The six were initially accused of malicious mischief, but after pleading \"it was only a lark\" by the grandmother, all charges were dropped.[6][7][8]January 1976: Three of the five Rutgers students actively digging up the cannon in broad daylight after successfully clearing security with their phony papers, only to be thwarted minutes later by Princeton security.The cannon at Princeton is routinely painted red by Rutgers students, particularly in the week leading to Rutgers commencement as well as on other notable Rutgers dates. In February 2010, the war between loyal Rutgers and Princeton students became more than just \"the painting of a cannon.\" In the depths of 2 feet (0.6 m) of snow, students not only painted the cannon and its surrounding concrete, but used spray paint to \"tag\" Princeton classroom buildings, dormitories, and libraries. Many Rutgers bumper stickers reading \"Rutgers, Jersey Roots Global Reach\" were placed all over campus.[citation needed]A few Rutgers students spiritedly painting the cannon on the Princeton University campusIn November 2011, a group of Rutgers students who went to paint the cannon in Princeton brought a video camera with them and made a documentary about the tradition. The footage became part of a larger project about the history of the Cannon War and its perception in the minds of current students today. The film \"Knights, Tigers, and Cannons. Oh My!\" by Zack Morrison[3] premiered at the New Jersey Film Festival in September 2012, and won the award for Best Student Film.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Rutgers College Students Stealing the Little Canon from Princeton on April 25, 1875","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rutgers_College_Students_Stealing_a_Canon_at_Princeton_on_April_25%2C_1875.jpg/491px-Rutgers_College_Students_Stealing_a_Canon_at_Princeton_on_April_25%2C_1875.jpg"},{"image_text":"January 1976: Three of the five Rutgers students actively digging up the cannon in broad daylight after successfully clearing security with their phony papers, only to be thwarted minutes later by Princeton security.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cannon_napping.jpg/440px-Cannon_napping.jpg"},{"image_text":"A few Rutgers students spiritedly painting the cannon on the Princeton University campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/Rutgers_CannonWar.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Princeton–Rutgers rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%E2%80%93Rutgers_rivalry"},{"title":"Colonial colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges"},{"title":"History of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey"},{"title":"List of practical joke topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_practical_joke_topics"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The True Story of the Princeton Cannons\". Times Machine. New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/05/13/79086257.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article","url_text":"\"The True Story of the Princeton Cannons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Princeton's Old Cannon - The Story of Its Capture by Rutgers\" (PDF). Times Machine. New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/07/07/106354952.pdf","url_text":"\"Princeton's Old Cannon - The Story of Its Capture by Rutgers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cannon Ploy Backfires\". The NY Times. February 2, 1976.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Narr, Stuart (February 4, 1976). \"How Not to Steal a Colonial Cannon\". The Trenton Evening Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lasica, Joe (February 2, 1976). \"Students, Grandma fail to liberate cannon\". Rutgers Targum.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/legend.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Some Legends and Lore of Princeton University\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154206/http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/legend.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/cannons_princeton.html","external_links_name":"A Princeton Companion"},{"Link":"http://blog.nj.com/njv_linda_stamato/2012/09/rutgers_and_princeton_traditio.html","external_links_name":"\"Rutgers and Princeton: Tradition, rivalry and the cannon wars\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/05/13/79086257.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article","external_links_name":"\"The True Story of the Princeton Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/07/07/106354952.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Princeton's Old Cannon - The Story of Its Capture by Rutgers\""},{"Link":"http://www.rutgers.edu/","external_links_name":"Rutgers University"},{"Link":"http://www.princeton.edu/","external_links_name":"Princeton University"},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/35066902","external_links_name":"Knights, Tigers, and Cannons. Oh My!; a documentary about the Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheline_Coulibaly
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Micheline Coulibaly
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["1 Publications","2 External links"]
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Ivorian writer
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Micheline Coulibaly (1950 – 19 March 2003) was a writer from Côte d'Ivoire. She was born in Vietnam but went to school in Côte d'Ivoire. In 1990, she moved to Mexico, in 2000 to Dubai. She wrote short stories and children's books. Coulibaly came from a big family (Tra-Bi).
Publications
Collision, Edilis, 1992 (144p.), ISBN 2-909238-00-8
Crystal Tears, Edilis, 2000 (300p.), ISBN 2-909238-72-5
External links
Biography
Authority control databases International
ISNI
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WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
This article about an Ivorian writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Micheline Coulibaly (1950 – 19 March 2003) was a writer from Côte d'Ivoire. She was born in Vietnam but went to school in Côte d'Ivoire. In 1990, she moved to Mexico, in 2000 to Dubai. She wrote short stories and children's books. Coulibaly came from a big family (Tra-Bi).[citation needed]","title":"Micheline Coulibaly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arts.uwa.edu.au/AFLIT/EditEdilis.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-909238-00-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909238-00-8"},{"link_name":"Edilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arts.uwa.edu.au/AFLIT/EditEdilis.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-909238-72-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909238-72-5"}],"text":"Collision, Edilis, 1992 (144p.), ISBN 2-909238-00-8\nCrystal Tears, Edilis, 2000 (300p.), ISBN 2-909238-72-5","title":"Publications"}]
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[]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles%27_Hits
|
The Beatles' Hits
|
["1 Track listing","2 UK EP sales chart performance","3 See also","4 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Beatles' Hits" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1963 EP by the BeatlesThe Beatles' HitsEP by the BeatlesReleased6 September 1963Recorded11 September 1962 – 13 March 1963, EMI Studios, LondonGenreMerseybeatLength8:22LabelParlophoneProducerGeorge MartinThe Beatles EP chronology
Twist and Shout(1963)
The Beatles' Hits(1963)
No. 1(1963)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
The Beatles' Hits EP was released 6 September 1963. It is the Beatles second British EP and was only released in mono, with the catalogue number Parlophone GEP 8880. It was also released in Australia and New Zealand.
Track listing
All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and feature either Lennon or McCartney on lead vocals.
Side oneNo.TitleLength1."From Me to You"1:562."Thank You Girl" (originally released as the B-side to "From Me to You")2:01Total length:3:57
Side two (both songs appeared on the Please Please Me album)No.TitleLength1."Please Please Me" (originally released as a single b/w "Ask Me Why")2:032."Love Me Do" (originally released as a single b/w "P.S. I Love You")2:22Total length:4:25
UK EP sales chart performance
Entry Date : 21 September 1963
Highest Position : 1 (for 3 weeks)
Weeks in Chart : 43 Weeks
See also
Outline of the Beatles
The Beatles timeline
References
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r820696
vteThe Beatles albumsAlbums in the core catalogue are marked in bold.Studio albumsUK
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
The Beatles ("White Album")
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
USVee-Jay
Introducing... The Beatles
Hear the Beatles Tell All
Capitol
Meet the Beatles!
The Beatles' Second Album
A Hard Day's Night
Something New
The Beatles' Story
Beatles '65
The Early Beatles
Beatles VI
Help!
Rubber Soul
Yesterday and Today
Revolver
Magical Mystery Tour
Hey Jude
Canada
Twist and Shout
The Beatles' Long Tall Sally
Extended playsUK
Twist and Shout
The Beatles' Hits
The Beatles (No. 1)
All My Loving
Long Tall Sally
Extracts from the Film A Hard Day's Night
Extracts from the Album A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Beatles for Sale No. 2
The Beatles' Million Sellers
Yesterday
Nowhere Man
Magical Mystery Tour
US
Souvenir of Their Visit to America
Four by the Beatles
4 by the Beatles
Live albums
Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962
The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl / Live at the Hollywood Bowl
First Live Recordings
Live at the BBC
On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2
The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963
Get Back – The Rooftop Performance
SelectedcompilationsHits
The Beatles in Italy
Los Beatles
Greatest Hits Volume 1
A Collection of Beatles Oldies
Greatest Hits Volume 2
1962–1966 ("Red Album")
1967–1970 ("Blue Album")
1
Non-album tracks
Por Siempre Beatles
Past Masters
Mono Masters
Themed
From Then to You / The Beatles' Christmas Album
Tomorrow Never Knows
Archival
Anthology
1
2
3
The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963
Remixes
Yellow Submarine Songtrack
Let It Be... Naked
Love
Box sets
The Beatles Collection
The Beatles Box
The Beatles: The Collection
The Beatles Box Set
The Capitol Albums
vol. 1
2
The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings)
The Beatles in Mono
The U.S. Albums
The Japan Box
The Christmas Records
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1960s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Outline of the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Beatles"},{"title":"The Beatles timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_timeline"}]
|
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon_(disambiguation)
|
Panopticon (disambiguation)
|
["1 Buildings","2 Music","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
|
Look up panopticon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Panopticon is a prison design by Jeremy Bentham (1786).
Panopticon may also refer to:
Buildings
Britannia Panopticon or The Panopticon, names for the Britannia Music Hall, Glasgow, Scotland
Panopticons, an arts and regeneration project to construct landmarks in East Lancashire, England
Music
Panopticon (band), an American black metal/bluegrass project created by Austin Lunn
Panopticon (album), by Isis, 2004
"Panopticon" (song), by Smashing Pumpkins, 2012
Panopticom, (song, PanopticoM) by Peter Gabriel, 2023
Other uses
The Panopticon (book), a book by Jenni Fagan
Panopticon Software, a data visualization software company
Panopticon, a book for the Eclipse Phase role playing game
The Panopticon Chamber, a location on the planet Gallifrey in the science fiction series Doctor Who
See also
Panoptes, a Greek mythological name
Panopticism, a social theory developed by Michel Foucault
Banopticon
Opticon (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Panopticon.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Panoptes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoptes"},{"title":"Panopticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticism"},{"title":"Banopticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banopticon"},{"title":"Opticon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticon_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Panopticon_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Panopticon_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobistonidae
|
Pseudobistonidae
|
["1 Subfamilies and genera","2 References"]
|
Family of moths
Pseudobistonidae
Heracula discivitta
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Superfamily:
Geometroidea
Family:
PseudobistonidaeMinet, Rajaei & Stüning, 2015
Subfamilies
Pseudobistoninae
Heraculinae
Pseudobistonidae is a family of Asian moths in the superfamily Geometroidea. It was erected in 2015 and contained Pseudobiston pinratanai as its only species. A second species was moved into this family in 2019: Heracula discivitta, in a new subfamily called Heraculinae.
Subfamilies and genera
Subfamily Pseudobistoninae Minet, Rajaei & Stüning, 2015
Genus Pseudobiston Inoue, 1994
Subfamily Heraculinae Wang & Holloway, 2019
Genus Heracula Moore,
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudobistonidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Pseudobistonidae.
^ Rajaei, Hossein; Greve, Carola; Letsch, Harald; Stüning, Dieter; Wahlberg, Niklas; Minet, Joël; Misof, Bernhard (2015). "Advances in Geometroidea phylogeny, with characterization of a new family based on Pseudobiston pinratanai (Lepidoptera, Glossata)". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (4): 418–436. doi:10.1111/zsc.12108.
^ Wang, Houshuai; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Wahlberg, Niklas; Wang, Min; Nylin, Sören (2019). "Molecular phylogenetic and morphological studies on the systematic position of Heracula discivitta reveal a new subfamily of Pseudobistonidae (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea)". Systematic Entomology. 44 (1): 211–225. doi:10.1111/syen.12326.
vteExtant Lepidoptera families
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Holometabola
Suborder ZeuglopteraMicropterigoideaMicropterigidae (mandibulate archaic moths)Suborder AglossataAgathiphagoideaAgathiphagidae (kauri moths)Suborder HeterobathmiinaHeterobathmioideaHeterobathmiidaeSuborder GlossataDacnonyphaEriocranioidea
Eriocraniidae
AcanthoctesiaAcanthopteroctetoidea
Acanthopteroctetidae (archaic sun moths)
LophocoroninaLophocoronoideaLophocoronidaeNeopseustinaNeopseustoidea
Aenigmatineidae
Neopseustidae (archaic bell moths)
ExoporiaHepialoidea
Anomosetidae
Hepialidae (swift moths, ghost moths)
Neotheoridae (Amazonian primitive ghost moths)
Palaeosetidae (miniature ghost moths)
Prototheoridae (African primitive ghost moths)
Mnesarchaeoidea
Mnesarchaeidae (New Zealand primitive moths)
HeteroneuraMonotrysiaAdeloidea
Adelidae (fairy longhorn moths)
Cecidosidae
Heliozelidae
Incurvariidae
Prodoxidae (yucca moths)
Andesianoidea
Andesianidae (Andean endemic moths)
Nepticuloidea
Nepticulidae (pigmy, or midget moths)
Opostegidae (white eyecap moths)
Palaephatoidea
Palaephatidae (Gondwanaland moths)
Tischerioidea
Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths)
DitrysiaSimaethistoidea
Simaethistidae
Tineoidea
Acrolophidae (burrowing webworm moths)
Arrhenophanidae
Eriocottidae (Old World spiny-winged moths)
Psychidae (bagworm moths)
Tineidae (fungus moths)
Gracillarioidea
Bucculatricidae (ribbed cocoon makers)
Douglasiidae (Douglas moths)
Gracillariidae
Roeslerstammiidae
Yponomeutoidea
Acrolepiidae (false diamondback moths)
Bedelliidae
Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths)
Heliodinidae
Lyonetiidae
Plutellidae
Yponomeutidae (ermine moths)
Ypsolophidae
Gelechioidea
Autostichidae
Batrachedridae
Blastobasidae
Coleophoridae (case-bearers, case moths)
Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths)
Elachistidae (grass-miner moths)
Gelechiidae (twirler moths)
Lecithoceridae (long-horned moths)
Lypusidae
Metachandidae
Momphidae (mompha moths)
Oecophoridae (concealer moths)
Pterolonchidae
Scythrididae (flower moths)
Xyloryctidae (timber moths)
Galacticoidea
Galacticidae
Zygaenoidea
Heterogynidae
Zygaenidae (burnet, forester, or smoky moths)
Himantopteridae
Lacturidae
Somabrachyidae
Megalopygidae (flannel moths)
Aididae
Anomoeotidae
Cyclotornidae
Epipyropidae (planthopper parasite moths)
Dalceridae (slug caterpillars)
Limacodidae (slug, or cup moths)
Cossoidea
Cossidae (carpenter millers, or goat moths)
Dudgeoneidae (dudgeon carpenter moths)
Sesioidea
Brachodidae (little bear moths)
Castniidae (castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)
Sesiidae (clearwing moths)
Choreutoidea
Choreutidae (metalmark moths)
Tortricoidea
Tortricidae (tortrix moths)
Urodoidea
Urodidae (false burnet moths)
Schreckensteinioidea
Schreckensteiniidae (bristle-legged moths)
Epermenioidea
Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths)
Alucitoidea
Alucitidae (many-plumed moths)
Tineodidae (false plume moths)
Pterophoroidea
Pterophoridae (plume moths)
Whalleyanoidea
Whalleyanidae
Immoidea
Immidae
Copromorphoidea
Copromorphidae (tropical fruitworm moths)
Carposinidae (fruitworm moths)
Thyridoidea
Thyrididae (picture-winged leaf moths)
Calliduloidea
Callidulidae (Old World butterfly-moths)
Papilionoidea(butterflies)
Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)
Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies)
Hesperiidae (skippers)
Pieridae (whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)
Riodinidae (metalmarks)
Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)
Nymphalidae (brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)
Hyblaeoidea
Hyblaeidae (teak moths)
Pyraloidea
Pyralidae (snout moths)
Crambidae (grass moth)
Mimallonoidea
Mimallonidae (sack bearer moths)
Lasiocampoidea
Lasiocampidae (eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)
Bombycoidea
Anthelidae (Australian lappet moth)
Apatelodidae (American silkworm moths)
Bombycidae (silk moths)
Brahmaeidae (Brahmin moths)
Carthaeidae (Dryandra moth)
Endromidae (Kentish glory and relatives)
Eupterotidae
Phiditiidae
Saturniidae (saturniids)
Sphingidae (hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)
Noctuoidea
Erebidae (underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)
Euteliidae
Noctuidae (daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)
Nolidae (tuft moths)
Notodontidae (prominents, kittens)
Oenosandridae
Drepanoidea
Drepanidae (hook-tips)
Cimeliidae (gold moths)
Doidae
Geometroidea
Sematuridae
Pseudobistonidae
Epicopeiidae (oriental swallowtail moths)
Uraniidae
Geometridae (geometer moths)
Superfamily unassigned
Millieriidae
Note: division Monotrysia is not a clade.
Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera
Lists by region
Taxon identifiersPseudobistonidae
Wikidata: Q55386813
Wikispecies: Pseudobistonidae
BOLD: 718095
GBIF: 9917518
IRMNG: 11912862
NCBI: 1619956
This article relating to the superfamily Geometroidea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rajaei, Hossein; Greve, Carola; Letsch, Harald; Stüning, Dieter; Wahlberg, Niklas; Minet, Joël; Misof, Bernhard (2015). \"Advances in Geometroidea phylogeny, with characterization of a new family based on Pseudobiston pinratanai (Lepidoptera, Glossata)\". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (4): 418–436. doi:10.1111/zsc.12108.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzsc.12108","url_text":"10.1111/zsc.12108"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Houshuai; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Wahlberg, Niklas; Wang, Min; Nylin, Sören (2019). \"Molecular phylogenetic and morphological studies on the systematic position of Heracula discivitta reveal a new subfamily of Pseudobistonidae (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea)\". Systematic Entomology. 44 (1): 211–225. doi:10.1111/syen.12326.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsyen.12326","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogenetic and morphological studies on the systematic position of Heracula discivitta reveal a new subfamily of Pseudobistonidae (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsyen.12326","url_text":"10.1111/syen.12326"}]}]
|
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|
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