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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun_Warriors_(toys)
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Shogun Warriors (toys)
|
["1 Overview","2 Tie-in media","2.1 Comic","2.2 Cartoon","3 Toy line","3.1 Jumbo Machinders","3.2 Die-Cast Action Figures","3.3 Two-In-Ones","3.4 Collector's","3.5 Action Vehicles","3.6 U-Combine Combatra Vehicles","4 In popular culture","5 Revival","6 References","7 External links"]
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Line of toys by Mattel
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shogun Warriors" toys – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Shogun Warriors was a line of toys released by Mattel Inc. in North America from 1979 to 1980. The line consisted of several imported toys based on Japanese anime mecha.
Overview
Contemporary comic advert for toys from the range, art by Herb Trimpe.
The line was drawn from toys originally produced by Japanese company Popy, based on several anime and tokusatsu shows featuring giant robots. They were originally manufactured in three sizes: 24-inch (610 mm) plastic versions, 3.5-inch (89 mm) die-cast metal versions, and slightly taller but much more detailed 5-inch (127 mm) die-cast versions. Many of the robot’s original names were altered, such as Getter Dragon (Dragun) and Mazinger Z (Mazinga). Several vehicles were also offered, as well as a set that could be put together to form the super robot Combattler V (here renamed Combattra). Later on in the line, Mattel introduced toys of Godzilla and Rodan.
The toys featured spring-loaded launcher weapons such as missiles, shuriken and battle axes. Some were able to launch their fists, while the later die-cast versions also had the ability to transform into different shapes. Raideen (here renamed Raydeen), for example, could become a birdlike spaceship. These "convertible" versions were in a sense the precursors to the Transformers line of toy robots. Toward the end of production, Mattel proposed the inclusion of plastic toy vehicles for the 3.5" figures to ride in exclusively in the United States, but these toys were never released for purchase.
Similar to other toy lines during the 1970s, the Shogun Warriors toys came under pressure over safety concerns regarding their spring-loaded weapons. The concern was that children might launch the weapons and hit other children or pets in the eyes. There was also a risk that small children might choke on the small plastic missiles and other parts. Toy manufacturers then faced new regulations as a result of reported injuries received while playing with these toys. Consequently, many toy companies were forced to remodel existing toy lines with child-safe variations such as spring-loaded "action" missiles that would remain attached to the toy. Missiles were also reshaped to have a flat head instead of a pointed one. Because of this, as well as declining sales, the Shogun Warrior toy line was discontinued by 1980.
Tie-in media
Comic
Main article: Shogun Warriors (comics)
In order to promote the toys, Mattel approached Marvel Comics to produce a comic tie-in for the range, having enjoyed a fruitful relationship with the company on Godzilla, King of the Monsters. Only three figures would be featured in the comic - Raydeen (originally from Brave Raideen); Dangard Ace (from Wakusei Robo Danguard Ace) and Combatra (from Chōdenji Robo Combattler V). Series artist Herb Trimpe would also produce some artwork used by Mattel on toy advertisements.
Cartoon
Due to Shogun Warriors being based on characters drawn from a wide number of Japanese TV shows, there was no cartoon produced. However, several of the characters featured in the toy line featured in Jim Terry's Force Five series.
Toy line
Jumbo Machinders
Jumbo Machinders were 24-inch (610 mm) tall vinyl figures.
Daimos
Dragun
Gaiking
Godzilla
Goldorak
Mazinga
Raydeen
Rodan
Die-Cast Action Figures
5-inch (130 mm) figures.
Dragun
Mazinga
Poseidon
Raider
Two-In-Ones
5-inch (130 mm) figures that could be reconfigured between two modes.
Daimos
Dangard
Gaiking
Grandizer
Raydeen
Voltus
Collector's
3-inch (76 mm) figures.
17
Combattra
Dangard
Dragun
Gaiking
Grandizer
Great Mazinga
Leopaldon
Poseidon
Voltes V
Action Vehicles
Vehicles with action features.
Bazoler
Dangard Launcher
Diamos Truck
Grand Car
Grandizer Saucer
Heli-Capter
Jet Car
Kargosaur
Kondar
Liabe
Nessar
Rydoto
Shigcon Jet
Shigcon Tank
Sky Arrow
Sky Jet
Solar Saucer
Varitank
Vertilift
U-Combine Combatra Vehicles
Five vehicles that could be combined to form the super-robot Combattra. Sold both separately and as a boxed set.
Battle Jet
Battle Clasher
Battle Tank
Battle Marine
Battle Craft
In popular culture
Several Shogun Warriors appeared in the Wonder Woman episode "The Deadly Toys" at a toy shop run by Frank Gorshin's character.
Mazinger and Raideen (called Mazinga and Raydeen) appeared in the MAD sketch “Regular Shogun Warriors”, a parody of the toyline and Regular Show.
Revival
In 2010, Toynami revived the Shogun Warriors name with a new toy line, consisting of 24-inch (610 mm) Jumbo Machinder toys. The first two robots in this line were GoLion and Dairugger XV, both of which were adapted in the Western world as Voltron. Subsequent entries in the line would include characters not from anime mecha, such as Bender and a stormtrooper.
References
^ Smith, Andy (May 2014). "Shogun Warriors - The Sky-High Rise and Abrupt Fall of Three Giant Robots in Comics". Back Issue!. No. 72. TwoMorrows Publishing.
^ "Shogun Warriors (advertisement)" (various) (November 1979). Marvel Comics.
^ "Shogun Warriors in Wonder Woman". YouTube.
^ "NYTF 2010: Toynami". Collectiondx.com. February 17, 2010. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012.
External links
Toynami's official Shogun Warriors page
Wildtoys Shogun Warriors Fan Page (English)
1979 Mattel Catalog at Plaidstallions.com
Shogun Warrior vs. Godzilla commercial 1970s at YouTube
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"mecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha"}],"text":"Shogun Warriors was a line of toys released by Mattel Inc. in North America from 1979 to 1980. The line consisted of several imported toys based on Japanese anime mecha.","title":"Shogun Warriors (toys)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShogunWarriorsToyAdvert.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herb Trimpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Trimpe"},{"link_name":"Popy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popy"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"tokusatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusatsu"},{"link_name":"Getter Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getter_Robo_G"},{"link_name":"Mazinger Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazinger_Z"},{"link_name":"Combattler V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Ddenji_Robo_Combattler_V"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla"},{"link_name":"Rodan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodan"},{"link_name":"shuriken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuriken"},{"link_name":"die-cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-cast_toy"},{"link_name":"Raideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Raideen"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Contemporary comic advert for toys from the range, art by Herb Trimpe.The line was drawn from toys originally produced by Japanese company Popy, based on several anime and tokusatsu shows featuring giant robots. They were originally manufactured in three sizes: 24-inch (610 mm) plastic versions, 3.5-inch (89 mm) die-cast metal versions, and slightly taller but much more detailed 5-inch (127 mm) die-cast versions. Many of the robot’s original names were altered, such as Getter Dragon (Dragun) and Mazinger Z (Mazinga). Several vehicles were also offered, as well as a set that could be put together to form the super robot Combattler V (here renamed Combattra). Later on in the line, Mattel introduced toys of Godzilla and Rodan.The toys featured spring-loaded launcher weapons such as missiles, shuriken and battle axes. Some were able to launch their fists, while the later die-cast versions also had the ability to transform into different shapes. Raideen (here renamed Raydeen), for example, could become a birdlike spaceship. These \"convertible\" versions were in a sense the precursors to the Transformers line of toy robots.[citation needed] Toward the end of production, Mattel proposed the inclusion of plastic toy vehicles for the 3.5\" figures to ride in exclusively in the United States, but these toys were never released for purchase.[citation needed]Similar to other toy lines during the 1970s, the Shogun Warriors toys came under pressure over safety concerns regarding their spring-loaded weapons. The concern was that children might launch the weapons and hit other children or pets in the eyes. There was also a risk that small children might choke on the small plastic missiles and other parts. Toy manufacturers then faced new regulations as a result of reported injuries received while playing with these toys. Consequently, many toy companies were forced to remodel existing toy lines with child-safe variations such as spring-loaded \"action\" missiles that would remain attached to the toy. Missiles were also reshaped to have a flat head instead of a pointed one. 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Sold both separately and as a boxed set.Battle Jet\nBattle Clasher\nBattle Tank\nBattle Marine\nBattle Craft","title":"Toy line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Frank Gorshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gorshin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"MAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Regular Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Show"}],"text":"Several Shogun Warriors appeared in the Wonder Woman episode \"The Deadly Toys\" at a toy shop run by Frank Gorshin's character.[3][better source needed]Mazinger and Raideen (called Mazinga and Raydeen) appeared in the MAD sketch “Regular Shogun Warriors”, a parody of the toyline and Regular Show.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toynami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toynami"},{"link_name":"Jumbo Machinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbo_Machinder"},{"link_name":"GoLion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_King_GoLion"},{"link_name":"Dairugger XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Fleet_Dairugger_XV"},{"link_name":"Voltron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)"},{"link_name":"stormtrooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormtrooper_(Star_Wars)"}],"text":"In 2010, Toynami revived the Shogun Warriors name with a new toy line, consisting of 24-inch (610 mm) Jumbo Machinder toys. The first two robots in this line were GoLion and Dairugger XV, both of which were adapted in the Western world as Voltron.[4] Subsequent entries in the line would include characters not from anime mecha, such as Bender and a stormtrooper.","title":"Revival"}]
|
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvillar
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Elvillar/Bilar
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°34′N 2°32′W / 42.567°N 2.533°W / 42.567; -2.533Elvillar/Bilar in Álava.
La chabola de la Hechicera, a dolmen found in 1935.
Elvillar in Spanish or Bilar in Basque is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elvillar.
ELVILLAR in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (in Spanish)
vteMunicipalities in the province of Álava
Agurain/Salvatierra
Alegría-Dulantzi
Amurrio
Añana
Aramaio
Armiñón
Arraia-Maeztu
Arratzua-Ubarrundia
Artziniega
Asparrena
Ayala/Aiara
Baños de Ebro/Mañueta
Barrundia
Berantevilla
Bernedo
Campezo/Kanpezu
Elburgo/Burgelu
Elciego
Elvillar/Bilar
Harana/Valle de Arana
Iruña de Oca/Iruña Oka
Iruraiz-Gauna
Kripan
Kuartango
Labastida/Bastida
Lagrán
Laguardia
Lanciego/Lantziego
Lantarón
Lapuebla de Labarca
Laudio/Llodio
Legutio
Leza
Moreda de Álava/Moreda Araba
Navaridas
Okondo
Oyón-Oion
Peñacerrada-Urizaharra
Ribera Alta/Erriberagoitia
Ribera Baja/Erribera Beitia
Samaniego
San Millán/Donemiliaga
Urkabustaiz
Valdegovía/Gaubea
Villabuena de Álava/Eskuernaga
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Yécora/Iekora
Zalduondo
Zambrana
Zigoitia
Zuia
42°34′N 2°32′W / 42.567°N 2.533°W / 42.567; -2.533
This article about a location in the Basque Country, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alava_municipalities_Elvillar.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elvillar_-_Chabola_de_la_Hechicera_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"La chabola de la Hechicera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_chabola_de_la_Hechicera"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Álava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lava"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"text":"Elvillar/Bilar in Álava.La chabola de la Hechicera, a dolmen found in 1935.Elvillar in Spanish or Bilar in Basque is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.","title":"Elvillar/Bilar"}]
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[{"image_text":"Elvillar/Bilar in Álava.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alava_municipalities_Elvillar.JPG/220px-Alava_municipalities_Elvillar.JPG"},{"image_text":"La chabola de la Hechicera, a dolmen found in 1935.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Elvillar_-_Chabola_de_la_Hechicera_01.jpg/220px-Elvillar_-_Chabola_de_la_Hechicera_01.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elvillar/Bilar¶ms=42_34_N_2_32_W_region:ES_type:city","external_links_name":"42°34′N 2°32′W / 42.567°N 2.533°W / 42.567; -2.533"},{"Link":"http://www.euskomedia.org/euskomedia/SAunamendi?idi=en&op=7&voz=ELVILLAR/BILAR","external_links_name":"ELVILLAR in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elvillar/Bilar¶ms=42_34_N_2_32_W_region:ES_type:city","external_links_name":"42°34′N 2°32′W / 42.567°N 2.533°W / 42.567; -2.533"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elvillar/Bilar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Island_(Alaska)
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Lotus Island
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[]
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Coordinates: 52°43′55″N 174°03′55″E / 52.73194°N 174.06528°E / 52.73194; 174.06528This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lotus Island" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lotus Island is a 0.2-mile-long (320 m) island in the Aleutian Islands chain of the U.S. state of Alaska. It lies within the Aleutians West Census Area. Located at 52°43′55″N 174°03′55″E / 52.73194°N 174.06528°E / 52.73194; 174.06528 in the Semichi Islands group of the Near Islands, it is the least prominent of the two islands in the Shemya Pass, which separates Nizki and Shemya islands. "Lotus" is also the name of an island in the Odyssey.
Guitarist Buckethead recorded a song named after this island. The American rock band Black Light Burns titled their 2013 concept album after the island. In the film The Holy Mountain (1973), the island is chosen by the great alchemist to reveal their final journey.
This article about a location in the Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Aleutians West Census Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutians_West_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"52°43′55″N 174°03′55″E / 52.73194°N 174.06528°E / 52.73194; 174.06528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lotus_Island¶ms=52_43_55_N_174_03_55_E_region:US-AK_type:isle_scale:100000"},{"link_name":"Semichi Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semichi_Islands"},{"link_name":"Near Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Islands"},{"link_name":"Shemya Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shemya_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nizki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizki_Island"},{"link_name":"Shemya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemya"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus-eaters"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Buckethead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckethead"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Black Light Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Light_Burns"},{"link_name":"2013 concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Island_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Holy Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Mountain_(1973_film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Aleutians_West_Census_Area.svg"},{"link_name":"Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutians_West_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Island&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AleutiansWestAK-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AleutiansWestAK-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AleutiansWestAK-geo-stub"}],"text":"Lotus Island is a 0.2-mile-long (320 m) island in the Aleutian Islands chain of the U.S. state of Alaska. It lies within the Aleutians West Census Area. Located at 52°43′55″N 174°03′55″E / 52.73194°N 174.06528°E / 52.73194; 174.06528 in the Semichi Islands group of the Near Islands, it is the least prominent of the two islands in the Shemya Pass, which separates Nizki and Shemya islands. \"Lotus\" is also the name of an island in the Odyssey.Guitarist Buckethead recorded a song named after this island. The American rock band Black Light Burns titled their 2013 concept album after the island. In the film The Holy Mountain (1973), the island is chosen by the great alchemist to reveal their final journey.This article about a location in the Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Lotus Island"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lotus_Island¶ms=52_43_55_N_174_03_55_E_region:US-AK_type:isle_scale:100000","external_links_name":"52°43′55″N 174°03′55″E / 52.73194°N 174.06528°E / 52.73194; 174.06528"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lotus+Island%22","external_links_name":"\"Lotus Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lotus+Island%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lotus+Island%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lotus+Island%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lotus+Island%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lotus+Island%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lotus_Island¶ms=52_43_55_N_174_03_55_E_region:US-AK_type:isle_scale:100000","external_links_name":"52°43′55″N 174°03′55″E / 52.73194°N 174.06528°E / 52.73194; 174.06528"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podesta_Group
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Podesta Group
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["1 Lobbying and public affairs activities","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Podesta Group, Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryGovernment and public relationsFounded1988; 36 years ago (1988)FoundersJohn PodestaTony PodestaDefunct2017HeadquartersWashington, D.C., U.S.Key peopleKimberley Fritts (CEO)Number of employees70Websitewww.podesta.com
Congressman Adam Schiff and lobbyist Heather Podesta at a party hosted by the Podesta Group in Washington, D.C.
The Podesta Group was a lobbying and public affairs firm based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1988 by brothers John and Tony Podesta and has previously been known as Podesta Associates, podesta.com and PodestaMattoon. John Podesta left the firm in 1993, and Tony Podesta left the firm on October 30, 2017, after finding out about increased scrutiny of the firm. It has essentially ceased to exist since then. The firm reorganized in January 2007 after chairman Tony Podesta split with former business partner Dan Mattoon.
Podesta Group, which represented American corporations as well as nonprofits and governments, was said in 2011 to have "close ties to the Democratic Party and the Obama administration", although its CEO, Kimberley Fritts, is identified in her Cogent Strategies bio as "a fixture in Republican politics". She resigned and established her own firm, Cogent Strategies, in November 2017.
The firm reported earning US$27.4 million in lobbying fees in 2011. In 2007, Chairman Tony Podesta was ranked by his peers as the third most influential lobbyist in Washington.
On November 9, 2017, CEO Kimberley Fritts informed all employees that the Podesta Group would cease to exist at the end of the year. Employees were asked to clear out their desks and told that they might not be paid beyond November 15. On November 21, Podesta Group's website went offline, redirecting to the personal website of Tony Podesta, with the majority of the Podesta Group’s former principals having joined Cogent Strategies.
Lobbying and public affairs activities
The Podesta Group acted as a lobbyist for Egypt on United States policies of concern, activities in Congress and the executive branch, and developments on the U.S. political scene generally, according to forms filed with the Department of Justice in 2009.
Tony Podesta (left) with Senator Kay Hagan (center) and husband Chip (right) at a 2009 party hosted by Podesta Group
They received $900,000 in revenue in 2011–2012 from the Brussels-based European Centre for a Modern Ukraine (ECMU), a group sympathetic to then Ukraine president Viktor Yanukovych and his Party of Regions. As of October 2017, the Podesta Group was reported to be under investigation by Special Counsel Robert Mueller for potentially violating the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the course of its work for the ECMU. The Podesta Group was one of six lobbying firms that participated in a 2012–2014 public relations campaign organized by Paul Manafort on behalf of the ECMU and Ukraine's pro-Russian Party of Regions; the campaign was reportedly designed with the stated goal of improving Ukraine's standing among Western audiences as a possible prelude to Ukrainian membership in the European Union. A Podesta Group spokesman denied any wrongdoing. On October 30, 2017, a federal grand jury unsealed the indictment of Manafort and his deputy Richard Gates. According to NBC News, the Podesta Group is mentioned in the indictment as one of the companies that lobbied on behalf of the Ukrainian government for Manafort and Gates. On that day, Tony Podesta stepped down as head of the Podesta Group. As of May 2019, the Podesta Group, along with Mercury Public Affairs and Skadden, has been under investigation for possible lobbying violations regarding former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort by the Southern District of New York.
The Podesta Group also represented (as of 2016) the interests of Russia's largest financial institution, Sberbank of Russia, which controls approximately 30 percent of Russian banking assets.
The Podesta Group also carried out public relations work for the government of Azerbaijan for a monthly fee of $60,000 plus expenses.
Between 2009 and 2017, the Podesta Group represented more than two dozen sovereign governments. According to FARA filings at the US Justice Department, the company represented Afghanistan, Vietnam, Switzerland, Georgia, India, Iraq, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and Cyprus, among others.
In addition, the Podesta Group has been retained by Walmart, BP, and Lockheed Martin. Other clients include Bank of America, the Cherokee Nation (casinos), National Public Radio, and the Republic of Kenya.
See also
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
References
^ Pear, Robert; Broder, John M. (September 5, 2000). "In a Lobby-Happy Washington, Politics Can Be Even Thicker Than Blood". The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ a b Sarasohn, Judy (November 2, 2006). "PodestaMattoon by Any Other Name..." The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2007.
^ "Podesta, John: Employment History". OpenSecrets.
^ Palmer, Anna. "Tony Podesta Stepping Down from Lobbying Giant amid Mueller Probe". Politico. Arlington, Virginia: Capitol News Company. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
^ a b c Elliott, Justin (January 28, 2011). "Who's Doing Mubarak's Bidding in Washington?". Salon. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ "Kimberley Fritts". Cogent Strategies. cogent-strategies.com. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
^ Bogardus, Kevin; Leven, Rachel (January 20, 2012). "On K Street, 2011 Was Year to Forget". The Hill. Washington: Capitol Hill Publishing. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Eisler, Kim (June 1, 2007). "Hired Guns: The City's 50 Top Lobbyists". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007.
^ "Home". podesta.com.
^ "Home". cogent-strategies.com.
^ Polantz, Katelyn (November 11, 2017). "Podesta Group on the verge of shuttering amid ties to Mueller probe". CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
^ Meyer, Theodoric (November 21, 2017). "Former Podesta Group principal joins BGR". Politico. US. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Lichtblau, Eric (March 2, 2011). "Arab Unrest Puts Their Lobbyists in Uneasy Spot". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
^ Hosenball, Mark; Strobel, Warren (December 20, 2013). "With Cash, Ukraine's Political Foes Bring Fight to Washington". Reuters. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
^ Winter, Tom; Ainsley, Julia (October 23, 2017). "Mueller Now Investigating Democratic Lobbyist Tony Podesta". NBC News. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
^ Butler, Desmond (November 2, 2017). Mueller grand jury investigating top DC lobbyists. Associated Press. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ Beavers, Olivia; Wilson, Megan R. (October 30, 2017). "Podesta Group One of the Companies Mentioned in Manafort Indictment: Report". The Hill. Washington: Capitol Hill Publishing. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
^ Larry Buchanan; Karen Yourish (May 20, 2019). "Tracking 29 Investigations Related to Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
^ Norton, Ben (November 5, 2016). "With Saudi and Russian Ties, Clinton Machine's Tentacles Are Far Reaching, According to Panama Papers". Salon. San Francisco, California. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Podesta Group (2014). "Amendment to Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as Amended" (PDF). Washington: United States Department of Justice. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ "Documents".
^ OpenSecrets.org
^ "Georgia Hires Podesta Lobbying Firm". Civil Georgia. Tbilisi, Georgia. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
^ Wilson, Megan R. (September 25, 2013). "Somali Bank Embroiled in Scandal Inks Contract with Lobby Firm". The Hill. Washington: Capitol Hill Publishing. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
Further reading
Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (March 13, 2007). "Podesta, Livingston Look for Balance, Brawn in New Partnership". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Miles, Sara (1998). "Do You Know Tony Podesta?". Wired. Vol. 6, no. 12. San Francisco, California: Condé Nast. pp. 180–189. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Podesta Group.
Official website (archived link)
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It was founded in 1988 by brothers John and Tony Podesta and has previously been known as Podesta Associates, podesta.com and PodestaMattoon.[1][2] John Podesta left the firm in 1993,[3] and Tony Podesta left the firm on October 30, 2017, after finding out about increased scrutiny of the firm.[4] It has essentially ceased to exist since then. The firm reorganized in January 2007 after chairman Tony Podesta split with former business partner Dan Mattoon.[2]Podesta Group, which represented American corporations as well as nonprofits and governments, was said in 2011 to have \"close ties to the Democratic Party and the Obama administration\",[5] although its CEO, Kimberley Fritts, is identified in her Cogent Strategies bio as \"a fixture in Republican politics\".[6] She resigned and established her own firm, Cogent Strategies, in November 2017.[citation needed]The firm reported earning US$27.4 million in lobbying fees in 2011.[7] In 2007, Chairman Tony Podesta was ranked by his peers as the third most influential lobbyist in Washington.[8]On November 9, 2017, CEO Kimberley Fritts informed all employees that the Podesta Group would cease to exist at the end of the year. Employees were asked to clear out their desks and told that they might not be paid beyond November 15. On November 21, Podesta Group's website went offline, redirecting to the personal website of Tony Podesta,[9] with the majority of the Podesta Group’s former principals having joined Cogent Strategies.[10][11][12]","title":"Podesta Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lobbyist for Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_lobby_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"executive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salon-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Podesta,_Senator_Kay_and_Chip_Hagan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tony 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Manafort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Manafort"},{"link_name":"Party of Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Regions"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian membership in the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"Richard Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Gates_(political_consultant)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mercury Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Weber"},{"link_name":"Skadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadden"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Trump 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Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"Lockheed 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and husband Chip (right) at a 2009 party hosted by Podesta GroupThey received $900,000 in revenue in 2011–2012 from the Brussels-based European Centre for a Modern Ukraine (ECMU), a group sympathetic to then Ukraine president Viktor Yanukovych and his Party of Regions.[14] As of October 2017, the Podesta Group was reported to be under investigation by Special Counsel Robert Mueller for potentially violating the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the course of its work for the ECMU. The Podesta Group was one of six lobbying firms that participated in a 2012–2014 public relations campaign organized by Paul Manafort on behalf of the ECMU and Ukraine's pro-Russian Party of Regions; the campaign was reportedly designed with the stated goal of improving Ukraine's standing among Western audiences as a possible prelude to Ukrainian membership in the European Union. A Podesta Group spokesman denied any wrongdoing.[15] On October 30, 2017, a federal grand jury unsealed the indictment of Manafort and his deputy Richard Gates.[16] According to NBC News, the Podesta Group is mentioned in the indictment as one of the companies that lobbied on behalf of the Ukrainian government for Manafort and Gates. On that day, Tony Podesta stepped down as head of the Podesta Group.[17] As of May 2019, the Podesta Group, along with Mercury Public Affairs and Skadden, has been under investigation for possible lobbying violations regarding former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort by the Southern District of New York.[18]The Podesta Group also represented (as of 2016) the interests of Russia's largest financial institution, Sberbank of Russia, which controls approximately 30 percent of Russian banking assets.[19]The Podesta Group also carried out public relations work for the government of Azerbaijan for a monthly fee of $60,000 plus expenses.[20]Between 2009 and 2017, the Podesta Group represented more than two dozen sovereign governments. According to FARA filings at the US Justice Department, the company represented Afghanistan,[21] Vietnam,[22] Switzerland,[23] Georgia,[24] India,[25] Iraq,[26] Japan,[27] Hong Kong,[28] Thailand,[29] Saudi Arabia[30] and Cyprus,[31] among others.In addition, the Podesta Group has been retained by Walmart, BP, and Lockheed Martin.[5] Other clients include Bank of America, the Cherokee Nation (casinos), National Public Radio, and the Republic of Kenya.[32][33][34]","title":"Lobbying and public affairs activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Birnbaum"},{"link_name":"\"Podesta, Livingston Look for Balance, Brawn in New Partnership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/12/AR2007031201369.html"},{"link_name":"\"Do You Know Tony Podesta?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wired.com/1998/12/podesta/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1059-1028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028"}],"text":"Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (March 13, 2007). \"Podesta, Livingston Look for Balance, Brawn in New Partnership\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2017.\nMiles, Sara (1998). \"Do You Know Tony Podesta?\". Wired. Vol. 6, no. 12. San Francisco, California: Condé Nast. pp. 180–189. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Congressman Adam Schiff and lobbyist Heather Podesta at a party hosted by the Podesta Group in Washington, D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adam_Schiff%2C_Maria_Karras%2C_and_Heather_Podesta.jpg/220px-Adam_Schiff%2C_Maria_Karras%2C_and_Heather_Podesta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Podesta (left) with Senator Kay Hagan (center) and husband Chip (right) at a 2009 party hosted by Podesta Group","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tony_Podesta%2C_Senator_Kay_and_Chip_Hagan.jpg/220px-Tony_Podesta%2C_Senator_Kay_and_Chip_Hagan.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections"}]
|
[{"reference":"Pear, Robert; Broder, John M. (September 5, 2000). \"In a Lobby-Happy Washington, Politics Can Be Even Thicker Than Blood\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/05/us/in-a-lobby-happy-washington-politics-can-be-even-thicker-than-blood.html","url_text":"\"In a Lobby-Happy Washington, Politics Can Be Even Thicker Than Blood\""}]},{"reference":"Sarasohn, Judy (November 2, 2006). \"PodestaMattoon by Any Other Name...\" The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/01/AR2006110103271.html","url_text":"\"PodestaMattoon by Any Other Name...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Podesta, John: Employment History\". OpenSecrets.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/rev_summary.php?id=24899","url_text":"\"Podesta, John: Employment History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSecrets","url_text":"OpenSecrets"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Anna. \"Tony Podesta Stepping Down from Lobbying Giant amid Mueller Probe\". Politico. Arlington, Virginia: Capitol News Company. Retrieved October 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/30/tony-podesta-stepping-down-from-lobbying-giant-amid-mueller-probe-244314","url_text":"\"Tony Podesta Stepping Down from Lobbying Giant amid Mueller Probe\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Justin (January 28, 2011). \"Who's Doing Mubarak's Bidding in Washington?\". Salon. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103071607/http://www.salon.com/2011/01/28/egypt_in_washington","url_text":"\"Who's Doing Mubarak's Bidding in Washington?\""},{"url":"http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/01/28/egypt_in_washington/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bogardus, Kevin; Leven, Rachel (January 20, 2012). \"On K Street, 2011 Was Year to Forget\". The Hill. Washington: Capitol Hill Publishing. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/103439-on-k-street-2011-was-year-to-forget/","url_text":"\"On K Street, 2011 Was Year to Forget\""}]},{"reference":"Eisler, Kim (June 1, 2007). \"Hired Guns: The City's 50 Top Lobbyists\". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124105158/https://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/4264.html","url_text":"\"Hired Guns: The City's 50 Top Lobbyists\""},{"url":"http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/4264.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". podesta.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.podesta.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". cogent-strategies.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cogent-strategies.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Polantz, Katelyn (November 11, 2017). \"Podesta Group on the verge of shuttering amid ties to Mueller probe\". CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/11/politics/podesta-group-mueller-investigation/index.html","url_text":"\"Podesta Group on the verge of shuttering amid ties to Mueller probe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Theodoric (November 21, 2017). \"Former Podesta Group principal joins BGR\". Politico. US. Retrieved November 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-influence/2017/11/20/former-podesta-group-principal-joins-bgr-029161","url_text":"\"Former Podesta Group principal joins BGR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"Lichtblau, Eric (March 2, 2011). \"Arab Unrest Puts Their Lobbyists in Uneasy Spot\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lichtblau","url_text":"Lichtblau, Eric"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/middleeast/02lobby.html","url_text":"\"Arab Unrest Puts Their Lobbyists in Uneasy Spot\""}]},{"reference":"Hosenball, Mark; Strobel, Warren (December 20, 2013). \"With Cash, Ukraine's Political Foes Bring Fight to Washington\". Reuters. Retrieved April 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hosenball","url_text":"Hosenball, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ukraine-lobbying-idUSBRE9BJ1B220131220","url_text":"\"With Cash, Ukraine's Political Foes Bring Fight to Washington\""}]},{"reference":"Winter, Tom; Ainsley, Julia (October 23, 2017). \"Mueller Now Investigating Democratic Lobbyist Tony Podesta\". NBC News. Retrieved October 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/mueller-now-investigating-democratic-lobbyist-tony-podesta-n812776","url_text":"\"Mueller Now Investigating Democratic Lobbyist Tony Podesta\""}]},{"reference":"Beavers, Olivia; Wilson, Megan R. (October 30, 2017). \"Podesta Group One of the Companies Mentioned in Manafort Indictment: Report\". The Hill. Washington: Capitol Hill Publishing. Retrieved October 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/357884-podesta-group-is-one-of-the-companies-mentioned-in-manafort/","url_text":"\"Podesta Group One of the Companies Mentioned in Manafort Indictment: Report\""}]},{"reference":"Larry Buchanan; Karen Yourish (May 20, 2019). \"Tracking 29 Investigations Related to Trump\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/13/us/politics/trump-investigations.html","url_text":"\"Tracking 29 Investigations Related to Trump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Ben (November 5, 2016). \"With Saudi and Russian Ties, Clinton Machine's Tentacles Are Far Reaching, According to Panama Papers\". Salon. San Francisco, California. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/2016/04/08/with_saudi_and_russian_ties_clinton_machines_tentacles_are_far_reaching_according_to_panama_papers/","url_text":"\"With Saudi and Russian Ties, Clinton Machine's Tentacles Are Far Reaching, According to Panama Papers\""}]},{"reference":"Podesta Group (2014). \"Amendment to Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as Amended\" (PDF). Washington: United States Department of Justice. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fara.gov/docs/5926-Exhibit-AB-20140430-41.pdf","url_text":"\"Amendment to Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as Amended\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,AFGHANISTAN","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,VIETNAM","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,SWITZERLAND","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,GEORGIA","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,INDIA","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,IRAQ","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,JAPAN","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,HONG%20KONG","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,THAILAND","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:5926,SAUDI%20ARABIA","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documents\".","urls":[{"url":"https://efile.fara.gov/ords/fara/f?p=181:200::::RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_COUNTRY:6065,CYPRUS","url_text":"\"Documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia Hires Podesta Lobbying Firm\". Civil Georgia. Tbilisi, Georgia. Retrieved April 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=22061","url_text":"\"Georgia Hires Podesta Lobbying Firm\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Megan R. (September 25, 2013). \"Somali Bank Embroiled in Scandal Inks Contract with Lobby Firm\". The Hill. Washington: Capitol Hill Publishing. Retrieved September 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/policy/international/183555-somali-bank-embroiled-in-scandal-inks-contract-with-lobby-firm/","url_text":"\"Somali Bank Embroiled in Scandal Inks Contract with Lobby Firm\""}]},{"reference":"Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (March 13, 2007). \"Podesta, Livingston Look for Balance, Brawn in New Partnership\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Birnbaum","url_text":"Birnbaum, Jeffrey H."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/12/AR2007031201369.html","url_text":"\"Podesta, Livingston Look for Balance, Brawn in New Partnership\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, Sara (1998). \"Do You Know Tony Podesta?\". Wired. Vol. 6, no. 12. San Francisco, California: Condé Nast. pp. 180–189. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/1998/12/podesta/","url_text":"\"Do You Know Tony Podesta?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]}]
|
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Washington?\""},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/01/28/egypt_in_washington/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cogent-strategies.com/team/kimberley-fritts","external_links_name":"Kimberley Fritts"},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/103439-on-k-street-2011-was-year-to-forget/","external_links_name":"\"On K Street, 2011 Was Year to Forget\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124105158/https://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/4264.html","external_links_name":"\"Hired Guns: The City's 50 Top Lobbyists\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/4264.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.podesta.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.cogent-strategies.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/11/politics/podesta-group-mueller-investigation/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Podesta Group on the verge of shuttering amid ties to Mueller probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-influence/2017/11/20/former-podesta-group-principal-joins-bgr-029161","external_links_name":"\"Former Podesta Group principal joins BGR\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/middleeast/02lobby.html","external_links_name":"\"Arab Unrest Puts Their Lobbyists in Uneasy Spot\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ukraine-lobbying-idUSBRE9BJ1B220131220","external_links_name":"\"With Cash, Ukraine's Political Foes Bring Fight to Washington\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/mueller-now-investigating-democratic-lobbyist-tony-podesta-n812776","external_links_name":"\"Mueller Now Investigating Democratic Lobbyist Tony Podesta\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/a7589ef1d4034a08b93d966abbb05017","external_links_name":"Mueller grand jury investigating top DC lobbyists"},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/357884-podesta-group-is-one-of-the-companies-mentioned-in-manafort/","external_links_name":"\"Podesta Group One of the Companies Mentioned in Manafort Indictment: Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/13/us/politics/trump-investigations.html","external_links_name":"\"Tracking 29 Investigations Related to Trump\""},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/2016/04/08/with_saudi_and_russian_ties_clinton_machines_tentacles_are_far_reaching_according_to_panama_papers/","external_links_name":"\"With Saudi and Russian Ties, Clinton Machine's Tentacles Are Far Reaching, According to Panama Papers\""},{"Link":"https://www.fara.gov/docs/5926-Exhibit-AB-20140430-41.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Amendment to Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_de_Freitas
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Chris de Freitas
|
["1 Education and professional career","2 Global warming and scepticism about anthropogenic causes","3 Selected publications","4 References","5 Further reading"]
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New Zealand scientist (1948–2017)
Chris de FreitasBorn1948Trinidad and TobagoDied5 July 2017(2017-07-05) (aged 68–69)ZealandAlma materUniversity of Toronto,University of QueenslandScientific careerFieldsClimatologyInstitutionsUniversity of AucklandThesisBeach climate and recreation : thermophysiological variation, preference and behaviour (1979)
Christopher Rhodes de Freitas (1948 – 5 July 2017) was a New Zealand climate scientist. He was an associate professor in the School of Environment at the University of Auckland.
Education and professional career
De Freitas, born in Trinidad, received both his Bachelor's and his Master's at the University of Toronto, Canada, after which he earned his PhD as a Commonwealth Scholar from the University of Queensland, Australia. During his time at the University of Auckland, he served as deputy dean of science, head of science and technology, and for four years as pro vice-chancellor. He also served as vice-president of the Meteorological Society of New Zealand and was a founding member of the Australia–New Zealand Climate Forum as well as serving on the executive board of the International Society of Biometeorology from 1999 to 2001. He wrote extensively in popular media on an array of environmental and climate-related issues. In 2001, he won the New Zealand Association of Scientists' science communicator award, now known as the Cranwell Medal. He died of cancer in July 2017, having retired shortly beforehand.
Global warming and scepticism about anthropogenic causes
De Freitas has questioned anthropogenic global warming, and the way information is received and interpreted. He has written that carbon dioxide emissions themselves may not necessarily be the source of recent increases in global temperature. In the New Zealand Herald (9 May 2006), he wrote:
"There is evidence of global warming. The climate has warmed about 0.6 °C in the past 100 years, but most of that warming occurred prior to 1940, before the post World War II industrialisation that led to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. But warming does not confirm that carbon dioxide is causing it. Climate is always warming or cooling. There are natural variability theories of warming."
As an editor for the journal Climate Research he had responsibility for sending papers out for review. In four instances, questions were raised about the review process of papers he had handled. The last of these led to the Soon and Baliunas controversy, in which a flawed paper was published under his editorial responsibility. The publisher, Otto Kinne, subsequently conceded that the conclusions of the paper were not supported by the evidence, and appropriate revisions of the manuscript should have been requested prior to publication.
Selected publications
Carter, R.M., de Freitas, C.R., Goklany, I.M., Holland, D. and Lindzen, R.S., 2007. Climate Science and the Stern Review. World Economics, 8 (2), 161–182.
Khan, B.A., C.R. de Freitas and D. Shooter, 2007. Application of synoptic weather typing to an investigation of Nocturnal ozone concentration at a maritime location, New Zealand, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5636–5646.
Carter, R.M., de Freitas, C.R., Goklany, I.M., Holland, D. and Lindzen, R.S., 2006. The Stern Review: A Dual Critique. Part I: The Science. World Economics, 7 (4), 165–232.
De Freitas, C.R., 2003: Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. International Journal of Biometeorology, 48 (1), 45–54.
De Freitas, C.R. and A.A. Schmekal, 2003: Condensation as a microclimate process: Measurement, numerical simulation and prediction in the Glowworm Tourist Cave, New Zealand. International Journal of Climatology, 23 (5), 557–575.
References
^ DR. CHRIS R. de FREITAS Obituary
^ a b c d "Dr Christopher de Freitas". University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
^ "Prominent NZ scientist Chris de Freitas dies". The New Zealand Herald. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
^ Soon, Willie; Sallie Baliunas (31 January 2003). "Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years" (PDF). Climate Research. 23. Inter-Research Science Center: 89–110. Bibcode:2003ClRes..23...89S. doi:10.3354/cr023089.
^ Goodess, Clare (November 2003). "Stormy Times for Climate Research : Promoting ethical science, design and technology". SGR Newsletter no. 28. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Further reading
"Evidence Must Prevail" by Chris de Freitas (The New Zealand Herald 9 May 2006)
"Global Warming Skeptics Are Facing Storm Clouds" by Antonio Regaldo (Wall Street Journal, 31 July 2003)
"Politics Reasserts Itself in the Debate Over Climate Change and Its Hazards" by Andrew C. Revkin (New York Times, 5 August 2003)
"Storm Brews Over Global Warming" by Richard Monasterky (Chronicle of Higher Education, 4 September 2003)
"Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years" by Willie Soon & Sallie Baliunas (Climate Research, Vol. 23: 89–110, 2003)
"Are observed changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere really dangerous?" by Prof. Chris de Freitas (Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Vol. 50, No. 2 (June 2002))
Debate between Dr Jean Paultikof and Dr Chris de Freitas
de Freitas, Chris (16 January 2006). "Keep a weather eye on climate change". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Latvia
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland"}],"text":"Christopher Rhodes de Freitas (1948 – 5 July 2017)[1] was a New Zealand climate scientist. He was an associate professor in the School of Environment at the University of Auckland.","title":"Chris de Freitas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU-2"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Association of Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Association_of_Scientists"},{"link_name":"Cranwell Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranwell_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"De Freitas, born in Trinidad, received both his Bachelor's and his Master's at the University of Toronto, Canada, after which he earned his PhD as a Commonwealth Scholar from the University of Queensland, Australia.[2] During his time at the University of Auckland, he served as deputy dean of science, head of science and technology, and for four years as pro vice-chancellor.[2] He also served as vice-president of the Meteorological Society of New Zealand and was a founding member of the Australia–New Zealand Climate Forum as well as serving on the executive board of the International Society of Biometeorology from 1999 to 2001.[2] He wrote extensively in popular media on an array of environmental and climate-related issues. In 2001, he won the New Zealand Association of Scientists' science communicator award, now known as the Cranwell Medal.[2] He died of cancer in July 2017, having retired shortly beforehand.[3]","title":"Education and professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions"},{"link_name":"global temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_temperature"},{"link_name":"Climate Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Research_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Soon and Baliunas controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy"},{"link_name":"Otto Kinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kinne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodess_Nov03-5"}],"text":"De Freitas has questioned anthropogenic global warming, and the way information is received and interpreted. He has written that carbon dioxide emissions themselves may not necessarily be the source of recent increases in global temperature. In the New Zealand Herald (9 May 2006), he wrote:\"There is evidence of global warming. The climate has warmed about 0.6 °C in the past 100 years, but most of that warming occurred prior to 1940, before the post World War II industrialisation that led to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. But warming does not confirm that carbon dioxide is causing it. Climate is always warming or cooling. There are natural variability theories of warming.\"As an editor for the journal Climate Research[4] he had responsibility for sending papers out for review. In four instances, questions were raised about the review process of papers he had handled. The last of these led to the Soon and Baliunas controversy, in which a flawed paper was published under his editorial responsibility. The publisher, Otto Kinne, subsequently conceded that the conclusions of the paper were not supported by the evidence, and appropriate revisions of the manuscript should have been requested prior to publication.[5]","title":"Global warming and scepticism about anthropogenic causes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carter, R.M., de Freitas, C.R., Goklany, I.M., Holland, D. and Lindzen, R.S., 2007. Climate Science and the Stern Review. World Economics, 8 (2), 161–182.\nKhan, B.A., C.R. de Freitas and D. Shooter, 2007. Application of synoptic weather typing to an investigation of Nocturnal ozone concentration at a maritime location, New Zealand, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5636–5646.\nCarter, R.M., de Freitas, C.R., Goklany, I.M., Holland, D. and Lindzen, R.S., 2006. The Stern Review: A Dual Critique. Part I: The Science. World Economics, 7 (4), 165–232.\nDe Freitas, C.R., 2003: Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. International Journal of Biometeorology, 48 (1), 45–54.\nDe Freitas, C.R. and A.A. Schmekal, 2003: Condensation as a microclimate process: Measurement, numerical simulation and prediction in the Glowworm Tourist Cave, New Zealand. International Journal of Climatology, 23 (5), 557–575.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060523043056/http://www.climatescience.org.nz/assets/2006510223000.CSC_News_3.PDF"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070316090225/http://w3g.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/CR-problem/cr.wsj.pdf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070316090302/http://w3g.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/CR-problem/cr.nyt.20030805.pdf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070316085945/http://w3g.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/CR-problem/Chronicle%20of%20Higher%20Education.030904.pdf"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070316090249/http://w3g.gkss.de/G/Mitarbeiter/storch/pdf/soon%2Bbaliunas.cr.2003.pdf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070209224829/http://www.friendsofscience.org/documents/deFreitas.pdf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/2003/aug/16/comment.weather"},{"link_name":"\"Keep a weather eye on climate change\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130223095432/http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=26&ObjectID=10363795"},{"link_name":"The New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//subs.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=26&ObjectID=10363795"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5108572#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000029549460"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/63183499"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfRFdXWQFtcwdKcbQYByd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17121111w"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17121111w"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n91037082"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000162811&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p343277115"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/19617631X"}],"text":"\"Evidence Must Prevail\" by Chris de Freitas (The New Zealand Herald 9 May 2006) [1]\n\"Global Warming Skeptics Are Facing Storm Clouds\" by Antonio Regaldo (Wall Street Journal, 31 July 2003) [2]\n\"Politics Reasserts Itself in the Debate Over Climate Change and Its Hazards\" by Andrew C. Revkin (New York Times, 5 August 2003) [3]\n\"Storm Brews Over Global Warming\" by Richard Monasterky (Chronicle of Higher Education, 4 September 2003) [4]\n\"Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years\" by Willie Soon & Sallie Baliunas (Climate Research, Vol. 23: 89–110, 2003)[5]\n\"Are observed changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere really dangerous?\" by Prof. Chris de Freitas (Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Vol. 50, No. 2 (June 2002))[6]\nDebate between Dr Jean Paultikof and Dr Chris de Freitas [7]\nde Freitas, Chris (16 January 2006). \"Keep a weather eye on climate change\". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nLatvia\nNetherlands\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dr Christopher de Freitas\". University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118230117/http://www.env.auckland.ac.nz/people/c-defreitas","url_text":"\"Dr Christopher de Freitas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland","url_text":"University of Auckland"},{"url":"https://www.env.auckland.ac.nz/people/c-defreitas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prominent NZ scientist Chris de Freitas dies\". The New Zealand Herald. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/prominent-nz-scientist-chris-de-freitas-dies/Q65XKSBVY6D7R6EUJ3Q3I3G2KI/","url_text":"\"Prominent NZ scientist Chris de Freitas dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"Soon, Willie; Sallie Baliunas (31 January 2003). \"Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years\" (PDF). Climate Research. 23. Inter-Research Science Center: 89–110. Bibcode:2003ClRes..23...89S. doi:10.3354/cr023089.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/23/c023p089.pdf","url_text":"\"Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ClRes..23...89S","url_text":"2003ClRes..23...89S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fcr023089","url_text":"10.3354/cr023089"}]},{"reference":"Goodess, Clare (November 2003). \"Stormy Times for Climate Research : Promoting ethical science, design and technology\". SGR Newsletter no. 28. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525042645/http://www.sgr.org.uk/resources/stormy-times-climate-research","url_text":"\"Stormy Times for Climate Research : Promoting ethical science, design and technology\""},{"url":"http://www.sgr.org.uk/resources/stormy-times-climate-research","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de Freitas, Chris (16 January 2006). \"Keep a weather eye on climate change\". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130223095432/http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=26&ObjectID=10363795","url_text":"\"Keep a weather eye on climate change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"},{"url":"http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=26&ObjectID=10363795","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Hellenic_Football_League
|
2007–08 Hellenic Football League
|
["1 Premier Division","1.1 League table","2 Division One East","2.1 League table","3 Division One West","3.1 League table","4 References","5 External links"]
|
The 2007–08 Hellenic Football League season was the 55th in the history of the Hellenic Football League, a football competition in England.
Premier Division
Football league seasonHellenic Football LeaguePremier DivisionSeason2007–08ChampionsNorth LeighPromotedNorth LeighMatches played462Goals scored1,680 (3.64 per match)← 2006–07 2008–09 →
Premier Division featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with four new clubs:
Badshot Lea, promoted from Division One East
Flackwell Heath, relegated from the Isthmian League
Hook Norton, promoted from Division One West
Lydney Town, promoted from Division One West
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Promotion or relegation
1
North Leigh
42
29
9
4
123
53
+70
96
Promoted to the Southern Football League
2
Almondsbury Town
42
29
9
4
98
30
+68
96
3
Hungerford Town
42
28
8
6
118
47
+71
92
4
Witney United
42
25
10
7
97
51
+46
85
5
Shortwood United
42
23
8
11
93
50
+43
77
6
Highworth Town
42
22
8
12
75
52
+23
74
7
Milton United
42
19
10
13
75
67
+8
67
8
Shrivenham
42
19
7
16
72
72
0
64
9
Flackwell Heath
42
19
6
17
95
86
+9
63
10
Lydney Town
42
19
6
17
71
71
0
63
Demoted to the Division One West
11
Badshot Lea
42
17
9
16
92
91
+1
60
Transferred to the Combined Counties League
12
Wantage Town
42
17
7
18
80
78
+2
58
13
Ardley United
42
15
9
18
90
76
+14
54
14
Hook Norton
42
14
12
16
55
74
−19
54
15
Kidlington
42
14
11
17
86
73
+13
53
16
Bicester Town
42
13
12
17
57
70
−13
51
17
Pegasus Juniors
42
12
12
18
61
78
−17
45
18
Carterton
42
11
9
22
59
93
−34
42
19
Abingdon Town
42
11
8
23
65
87
−22
41
20
Fairford Town
42
8
8
26
52
100
−48
32
21
Harrow Hill
42
2
8
32
36
117
−81
14
22
AFC Wallingford
42
2
2
38
30
164
−134
7
Resigned to the North Berks League
Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:
^ Pegasus Juniors were deducted three points.
^ AFC Wallingford were deducted one point.
Division One East
Football league seasonHellenic Football LeagueDivision One EastSeason2007–08ChampionsChalfont WaspsPromotedChalfont WaspsMarlow UnitedMatches played272Goals scored949 (3.49 per match)← 2006–07 2008–09 →
Division One East featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two clubs:
Ascot United, joined from the Reading Football League
Thame United, relegated from the Premier Division
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Promotion or relegation
1
Chalfont Wasps
32
24
5
3
102
30
+72
77
Promoted to the Premier Division
2
Marlow United
32
21
7
4
65
29
+36
70
3
Englefield Green Rovers
32
19
4
9
61
39
+22
61
4
Ascot United
32
18
4
10
73
46
+27
58
5
Kintbury Rangers
32
18
3
11
71
48
+23
57
6
Henley Town
32
17
6
9
57
39
+18
57
7
Holyport
32
17
4
11
80
59
+21
55
8
Bisley
32
17
4
11
75
55
+20
55
9
Binfield
32
13
10
9
60
37
+23
48
10
Thame United
32
14
5
13
57
41
+16
47
11
Penn & Tylers Green
32
12
7
13
40
40
0
43
12
Wokingham & Emmbrook
32
12
4
16
43
58
−15
40
13
Rayners Lane
32
9
8
15
45
69
−24
35
14
Finchampstead
32
6
7
19
36
67
−31
25
15
Chinnor
32
6
4
22
29
69
−40
22
16
Prestwood
32
3
7
22
33
99
−66
16
17
Eton Wick
32
0
3
29
22
124
−102
3
Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:
^ Binfield were deducted one point.
Division One West
Football league seasonHellenic Football LeagueDivision One WestSeason2007–08ChampionsWinterbourne UnitedPromotedOld Woodstock TownMatches played306Goals scored1,085 (3.55 per match)← 2006–07 2008–09 →
Division One West featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:
Headington Amateurs, transferred from Division One East
Launton Sports, joined from the Oxfordshire Senior League
Oxford Quarry Nomads, transferred from Division One East and changed name to Oxford City Nomads
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Promotion or relegation
1
Winterbourne United
34
22
5
7
90
36
+54
71
2
Old Woodstock Town
34
21
4
9
77
36
+41
67
Promoted to the Premier Division
3
Letcombe
34
20
5
9
83
41
+42
65
4
Trowbridge Town
34
20
5
9
76
46
+30
65
5
Cheltenham Saracens
34
18
9
7
89
33
+56
63
6
Easington Sports
34
17
7
10
74
40
+34
58
7
Pewsey Vale
34
17
7
10
51
36
+15
58
8
Tytherington Rocks
34
15
11
8
70
38
+32
56
9
Oxford City Nomads
34
16
6
12
66
49
+17
54
10
Cricklade Town
34
16
6
12
63
56
+7
54
11
Purton
34
14
2
18
55
78
−23
44
12
Clanfield
34
12
5
17
66
79
−13
41
13
Launton Sports
34
12
4
18
49
79
−30
40
Transferred to Division One East
14
Headington Amateurs
34
10
8
16
50
63
−13
38
15
Wootton Bassett Town
34
11
3
20
43
66
−23
36
16
Malmesbury Victoria
34
9
9
16
35
62
−27
36
17
Banbury United reserves
34
4
3
27
32
119
−87
15
Resigned from the league
18
Cirencester United
34
2
1
31
16
128
−112
7
Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
References
External links
Hellenic Football League
vteHellenic League2023–24 Premier Division
Brimscombe & Thrupp
Cinderford Town
Corsham Town
Fairford Town
Hereford Lads Club
Hereford Pegasus
Highworth Town
Longlevens
Lydney Town
Mangotsfield United
Pershore Town
Roman Glass St George
Royal Wootton Bassett Town
Slimbridge
Thornbury Town
Tuffley Rovers
Wantage Town
Westfields
Worcester City
Worcester Raiders
2023–24 Division One
Abingdon United
Calne Town
Cheltenham Saracens
Chipping Sodbury Town
Clanfield
Devizes Town
FC Bristol
FC Stratford
Hartpury University
Kidlington Reserves
Long Crendon
Malmesbury Victoria
Moreton Rangers
Newent Town
Shortwood United
Southam United
Sporting Club Inkberrow
Stonehouse Town
Tytherington Rocks
2023–24 Division Two first XIs
Chalfont Wasps
Chinnor
Feckenham
Headington Amateurs
Letcombe
Taplow United
Woodstock Town
Seasons
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vte2007–08 in English football « 2006–07 2008–09 » National teams
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying (Group E)
Steve McClaren
Fabio Capello
LeaguecompetitionsLevel 1
Premier League
Levels 2–4
Football League (Championship, League One, League Two, play-offs)
Levels 5–6
Football Conference (Premier, North, South)
Levels 7–8
Isthmian League (Premier, North, South)
Northern Premier League (Premier, North, South)
Southern Football League (Premier, Midlands, South & West)
Levels 9–10
Combined Counties League (Premier, One)
Eastern Counties League (Premier, One)
Essex Senior League (level 9 only)
Hellenic League (Premier, One East, One West)
Kent League (level 9 only)
Midland Alliance (level 9 only)
Midland Football Combination (level 10 only)
North West Counties League (One, Two)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One)
Northern League (One, Two)
South West Peninsula League (level 10 only)
Spartan South Midlands League (Premier, One)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
Wessex League (Premier, One)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 10 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
CupcompetitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
Community Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
FA Vase (Final)
Football League cups
League Cup (Final)
Football League Trophy (Final)
Other
Portsmouth F.C. 7–4 Reading F.C.
Club seasonsPremierLeague
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers
Chelsea
Derby County
Everton
Fulham
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United
Portsmouth
Reading
Sunderland
Tottenham Hotspur
West Ham United
Wigan Athletic
Championship
Barnsley
Blackpool
Bristol City
Burnley
Cardiff City
Charlton Athletic
Colchester United
Coventry City
Crystal Palace
Hull City
Ipswich Town
Leicester City
Norwich City
Plymouth Argyle
Preston North End
Queens Park Rangers
Scunthorpe United
Sheffield United
Sheffield Wednesday
Southampton
Stoke City
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers
League One
Bournemouth
Brighton & Hove Albion
Bristol Rovers
Carlisle United
Cheltenham Town
Crewe Alexandra
Doncaster Rovers
Gillingham
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Tranmere Rovers
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League Two
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Morecambe
Notts County
Peterborough United
Rochdale
Rotherham United
Shrewsbury Town
Stockport County
Wrexham
Wycombe Wanderers
Non-League
Torquay United
York City
Summer 2007 transfers
Winter 2007–08 transfers
Summer 2008 transfers
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2007–08 Hellenic Football League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badshot Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshot_Lea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Flackwell Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flackwell_Heath_F.C."},{"link_name":"Isthmian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Isthmian_League#Division_One_North"},{"link_name":"Hook Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_Norton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lydney Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydney_Town_A.F.C."}],"text":"Football league seasonPremier Division featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with four new clubs:Badshot Lea, promoted from Division One East\nFlackwell Heath, relegated from the Isthmian League\nHook Norton, promoted from Division One West\nLydney Town, promoted from Division One West","title":"Premier Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fchd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fchd.info/lghist/hell2008.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_PEG0.26696375909586_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_WAL0.26696375909586_2-0"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:^ Pegasus Juniors were deducted three points.\n\n^ AFC Wallingford were deducted one point.","title":"Premier Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ascot United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Reading Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Thame United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame_United_F.C."}],"text":"Football league seasonDivision One East featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two clubs:Ascot United, joined from the Reading Football League\nThame United, relegated from the Premier Division","title":"Division One East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fchd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fchd.info/lghist/hell2008.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_BIN0.5774305358424_3-0"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:^ Binfield were deducted one point.","title":"Division One East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Headington Amateurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headington_Amateurs_F.C."},{"link_name":"Launton Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launton_Sports_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire Senior League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_Senior_League"},{"link_name":"Oxford City Nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_City_Nomads_F.C."}],"text":"Football league seasonDivision One West featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:Headington Amateurs, transferred from Division One East\nLaunton Sports, joined from the Oxfordshire Senior League\nOxford Quarry Nomads, transferred from Division One East and changed name to Oxford City Nomads","title":"Division One West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fchd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fchd.info/lghist/hell2008.htm"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.","title":"Division One West"}]
|
[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/lghist/hell2008.htm","external_links_name":"fchd"},{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/lghist/hell2008.htm","external_links_name":"fchd"},{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/lghist/hell2008.htm","external_links_name":"fchd"},{"Link":"http://www.hellenicleague.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Hellenic Football League"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Without_Women_(film)
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Men Without Women (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 References","5 External links"]
|
1930 film
Men Without WomenScene from the filmDirected byJohn FordScreenplay byDudley NicholsStory byJohn FordJames Kevin McGuinnessProduced byJohn FordStarringFrank AlbertsonCinematographyJoseph H. AugustEdited byWalter ThompsonMusic byCarli ElinorDistributed byFox Film CorporationRelease date
January 31, 1930 (1930-01-31)
Running time77 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Men Without Women is an American 1930 pre-Code drama film directed and written by John Ford, from the script by James Kevin McGuinness. The film also starred Kenneth MacKenna, Frank Albertson, and J. Farrell MacDonald. The sound version is now lost. Only a print of the "International Sound Version", held by the Museum of Modern Art, survives.
Plot
U.S. Navy divers race to save the crew of a foundered submarine as the sailors hopelessly prepare to die.
Cast
Kenneth MacKenna as Chief Torpedoman Burke
Frank Albertson as Ensign Albert Edward Price
J. Farrell MacDonald as Costello
Warren Hymer as Kaufman
Paul Page as Handsome
Walter McGrail as Joe Cobb
Stuart Erwin as Radioman Jenkins
George Le Guere as Curly Pollock
Charles K. Gerrard as Commander Weymouth
Harry Tenbrook as Dutch Winkler
Warner Richmond as Lieutenant Commander Briddwell
John Wayne Radioman on surface (uncredited)
Release
The film premiered on January 31, 1930, in New York City. The production was filmed on Santa Catalina Island, California, and was released by the Fox Film Corporation.
References
^ IMDB entry
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Men Without Women.
Men Without Women at IMDb
Plot summary
vteFilms by John FordSilent films
The Tornado (1917)
The Trail of Hate (1917)
The Scrapper (1917)
Cheyenne's Pal (1917)
The Soul Herder (1917)
Straight Shooting (1917)
The Secret Man (1917)
A Marked Man (1917)
Bucking Broadway (1917)
The Phantom Riders (1918)
Wild Women (1918)
Thieves' Gold (1918)
The Scarlet Drop (1918)
Hell Bent (1918)
A Woman's Fool (1918)
The Craving (1918)
Three Mounted Men (1918)
Roped (1919)
The Fighting Brothers (1919)
A Fight for Love (1919)
Rustlers (1919)
Bare Fists (1919)
Gun Law (1919)
By Indian Post (1919)
The Gun Packer (1919)
Riders of Vengeance (1919)
The Last Outlaw (1919)
The Outcasts of Poker Flat (1919)
Ace of the Saddle (1919)
Rider of the Law (1919)
A Gun Fightin' Gentleman (1919)
Marked Men (1919)
The Prince of Avenue A (1920)
The Girl in Number 29 (1920)
Hitchin' Posts (1920)
Just Pals (1920)
The Big Punch (1921)
The Freeze-Out (1921)
The Wallop (1921)
Desperate Trails (1921)
Action (1921)
Sure Fire (1921)
Jackie (1921)
Little Miss Smiles (1922)
Silver Wings (1922)
The Village Blacksmith (1922)
The Face on the Bar-Room Floor (1923)
Three Jumps Ahead (1923)
Cameo Kirby (1923)
North of Hudson Bay (1923)
Hoodman Blind (1923)
The Iron Horse (1924)
Hearts of Oak (1924)
Lightnin' (1925)
Kentucky Pride (1925)
Thank You (1925)
The Fighting Heart (1925)
The Shamrock Handicap (1926)
3 Bad Men (1926)
Upstream (1927)
Four Sons (1928)
Strong Boy (1929)
Sound films
The Black Watch (1929)
Men Without Women (1930)
Born Reckless (1930)
Up the River (1930)
Seas Beneath (1931)
The Brat (1931)
Arrowsmith (1931)
Air Mail (1932)
Flesh (1932)
Pilgrimage (1933)
Doctor Bull (1933)
The Lost Patrol (1934)
The World Moves On (1934)
Judge Priest (1934)
The Whole Town's Talking (1935)
The Informer (1935)
Steamboat Round the Bend (1935)
The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936)
Mary of Scotland (1936)
The Plough and the Stars (1936)
Wee Willie Winkie (1937)
The Hurricane (1937)
Four Men and a Prayer (1938)
Submarine Patrol (1938)
Stagecoach (1939)
Young Mr. Lincoln (1939)
Drums Along the Mohawk (1939)
The Grapes of Wrath (1940)
The Long Voyage Home (1940)
Tobacco Road (1941)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
They Were Expendable (1945)
My Darling Clementine (1946)
The Fugitive (1947)
Fort Apache (1948)
3 Godfathers (1948)
She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949)
When Willie Comes Marching Home (1950)
Wagon Master (1950)
Rio Grande (1950)
The Quiet Man (1952)
What Price Glory (1952)
The Sun Shines Bright (1953)
Mogambo (1953)
The Long Gray Line (1955)
Mister Roberts (co-d, 1955)
The Searchers (1956)
The Wings of Eagles (1957)
The Rising of the Moon (1957)
Gideon's Day (1958)
The Last Hurrah (1958)
The Horse Soldiers (1959)
Sergeant Rutledge (1960)
Two Rode Together (1961)
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962)
How the West Was Won (1962)
Donovan's Reef (1963)
Cheyenne Autumn (1964)
7 Women (1966)
Television
"Rookie of the Year" (1955)
"The Colter Craven Story" (1960)
"Flashing Spikes" (1962)
Productions
The Iron Horse (1924)
The Blue Eagle (1926)
Mother Machree (1928)
Hangman's House (1928)
Riley the Cop (1928)
Salute (1929)
Flesh (1932)
The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938)
Young Cassidy (1965)
Documentariesand training films
Torpedo Squadron (1942)
Sex Hygiene (1942)
The Battle of Midway (1942)
December 7th: The Movie (1943)
Undercover (1943)
This Is Korea (1951)
Korea: Battleground for Liberty (1959)
Chesty: A Tribute to a Legend (1970)
Vietnam! Vietnam! (1971) (produced and co-wrote)
Related
Directed by John Ford (1971 documentary)
Five Came Back (2017 documentary)
vteFilms by Dudley NicholsAs director
Government Girl (1944)
Sister Kenny (1946)
Mourning Becomes Electra (1947)
As writer
Men Without Women (1930)
Born Reckless (1930)
A Devil with Women (1930)
Seas Beneath (1931)
The Black Camel (1931)
Hush Money (1931)
She Wanted a Millionaire (1932)
Robbers' Roost (1932)
Pilgrimage (1933)
You Can't Buy Everything (1934)
The Lost Patrol (1934)
Judge Priest (1934)
The Informer (1935)
The Arizonian (1935)
The Crusades (1935)
Steamboat Round the Bend (1935)
The Three Musketeers (1935)
Mary of Scotland (1936)
The Plough and the Stars (1937)
The Toast of New York (1937)
The Hurricane (1937)
Bringing Up Baby (1938)
Carefree (1938)
Stagecoach (1939)
The Long Voyage Home (1940)
Man Hunt (1941)
Swamp Water (1941)
The Battle of Midway (1942)
Air Force (1943)
This Land Is Mine (1943)
Bataan (1943)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)
It Happened Tomorrow (1944)
And Then There Were None (1945)
The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)
Scarlet Street (1945)
The Fugitive (1947)
Pinky (1949)
Return of the Texan (1952)
The Big Sky (1952)
Prince Valiant (1954)
Run for the Sun (1956)
The Tin Star (1957)
The Hangman (1959)
Heller in Pink Tights (1960)
Escape from Zahrain (1962)
This article about a war drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021140/","external_links_name":"IMDB entry"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021140/","external_links_name":"Men Without Women"},{"Link":"http://www.san.beck.org/MM/1930/MenWithoutWomen.html","external_links_name":"Plot summary"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men_Without_Women_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollur_mandal
|
Kollur mandal
|
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Administration","3.1 Politics","3.2 Settlements","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 16°11′05″N 80°47′46″E / 16.18472°N 80.79611°E / 16.18472; 80.79611
For other uses, see Kollur, Guntur district.
Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaKollur mandalMandalInteractive map outlining mandalKollur mandalLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCoordinates: 16°11′05″N 80°47′46″E / 16.18472°N 80.79611°E / 16.18472; 80.79611CountryIndiaStateAndhra PradeshDistrictBapatlaHeadquartersKollurGovernment • BodyMandal Parishad • TahsildarP.John peterArea • Total108.14 km2 (41.75 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total55,323 • Density510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Languages • OfficialTeluguTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Kollur mandal is one of the 25 mandals in Bapatla district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Repalle revenue division and the headquarters are located at Kollur.
Geography
The mandal is situated on the banks of Krishna River, bounded by Vemuru, Bhattiprolu and Kollipara mandals.
Demographics
As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 55,323. The total population constitute, 27,709 males and 27,614 females —a sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males. 4,876 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,509 are boys and 2,367 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 69.31% with 34,967 literates. Kollur is the most populated and Boddulurupadu is the least populated villages in the mandal.
Places adjacent to Kollur mandal
Kollipara mandal
Kollipara mandal
River Krishna
Vemuru mandal
Kollur mandal
River Krishna
Vemuru mandal Bhattiprolu mandal
Bhattiprolu mandal
Vemuru mandal
Administration
The present tahsildar is A.Seshagiri Rao. The mandal also forms a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, under the jurisdiction of APCRDA.
Politics
Kollur mandal is one of the 5 mandals under Vemuru (SC) (Assembly constituency), which in turn represents Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency) of Andhra Pradesh.
Settlements
As of 2011 census, the mandal has 12 revenue villages, 24 gram panchayats and no towns.
The settlements in the mandal are listed below:
Ananthavaram
Boddulurupadu
Chilumuru
Chinapulivarru
Donepudi
Gajullanka
Guruvindapalle
Ipur
Kollur
Pedalanka
Potharlanka
Ravikampadu
Krapa
Avulavari palem
Kishkindapalem
Tadikilapudi
Juvvalapalem
Sugguna Lanka
See also
List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh
List of villages in Guntur district
References
^ a b "District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B)" (PDF). Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh. 2011. pp. 14, 468. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
^ a b "Census 2011". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
^ a b "District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A)" (PDF). Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh. 2011. pp. 5, 770–771. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014" (PDF). Guntur District Official Website. National Informatics Centre. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
^ "District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" (pdf). Election Commission of India. pp. 22, 31. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ "Hand Book of Statistics 2013 Guntur District" (PDF). pp. ix. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
vteBapatla districtDistrict headquarters
Bapatla
Revenue divisions
Bapatla
Chirala
Repalle
Mandals
Addanki
Amruthalur
Bapatla
Ballikurava
Bhattiprolu
Cherukupalle
Chinaganjam
Chirala
Inkollu
J.Panguluru
Karlapalem
Karamchedu
Kolluru
Korisapadu
Martur
Nagaram
Nizampatnam
Parchur
Pittalavanipalem
Repalle
Santhamaguluru
Tsundur
Vemuru
Vetapalem
Yeddanapudi
Cities
Chirala
Towns
Addanki
Bapatla
Parchur
Repalle
Santhamaguluru
Census townsNoneLok Sabha constituencies
Bapatla
Assembly constituencies
Addanki
Bapatla
Chirala
Parchur
Repalle
Vemuru
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kollur, Guntur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollur,_Guntur_district"},{"link_name":"mandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandal"},{"link_name":"Bapatla district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapatla_district"},{"link_name":"Indian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Kollur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollur,_Guntur_district"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Kollur, Guntur district.Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaKollur mandal is one of the 25 mandals in Bapatla district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Repalle revenue division and the headquarters are located at Kollur.[3]","title":"Kollur mandal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Vemuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemuru"},{"link_name":"Bhattiprolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhattiprolu"},{"link_name":"Kollipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollipara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-3"}],"text":"The mandal is situated on the banks of Krishna River, bounded by Vemuru, Bhattiprolu and Kollipara mandals.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollur_mandal&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-population-2"},{"link_name":"Kollur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollur,_Guntur_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-1"},{"link_name":"Kollipara mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollipara_mandal"},{"link_name":"Kollipara mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollipara_mandal"},{"link_name":"River Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Vemuru mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemuru_mandal"},{"link_name":"River Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Vemuru mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemuru_mandal"},{"link_name":"Bhattiprolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhattiprolu"},{"link_name":"Bhattiprolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhattiprolu"},{"link_name":"Vemuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemuru"}],"text":"As of 2011[update] census, the mandal had a population of 55,323. The total population constitute, 27,709 males and 27,614 females —a sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males. 4,876 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,509 are boys and 2,367 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 69.31% with 34,967 literates.[2] Kollur is the most populated and Boddulurupadu is the least populated villages in the mandal.[1]Places adjacent to Kollur mandal\nKollipara mandal\nKollipara mandal\nRiver Krishna\n\n\n\n\n\nVemuru mandal\n\nKollur mandal\n\nRiver Krishna\n\n\n\n\n\nVemuru mandal Bhattiprolu mandal\nBhattiprolu mandal\nVemuru mandal","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tahsildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahsildar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandal"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"APCRDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Capital_Region_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The present tahsildar is A.Seshagiri Rao.[4] The mandal also forms a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, under the jurisdiction of APCRDA.[5]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5 mandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly#Guntur_district"},{"link_name":"Vemuru (SC) (Assembly constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemuru_(SC)_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapatla_(SC)_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Kollur mandal is one of the 5 mandals under Vemuru (SC) (Assembly constituency), which in turn represents Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency) of Andhra Pradesh.[6]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollur_mandal&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-7"},{"link_name":"Chinapulivarru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinapulivarru"},{"link_name":"Ipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipur,_Guntur_district"},{"link_name":"Kollur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollur,_Guntur_district"},{"link_name":"Ravikampadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravikampadu"},{"link_name":"Krapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krapa,_Guntur_district&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avulavari palem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avulavari_palem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kishkindapalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishkindapalem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tadikilapudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadikilapudi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Settlements","text":"As of 2011[update] census, the mandal has 12 revenue villages, 24 gram panchayats and no towns.[7]The settlements in the mandal are listed below:Ananthavaram\nBoddulurupadu\nChilumuru\nChinapulivarru\nDonepudi\nGajullanka\nGuruvindapalle\nIpur\nKollur\nPedalanka\nPotharlanka\nRavikampadu\nKrapa\nAvulavari palem\nKishkindapalem\nTadikilapudi\nJuvvalapalem\nSugguna Lanka","title":"Administration"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mandals_in_Andhra_Pradesh"},{"title":"List of villages in Guntur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Guntur_district"}]
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[{"reference":"\"District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B)\" (PDF). Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh. 2011. pp. 14, 468. Retrieved 1 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India","url_text":"Census of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2011\". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629381","url_text":"\"Census 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A)\" (PDF). Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh. 2011. pp. 5, 770–771. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A)\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014\" (PDF). Guntur District Official Website. National Informatics Centre. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016202326/http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014\""},{"url":"http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts\" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF","url_text":"\"District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts\""},{"url":"http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\" (pdf). Election Commission of India. pp. 22, 31. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hand Book of Statistics 2013 Guntur District\" (PDF). pp. ix. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/social/Guntur%20District%20DHB%20-%202013.pdf","url_text":"\"Hand Book of Statistics 2013 Guntur District\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollur_mandal¶ms=16_11_05_N_80_47_46_E_type:city(55323)_region:IN-AP","external_links_name":"16°11′05″N 80°47′46″E / 16.18472°N 80.79611°E / 16.18472; 80.79611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollur_mandal¶ms=16_11_05_N_80_47_46_E_type:city(55323)_region:IN-AP","external_links_name":"16°11′05″N 80°47′46″E / 16.18472°N 80.79611°E / 16.18472; 80.79611"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollur_mandal&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollur_mandal&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B)\""},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629381","external_links_name":"\"Census 2011\""},{"Link":"http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016202326/http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf","external_links_name":"\"List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014\""},{"Link":"http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF","external_links_name":"\"District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts\""},{"Link":"http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/social/Guntur%20District%20DHB%20-%202013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hand Book of Statistics 2013 Guntur District\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredig_ap_Gwallog
|
Ceretic of Elmet
|
["1 References"]
|
7th-century king in sub-Roman Britain
Ceretic of Elmet (or Ceredig ap Gwallog) was the last king of Elmet, a Britonnic kingdom that existed in the West Yorkshire area of Northern England in sub-Roman Britain.
Bede records that Hilda of Whitby (born 614), a member of the Deiran royal family, was taken to the court of King Ceretic, after fleeing from the Northumbrian usurper, Æthelfrith of Bernicia. Bede describes Ceretic as "King of the Britons", perhaps meaning just the Britons of that area. When Edwin of Deira returned to power in 617, Ceretic was expelled, supposedly due to complicity in the poisoning of Hilda's father, and his kingdom was annexed to the Kingdom of Northumbria. He is probably the Ceretic whose death is recorded in the Annales Cambriae in 616 (which should be corrected to 617 or soon afterwards). He is generally thought to be identical to Ceredig ap Gwallog, a 'Man of the North', whose father, Gwallog ap Lleenog, is associated with Elmet by the poet, Taliesin.
References
^ J. Morris (ed.), Nennius, British History, and the Welsh Annals (Phillimore, 1980), p. 86: 616 an: Ceretic obiit.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmet"},{"link_name":"Britonnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"sub-Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Hilda of Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby"},{"link_name":"Deiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira"},{"link_name":"Æthelfrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"King of the Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Britons"},{"link_name":"Edwin of Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Annales Cambriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Cambriae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Man of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Ogledd"},{"link_name":"Gwallog ap Lleenog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwallog_ap_Lleenog"},{"link_name":"Taliesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin"}],"text":"Ceretic of Elmet (or Ceredig ap Gwallog) was the last king of Elmet, a Britonnic kingdom that existed in the West Yorkshire area of Northern England in sub-Roman Britain.Bede records that Hilda of Whitby (born 614), a member of the Deiran royal family, was taken to the court of King Ceretic, after fleeing from the Northumbrian usurper, Æthelfrith of Bernicia. Bede describes Ceretic as \"King of the Britons\", perhaps meaning just the Britons of that area. When Edwin of Deira returned to power in 617, Ceretic was expelled, supposedly due to complicity in the poisoning of Hilda's father, and his kingdom was annexed to the Kingdom of Northumbria. He is probably the Ceretic whose death is recorded in the Annales Cambriae in 616 (which should be corrected to 617 or soon afterwards).[1] He is generally thought to be identical to Ceredig ap Gwallog, a 'Man of the North', whose father, Gwallog ap Lleenog, is associated with Elmet by the poet, Taliesin.","title":"Ceretic of Elmet"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-resveratrol-4%27-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside
|
Resveratroloside
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Resveratroloside
Names
IUPAC name
4-phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside
Systematic IUPAC name
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{4-phenoxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Other names
trans-Resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(E)-Resveratroloside; 3,5,4'-Trihydroxystilbene-4'-glucoside
Identifiers
CAS Number
38963-95-050450-48-1 (non-specific) Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
4479669
PubChem CID
5322089
UNII
7DBS6RKM2S Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID60415792
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H22O8/c21-10-16-17(24)18(25)19(26)20(28-16)27-15-5-3-11(4-6-15)1-2-12-7-13(22)9-14(23)8-12/h1-9,16-26H,10H2/b2-1+/t16-,17-,18+,19-,20-/m1/s1Key: RUOKEYJFAJITAG-CUYWLFDKSA-NInChI=1/C20H22O8/c21-10-16-17(24)18(25)19(26)20(28-16)27-15-5-3-11(4-6-15)1-2-12-7-13(22)9-14(23)8-12/h1-9,16-26H,10H2/b2-1+/t16-,17-,18+,19-,20-/m1/s1Key: RUOKEYJFAJITAG-CUYWLFDKBI
SMILES
C1=CC(=CC=C1/C=C/C2=CC(=CC(=C2)O)O)O3((((O3)CO)O)O)O
Properties
Chemical formula
C20H22O8
Molar mass
390.388 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Resveratroloside is a stilbenoid glucoside. It can be found in Paeonia lactiflora.
References
^ Kim, H. J.; Chang, E. J.; Cho, S. H.; Chung, S. K.; Park, H. D.; Choi, S. W. (2002). "Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 66 (9): 1990–1993. doi:10.1271/bbb.66.1990. PMID 12400706. S2CID 24367582.
External links
Resveratroloside at kanaya.naist.jp
vteHydroxystilbenes and their glycosides (monomeric forms)Dihydroxylated
Pinosylvin
3,4′-Dihydroxystilbene
Trihydroxylated
Resveratrol
Tetrahydroxylated
Oxyresveratrol
Piceatannol
O-methylated
4-Methoxyresveratrol
Gnetucleistol D (2-methoxyoxyresveratrol)
Gnetucleistol E (3-methoxy-isorhapontigenin)
Isorhapontigenin (3,4',5-trihydroxy-3'-methoxystilbene)
Pinostilbene (3-methoxyresveratrol)
Pterostilbene (3',5'-dimethoxyresveratrol)
Rhapontigenin (piceatannol 4'-methyl ether)
Combretastatins
Combretastatin A-1
Combretastatin A-4
carboxylated
Hydrangeic acid
other acylations
3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene
Glycosides
Astringin (Piceatannol 3-O-glucoside)
Isorhapontin (Isorhapontigenin glucoside)
Mulberroside A (Oxyresveratrol diglucoside)
of resveratrol
Piceid (trans-Resveratrol-3-O-glucoside)
trans-Resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide
Resveratroloside (trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside)
of rhapontigenin
Rhapontigenin 3-O-rutinoside
4'-Methoxy-(E)-resveratrol 3-O-rutinoside
Rhaponticin (Rhapontigenin glucoside)
Oligomeric formsoligostilbenoids
This article about an aromatic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stilbenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilbenoid"},{"link_name":"glucoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucoside"},{"link_name":"Paeonia lactiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonia_lactiflora"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundResveratroloside is a stilbenoid glucoside. It can be found in Paeonia lactiflora.[1]","title":"Resveratroloside"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kim, H. J.; Chang, E. J.; Cho, S. H.; Chung, S. K.; Park, H. D.; Choi, S. W. (2002). \"Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora\". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 66 (9): 1990–1993. doi:10.1271/bbb.66.1990. PMID 12400706. S2CID 24367582.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.66.1990","url_text":"\"Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.66.1990","url_text":"10.1271/bbb.66.1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12400706","url_text":"12400706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24367582","url_text":"24367582"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=38963-95-0","external_links_name":"38963-95-0"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50450-48-1","external_links_name":"50450-48-1"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DCC%28%3DCC%3DC1%2FC%3DC%2FC2%3DCC%28%3DCC%28%3DC2%29O%29O%29O%5BC%40H%5D3%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28O3%29CO%29O%29O%29O","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4479669.html","external_links_name":"4479669"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5322089","external_links_name":"5322089"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/7DBS6RKM2S","external_links_name":"7DBS6RKM2S"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID60415792","external_links_name":"DTXSID60415792"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.66.1990","external_links_name":"\"Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.66.1990","external_links_name":"10.1271/bbb.66.1990"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12400706","external_links_name":"12400706"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24367582","external_links_name":"24367582"},{"Link":"http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?word=C00015300","external_links_name":"Resveratroloside at kanaya.naist.jp"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resveratroloside&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Lithuania)
|
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania)
|
["1 History","2 Activities","3 Ministers","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
|
Ministry of Foreign AffairsMinistry overviewFormed11 November 1918; 105 years ago (1918-11-11)JurisdictionGovernment of LithuaniaHeadquartersJ. Tumo-Vaižganto 2, Naujamiestis,01511 VilniusEmployees1,083 permanent employees(January 2021)Annual budget€0.093 billion (2021)Minister responsibleGabrielius Landsbergis, 19th Minister for Foreign Affairs of LithuaniaWebsiteurm.ltMap54°41′25.8″N 25°16′11″E / 54.690500°N 25.26972°E / 54.690500; 25.26972
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija) is a governmental body of the Republic of Lithuania that shapes the national policy, and organises, coordinates, and controls its enforcement in the following areas: foreign affairs and security policy: international relations, economic security, foreign trade, protection of the rights and interests of the Republic of Lithuania and its persons and entities abroad; coordination of European Union membership; representing the Republic of Lithuania abroad diplomatic and consular relations, diplomatic service, Lithuanian national and diplomatic protocol, international relations; the policy of cooperation of the Republic of Lithuania; strengthening of expat connections with Lithuania.
History
Seal of the interwar Republic ministry
Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Baltic States. Tallinn, December 1937. Center: Estonian Minister Friedrich Akel. On the left: Lithuanian Minister Juozas Urbšys. Right: Latvian Minister Vilhelms Munters.
Ministers of the Baltic States – Edgars Rinkēvičs, Marina Kaljurand, Linas Linkevičius – meet the US Secretary of State John Kerry in 2016.
The first cabinet of ministers of the Republic of Lithuania was appointed on 11 November 1918 and the foreign affairs minister position was initially assumed by the Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras. Augustinas Voldemaras served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in subsequent cabinets under different prime ministers until 18 January 2022, when he was replaced by Juozas Purickis.
Activities
The head of the Ministry is the foreign minister. The current head of the Ministry is Gabrielius Landsbergis. He is appointed and revoked by the President of the Republic of Lithuania by motion from the Prime Minister. The foreign minister is subordinate to the Parliament, the President, and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Lithuania. The foreign minister supervises the Ministry, deals with matters that lay within its sphere of competence, signs international agreements, ensures the enforcement of regulations the Ministry is tasked to oversee, files bills, ensures the execution of orders from the Government and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Lithuania, approves Strategic Planning Methodology, issues annual reports, coordinates and controls the work of administrational departments of the Ministry, as well as the activities of diplomatic missions, consular establishments and offices of the Republic of Lithuania to international organizations, file motions to the President of the Republic of Lithuania to award the diplomatic ranks of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Republic of Lithuania, envoy extraordinary of the Republic of Lithuania, and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Lithuania, and to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, to appoint or recall diplomatic representatives (ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary), defines the areas of activity for vice-ministers, and areas of cooperation for the Ministry chancellor.
In his work, the minister is advised by officers of political trust – vice-ministers. The Ministry may not have more than four of them. They organise and control execution of orders, the drafting and approval of draft regulations, and represent the minister by assignment, presenting the minister's political attitudes and decisions to the public.
The analysis, planning, formation, coordination, and enforcement of Lithuania's foreign policy is done by the political director of the Foreign Ministry. The director's functions include high-level representation of Lithuania abroad. The political director is involved in the activities of the Ministry's management, cooperates with the Ministry's administrative departments, domestic and foreign institutions, bodies, and individual partners. The director also supervises the formation, enforcement, and development of the security policy and cooperation with foreign countries, regions, and international organizations, the strengthening of the Eastern neighborhood policy, human rights and democracy, European policy, trans-Atlantic and developmental cooperation, and support of democracy.
The head of the Ministry's administration is the chancellor. The chancellor coordinates and controls the activities of the Ministry's administrative departments, ensures that financial and intellectual resources, assets and information are used optimally to achieve the Ministry's strategic operating goals and objectives.
The foreign minister has an advisory institution, the so-called board.
Ministers
Democratic Labour Party
Homeland Union
New Union
Social Democratic Party
Independent
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Term
Minister
Party
Cabinet
Office
Start date
End date
Time in office
1
Algirdas Saudargas (born 1948)
Homeland Union
Prunskienė
17 January 1990
10 January 1991
358 days
2
Algirdas Saudargas (born 1948)
Homeland Union
Šimėnas
10 January 1991
13 January 1991
3 days
3
Algirdas Saudargas (born 1948)
Homeland Union
Vagnorius
13 January 1991
21 July 1992
1 year, 190 days
4
Algirdas Saudargas (born 1948)
Homeland Union
Abišala
21 July 1992
17 December 1992
149 days
5
Povilas Gylys (born 1948)
Democratic Labour Party
Lubys
17 December 1992
31 March 1993
104 days
6
Povilas Gylys (born 1948)
Democratic Labour Party
Šleževičius
31 March 1993
19 March 1996
2 years, 354 days
7
Povilas Gylys (born 1948)
Democratic Labour Party
Stankevičius
19 March 1996
10 December 1996
266 days
8
Algirdas Saudargas (born 1948)
Homeland Union
Vagnorius
10 December 1996
10 June 1999
2 years, 182 days
9
Algirdas Saudargas (born 1948)
Homeland Union
Paksas
10 June 1999
11 November 1999
154 days
10
Algirdas Saudargas (born 1948)
Homeland Union
Kubilius
11 November 1999
9 November 2000
365 days
11
Antanas Valionis (born 1950)
New Union
Paksas
9 November 2000
12 July 2001
245 days
12
Antanas Valionis (born 1950)
New Union
Brazauskas
12 July 2001
14 December 2004
3 years, 155 days
13
Antanas Valionis (born 1950)
New Union
Brazauskas
14 December 2004
18 July 2006
1 year, 216 days
14
Petras Vaitiekūnas (born 1953)
Independent
Kirkilas
18 July 2006
9 December 2008
2 years, 144 days
15
Vygaudas Ušackas (born 1962)
Independent
Kubilius
9 December 2008
26 January 2010
1 year, 48 days
16
Audronius Ažubalis (born 1958)
Homeland Union
29 January 2010
13 December 2012
2 years, 319 days
17
Linas Antanas Linkevičius (born 1961)
Social Democratic Party
Butkevičius
13 December 2012
13 December 2016
4 years, 0 days
18
Linas Antanas Linkevičius (born 1961)
Social Democratic Party
Skvernelis
13 December 2016
11 December 2020
3 years, 364 days
Independent
19
Gabrielius Landsbergis (born 1982)
Homeland Union
Šimonytė
11 December 2020
Incumbent
3 years, 187 days
References
^ a b "Kaip gimė pirmoji Lietuvos Vyriausybė" . Kauno Diena (in Lithuanian). 11 November 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^ Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija employees (insured) on January 2nd, 2021
^ Lithuanian budget for 2021
^ "1155 Dėl Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerijos nuostatų patvirtinimo". www.e-tar.lt. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
^ Lithuania's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2006 (PDF). constituteproject.org. 2017.
^ "LR Vyriausybės nutarimas dėl Lietuvos Respublikos Užsienio reikalų ministerijos nuostatų patvirtinimo".
^ "Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerijos schematinė struktūra" (PDF).
Sources
Lietuvos Respublikos Užsienio reikalų ministrai 1918-1940. Retrieved on 2008-08-10
Lietuvos Respublikos Užsienio reikalų ministrai 1990 - 2006. Retrieved on 2008-08-10
External links
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Lithuania
Diplomatinis Kaunas
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Authority control databases International
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|
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Tallinn, December 1937. Center: Estonian Minister Friedrich Akel. On the left: Lithuanian Minister Juozas Urbšys. Right: Latvian Minister Vilhelms Munters.Ministers of the Baltic States – Edgars Rinkēvičs, Marina Kaljurand, Linas Linkevičius – meet the US Secretary of State John Kerry in 2016.The first cabinet of ministers of the Republic of Lithuania was appointed on 11 November 1918 and the foreign affairs minister position was initially assumed by the Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras.[1] Augustinas Voldemaras served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in subsequent cabinets under different prime ministers until 18 January 2022, when he was replaced by Juozas Purickis.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabrielius Landsbergis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielius_Landsbergis"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The head of the Ministry is the foreign minister. The current head of the Ministry is Gabrielius Landsbergis. He is appointed and revoked by the President of the Republic of Lithuania by motion from the Prime Minister.[5] The foreign minister is subordinate to the Parliament, the President, and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Lithuania. The foreign minister supervises the Ministry, deals with matters that lay within its sphere of competence, signs international agreements, ensures the enforcement of regulations the Ministry is tasked to oversee, files bills, ensures the execution of orders from the Government and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Lithuania, approves Strategic Planning Methodology, issues annual reports, coordinates and controls the work of administrational departments of the Ministry, as well as the activities of diplomatic missions, consular establishments and offices of the Republic of Lithuania to international organizations, file motions to the President of the Republic of Lithuania to award the diplomatic ranks of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Republic of Lithuania, envoy extraordinary of the Republic of Lithuania, and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Lithuania, and to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, to appoint or recall diplomatic representatives (ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary), defines the areas of activity for vice-ministers, and areas of cooperation for the Ministry chancellor.[6]In his work, the minister is advised by officers of political trust – vice-ministers. The Ministry may not have more than four of them. They organise and control execution of orders, the drafting and approval of draft regulations, and represent the minister by assignment, presenting the minister's political attitudes and decisions to the public.The analysis, planning, formation, coordination, and enforcement of Lithuania's foreign policy is done by the political director of the Foreign Ministry. The director's functions include high-level representation of Lithuania abroad. The political director is involved in the activities of the Ministry's management, cooperates with the Ministry's administrative departments, domestic and foreign institutions, bodies, and individual partners. The director also supervises the formation, enforcement, and development of the security policy and cooperation with foreign countries, regions, and international organizations, the strengthening of the Eastern neighborhood policy, human rights and democracy, European policy, trans-Atlantic and developmental cooperation, and support of democracy.The head of the Ministry's administration is the chancellor. The chancellor coordinates and controls the activities of the Ministry's administrative departments, ensures that financial and intellectual resources, assets and information are used optimally to achieve the Ministry's strategic operating goals and objectives.The foreign minister has an advisory institution, the so-called board.[7]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Homeland Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Union"},{"link_name":"New Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Union_(Social_Liberals)"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"}],"text":"Democratic Labour Party\n Homeland Union\n New Union\n Social Democratic Party\n Independent","title":"Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lietuvos Respublikos Užsienio reikalų ministrai 1918-1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.urm.lt/index.php?-693418456"},{"link_name":"Lietuvos Respublikos Užsienio reikalų ministrai 1990 - 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.urm.lt/index.php?-902253339"}],"text":"Lietuvos Respublikos Užsienio reikalų ministrai 1918-1940. Retrieved on 2008-08-10\nLietuvos Respublikos Užsienio reikalų ministrai 1990 - 2006. Retrieved on 2008-08-10","title":"Sources"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(Little_Mix_song)
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Power (Little Mix song)
|
["1 Background and release","2 Production and composition","3 Reception","4 Music video","5 Commercial performance","5.1 Year-end lists","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Awards","9 In popular culture","10 Release history","11 References","12 External links"]
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2017 song by Little Mix
"Power"Single by Little Mix featuring Stormzyfrom the album Glory Days Released26 May 2017 (2017-05-26)GenreElectropopindustrial popLength4:02LabelSycoSongwriter(s)Dan OmelioCamille PurcellJames AbrahartMichael Omari (add.)Producer(s)ElectricJoe KearnsMatt RadSteve JamesLittle Mix singles chronology
"No More Sad Songs" (2017)
"Power" (2017)
"Reggaetón Lento (Remix)" (2017)
Stormzy singles chronology
"All Time Low (Remix)"(2017)
"Power"(2017)
"Cigarettes & Cush"(2017)
Music video"Power" on YouTube
"Power" is a song released by British girl group Little Mix, featuring British rapper Stormzy. It was released as the fourth and final single from Little Mix's fourth studio album Glory Days. The remix version appears on Glory Days: The Platinum Edition, the reissue of Glory Days.
Cited as a "girl power and gay anthem", "Power" lyrically addresses sexism and female supremacy. The music video, which features drag queens, holds a political message in reference of marches being held for "gender equality" and protests. The song was commercially successful, peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the group's eleventh top ten single there. In 2018, the song was chosen by WWE as the official theme song for their first ever women's Royal Rumble. In July 2022, the song received renewed attention after going viral on the video-sharing social platform TikTok.
Background and release
Little Mix announced on May 19, 2017, through their social media pages that "Power" would be released as the fourth single after becoming a fan favourite. The group also teased a remix version for the track, which features guest vocals from British grime rapper Stormzy. On May 26, 2017, the song was released onto all streaming platforms, while the cover art for the single was unveiled a few days prior and was created by a fan.
Production and composition
"Power" is primarily a electropop and industrial pop track. The group worked with producers Electric, Joe Kear, Matt Rad and Steve James including songwriters Dan Omelio, Camille Purcell, James Abrahart, and Michael Omari who is credited as a songwriter on the remix version for "Power".
Reception
The track was generally well received, with TimeOut magazine calling the song "brilliant", despite being "OTT" (over the top), but some fans did criticize the decision to feature a male rapper on a song about female empowerment. Attitude included the song #4 on their list of 32 greatest Little Mix singles of all time writing "Power has always a standout single on Glory Days. Although it seemed to invoke a marmite reaction from some fans when released, it is now become a fan favourite, especially with Little Mix's huge gay following."
Music video
The music video was released on 9 June 2017 and was directed by Hannah Lux Davis, and filmed in Los Angeles. It features each member of Little Mix as the leader of their own faction of women. Jesy Nelson leads a group of leather-clad bikers, Leigh-Anne Pinnock leads a fashion-forward street crew, Perrie Edwards leads a group of hippies who were a big part of the 1960s-70s American feminist movement, and Jade Thirlwall leads a troupe of drag queens with representation of LGBTQA+ scenes. In the end, each faction comes together in a show of feminine power reminiscent of the Women's March.
Gabe Bergado for Teen Vogue wrote:"There's definitely a lot of empowering and political messages throughout the video — just the imagery of the march is reminiscent of the many protests and marches throughout the past couple of months championing gender equality and the rights of disenfranchised people. On top of that, people are literally holding up signs that say "LOVE" and "girl power" and one marcher with a rainbow flag.The music video, also features a cameo from famous drag queens Courtney Act, Alaska Thunderfuck and Willam, also known as The AAA Girls. Towards the end of the video it features a cameo from Little Mix's mothers, who appear at the end of the video to march with them. Stormzy's scenes, which were filmed separately from the rest of the video, feature him in a barbershop having his hair cut.
Commercial performance
On May 26, 2017 "Power" debuted at number twenty seven on the UK Singles Chart becoming the group's seventh top forty hit in the United Kingdom. It later reached a new peak of number six, becoming the group's eleventh top ten single there. As of 2021, it ranks as the group's fourth biggest song in the UK.
The single reached number 2 in Scotland and number 7 in New Zealand. It would then go on to peak inside the top twenty in Ireland and Belgium and crack the top 40 in Latvia. It also charted in Romania.
Year-end lists
Power on year-end lists
Critic/Publication
List
Rank
Ref.
Official Charts
Biggest Summer Songs of 2017
9
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Power"
Chart (2017)
Peak position
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
20
Euro Digital Songs (Billboard)
11
France Digital Song Sales (SNEP)
62
Ireland (IRMA)
17
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)
31
New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)
7
Romania (Airplay 100)
100
Scotland (OCC)
2
UK Singles (OCC)
6
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for "Power"
Chart (2017)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
33
Certifications
Certifications for "Power"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
2× Platinum
120,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
45,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)
Gold
25,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
3× Platinum
1,800,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2017
"Power" (featuring Stormzy)
Pop Song of the Year
Won
2018
"Power" (featuring Stormzy)
Best Song
Won
In popular culture
Since its release, "Power" has been regarded as a girl power and gay anthem. In 2018, it was selected as the official theme song for WWE's first ever Women's Royal Rumble. The solo version was featured as a lip-sync song on the fifth episode of the first series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK, where Little Mix member Jade Thirlwall was a guest judge. In 2022, the song was used in the official trailer for RuPaul's Drag Race: UK vs. the World.
The song has been covered by various artists, for an example, South Korean singer Ryujin who's a member of the girl group Itzy, discussed how during their evaluations as trainees "Power" was often one of the songs they covered. In 2019, the song was used in a dance cover for a TV Series in South Korea called Queendom, and showcases a dance unit that was formed of Moonbyul from Mamamoo, Kim Chanmi from AOA, Jung Yein from Lovelyz, Yooa from Oh My Girl, Soojin from (G)I-dle, and Eunji from Brave Girls. In 2021 Kpop girl group Hot Issue, covered the song for 1theK Originals. In 2022, the song was covered and performed on a South Korean reality competition called My Teenage Girl.
Release history
List of regions, release dates, showing formats, label and references
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label
Ref.
Various
26 May 2017
Digital downloadstreaming
Syco
References
^ a b Levine, Nick (10 November 2016). "Little Mix – 'Glory Days' album review". TimeOut. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Copsey, Rob (19 May 2017). "Little Mix confirm Power as the fourth single from their Glory Days album: 'You spoke and we listened!'". Official Charts. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ "Little Mix Confirm Their Next Collab Is With Stormzy & The Song Already Sounds Amazing - Capital". 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
^ Corner, Lewis (19 May 2017). "Little Mix have announced their brand new single – and they've teamed up with a huge rapper". Gay Times. United Kingdom. Millivres Prowler Group Ltd. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ "Little Mix Confirm Their Next Collab Is With Stormzy & The Song Already Sounds Amazing". Capital. United Kingdom: Global. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ "Little Mix's Power music video is full of feminism". United By Pop. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
^ "Little Mix's Empowering New Music Video Features Their MOMS". Teen Vogue. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
^ WWE (27 December 2017). "Don't miss the historic 30th anniversary of @WWE #RoyalRumble LIVE Sunday, January 28 at 7e/4p only on @WWENetwork! https://t.co/IagbQhS5x4" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Twitter.
^ "Little Mix's Leigh-Anne Pinnock teases 'exciting' solo plans". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
^ Devaney, Sylvie (26 May 2017). "Listen to Little Mix's new single 'Power', featuring Stormzy". NME. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ "OMG! Little Mix just launched a teen's ENTIRE CAREER". Heat. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ "Little Mix album - 'Glory Days' review - Time Out". Time Out London. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ Lee, Ben (19 May 2017). "Little Mix criticised for Stormzy 'Power' collaboration". Digital Spy. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "All 32 of Little Mix's singles ranked in order of greatness". Attitude.co.uk. 12 November 2021. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
^ a b Williams, Jazmin (12 June 2017). "Little Mix's Power music video is full of feminism". United By Pop. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ "Little Mix Promote Girl 'Power' in New Video With Stormzy, Their Moms & Drag Stars". Billboard. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Little Mix's Empowering New Music Video Features Their MOMS". Teen Vogue. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ "Little Mix's 'Power' Music Video Set To Feature RuPaul's Drag Race Stars | MTV UK". MTV UK. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ Roth, Madeline (9 June 2017). "Little Mix's Badass 'Power' Video Has Their Moms, Stormzy, And RuPaul's Drag Race Queens". MTV News. MTV.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "Little Mix - 'Power'". Capital. Global. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "Despacito is now the longest reigning foreign language Number 1 in UK chart history". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
^ "Grenfell Tower single enters at Number 1 less than 48 hours after release". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
^ "Little Mix's Official Top 20 songs revealed". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
^ "The Official New Zealand Music Chart". THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
^ "IRMA - Irish Charts". www.irma.ie. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Little Mix feat. Stormzy - Power". ultratop.be. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ a b "Latvijas Top 40". Latvijas Radio. 12 August 2017. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
^ "The UK's Official Songs of the Summer 2017". Official Charts. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ "Little Mix feat. Stormzy – Power" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
^ "Billboard Euro Digital Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ "Power".
^ "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ "Airplay 100 – 13 august 2017". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^ Copsey, Rob (3 January 2018). "The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ "Brazilian single certifications – Little Mix feat. Stormzy – Power" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
^ "Danish single certifications – Little Mix feat. Stormzy – Power". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ "OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 3 April 2024. Click "TYTUŁ" and enter Power in the search box.
^ "British single certifications – Little Mix – Power". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
^ "Beano Awards 2017 votes". Beano. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ "The Global Awards 2018". Global Awards. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ "Little Mix's Power video ft. Stormzy is here & it's a girl power delight". Glamour UK. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ Semple, Ross; jane (9 June 2017). "Little Mix hang with drag queens and salute girl power in sickening 'Power' video". Attitude. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ Stutz, Colin (10 June 2017). "Little Mix Promote Girl 'Power' in New Video With Stormzy, Their Moms & Drag Stars". Billboard. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ WWE (27 December 2017). "Don't miss the historic 30th anniversary of @WWE #RoyalRumble LIVE Sunday, January 28 at 7e/4p only on @WWENetwork! https://t.co/IagbQhS5x4" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Twitter.
^ "Rupaul's Drag Race UK Series 1 Episode 5". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ BBC Three (25 January 2022). "This time it's for queen and country. 👑🌍 #DragRaceUK vs The World starts 1 Feb 9pm on BBC Three and @BBCIPlayer. https://t.co/t692MFgVOK" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Twitter.
^ Williams, Jazmin (6 July 2021). "Legends Supporting Legends: K-POP Girl Groups Who Look Up To Little Mix". The Honey POP. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
^ ♬친절한 금자씨+Senorita+Strip+Smooth Criminal+두 개의 달+Power - 식스퍼즐 @3차 경연 퍼포먼스유닛 컴백전쟁 : 퀸덤7화, retrieved 27 February 2022
^ K-POP을 뒤흔들 신인 걸그룹의 POWER 퍼포먼스 | Little Mix | HOT ISSUE(핫이슈) | Choreography | STAGE BREAK. 1theK Originals - 원더케이 오리지널. 23 April 2021. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via YouTube.
^ ＜Power＞ (3학년 & 4학년 댄스 연합) 무삭제 full ver., MBC 220109 방송. MBCentertainment. 9 January 2022. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via YouTube.
^ "Power (feat. Stormzy) - Single by Little Mix on Apple Music". iTunes Store. United Kingdom: Apple Inc. 26 May 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
External links
Lyrics to the version ft. Stormzy at Genius
vteLittle Mix
Perrie Edwards
Leigh-Anne Pinnock
Jade Thirlwall
Jesy Nelson
Studio albums
DNA
Salute
Get Weird
Glory Days
LM5
Confetti
Compilation albums
Between Us
Singles
"Cannonball"
"Wings"
"DNA"
"Change Your Life"
"How Ya Doin'?"
"Move"
"Little Me"
"Word Up!"
"Salute"
"Black Magic"
"Love Me Like You"
"Secret Love Song"
"Hair"
"Shout Out to My Ex"
"Touch"
"No More Sad Songs"
"Power"
"Reggaetón Lento" (remix)
"Only You"
"Woman Like Me"
"Think About Us"
"Bounce Back"
"One I've Been Missing"
"Break Up Song"
"Holiday"
"Sweet Melody"
"No Time for Tears"
"Confetti"
"Heartbreak Anthem"
"Kiss My (Uh-Oh)"
"Love (Sweet Love)"
"No"
Other songs
"Wishing on a Star"
"Joan of Arc"
"Wasabi"
Concert tours
Salute Tour
The Get Weird Tour
The Glory Days Tour
Summer Hits Tour
LM5: The Tour
The Confetti Tour
Filmography
Little Mix The Search
LM5: The Tour Film
Leigh-Anne: Race, Pop & Power
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Songs
Little Mix: The Last Show (For Now...)
Category
Commons
vteStormzy
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Gang Signs & Prayer (2017)
Heavy Is the Head (2019)
This Is What I Mean (2022)
Singles
"Know Me From"
"WickedSkengMan 4"
"Dude"
"Scary"
"Big for Your Boots"
"Cold"
"Cigarettes & Cush"
"Blinded by Your Grace, Pt. 2"
"Vossi Bop"
"Crown"
"Sounds of the Skeng"
"Wiley Flow"
"Own It"
"Audacity"
"Still Disappointed"
"Mel Made Me Do It"
Featured singles
"Good Goodbye"
"Power"
"Bridge over Troubled Water"
"Let Me Down"
"Shine Girl"
"Take Me Back to London"
"I Dunno"
"Ain't It Different"
"Clash"
Other songs
"Shut Up"
"Shape of You"
"All Time Low"
Tours
Heavy Is the Head Tour
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"Stormzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormzy"},{"link_name":"Glory Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Days_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"female supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_supremacy"},{"link_name":"drag queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queens"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merged1-8"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"Power\" is a song released by British girl group Little Mix, featuring British rapper Stormzy. It was released as the fourth and final single from Little Mix's fourth studio album Glory Days. The remix version appears on Glory Days: The Platinum Edition, the reissue of Glory Days.[2][3][4][5]Cited as a \"girl power and gay anthem\",[6] \"Power\" lyrically addresses sexism and female supremacy. The music video, which features drag queens, holds a political message in reference of marches being held for \"gender equality\" and protests.[7] The song was commercially successful, peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the group's eleventh top ten single there. In 2018, the song was chosen by WWE as the official theme song for their first ever women's Royal Rumble.[8] In July 2022, the song received renewed attention after going viral on the video-sharing social platform TikTok.[9]","title":"Power (Little Mix song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stormzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormzy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Little Mix announced on May 19, 2017, through their social media pages that \"Power\" would be released as the fourth single after becoming a fan favourite. The group also teased a remix version for the track, which features guest vocals from British grime rapper Stormzy.[10] On May 26, 2017, the song was released onto all streaming platforms, while the cover art for the single was unveiled a few days prior and was created by a fan.[11]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"industrial pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Steve James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_James_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Dan Omelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robopop"},{"link_name":"Camille Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Purcell"},{"link_name":"James Abrahart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abrahart"},{"link_name":"Michael Omari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormzy"}],"text":"\"Power\" is primarily a electropop and industrial pop track.[12] The group worked with producers Electric, Joe Kear, Matt Rad and Steve James including songwriters Dan Omelio, Camille Purcell, James Abrahart, and Michael Omari who is credited as a songwriter on the remix version for \"Power\".","title":"Production and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeout-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The track was generally well received, with TimeOut magazine calling the song \"brilliant\", despite being \"OTT\" (over the top),[1] but some fans did criticize the decision to feature a male rapper on a song about female empowerment.[13] Attitude included the song #4 on their list of 32 greatest Little Mix singles of all time writing \"Power has always a standout single on Glory Days. Although it seemed to invoke a marmite reaction from some fans when released, it is now become a fan favourite, especially with Little Mix's huge gay following.\"[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hannah Lux Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Lux_Davis"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jesy Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesy_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Leigh-Anne Pinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh-Anne_Pinnock"},{"link_name":"Perrie Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrie_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Jade Thirlwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Thirlwall"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-15"},{"link_name":"Women's March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Teen Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Courtney Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Act"},{"link_name":"Alaska Thunderfuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Thunderfuck"},{"link_name":"Willam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willam"},{"link_name":"The AAA Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_AAA_Girls"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The music video was released on 9 June 2017 and was directed by Hannah Lux Davis, and filmed in Los Angeles. It features each member of Little Mix as the leader of their own faction of women. Jesy Nelson leads a group of leather-clad bikers, Leigh-Anne Pinnock leads a fashion-forward street crew, Perrie Edwards leads a group of hippies who were a big part of the 1960s-70s American feminist movement, and Jade Thirlwall leads a troupe of drag queens with representation of LGBTQA+ scenes.[15] In the end, each faction comes together in a show of feminine power reminiscent of the Women's March.[16]Gabe Bergado for Teen Vogue wrote:\"There's definitely a lot of empowering and political messages throughout the video — just the imagery of the march is reminiscent of the many protests and marches throughout the past couple of months championing gender equality and the rights of disenfranchised people. On top of that, people are literally holding up signs that say \"LOVE\" and \"girl power\" and one marcher with a rainbow flag.[17]The music video, also features a cameo from famous drag queens Courtney Act, Alaska Thunderfuck and Willam, also known as The AAA Girls.[18] Towards the end of the video it features a cameo from Little Mix's mothers, who appear at the end of the video to march with them.[19] Stormzy's scenes, which were filmed separately from the rest of the video, feature him in a barbershop having his hair cut.[20]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"}],"text":"On May 26, 2017 \"Power\" debuted at number twenty seven on the UK Singles Chart becoming the group's seventh top forty hit in the United Kingdom.[21] It later reached a new peak of number six, becoming the group's eleventh top ten single there.[22] As of 2021, it ranks as the group's fourth biggest song in the UK.[23]The single reached number 2 in Scotland and number 7 in New Zealand.[24][25] It would then go on to peak inside the top twenty in Ireland and Belgium[26][27] and crack the top 40 in Latvia.[28] It also charted in Romania.","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end lists","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"girl power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_power"},{"link_name":"gay anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_anthem"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-15"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Women's Royal Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rumble_(2018)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merged12-48"},{"link_name":"first series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_1)"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's Drag Race UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK"},{"link_name":"Jade Thirlwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Thirlwall"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's Drag Race: UK vs. the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race:_UK_vs._the_World"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Ryujin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryujin_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Itzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzy"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Queendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queendom_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moonbyul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonbyul"},{"link_name":"Mamamoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamamoo"},{"link_name":"Kim Chanmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Chanmi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"AOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOA_(group)"},{"link_name":"Lovelyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelyz"},{"link_name":"Yooa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yooa"},{"link_name":"Oh My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_My_Girl"},{"link_name":"Soojin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojin_(singer)"},{"link_name":"(G)I-dle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(G)I-dle"},{"link_name":"Brave Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Girls"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Hot Issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Issue_(group)"},{"link_name":"1theK Originals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1theK_Originals"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"My Teenage Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Teenage_Girl"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Since its release, \"Power\" has been regarded as a girl power and gay anthem.[15][45][46][47] In 2018, it was selected as the official theme song for WWE's first ever Women's Royal Rumble.[48] The solo version was featured as a lip-sync song on the fifth episode of the first series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK, where Little Mix member Jade Thirlwall was a guest judge.[49] In 2022, the song was used in the official trailer for RuPaul's Drag Race: UK vs. the World.[50]The song has been covered by various artists, for an example, South Korean singer Ryujin who's a member of the girl group Itzy, discussed how during their evaluations as trainees \"Power\" was often one of the songs they covered.[51] In 2019, the song was used in a dance cover for a TV Series in South Korea called Queendom, and showcases a dance unit that was formed of Moonbyul from Mamamoo, Kim Chanmi from AOA, Jung Yein from Lovelyz, Yooa from Oh My Girl, Soojin from (G)I-dle, and Eunji from Brave Girls.[52] In 2021 Kpop girl group Hot Issue, covered the song for 1theK Originals.[53] In 2022, the song was covered and performed on a South Korean reality competition called My Teenage Girl.[54]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Levine, Nick (10 November 2016). \"Little Mix – 'Glory Days' album review\". TimeOut. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/film/little-mix-glory-days-album-review","url_text":"\"Little Mix – 'Glory Days' album review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908153711/https://www.timeout.com/london/film/little-mix-glory-days-album-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Copsey, Rob (19 May 2017). \"Little Mix confirm Power as the fourth single from their Glory Days album: 'You spoke and we listened!'\". Official Charts. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. 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Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07r35qm","url_text":"\"Rupaul's Drag Race UK Series 1 Episode 5\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210214113354/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07r35qm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"BBC Three [@bbcthree] (25 January 2022). \"This time it's for queen and country. 👑🌍 #DragRaceUK vs The World starts 1 Feb 9pm on BBC Three and @BBCIPlayer. https://t.co/t692MFgVOK\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. 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Retrieved 27 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehoneypop.com/2021/07/06/k-pop-girl-groups-who-look-up-to-little-mix/","url_text":"\"Legends Supporting Legends: K-POP Girl Groups Who Look Up To Little Mix\""}]},{"reference":"[ENG sub] [7회] ♬친절한 금자씨+Senorita+Strip+Smooth Criminal+두 개의 달+Power - 식스퍼즐 @3차 경연 퍼포먼스유닛 컴백전쟁 : 퀸덤7화, retrieved 27 February 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYAfkjveHDo","url_text":"[ENG sub] [7회] ♬친절한 금자씨+Senorita+Strip+Smooth Criminal+두 개의 달+Power - 식스퍼즐 @3차 경연 퍼포먼스유닛 컴백전쟁 : 퀸덤7화"}]},{"reference":"[4K] K-POP을 뒤흔들 신인 걸그룹의 POWER 퍼포먼스 | Little Mix | HOT ISSUE(핫이슈) | Choreography | STAGE BREAK. 1theK Originals - 원더케이 오리지널. 23 April 2021. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6ecGecAwyY","url_text":"[4K] K-POP을 뒤흔들 신인 걸그룹의 POWER 퍼포먼스 | Little Mix | HOT ISSUE(핫이슈) | Choreography | STAGE BREAK"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221031125735/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6ecGecAwyY","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"[방과후 설렘 풀영상] ＜Power＞ (3학년 & 4학년 댄스 연합) 무삭제 full ver., MBC 220109 방송. MBCentertainment. 9 January 2022. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAa5R29Jutw","url_text":"[방과후 설렘 풀영상] ＜Power＞ (3학년 & 4학년 댄스 연합) 무삭제 full ver., MBC 220109 방송"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBCentertainment","url_text":"MBCentertainment"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221012144932/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAa5R29Jutw","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Power (feat. Stormzy) - Single by Little Mix on Apple Music\". iTunes Store. United Kingdom: Apple Inc. 26 May 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/power-feat-stormzy-single/id1238153001?ign-mpt=uo%3D8","url_text":"\"Power (feat. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Color_Press
|
Worldcolor
|
["1 History","1.1 World Fair Color Printing","1.2 Comics","1.3 Diversification and growth","2 Business acquisitions and mergers","2.1 Financial struggles","3 Locations","4 Corporate Governance","5 Principal subsidiaries","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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World Color Press Inc.Company typeSubsidiary of Quad/GraphicsIndustryCommercial and industrial printingFounded1903HeadquartersMontreal, Quebec, CanadaKey peopleMark Angelson, Chairman and CEORevenue$4,016.9 million USD (2008)Number of employees20,000 (2009)Websiteworldcolor.com
World Color Press Inc. ("Worldcolor") (formerly Quebecor World) was a company which provided high-value and comprehensive print, digital, and related services to businesses worldwide. World Color and its subsidiaries printed various commercial products, including comic books, magazines, brochures, direct mail and newspaper inserts, and directories, while also providing clients a broad range of pre-press services, such as desktop production and assembly.
World Color was the first printer to make comic book printing a major part of its business throughout most of its history was the dominant North American printer of comics and associated publications. During its history, World Color was also at the forefront of many new technologies and printing innovations, including use of web offset presses, "pool shipping," rotogravure printing, computer technology, digital registration systems, and flexography.
World Color merged with Quebecor Printing in 1999; at the time World Color was the largest printer of consumer magazines in the United States and the third largest commercial printer in North America. Worldcolor was acquired by Quad/Graphics in early 2010.
History
World Fair Color Printing
World Color Press was founded in 1903 by the owners of the St. Louis Star under the name World's Fair Color Printing. The wholly owned subsidiary was created to handle color printing for the upcoming 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and was expected to disband at the World Fair's conclusion. Instead, the company name was shortened to World Color Printing and continued as a commercial printer, focusing on a new business: the color "funnies" section of the Sunday newspaper.
Comics
World Color's first foray into comics was syndicating George Herriman's Major Ozone's Fresh Air Crusade from January 2, 1904, to November 19, 1906. During this period, World Color also distributed the Herriman strips Grandma's Girl—Likewise Bud Smith, which he combined from two earlier strips, and a two-tiered children's strip, Rosy Posy—Mama's Girl.
Robert Grable and Roswell Messing, Sr., two St. Louis Star senior employees, purchased the company in 1922. As the popularity of the Sunday color comic section increased, the funnies quickly evolved into an American institution, and metropolitan papers increasingly began featuring comic supplements. As the first major printer of color sections, World Color Press was often the first choice for printing these sections, and by the early 1930s, the company had printing contracts with newspapers nationwide.
In the early 1930s, realizing the sales potential of the comics medium, company management attempted to maximize profits by reprinting the funnies in magazine format, thereby creating one of the first prototypes of the comic book. While the initial comic books were simply collections of previously published editions of the Sunday comic strips, by 1936 they contained original material.
World Color made the most of the idea and quickly emerged as the leading printer in this new field. To keep up with ever-increasing demand, the company began construction of a satellite printing plant in Sparta, Illinois. Opened in 1948, the Sparta plant was the most technologically advanced plant in the industry devoted solely to the printing of comic magazines.
Within five years World Color Press became the largest producer of comic magazines in the industry. Comic book sales boomed during World War II and the postwar period, and throughout this period, World Color was the nation's leading comic book printer. (Comics were the most popular form of newsstand magazine.)
In 1956, the company installed one of the first web-offset presses in its Sparta plant. This innovative printing process, in which rolls or "webs" of paper are fed through rubber-blanketed cylinders, producing tens of thousands of impressions an hour, helped lead the industry into the modern era of print technology. By the early 1970s, World Color purchased more equipment and expanded its plants, becoming the largest player in the comic and newsstand special-interest publication market.
June 18, 1977, was declared "World Color Press Day": a comic book about the history and process of printing color comics was produced by the Joe Kubert School of Cartoon Art; it was called, Magazineland USA: Sparta, Effingham, Salem, Illinois.
By the early 1980s World Color Press printed most American comic books, including those of the industry giants Marvel and DC.
World Color's dominance in the field led to a 1984 lawsuit by Illinois-based First Comics, accusing them of anti-competitive practices. The suit was resolved in the spring of 1988. In 1985, DC Comics named World Color Press as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.
Diversification and growth
The development of the web-press in the 1950s enabled World Color to further diversify into the relatively new product lines of web-printed newsstand and special interest magazines. Equally important to the company's growth during the 1950s was its development of the "pool shipping" concept, a distribution method in which publications from different customers going to the same destination were shipped together, reducing freight costs and increasing the timeliness of deliveries. By establishing the first major pool shipping network to newsstands, the company was able to expand its customer base by offering the lowest distribution costs in the industry.
World Color computerized many aspects of its business in the 1960s, providing the company with more efficient production and distribution capabilities, as well as the ability to perform more complicated printing procedures and reproduce more complex data. In 1969, World Color started construction of a web-offset facility in Effingham, Illinois, approximately 120 miles northeast of Sparta. The new plant was designed to produce magazines printed on coated paper with extensive use of four-color printing. Success in this arena led to a 1971 expansion of the Effingham plant that nearly doubled its original size. The 1971 addition increased the company's ability to produce large-circulation monthly magazines printed on letter-press equipment.
Responding to a need to increase the company's flexibility in scheduling presses, in 1970, the company standardized the make and type of its presses. This change was expected to result in paper savings, more consistent quality, and schedule flexibility. Though it was a short-term risk, the strategy paid off with its clients, enabling the company to become a stronger competitor in the four-color, high-quality magazine market.
In 1975, the company expanded its gravure division by constructing a plant between Effingham and Sparta. Further expansions in client-base led to the 1980 construction of another new plant in Des Plaines, Illinois. By the beginning of the 1980s, the company had emerged as the leader in the printing and distribution of consumer publications, with sales of more than $371 million. During the 1980s, World Color added seven state-of-the-art printing facilities, strategically located throughout the United States, strengthening the company's reputation for providing low distribution costs. In 1985, World Color Press was listed as the fourth largest printer in North America, with sales totaling $544 million.
By 1993, World Color's core business was magazine printing; contracts with hundreds of leading periodicals, including U.S. News & World Report, Cosmopolitan, Rolling Stone, and Forbes, accounted for approximately half of the company's 1993 revenues. (The company came to the aid of competitor R.R. Donnelley & Sons in January 1995, printing 300,000 issues of People magazine for Donnelley after flood waters forced the closing of a Donnelley plant near Los Angeles.) During this period, World Color expanded its operations into a number of specialty services: catalog printing contracts generated more than a fifth of total revenues in 1993, and represented the company's fastest growing division.
Business acquisitions and mergers
World Color's early dominance in the comics market led the company to diversify, their first move being the 1928 purchase of another St. Louis-based printer, Commercial Color Press, which specialized in printing weekly newspapers and circulars. This diversification helped the company survive the lean years of the Great Depression.
In 1968, World Color was purchased by New York-based City Investing, prompting World Color to move its headquarters from St. Louis to New York.
In 1974, as World Color shifted focus to the high-end magazine market, the company purchased Louisville, Kentucky-based Fawcett Printing. This acquisition enabled World Color Press to add the rotogravure printing process to its repertoire.
In 1984, the investment giant Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. bought World Color from City Investing, providing the company with continued financial backing. In 1989, World Color acquired Chicago's Bradley Printing, and in December 1991, they acquired California's third-largest printer, George Rice & Sons. In January 1993, they purchased catalog/direct mail printer Alden Press. With these acquisitions, in just a few years World Color became a major player in the catalog and commercial publishing arenas.
World Color pursued major expansions in 1996 and 1997, purchasing Ringier America and Rand McNally's Book Services Group, thereby becoming second in size only to RR Donnelley. In 1999, the company merged with Quebecor Printing in a U.S. $2.7 billion deal to create Quebecor World (USA) Inc., moving its headquarters to Montreal. At the time of the merger, World Color operated 17 production, distribution, and sales facilities throughout the United States.
Financial struggles
Quebecor World entered a difficult period in the early 2000s as the market has gradually shifted focus to digital media. Quebecor World filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 21, 2008, at the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. In May 2009, RR Donnelley tendered an unsolicited bid to purchase Quebecor World; this was rejected as the company emerged from creditor protection in July 2009 (having changed its name back to "Worldcolor Press"). On July 2, 2010, Quad/Graphics purchased Worldcolor.
Locations
By the time of its purchase by Quad/Graphics, Worldcolor had facilities located in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Peru.
Corporate Governance
Recent members of the board of directors of Worldcolor were:
Mark Angelson (Chairman): Former CEO of RR Donnelley and leading architect of the 2003–2007 printing industry consolidation
Tom Ryder: Former Chairman and CEO of Reader's Digest, also sits on the boards of Amazon.com, Virgin Mobile and Starwood
Jack Kliger: Former President and CEO of Hachette Filipacchi
Raymond Bromark: Chairman of the Audit Committee of CA, Inc., and a retired senior partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers
Michael Allen: Printing Industry Veteran
David McAusland: Canadian Lawyer and Former Senior Officer of Alcan Inc.
Gabriel de Alba: Managing Director and Partner of Catalyst Capital Group of Toronto
Principal subsidiaries
Alden Press
Bradley Printing
George Rice & Sons
Midwest Litho Arts
Network Color Technology
Universal Graphics
Web Inserts
Notes
^ "Forgiving Plate Aids Processing," Graphic Arts Monthly (Dec. 1993), p. 64.
^ Markstein, Don. "MAJOR OZONE’S FRESH AIR CRUSADE," Toonpedia. Accessed Nov. 16, 2018.
^ Saunders, David. "RAY R. HERMANN," Field Guide to Wild American Pulp Artists. Accessed Sept. 23, 2017.
^ Ynostroza, Roger, "The Colorful World of World Color Press," Graphic Arts Monthly (June 1978), pp. 56–58.
^ Rozanski, Chuck (2003). "Tales From the Database: Evolution of the Direct Market Part II". Mile High Comics.
^ Carlson, KC. "KC Column: Scaling Mount Baron," Westfield Comics (Nov. 16, 2009).
^ "First Comics Sues Marvel Comics for Anti-Competitive Activities," The Comics Journal #89 (May 1984), p. 8: Involves World Color Press.
^ "First vs. Marvel and World Color," The Comics Journal #102 (September 1985), pp. 11–14.
^ "First Awaits Court Verdict," The Comics Journal #121 (April 1988), p. 8.
^ Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "World Color Press Fifty Years of Printing Comics" Fifty Who Made DC Great, p. 29 (1985). DC Comics.
^ "World Color Shortens Cutoff," Graphic Arts Monthly (May 1986), p. 54.
^ a b Estabrook, Jody, "Market Strategy is Client-Oriented," Graphic Arts Monthly (May 1990), pp. 126–130.
^ Hattrup, Joseph A., "Programmable Controllers in the Magazine Bindery," Graphic Arts Monthly (June 1985), pp. 91–92.
^ "To Our Readers," People (Jan. 23, 1995), p. 4.
^ "World Color to Buy George Rice & Sons," Printing Impressions (Jan. 1994), p. 5.
^ "Hot Presses," Delaney Report (Jan. 25, 1993).
^ "Company News: Kohlberg Unit to Buy Alden Press," New York Times (Jan. 19, 1993).
^ "KKR's World Color Sets Another Acquisition," Buyouts (Dec. 6, 1993).
^ a b c "U.S. printer to swallow former Quebecor World," CBS News (Jan. 26, 2010).
References
"The Top Printing Companies in North America," Graphic Arts Monthly, Oct. 1983 and Dec. 1985.
International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 12. St. James Press, 1996.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebecor World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecor_World"},{"link_name":"print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"brochures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochure"},{"link_name":"direct mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mail"},{"link_name":"rotogravure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotogravure"},{"link_name":"flexography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quebecor Printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecor_Printing"},{"link_name":"Quad/Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad/Graphics"}],"text":"World Color Press Inc. (\"Worldcolor\") (formerly Quebecor World) was a company which provided high-value and comprehensive print, digital, and related services to businesses worldwide. World Color and its subsidiaries printed various commercial products, including comic books, magazines, brochures, direct mail and newspaper inserts, and directories, while also providing clients a broad range of pre-press services, such as desktop production and assembly.World Color was the first printer to make comic book printing a major part of its business throughout most of its history was the dominant North American printer of comics and associated publications. During its history, World Color was also at the forefront of many new technologies and printing innovations, including use of web offset presses, \"pool shipping,\" rotogravure printing, computer technology, digital registration systems, and flexography.[1]World Color merged with Quebecor Printing in 1999; at the time World Color was the largest printer of consumer magazines in the United States and the third largest commercial printer in North America. Worldcolor was acquired by Quad/Graphics in early 2010.","title":"Worldcolor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition"},{"link_name":"funnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"}],"sub_title":"World Fair Color Printing","text":"World Color Press was founded in 1903 by the owners of the St. Louis Star under the name World's Fair Color Printing. The wholly owned subsidiary was created to handle color printing for the upcoming 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and was expected to disband at the World Fair's conclusion. Instead, the company name was shortened to World Color Printing and continued as a commercial printer, focusing on a new business: the color \"funnies\" section of the Sunday newspaper.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syndicating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip_syndication"},{"link_name":"George Herriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herriman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-3"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Star"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Sparta, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"offset presses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_press"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joe Kubert School of Cartoon Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kubert_School"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"First Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Comics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fifty Who Made DC Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Who_Made_DC_Great"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Comics","text":"World Color's first foray into comics was syndicating George Herriman's Major Ozone's Fresh Air Crusade from January 2, 1904, to November 19, 1906.[2] During this period, World Color also distributed the Herriman strips Grandma's Girl—Likewise Bud Smith, which he combined from two earlier strips, and a two-tiered children's strip, Rosy Posy—Mama's Girl.Robert Grable and Roswell Messing, Sr.,[3] two St. Louis Star senior employees, purchased the company in 1922. As the popularity of the Sunday color comic section increased, the funnies quickly evolved into an American institution, and metropolitan papers increasingly began featuring comic supplements. As the first major printer of color sections, World Color Press was often the first choice for printing these sections, and by the early 1930s, the company had printing contracts with newspapers nationwide.In the early 1930s, realizing the sales potential of the comics medium, company management attempted to maximize profits by reprinting the funnies in magazine format, thereby creating one of the first prototypes of the comic book. While the initial comic books were simply collections of previously published editions of the Sunday comic strips, by 1936 they contained original material.World Color made the most of the idea and quickly emerged as the leading printer in this new field. To keep up with ever-increasing demand, the company began construction of a satellite printing plant in Sparta, Illinois. Opened in 1948, the Sparta plant was the most technologically advanced plant in the industry devoted solely to the printing of comic magazines.Within five years World Color Press became the largest producer of comic magazines in the industry.[4] Comic book sales boomed during World War II and the postwar period, and throughout this period, World Color was the nation's leading comic book printer. (Comics were the most popular form of newsstand magazine.)In 1956, the company installed one of the first web-offset presses in its Sparta plant. This innovative printing process, in which rolls or \"webs\" of paper are fed through rubber-blanketed cylinders, producing tens of thousands of impressions an hour, helped lead the industry into the modern era of print technology. By the early 1970s, World Color purchased more equipment and expanded its plants, becoming the largest player in the comic and newsstand special-interest publication market.[5]June 18, 1977, was declared \"World Color Press Day\": a comic book about the history and process of printing color comics was produced by the Joe Kubert School of Cartoon Art; it was called, Magazineland USA: Sparta, Effingham, Salem, Illinois.By the early 1980s World Color Press printed most American comic books, including those of the industry giants Marvel and DC.[6]\nWorld Color's dominance in the field led to a 1984 lawsuit by Illinois-based First Comics, accusing them of anti-competitive practices.[7] The suit was resolved in the spring of 1988.[8][9] In 1985, DC Comics named World Color Press as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Effingham, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effingham,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"four-color printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-color_printing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Des Plaines, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Plaines,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estabrook-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estabrook-12"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"R.R. Donnelley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.R._Donnelley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Diversification and growth","text":"The development of the web-press in the 1950s enabled World Color to further diversify into the relatively new product lines of web-printed newsstand and special interest magazines. Equally important to the company's growth during the 1950s was its development of the \"pool shipping\" concept, a distribution method in which publications from different customers going to the same destination were shipped together, reducing freight costs and increasing the timeliness of deliveries. By establishing the first major pool shipping network to newsstands, the company was able to expand its customer base by offering the lowest distribution costs in the industry.World Color computerized many aspects of its business in the 1960s, providing the company with more efficient production and distribution capabilities, as well as the ability to perform more complicated printing procedures and reproduce more complex data. In 1969, World Color started construction of a web-offset facility in Effingham, Illinois, approximately 120 miles northeast of Sparta. The new plant was designed to produce magazines printed on coated paper with extensive use of four-color printing. Success in this arena led to a 1971 expansion of the Effingham plant that nearly doubled its original size. The 1971 addition increased the company's ability to produce large-circulation monthly magazines printed on letter-press equipment.Responding to a need to increase the company's flexibility in scheduling presses, in 1970, the company standardized the make and type of its presses.[11] This change was expected to result in paper savings, more consistent quality, and schedule flexibility. Though it was a short-term risk, the strategy paid off with its clients, enabling the company to become a stronger competitor in the four-color, high-quality magazine market.In 1975, the company expanded its gravure division by constructing a plant between Effingham and Sparta. Further expansions in client-base led to the 1980 construction of another new plant in Des Plaines, Illinois. By the beginning of the 1980s, the company had emerged as the leader in the printing and distribution of consumer publications, with sales of more than $371 million.[12] During the 1980s, World Color added seven state-of-the-art printing facilities, strategically located throughout the United States, strengthening the company's reputation for providing low distribution costs.[13] In 1985, World Color Press was listed as the fourth largest printer in North America, with sales totaling $544 million.[12]By 1993, World Color's core business was magazine printing; contracts with hundreds of leading periodicals, including U.S. News & World Report, Cosmopolitan, Rolling Stone, and Forbes, accounted for approximately half of the company's 1993 revenues. (The company came to the aid of competitor R.R. Donnelley & Sons in January 1995, printing 300,000 issues of People magazine for Donnelley after flood waters forced the closing of a Donnelley plant near Los Angeles.)[14] During this period, World Color expanded its operations into a number of specialty services: catalog printing contracts generated more than a fifth of total revenues in 1993, and represented the company's fastest growing division.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"rotogravure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotogravure"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"direct mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mail"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ringier America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringier"},{"link_name":"Rand McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally"},{"link_name":"RR Donnelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_Donnelley"},{"link_name":"Quebecor Printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecor_Printing"},{"link_name":"Quebecor World (USA) Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecor_World"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"}],"text":"World Color's early dominance in the comics market led the company to diversify, their first move being the 1928 purchase of another St. Louis-based printer, Commercial Color Press, which specialized in printing weekly newspapers and circulars. This diversification helped the company survive the lean years of the Great Depression.In 1968, World Color was purchased by New York-based City Investing, prompting World Color to move its headquarters from St. Louis to New York.In 1974, as World Color shifted focus to the high-end magazine market, the company purchased Louisville, Kentucky-based Fawcett Printing. This acquisition enabled World Color Press to add the rotogravure printing process to its repertoire.In 1984, the investment giant Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. bought World Color from City Investing, providing the company with continued financial backing. In 1989, World Color acquired Chicago's Bradley Printing, and in December 1991, they acquired California's third-largest printer, George Rice & Sons.[15] In January 1993, they purchased catalog/direct mail printer Alden Press.[16][17] With these acquisitions, in just a few years World Color became a major player in the catalog and commercial publishing arenas.[18]World Color pursued major expansions in 1996 and 1997, purchasing Ringier America and Rand McNally's Book Services Group, thereby becoming second in size only to RR Donnelley. In 1999, the company merged with Quebecor Printing in a U.S. $2.7 billion deal to create Quebecor World (USA) Inc., moving its headquarters to Montreal. At the time of the merger, World Color operated 17 production, distribution, and sales facilities throughout the United States.","title":"Business acquisitions and mergers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"RR Donnelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_Donnelley"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-19"},{"link_name":"Quad/Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad/Graphics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-19"}],"sub_title":"Financial struggles","text":"Quebecor World entered a difficult period in the early 2000s as the market has gradually shifted focus to digital media. Quebecor World filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 21, 2008, at the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. In May 2009, RR Donnelley tendered an unsolicited bid to purchase Quebecor World;[19] this was rejected as the company emerged from creditor protection in July 2009 (having changed its name back to \"Worldcolor Press\").[19] On July 2, 2010, Quad/Graphics purchased Worldcolor.[19]","title":"Business acquisitions and mergers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"By the time of its purchase by Quad/Graphics, Worldcolor had facilities located in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Peru.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"RR Donnelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_Donnelley"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Reader's Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Starwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Hachette Filipacchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi"},{"link_name":"CA, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA,_Inc."},{"link_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alcan Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcan_Inc."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Recent members of the board of directors of Worldcolor were:Mark Angelson (Chairman): Former CEO of RR Donnelley and leading architect of the 2003–2007 printing industry consolidation[clarification needed]\nTom Ryder: Former Chairman and CEO of Reader's Digest, also sits on the boards of Amazon.com, Virgin Mobile and Starwood\nJack Kliger: Former President and CEO of Hachette Filipacchi\nRaymond Bromark: Chairman of the Audit Committee of CA, Inc., and a retired senior partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers\nMichael Allen: Printing Industry Veteran[citation needed]\nDavid McAusland: Canadian Lawyer and Former Senior Officer of Alcan Inc.\nGabriel de Alba: Managing Director and Partner of Catalyst Capital Group of Toronto[citation needed]","title":"Corporate Governance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alden Press\nBradley Printing\nGeorge Rice & Sons\nMidwest Litho Arts\nNetwork Color Technology\nUniversal Graphics\nWeb Inserts","title":"Principal subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"MAJOR OZONE’S FRESH AIR CRUSADE,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.toonopedia.com/ozone.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Saunders_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"RAY R. HERMANN,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulpartists.com/Herman.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Rozanski, Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Rozanski"},{"link_name":"\"Tales From the Database: Evolution of the Direct Market Part II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg96.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"KC Column: Scaling Mount Baron,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//westfieldcomics.com/blog/interviews-and-columns/kc-column-scaling-mount-baron/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Cavalieri, Joey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Cavalieri"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script_(comics)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Estabrook_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Estabrook_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Company News: Kohlberg Unit to Buy Alden Press,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1993/01/19/business/company-news-kohlberg-unit-to-buy-alden-press.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBC_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBC_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBC_19-2"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. printer to swallow former Quebecor World,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbc.ca/money/story/2010/01/26/quebecor-world-quad-graphics-takeover.html"}],"text":"^ \"Forgiving Plate Aids Processing,\" Graphic Arts Monthly (Dec. 1993), p. 64.\n\n^ Markstein, Don. \"MAJOR OZONE’S FRESH AIR CRUSADE,\" Toonpedia. Accessed Nov. 16, 2018.\n\n^ Saunders, David. \"RAY R. HERMANN,\" Field Guide to Wild American Pulp Artists. Accessed Sept. 23, 2017.\n\n^ Ynostroza, Roger, \"The Colorful World of World Color Press,\" Graphic Arts Monthly (June 1978), pp. 56–58.\n\n^ Rozanski, Chuck (2003). \"Tales From the Database: Evolution of the Direct Market Part II\". Mile High Comics.\n\n^ Carlson, KC. \"KC Column: Scaling Mount Baron,\" Westfield Comics (Nov. 16, 2009).\n\n^ \"First Comics Sues Marvel Comics for Anti-Competitive Activities,\" The Comics Journal #89 (May 1984), p. 8: Involves World Color Press.\n\n^ \"First vs. Marvel and World Color,\" The Comics Journal #102 (September 1985), pp. 11–14.\n\n^ \"First Awaits Court Verdict,\" The Comics Journal #121 (April 1988), p. 8.\n\n^ Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). \"World Color Press Fifty Years of Printing Comics\" Fifty Who Made DC Great, p. 29 (1985). DC Comics.\n\n^ \"World Color Shortens Cutoff,\" Graphic Arts Monthly (May 1986), p. 54.\n\n^ a b Estabrook, Jody, \"Market Strategy is Client-Oriented,\" Graphic Arts Monthly (May 1990), pp. 126–130.\n\n^ Hattrup, Joseph A., \"Programmable Controllers in the Magazine Bindery,\" Graphic Arts Monthly (June 1985), pp. 91–92.\n\n^ \"To Our Readers,\" People (Jan. 23, 1995), p. 4.\n\n^ \"World Color to Buy George Rice & Sons,\" Printing Impressions (Jan. 1994), p. 5.\n\n^ \"Hot Presses,\" Delaney Report (Jan. 25, 1993).\n\n^ \"Company News: Kohlberg Unit to Buy Alden Press,\" New York Times (Jan. 19, 1993).\n\n^ \"KKR's World Color Sets Another Acquisition,\" Buyouts (Dec. 6, 1993).\n\n^ a b c \"U.S. printer to swallow former Quebecor World,\" CBS News (Jan. 26, 2010).","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rozanski, Chuck (2003). \"Tales From the Database: Evolution of the Direct Market Part II\". Mile High Comics.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Rozanski","url_text":"Rozanski, Chuck"},{"url":"http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg96.html","url_text":"\"Tales From the Database: Evolution of the Direct Market Part II\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://worldcolor.com/","external_links_name":"worldcolor.com"},{"Link":"http://www.toonopedia.com/ozone.htm","external_links_name":"\"MAJOR OZONE’S FRESH AIR CRUSADE,\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulpartists.com/Herman.html","external_links_name":"\"RAY R. HERMANN,\""},{"Link":"http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg96.html","external_links_name":"\"Tales From the Database: Evolution of the Direct Market Part II\""},{"Link":"http://westfieldcomics.com/blog/interviews-and-columns/kc-column-scaling-mount-baron/","external_links_name":"\"KC Column: Scaling Mount Baron,\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/19/business/company-news-kohlberg-unit-to-buy-alden-press.html","external_links_name":"\"Company News: Kohlberg Unit to Buy Alden Press,\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2010/01/26/quebecor-world-quad-graphics-takeover.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. printer to swallow former Quebecor World,\""},{"Link":"http://worldcolor.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Hockey_Pan_American_Championships
|
Roller Hockey Pan American Championships
|
["1 Men's Historical","1.1 Men's medal table","2 Women's Historical","2.1 Women's medal table","3 Men's U-19 Historical","3.1 Men's U-19 medal table","4 References","5 External links"]
|
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Roller Hockey Pan American ChampionshipGoverning bodyConfederación Panamericana de Roller SportsNo. of teams7Current champion ArgentinaMost successful team Argentina (8)vte
The Roller Hockey Pan American Championship is a Rink Hockey competition between the best male and female national teams from American Continent. It happens every two years and it is organized by CPRS.
The next Tournament will be disputed between 8th and 13 March, in Rosario, Argentina, and will be the 5th edition.
Men's Historical
Year
Host
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Third Place
Score
Fourth Place
Teams
2018 Details
Bogotá
Argentina
2–1
Chile
Colombia
7–2
Brazil
7
2011 Details
Rosario
Argentina
3–2
Chile
Colombia
5–4
Uruguay
4
2005
Mar del Plata
Argentina
Group
Chile
Colombia
Group
USA
6
1995
Mar del Plata
Argentina
Group
Brazil
Colombia
Group
USA
5
1993
Havana
Argentina
Group
USA
Brazil
Group
Colombia
6
1991
Havana
Argentina
Group
Brazil
USA
Group
Colombia
6
1987
Indianapolis
Argentina
Group
USA
Brazil
Group
Colombia
5
1983
Sertãozinho
Brazil
Group
USA
Argentina
Group
Chile
4
1979
San Juan
Argentina
Group
Brazil
Chile
Group
USA
5
Men's medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Argentina (ARG)80192 Brazil (BRA)13263 Chile (CHI)0314 United States (USA)03145 Colombia (COL)0044Totals (5 entries)99927
Women's Historical
Year
Host
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Third Place
Score
Fourth Place
Teams
2018 Details
Bogotá
Argentina
1–0
Chile
Colombia
3-1
Brazil
5
2011 Details
Rosario
Chile
10–1
Uruguay
2
2005
Mar del Plata
Argentina
Chile
Mexico
Uruguay
4
Women's medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Argentina (ARG)20022 Chile (CHI)12033 Uruguay (URU)01014 Colombia (COL)0011 Mexico (MEX)0011Totals (5 entries)3328
Men's U-19 Historical
Year
Host
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Third Place
Score
Fourth Place
Teams
2018 Details
Bogotá
Argentina
4–0
Chile
Colombia
5-1
United States
5
Men's U-19 medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Argentina (ARG)10012 Chile (CHI)01013 Colombia (COL)0011Totals (3 entries)1113
References
^ http://www.diariocruzdelsur.com.ar/noticia/noticia/id/1108
^ "Cuenta Suspendida".
External links
South America Federation website
CIRH website
Official website of V Roller Hockey Pan American Games
Confederation Argentina de Patinage
Confederação Brasileira de Hóquei e Patinação
The Canadian In-Line & Roller Skating Association
Federatión Chilena de Hockey y Patinaje Archived 2020-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
Federatión Colombiana de Patinaje
Hockey Mexico
Federación Uruguaya de Patín y Hockey
Rink Hockey in the USA
vte Roller hockey competitions
CIRH
FIRS
Rankings
WorldNations
Men's World Cup
Women's World Cup
Men's World Cup U-20
Nations Cup
World Games
1992 Olympics
Golden Cup
Clubs
World Club Championship
Intercontinental Cup
Women's Intercontinental Cup
Europe – WSENations
Men's Euro Cup
Women's Euro Cup
Men's Euro Cup U-20
Men's Euro Cup U-17
Women's Euro Cup U-20
Latin Cup
Clubs
WSE Champions League
WSE Women's Champions League
WSE Cup
WSE Continental Cup
Eurockey Cup
EVRICup
CERH Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)
National championship
Austria
Belgium
England
France
Germany
Italy
Israel
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Men
Women
Switzerland
National cups
Austria
Belgium
England
France
Germany
Italy
Israel
Netherlands
Portugal
Men
Supercup
Spain
Men
Women
Supercup
Switzerland
Others
CERH (defunct)
CERS (defunct)
Asia – CARSNations
Asian Cup
National championship
India
Japan
Macau
Pakistan
Chinese Taipei
America – CPRSNations
Pan American
ODESUR Games
American Cup (defunct)
Clubs
South American Club Championship
Women's South American Club Championship
National championship
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Mexico
Uruguay
USA
Africa – FARSNations
African Cup
Clubs
African Club Championship
National championship
Angola
Egypt
Mozambique
South Africa
Oceania – OCRSNational championship
Australia
New Zealand
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cuenta Suspendida\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeypatin.cl/?p=479#comment-31","url_text":"\"Cuenta Suspendida\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Culture
|
IG Culture
|
["1 Musical career","2 New Sector Movements","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "IG Culture" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
IG Culture is a London musician and performer best known as a pioneer of the broken beat movement. His production features rhythms and hybrids of several musical styles such as jazz-fusion, funk and soul.
Musical career
IG Culture first became known as a member of the hip-hop duo Dodge City Productions in 1990. After the demise of that outfit, he founded an independent record label One Drop Interouter which released four albums. Later, he worked with the People label and founded the Main Squeeze label. He now runs the CoOp presents label with Alex Phountzi.
IG Culture produced an album by Japanese jazz artist Monday Michiru - Jazz Brat - in 1995 and appeared on the Roots Manuva album Brand New Second Hand in 1999.
In 2001, he compiled and released a various-artists album called Inspirations album followed by a 2-CD set of the same name in 2003. He also produced tracks from the Les Nubians album One Step Forwardincluding the title track released in 2003. In 2019 Ig Culture returned to the studio and completed work on a new album which is a soundtrack to a theater dance show, the OST was titled EarthBound and is due for release late in 2019
New Sector Movements
Circa 2000, IG Culture founded the New Sector Movements project. While predominantly consisting of work by Culture himself, the project also serves as a collective featuring a number of broken beat artists such as Eric "Murky Waters" Appapoulay, Eska Mtungwazi, Kaidi "Agent K" Tatham, Julie Dexter and Kate "Bémbé Ségué" Phillips, as well as Frank McComb (ex-Buckshot LeFonque) and strings duo Chix With Stix (Izzy Dunn & Stella Page). New Sector Movements signed with Virgin Records and its debut release was the 2001 EP No Tricks, which was followed by the Download This album later the same year. In 2004 the project released its second album Turn It Up, this time credited to NSM.
Discography
The Clarity EP 1992 as Dodge City Productions
No Tricks EP 2001 with New Sector Movements
Download This 2001 with New Sector Movements
Inspirations 2001
Inspirations (2CD) 2003
Turn It Up 2004
Zen Badizm 2008 available only in Japan
Soulful Shanghai 2012
References
^ a b IG Culture entry at www.discogs.com
External links
IG Culture / New Sector Movements / NSM / Instant Graffix / Quango / Son Of Scientist discographies at Discogs
IG Culture at AllMusic
IG Culture at Rolldabeats
IG Culture at MySpace
Interview with IG Culture on release of album Turn It Up in 2004, on Futureboogie website
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
2
3
4
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole_family
|
Walpole family
|
["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Walpole family" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
WalpoleCurrent regionNorfolk, EnglandTitlesEarl of OrfordBaron WalpoleMembersRobert WalpoleHorace WalpoleEstate(s)Houghton HallMannington HallWolterton Hall
The Walpole family (/ˈwɔːlˌpoʊl, ˈwɒl-/) is a famous English aristocratic family known for their 18th century political influence and for building notable country houses including Houghton Hall. Heads of this family have traditionally been the Earl of Orford. Robert Walpole, 10th Baron Walpole, resided at Mannington Hall. Wolterton Hall has been undergoing restoration since 2016.
Walpole coat of arms: Or, on a fesse between two chevrons sable three crosses crosslet of the field
Partial family tree
Thomas Walpole(died 1514)
Edward Walpole(died 1559)Henry Walpole
John Walpole(died 1588)John Walpole(died 1557)Christopher Walpole
Edward Walpole(1560–1637)Calybut Walpole(1561–1646)Henry Walpole(1558–1595)
Robert Walpole(1593–1663)
Sir Edward Walpole(1621–1668)
Robert Walpole(1650–1700)Horatio Walpole(1663–1717)
Catherine Shorter(died 1737)Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford(1676–1745)Maria Skerrett(died 1738)Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole(1678–1757)Galfridus Walpole(1683–1726)Dorothy Walpole(1686–1726)
Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford(1709–1751)Sir Edward Walpole(1706–1784)Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford(1717–1797)Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford(1723–1809)Thomas Walpole(1727–1803)Richard Walpole(1728–1798)Robert Walpole(1736–1810)
George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford(1730–1791)Maria Walpole(1736–1807)Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford(1752–1822)George Walpole(1758–1835)Thomas Walpole(1755–1840)Robert Walpole(1781–1856)
Horatio Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford(1783–1858)John Walpole(1787–1859)Thomas Walpole(1805–1881)Spencer Horatio Walpole(1808–1898)Sir Robert Walpole(1808–1876)Robert Seymour Walpole(1820–1910)
Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford(1813–1894)Frederick Walpole(1822–1876)Lady Dorothy Walpole(1826–1913)Henry Spencer Vade-Walpole(1837–1913)Sir Spencer Walpole(1839–1907)Somerset Walpole(1854–1929)
Robert Walpole, 5th Earl of Orford(1854–1931)Horatio Spencer Walpole(1881–1918)Sir Hugh Walpole(1884–1941)
Robert Henry Montgomerie Walpole, 9th Baron Walpole(1913–1989)
Robert Walpole, 10th Baron Walpole(1938–2021)Judith Schofield(1939–1993)
Alice Walpole(born 1963)Jonathan Walpole, 11th Baron Walpole(born 1967)
References
^ Middleton, Christopher (15 September 2001). "When an Englishman's home is his business". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
^ Culot, Caroline (19 April 2016). "Wolterton Hall sold to private buyers". Property. Eastern Daily Press. Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
^ Debrett's Peerage, 1968, Baron Walpole, p. 1128.
Bibliography
Jessopp, Augustus (1878). One Generation of a Norfolk House. A Contribution to Elizabethan History. Norwich: Miller & Leavins. p. 374.
Johnstone-Roberts, Anthony (2013). Sir William Walpole and The Walpole Estate. Research and Papers.
Authority control databases
VIAF
This England-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈwɔːlˌpoʊl, ˈwɒl-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Houghton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Earl of Orford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Orford"},{"link_name":"Robert Walpole, 10th Baron Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole,_10th_Baron_Walpole"},{"link_name":"Mannington Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannington_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wolterton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolterton_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walpole_arms.svg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Walpole family (/ˈwɔːlˌpoʊl, ˈwɒl-/) is a famous English aristocratic family known for their 18th century political influence and for building notable country houses including Houghton Hall. Heads of this family have traditionally been the Earl of Orford. Robert Walpole, 10th Baron Walpole, resided at Mannington Hall.[1] Wolterton Hall has been undergoing restoration since 2016.[2]Walpole coat of arms: Or, on a fesse between two chevrons sable three crosses crosslet of the field[3]","title":"Walpole family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jessopp, Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Jessopp"},{"link_name":"One Generation of a Norfolk House. A Contribution to Elizabethan History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/onegenerationofn00jess#page"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7963736#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/173236722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walpole_family&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-stub"}],"text":"Jessopp, Augustus (1878). One Generation of a Norfolk House. A Contribution to Elizabethan History. Norwich: Miller & Leavins. p. 374.\nJohnstone-Roberts, Anthony (2013). Sir William Walpole and The Walpole Estate. Research and Papers.Authority control databases \nVIAFThis England-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Walpole coat of arms: Or, on a fesse between two chevrons sable three crosses crosslet of the field[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Walpole_arms.svg/200px-Walpole_arms.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Middleton, Christopher (15 September 2001). \"When an Englishman's home is his business\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/3293690/When-an-Englishmans-home-is-his-business.html","url_text":"\"When an Englishman's home is his business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Culot, Caroline (19 April 2016). \"Wolterton Hall sold to private buyers\". Property. Eastern Daily Press. Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edp24.co.uk/property/historic_norfolk_estate_wolterton_hall_sold_to_private_buyers_1_4500458","url_text":"\"Wolterton Hall sold to private buyers\""}]},{"reference":"Jessopp, Augustus (1878). One Generation of a Norfolk House. A Contribution to Elizabethan History. Norwich: Miller & Leavins. p. 374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Jessopp","url_text":"Jessopp, Augustus"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/onegenerationofn00jess#page","url_text":"One Generation of a Norfolk House. A Contribution to Elizabethan History"}]},{"reference":"Johnstone-Roberts, Anthony (2013). Sir William Walpole and The Walpole Estate. Research and Papers.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Walpole+family%22","external_links_name":"\"Walpole family\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Walpole+family%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Walpole+family%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Walpole+family%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Walpole+family%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Walpole+family%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/3293690/When-an-Englishmans-home-is-his-business.html","external_links_name":"\"When an Englishman's home is his business\""},{"Link":"http://www.edp24.co.uk/property/historic_norfolk_estate_wolterton_hall_sold_to_private_buyers_1_4500458","external_links_name":"\"Wolterton Hall sold to private buyers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/onegenerationofn00jess#page","external_links_name":"One Generation of a Norfolk House. A Contribution to Elizabethan History"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/173236722","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walpole_family&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgium_Tour
|
2014 Belgium Tour
|
["1 Stages","1.1 Prologue","1.2 Stage 1","1.3 Stage 2","1.4 Stage 3","1.5 Stage 4","2 Classification leadership","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Cycling race
2014Race detailsDates11–15 September 2014Stages4 + PrologueDistance341.1 km (211.9 mi)Results
Winner
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
(Rabo–Liv)
Second
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
(Rabo–Liv)
Third
Thalita de Jong (NED)
(Rabo–Liv)
Mountains
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
(Rabo–Liv)
Youth
Thalita de Jong (NED)
(Rabo–Liv)
Sprints
Thalita de Jong (NED)
(Rabo–Liv)
Team
Rabo–Liv
← 2013 2015 →
The 2014 |Lotto–Belisol Belgium Tour is the third edition of the Lotto–Belisol Belgium Tour, previous called Lotto–Decca Tour, a women's cycle stage race in Belgium. The tour was held from 11 to 15 September 2014. The tour has an UCI rating of 2.2.
Ellen van Dijk, who won the two previous editions, did not compete in this edition because the race did not fit in her schedule.
Stages
Prologue
11 September – Naast to Naast, 7.82 km (4.9 mi)
Prologue result & General classification
Rider
Team
Time
1
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
Rabo–Liv
10' 08"
2
Lauren Stephens (USA)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 26"
3
Marianne Vos (NED)
Rabo–Liv
+ 32"
4
Lauren Komanski (USA)
USA (National team)
+ 33"
5
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
Rabo–Liv
+ 35"
6
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Rabo–Liv
+ 36"
7
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Orica–AIS
+ 37"
8
Charlotte Becker (GER)
Wiggle High5
+ 12"
9
Joëlle Numainville (CAN)
Lotto–Dstny Ladies
+ 41"
10
Mieke Kröger (GER)
Futurumshop.nl–Zannata
+ 46"
Stage 1
12 September – Honelles to Honelles, 110.16 km (68.5 mi)
Stage 1 result
Rider
Team
Time
1
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
2h 56' 45"
2
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
s.t.
3
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 6"
4
Tiffany Cromwell (AUS)
Australia (National team)
+ 6"
5
Lucy Garner (GBR)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 6"
6
Marianne Vos (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 6"
7
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Sweden (National team)
+ 6"
8
Joëlle Numainville (CAN)
Lotto–Dstny Ladies
+ 6"
9
Kelly Druyts (BEL)
Topsport Vlaanderen–Pro-Duo
+ 6"
10
Lauren Stephens (USA)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 6"
General classification after stage 1
Rider
Team
Time
1
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
3h 06' 37"
2
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 43"
3
Lauren Stephens (USA)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 48"
4
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 50"
5
Marianne Vos (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 51"
6
Lauren Komanski (USA)
USA (National team)
+ 55"
7
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Sweden (National team)
+ 59"
8
Charlotte Becker (GER)
Germany (National team)
+ 1' 03"
9
Joëlle Numainville (CAN)
Lotto–Dstny Ladies
+ 1' 03"
10
Amy Pieters (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 1' 05"
Stage 2
13 September – Colfontaine to Colfontaine, 20.1 km (12.5 mi) Team time trial (TTT)
Stage 2 result
Team
Time
1
Liv Racing TeqFind
21' 15"
2
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 43"
3
Futurumshop.nl–Zannata
+ 43"
4
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 43"
5
Mixed team 4
+ 54"
6
Sweden (National team)
+ 57"
7
USA (National team)
+ 1' 11"
8
Germany (National team)
+ 1' 30"
9
Topsport Vlaanderen–Pro-Duo
+ 1' 31"
10
Lotto–Dstny Ladies
+ 1' 32"
General classification after stage 2
Rider
Team
Time
1
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
3h 27' 52"
2
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 43"
3
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 48"
4
Marianne Vos (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 50"
5
Lauren Stephens (USA)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 51"
6
Amy Pieters (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 55"
7
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Sweden (National team)
+ 59"
8
Floortje Mackaij (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 1' 03"
9
Joanne Kiesanowski (NZL)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 1' 03"
10
Sofie De Vuyst (BEL)
Futurumshop.nl–Zannata
+ 1' 05"
Stage 3
14 September – Halle to Buizingen, 102.7 km (63.8 mi)
Stage 3 result
Rider
Team
Time
1
Chloe Hosking (AUS)
Mixed team 4
2h 42' 57"
2
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
s.t.
3
Kelly Druyts (BEL)
Topsport Vlaanderen–Pro-Duo
s.t.
4
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Sweden (National team)
s.t.
5
Lucy Garner (GBR)
Team Giant–Shimano
s.t.
6
Marianne Vos (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
s.t.
7
Kendall Ryan (USA)
USA (National team)
s.t.
8
Ashleigh Moolman (RSA)
Mixed team 4
s.t.
9
Joanne Kiesanowski (NZL)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
s.t.
10
Amy Pieters (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
s.t.
General classification after stage 3
Rider
Team
Time
1
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
6h 10' 49"
2
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 39"
3
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 43"
4
Marianne Vos (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 51"
5
Lauren Stephens (USA)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 51"
6
Amy Pieters (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 1' 48"
7
Joanne Kiesanowski (NZL)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 1' 51"
8
Floortje Mackaij (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 1' 56"
9
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Sweden (National team)
+ 1' 56"
10
Chloe Hosking (AUS)
Mixed team 4
+ 1' 58"
Stage 4
15 September – Geraardsbergen to Geraardsbergen, 100.3 km (62.3 mi)
Stage 4 result
Rider
Team
Time
1
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
2h 41' 48"
2
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Sweden (National team)
+ 7"
3
Kelly Druyts (BEL)
Topsport Vlaanderen–Pro-Duo
+ 7"
4
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 7"
5
Kelly Druyts (BEL)
Topsport Vlaanderen–Pro-Duo
+ 7"
6
Amy Pieters (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 7"
7
Chloe Hosking (AUS)
Mixed team 4
+ 7"
8
Lauren Stephens (USA)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 7"
9
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 7"
10
Joanne Kiesanowski (NZL)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 7"
Final General classification
Rider
Team
Time
1
Annemiek van Vleuten (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
8h 52' 40"
2
Anna van der Breggen (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 27"
3
Thalita de Jong (NED)
Liv Racing TeqFind
+ 41"
4
Lauren Stephens (USA)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 1' 35"
5
Amy Pieters (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 1' 52"
6
Emma Johansson (SWE)
Sweden (National team)
+ 1' 53"
7
Joanne Kiesanowski (NZL)
Team TIBCO–To The Top
+ 1' 55"
8
Chloe Hosking (AUS)
Mixed team 4
+ 2' 02"
9
Sofie De Vuyst (BEL)
Futurumshop.nl–Zannata
+ 2' 03"
10
Floortje Mackaij (NED)
Team Giant–Shimano
+ 2' 22"
Classification leadership
Stage
Winner
General classification
Sprints classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Belgian Riders
Combativity award
Team classification
P
Annemiek van Vleuten
Annemiek van Vleuten
Not awarded
Not awarded
Thalita de Jong
Annemiek van Vleuten
Not awarded
Liv Racing TeqFind
1
Annemiek van Vleuten
Annemiek van Vleuten
Anna van der Breggen
Sofie De Vuyst
Stephanie Pohl
2 (TTT)
Liv Racing TeqFind
Not awarded
3
Chloe Hosking
Thalita de Jong
Tiffany Cromwell
4
Anna van der Breggen
Not awarded
Final Classification
Annemiek van Vleuten
Thalita de Jong
Anna van der Breggen
Thalita de Jong
Sofie De Vuyst
Not awarded
Liv Racing TeqFind
See also
Sports portal
2014 in women's road cycling
References
^ "Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour (2.2)". Procyclingstats.com. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
^ "Ellen op poster Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour". EllenvanDijk.nl. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
External links
Official website
vteLotto-Belisol Belgium Tour
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"2014 in women's road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_women%27s_road_cycling"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour (2.2)\". Procyclingstats.com. Retrieved 23 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race/Lotto_Belisol_Belgium_Tour_2013","url_text":"\"Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour (2.2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ellen op poster Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour\". EllenvanDijk.nl. Retrieved 11 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ellenvandijk.nl/nl/ct-menu-item-4/september/177-ellen-op-poster-lotto-belisol-belgium-tour","url_text":"\"Ellen op poster Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race/Lotto_Belisol_Belgium_Tour_2013","external_links_name":"\"Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour (2.2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ellenvandijk.nl/nl/ct-menu-item-4/september/177-ellen-op-poster-lotto-belisol-belgium-tour","external_links_name":"\"Ellen op poster Lotto Belisol Belgium Tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.lottocyclingcup.eu/nl/23-26-augustus-lotto-belisol-belgium-tour/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_in_the_Way
|
Always in the Way
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1915 film by J. Searle Dawley
Always in the WayTheatrical PosterDirected byJ. Searle DawleyWritten byCharles K. HarrisProduced byLouis B. MayerStarringMary Miles MinterCinematographyIrvin WillatProductioncompanyDyreda Art Film Corp.Distributed byMetro PicturesRelease date
June 21, 1915 (1915-06-21)
Running time6 reelsCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles)
Always in the Way is a 1915 American silent drama film directed by J. Searle Dawley and starring Mary Miles Minter. The film, which was inspired by the song of the same name by Charles K. Harris, was partially filmed in the Bahamas. As with many of Minter's features, the film is thought to be a lost film.
Plot
Mary Miles Minter in "Always in the Way" (1915)
As described in film magazines, Winfred North, a widower, marries a widow with two children, believing this will be best for his five-year-old daughter, Dorothy. When her step-mother discovers that Dorothy is to inherit the entirety of her father's fortune, she passes her off as an orphan, and has her adopted by a missionary couple who take the little girl to Africa.
Now aged fifteen, Dorothy is aiding her adoptive father Revered Goodwin in his missionary work, when she meets Robert Armstrong, a prospector, and they become sweethearts. However, the natives take up arms and kill Dorothy's adoptive parents. Dorothy is rescued and taken to New York, where she begins to work in a florist's shop. Armstrong also returns to New York and searches relentlessly for Dorothy. By a series of coincidences he becomes acquainted first with Winfred North, and then with a former friend of Dorothy's step-mother, who reveals what the step-mother has done.
In the meantime, Dorothy tells her story to a journalist with whom she shares her boarding house. When Armstrong reads the subsequent article, he is finally able to find his lost sweetheart. He re-unites Dorothy with her father, who promptly denounces the step-mother, and the young couple are engaged.
The July 10th, 1915 edition of Motion Picture News lists a musical cue sheet for the film.
Cast
Mary Miles Minter as Dorothy North
Ethelmary Oakland as Dorothy North (child)
Lowell Sherman as Winfred North
Edna Holland as Mrs. Helen Stillwell
Mabel Greene as May Stillwell
Harold Meltzer as Alan Stillwell
Arthur Evers as Reverend Goodwin
Charlotte Shelby as Mrs. Goodwin
Franklin B. Coates as Robert Armstrong
References
^ "Movie Reviews". The New York Times. 12 January 2018.
^ The Library of Congress/FIAF American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: Always in the Way
^ "Reviews: Always in the Way". Motion Picture News. 12 (1). New York City: Motion Picture News, Inc.: July 10, 1915.
^ "Reviews of Current Productions: Always in the Way". Moving Picture World. 25 (2). New York City: Chalmers Publishing Company: . July 10, 1915.
^ "Some Current Releases Reviewed: Always in the Way". Motography. 14 (2). Chicago: Electricity Magazine Corp.: July 10, 1915.
^ "Music for "Always in the Way," a 6-Reel Metro". Motion Picture News. 12 (1). New York City: Motion Picture News, Inc.: July 10, 1915.
External links
Always in the Way at IMDb
This 1910s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"J. Searle Dawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Searle_Dawley"},{"link_name":"Mary Miles Minter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Miles_Minter"},{"link_name":"Charles K. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Harris"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"lost film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-2"}],"text":"Always in the Way is a 1915 American silent drama film directed by J. Searle Dawley and starring Mary Miles Minter. The film, which was inspired by the song of the same name by Charles K. Harris, was partially filmed in the Bahamas.[1] As with many of Minter's features, the film is thought to be a lost film.[2]","title":"Always in the Way"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Always_in_the_Way_Scene.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_News"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mary Miles Minter in \"Always in the Way\" (1915)As described in film magazines,[3][4][5] Winfred North, a widower, marries a widow with two children, believing this will be best for his five-year-old daughter, Dorothy. When her step-mother discovers that Dorothy is to inherit the entirety of her father's fortune, she passes her off as an orphan, and has her adopted by a missionary couple who take the little girl to Africa.Now aged fifteen, Dorothy is aiding her adoptive father Revered Goodwin in his missionary work, when she meets Robert Armstrong, a prospector, and they become sweethearts. However, the natives take up arms and kill Dorothy's adoptive parents. Dorothy is rescued and taken to New York, where she begins to work in a florist's shop. Armstrong also returns to New York and searches relentlessly for Dorothy. By a series of coincidences he becomes acquainted first with Winfred North, and then with a former friend of Dorothy's step-mother, who reveals what the step-mother has done.In the meantime, Dorothy tells her story to a journalist with whom she shares her boarding house. When Armstrong reads the subsequent article, he is finally able to find his lost sweetheart. He re-unites Dorothy with her father, who promptly denounces the step-mother, and the young couple are engaged.The July 10th, 1915 edition of Motion Picture News lists a musical cue sheet for the film.[6]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Miles Minter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Miles_Minter"},{"link_name":"Ethelmary Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelmary_Oakland"},{"link_name":"Lowell Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Edna Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Holland"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Shelby"}],"text":"Mary Miles Minter as Dorothy North\nEthelmary Oakland as Dorothy North (child)\nLowell Sherman as Winfred North\nEdna Holland as Mrs. Helen Stillwell\nMabel Greene as May Stillwell\nHarold Meltzer as Alan Stillwell\nArthur Evers as Reverend Goodwin\nCharlotte Shelby as Mrs. Goodwin\nFranklin B. Coates as Robert Armstrong","title":"Cast"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mary Miles Minter in \"Always in the Way\" (1915)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Always_in_the_Way_Scene.png/220px-Always_in_the_Way_Scene.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Movie Reviews\". The New York Times. 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies","url_text":"\"Movie Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews: Always in the Way\". Motion Picture News. 12 (1). New York City: Motion Picture News, Inc.: [1] July 10, 1915.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse","url_text":"\"Reviews: Always in the Way\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse/page/n79","url_text":"[1]"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews of Current Productions: Always in the Way\". Moving Picture World. 25 (2). New York City: Chalmers Publishing Company: [2]. July 10, 1915.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/movingpicturewor25newy","url_text":"\"Reviews of Current Productions: Always in the Way\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/movingpicturewor25newy/page/318","url_text":"[2]"}]},{"reference":"\"Some Current Releases Reviewed: Always in the Way\". Motography. 14 (2). Chicago: Electricity Magazine Corp.: [3] July 10, 1915.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motography00test","url_text":"\"Some Current Releases Reviewed: Always in the Way\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motography00test/page/70","url_text":"[3]"}]},{"reference":"\"Music for \"Always in the Way,\" a 6-Reel Metro\". Motion Picture News. 12 (1). New York City: Motion Picture News, Inc.: [4] July 10, 1915.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse","url_text":"\"Music for \"Always in the Way,\" a 6-Reel Metro\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse/page/n127","url_text":"[4]"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies","external_links_name":"\"Movie Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.3397/default.html","external_links_name":"The Library of Congress/FIAF American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: Always in the Way"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse","external_links_name":"\"Reviews: Always in the Way\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse/page/n79","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/movingpicturewor25newy","external_links_name":"\"Reviews of Current Productions: Always in the Way\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/movingpicturewor25newy/page/318","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motography00test","external_links_name":"\"Some Current Releases Reviewed: Always in the Way\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motography00test/page/70","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse","external_links_name":"\"Music for \"Always in the Way,\" a 6-Reel Metro\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew121unse/page/n127","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0004885/","external_links_name":"Always in the Way"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_in_the_Way&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2370894
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2370894
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["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 References","4 External links"]
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2002 compilation album by Vsnares2370894Compilation album by VsnaresReleasedJuly 29, 2002 (2002-07-29)GenreBreakcoreLabelPlanet MuProducerAaron Funk
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Pitchfork Media
2370894 is an album by breakcore artist Aaron Funk under the moniker Vsnares. It was released in 2002.
Background
Aaron Funk served as producer on the record. It is a compilation of tracks left over from sessions of previous albums, and contains an instrumental version of "Stamina" from the Cex album Being Ridden as well as songs intended for later albums. The track "Nobody Really Understands Anybody" samples the song "Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want" by The Smiths.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."Underground Circus Jesus" (Was composed during the Doll Doll Doll sessions, but not intended for the album.)3:482."Ornamental Grape Bone" (Was also composed during the Doll Doll Doll sessions, but wasn't meant for the album either.)3:553."Happy Morning Condom Factory"3:284."Twisting Ligneous"9:575."Fuck Toronto Jungle" (Outtake from Higgins Ultra Low Track Glue Funk Hits 1972–2006.)5:116."We Are Cesspools"3:117."Sybian Rock"0:498."Nobody Really Understands Anybody" (Is implied to have been intended for Winter in the Belly of a Snake.)4:209."Stamina" (Instrumental, feat. Cex and Mad E. P.)3:0110."2 Dollars" (Composed during the sessions for Higgins Ultra Low Track Glue Funk Hits 1972–2006.)4:4011."British IDM Preset Fanfare (The Hawaiian Hockey Song)"3:54
References
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r597406
^ "Pitchfork Media Review".
External links
Official release page
vteVenetian SnaresStudio albums
Rossz Csillag Alatt Született
My Downfall (Original Soundtrack)
My So-Called Life
My Love Is a Bulldozer
Thank You for Your Consideration
Traditional Synthesizer Music
EPs and singles
Greg Hates Car Culture
Salt
A Giant Alien Force More Violent & Sick Than Anything You Can Imagine
Infolepsy
Fool the Detector
Your Face
Other albums
2370894
Speed Dealer Moms EP
Poemss
Venetian Snares x Daniel Lanois
Related articles
Albums
Breakcore
Hecate
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2000s techno album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breakcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakcore"},{"link_name":"Aaron Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Funk"}],"text":"2370894 is an album by breakcore artist Aaron Funk under the moniker Vsnares. It was released in 2002.","title":"2370894"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cex_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Being Ridden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_Ridden"},{"link_name":"Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please,_Please,_Please_Let_Me_Get_What_I_Want"},{"link_name":"The Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"}],"text":"Aaron Funk served as producer on the record. It is a compilation of tracks left over from sessions of previous albums, and contains an instrumental version of \"Stamina\" from the Cex album Being Ridden as well as songs intended for later albums. The track \"Nobody Really Understands Anybody\" samples the song \"Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want\" by The Smiths.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doll Doll Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll_Doll_Doll"},{"link_name":"Doll Doll Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll_Doll_Doll"},{"link_name":"Higgins Ultra Low Track Glue Funk Hits 1972–2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgins_Ultra_Low_Track_Glue_Funk_Hits_1972%E2%80%932006"},{"link_name":"Winter in the Belly of a Snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_in_the_Belly_of_a_Snake"},{"link_name":"Cex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cex_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Higgins Ultra Low Track Glue Funk Hits 1972–2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgins_Ultra_Low_Track_Glue_Funk_Hits_1972%E2%80%932006"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Underground Circus Jesus\" (Was composed during the Doll Doll Doll sessions, but not intended for the album.)3:482.\"Ornamental Grape Bone\" (Was also composed during the Doll Doll Doll sessions, but wasn't meant for the album either.)3:553.\"Happy Morning Condom Factory\"3:284.\"Twisting Ligneous\"9:575.\"Fuck Toronto Jungle\" (Outtake from Higgins Ultra Low Track Glue Funk Hits 1972–2006.)5:116.\"We Are Cesspools\"3:117.\"Sybian Rock\"0:498.\"Nobody Really Understands Anybody\" (Is implied to have been intended for Winter in the Belly of a Snake.)4:209.\"Stamina\" (Instrumental, feat. Cex and Mad E. P.)3:0110.\"2 Dollars\" (Composed during the sessions for Higgins Ultra Low Track Glue Funk Hits 1972–2006.)4:4011.\"British IDM Preset Fanfare (The Hawaiian Hockey Song)\"3:54","title":"Track listing"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Pitchfork Media Review\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8440-2370894-as-vsnares","url_text":"\"Pitchfork Media Review\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r597406","external_links_name":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r597406"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8440-2370894-as-vsnares","external_links_name":"\"Pitchfork Media Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100703225329/http://www.planet.mu/discography/ZIQ057","external_links_name":"Official release page"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/021d8ffb-4788-363b-82a5-250f29169e30","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2370894&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_Lonergan
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Lachlan Lonergan
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["1 Rugby career","2 Statistics[7]","2.1 Super Rugby","2.2 Internationals","3 Reference list","4 External links"]
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Australian rugby union player
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (August 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
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Rugby playerLachlan LonerganDate of birth (1999-10-11) 11 October 1999 (age 24)Place of birthAustraliaHeight180 cm (5 ft 11 in)Weight99 kg (218 lb; 15 st 8 lb)Notable relative(s)Ryan Lonergan (brother)
Mitch Lonergan (brother)Rugby union careerPosition(s)
HookerSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2019
Canberra Vikings
7
(5)
Correct as of 4 November 2019Super RugbyYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2020–
Brumbies
46
(85)
Correct as of 14 June 2024International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2019
Australia U20
5
(20)2021–
Australia
8
(5)
Correct as of 17 August 2023
Lachlan Lonergan (born 11 October 1999) is an Australian professional rugby union player. He plays as a hooker for the Brumbies in Super Rugby and has represented Australia in international rugby.
Rugby career
Lonergan played for the Australia U20 team at the World Rugby Under 20 Championship in 2019. He signed with the Brumbies later that year, linking up with his older brother Ryan who had joined the franchise in 2018. He was named in the Brumbies squad for the 2020 season.
Statistics
As of 17 August 2023
Super Rugby
Season
Team
Matches
Starts
Minutes
Tries
Cons
Pens
Points
YC
RC
2020
Brumbies
4
0
46
0
0
0
0
0
0
2021
Brumbies
13
4
471
3
0
0
15
0
0
2022
Brumbies
10
5
399
7
0
0
35
0
0
2023
Brumbies
13
10
716
5
0
0
25
0
0
Grand total
40
19
1632
15
0
0
75
0
0
Internationals
Season
Team
Matches
Starts
Minutes
Tries
Cons
Pens
Points
YC
RC
2021
Australia
4
0
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
2022
Australia
4
1
126
1
0
0
5
0
0
Grand total
8
1
189
1
0
0
5
0
0
Reference list
^ "Lachlan Lonergan: Junior Wallabies". rugby.com.au. 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019.
^ Dutton, Chris (30 July 2019). "Brumbies Lach in deal for young hooker". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
^ "Rising hooker Lachlan Lonergan steps up to Brumbies' senior squad". Rugby.com.au. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ Dutton, Chris (30 July 2019). "Brotherly love: Ryan and Lachlan Lonergan set to link on Brumbies deal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
^ "Plus500 Brumbies Finalise 2020 Super Rugby Squad" (Press release). Brumbies. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ "Youthful Brumbies squad named for 2020 Super Rugby season". Rugby Pass. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ "Lachlan LONERGAN profile and stats". all.rugby. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Player Statistics". It's Rugby.
External links
Lachlan Lonergan at ESPNscrum
Lachlan Lonergan at ItsRugby.co.uk
vteBrumbies – current squadForwards
Allan Ala'alatoa
Liam Bowron
Jahrome Brown
Charlie Cale
Nick Frost
Tom Hooper
Fred Kaihea
Sefo Kautai
Ed Kennedy
Lachlan Lonergan
Connal McInerney
Cadeyrn Neville
Billy Pollard
Luke Reimer
Blake Schoupp
Rory Scott
Lachlan Shaw
James Slipper
Darcy Swain
Rob Valetini
Rhys van Nek
Harry Vella
Backs
Austin Anderson
Hudson Creighton
Jack Debreczeni
Harrison Goddard
Len Ikitau
Noah Lolesio
Ryan Lonergan
Declan Meredith
Andy Muirhead
Ben O'Donnell
Ollie Sapsford
Klayton Thorn
Corey Toole
Tamati Tua
Tom Wright
Coach
Stephen Larkham
This biographical article relating to Australian rugby union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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He plays as a hooker for the Brumbies in Super Rugby and has represented Australia in international rugby.","title":"Lachlan Lonergan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia U20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"World Rugby Under 20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u20s-2019-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-jul-2019-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ra-jul-2019-3"},{"link_name":"Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Lonergan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh-jul-2018-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brums-2020-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rp-2020-6"}],"text":"Lonergan played for the Australia U20 team at the World Rugby Under 20 Championship in 2019.[1] He signed with the Brumbies later that year,[2][3] linking up with his older brother Ryan who had joined the franchise in 2018.[4] He was named in the Brumbies squad for the 2020 season.[5][6]","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Player_Statistics-8"}],"text":"As of 17 August 2023[8]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Super Rugby","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Internationals","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-u20s-2019_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Lachlan Lonergan: Junior Wallabies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190921101529/https://www.rugby.com.au/players/lachlan%20lonergan"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rugby.com.au/players/lachlan%20lonergan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ct-jul-2019_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Brumbies Lach in deal for young hooker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6298608/brumbies-lach-in-deal-for-young-hooker/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ra-jul-2019_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Rising hooker Lachlan Lonergan steps up to Brumbies' senior squad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rugby.com.au/news/2019/07/30/brumbies-lonergan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smh-jul-2018_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Brotherly love: Ryan and Lachlan Lonergan set to link on Brumbies deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/brotherly-love-ryan-and-lachlan-lonergan-set-to-link-on-brumbies-deal-20180731-p4zukh.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brums-2020_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Plus500 Brumbies Finalise 2020 Super Rugby Squad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brumbies.rugby/news/2019/11/03/brumbies-finalise-2020-squad"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rp-2020_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Youthful Brumbies squad named for 2020 Super Rugby season\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rugbypass.com/news/youthful-brumbies-squad-named-for-2020-super-rugby-season/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Lachlan LONERGAN profile and stats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//all.rugby/player/lachlan-lonergan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Player_Statistics_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Player Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.itsrugby.fr/joueurs/lachlan-lonergan-45256.html"}],"text":"^ \"Lachlan Lonergan: Junior Wallabies\". rugby.com.au. 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019.\n\n^ Dutton, Chris (30 July 2019). \"Brumbies Lach in deal for young hooker\". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 5 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Rising hooker Lachlan Lonergan steps up to Brumbies' senior squad\". Rugby.com.au. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.\n\n^ Dutton, Chris (30 July 2019). \"Brotherly love: Ryan and Lachlan Lonergan set to link on Brumbies deal\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Plus500 Brumbies Finalise 2020 Super Rugby Squad\" (Press release). Brumbies. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Youthful Brumbies squad named for 2020 Super Rugby season\". Rugby Pass. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Lachlan LONERGAN profile and stats\". all.rugby. Retrieved 17 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Player Statistics\". It's Rugby.","title":"Reference list"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Lachlan Lonergan: Junior Wallabies\". rugby.com.au. 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190921101529/https://www.rugby.com.au/players/lachlan%20lonergan","url_text":"\"Lachlan Lonergan: Junior Wallabies\""},{"url":"https://www.rugby.com.au/players/lachlan%20lonergan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dutton, Chris (30 July 2019). \"Brumbies Lach in deal for young hooker\". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 5 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6298608/brumbies-lach-in-deal-for-young-hooker/","url_text":"\"Brumbies Lach in deal for young hooker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rising hooker Lachlan Lonergan steps up to Brumbies' senior squad\". Rugby.com.au. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugby.com.au/news/2019/07/30/brumbies-lonergan","url_text":"\"Rising hooker Lachlan Lonergan steps up to Brumbies' senior squad\""}]},{"reference":"Dutton, Chris (30 July 2019). \"Brotherly love: Ryan and Lachlan Lonergan set to link on Brumbies deal\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/brotherly-love-ryan-and-lachlan-lonergan-set-to-link-on-brumbies-deal-20180731-p4zukh.html","url_text":"\"Brotherly love: Ryan and Lachlan Lonergan set to link on Brumbies deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plus500 Brumbies Finalise 2020 Super Rugby Squad\" (Press release). Brumbies. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://brumbies.rugby/news/2019/11/03/brumbies-finalise-2020-squad","url_text":"\"Plus500 Brumbies Finalise 2020 Super Rugby Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youthful Brumbies squad named for 2020 Super Rugby season\". Rugby Pass. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/youthful-brumbies-squad-named-for-2020-super-rugby-season/","url_text":"\"Youthful Brumbies squad named for 2020 Super Rugby season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lachlan LONERGAN profile and stats\". all.rugby. Retrieved 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://all.rugby/player/lachlan-lonergan","url_text":"\"Lachlan LONERGAN profile and stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Statistics\". It's Rugby.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itsrugby.fr/joueurs/lachlan-lonergan-45256.html","url_text":"\"Player Statistics\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Green_(author)
|
Hannah Green (author)
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American author
For the author with the pseudonym "Hannah Green", see Joanne Greenberg.
Hannah Green (1927–1996) was an American author, born in Cincinnati, Ohio and lived on Barrow Street, in Greenwich Village, New York. As an undergraduate at Wellesley, she enrolled in Vladimir Nabokov's survey of Russian literature in translation, which she later wrote about in The New Yorker. Ms. Green completed her MFA at Stanford University with Wallace Stegner. There she met Tillie Olsen, and the two began a lifelong friendship. In 1960, she was a recipient of the first of many MacDowell Colony residencies. Among her published work are articles in The New Yorker, the books, The Dead of the House (1973) and Golden Spark, Little Saint: My Book of the Hours of Saint Foy (2000), and the children's book, In the City of Paris. For several years, Ms. Green taught in the writing programs of Stanford, Columbia, and New York University. Until her death in 1996, she was married to the American artist John Wesley.
References
^ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/hannah_green/search?contributorName=Hannah+Green
^ "Little Saint". The New York Times.
^ Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (18 October 1996). "Hannah Green, 69, an Author Who Pursued Perfection, Dies". The New York Times.
External links
Hannah Green Papers (Stanford University, Special Collections)
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Little Saint\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/green-saint.html","url_text":"\"Little Saint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (18 October 1996). \"Hannah Green, 69, an Author Who Pursued Perfection, Dies\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/18/arts/hannah-green-69-an-author-who-pursued-perfection-dies.html","url_text":"\"Hannah Green, 69, an Author Who Pursued Perfection, Dies\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allowance_Optional_Claiming
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Glossary of North American horse racing
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[]
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Glossary of North American horse racing:
Contents
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
References
External links
Additional glossaries at:
Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting
Glossary of equestrian terms
Parimutuel betting#Parimutuel bet types
A
Advance-deposit wagering
Advance-deposit wagering (ADW) is a form of horse race gambling in which the bettor must fund their account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often conducted online or by phone.
Allowance race
A race for which entries are restricted to horses meeting certain earnings or other race criteria. The track operator's designated official (usually the Racing Secretary) establishes specific conditions that determine what weights are to be carried by any competing horse based on factors from the horse's previous performances including races won and/or earnings.
Allowances
Adjustments in weight "allowed" in a race. Examples include those granted because an apprentice is riding, for three-year-olds running against older horses, or for female horses running against male horses.
Allowance optional claiming
See Optional claiming
Also eligible
A horse officially entered in a race, but because the field is too large, the horse is not allowed to start unless other horses are scratched prior to a set deadline.
Apprentice
A young jockey, sometimes called a "bug," who is still in training. An apprentice is required to ride a given number of winners in a specified period of time before completing their apprenticeship.
B
Backside
Also sometimes called the backstretch (see "backstretch", below), an area with restricted access, usually behind the track, where the stables and residential living areas for staff are located.
Backstretch
The straightway on the farther side of an elliptical or oval racecourse. It typically runs parallel to the grandstand and the homestretch where the finish line is located. Also refers to the stabling area adjacent to the racetrack (see "backside", above).
Bearing In (or out)
When a horse does not run straight on the course. There are many causes, including fatigue, infirmity, reaction to being whipped, or the rider's inability to control the horse.
Black type
In a sales catalogue, black type is boldface print and indicates a stakes winner if the name is in all caps, or a stakes-placed runner if in upper and lower mixed case letters.
Blanket finish
A finish "so close that a blanket would cover all the contestants involved."
Bleeder, bled
A horse that bleeds from the nostrils either during the running of a race, or when returning to be unsaddled. May be due to Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). May explain a poor effort. See also: Furosemide (Lasix).
Blinkers
A hood designed with partial cups behind the horse's eyes that limit a horse's rear and side vision to varying degrees, depending on design. Blinkers may prevent a horse from swerving away from objects or other horses.
Bloodstock agent
People who specialize in buying and selling horses on behalf of clients and offer advice on purchasing horses.See also: Pinhooking
Blue hen
A mare who produces many high quality offspring who also have a significant impact on the breed.
Book
1) The list of mares that a stallion will breed in a given breeding season. A full book is when the maximum number of mares the stallion is deemed able to breed has been reached. 2) A jockey's riding commitments for races. An agent usually is the person who manages and books the races a jockey is to ride.
Bounce
A horse that runs a poor race directly following a career-best or near-best performance.
Break or broke
To leave the starting gate in the initial strides of a race.
Break maiden
When a horse wins a race for the first time in its career.
Breather
Deliberately restraining or easing off a horse for a short distance, allowing the horse to conserve or renew the horse's stamina or strength.
Breeze
1. To win easily. 2. A timed workout where the horse is not being asked for full speed; less effort than handily; or can refer to a light training workout over a short distance that is used to gauge a horse's racing potential and performance.
Broke down
A horse that has a serious physical problem during a race, usually limping or unable to put a limb on the ground, resulting in either being removed from the track in a horse ambulance or, in the worst cases, euthanized.
Bullet or bullet work
The best workout time at a track on a given day at a specific distance. The past performance listings indicate this work by a printer's "bullet" in front of that particular workout time.
Butazolidin or bute
See Phenylbutazone, below.
C
Chalk
The horse who runs a particular race at the best win odds; the favorite. A bettor who routinely places wagers on favorites is called a "Chalk Player." The horse with the second—-lowest win odds is sometimes called "Second Chalk" and so on. If all the races run so far have been won by horses with relatively low win odds, then today's results so far are called "Chalky."
Champion
Formally, and especially when capitalized, a Champion is a racehorse who has won an Eclipse Award in America, or an equivalent award in other racing jurisdictions. Informally, the term may be used for the winner of a major race.
Chart
A detailed list of statistics about a race. The chart lists the position of each horse at various points of the race, the margin between horses, plus the odds for the race, and each horse's sex, age, weight carried, owner, and trainer. The chart also describes the purse, race conditions, payouts for various winning bets, times and other data.
Chute
An extension to a straightaway on either the homestretch or the backstretch used for establishing a distance to eliminate the need to begin the race on a turn.
Circle the field
When a horse is forced to go very wide around other horses in order to move into a winning position.
Claiming race
Race in which any competing horse is subject to be purchased for a preset price. A claim is made before the race and can only be acted upon by a licensed owner or their agent. The price is set by the conditions of the race. If the horse wins prize money during the race, the money goes to the previous owner. Prior to 1925 they were called a Selling race.
Closer
A horse that performs best during the final part of the race, usually coming from behind against most of its race competitors.
Clubhouse turn
The turn to the right of the grandstand, so called because the clubhouse is usually to the right of the general stands
Conditions
Conditions are requirements for horses to be entered into a specific race, such as age, sex, number of wins, and amount of money won. Racetracks publish a Conditions Book listing the upcoming stakes that set the eligibility requirements and any restrictions for each race.
Connections
The owner and trainer of a horse. The term can also be extended to other members of a racing team or partnership.
Coupled
The trainer or owner is entering more than one horse in a race with the purpose of having one betting entry is to protect those betting on the other horse
D
Dead heat
Term to denote a tie at the finish of the race between two or more horses. A tie with three horses is very rare.
Derby
A stakes race for three-year-old racehorses. In 2016, there were over 20 derbies in the United States, often named for the racetrack or the state in which the race is run.
Did not finish (DNF)
A horse that did not finish the race, for any of a number of reasons
E
Horses going past the eighth pole at Santa Anita Park
Eased
When a jockey deliberately slows down a horse during a race, often to prevent injury or harm to the horse.
Eighth pole
A pole to signal that the finish line is one-eighth of a mile away. Eighth poles are green and white striped
Entry
See Coupling, above.
F
Far turn
The turn off the backstretch into the homestretch. So called because it is farthest from the finish line.
Fast pace
When the leading horses in a race set fractional times that are substantially faster than normal for the distance.
Frontrunner, pacesetter
A horse that has a preferred running style to run at or near the front of the field; such horses generally lead or try to lead. Compare: stalker, closer. See also: Pacemaker, rabbit
Furlong
A distance equal to 220 yards (1⁄8 mile or 200 m)
Furosemide
Generic name of a medication used to treat exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). Most common trade name is Lasix. (see bleeder). Indicated on past performance tables by the letter L.
Futurity
A race for two-year-old horses for which they have been nominated for entry while still a foal; the owners make payments over time to maintain the horse's eligibility. Purses are usually large
G
Graded stakes race
A classification system begun in 1973 to rank stakes races in North America, similar to the Group races of Europe. Roman numerals (I, II, or III) are used to designate the race classification.
H
Half-brother, half-sister
Horses who are out of the same dam, but sired by different stallions. Only horses with the same dam are considered half-siblings.
Handicap
1. A race designed to create equality by the horses being assigned different, specific weights determined by the track handicapper based on an assessment of each entrant's potential. 2. The process of selecting winners based on past performances. 3. The amount of weight, sometimes called an impost, carried by the horse.
Handily
Working or racing with moderate effort, more than a breeze.
Hand ride
When the jockey urges a horse just with their hands and does not use the whip.
Handle
The amount wagered in the various pari-mutuel pools for either a specified race, program (ie, all races at a given track on a given day), meeting or year.
Head of the stretch, top of the stretch
The beginning of the homestretch.
Hit the board
To finish in the top four placings, literally, to appear on the tote board.
Homestretch or stretch
The final straight section of the track leading to the finish line.
I
In the money
1. For a horse to finish in the top three placings, where bettors win money. 2. Less often, for the horse to finish in the top four, where the horses win prize money.
Inquiry
1) When track stewards review the race to determine if there was an infraction of the rules. 2) When the "inquiry" sign is placed on the tote board. Inquiries lodged by a jockey are called objections.
J
Juvenile
Two-year-old horses. Also refers to certain races for two-year-olds.
L
Lasix
See Furosemide, above.
Length
Used to describe the distance between horses during a race and at the finish line. One length is approximately 8 feet or 2.4 m and represents the length of one horse.
M
Maiden race
Specific race for horses that have never won a race, usually by age, but not always.
Margin
The distance between horses at a given point in the race, usually measured in lengths (see above). For the leader, it is the distance ahead of the second place horse. For other horses, it is the distance by which they trailed the leader. Shown in past performance charts as the small number after the horse's position at a given call.
Minus pool
When there is not enough money left in the parimutuel pool to pay the legally required minimum on each winning bet. This usually happens when one horse is very heavily bet upon. In these cases, the racing association usually is the entity that makes up the difference.
Morning line
The approximate odds before wagering begins and exact odds are established.
Mudder
A racehorse that runs well on a muddy racetrack.
N
never fired
A horse that loses a race after running the entire distance in virtually the same position without igniting a sudden burst of energy to challenge other horses in front.
New shooter
A horse which skipped the Kentucky Derby to run in the Preakness Stakes or Belmont Stakes.
Nom de course
A name, usually a pseudonym, used by a racehorse owner under which their horse is registered to compete.
Nose
The shortest margin of victory in a race, any length shorter than a horse's nose.
O
Oaks
A stakes race for three-year-old fillies.
Odds-on
Odds of less than even money ($1 to $1). A winning bet returns the amount wagered plus the ratio specified by the odds. A winner at a payoff of under $4.00 for a $2 bet is "odds on."
Optional claiming
A race where a horse can either meet the conditions of the race or be entered as a claimer.
Out of the money
For a horse to finish worse than third, meaning that bettors do not win money. Opposite of "in the money".
P
The finish post at Belmont Park
Pace
The speed of a race. To run a horse "off the pace" means that the horse will not be in the lead for the early part of the race but will advance to the front shortly before the finish of the race.
Pacemaker, Rabbit
A horse with early speed sent to the front early in a race to set a fast pace, often to tire out other horses and help a stablemate who runs off the pace win by closing at the end. In contrast, a frontrunner is trying to win the race. Compare: closer, stalker.
Pacesetter
see frontrunner
Paddock
Saddling and parading area where horses can be seen prior to the race. See also: paddock for agricultural uses.
Past performances
A list of the horses in a race showing each horse's previous racing record, earnings, pedigree and so on.
Phenylbutazone
Generic term for a widely used analgesic medication in horses. Most common trade name is Butazolidin; often called "bute". Shown on past performance tables as a B.
Photo finish
A race result so close that the judges cannot decide the order of finish until they consult photographs taken of the race finish.
Pinhook, pinhooking
Buying young race horses, usually yearlings, with an intent to resell later at a profit.See also: Bloodstock agent
Place
To finish second. Broadly speaking, to finish in the top three (see also In the money).
Place bet
A wager on a horse to finish first or second.
Pole
Markers placed at specific locations around the track marking the distance from the finish line, named after the distance remaining, not the distance run, i.e. the quarter pole, eighth pole, sixteenth pole each measure the distance left in the race. One-sixteenth poles are black and white striped. Eighth poles are green and white. Quarter poles are red and white.
Post
1. The starting point of a race 2. Post position (see below) 3. (verb) To reference or record a win.
Post parade
When the horses in a race travel from the paddock to the starting gate ("post"), past the grandstands.
Post position
The number of the individual stalls in the starting gate where horses will begin a race. The first stall (#1 or inside position) is next to the rail at most racetracks with higher numbers on the outside of the track. Post position can be a hindrance or tactical advantage for horses depending on their racing style.
Post time
The specified time of day a horse race will start.
Prep
A workout or race that is used to prepare for a future engagement.
Pull up
To pull back on the reins to slowly stop a horse. Jockeys will typically ease a horse to a stop after passing the finish line or if there is a problem with the horse, such as injury, that necessitates a withdrawal from a race.
Q
Quarter pole
A pole to signal that the finish line is one-quarter of a mile away. Quarter poles are red and white striped.
R
Generic left-handed racetrack diagram: A = finish line, B = grandstand, C/black = chute, Yellow = homestretch, Red = Clubhouse turn, Blue = backstretch, Green = Far turn, gray inside line = rail and the white center is the infield. Black dots note standard locations of the poles that measure distance to the finish.
Rabbit
See Pacemaker
Racecard
A program for a race day that lists the individual races and the name, age, and sex of each horse scheduled to compete along with their recent performances plus the name of their jockey, trainer and owner.
Racemare
Female horse (mare) who has competed in sanctioned Thoroughbred races.
Race meet
When a racetrack is scheduled over a designated number of specific days to run horse races.
Racetrack or racecourse
A flat surface made of dirt, grass (turf) or synthetic material, usually arranged in an oval, where races are conducted. Races can either be run in a counterclockwise (left-handed) or clockwise (right-handed) direction around the track. Left-handed, dirt tracks are the predominant form in the United States, mostly due to tradition. Tracks typically consist of two turns, a backstretch, a straight (or homestretch) arranged around a central infield and various surrounding structures such as the finish line and stands for spectators.
Rail
Inside fence on a racetrack. Less often, both the inside and outside fences bordering the racetrack.
Rank
A horse that is fractious and hard for the jockey to handle.
Rank outsider
A horse that is not expected to win a race.
Rate
A deliberate action by the jockey to keep a horse "off the pace".
Ridden out
When a horse is not whipped but rather works out or wins with a strong hand ride.
S
Scratch
To remove a horse from a race before it is run.
Sealed track
Packing down a track surface when it rains so that the water drains off the surface.
Show
To finish in third position. Betting on a horse to show pays out if the horse finishes third or better.
Silks/colors, colours
The silk or nylon jacket and cap worn by a jockey to indicate the owner of the horse, so people watching the race can distinguish each horse. Each owner's unique colors are registered with the national and/or regional racing authority. The first use of registered "colours" occurred in 1762 at Newmarket Racecourse in England
Stakes race
A race where a fee must be paid to enter, which may include a fee for nominating, paying additional fees to maintain eligibility, then fees for entry and starting. The track often adds additional money to the total purse.See also: Graded stakes race
Stalker
A horse whose running style is to stay just behind the leaders. Compare: Closer, front-runner, pacesetter.
Stayer
A horse that can run long distances. In North America, this refers to distances of 12 furlongs or longer. Horses who finish strongly in races at 10 furlongs may also be considered stayers.
Steward or track steward
Racetrack official responsible for enforcement of racing regulations.
Stretch
see homestretch, above.
Stud mare
A female horse kept for breeding purposes. see also: Horse breeding
T
Top of the stretch
See Head of the stretch
Track record/course record
The fastest time on a specific racetrack it has taken any Thoroughbred to complete a set race distance on a specific surface. Many tracks have more than one surface (typically dirt and turf), so there are separate track records maintained for each course, also known as a course record.
U
Undercard
The races on the same day that precede a major or important race.
W
Walkover
Race with only one horse going to the post. As a result, the sole starter needs only to gallop the distance of the race to be the official winner, but covering the distance is required by racing rules.
Washy, Washed out
A horse that is sweating profusely due to nerves.
Weight for Age
Race with a fixed amount of weight carried by horses based on their age, sex or other parameters such as time of year or distance of race.
Winner's circle
The area next to a racetrack, usually near the grandstands and enclosed, where the winning horse and jockey are brought for photographs and awards.
Wire to wire
When a horse leads the race from start to finish.
References
^ "Hollywood Park - Beginners Corner glossary". Archived from the original on 2012-01-07. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ "Report of Impact of Account Wagering Providers" (PDF). Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ Price, et al. Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary p. 6
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Staff. "Industry Glossary". Equibase company. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Staff. "Help: Glossary of Horse Racing Terms". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ Hersh, Marcus (September 25, 2013). "Growing pains: The journey of an apprentice jockey". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ Kiesler, Joseph; Vaughn, Lisa M.; Kaur, Gupreet (2013). ""Voicing" the Social Determinants of Health on the Backside of a Horse Racetrack". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 24 (3): 1074–1088. doi:10.1353/hpu.2013.0153. PMID 23974382. S2CID 45579062.
^ Price (2003). Backstretch. Globe Pequot Press. p. 14. ISBN 9781592280988.
^ a b c d e f Staff. "Thoroughbred Terminology". Washington Thoroughbred Breeders Association. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
^ Staff. "Blanket finish". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
^ Nusser, Susan (2012). Kentucky Derby Dreams: The Making of Thoroughbred Champions. New York: Macmillan. p. 250. ISBN 9780312569907.
^ Price (2003). Broke. Globe Pequot Press. p. 24. ISBN 9781592280988.
^ Ammer, Christine (2013). The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, Second Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 57. ISBN 978-0547676586.
^ Price (2003). Breeze. Globe Pequot Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781592280988.
^ "Guide to Race Comments". Equibase.com. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
^ "Quotes from the $100,000 Sycamore (G3) | Keeneland Thoroughbred Racing and Sales". www.keeneland.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ Haskin, Steve (24 May 2017). "The Greatest Performance No One Has Seen". Blood Horse. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ Gurnick, Ken (5 March 2000). "HORSE RACING; General Challenge Circles Field to Win at Santa Anita". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ Price, et al. Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary p. 44
^ a b c "Racing Terms". www.oaklawn.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
^ dummies.com Examining Different Levels of Competition at the Racetrack
Archived September 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Coupling of Horses as a Betting Entry". Blinkers on racing. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
^ "Triple dead heat took place at Aqueduct Racetrack in 1944". NY Daily News. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
^ "Graded Stakes in the United States". www.toba.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ Boardman, Samuel Lane (1910). Handbook of the turf. New York: Orange Judd Co. p. 100. hdl:2027/pst.000000275439.
^ a b c "Daily Racing Form: How To Use DRF - Past Performances". www1.drf.com. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
^ "Codes and Definitions". Equibase.com. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ a b c Staff. "Horse Racing glossary G-P". ildado.com. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
^ Crickmore, H.G. (1880). Dictionary or glossary of racing terms and slang. New York: Rogers and Sherwood. p. 26. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t8kd2qc6p.
^ Hersh, Marcus (May 12, 2014). "New shooters in Preakness have strength in numbers". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
^ Carp, Steve (June 7, 2014). "Coburn's reaction simply sour grapes". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
^ "Race Classifications". Brisnet.com. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ a b Stevens, Gary (2002). The Perfect Ride. New York: Citadel Press Books. p. 219. ISBN 0806523611.
^ McGrath, J A (30 September 2001). "Pacemakers under scrutiny". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ "pinhooking - definition of pinhooking in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
^ Durso, Joseph (May 3, 1991). "Horse racing: Fly So Free Gets Post 1; It's Not the Favorite Spot". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
^ Hammond, Gerald (2000). The Language of Horse Racing. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 166. ISBN 1579582761.
^ Staff. "Race Meeting". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
^ a b Ashforth, David. "Why are all American racetracks left-handed? David Ashforth reveals how a long forgotten racetrack set the tone for racing in the US. (25 April 2010)". The Racing Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ Staff. "Horse Racing glossary Q-Z". ildado.com. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
^ Staff. "RanK Outsider". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
^ Mitchell, Ron (May 21, 2016). "Soggy Start to Preakness Day". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
^ "Silks". www.toconline.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
^ "Horse Racing 101 - Beginner's Guide to Horse Racing". www.sportsbettingacumen.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
^ Peters, Anne. "Sources of Stamina". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
^ "Belmont Track Records". www.nyra.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
^ McClelland, Ted (2005). Horseplayers: Life at the Track. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 263. ISBN 1556525672.
^ "Winner's circle". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
^ "Wire to Wire". Your Dictionary. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Bibliography
Price, Stephen D. (2003). The Horseman's Illustrated Dictionary: Full Explanations of More Than 1,000 Terms and Phrases Used by Horsemen Past and Present. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 1592280986.
Price, Steven D.; Shiers, Jessie (2007). The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary (Revised ed.). Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59921-036-0.
External links
Frankie Lovato's 365 Days of Racing Term Videos
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"},{"link_name":"Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_and_New_Zealand_punting"},{"link_name":"Glossary of equestrian terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms"},{"link_name":"Parimutuel betting#Parimutuel bet types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parimutuel_betting#Parimutuel_bet_types"}],"text":"Contents\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ \n \n\nReferences\nExternal linksAdditional glossaries at:Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting\nGlossary of equestrian terms\nParimutuel betting#Parimutuel bet types","title":"Glossary of North American horse racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advance-deposit wagering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-deposit_wagering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyons6-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hersh25Sept-6"}],"text":"Advance-deposit wagering\nAdvance-deposit wagering (ADW) is a form of horse race gambling in which the bettor must fund their account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often conducted online or by phone.[2]\n\nAllowance race\nA race for which entries are restricted to horses meeting certain earnings or other race criteria.[3] The track operator's designated official (usually the Racing Secretary) establishes specific conditions that determine what weights are to be carried by any competing horse based on factors from the horse's previous performances including races won and/or earnings.[4]\n\nAllowances\nAdjustments in weight \"allowed\" in a race. Examples include those granted because an apprentice is riding, for three-year-olds running against older horses, or for female horses running against male horses.[4]\n\nAllowance optional claiming \nSee Optional claiming\n\nAlso eligible\nA horse officially entered in a race, but because the field is too large, the horse is not allowed to start unless other horses are scratched prior to a set deadline.[5]\n\nApprentice\nA young jockey, sometimes called a \"bug,\" who is still in training. An apprentice is required to ride a given number of winners in a specified period of time before completing their apprenticeship.[6]","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiesler-7"},{"link_name":"Backstretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstretch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price_14-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_Thoroughbred-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dict.com-10"},{"link_name":"Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_pulmonary_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"Furosemide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nusser-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_Thoroughbred-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price_26-14"},{"link_name":"euthanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_euthanasia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_comments-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"}],"text":"Backside\nAlso sometimes called the backstretch (see \"backstretch\", below), an area with restricted access, usually behind the track, where the stables and residential living areas for staff are located.[7]\n\nBackstretch\nThe straightway on the farther side of an elliptical or oval racecourse. It typically runs parallel to the grandstand and the homestretch where the finish line is located.[8] Also refers to the stabling area adjacent to the racetrack (see \"backside\", above).[5]\n\nBearing In (or out)\nWhen a horse does not run straight on the course. There are many causes, including fatigue, infirmity, reaction to being whipped, or the rider's inability to control the horse.[5]\n\nBlack type\nIn a sales catalogue, black type is boldface print and indicates a stakes winner if the name is in all caps, or a stakes-placed runner if in upper and lower mixed case letters.[9]\n\nBlanket finish\nA finish \"so close that a blanket would cover all the contestants involved.\"[10]\n\nBleeder, bled\nA horse that bleeds from the nostrils either during the running of a race, or when returning to be unsaddled. May be due to Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). May explain a poor effort.[4] See also: Furosemide (Lasix).\n\nBlinkers\nA hood designed with partial cups behind the horse's eyes that limit a horse's rear and side vision to varying degrees, depending on design. Blinkers may prevent a horse from swerving away from objects or other horses.[4]\n\nBloodstock agent\nPeople who specialize in buying and selling horses on behalf of clients and offer advice on purchasing horses.[11]See also: Pinhooking\n\n\nBlue hen\nA mare who produces many high quality offspring who also have a significant impact on the breed.[9]\n\nBook\n1) The list of mares that a stallion will breed in a given breeding season. A full book is when the maximum number of mares the stallion is deemed able to breed has been reached. 2) A jockey's riding commitments for races. An agent usually is the person who manages and books the races a jockey is to ride.[4]\n\nBounce\nA horse that runs a poor race directly following a career-best or near-best performance.[4]\n\nBreak or broke\nTo leave the starting gate in the initial strides of a race.[12]\n\nBreak maiden\nWhen a horse wins a race for the first time in its career.[5]\n\nBreather\nDeliberately restraining or easing off a horse for a short distance, allowing the horse to conserve or renew the horse's stamina or strength.[5]\n\nBreeze\n1. To win easily.[13] 2. A timed workout where the horse is not being asked for full speed; less effort than handily;[5] or can refer to a light training workout over a short distance that is used to gauge a horse's racing potential and performance.[14]\n\nBroke down\nA horse that has a serious physical problem during a race, usually limping or unable to put a limb on the ground, resulting in either being removed from the track in a horse ambulance or, in the worst cases, euthanized.[15]\n\nBullet or bullet work\nThe best workout time at a track on a given day at a specific distance. The past performance listings indicate this work by a printer's \"bullet\" in front of that particular workout time.[4]\n\nButazolidin or bute\nSee Phenylbutazone, below.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Claiming race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiming_race"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyons44-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaklawnTerms-20"},{"link_name":"Conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditions_races"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coupling-22"}],"text":"Chalk\nThe horse who runs a particular race at the best win odds; the favorite. A bettor who routinely places wagers on favorites is called a \"Chalk Player.\"[4] The horse with the second—-lowest win odds is sometimes called \"Second Chalk\" and so on. If all the races run so far have been won by horses with relatively low win odds, then today's results so far are called \"Chalky.\"[citation needed]\n\nChampion\nFormally, and especially when capitalized, a Champion is a racehorse who has won an Eclipse Award in America, or an equivalent award in other racing jurisdictions.[4] Informally, the term may be used for the winner of a major race.[5]\n\nChart\nA detailed list of statistics about a race. The chart lists the position of each horse at various points of the race, the margin between horses, plus the odds for the race, and each horse's sex, age, weight carried, owner, and trainer. The chart also describes the purse, race conditions, payouts for various winning bets, times and other data.[5]\n\nChute\nAn extension to a straightaway on either the homestretch or the backstretch used for establishing a distance to eliminate the need to begin the race on a turn.[4]\n\nCircle the field\nWhen a horse is forced to go very wide around other horses in order to move into a winning position.[16][17][18]\n\nClaiming race\nRace in which any competing horse is subject to be purchased for a preset price. A claim is made before the race and can only be acted upon by a licensed owner or their agent.[4] The price is set by the conditions of the race. If the horse wins prize money during the race, the money goes to the previous owner.[19] Prior to 1925 they were called a Selling race.[citation needed]\n\nCloser\nA horse that performs best during the final part of the race, usually coming from behind against most of its race competitors.[4]\n\nClubhouse turn\nThe turn to the right of the grandstand, so called because the clubhouse is usually to the right of the general stands[20]\n\nConditions\nConditions are requirements for horses to be entered into a specific race, such as age, sex, number of wins, and amount of money won. Racetracks publish a Conditions Book listing the upcoming stakes that set the eligibility requirements and any restrictions for each race.[21]\n\nConnections\nThe owner and trainer of a horse. The term can also be extended to other members of a racing team or partnership.[4]\n\nCoupled\nThe trainer or owner is entering more than one horse in a race with the purpose of having one betting entry is to protect those betting on the other horse[22]","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dead heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_heat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Did not finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did_not_finish"}],"text":"Dead heat\nTerm to denote a tie at the finish of the race between two or more horses.[4] A tie with three horses is very rare.[23]\n\nDerby\nA stakes race for three-year-old racehorses.[4] In 2016, there were over 20 derbies in the United States, often named for the racetrack or the state in which the race is run.[24]\n\nDid not finish (DNF)\nA horse that did not finish the race, for any of a number of reasons","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Anita_Eighth_Pole.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_Thoroughbred-9"}],"text":"Horses going past the eighth pole at Santa Anita ParkEased\nWhen a jockey deliberately slows down a horse during a race, often to prevent injury or harm to the horse.[5]\n\nEighth pole\nA pole to signal that the finish line is one-eighth of a mile away.[5] Eighth poles are green and white striped[9]\n\nEntry\nSee Coupling, above.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaklawnTerms-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"Furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlong"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boardman_100-25"},{"link_name":"Furosemide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide"},{"link_name":"exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_pulmonary_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF-PPs-26"},{"link_name":"Futurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurity_(horse_race)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"}],"text":"Far turn\nThe turn off the backstretch into the homestretch.[20] So called because it is farthest from the finish line.\n\nFast pace\nWhen the leading horses in a race set fractional times that are substantially faster than normal for the distance.[4]\n\nFrontrunner, pacesetter\nA horse that has a preferred running style to run at or near the front of the field;[4] such horses generally lead or try to lead.[5] Compare: stalker, closer. See also: Pacemaker, rabbit\n\nFurlong\nA distance equal to 220 yards (1⁄8 mile or 200 m)[25]\n\nFurosemide\nGeneric name of a medication used to treat exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). Most common trade name is Lasix. (see bleeder).[5] Indicated on past performance tables by the letter L.[26]\n\nFuturity\nA race for two-year-old horses for which they have been nominated for entry while still a foal; the owners make payments over time to maintain the horse's eligibility. Purses are usually large[4]","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graded stakes race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_stakes_race"},{"link_name":"Group races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"}],"text":"Graded stakes race\nA classification system begun in 1973 to rank stakes races in North America, similar to the Group races of Europe. Roman numerals (I, II, or III) are used to designate the race classification.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Equibase_codes-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"}],"text":"Half-brother, half-sister\nHorses who are out of the same dam, but sired by different stallions. Only horses with the same dam are considered half-siblings.[4]\n\nHandicap\n1. A race designed to create equality by the horses being assigned different, specific weights determined by the track handicapper based on an assessment of each entrant's potential.[27] 2. The process of selecting winners based on past performances.[4] 3. The amount of weight, sometimes called an impost, carried by the horse.\n\nHandily\nWorking or racing with moderate effort, more than a breeze.[5]\n\nHand ride\nWhen the jockey urges a horse just with their hands and does not use the whip.[5]\n\nHandle\nThe amount wagered in the various pari-mutuel pools for either a specified race, program (ie, all races at a given track on a given day), meeting or year.[5]\n\nHead of the stretch, top of the stretch\nThe beginning of the homestretch.[4]\n\nHit the board\nTo finish in the top four placings, literally, to appear on the tote board.[28]\n\nHomestretch or stretch\nThe final straight section of the track leading to the finish line.[4]","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"}],"text":"In the money\n1. For a horse to finish in the top three placings, where bettors win money. 2. Less often, for the horse to finish in the top four, where the horses win prize money.[28]\n\nInquiry\n1) When track stewards review the race to determine if there was an infraction of the rules. 2) When the \"inquiry\" sign is placed on the tote board. Inquiries lodged by a jockey are called objections.[4]","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"}],"text":"Juvenile\nTwo-year-old horses. Also refers to certain races for two-year-olds.[4]","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_length"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crickmore_26-29"}],"text":"Lasix\nSee Furosemide, above.\n\nLength\nUsed to describe the distance between horses during a race and at the finish line. One length is approximately 8 feet or 2.4 m and represents the length of one horse.[29]","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF-PPs-26"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"}],"text":"Maiden race\nSpecific race for horses that have never won a race, usually by age, but not always.[5]\n\nMargin\nThe distance between horses at a given point in the race, usually measured in lengths (see above). For the leader, it is the distance ahead of the second place horse. For other horses, it is the distance by which they trailed the leader. Shown in past performance charts as the small number after the horse's position at a given call.[26]\n\nMinus pool\nWhen there is not enough money left in the parimutuel pool to pay the legally required minimum on each winning bet. This usually happens when one horse is very heavily bet upon. In these cases, the racing association usually is the entity that makes up the difference.[4]\n\nMorning line\nThe approximate odds before wagering begins and exact odds are established.[5]\n\nMudder\nA racehorse that runs well on a muddy racetrack.[5]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"Preakness Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preakness_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_shooter-30"},{"link_name":"Belmont Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"}],"text":"never fired\nA horse that loses a race after running the entire distance in virtually the same position without igniting a sudden burst of energy to challenge other horses in front.\nNew shooter\nA horse which skipped the Kentucky Derby to run in the Preakness Stakes[30] or Belmont Stakes.[31]\n\nNom de course\nA name, usually a pseudonym, used by a racehorse owner under which their horse is registered to compete.[5]\n\nNose\nThe shortest margin of victory in a race, any length shorter than a horse's nose.[5]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaklawnTerms-20"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrisnetClassifications-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-28"}],"text":"Oaks\nA stakes race for three-year-old fillies.[4]\n\nOdds-on\nOdds of less than even money ($1 to $1). A winning bet returns the amount wagered plus the ratio specified by the odds. A winner at a payoff of under $4.00 for a $2 bet is \"odds on.\"[20]\n\nOptional claiming\nA race where a horse can either meet the conditions of the race or be entered as a claimer.[32]\n\nOut of the money\nFor a horse to finish worse than third, meaning that bettors do not win money.[28] Opposite of \"in the money\".","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finish_post.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belmont Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Park"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stevens-33"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"paddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"Phenylbutazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylbutazone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF-PPs-26"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OxfordPinhook-35"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_Thoroughbred-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_Thoroughbred-9"},{"link_name":"starting gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_gate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durso-36"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammond_166-37"}],"text":"The finish post at Belmont ParkPace\nThe speed of a race. To run a horse \"off the pace\" means that the horse will not be in the lead for the early part of the race but will advance to the front shortly before the finish of the race.[33]\n\nPacemaker, Rabbit\nA horse with early speed sent to the front early in a race to set a fast pace, often to tire out other horses and help a stablemate who runs off the pace win by closing at the end. In contrast, a frontrunner is trying to win the race. Compare: closer, stalker.[4][34]\n\nPacesetter\nsee frontrunner\n\nPaddock\nSaddling and parading area where horses can be seen prior to the race.[4] See also: paddock for agricultural uses.\n\nPast performances\nA list of the horses in a race showing each horse's previous racing record, earnings, pedigree and so on.[4]\n\nPhenylbutazone\nGeneric term for a widely used analgesic medication in horses. Most common trade name is Butazolidin; often called \"bute\".[5] Shown on past performance tables as a B.[26]\n\nPhoto finish\nA race result so close that the judges cannot decide the order of finish until they consult photographs taken of the race finish.[5]\n\nPinhook, pinhooking\nBuying young race horses, usually yearlings, with an intent to resell later at a profit.[35]See also: Bloodstock agent\n\nPlace\nTo finish second.[4] Broadly speaking, to finish in the top three (see also In the money).[5]\n\nPlace bet\nA wager on a horse to finish first or second.[4]\n\nPole\nMarkers placed at specific locations around the track marking the distance from the finish line, named after the distance remaining, not the distance run, i.e. the quarter pole, eighth pole, sixteenth pole each measure the distance left in the race.[5] One-sixteenth poles are black and white striped. Eighth poles are green and white. Quarter poles are red and white.[9]\n\nPost\n1. The starting point of a race 2. Post position (see below) 3. (verb) To reference or record a win.[4]\n\nPost parade\nWhen the horses in a race travel from the paddock to the starting gate (\"post\"), past the grandstands.[9]\n\nPost position\nThe number of the individual stalls in the starting gate where horses will begin a race.[5] The first stall (#1 or inside position) is next to the rail at most racetracks with higher numbers on the outside of the track. Post position can be a hindrance or tactical advantage for horses depending on their racing style.[36]\n\nPost time\nThe specified time of day a horse race will start.\n\nPrep\nA workout or race that is used to prepare for a future engagement.[5]\n\nPull up\nTo pull back on the reins to slowly stop a horse. Jockeys will typically ease a horse to a stop after passing the finish line or if there is a problem with the horse, such as injury, that necessitates a withdrawal from a race.[37]","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_Thoroughbred-9"}],"text":"Quarter pole\nA pole to signal that the finish line is one-quarter of a mile away.[5] Quarter poles are red and white striped.[9]","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic_racetrack_diagram.png"},{"link_name":"chute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"homestretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"Clubhouse turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"backstretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"Far turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Racecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetrack"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ashforth-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ashforth-39"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"off the pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stevens-33"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"}],"text":"Generic left-handed racetrack diagram: A = finish line, B = grandstand, C/black = chute, Yellow = homestretch, Red = Clubhouse turn, Blue = backstretch, Green = Far turn, gray inside line = rail and the white center is the infield. Black dots note standard locations of the poles that measure distance to the finish.Rabbit\nSee Pacemaker\n\nRacecard\nA program for a race day that lists the individual races and the name, age, and sex of each horse scheduled to compete along with their recent performances plus the name of their jockey, trainer and owner.[5]\n\nRacemare\nFemale horse (mare) who has competed in sanctioned Thoroughbred races.[5]\n\nRace meet \nWhen a racetrack is scheduled over a designated number of specific days to run horse races.[38]\n\nRacetrack or racecourse\nA flat surface made of dirt, grass (turf) or synthetic material, usually arranged in an oval, where races are conducted. Races can either be run in a counterclockwise (left-handed) or clockwise (right-handed) direction around the track. Left-handed, dirt tracks are the predominant form in the United States, mostly due to tradition.[39] Tracks typically consist of two turns, a backstretch, a straight (or homestretch) arranged around a central infield and various surrounding structures such as the finish line and stands for spectators.[39]\n\nRail\nInside fence on a racetrack.[5] Less often, both the inside and outside fences bordering the racetrack.\n\nRank\nA horse that is fractious and hard for the jockey to handle.[40]\n\nRank outsider\nA horse that is not expected to win a race.[41]\n\nRate\nA deliberate action by the jockey to keep a horse \"off the pace\".[33]\n\nRidden out\nWhen a horse is not whipped but rather works out or wins with a strong hand ride.[5]","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MitchellPreakness-42"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"Graded stakes race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_stakes_race"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acumen-44"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"Horse breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding"}],"text":"Scratch\nTo remove a horse from a race before it is run.[4]\n\nSealed track\nPacking down a track surface when it rains so that the water drains off the surface.[42]\n\nShow\nTo finish in third position. Betting on a horse to show pays out if the horse finishes third or better.[4]\n\nSilks/colors, colours\nThe silk or nylon jacket and cap worn by a jockey to indicate the owner of the horse, so people watching the race can distinguish each horse.[4] Each owner's unique colors are registered with the national and/or regional racing authority. The first use of registered \"colours\" occurred in 1762 at Newmarket Racecourse in England [43]\n\nStakes race\nA race where a fee must be paid to enter, which may include a fee for nominating, paying additional fees to maintain eligibility, then fees for entry and starting. The track often adds additional money to the total purse.[4]See also: Graded stakes race\n\nStalker\nA horse whose running style is to stay just behind the leaders. Compare: Closer, front-runner, pacesetter.[44]\n\nStayer\nA horse that can run long distances.[5] In North America, this refers to distances of 12 furlongs or longer. Horses who finish strongly in races at 10 furlongs may also be considered stayers.[45]\n\n \nSteward or track steward\nRacetrack official responsible for enforcement of racing regulations.[4]\n\nStretch\nsee homestretch, above.[4]\n\nStud mare\nA female horse kept for breeding purposes. see also: Horse breeding","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Top of the stretch\nSee Head of the stretch\n\nTrack record/course record\nThe fastest time on a specific racetrack it has taken any Thoroughbred to complete a set race distance on a specific surface.[5] Many tracks have more than one surface (typically dirt and turf), so there are separate track records maintained for each course, also known as a course record.[46]","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcclelland-47"}],"text":"Undercard\nThe races on the same day that precede a major or important race.[47]","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase_defs-4"},{"link_name":"Weight for Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_for_Age"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRF_terms-5"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MerriamW-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yourdict-49"}],"text":"Walkover\nRace with only one horse going to the post.[4] As a result, the sole starter needs only to gallop the distance of the race to be the official winner, but covering the distance is required by racing rules.[5]\n\nWashy, Washed out\nA horse that is sweating profusely due to nerves.[4]\n\nWeight for Age\nRace with a fixed amount of weight carried by horses based on their age, sex or other parameters such as time of year or distance of race.[5]\n\nWinner's circle\nThe area next to a racetrack, usually near the grandstands and enclosed, where the winning horse and jockey are brought for photographs and awards.[48]\n\nWire to wire\nWhen a horse leads the race from start to finish.[49]","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Horseman's Illustrated Dictionary: Full Explanations of More Than 1,000 Terms and Phrases Used by Horsemen Past and Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xEZL0A5FZLwC&q=horse%20racing%20terms%20breeze&pg=PA26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1592280986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1592280986"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59921-036-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-036-0"}],"text":"Price, Stephen D. (2003). The Horseman's Illustrated Dictionary: Full Explanations of More Than 1,000 Terms and Phrases Used by Horsemen Past and Present. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 1592280986.[permanent dead link]\nPrice, Steven D.; Shiers, Jessie (2007). The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary (Revised ed.). Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59921-036-0.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Horses going past the eighth pole at Santa Anita Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Santa_Anita_Eighth_Pole.jpg/220px-Santa_Anita_Eighth_Pole.jpg"},{"image_text":"The finish post at Belmont Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Finish_post.jpg/220px-Finish_post.jpg"},{"image_text":"Generic left-handed racetrack diagram: A = finish line, B = grandstand, C/black = chute, Yellow = homestretch, Red = Clubhouse turn, Blue = backstretch, Green = Far turn, gray inside line = rail and the white center is the infield. Black dots note standard locations of the poles that measure distance to the finish.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Generic_racetrack_diagram.png/260px-Generic_racetrack_diagram.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hollywood Park - Beginners Corner glossary\". Archived from the original on 2012-01-07. Retrieved 2012-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060355/http://hollywoodpark.com/beginners-corner-glossary","url_text":"\"Hollywood Park - Beginners Corner glossary\""},{"url":"http://hollywoodpark.com/beginners-corner-glossary","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of Impact of Account Wagering Providers\" (PDF). Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaming.ny.gov/pdf/09191215442609.14.12.adwreport.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of Impact of Account Wagering Providers\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Industry Glossary\". Equibase company. Retrieved 2013-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm","url_text":"\"Industry Glossary\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Help: Glossary of Horse Racing Terms\". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.drf.com/help/help_glossary.html","url_text":"\"Help: Glossary of Horse Racing Terms\""}]},{"reference":"Hersh, Marcus (September 25, 2013). \"Growing pains: The journey of an apprentice jockey\". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drf.com/news/growing-pains-journey-apprentice-jockey","url_text":"\"Growing pains: The journey of an apprentice jockey\""}]},{"reference":"Kiesler, Joseph; Vaughn, Lisa M.; Kaur, Gupreet (2013). \"\"Voicing\" the Social Determinants of Health on the Backside of a Horse Racetrack\". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 24 (3): 1074–1088. doi:10.1353/hpu.2013.0153. PMID 23974382. S2CID 45579062.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2013.0153","url_text":"10.1353/hpu.2013.0153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974382","url_text":"23974382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45579062","url_text":"45579062"}]},{"reference":"Price (2003). Backstretch. Globe Pequot Press. p. 14. ISBN 9781592280988.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xEZL0A5FZLwC&q=backstretch%20terms%20horse&pg=PA14","url_text":"Backstretch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592280988","url_text":"9781592280988"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Thoroughbred Terminology\". Washington Thoroughbred Breeders Association. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319193832/http://www.washingtonthoroughbred.com/magazine/Terms.htm","url_text":"\"Thoroughbred Terminology\""},{"url":"http://www.washingtonthoroughbred.com/magazine/Terms.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Blanket finish\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 12 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/blanket+finish","url_text":"\"Blanket finish\""}]},{"reference":"Nusser, Susan (2012). Kentucky Derby Dreams: The Making of Thoroughbred Champions. New York: Macmillan. p. 250. ISBN 9780312569907.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JZhpNxMluRgC&q=%22bloodstock%20agent%22%20glossary&pg=PA250","url_text":"Kentucky Derby Dreams: The Making of Thoroughbred Champions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312569907","url_text":"9780312569907"}]},{"reference":"Price (2003). Broke. Globe Pequot Press. p. 24. ISBN 9781592280988.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xEZL0A5FZLwC&q=backstretch%20terms%20horse&pg=PA24","url_text":"Broke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592280988","url_text":"9781592280988"}]},{"reference":"Ammer, Christine (2013). The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, Second Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 57. ISBN 978-0547676586.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9QuEiIMaBt0C&q=horse%20racing%20terms%20breeze&pg=PA57","url_text":"The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547676586","url_text":"978-0547676586"}]},{"reference":"Price (2003). Breeze. Globe Pequot Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781592280988.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xEZL0A5FZLwC&pg=PA26","url_text":"Breeze"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592280988","url_text":"9781592280988"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Race Comments\". Equibase.com. Retrieved 2014-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/products/cc-comments.cfm","url_text":"\"Guide to Race Comments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quotes from the $100,000 Sycamore (G3) | Keeneland Thoroughbred Racing and Sales\". www.keeneland.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211900/https://www.keeneland.com/racing/quotes-100000-sycamore-g3-3","url_text":"\"Quotes from the $100,000 Sycamore (G3) | Keeneland Thoroughbred Racing and Sales\""},{"url":"https://www.keeneland.com/racing/quotes-100000-sycamore-g3-3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haskin, Steve (24 May 2017). \"The Greatest Performance No One Has Seen\". Blood Horse. Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/horse-racing-steve-haskin/archive/2017/05/24/the-greatest-performance-no-one-ever-saw.aspx","url_text":"\"The Greatest Performance No One Has Seen\""}]},{"reference":"Gurnick, Ken (5 March 2000). \"HORSE RACING; General Challenge Circles Field to Win at Santa Anita\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/05/sports/horse-racing-general-challenge-circles-field-to-win-at-santa-anita.html","url_text":"\"HORSE RACING; General Challenge Circles Field to Win at Santa Anita\""}]},{"reference":"\"Racing Terms\". www.oaklawn.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815130627/http://www.oaklawn.com/racing-101/racing-terms/","url_text":"\"Racing Terms\""},{"url":"http://www.oaklawn.com/racing-101/racing-terms/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Coupling of Horses as a Betting Entry\". Blinkers on racing. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blinkersonracing.wordpress.com/2016/09/20/the-coupling-of-horses-as-a-betting-entry/","url_text":"\"The Coupling of Horses as a Betting Entry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Triple dead heat took place at Aqueduct Racetrack in 1944\". NY Daily News. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/triple-dead-heat-place-aqueduct-racetrack-1944-article-1.2247161","url_text":"\"Triple dead heat took place at Aqueduct Racetrack in 1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graded Stakes in the United States\". www.toba.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415231623/http://www.toba.org/graded-stakes/races.aspx","url_text":"\"Graded Stakes in the United States\""},{"url":"https://www.toba.org/graded-stakes/races.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boardman, Samuel Lane (1910). Handbook of the turf. New York: Orange Judd Co. p. 100. hdl:2027/pst.000000275439.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000000275439?urlappend=%3Bseq=104","url_text":"Handbook of the turf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpst.000000275439?urlappend=%3Bseq=104","url_text":"2027/pst.000000275439"}]},{"reference":"\"Daily Racing Form: How To Use DRF - Past Performances\". www1.drf.com. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.drf.com/help/help_drf_pp.html","url_text":"\"Daily Racing Form: How To Use DRF - Past Performances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Codes and Definitions\". Equibase.com. Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/newfan/codes.cfm","url_text":"\"Codes and Definitions\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Horse Racing glossary G-P\". ildado.com. Retrieved 20 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ildado.com/horse_racing_glossary02.html","url_text":"\"Horse Racing glossary G-P\""}]},{"reference":"Crickmore, H.G. (1880). Dictionary or glossary of racing terms and slang. New York: Rogers and Sherwood. p. 26. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t8kd2qc6p.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t8kd2qc6p?urlappend=%3Bseq=32","url_text":"Dictionary or glossary of racing terms and slang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Floc.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft8kd2qc6p?urlappend=%3Bseq=32","url_text":"2027/loc.ark:/13960/t8kd2qc6p"}]},{"reference":"Hersh, Marcus (May 12, 2014). \"New shooters in Preakness have strength in numbers\". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved June 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drf.com/news/new-shooters-preakness-have-strength-numbers","url_text":"\"New shooters in Preakness have strength in numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Carp, Steve (June 7, 2014). \"Coburn's reaction simply sour grapes\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved June 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/coburn-s-reaction-simply-sour-grapes","url_text":"\"Coburn's reaction simply sour grapes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal","url_text":"Las Vegas Review-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Race Classifications\". Brisnet.com. Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brisnet.com/cgi-bin/static.cgi?page=rclass","url_text":"\"Race Classifications\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Gary (2002). The Perfect Ride. New York: Citadel Press Books. p. 219. ISBN 0806523611.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SYcw6P6o39YC&q=%22rate%22%20off%20pace%20glossary&pg=PA219","url_text":"The Perfect Ride"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806523611","url_text":"0806523611"}]},{"reference":"McGrath, J A (30 September 2001). \"Pacemakers under scrutiny\". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/3013846/Pacemakers-under-scrutiny.html","url_text":"\"Pacemakers under scrutiny\""}]},{"reference":"\"pinhooking - definition of pinhooking in English | Oxford Dictionaries\". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201627/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pinhooking","url_text":"\"pinhooking - definition of pinhooking in English | Oxford Dictionaries\""},{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pinhooking","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Durso, Joseph (May 3, 1991). \"Horse racing: Fly So Free Gets Post 1; It's Not the Favorite Spot\". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/03/sports/horse-racing-fly-so-free-gets-post-1-it-s-not-the-favorite-spot.html","url_text":"\"Horse racing: Fly So Free Gets Post 1; It's Not the Favorite Spot\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Gerald (2000). The Language of Horse Racing. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 166. ISBN 1579582761.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ4zH2P_6mMC&q=%22pull%20up%22%20horseracing&pg=PA166","url_text":"The Language of Horse Racing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579582761","url_text":"1579582761"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Race Meeting\". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/race-meeting?q=race+meet","url_text":"\"Race Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Ashforth, David. \"Why are all American racetracks left-handed? David Ashforth reveals how a long forgotten racetrack set the tone for racing in the US. (25 April 2010)\". The Racing Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818181233/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Why+are+all+American+racetracks+left-handed%3F+David+Ashforth+reveals...-a0224796876","url_text":"\"Why are all American racetracks left-handed? David Ashforth reveals how a long forgotten racetrack set the tone for racing in the US. (25 April 2010)\""},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Why+are+all+American+racetracks+left-handed%3F+David+Ashforth+reveals...-a0224796876","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Horse Racing glossary Q-Z\". ildado.com. Retrieved 15 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ildado.com/horse_racing_glossary03.html","url_text":"\"Horse Racing glossary Q-Z\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"RanK Outsider\". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 15 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/british/rank-outsider","url_text":"\"RanK Outsider\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Ron (May 21, 2016). \"Soggy Start to Preakness Day\". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/211789/soggy-start-to-preakness-day","url_text":"\"Soggy Start to Preakness Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silks\". www.toconline.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005185009/http://www.toconline.com/racingownership/owner-handbook/silks/","url_text":"\"Silks\""},{"url":"http://www.toconline.com/racingownership/owner-handbook/silks/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Horse Racing 101 - Beginner's Guide to Horse Racing\". www.sportsbettingacumen.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160104234243/http://www.sportsbettingacumen.com/horse-racing/beginners-guide","url_text":"\"Horse Racing 101 - Beginner's Guide to Horse Racing\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsbettingacumen.com/horse-racing/beginners-guide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Anne. \"Sources of Stamina\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 6 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/114110/sources-of-stamina","url_text":"\"Sources of Stamina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belmont Track Records\". www.nyra.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428053418/https://www.nyra.com/belmont/records/","url_text":"\"Belmont Track Records\""},{"url":"https://www.nyra.com/belmont/records/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McClelland, Ted (2005). Horseplayers: Life at the Track. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 263. ISBN 1556525672.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nHk1OSgrGh4C&q=undercard++glossary+horse&pg=PA263","url_text":"Horseplayers: Life at the Track"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556525672","url_text":"1556525672"}]},{"reference":"\"Winner's circle\". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved February 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/winner's%20circle","url_text":"\"Winner's circle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wire to Wire\". Your Dictionary. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yourdictionary.com/wire-to-wire","url_text":"\"Wire to Wire\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Stephen D. (2003). The Horseman's Illustrated Dictionary: Full Explanations of More Than 1,000 Terms and Phrases Used by Horsemen Past and Present. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 1592280986.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xEZL0A5FZLwC&q=horse%20racing%20terms%20breeze&pg=PA26","url_text":"The Horseman's Illustrated Dictionary: Full Explanations of More Than 1,000 Terms and Phrases Used by Horsemen Past and Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1592280986","url_text":"1592280986"}]},{"reference":"Price, Steven D.; Shiers, Jessie (2007). The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary (Revised ed.). Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59921-036-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-036-0","url_text":"978-1-59921-036-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachevo
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Drachevo
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 42°21′N 27°15′E / 42.350°N 27.250°E / 42.350; 27.250Village in Burgas Province, BulgariaDrachevoVillageCountry BulgariaProvinceBurgas ProvinceMunicipalitySredets MunicipalityTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Drachevo is a village in Sredets Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria.
References
^ Guide Bulgaria, Accessed May 5, 2010
vte Sredets MunicipalityCapital: SredetsVillages
Belevren
Belila
Bistrets
Bogdanovo
Debelt
Dolno Yabalkovo
Draka
Drachevo
Dyulevo
Fakiya
Golyamo Bukovo
Gorno Yabalkovo
Granichar
Granitets
Kirovo
Kubadin
Malina
Momina Tsarkva
Orlintsi
Panchevo
Prohod
Radoynovo
Rosenovo
Svetlina
Sinyo Kamene
Slivovo
Suhodol
Trakiytsi
Varovnik
Valchanovo
Zagortsi
Zornitsa
Landmarks
Culture
Notable people
42°21′N 27°15′E / 42.350°N 27.250°E / 42.350; 27.250
This Burgas Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sredets Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredets_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Burgas Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Province"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Burgas Province, BulgariaDrachevo is a village in Sredets Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria.[1]","title":"Drachevo"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Marlow
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Little Marlow
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Culture","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°35′06″N 0°44′28″W / 51.585°N 0.741°W / 51.585; -0.741
Human settlement in EnglandLittle MarlowSt John the Baptist parish churchLittle MarlowLocation within BuckinghamshirePopulation1,331 1,438 (2011 Census)OS grid referenceSU8788Civil parishLittle MarlowUnitary authorityBuckinghamshireCeremonial countyBuckinghamshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMarlowPostcode districtSL7Dialling code01628PoliceThames ValleyFireBuckinghamshireAmbulanceSouth Central
UK ParliamentBeaconsfield
List of places
UK
England
Buckinghamshire
51°35′06″N 0°44′28″W / 51.585°N 0.741°W / 51.585; -0.741
Little Marlow is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Church of England parish church of Saint John the Baptist lies at the heart of the village, not far from the river and next to the Manor House. The original construction of the church is Norman, dating from the final years of the 12th century. Most of the building was built during the 14th and 15th centuries.
Little Marlow was once the site of a Benedictine convent dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The convent belonged to Bisham Abbey. It was seized by the Crown in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1547 and was eventually demolished in 1740. Today the village is in a scenic location on the River Thames, although home to a large sewage works, with exceptional birdwatching habitats on the lakes created from former gravel extraction sites.
There are two public houses in the village: the Kings Head and the Queens Head.
Geography
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Little Marlow is located along the north bank of the River Thames, about a mile east of Marlow. The toponym "Marlow" is derived from the Old English for "land remaining after the draining of a pool". In 1015 it was recorded as Merelafan. Little Marlow is surrounded by the Little Marlow Lakes Country Park.
Hamlets in the parish of Little Marlow include Coldmoorholme, Fern, Handy Cross, Sheepridge, and Winchbottom.
The village cottages are set around a large space, surrounded by lime trees, that is used as a cricket ground and village green where an annual fête is held.
Culture
Little Marlow appears briefly in Mary Shelley's 1826 science fiction novel The Last Man, in a sequence where the novel's protagonist recounts how the village's residents went about trying to prevent themselves from falling ill with the plague.
Mel B was a one-time resident of Little Marlow.
In 2021, Little Marlow was used as a temporary filming location for the Star Wars series Andor.
References
^ Neighbourhood Statistics 2001 Census
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ "Spice Girl keeps her big day private". The Irish Times. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^ "Obi-Wan Kenobi Set Photos Show Massive Alien Planet Set". ScreenRant. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
External links
Little Marlow Parish Council
Little Marlow Cricket Club
St John the Baptist, Little Marlow
The King's Head public house
The Queens Head public house
Media related to Little Marlow at Wikimedia Commons
vteWycombe District
Buckinghamshire
Unitary Council elections
County Council elections
District Council elections
Aylesbury Constituency
Beaconsfield Constituency
Buckingham Constituency
Wycombe Constituency
Towns(component areasand hamlets)
High Wycombe
Cressex
Micklefield
Sands
Terriers
Totteridge
Wycombe Marsh
Marlow
Forty Green
Princes Risborough
Alscot
Askett
Cadsden
Flowers Bottom
Loosley Row
Lower North Dean
Monks Risborough
North Dean
Redland End
Speen
Upper North Dean
Whiteleaf
Other civil parishes(component villagesand hamlets)
Bledlow-cum-Saunderton
Bledlow
Bledlow Ridge
Crownfield
Forty Green
Holly Green
Pitch Green
Rout's Green
Saunderton
Saunderton Lee
Skittle Green
Bradenham
Bradenham
Walters Ash
Chepping Wycombe
Flackwell Heath
Loudwater
Tylers Green
Downley
Ellesborough
Butlers Cross
Chalkshire
Coombe
Dunsmore
Ellesborough
Nash Lee
North Lee
Terrick
Fawley
Fawley
Fawley Bottom
Great and Little Hampden
Great Hampden
Green Hailey
Hampden Row
Little Hampden
Great and Little Kimble cum Marsh
Great Kimble
Kimble Wick
Little Kimble
Marsh
Smoky Row
Great Marlow
Bovingdon Green
Burroughs Grove
Chisbridge Cross
Danesfield
Marlow Common
Hambleden
Colstrope
Fingest
Frieth
Hambleden
Mill End
Parmoor
Pheasant's Hill
Skirmett
Hazlemere
Hedsor
Hedsor
Widmoor
Hughenden
Cryers Hill
Four Ashes
Great Kingshill
Hughenden Valley
Hunt's Hill
Naphill
Naphill Common
Widmer End
Ibstone
Lacey Green
Lacey Green
Parslow's Hillock
Wardrobes
Lane End
Cadmore
Ditchfield
Lane End
Moor Common
Moor End
Little Marlow
Coldmoorholme
Fern
Handy Cross
Little Marlow
Sheepridge
Well End
Winchbottom
Longwick-cum-Ilmer
Horsenden
Ilmer
Little Meadle
Longwick
Meadle
Owlswick
Marlow Bottom
Medmenham
Bockmer End
Lower Woodend
Medmenham
Rockwell End
Piddington and Wheeler End
Piddington
Wheeler End
Radnage
Bennett End
Radnage
The City
Stokenchurch
Beacon's Bottom
Bolter End
Horsleys Green
Stokenchurch
Studley Green
Waterend
Turville
Northend
Southend
Turville
Turville Heath
West Wycombe
Booker
West Wycombe
Wooburn
Berghers Hill
Bourne End
Cores End
Hawks Hill
Widmoor
Wooburn
Wooburn Green
Wooburn Moor
Former districtsand boroughs
Marlow Urban District
Wycombe Rural District
Formerconstituencies
Buckinghamshire County Constituency
Great Marlow Constituency
Parliamentary constituencies in Buckinghamshire
Places in Buckinghamshire
Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This Buckinghamshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilankulo_District
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Vilanculos District
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["1 Geography","2 Administrative divisions","3 Demographics","4 Economy","4.1 Agriculture","4.2 Transportation","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 22°00′00″S 35°19′00″E / 22.0000°S 35.3167°E / -22.0000; 35.3167District in Inhambane, MozambiqueVilanculosDistrictTraditional buildings in VilankuloVilanculos District on the map of MozambiqueCountryMozambiqueProvinceInhambaneCapitalVilankuloArea • Total5,867 km2 (2,265 sq mi)Population (2007 census) • Total135,710 • Density23/km2 (60/sq mi)
Vilankulo District or Vilanculos District is a district of Inhambane Province in south-east Mozambique. Its principal town is Vilankulo. The district is located at the east of the province, and borders with Inhassoro District in the north and Massinga District in the south and in the west. In the east, the district is bounded by the Indian Ocean. The area of the district is 5,867 square kilometres (2,265 sq mi). It has a population of 135,710 as of 2007.
Geography
The climate is tropical arid in the interior of the district and tropical humid at the coast. The annual rainfall at the coast achieves 1,500 millimetres (59 in), mainly falling in February and March.
Administrative divisions
The district is divided into two postos, Vilankulo (three localities) and Mapinhane (three localities).
Demographics
As of 2005, 42% of the population of the district was younger than 15 years. 39% did speak Portuguese. The population was predominantly speaking Chopi language. 64% were analphabetic, mostly women.
Economy
In 2005, 1% of the households in the district had electricity. Woodcutting and fishery belong to traditional meand of subsistence of the population of the district.
Agriculture
In 2005, the district had 26,000 farms exploiting on average the area of 1.5 hectares (0.0058 sq mi) each. The main agricultural products are maize, cassava, cowpea, and peanuts.
Transportation
There is a road network in the district which includes the 122 kilometres (76 mi) stretch of the national road EN1 (20 kilometres (12 mi)) is a connection to Vilankulo), crossing the eastern part of the district, and about 220 kilometres (140 mi) of secondary roads.
Vilankulo has an international airport. It, in particular, serves as a base for charter flights to Bazaruto Island Airport located on the Bazaruto Archipelago.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Perfil do Distrito de Vilankulo" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministry of State Administration. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
^ "População da Provincia de Inhambane". Censo 2007 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
^ "Getting there". Bazaruto Archipelago. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
vteDistricts of Mozambique by provinceCapital: MaputoCabo Delgado
Ancuabe
Balama
Chiúre
Ibo
Macomia
Mecúfi
Meluco
Mocímboa da Praia
Montepuez
Mueda
Muidumbe
Namuno
Nangade
Palma
Pemba-Metuge
Quissanga
Gaza
Bilene Macia
Chibuto
Chicualacuala
Chigubo
Chókwè
Guijá
Mabalane
Manjacaze
Massangena
Massingir
Xai-Xai
Inhambane
Funhalouro
Govuro
Homoine
Inharrime
Inhassoro
Jangamo
Mabote
Massinga
Morrumbene
Panda
Vilanculos
Zavala
Manica
Báruè
Gondola
Guro
Machaze
Macossa
Manica
Mossurize
Sussundenga
Tambara
Maputo
Boane
Magude
Manhiça
Marracuene
Matutuíne
Moamba
Namaacha
Nampula
Angoche
Eráti
Lalaua
Malema
Meconta
Mecubúri
Memba
Mogincual
Mogovolas
Moma
Monapo
Mossuril
Muecate
Murrupula
Nacala-a-Velha
Nacarôa
Nampula
Ribáuè
Niassa
Cuamba
Lago
Lichinga
Majune
Mandimba
Marrupa
Maúa
Mavago
Mecanhelas
Mecula
Metarica
Muembe
N'gauma
Nipepe
Sanga
Sofala
Buzi
Caia
Chemba
Cheringoma
Chibabava
Dondo
Gorongosa
Marromeu
Machanga
Maringué
Muanza
Nhamatanda
Tete
Angónia
Cahora-Bassa
Changara
Chifunde
Chiuta
Doa
Macanga
Magoé
Marávia
Moatize
Mutarara
Tsangano
Zumbo
Zambezia
Alto Molocue
Chinde
Gilé
Gurué
Ile
Inhassunge
Lugela
Maganja da Costa
Milange
Mocuba
Mopeia
Morrumbala
Namacurra
Namarroi
Nicoadala
Pebane
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
22°00′00″S 35°19′00″E / 22.0000°S 35.3167°E / -22.0000; 35.3167
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Inhambane Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhambane_Province"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Vilankulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilankulo"},{"link_name":"Inhassoro District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhassoro_District"},{"link_name":"Massinga District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massinga_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"District in Inhambane, MozambiqueVilankulo District or Vilanculos District is a district of Inhambane Province in south-east Mozambique. Its principal town is Vilankulo. The district is located at the east of the province, and borders with Inhassoro District in the north and Massinga District in the south and in the west. In the east, the district is bounded by the Indian Ocean. The area of the district is 5,867 square kilometres (2,265 sq mi).[1] It has a population of 135,710 as of 2007.[2]","title":"Vilanculos District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"}],"text":"The climate is tropical arid in the interior of the district and tropical humid at the coast. The annual rainfall at the coast achieves 1,500 millimetres (59 in), mainly falling in February and March.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postos_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Vilankulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilankulo"},{"link_name":"Mapinhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapinhane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"}],"text":"The district is divided into two postos, Vilankulo (three localities) and Mapinhane (three localities).[1]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Chopi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopi_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"}],"text":"As of 2005, 42% of the population of the district was younger than 15 years. 39% did speak Portuguese. The population was predominantly speaking Chopi language. 64% were analphabetic, mostly women.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"}],"text":"In 2005, 1% of the households in the district had electricity. Woodcutting and fishery belong to traditional meand of subsistence of the population of the district.[1]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"cowpea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"In 2005, the district had 26,000 farms exploiting on average the area of 1.5 hectares (0.0058 sq mi) each. The main agricultural products are maize, cassava, cowpea, and peanuts.[1]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilankulo_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bazaruto Island Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaruto_Island_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bazaruto Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaruto_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"There is a road network in the district which includes the 122 kilometres (76 mi) stretch of the national road EN1 (20 kilometres (12 mi)) is a connection to Vilankulo), crossing the eastern part of the district, and about 220 kilometres (140 mi) of secondary roads.[1]Vilankulo has an international airport. It, in particular, serves as a base for charter flights to Bazaruto Island Airport located on the Bazaruto Archipelago.[3]","title":"Economy"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Perfil do Distrito de Vilankulo\" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministry of State Administration. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161023200945/http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Vilankulo.pdf","url_text":"\"Perfil do Distrito de Vilankulo\""},{"url":"http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Vilankulo.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"População da Provincia de Inhambane\". Censo 2007 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080308035537/http://www.ine.gov.mz/censo2007/rp/pop07prov/inhambane","url_text":"\"População da Provincia de Inhambane\""},{"url":"http://www.ine.gov.mz/censo2007/rp/pop07prov/inhambane","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Getting there\". Bazaruto Archipelago. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bazarutoarchipelago.com/getting-there/","url_text":"\"Getting there\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vilanculos_District¶ms=22.0000_S_35.3167_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:MZ","external_links_name":"22°00′00″S 35°19′00″E / 22.0000°S 35.3167°E / -22.0000; 35.3167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161023200945/http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Vilankulo.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Perfil do Distrito de Vilankulo\""},{"Link":"http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Vilankulo.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080308035537/http://www.ine.gov.mz/censo2007/rp/pop07prov/inhambane","external_links_name":"\"População da Provincia de Inhambane\""},{"Link":"http://www.ine.gov.mz/censo2007/rp/pop07prov/inhambane","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bazarutoarchipelago.com/getting-there/","external_links_name":"\"Getting there\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153793937","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007499066405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99907726","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/095482938","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vilanculos_District¶ms=22.0000_S_35.3167_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:MZ","external_links_name":"22°00′00″S 35°19′00″E / 22.0000°S 35.3167°E / -22.0000; 35.3167"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fanning_(musicologist)
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David Fanning (musicologist)
|
["1 Major publications","2 References"]
|
British musicologist (born 1955)
David Fanning (born 1955) is a professor of music at the University of Manchester. He is an expert on the music of Dmitri Shostakovich, Carl Nielsen and Soviet music. He is the author and editor of a number of books, collaborating with wife, Michelle Assay, on a book about Mieczysław Weinberg.
He is also the editor of the journal Carl Nielsen Studies.
As well as being a musicologist, he is also the pianist with the Danel Quartet and a reviewer for The Daily Telegraph, Gramophone and BBC Radio 3.
Rodion Shchedrin criticized Fanning in his memoirs, referring to him as a "so-called specialist" of Soviet music.
Major publications
The Breath of the Symphonist: Shostakovich's Tenth (London, 1988) ISBN 978-0-947854-03-4
Expressionism Reassessed, ed. (Manchester, 1994)
Shostakovich Studies, ed. (Cambridge, 1995) ISBN 0-521-45239-2
Nielsen Symphony No. 5 (Cambridge, 1997) ISBN 0-521-44632-5
Nielsen Aladdin - critical edition (Copenhagen, 2000)
Shostakovich: String Quartet No. 8 (Aldershot, 2004) ISBN 0-7546-0699-6
Nielsen Piano Works - critical edition (Copenhagen, 2006)
The Cambridge Companion to Shostakovich (Cambridge, 2008) ISBN 978-0-521-60315-7
Mieczyslaw Weinberg: In search of freedom (Hofheim, 2010) ISBN 978-3-936000-91-7
Carl Nielsen: Selected Letters and Diaries (Copenhagen, 2017) ISBN 978-87-635-4596-9
References
^ "Professor David Fanning". Royal Northern College of Music. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
^ "Carl Nielsen Studies. Volume 6, 2020".
^ Shchedrin, Rodion (2013). Autobiographical Memories. Translated by Phillips, Anthony. Mainz: Schott Music. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-254-08419-4. I give you the names of some of these apologies for a specialist: David Fanning, David Gutman, Dorothea Redepenning, Enzo Restagno. This lady and these gentlemen are in no way equipped to have any real influence on the way music develops. But in an age like ours, when folk are so much more ready to hearken to advertising than to their own selves, it is within the power of these so-called specialists to sow chaos and confusion among the ranks of the feeble-minded.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich"},{"link_name":"Carl Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rncm-1"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Danel Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danel_Quartet"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Gramophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"},{"link_name":"Rodion Shchedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"David Fanning (born 1955) is a professor of music at the University of Manchester. He is an expert on the music of Dmitri Shostakovich, Carl Nielsen and Soviet music.[1] He is the author and editor of a number of books, collaborating with wife, Michelle Assay, on a book about Mieczysław Weinberg.\nHe is also the editor of the journal Carl Nielsen Studies.[2]As well as being a musicologist, he is also the pianist with the Danel Quartet and a reviewer for The Daily Telegraph, Gramophone and BBC Radio 3.Rodion Shchedrin criticized Fanning in his memoirs, referring to him as a \"so-called specialist\" of Soviet music.[3]","title":"David Fanning (musicologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-947854-03-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947854-03-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-45239-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45239-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-44632-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44632-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7546-0699-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0699-6"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Companion to Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Shostakovich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-60315-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60315-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-936000-91-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936000-91-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-87-635-4596-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-635-4596-9"}],"text":"The Breath of the Symphonist: Shostakovich's Tenth (London, 1988) ISBN 978-0-947854-03-4\nExpressionism Reassessed, ed. (Manchester, 1994)\nShostakovich Studies, ed. (Cambridge, 1995) ISBN 0-521-45239-2\nNielsen Symphony No. 5 (Cambridge, 1997) ISBN 0-521-44632-5\nNielsen Aladdin - critical edition (Copenhagen, 2000)\nShostakovich: String Quartet No. 8 (Aldershot, 2004) ISBN 0-7546-0699-6\nNielsen Piano Works - critical edition (Copenhagen, 2006)\nThe Cambridge Companion to Shostakovich (Cambridge, 2008) ISBN 978-0-521-60315-7\nMieczyslaw Weinberg: In search of freedom (Hofheim, 2010) ISBN 978-3-936000-91-7\nCarl Nielsen: Selected Letters and Diaries (Copenhagen, 2017) ISBN 978-87-635-4596-9","title":"Major publications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Professor David Fanning\". Royal Northern College of Music. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719120702/http://www.rncm.ac.uk/component/content/article/143/538.html","url_text":"\"Professor David Fanning\""},{"url":"http://www.rncm.ac.uk/component/content/article/143/538.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Nielsen Studies. Volume 6, 2020\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tidsskrift.dk/carlnielsenstudies/issue/view/8859","url_text":"\"Carl Nielsen Studies. Volume 6, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Shchedrin, Rodion (2013). Autobiographical Memories. Translated by Phillips, Anthony. Mainz: Schott Music. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-254-08419-4. I give you the names of some of these apologies for a specialist: David Fanning, David Gutman, Dorothea Redepenning, Enzo Restagno. This lady and these gentlemen are in no way equipped to have any real influence on the way music develops. But in an age like ours, when folk are so much more ready to hearken to advertising than to their own selves, it is within the power of these so-called specialists to sow chaos and confusion among the ranks of the feeble-minded.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin","url_text":"Shchedrin, Rodion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz","url_text":"Mainz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schott_Music","url_text":"Schott Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-254-08419-4","url_text":"978-3-254-08419-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719120702/http://www.rncm.ac.uk/component/content/article/143/538.html","external_links_name":"\"Professor David Fanning\""},{"Link":"http://www.rncm.ac.uk/component/content/article/143/538.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tidsskrift.dk/carlnielsenstudies/issue/view/8859","external_links_name":"\"Carl Nielsen Studies. Volume 6, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109384299","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/115955915","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12363249t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12363249t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512225806706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007347565605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99090259","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2014814468&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06991902X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810657059705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/70ebaeb5-5fe3-4c4c-8db9-c5ac268847a6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tq85cj","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032640951","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Terms_Act_1830
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Law Terms Act 1830
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["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
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United Kingdom legislationLaw Terms Act 1830Act of ParliamentParliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act for the more effectual Administration of Justice in England and Wales.Citation11 Geo. 4. & 1 Will. 4. c. 70DatesRoyal assent23 July 1830Commencement12 October 1830Repealed2 May 1986Other legislationRepealed byStatute Law (Repeals) Act 1986Status: RepealedText of statute as originally enacted
The Law Terms Act 1830 (11 Geo. 4. & 1 Will. 4. c. 70) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made various changes to the court system of England and Wales.
Section 8 granted direct appeal from the Court of Common Pleas to the Court of Exchequer Chamber, rather than indirectly through the King's Bench.
Section 14 abolished the independent jurisdiction of the courts of session of the County Palatine of Chester.
Section 15 was repealed by section 56 of, and Part IV of Schedule 11 to, the Courts Act 1971.
In a report dated 27 September 1985, the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission said that section 32 was the only provision that had not been repealed. They said that local consultation had confirmed it was obsolete and unnecessary. They recommended the whole Act be repealed. The Act was completely repealed by Group 1 of Part I of Schedule 1 to the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986 on 2 May 1986.
References
^ The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
^ The Law Terms Act 1830, section 39
^ Cornish & Clark (1989) p.25
^ Reference in the Distress for Rent Act 1737 at the UK Statute Law Database
^ Yates (1856) p.7
^ The Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission. Statute Law Revision: Twelfth Report. Law Com 150. SLC 99. Cmnd 9648. Pages 6 and 34.
Bibliography
Cornish, W. R.; Clark, G. de N. (1989). Law and Society in England 1750-1950. London: Sweet & Maxwell. p. 75. ISBN 0421311509.
Yates, Joseph Brooks (1856). The Rights and Jurisdiction of the County Palatine of Chester, the Earls Palatine, the Chamberlain, and Other Officers. Charles Simms & Co. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11 Geo. 4. & 1 Will. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Geo._4._%26_1_Will._4"},{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_(law)"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"Court of Exchequer Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_Chamber"},{"link_name":"King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"County Palatine of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Courts Act 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_Act_1971"},{"link_name":"Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Part I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/12/schedule/1/part/I/enacted"},{"link_name":"Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_Law_(Repeals)_Act_1986"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe Law Terms Act 1830 (11 Geo. 4. & 1 Will. 4. c. 70) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made various changes to the court system of England and Wales.Section 8 granted direct appeal from the Court of Common Pleas to the Court of Exchequer Chamber, rather than indirectly through the King's Bench.[3]Section 14 abolished the independent jurisdiction of the courts of session of the County Palatine of Chester.[4][5]Section 15 was repealed by section 56 of, and Part IV of Schedule 11 to, the Courts Act 1971.In a report dated 27 September 1985, the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission said that section 32 was the only provision that had not been repealed. They said that local consultation had confirmed it was obsolete and unnecessary. They recommended the whole Act be repealed.[6] The Act was completely repealed by Group 1 of Part I of Schedule 1 to the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986 on 2 May 1986.","title":"Law Terms Act 1830"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0421311509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0421311509"},{"link_name":"The Rights and Jurisdiction of the County Palatine of Chester, the Earls Palatine, the Chamberlain, and Other Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_kcJAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK_legislation"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK_legislation"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_legislation"},{"link_name":"UK legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"List of English 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeem_the_Artist
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Adeem the Artist
|
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 EPs","3.3 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American singer-songwriter
Adeem the ArtistAdeem the Artist, April 2023Background informationAlso known asAdeem MariaBorn1988 (age 35–36)Locust, North CarolinaOriginKnoxville, Tennessee, U.S.GenresCountryOccupation(s)Singer-songwriterInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active2002-presentLabelsFour Quarters, Thirty TigersMusical artist
Adeem the Artist, sometimes known as Adeem Maria, is an American country music singer. They have released eight albums and a number of singles.
Career
Adeem the Artist was born in 1988. They were born in Locust, North Carolina but when they were 12 years old, their family moved to Syracuse, New York. When Adeem was in their 20s, they began performing on cruise ships. They later moved to Knoxville, Tennessee with the intent of being a pastor, but later abandoned this plan and began recording music. In 2016, they performed tribute shows for John Prine and Joni Mitchell in Knoxville.
In 2021, after releasing several independent albums on Bandcamp, Adeem released the album Cast-Iron Pansexual. Adeem largely funded the album through Patreon and wrote most of its songs in 2020. They premiered its tracks on the website Audio Femme that March.
Rolling Stone editors Jon Freeman and Joseph Hudak selected the title track of Cast Iron Pansexual as a "pick of the week" after the album's release, stating that the song "stakes out their place as a born Southerner armed with a radical outlook and a brain that won't just ease up". American Songwriter described Adeem as having a "scruffy timbre". The editors of this site also selected "I Wish You Would've Been a Cowboy", a response to Toby Keith's 1993 hit "Should've Been a Cowboy". Adeem co-wrote the song, which is critical of Keith's patriotism, with Palestinian-American poet Summer Awad. Steve Wildsmith of The Daily Times wrote that the album had a "rich currency of exploration, past-life condemnation and present-day illumination." Following the success of this album, they toured with American Aquarium in 2021. In April 2022, Adeem signed with Thirty Tigers after contacting the label's owner on Twitter. They announced plans to release their first album for the label later in the year. "Middle of a Heart" was also released from the album in October 2022, followed by "Run This Town" a month later. Their first Thirty Tigers album White Trash Revelry was released in December 2022.
In 2023, Adeem the Artist was nominated for Emerging Act of the Year at the Americana Music Honors & Awards. Adeem the Artist released a new single titled "One Night Stand" from their next Thirty Tigers album Anniversary.
Personal life
Adeem the Artist identifies as non-binary and uses they/them pronouns. They are also pansexual and married to their wife Hannah. Adeem told The Daily Times in 2021 that some of the themes of Cast Iron Pansexual deal with their own gender and sexual identity issues, particularly since they grew up in a Christian household in the Southern United States.
Discography
Albums
The Living Room Tapes (2011)
armour. (2012)
(2013)
Kyle Adem Is Dead (2016)
Live Recordings (2017)
Forgotten Songs & American Dreams (2019)
Cast Iron Pansexual (2021)
White Trash Revelry (2022)
Anniversary (2024)
EPs
Beautiful Dreamer (2014)
The Owl (2017)
The Flamingo (2017)
Home Recordings Vol. 2 (2023)
Singles
"Sidewalk" (2015)
"5th Avenue Homicide" (2017)
"The Last Summer" (2017)
"Scruffy Little Christmas" (2017)
"Pandemic Days" (2020)
"Ashes in Flight" (2020)
"Tiger Prince of Knoxville" (2020)
"Asheville Blues" (2021)
"Merry Christmas, Urgent Care" (2021)
"I Wish You Would've Been a Cowboy" (2021)
"Going to Hell" (2022)
"ICU" (2023)
"What If We Stayed"(2023)
References
^ a b c "Adeem the Artist finds a new direction". Knoxville News Sentinel. November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ a b c d Jason Scott (March 2, 2021). "PREMIERE: Adeem the Artist Reclaims Identity With Cast Iron Pansexual LP". Audio Femme. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ a b c d e "SHEDDING THE TRAPPINGS OF EXPECTATION: On 'Cast-Iron Pansexual,' Adeem the Artist undertakes an intensely personal journey". The Daily Times. May 26, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ "Adeem the Artist". Bandcamp. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ "RS Country Music Picks for the Week of March 15th". Rolling Stone Country. March 15, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ "10 LGBTQ+ Artists You Should Know". American Songwriter. June 17, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ "CELEBRATIONS AND LAMENTATIONS: Blount Pride headliner Adeem the Artist casts their gaze outward on forthcoming new record". The Daily Times. July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
^ "WATCH: Adeem the Artist, "Middle of a Heart"". October 18, 2022.
^ "Adeem the Artist's Music Video for 'Run This Town' is a Supernatural Adventure ". The Boot. November 2022.
^ "JUST IN: Margo Price, Charley Crockett Lead 2023 Americana Honors & Awards Nominees". The Boot. May 9, 2023.
^ Wilusz, Ryan. "Knoxville's own Adeem the Artist teases next album with a new '90s pop country bop' single". Knoxnews.com.
^ "Home Recordings Vol. 2 by Adeem the Artist". Bandcamp. May 5, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ Miller, Sydney (January 15, 2021). "Exclusive: Adeem the Artist's Toby Keith Rebuke". Countryqueer.com.
^ "Adeem the Artist is "Going to Hell"". Wildfiremusic.net. September 21, 2022.
^ "ICU by Adeem the Artist". May 26, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ "What If We Stayed? by Adeem the Artist". Adeemtheartist.bandcamp.com. January 9, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
External links
Official website
|
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They have released eight albums and a number of singles.","title":"Adeem the Artist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knox-1"},{"link_name":"Locust, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-femme-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knox-1"},{"link_name":"cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shedding-3"},{"link_name":"Knoxville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"John Prine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prine"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knox-1"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Patreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patreon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-femme-2"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Toby Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Keith"},{"link_name":"Should've Been a Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Should%27ve_Been_a_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Palestinian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Americans"},{"link_name":"The Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Times_(Blount_County,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shedding-3"},{"link_name":"American Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shedding-3"},{"link_name":"Thirty Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"White Trash Revelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Trash_Revelry"},{"link_name":"Americana Music Honors & Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_Music_Honors_%26_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Adeem the Artist was born in 1988.[1] They were born in Locust, North Carolina but when they were 12 years old, their family moved to Syracuse, New York.[2][1] When Adeem was in their 20s, they began performing on cruise ships.[3] They later moved to Knoxville, Tennessee with the intent of being a pastor, but later abandoned this plan and began recording music. In 2016, they performed tribute shows for John Prine and Joni Mitchell in Knoxville.[1]In 2021, after releasing several independent albums on Bandcamp,[4] Adeem released the album Cast-Iron Pansexual. Adeem largely funded the album through Patreon and wrote most of its songs in 2020. They premiered its tracks on the website Audio Femme that March.[2]Rolling Stone editors Jon Freeman and Joseph Hudak selected the title track of Cast Iron Pansexual as a \"pick of the week\" after the album's release, stating that the song \"stakes out their place as a born Southerner armed with a radical outlook and a brain that won't just ease up\".[5] American Songwriter described Adeem as having a \"scruffy timbre\". The editors of this site also selected \"I Wish You Would've Been a Cowboy\", a response to Toby Keith's 1993 hit \"Should've Been a Cowboy\".[6] Adeem co-wrote the song, which is critical of Keith's patriotism, with Palestinian-American poet Summer Awad. 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They announced plans to release their first album for the label later in the year.[7] \"Middle of a Heart\" was also released from the album in October 2022,[8] followed by \"Run This Town\" a month later.[9] Their first Thirty Tigers album White Trash Revelry was released in December 2022.In 2023, Adeem the Artist was nominated for Emerging Act of the Year at the Americana Music Honors & Awards.[10] Adeem the Artist released a new single titled \"One Night Stand\" from their next Thirty Tigers album Anniversary.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary_gender"},{"link_name":"they/them pronouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_they"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shedding-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-femme-2"},{"link_name":"pansexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansexuality"},{"link_name":"The Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Times"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shedding-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-femme-2"}],"text":"Adeem the Artist identifies as non-binary and uses they/them pronouns.[3][2] They are also pansexual and married to their wife Hannah. 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(2012)\n[syracuse.] (2013)\nKyle Adem Is Dead (2016)\nLive Recordings (2017)\nForgotten Songs & American Dreams (2019)\nCast Iron Pansexual (2021)\nWhite Trash Revelry (2022)\nAnniversary (2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Beautiful Dreamer (2014)\nThe Owl (2017)\nThe Flamingo (2017)\nHome Recordings Vol. 2 (2023)[12]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Sidewalk\" (2015)\n\"5th Avenue Homicide\" (2017)\n\"The Last Summer\" (2017)\n\"Scruffy Little Christmas\" (2017)\n\"Pandemic Days\" (2020)\n\"Ashes in Flight\" (2020)\n\"Tiger Prince of Knoxville\" (2020)\n\"Asheville Blues\" (2021)\n\"Merry Christmas, Urgent Care\" (2021)\n\"I Wish You Would've Been a Cowboy\" (2021)[13]\n\"Going to Hell\" (2022)[14]\n\"ICU\" (2023)[15]\n\"What If We Stayed\"(2023)[16]","title":"Discography"}]
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Retrieved November 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://americansongwriter.com/10-lgbtq-artists-you-should-know/","url_text":"\"10 LGBTQ+ Artists You Should Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"CELEBRATIONS AND LAMENTATIONS: Blount Pride headliner Adeem the Artist casts their gaze outward on forthcoming new record\". The Daily Times. July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailytimes.com/news/celebrations-and-lamentations-blount-pride-headliner-adeem-the-artist-casts-their-gaze-outward-on-forthcoming/article_f814cf10-0d08-11ed-bfdf-b7b2bf296ace.html#l66zjtzhz5y5k36q9xm","url_text":"\"CELEBRATIONS AND LAMENTATIONS: Blount Pride headliner Adeem the Artist casts their gaze outward on forthcoming new record\""}]},{"reference":"\"WATCH: Adeem the Artist, \"Middle of a Heart\"\". 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Knoxnews.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/03/08/adeem-the-artist-song-one-night-stand-teases-anniversary-album/72880255007/","url_text":"\"Knoxville's own Adeem the Artist teases next album with a new '90s pop country bop' single\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Recordings Vol. 2 by Adeem the Artist\". Bandcamp. May 5, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://adeemtheartist.bandcamp.com/album/home-recordings-vol-2","url_text":"\"Home Recordings Vol. 2 by Adeem the Artist\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Sydney (January 15, 2021). \"Exclusive: Adeem the Artist's Toby Keith Rebuke\". Countryqueer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://countryqueer.com/news/exclusive-preview/exclusive-adeem-the-artists-toby-keith-rebuke/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Adeem the Artist's Toby Keith Rebuke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adeem the Artist is \"Going to Hell\"\". Wildfiremusic.net. September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wildfiremusic.net/2022/09/21/adeem-the-artist-is-going-to-hell/","url_text":"\"Adeem the Artist is \"Going to Hell\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICU by Adeem the Artist\". May 26, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://adeemtheartist.bandcamp.com/track/i-c-u","url_text":"\"ICU by Adeem the Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"What If We Stayed? by Adeem the Artist\". Adeemtheartist.bandcamp.com. January 9, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://adeemtheartist.bandcamp.com/album/what-if-we-stayed","url_text":"\"What If We Stayed? by Adeem the Artist\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-J%C3%BCrgen_Richter
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Frank-Jürgen Richter
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Publications","3 Awards","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"]
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Frank-Jürgen RichterFrank-Jürgen Richter in 2010.Born1967Karlsruhe, West GermanyAlma materKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TsukubaUniversity of StuttgartOccupationChairman of HorasisKnown forFounder of Horasis and the Horasis Global Meeting and former director of the World Economic Forum
Frank-Jürgen Richter (born 1967) is a German entrepreneur, economic advisor, and commentator. He is best known as the chairman of Horasis and founder of the Horasis Global Meeting, as well as a former director of the World Economic Forum.
Early life
After graduating with a degree in industrial engineering from the University of Karlsruhe (now part of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) and academic stays in France and Mexico, Richter pursued his PhD-studies at the University of Tsukuba and obtained his doctoral degree from the University of Stuttgart.
From 1996 until 2000, he lived and worked in Asia where he developed and managed a European Multinationals' Asian operations, and then became a Director of the World Economic Forum from 2001 to 2004. Following the incorporation of Horasis in 2005 he has been a frequent international traveler, researcher and commentator as well as leading the annual Business Meetings.
Career
In 2005, Richter founded Horasis, an independent think tank for global business topics. Richter works with businesspeople, politicians and intellectuals. He advises governments and private sector organizations on issues such as globalization, trade, and sustainable development.
Richter is a Member of the Advisory Board on impact leadership of University of Cambridge and Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business.
Publications
Richter is a frequent public speaker. He has authored and edited 37 books and numerous articles on global strategy and Asian business, covering topics such as the Asian business environment and how Asian firms bounced back from the 1998 Asian crisis. His writings have appeared in the financial and regional press such as The New York Times.
He has addressed audiences at the Brookings Institution, Harvard University, Beijing University, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Royal Institute of International Affairs, and at several corporate events. He has been interviewed by several publications, and appeared on CNN, BBC, CNBC, CCTV (China Central Television) as well as The Voice of America (VOA).
Awards
In 2016, Richter received the Harish Mahindra Memorial Global Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Global Economy from Priyadarshini Academy.
Bibliography
The Dynamics of Japanese Organizations, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 041513191-X
The East Asian Development Model: Economic Growth, Institutional Failure and the Aftermath of the Crisis, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, ISBN 0333920635
Redesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis, Quorum Books, 2001, ISBN 9781567205251
Recreating Asia: Visions for a New Century (with Pamela C. M. Mar), John Wiley & Sons, 2002, ISBN 0470820853
India Rising: Emergence of a New World Power (with Colette Mathur), Marshall Cavendish Business, 2005, ISBN 9812611967
Global Future: The Next Challenge for Asian Business (with ArnoudDeMeyer, Peter Williamson, Pamela C. M. Mar), John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN 0470821302
Six Billion Minds: Managing Outsourcing in the Global Knowledge Economy (with Mark Minevich), Aspatore Books, 2006, ISBN 1596224274
References
^ "The World Trade Review". The World Trade Review. 15 November 2003. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ Horasis.org (18 November 2009). "News :: The Continued Rise of the Rest". Horasis.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ 17. November 2009. "Konjunktur: Platzt in China die nächsteBlase? – Ausland – Politik – Wirtschaftswoche" (in German). Wiwo.de. Retrieved 14 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b Global Asia TV. "ArkadyDvorkovich with Frank-Jurgen Richter, Chairman, Horasis". YouTube. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Edmond Haxhinasto Received the President of " Horasis"". Keminet.net. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "Small is also beautiful". Khaleejtimes.com. 29 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ Horasis.org (22 September 2007). "News :: China-Europe Connector". Horasis.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ CKGSB. Igniting Innovation for Impact program
^ Horasis.org (23 November 2009). "News :: Trade Protectionism". Horasis.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "Mutual funds step up selling". Indiainfoline.com. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ Minevich, Mark; Hoque, Faisal; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (30 April 2006). Six Billion Minds: Managing Outsourcing in the Global Knowledge Economy: Mark Minevich, Dr. Frank-Jürgen Richter, Faisal Hoque: 9781596224278: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 1596224274.
^ Demeyer, Arnoud; Williamson, Peter; Mar, Pamela C. M.; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (9 May 2005). Global Future: The Next Challenge for Asian Business: ArnoudDeMeyer, Peter Williamson, Frank-Jürgen Richter, Pamela C. M. Mar: 9780470821305: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 0470821302.
^ Das, Tarun; Mathur, Colette; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (30 November 2005). India Rising: Emergence of a New World Power: Colette Mathur, Frank-Jürgen Richter, Tarun Das: 9789812611963: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 9812611967.
^ Mar, Pamela C. M.; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (15 April 2003). China: Enabling a New Era of Changes: Pamela C. M. Mar, Frank-Jürgen Richter: 9780470820865: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 0470820861.
^ Frank Richter (Author) (30 September 2000). The Asian Economic Catharsis: How Asian Firms Bounce Back from Crisis: Frank Richter: 9781567203776: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 1567203779. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "Frank-Jürgen Richter". Urban Forum. 29 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "Indian companies to benefit from EU crisis: Expert". Moneycontrol.com. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ Global Asia TV. "Frank-Jürgen Richter, presidente de Horasis". YouTube. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "Interview with Dr. Frank Jurgen Richter, President of Horasis". English.cri.cn. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "Priyadarshni Academy global awards round the corner!". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
^ "India's Frank Friend". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
^ "Venki Ramakrishnan, Katrina Kaif among those awarded by Priyadarshani Academy". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank-Jürgen Richter.
Personal biography on the Horasis site
"Horasis Chairman on Global Meeting, China, Trade". Bloomberg Markets. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
"Horasis Chairman Frank-Jürgen Richter talks to BBC". BBC World Service. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Frank-Jürgen Richter, Chairman, Horasis, receiving the Harish Mahindra Memorial Global Award
Authority control databases International
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He is best known as the chairman of Horasis and founder of the Horasis Global Meeting, as well as a former director of the World Economic Forum.","title":"Frank-Jürgen Richter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrial engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of Tsukuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba"},{"link_name":"University of Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"After graduating with a degree in industrial engineering from the University of Karlsruhe (now part of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) and academic stays in France and Mexico, Richter pursued his PhD-studies at the University of Tsukuba and obtained his doctoral degree from the University of Stuttgart.From 1996 until 2000, he lived and worked in Asia where he developed and managed a European Multinationals' Asian operations, and then became a Director of the World Economic Forum from 2001 to 2004.[1] Following the incorporation of Horasis in 2005 he has been a frequent international traveler, researcher and commentator as well as leading the annual Business Meetings.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horasis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube1-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Kong_Graduate_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2005, Richter founded Horasis, an independent think tank for global business topics.[2] Richter works with businesspeople, politicians and intellectuals.[3][4][5][6] He advises governments and private sector organizations on issues such as globalization, trade, and sustainable development.[4][7]Richter is a Member of the Advisory Board on impact leadership of University of Cambridge and Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Beijing University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_University"},{"link_name":"National Research University Higher School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_University_Higher_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of International Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_International_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"China Central Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television"},{"link_name":"VOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Richter is a frequent public speaker.[9][10] He has authored and edited 37 books and numerous articles on global strategy and Asian business,[11][12][13][14][15] covering topics such as the Asian business environment and how Asian firms bounced back from the 1998 Asian crisis. His writings have appeared in the financial and regional press such as The New York Times.He has addressed audiences at the Brookings Institution, Harvard University, Beijing University, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Royal Institute of International Affairs, and at several corporate events.[16] He has been interviewed by several publications, and appeared on CNN, BBC, CNBC, CCTV (China Central Television) as well as The Voice of America (VOA).[17][18][19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 2016, Richter received the Harish Mahindra Memorial Global Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Global Economy from Priyadarshini Academy.[20][21][22]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"041513191-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/041513191-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0333920635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333920635"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781567205251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567205251"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0470820853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470820853"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9812611967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9812611967"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0470821302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470821302"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1596224274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1596224274"}],"text":"The Dynamics of Japanese Organizations, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 041513191-X\nThe East Asian Development Model: Economic Growth, Institutional Failure and the Aftermath of the Crisis, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, ISBN 0333920635\nRedesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis, Quorum Books, 2001, ISBN 9781567205251\nRecreating Asia: Visions for a New Century (with Pamela C. M. Mar), John Wiley & Sons, 2002, ISBN 0470820853\nIndia Rising: Emergence of a New World Power (with Colette Mathur), Marshall Cavendish Business, 2005, ISBN 9812611967\nGlobal Future: The Next Challenge for Asian Business (with ArnoudDeMeyer, Peter Williamson, Pamela C. M. Mar), John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN 0470821302\nSix Billion Minds: Managing Outsourcing in the Global Knowledge Economy (with Mark Minevich), Aspatore Books, 2006, ISBN 1596224274","title":"Bibliography"}]
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Retrieved 7 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201212120141/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=CITY-LIGHT-26092016006029","url_text":"\"India's Frank Friend\""},{"url":"http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=CITY-LIGHT-26092016006029#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Venki Ramakrishnan, Katrina Kaif among those awarded by Priyadarshani Academy\". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 7 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freepressjournal.in/business/venki-ramakrishnan-katrina-kaif-among-those-awarded-by-priyadarshani-academy/933459","url_text":"\"Venki Ramakrishnan, Katrina Kaif among those awarded by Priyadarshani Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horasis Chairman on Global Meeting, China, Trade\". Bloomberg Markets. Retrieved 30 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2018-04-24/horasis-chairman-on-global-meeting-china-trade-video","url_text":"\"Horasis Chairman on Global Meeting, China, Trade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horasis Chairman Frank-Jürgen Richter talks to BBC\". BBC World Service. Retrieved 30 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAnHQclkGfE","url_text":"\"Horasis Chairman Frank-Jürgen Richter talks to BBC\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Lam
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Kafr Lam
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["1 History","1.1 Early Muslim period","1.2 Crusader period","1.3 Ottoman period","1.4 British Mandate","1.5 1948 Arab-Israeli war and aftermath","2 Demographics","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 32°38′15″N 34°56′04″E / 32.63750°N 34.93444°E / 32.63750; 34.93444Place in Haifa, Mandatory PalestineKafr Lam
كفر لامKfar LamThe fortress of Kafr Lam as seen from the southeastEtymology: The village of Lam
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Kafr Lam (click the buttons)Kafr LamLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates: 32°38′15″N 34°56′04″E / 32.63750°N 34.93444°E / 32.63750; 34.93444Palestine grid144/227Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictHaifaDate of depopulationJuly 16, 1948Area • Total6,838 dunams (6.838 km2 or 2.640 sq mi)Population (1944-45) • Total340Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forcesSecondary causeInfluence of nearby town's fallCurrent LocalitiesHaBonim, Ein Ayala
Kafr Lam (Arabic: كفر لام) was a Palestinian Arab village located 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Haifa on the Mediterranean coast. The name of the village was shared with that of an Islamic fort constructed there early in the period of Arab Caliphate rule (638–1099 CE) in Palestine. To the Crusaders, both the fort and the village, which they controlled for some time in the 13th century, were known as Cafarlet.
Kafr Lam was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. While the village was largely destroyed, some of its former structures and their ruins can be seen in the Israeli moshav of HaBonim, established on the lands of Kafr Lam in 1949.
History
Early Muslim period
According to the Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, the town of Kafr Lam was established near Qisarya by the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn ´Abd al-Malik (AD 724-743). The fort built, in the shape of a Roman castrum, was erected during the late Umayyad or early Abbasid period, as a ribat meant to guard against attacks from the sea and invasion by the former rulers, the Byzantines.
Crusader period
Further information: Cafarlet
Kafr Lam was a fiefdom of the lord of Caesarea during the Crusader period, and was known at this time as Cafarlet. In 1200, Cafarlet was granted to a vassal by the Lord of Caesarea, Aymar de Lairon.
In October 1213, Aymar de Lairon pledged the casalis of Cafarlet and two fiefdoms as surety for a debt of 1,000 besants he had taken from the Hospitallers.
In 1232, the Casal of Cafarlet was sold to the Hospitallers for 16,000 Saracen besants, the increased value being a result of it having been fortified after a raid on the lordship of Caesarea by troops from Damascus in 1227.
The Hospitallers transferred ownership over Carfalet to the Templars by 1255.
In 1262 the final exchange of the land of Kafr Lam took place between the Templars and the Hospitallers, leaving Kafr Lam under Templar control.
The village was captured by Muslim forces in 1265, but retaken by the Crusaders shortly thereafter. In 1291, it was taken by the Mamluks, who ruled over it from that time until the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Palestine in the early sixteenth century.
Ottoman period
During early Ottoman rule in Palestine, in 1596, a farm in Kafr Lam paid taxes to the ruling authorities. Pierre Jacotin named the village Kofour el An on his map from 1799.
Descriptions of Kfar Lam under later Ottoman rule are available in the writings of European travellers to the region. For example, Mary Rogers, the sister of the British vice-consul in Haifa, visited Kafr Lam in 1856 and wrote that its houses were built of mud and stone and that the fields around the village abounded in Indian wheat, millet, sesame, tobacco, and orchards. In 1859, consul Rogers estimated the population to be 120, and the cultivation to be 16 feddans.
French explorer Victor Guérin visited in 1870 and noted that Kafr Lam was situated on top of a small hill and was inhabited by about 300 villagers. He further wrote that the village stood within a large stone enclosure that dated to the time of the Crusades.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Kafr Lam as a small village of adobe hovels crowded within the ancient walls.
A population list from about 1887 showed that Kefr Lam had about 180 inhabitants, all Muslim.
In modern times, the houses of Kafr Lam were made of stone and either mud or cement and were clustered together. The villagers were Muslims, and maintained a mosque. A boys elementary school was built in 1882, but it was closed during the period of the British Mandate in Palestine.
British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr Lam had a population 156, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 215, still all Muslims, in a total of 50 houses.
There were five wells on village lands. The village economy depended on animal husbandry and agriculture and the main crops cultivated were various sorts of grain.
In the 1945 statistics, Kafr Lam had a population of 340 Muslim inhabitants, and the total land area was 6,838 dunams. Of the land, a total of 75 dunams was for plantations and irrigable land, 5,052 dunums (1,248 acres) for cereals, while 14 dunams were built-up land.
Kafr Lam on 1938 map (1:20,000)
Kafr Lam on 1945 map (1:250,000)
1948 Arab-Israeli war and aftermath
Kafr Lam was evacuated early in May 1948, but by mid-May some of the villagers had returned. On 15 May 1948, the first day of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, troops from the Carmeli Brigade occupied Kafr Lam and neighbouring Sarafand, and briefly garrisoned the two villages. Both villages were re-occupied and cleared of their inhabitants by mid-July 1948. This operation involved the first use of support fire from Israeli naval forces, with two warships participating in the attack, aiming light-weapons fire at Kafr Lam and Sarafand.
After the start of the Second Truce, on 19 July 1948, units of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) units continued to destroy Palestinian villages in various parts of the country. However, special interest groups, such as archaeologists, began to complain, calling for curbs on IDF destructiveness. Thus, on 7 October, Haifa District HQ ordered the 123rd Battalion to stop all demolition activities in "Qisarya, Atlit, Kafr Lam and Tiberias"; all of which contained Roman or Crusader era ruins.
Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The moshavim of HaBonim and Ein Ayala were established on Kafr Lam's village lands in 1949.
In 1992, the village site was described as "he abandoned Crusader fortress and several houses are still standing. One house, that of Ahmad Bey Khalil, has been converted into a school; another is being used as an Israeli post office."
Demographics
The population (includes Kafr Lam Station) was 215 in 1931. In 1944/45 the population was 340.
See also
Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
References
^ Palmer, 1881, p. 140
^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 14
^ a b c d Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 48
^ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #175. Also gives cause of depopulation.
^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, Settlement #121.
^ a b c d e f g Khalidi, 1992, p. 170
^ Mu'jam Al-Buldan, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.170
^ Le Strange, 1890, p.470
^ Nicolle and Hook, 2012, pp. 27-29.
^ Petersen, 1996, pp. 193−194
^ a b Boas, 1999, p. 98.
^ a b c Bronstein, 2005, p. 48
^ Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 205, # 768; cited in Pringle, 2009, pp. 241-2
^ Röhricht, 1893, RHH, pp. 232-3, # 866; cited in Pringle, 2009, p. 242
^ Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 324, # 1233; cited in Pringle, 1997, p. 58 and Pringle, 2009, p. 242
^ Röhricht, 1893, RHH, pp. 344-5, # 1319; cited in Pringle, 2009, p. 242
^ Al-Bakhit and al-Hamud 1989a:19. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 170
^ Karmon, 1960, p. 163 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ Rogers, 1865, p. 372. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 170
^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp.3-4
^ Guérin, 1875, p. 302, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 170
^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 180
^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
^ a b Mills, 1932, p. 94
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 90
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 140
^ Morris, 2004, p. 248
^ Morris, 2004, pp. 353-4.
^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii
Bibliography
Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
Boas, Adrian J. (1999). Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. Routledge. ISBN 9780415173612.
Bronstein, Judith (2005). The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843831310.
Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (29)
Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
Guérin, V. (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
Nicolle, D.; Hook, Adam (2012). Saracen Strongholds AD 630-1000: The Middle East and Central Asia. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781782007111.
Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. ISBN 9780415060844.
Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
Pringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-46010-7.
Pringle, D. (2009). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: The cities of Acre and Tyre with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85148-0.
Rogers, Mary Eliza (1865). Domestic life in Palestine. Cincinnati: Poe & Hitchcock.
Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.
Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
External links
Welcome To Kafr Lam
Kafr Lam, Zochrot
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 7: IAA, Wikimedia commons
vtePalestinian Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus by subdistrictAcre
Amqa
Arab al-Samniyya
al-Bassa
al-Birwa
al-Damun
Dayr al-Qassi
al-Ghabisiyya
Iqrit
Iribbin
Jiddin
al-Kabri
Kafr 'Inan
Kuwaykat
al-Manshiyya
al-Mansura
Mi'ar
al-Nabi Rubin
al-Nahr
al-Ruways
Suhmata
al-Sumayriyya
Suruh
al-Tall
Tarbikha
Umm al-Faraj
az-Zeeb
Beisan
Arab al-'Arida
Arab al-Bawati
Arab al-Safa
al-Ashrafiyya
al-Bira
Beisan
Danna
Farwana
al-Fatur
al-Ghazzawiyya
al-Hamidiyya
al-Hamra
Jabbul
Kafra
Kawkab al-Hawa
al-Khunayzir
Masil al-Jizl
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"Arab Caliphate rule (638–1099 CE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Arab_Caliphate_rule_(638%E2%80%931099_CE)"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Cafarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafarlet"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab-Israeli war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_war"},{"link_name":"moshav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshav"},{"link_name":"HaBonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaBonim,_Israel"}],"text":"Place in Haifa, Mandatory PalestineKafr Lam (Arabic: كفر لام) was a Palestinian Arab village located 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Haifa on the Mediterranean coast. The name of the village was shared with that of an Islamic fort constructed there early in the period of Arab Caliphate rule (638–1099 CE) in Palestine. To the Crusaders, both the fort and the village, which they controlled for some time in the 13th century, were known as Cafarlet.Kafr Lam was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. While the village was largely destroyed, some of its former structures and their ruins can be seen in the Israeli moshav of HaBonim, established on the lands of Kafr Lam in 1949.","title":"Kafr Lam"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaqut al-Hamawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi"},{"link_name":"Qisarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Hisham ibn ´Abd al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_ibn_%C2%B4Abd_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"castrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrum"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Umayyad_(661-750_CE)"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Abbasid_rule_(750%E2%80%93969_CE)"},{"link_name":"ribat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribat"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicollep27-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersenp193-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boasp98-11"}],"sub_title":"Early Muslim period","text":"According to the Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, the town of Kafr Lam was established near Qisarya by the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn ´Abd al-Malik (AD 724-743).[7][8] The fort built, in the shape of a Roman castrum, was erected during the late Umayyad or early Abbasid period, as a ribat meant to guard against attacks from the sea and invasion by the former rulers, the Byzantines.[9][10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cafarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafarlet"},{"link_name":"fiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefdom"},{"link_name":"lord of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Crusader period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Crusader_rule_(1099%E2%80%931187_CE)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boasp98-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bronsteinp48-12"},{"link_name":"Aymar de Lairon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymar_de_Lairon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"casalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casalis"},{"link_name":"surety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surety"},{"link_name":"besants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezant"},{"link_name":"Hospitallers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bronsteinp48-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bronsteinp48-12"},{"link_name":"Templars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templars"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pringlep58-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidip170-6"}],"sub_title":"Crusader period","text":"Further information: CafarletKafr Lam was a fiefdom of the lord of Caesarea during the Crusader period, and was known at this time as Cafarlet.[11][12] In 1200, Cafarlet was granted to a vassal by the Lord of Caesarea, Aymar de Lairon.[13]In October 1213, Aymar de Lairon pledged the casalis of Cafarlet and two fiefdoms as surety for a debt of 1,000 besants he had taken from the Hospitallers.[12][14]\nIn 1232, the Casal of Cafarlet was sold to the Hospitallers for 16,000 Saracen besants, the increased value being a result of it having been fortified after a raid on the lordship of Caesarea by troops from Damascus in 1227.[12]The Hospitallers transferred ownership over Carfalet to the Templars by 1255.[15] \nIn 1262 the final exchange of the land of Kafr Lam took place between the Templars and the Hospitallers, leaving Kafr Lam under Templar control.[16]The village was captured by Muslim forces in 1265, but retaken by the Crusaders shortly thereafter. In 1291, it was taken by the Mamluks, who ruled over it from that time until the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Palestine in the early sixteenth century.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"early Ottoman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Ottoman_rule_(1516%E2%80%931831_CE)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pierre Jacotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jacotin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"later Ottoman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Ottoman_rule_(1841%E2%80%931917)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empire"},{"link_name":"vice-consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-consul"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"feddans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feddan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWPp3-20"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Victor Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"PEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"Survey of Western Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWPp3-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"British Mandate in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman period","text":"During early Ottoman rule in Palestine, in 1596, a farm in Kafr Lam paid taxes to the ruling authorities.[17] Pierre Jacotin named the village Kofour el An on his map from 1799.[18]Descriptions of Kfar Lam under later Ottoman rule are available in the writings of European travellers to the region. For example, Mary Rogers, the sister of the British vice-consul in Haifa, visited Kafr Lam in 1856 and wrote that its houses were built of mud and stone and that the fields around the village abounded in Indian wheat, millet, sesame, tobacco, and orchards.[19] In 1859, consul Rogers estimated the population to be 120, and the cultivation to be 16 feddans.[20]French explorer Victor Guérin visited in 1870 and noted that Kafr Lam was situated on top of a small hill and was inhabited by about 300 villagers. He further wrote that the village stood within a large stone enclosure that dated to the time of the Crusades.[21]In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Kafr Lam as a small village of adobe hovels crowded within the ancient walls.[20]A population list from about 1887 showed that Kefr Lam had about 180 inhabitants, all Muslim.[22]In modern times, the houses of Kafr Lam were made of stone and either mud or cement and were clustered together. The villagers were Muslims, and maintained a mosque. A boys elementary school was built in 1882, but it was closed during the period of the British Mandate in Palestine.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1922 census of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"British Mandate authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1922-23"},{"link_name":"1931 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1931census-24"},{"link_name":"wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidip170-6"},{"link_name":"1945 statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Statistics,_1945"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoS1945p14-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadawi48-3"},{"link_name":"dunums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunam"},{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaba_1938.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaba_1945.jpg"}],"sub_title":"British Mandate","text":"In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr Lam had a population 156, all Muslims,[23] increasing in the 1931 census to 215, still all Muslims, in a total of 50 houses.[24]There were five wells on village lands. The village economy depended on animal husbandry and agriculture and the main crops cultivated were various sorts of grain.[6]In the 1945 statistics, Kafr Lam had a population of 340 Muslim inhabitants,[2] and the total land area was 6,838 dunams.[3] Of the land, a total of 75 dunams was for plantations and irrigable land, 5,052 dunums (1,248 acres) for cereals,[25] while 14 dunams were built-up land.[26]Kafr Lam on 1938 map (1:20,000)Kafr Lam on 1945 map (1:250,000)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948 Arab-Israeli war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_war"},{"link_name":"Carmeli Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmeli_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Sarafand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sarafand"},{"link_name":"garrisoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Israeli naval forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_navy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidip170-6"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"archaeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Palestinian_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Qisarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"link_name":"Atlit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_empire"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"moshavim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshav"},{"link_name":"HaBonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaBonim,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Ein Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Ayala"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidip170-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrispxx11-29"},{"link_name":"Israeli post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidip170-6"}],"sub_title":"1948 Arab-Israeli war and aftermath","text":"Kafr Lam was evacuated early in May 1948, but by mid-May some of the villagers had returned. On 15 May 1948, the first day of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, troops from the Carmeli Brigade occupied Kafr Lam and neighbouring Sarafand, and briefly garrisoned the two villages. Both villages were re-occupied and cleared of their inhabitants by mid-July 1948.[27] This operation involved the first use of support fire from Israeli naval forces, with two warships participating in the attack, aiming light-weapons fire at Kafr Lam and Sarafand.[6]After the start of the Second Truce, on 19 July 1948, units of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) units continued to destroy Palestinian villages in various parts of the country. However, special interest groups, such as archaeologists, began to complain, calling for curbs on IDF destructiveness. Thus, on 7 October, Haifa District HQ ordered the 123rd Battalion to stop all demolition activities in \"Qisarya, Atlit, Kafr Lam and Tiberias\"; all of which contained Roman or Crusader era ruins.[28]Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The moshavim of HaBonim and Ein Ayala were established on Kafr Lam's village lands in 1949.[6][29]In 1992, the village site was described as \"[t]he abandoned Crusader fortress and several houses are still standing. One house, that of Ahmad Bey Khalil, has been converted into a school; another is being used as an Israeli post office.\"[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1931census-24"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidip170-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadawi48-3"}],"text":"The population (includes Kafr Lam Station) was 215 in 1931.[24] In 1944/45 the population was 340.[6][3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922"},{"link_name":"Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a4ROJ_y85qwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415173612","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415173612"},{"link_name":"The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vVFpbui2E8QC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781843831310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831310"},{"link_name":"Conder, C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder"},{"link_name":"Kitchener, H.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft"},{"link_name":"Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/29/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Village Statistics, April, 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390"},{"link_name":"Guérin, V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog"},{"link_name":"Hadawi, S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hadawi"},{"link_name":"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html"},{"link_name":"Khalidi, W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi"},{"link_name":"All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Institute for Palestine Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88728-224-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5"},{"link_name":"\"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf"},{"link_name":"Israel Exploration Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf"},{"link_name":"Le Strange, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange"},{"link_name":"Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"},{"link_name":"Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"Census of Palestine 1931. 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E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. 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(1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nBoas, Adrian J. (1999). Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. Routledge. ISBN 9780415173612.\nBronstein, Judith (2005). The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843831310.\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (29)\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.\nGuérin, V. (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.\nKhalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.\nKarmon, Y. (1960). \"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine\" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-06-12.\nLe Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nMorris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.\nNicolle, D.; Hook, Adam (2012). Saracen Strongholds AD 630-1000: The Middle East and Central Asia. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781782007111.\nPalmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nPetersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. ISBN 9780415060844.\nPetersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.\nPringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-46010-7.\nPringle, D. (2009). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: The cities of Acre and Tyre with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85148-0.\nRogers, Mary Eliza (1865). Domestic life in Palestine. Cincinnati: Poe & Hitchcock.\nRöhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.\nSchumacher, G. (1888). \"Population list of the Liwa of Akka\". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Kafr Lam on 1938 map (1:20,000)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jaba_1938.jpg/220px-Jaba_1938.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kafr Lam on 1945 map (1:250,000)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jaba_1945.jpg/220px-Jaba_1945.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depopulated_Palestinian_locations_in_Israel"}]
|
[{"reference":"Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922","url_text":"Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922"}]},{"reference":"Boas, Adrian J. (1999). Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. Routledge. ISBN 9780415173612.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a4ROJ_y85qwC","url_text":"Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415173612","url_text":"9780415173612"}]},{"reference":"Bronstein, Judith (2005). The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press. 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London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder","url_text":"Conder, C.R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener","url_text":"Kitchener, H.H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft","url_text":"The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund","url_text":"Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund"}]},{"reference":"Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390","url_text":"Village Statistics, April, 1945"}]},{"reference":"Guérin, V. (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin","url_text":"Guérin, V."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog","url_text":"Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine"}]},{"reference":"Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hadawi","url_text":"Hadawi, S."},{"url":"http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html","url_text":"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi","url_text":"Khalidi, W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.","url_text":"Washington D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies","url_text":"Institute for Palestine Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5","url_text":"0-88728-224-5"}]},{"reference":"Karmon, Y. (1960). \"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine\" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. 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ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Morris, B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C","url_text":"The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6","url_text":"978-0-521-00967-6"}]},{"reference":"Nicolle, D.; Hook, Adam (2012). Saracen Strongholds AD 630-1000: The Middle East and Central Asia. Osprey Publishing. 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Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund","url_text":"Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. ISBN 9780415060844.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr","url_text":"Dictionary of Islamic architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415060844","url_text":"9780415060844"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainyabuli_Province
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Sainyabuli province
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","4 Protected areas","5 Administrative divisions","6 Demographics","7 Economy","8 Landmarks","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Bibliography","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 19°15′N 101°45′E / 19.25°N 101.75°E / 19.25; 101.75Province of Laos
This article is written like a travel guide. Please help improve the article by introducing an encyclopedic style or move the content to Wikivoyage. (February 2020)
Province in LaosXayabuli province
ແຂວງ ໄຊຍະບູລີProvinceVillage on the MekongMap of Xayabuli provinceLocation of Xayabuli province in LaosCoordinates: 19°15′N 101°45′E / 19.25°N 101.75°E / 19.25; 101.75CountryLaosCapitalSainyabuliArea • Total16,389 km2 (6,328 sq mi)Population (2020 census) • Total423,496 • Density26/km2 (67/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)ISO 3166 codeLA-XAHDI (2017) 0.623medium · 5th
This article contains Lao text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lao script.
Sainyabuli province (Lao: ໄຊຍະບູລີ; French: Xaignabouli; alternate spellings: Xayabuli, Xaignabouri, Xayaboury, Sayabouli, Sayabouri) is a province in northwest Laos. Saiyabuli town is the capital of the province. Saiyabuli is the only Lao province that is completely west of the Mekong River. (Champasak province also has several districts west of the Mekong River including Mounlapamok, Soukama, and Phontong Districts.)
Etymology
The name is derived from the Sanskrit words jaya ('victory') and puri ('city').
History
In 1904, Siam was forced to cede the area of the province to the French Indochina colony. In 1941, it was annexed by Thailand under the name Lan Chang province, but was returned its pre-war colonial status in 1946. The area is allegedly a heartland for the Laotian military's involvement in the illegal timber trade.
Since the Mekong isolated Sainuyabuli from other Laotian provinces with Hmong villages, the warfare during the Laotian Civil War that affected other Hmong villages largely did not affect Sainyabuli. Most Hmong villages in Sainyabuli did not see any fighting. Houaysouy was a Hmong village in Sainyabuli that had no fighting during the Laotian Civil War, and Vang Pao did not recruit any of its men. After the war, Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, said that the village was "tossed into the political melee along with the rest of the country." The occupying Vietnamese soldiers regarded the residents of the village as traitors and persecuted them. In 1979 around 400 members of the Lee, Vang, Xiong, and Yang clans attempted to escape from the village. The family of Lia Lee, the subject of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, originated from Houaysouy.
Geography
Sainyabuli province is in the shape of a number 7 or an upside-down-L. It covers an area of 16,389 square kilometres (6,328 sq mi). The province borders Bokeo province and Oudomxai province to the north, Luang Prabang province and Vientiane province to the east, and (from the south clockwise) the Thai provinces Loei, Phitsanulok, Uttaradit, Nan and Phayao.
The province is mountainous with the Luang Prabang Range running roughly in a north–south direction and forming a natural border with the Thai highlands. The flattest and most tropical Laotian area is the floodplain which stretches between the provinces of Sainyabuli and Champasak. There are many mountain peaks with more than 1.000 meters elevation. Other features include the Pak Kimin ridge near the Nam Heung stream.
Sainyabuli province is home to approximately 75% of the nation's 560 domesticated elephants. They work in the logging industry, which causes a loss in both wild and domestic elephant habitat. The area is little patrolled, which makes the enforcement of conservation measures difficult.
Sainyabuli province is home to the annual Elephant Festival, organised in Hongsa by the Lao National Tourism Authority in partnership with Elefantasia and provincial and district authorities.
Protected areas
Asian elephants are the flagship species at Nam Phouy National Biodiversity Conservation Area
The Nam Phouy National Biodiversity Conservation Area (NBCA), a protected area, is home to many wild elephants. The NBCA is in the forested mountains of the Luang Prabang Range close to the border with Thailand and is part of the Luang Prabang montane rain forests ecoregion. The reservoir of lower Nam Phoun Dam is partly within the Nam Phouy NBCA. Elephant monitoring in the Nam Phouy NBCA needs to be improved. In view of the concentration of the largest number of Asian elephants in the province and Laos, the Lao Elephant Conservation Center has been established in Hongsa District. The Nam Phouy NBCA, entirely in the province, is named after Nam Phouy village (or Nam Phoun). It is spread over an area of 1,912 square kilometres (738 sq mi). Hill ranges reach a maximum elevation of 1,790 metres (5,870 ft), and are part of the Luang Prabang montane rain forests on the Thai border. Geological formations include Mesozoic sandstones and shales. The habitat is characterized by mixed deciduous forest with an abundance of bamboo resulting from regular forest burning. Afzelia forms at the upper canopy with teak at lower elevations. Apart from wild elephants (about 350), gibbons, gaurs, tigers, dholes, serows, silvered langurs, Asiatic black bears, and Sumatran rhinos are the wild life species reported in the protected area. The protected area was identified by the Government of Laos in the National Elephant Conservation Meeting held in 2008 and WWF has been in the forefront in this effort since 2005. The area is not patrolled much, which makes the enforcement of conservation measures difficult. Elephant monitoring needs to be improved.
The 10,980 hectare Upper Lao Mekong Important Bird Area (IBA) stretches across the provinces of Sainyabuli, Bokeo, and Oudomxai. It is at an elevation of 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft). The topography is characterized by river channel, exposed beds, sandbars, gravel bars, islands, rock outcrops, bush land, and braided streams. Notable avifauna include black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Jerdon's bushchat (Saxicola jerdoni), brown-throated martin (Riparia paludicola), river lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii), small pratincole (Glareola lactea), and swan goose (Anser cygnoides).
The 18,230 hectare Mekong Channel upstream of Vientiane Important Bird Area (IBA) is an approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) section of the Mekong Channel upstream of Vientiane city. It is overlaps two provinces: Sainyabuli and Vientiane. Topographical characteristics are braided streams, bushland, gravel bars, open sandy islands, rock outcrops, and sand bars. Recorded avifauna include wire-tailed swallow (Hirundo smithii), small pratincole (Glareola lactea), river lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii), Jerdon's bush chat (Saxicola jerdoni), and the great thick-knee (Esacus recurvirostris).
Administrative divisions
The province is composed of the following ten districts:
Map
Code
Name
Lao script
Population (2015)
08-01
Xayabury District
ເມືອງໄຊຍະບູລີ
75,737
08-02
Khop District
ເມືອງຄອບ
20,546
08-03
Hongsa District
ເມືອງຫົງສາ
28,048
08-04
Ngeun District
ເມືອງເງິນ
17,589
08-05
Xienghone District
ເມືອງຊຽງຮ່ອນ
32,562
08-06
Phiang District
ເມືອງພຽງ
57,433
08-07
Parklai District
ເມືອງປາກລາຍ
68,215
08-08
Kenethao District
ເມືອງແກ່ນທ້າວ
39,900
08-09
Botene District
ເມືອງບໍ່ແຕນ
17,539
08-10
Thongmyxay District
ເມືອງທົ່ງມີໄຊ
8,572
08-11
Xaisathan District
ເມືອງໄຊສະຖານ
15,235
Demographics
The Northern Lao dialect dominates the province. Residents of Hongsa (population 6,000) are predominantly Tai Lue. Other ethnic groups are the Khmu, Tai Dam, Htin, Phai, Kri, and Akha; the Malabri, who reside in the forests of western region of the province, are the last hunter-gatherers in Southeast Asia.
Economy
Sainyabuli town
Sainyabuli province is devoid of vehicle roads except for one north–south route extending from the provincial capital to the Thai border opposite Thailand's Loei province. The province is rich in timber and lignite, and is considered the rice basket of northern Laos, since most other northern provinces are too mountainous to grow enough rice. Other important crops include maize, oranges, cotton, peanuts, sesame, sugarcane and vegetables such as cucumbers, cabbage, and beans.
Landmarks
There are several notable monasteries. Wat Simungkhun in Hongsa features an initiation pavilion and a raised stone platform over a hole "'leading to the end of the world". A lopsided gilded stupa, reclining Buddha, garden, and brick ruins of a c. 14th century sim are near Wat Sibounheuang.
Other landmarks in various districts of the province are: The Tam Hine Cave, Wat Natonoy Temple, Ban Yao Village and Tad Chao Waterfall in Xayabury District; Tad Namyal Waterfall, Tham Phaway Cave, Phangoy, Phakeo and Pha Heua Caves in Phiang District; Tad Namphong Waterfall, Wat Siphoun Temple and Tham Seng Yeun Cave in Kenethao District; Tad Ham, Tad Malou and Tad Fanh Waterfall and Ban Leu Village in Betene District; Tad Itan Waterfall and Ban Tha Xuang Village in Hongsa District; and Wat Xieng Ngeun Temple, That Mat Stupa and Khone, a weaving village Ngeun District. Some of the unique features of these landmarks are the Tai Lue villages where traditional houses are still built with high-sloping roofs, the Tai Lue style temples of Vat Ban Khon which depict rare natural fiber murals and decorations, Vat Si Phan Don known for its diamond-shaped stupa, and French colonial buildings, traditional Lao-style wooden houses can be seen in the Pak Lay town on the banks of the Mekong River, which lies between Vientiane and Sainyabuli.
See also
Laos portal
Thai-Laotian Border War
References
^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
^ a b Bush, Elliot & Ray 2010, p. 183.
^ Walker 1999, p. 179.
^ a b Fadiman 1997, p. 155. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFadiman1997 (help)
^ Fadiman 1997, p. 156. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFadiman1997 (help)
^ Fadiman 1997, p. 103. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFadiman1997 (help)
^ Lonely Planet 2008, p. 220. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLonely_Planet2008 (help)
^ "Home". Regions. Official website of Laos Tourism. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
^ a b c "Xayabury Province". Lao Tourism Organization. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
^ "Laos, Le " Pays du million d'éléphants "" (PDF) (in French). Clio.fr. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Kislenko 2009, p. 2.
^ a b c d e f "Sayabouly Overview". Official website of Laos Tourism Organization. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
^ "Elefantasia 2008, Who we are". 22 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Norachack, Bounleuam (2002). "The care and management of domesticated Asian elephants in Lao PDR". In Baker I; Kashio, M (eds.). Giants On Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the domesticated Asian elephant. Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. pp. 172–180.
^ Elephant Festival Archived 2013-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Base Map:Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR)". UNOSAT. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Luang Prabang montane rain forests
^ Elefant-Asia
^ Improving Elephant Patrols in Lao PDR
^ "Asian Elephant: Improving Patrolling & Enforcement Conservation of flagship species at Nam Pouy National Protected Area" (pdf). WWF Panda.Org. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ "Improving Elephant Patrols in Lao PDR". WWF.Panda.org.
^ "Important Bird Areas factsheet: Upper Lao Mekong". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ "Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mekong Channel upstream of Vientiane". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
^ Kislenko 2009, p. 12.
^ Hall 2008, p. 161.
^ Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub). International Monetary Fund. 21 October 2008. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4527-9182-1. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
^ Bush, Elliot & Ray 2010, p. 181.
^ Bush, Elliot & Ray 2010, p. 184.
Bibliography
Bush, Austin; Elliot, Mark; Ray, Nick (1 December 2010). Laos. Lonely Planet. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-1-74179-153-2.
Fadiman, Anne (1977). The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 103, 155, 156. ISBN 978-0-374-52564-4.
Hall, Rebecca Sue (2008). Of Merit and Ancestors: Buddhist Banners of Northern Thailand and Laos. ProQuest. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-1-109-05760-7.
Kislenko, Arne (2009). Culture And Customs Of Laos. ABC-CLIO. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0-313-33977-6.
Lonely Planet (2007). Laos: A Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 220.
Walker, Andrew (1999). The legend of the golden boat: regulation, trade and traders in the borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China, and Burma. University of Hawaii Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8248-2256-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sainyabuli Province.
Hongsa Elephant Festival
Map of Laos (physical)
Forest cover in Laos
Places adjacent to Sainyabuli province
Bokeo provincePhayao province, Thailand
Oudomxay province
Luang Prabang province
Nan province, Thailand
Sainyabuli province
Vientiane province
Uttaradit province, ThailandPhitsanulok province, Thailand
Loei province, Thailand
vteSubdivisions of LaosPrefecture
Vientiane
Province
Attapeu
Bokeo
Bolikhamsai
Champasak
Houaphanh
Khammouane
Luang Namtha
Luang Prabang
Oudomxay
Phongsaly
Sainyabuli
Salavan
Savannakhet
Sekong
Vientiane
Xaisomboun
Xiangkhouang
vteDistricts of Northern LaosBokeo province
Houayxay※
Meung
Nam Nhou
Pak Tha
Pha Oudom
Ton Pheung
Houaphanh province
Et
Houameuang
Samtay
Sop Bao
Viengthong
Viengxay
Xam Neua※
Xiengkho
Luang Namtha province
Long
Na Le
Namtha※
Sing
Viengphoukha
Luang Prabang province
Chomphet
Luang Prabang※
Nam Bak
Nane
Ngoy
Pak Ou
Pak Seng
Phonxay
Phoukhoune
Viengkham
Xiengngeun
Oudomxay province
Beng
Houne
La
Na Mo
Nga
Pak Beng
Xay※
Phongsaly province
Boun Neua
Boun Tay
Khoua
May
Phongsali※
Samphanh
Yot Ou
Sainyabuli province
Botene
Hongsa
Kenethao
Khop
Ngeun
Parklai
Phiang
Sainyabuli※
Thongmyxay
Xienghone
Xiangkhouang province
Kham
Khoune
Mok May
Nong Het
Pek※
Phaxay
Phou Kout
※ denotes provincial seat.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lao text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Lao script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushElliotRay2010183-2"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Saiyabuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainyabuli"},{"link_name":"Mekong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River"}],"text":"Province of LaosProvince in LaosThis article contains Lao text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lao script.Sainyabuli province (Lao: ໄຊຍະບູລີ; French: Xaignabouli; alternate spellings: Xayabuli, Xaignabouri, Xayaboury, Sayabouli, Sayabouri)[2] is a province in northwest Laos. Saiyabuli town is the capital of the province. Saiyabuli is the only Lao province that is completely west of the Mekong River. (Champasak province also has several districts west of the Mekong River including Mounlapamok, Soukama, and Phontong Districts.)","title":"Sainyabuli province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The name is derived from the Sanskrit words jaya ('victory') and puri ('city').[citation needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"Lan Chang province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Chang_province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999179-3"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"Laotian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFadiman1997155-4"},{"link_name":"Vang Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vang_Pao"},{"link_name":"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_Catches_You_and_You_Fall_Down"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFadiman1997155-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFadiman1997156-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFadiman1997103-6"}],"text":"In 1904, Siam was forced to cede the area of the province to the French Indochina colony. In 1941, it was annexed by Thailand under the name Lan Chang province, but was returned its pre-war colonial status in 1946. The area is allegedly a heartland for the Laotian military's involvement in the illegal timber trade.[3]Since the Mekong isolated Sainuyabuli from other Laotian provinces with Hmong villages, the warfare during the Laotian Civil War that affected other Hmong villages largely did not affect Sainyabuli. Most Hmong villages in Sainyabuli did not see any fighting.[4] Houaysouy was a Hmong village in Sainyabuli that had no fighting during the Laotian Civil War, and Vang Pao did not recruit any of its men. After the war, Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, said that the village was \"tossed into the political melee along with the rest of the country.\" The occupying Vietnamese soldiers regarded the residents of the village as traitors and persecuted them.[4] In 1979 around 400 members of the Lee, Vang, Xiong, and Yang clans attempted to escape from the village.[5] The family of Lia Lee, the subject of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, originated from Houaysouy.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELonely_Planet2008220-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-9"},{"link_name":"Bokeo province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeo_province"},{"link_name":"Oudomxai province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudomxai_province"},{"link_name":"Luang Prabang province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Prabang_province"},{"link_name":"Vientiane province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane_province"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Loei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loei_province"},{"link_name":"Phitsanulok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phitsanulok_province"},{"link_name":"Uttaradit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaradit_province"},{"link_name":"Nan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_province"},{"link_name":"Phayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phayao_province"},{"link_name":"Luang Prabang Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Prabang_Range"},{"link_name":"Thai highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_highlands"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Champasak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champasak_province"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKislenko20092-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushElliotRay2010183-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norachack2002-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongsa"},{"link_name":"Elefantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefantasia"}],"text":"Sainyabuli province is in the shape of a number 7 or an upside-down-L.[7][8] It covers an area of 16,389 square kilometres (6,328 sq mi).[9] The province borders Bokeo province and Oudomxai province to the north, Luang Prabang province and Vientiane province to the east, and (from the south clockwise) the Thai provinces Loei, Phitsanulok, Uttaradit, Nan and Phayao.The province is mountainous with the Luang Prabang Range running roughly in a north–south direction and forming a natural border with the Thai highlands.[10] The flattest and most tropical Laotian area is the floodplain which stretches between the provinces of Sainyabuli and Champasak.[11] There are many mountain peaks with more than 1.000 meters elevation.[12] Other features include the Pak Kimin ridge near the Nam Heung stream.[2]Sainyabuli province is home to approximately 75% of the nation's 560 domesticated elephants.[13] They work in the logging industry, which causes a loss in both wild and domestic elephant habitat.[14] The area is little patrolled, which makes the enforcement of conservation measures difficult.Sainyabuli province is home to the annual Elephant Festival,[15] organised in Hongsa by the Lao National Tourism Authority in partnership with Elefantasia and provincial and district authorities.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_(Laos).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nam Phouy National Biodiversity Conservation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Phouy_National_Biodiversity_Conservation_Area"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"Luang Prabang Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Prabang_Range"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNOSAT-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nam Phoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nam_Phoun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-12"},{"link_name":"Nam Phouy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Phouy"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"sandstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstones"},{"link_name":"shales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shales"},{"link_name":"Afzelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afzelia"},{"link_name":"gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon"},{"link_name":"gaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur"},{"link_name":"tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"dholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole"},{"link_name":"serows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serow"},{"link_name":"silvered langurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvered_langur"},{"link_name":"Asiatic black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear"},{"link_name":"Sumatran rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhino"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-12"},{"link_name":"WWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asian-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"black-bellied tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_tern"},{"link_name":"great cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_cormorant"},{"link_name":"grey-headed lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Jerdon's bushchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerdon%27s_bushchat"},{"link_name":"brown-throated martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-throated_martin"},{"link_name":"river lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_lapwing"},{"link_name":"small pratincole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_pratincole"},{"link_name":"swan goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_goose"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdlife.orgLA027-22"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"Vientiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane"},{"link_name":"Vientiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane_province"},{"link_name":"wire-tailed swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-tailed_swallow"},{"link_name":"small pratincole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_pratincole"},{"link_name":"river lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Jerdon's bush chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerdon%27s_bush_chat"},{"link_name":"great thick-knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_thick-knee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdlife.orgLA006-23"}],"text":"Asian elephants are the flagship species at Nam Phouy National Biodiversity Conservation AreaThe Nam Phouy National Biodiversity Conservation Area (NBCA), a protected area, is home to many wild elephants. The NBCA is in the forested mountains of the Luang Prabang Range close to the border with Thailand and is part of the Luang Prabang montane rain forests ecoregion.[16][17] The reservoir of lower Nam Phoun Dam is partly within the Nam Phouy NBCA.[18] Elephant monitoring in the Nam Phouy NBCA needs to be improved.[19] In view of the concentration of the largest number of Asian elephants in the province and Laos, the Lao Elephant Conservation Center has been established in Hongsa District.[12] The Nam Phouy NBCA, entirely in the province, is named after Nam Phouy village (or Nam Phoun). It is spread over an area of 1,912 square kilometres (738 sq mi). Hill ranges reach a maximum elevation of 1,790 metres (5,870 ft), and are part of the Luang Prabang montane rain forests on the Thai border. Geological formations include Mesozoic sandstones and shales. The habitat is characterized by mixed deciduous forest with an abundance of bamboo resulting from regular forest burning. Afzelia forms at the upper canopy with teak at lower elevations. Apart from wild elephants (about 350), gibbons, gaurs, tigers, dholes, serows, silvered langurs, Asiatic black bears, and Sumatran rhinos are the wild life species reported in the protected area.[12] The protected area was identified by the Government of Laos in the National Elephant Conservation Meeting held in 2008 and WWF has been in the forefront in this effort since 2005. The area is not patrolled much, which makes the enforcement of conservation measures difficult. Elephant monitoring needs to be improved.[20][21]The 10,980 hectare Upper Lao Mekong Important Bird Area (IBA) stretches across the provinces of Sainyabuli, Bokeo, and Oudomxai. It is at an elevation of 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft). The topography is characterized by river channel, exposed beds, sandbars, gravel bars, islands, rock outcrops, bush land, and braided streams. Notable avifauna include black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Jerdon's bushchat (Saxicola jerdoni), brown-throated martin (Riparia paludicola), river lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii), small pratincole (Glareola lactea), and swan goose (Anser cygnoides).[22]The 18,230 hectare Mekong Channel upstream of Vientiane Important Bird Area (IBA) is an approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) section of the Mekong Channel upstream of Vientiane city. It is overlaps two provinces: Sainyabuli and Vientiane. Topographical characteristics are braided streams, bushland, gravel bars, open sandy islands, rock outcrops, and sand bars. Recorded avifauna include wire-tailed swallow (Hirundo smithii), small pratincole (Glareola lactea), river lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii), Jerdon's bush chat (Saxicola jerdoni), and the great thick-knee (Esacus recurvirostris).[23]","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-9"}],"text":"The province is composed of the following ten districts:[9]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKislenko200912-24"},{"link_name":"Hongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongsa"},{"link_name":"Tai Lue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Lue_people"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2008161-25"},{"link_name":"Khmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmu_people"},{"link_name":"Tai Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Dam_people"},{"link_name":"Htin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phai_people"},{"link_name":"Phai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phai_people"},{"link_name":"Kri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri_language"},{"link_name":"Akha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akha_people"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-12"}],"text":"The Northern Lao dialect dominates the province.[24] Residents of Hongsa (population 6,000) are predominantly Tai Lue.[25] Other ethnic groups are the Khmu, Tai Dam, Htin, Phai, Kri, and Akha; the Malabri, who reside in the forests of western region of the province, are the last hunter-gatherers in Southeast Asia.[12]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferry_berth_Xaignabouri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sainyabuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainyabuli"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber"},{"link_name":"lignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"cucumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumbers"},{"link_name":"cabbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-12"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMF-26"}],"text":"Sainyabuli townSainyabuli province is devoid of vehicle roads except for one north–south route extending from the provincial capital to the Thai border opposite Thailand's Loei province. The province is rich in timber and lignite, and is considered the rice basket of northern Laos, since most other northern provinces are too mountainous to grow enough rice. Other important crops include maize, oranges, cotton, peanuts, sesame, sugarcane and vegetables such as cucumbers, cabbage, and beans.[12][26]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wat Simungkhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Simungkhun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongsa"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushElliotRay2010181-27"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushElliotRay2010184-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-9"},{"link_name":"Vat Ban Khon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vat_Ban_Khon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vat Si Phan Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vat_Si_Phan_Don&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pak Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Lay"},{"link_name":"Sainyabuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainyabuli"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View-12"}],"text":"There are several notable monasteries. Wat Simungkhun in Hongsa features an initiation pavilion and a raised stone platform over a hole \"'leading to the end of the world\".[27] A lopsided gilded stupa, reclining Buddha, garden, and brick ruins of a c. 14th century sim are near Wat Sibounheuang.[28]Other landmarks in various districts of the province are: The Tam Hine Cave, Wat Natonoy Temple, Ban Yao Village and Tad Chao Waterfall in Xayabury District; Tad Namyal Waterfall, Tham Phaway Cave, Phangoy, Phakeo and Pha Heua Caves in Phiang District; Tad Namphong Waterfall, Wat Siphoun Temple and Tham Seng Yeun Cave in Kenethao District; Tad Ham, Tad Malou and Tad Fanh Waterfall and Ban Leu Village in Betene District; Tad Itan Waterfall and Ban Tha Xuang Village in Hongsa District; and Wat Xieng Ngeun Temple, That Mat Stupa and Khone, a weaving village Ngeun District.[9] Some of the unique features of these landmarks are the Tai Lue villages where traditional houses are still built with high-sloping roofs, the Tai Lue style temples of Vat Ban Khon which depict rare natural fiber murals and decorations, Vat Si Phan Don known for its diamond-shaped stupa, and French colonial buildings, traditional Lao-style wooden houses can be seen in the Pak Lay town on the banks of the Mekong River, which lies between Vientiane and Sainyabuli.[12]","title":"Landmarks"}]
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[{"image_text":"Asian elephants are the flagship species at Nam Phouy National Biodiversity Conservation Area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg/250px-Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sainyabuli town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ferry_berth_Xaignabouri.jpg/250px-Ferry_berth_Xaignabouri.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Laos portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Laos"},{"title":"Thai-Laotian Border War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-Laotian_Border_War"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Regions. Official website of Laos Tourism. Retrieved 7 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laotourism.org/laotourism.htm","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xayabury Province\". Lao Tourism Organization. Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laotourism.org/xayabury.htm","url_text":"\"Xayabury Province\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laos, Le \" Pays du million d'éléphants \"\" (PDF) (in French). Clio.fr. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/pdf/pdf_chronologie_laos.pdf","url_text":"\"Laos, Le \" Pays du million d'éléphants \"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sayabouly Overview\". Official website of Laos Tourism Organization. Retrieved 6 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tourismlaos.org/show_province.php?Cont_ID=426","url_text":"\"Sayabouly Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elefantasia 2008, Who we are\". 22 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106231406/http://www.elefantasia.org/spip.php?rubrique1&lang=en","url_text":"\"Elefantasia 2008, Who we are\""},{"url":"http://www.elefantasia.org/spip.php?rubrique1&lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norachack, Bounleuam (2002). \"The care and management of domesticated Asian elephants in Lao PDR\". In Baker I; Kashio, M (eds.). Giants On Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the domesticated Asian elephant. Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. pp. 172–180.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ad031e/ad031e0j.htm","url_text":"\"The care and management of domesticated Asian elephants in Lao PDR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Base Map:Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR)\". UNOSAT. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://unosat-maps.web.cern.ch/unosat-maps/LA/UNOSAT_Laos_Base_Map_v1.0_highres.jpeg","url_text":"\"Base Map:Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Elephant: Improving Patrolling & Enforcement Conservation of flagship species at Nam Pouy National Protected Area\" (pdf). WWF Panda.Org. Retrieved 8 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/elephant_final.pdf.","url_text":"\"Asian Elephant: Improving Patrolling & Enforcement Conservation of flagship species at Nam Pouy National Protected Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improving Elephant Patrols in Lao PDR\". WWF.Panda.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/laos/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=LA0063","url_text":"\"Improving Elephant Patrols in Lao PDR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Upper Lao Mekong\". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=16651","url_text":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Upper Lao Mekong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mekong Channel upstream of Vientiane\". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=16630","url_text":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mekong Channel upstream of Vientiane\""}]},{"reference":"Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub). International Monetary Fund. 21 October 2008. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4527-9182-1. Retrieved 6 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3mkinpg545sC&pg=PT54","url_text":"Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4527-9182-1","url_text":"978-1-4527-9182-1"}]},{"reference":"Bush, Austin; Elliot, Mark; Ray, Nick (1 December 2010). Laos. Lonely Planet. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-1-74179-153-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/toplawyerstheirf00emer","url_text":"Laos"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/toplawyerstheirf00emer/page/n67","url_text":"181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-153-2","url_text":"978-1-74179-153-2"}]},{"reference":"Fadiman, Anne (1977). The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 103, 155, 156. ISBN 978-0-374-52564-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DUHAXXvSUeYC&pg=PR103","url_text":"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52564-4","url_text":"978-0-374-52564-4"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Rebecca Sue (2008). Of Merit and Ancestors: Buddhist Banners of Northern Thailand and Laos. ProQuest. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-1-109-05760-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g76mX_Wjr8sC&pg=PA161","url_text":"Of Merit and Ancestors: Buddhist Banners of Northern Thailand and Laos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-05760-7","url_text":"978-1-109-05760-7"}]},{"reference":"Kislenko, Arne (2009). Culture And Customs Of Laos. ABC-CLIO. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0-313-33977-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bCMgBlhtm8sC&pg=PA12","url_text":"Culture And Customs Of Laos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33977-6","url_text":"978-0-313-33977-6"}]},{"reference":"Lonely Planet (2007). Laos: A Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 220.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3HKyAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Laos: A Travel Survival Kit"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Andrew (1999). The legend of the golden boat: regulation, trade and traders in the borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China, and Burma. University of Hawaii Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8248-2256-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHK2AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The legend of the golden boat: regulation, trade and traders in the borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China, and Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2256-9","url_text":"978-0-8248-2256-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%27s_Play_(game_show)
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Child's Play (game show)
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["1 Hosts and announcers","2 Main game","2.1 Round 1","2.2 Round 2: Fast Play","3 Bonus round","3.1 Format 1: Triple Play","3.2 Format 2: Turnabout","4 Broadcast history","5 Episode status","6 Notable contestants","7 International versions","7.1 Australia","7.2 Germany","7.3 Greece","7.4 Indonesia","7.5 Netherlands","7.6 Russia","7.7 Spain","7.8 Sweden","7.9 Spanish (US)","7.10 United Kingdom","7.11 Vietnam","8 References","9 External links"]
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American TV series or program
Child's PlayCreated byMark GoodsonDirected byIra SkutchPresented byBill CullenNarrated byGene WoodTheme music composerScore ProductionsCountry of originUnited StatesNo. of episodes258ProductionExecutive producersChester FeldmanJonathan GoodsonProducerMimi O'BrienProduction locationsCBS Television CityHollywood, CaliforniaCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time22–24 minutesProduction companyMark Goodson ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseSeptember 20, 1982 (1982-09-20) –September 16, 1983 (1983-09-16)
Child's Play is an American television game show in which adult contestants tried to guess words based on definitions given by children. The Mark Goodson-produced series debuted on CBS on September 20, 1982 and ended on September 16, 1983.
This was the first game show created and produced solely by Mark Goodson after the death of his longtime business partner Bill Todman in 1979; all subsequent shows made by Goodson (including the existing Goodson-Todman programs that were still airing at the time) were credited as "A Mark Goodson Television Production", with a new logo reflecting the company's name change.
Hosts and announcers
Child's Play was hosted by game show veteran Bill Cullen. This was both Cullen's final game on CBS and his last for Mark Goodson, ending a 30-year association with the Goodson company as an emcee. Gene Wood was the primary announcer for the entire run, with Johnny Gilbert and Bob Hilton (who also announced on the pilot) filling in on occasion.
Cullen first plugged the show during his only appearance on Bob Barker's version of The Price Is Right on October 26, 1982.
Main game
Two contestants competed. The object of the game was to correctly identify words based on videotaped definitions given by elementary school-age children (ages 5–9). The game was played in two rounds.
Round 1
In the first round, a word was given to the home audience, and a video clip of a child defining that word was played (e.g. a child stating "it's something you use to unlock a door to a house or a car" to define "key"). If the child said the word or any form of it, or any other words that were judged unsuitable for broadcast, the audio was bleeped out and an oval marked "OOPS" was superimposed over the child's mouth to prevent the contestants from trying to guess the word through lip reading.
Once the clip ended, the contestant had a chance to guess the word; a correct response earned one point. If the contestant was incorrect, a clip of another child defining the same word was played and the opponent could offer a guess. A miss resulted in a third clip being played and gave the first contestant one last chance to guess. If the contestant was still wrong, no points were awarded.
The champion had initial control for the first word, and control alternated between the two contestants on each new word until the round ended at the second commercial break. Originally, the contestant who guessed each word won control for the next one.
Round 2: Fast Play
A video clip of a child defining a word was played, and either contestant could buzz in at any time to stop the playback and guess the word. A correct guess awarded two points, while a miss allowed the opponent to see the rest of the clip before offering a guess. The round continued until a school bell rang, whereupon the contestant in the lead won $500 and advanced to the bonus round. If the game ended in a tie, one additional word was played to determine the winner.
In the first three episodes, Fast Play was played in two halves, each of which ended at the bell. Correct answers were worth one point each in the first half, and two points in the second; in addition, if a contestant guessed incorrectly, the entire clip was played for the opponent.
Bonus round
Two different bonus round formats were used, each with a $5,000 top prize and a 45-second time limit.
Champions returned until they were defeated, had played five bonus rounds, or reached the $25,000 winnings limit in force for CBS game shows at the time.
Format 1: Triple Play
The champion attempted to guess words based on definitions written by three children, identified only as A, B, or C. Once the champion selected a child, the corresponding definition would be displayed on a screen and read aloud by Cullen, after which he/she could either guess or select again. If the champion was unable to identify the word after hearing all three definitions, it was removed and play continued with a new word.
The champion won $5,000 for guessing six words before time ran out, or $100 per correct guess otherwise.
Format 2: Turnabout
This format replaced Triple Play starting with the April 25, 1983 episode. Five of the children who had appeared in the film clips used during the main game joined the champion onstage, and the champion had to describe seven words for them to guess, addressing one child at a time in sequence. Words were displayed for the home audience. Each correct answer from any child won $100 for the champion, plus $100 to be split equally among the children. The champion could pass on a word and return to it if time permitted; an illegal clue, such as saying the word or any form of it, eliminated that word from play.
If the children guessed all seven words before time ran out, the bonus round winnings for them and the champion were respectively increased to $1,000 and $5,000.
Broadcast history
Child's Play premiered at 10:30 a.m. EST on September 20, 1982 (immediately following The New $25,000 Pyramid, which debuted the same day), replacing reruns of Alice (which had held the timeslot since June 2, 1980 as a result of the cancellation of Whew!). Child's Play faced off against the NBC game shows Wheel of Fortune and, beginning in January 1983, Sale of the Century. However, it was not able to make any ratings headway against either of those shows. As a result, in the summer of 1983, CBS canceled Child's Play; its final episode aired on September 16 of that year. The following Monday, the show's timeslot would be filled by Press Your Luck, which would perform much better for CBS against Sale of the Century and would consequently remain in the 10:30 a.m. timeslot until January 1986.
Episode status
The series is intact, and has been seen on GSN at various times. The show has also aired on Buzzr.
Notable contestants
Several celebrities appeared on Child's Play before they became famous: Suzan Stadner aka Hanala Sagal (actress/writer), Jeff Cohen, Breckin Meyer, Masi Oka, Tara Reid and Adam Richman were all featured children on the show. In addition, Anne-Marie Johnson appeared as a contestant. Also, Sugar Ray Robinson appeared in the audience of the July 4, 1983 episode, and Bill Cullen introduced him as the boxing coach of one of the Child's Play kids participating in the Turnabout game.
International versions
Country
Local Name
Host
Channel
Year Aired
Australia
Child's Play
Jeff Phillips
Seven Network
1984
Germany
Dingsda
Fritz EgnerWerner Schimidbauer
Bayerisches Rundfunk
1985–19941994–2000
Thomas Ohner
kabel eins
2001–2002
Mareile Höppner
Das Erste
2018–2019
Greece
Τα παiδíα παíζεiTa paidía paízei
Lefteris Eleftheriadis
ERT2
1987–1988
Isabella Vlassiadou
ANT1
1998
Indonesia
Kata Si Kecil
Kepra
antv
1996–1998
Celoteh Anak
Dewi Hughes
Indosiar
2001–2005
Apa.. Apa.. Apa??
Harsya Subandrio
antv
2010–2011
Kazakhstan
Балалы үй - базарBalal’ uj - bazar
Rahman Omarov
NTK
2013
Netherlands
't Is Kinderspel
Fred van de Graaf
NCRV
1984
Dinges
Martine Bijl (1986–1988)Frank Masmeijer (1989–1993)Jo de Poorter (1995)
1986–19931995
Russia
Устами младенцаUstamy mladentsa
Alexander Gurevich
RTRNTV
1992–1996, 1999–20001997–1998
Maxim Vitorgan
Disney Channel
2013–2014
Alexey Kortnev (2016–2017)Aleksander Oleshko (2017–2018)
NTV
2016–2018
Olga Shelest (2020)Evgeniy Rybov (2020–2022)
Russia 1
2020–2022
Spain
Juego de niños
Amparo Soler Leal (1988)Tina Sainz (1989)Ignacio Salas (1989–1990)Javier Sardà (1991–1992, 2019)
TVE
1988–19922019
Sweden
Lekande lätt
Kjell LönnåErik Nyberg
Sveriges Television
1987–20012002–2003
Ukraine
Еники-БеникиEniki-Beniki
Bohdan Beniuk
STB
2007–2009
United Kingdom
Child's Play
Michael Aspel
ITV
1984–1988
United States (Spanish)
Dame la pista
Alessandra Rosaldo
TeleFutura
2008
Vietnam
Chuyện nhỏ
Thanh Bạch
HTV7
2005–20072010–2014
Australia
Australia ran their version for a brief period in 1984, hosted by former pop star and host of Happening '71 and '72 Jeff Phillips.
Germany
Germany ran their successful version of Child's Play under the name Dingsda ("Gizmo/Whatsit") on Bayerischer Rundfunk from 1985–2000 with Fritz Egner from 1985–1994, followed by Werner Schmidbauer from 1994–2000. Then a year later, a revival of the show ran on kabel eins with Thomas Ohrner for a brief period from 2001–2002. Sixteen years later, the show has now been remade for Das Erste with Mareile Höppner since 2018.
Greece
Their short-lived version titled Tα παiδíα παíζεi (Children Play) originally ran on ERT2 from 1987–1988 with Lefteris Eleftheriadis as host. Ten years later, its revival ran on ANT1 for a brief period in 1998 hosted by Isabella Vlassiadou.
Indonesia
The Indonesian version of Child's Play ran from 1996–1998 on antv under the name Kata Si Kecil ("The Little's Says"), hosted by Kepra. In 2001-2005, Indosiar reincarnated the show again under the name Celoteh Anak ("Child's Talk"), with Dewi Hughes as the host. Then back to the "host of the show", antv again revival this shows with a new concept and atmosphere with the name Apa..?? Apa..?? Apa..?? ("What...?? What...?? What...???") with host Harsya Subandrio from 2010 to 2011.
Netherlands
Netherlands had two different versions of Child's Play running on NCRV, the first version was called 't Is Kinderspel ("It's Child's Play") running for a brief period in 1984 hosted by Fred van de Graaf. One year later, the show was revived under the new name of Dinges ("Whatchamacallit") which had a much more successful run than its precursor from 1986-1995. the original host was Martine Bijl from 1986-1988 followed by Frank Masmeijer from 1989–1993. Its third and final host of the series was Jo de Poorter (of Familieraad fame) in 1995.
Russia
Уcтaми млaденцa (Mouths of Babes/Baby Lips) hosted by Alexander Gurevich originally ran from 1992–1996 and 1999–2000 on RTR and on NTV from 1997–1998. Thirteen years later, the show had a short-lived revival on Disney Channel Russia hosted by Maxim Vitorgan in 2013–2014. Two years later, the series was revived again on channel NTV now hosted by Alexey Kortnev from 2016 until 2017 then he was later replaced by Alexander Oleshko from 2017 until 2018. In 2020, the series was revived on Russia-1, hosted by Olga Shelest who was later replaced by Evgeniy Rybov since season 2.
It was the first game show officially licensed in Russia.
Spain
Their version is called Juego de niños ("Child's Play") running on TVE from 1988–1992. unlike previous international versions, when a contestant guesses a word correctly he or she earns a "Gallifantes" (a puppet like creature) and at the end of the show, whoever gets the most "Gallifantes'" was the winner of the day also unlike the other previous international versions, this one in particular had four host the first host was Amparo Soler Leal from 1988 then he was replaced by Tina Sainz from 1989 then Ignacio Salas from 1989–1990 and finally, Javier Sardá from 1991–1992 and on 2019.
Sweden
Their version is called Lekande lätt ("Swimmingly/Light as") aired on Sveriges Television from 1987–2001, hosted by Kjell Lönnå then from 2002 until 2003 hosted by Erik Nyberg.
Spanish (US)
On September 15, 2008, FremantleMedia, owners of the Goodson-Todman catalog of games, revived Child's Play in the Spanish-speaking market as Dame la pista ("Give Me a Clue"), hosted by Alessandra Rosaldo on Univision-owned TeleFutura. This show was the lead-in to ¿Qué dice la gente?, a Spanish-language version of Family Feud, during its run. The show was eventually cancelled.
United Kingdom
see under:Main article: Child's Play (British game show) the long-running 1984-1988 British version, hosted by Michael Aspel. Clips from this version were seen in the 1985 special called TV's Funniest Game Show Moments #2.
Vietnam
The Vietnamese version, called Chuyện nhỏ (Small Story) was aired in two separate runs (2005–2007; 2010–2014) on HTV7 at 7 p.m. every Saturday and hosted by Thanh Bạch in both runs. Repeats of the 2005–2007 episodes had been aired on HTV3 (Entertainment for Kids and Families channel) since 2013.
References
^ a b c d e Schwartz, David; Ryan, Steve; Wostbrock, Fred (1999). The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows (3 ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 42. ISBN 0-8160-3846-5.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "The Price is Right: October 26, 1982 (BILL CULLEN APPEARS TO PLUG CHILD'S PLAY!!)". YouTube.
^ "Game show utopia - Ideas for Life".
^ Петр Кулешов: "Моя голова - помойная яма" (in Russian). Lenizdat. 2005-10-12.
External links
Child's Play at IMDb (1982-1983 US Version)
Child's Play at IMDb (1984-1988 UK Version)
Dingsda at IMDb (1985-2000/2001-2002 German version) (Gizmo/Whatsit)
Dame la Pista at IMDb (2008 Spanish version) (Give Me A Clue)
Juego de niños at IMDb (1988-1992 Spain version)
Child's Play @ pearsontv.com (via Internet Archive)
description of "Dingsda" from its (new website) (Germany)
description of "Dingsda" from its (old website) (Germany)
description of "'t Is Kinderspel" (Netherlands)
description of "Dinges" (Netherlands)
description of "Play Game" (United States)
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A miss resulted in a third clip being played and gave the first contestant one last chance to guess. If the contestant was still wrong, no points were awarded.The champion had initial control for the first word, and control alternated between the two contestants on each new word until the round ended at the second commercial break. Originally, the contestant who guessed each word won control for the next one.","title":"Main game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Round 2: Fast Play","text":"A video clip of a child defining a word was played, and either contestant could buzz in at any time to stop the playback and guess the word. A correct guess awarded two points, while a miss allowed the opponent to see the rest of the clip before offering a guess. The round continued until a school bell rang, whereupon the contestant in the lead won $500 and advanced to the bonus round.[3] If the game ended in a tie, one additional word was played to determine the winner.In the first three episodes, Fast Play was played in two halves, each of which ended at the bell. Correct answers were worth one point each in the first half, and two points in the second; in addition, if a contestant guessed incorrectly, the entire clip was played for the opponent.","title":"Main game"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two different bonus round formats were used, each with a $5,000 top prize and a 45-second time limit.Champions returned until they were defeated, had played five bonus rounds, or reached the $25,000 winnings limit in force for CBS game shows at the time.","title":"Bonus round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Format 1: Triple Play","text":"The champion attempted to guess words based on definitions written by three children, identified only as A, B, or C. Once the champion selected a child, the corresponding definition would be displayed on a screen and read aloud by Cullen, after which he/she could either guess or select again. If the champion was unable to identify the word after hearing all three definitions, it was removed and play continued with a new word.The champion won $5,000 for guessing six words before time ran out, or $100 per correct guess otherwise.","title":"Bonus round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Format 2: Turnabout","text":"This format replaced Triple Play starting with the April 25, 1983 episode. Five of the children who had appeared in the film clips used during the main game joined the champion onstage, and the champion had to describe seven words for them to guess, addressing one child at a time in sequence. Words were displayed for the home audience. Each correct answer from any child won $100 for the champion, plus $100 to be split equally among the children. The champion could pass on a word and return to it if time permitted; an illegal clue, such as saying the word or any form of it, eliminated that word from play.If the children guessed all seven words before time ran out, the bonus round winnings for them and the champion were respectively increased to $1,000 and $5,000.","title":"Bonus round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"The New $25,000 Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Whew!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whew!"},{"link_name":"Wheel of Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Sale of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"Press Your Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Your_Luck"}],"text":"Child's Play premiered at 10:30 a.m. EST on September 20, 1982 (immediately following The New $25,000 Pyramid, which debuted the same day), replacing reruns of Alice (which had held the timeslot since June 2, 1980 as a result of the cancellation of Whew!). Child's Play faced off against the NBC game shows Wheel of Fortune and, beginning in January 1983, Sale of the Century. However, it was not able to make any ratings headway against either of those shows. As a result, in the summer of 1983, CBS canceled Child's Play; its final episode aired on September 16 of that year. The following Monday, the show's timeslot would be filled by Press Your Luck, which would perform much better for CBS against Sale of the Century and would consequently remain in the 10:30 a.m. timeslot until January 1986.","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Show_Network"},{"link_name":"Buzzr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzr"}],"text":"The series is intact, and has been seen on GSN at various times. The show has also aired on Buzzr.","title":"Episode status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suzan Stadner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suzan_Stadner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hanala Sagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanala_Sagal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Cohen_(child_actor)"},{"link_name":"Breckin Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckin_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Masi Oka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masi_Oka"},{"link_name":"Tara Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Reid"},{"link_name":"Adam Richman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Richman"},{"link_name":"Anne-Marie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Sugar Ray Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson"}],"text":"Several celebrities appeared on Child's Play before they became famous: Suzan Stadner aka Hanala Sagal (actress/writer), Jeff Cohen, Breckin Meyer, Masi Oka, Tara Reid and Adam Richman were all featured children on the show. In addition, Anne-Marie Johnson appeared as a contestant. Also, Sugar Ray Robinson appeared in the audience of the July 4, 1983 episode, and Bill Cullen introduced him as the boxing coach of one of the Child's Play kids participating in the Turnabout game.","title":"Notable contestants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Happening '71 and '72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happening_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Phillips_(singer)"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Australia ran their version for a brief period in 1984, hosted by former pop star and host of Happening '71 and '72 Jeff Phillips.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dingsda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingsda"},{"link_name":"Bayerischer Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk_(Fernsehen)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Egner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Egner"},{"link_name":"Werner Schmidbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schmidbauer"},{"link_name":"kabel eins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/kabel_eins"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ohrner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ohrner"},{"link_name":"Das Erste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Erste"},{"link_name":"Mareile Höppner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareile_H%C3%B6ppner"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Germany ran their successful version of Child's Play under the name Dingsda (\"Gizmo/Whatsit\") on Bayerischer Rundfunk from 1985–2000 with Fritz Egner from 1985–1994, followed by Werner Schmidbauer from 1994–2000. Then a year later, a revival of the show ran on kabel eins with Thomas Ohrner for a brief period from 2001–2002. Sixteen years later, the show has now been remade for Das Erste with Mareile Höppner since 2018.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT1"}],"sub_title":"Greece","text":"Their short-lived version titled Tα παiδíα παíζεi (Children Play) originally ran on ERT2 from 1987–1988 with Lefteris Eleftheriadis as host. Ten years later, its revival ran on ANT1 for a brief period in 1998 hosted by Isabella Vlassiadou.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antv"},{"link_name":"Kata Si Kecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_Si_Kecil"},{"link_name":"Kepra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepra"},{"link_name":"Dewi Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi_Hughes"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"The Indonesian version of Child's Play ran from 1996–1998 on antv under the name Kata Si Kecil (\"The Little's Says\"), hosted by Kepra. In 2001-2005, Indosiar reincarnated the show again under the name Celoteh Anak (\"Child's Talk\"), with Dewi Hughes as the host. Then back to the \"host of the show\", antv again revival this shows with a new concept and atmosphere with the name Apa..?? Apa..?? Apa..?? (\"What...?? What...?? What...???\") with host Harsya Subandrio from 2010 to 2011.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCRV"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"Netherlands had two different versions of Child's Play running on NCRV, the first version was called 't Is Kinderspel (\"It's Child's Play\") running for a brief period in 1984 hosted by Fred van de Graaf. One year later, the show was revived under the new name of Dinges (\"Whatchamacallit\") which had a much more successful run than its precursor from 1986-1995. the original host was Martine Bijl from 1986-1988 followed by Frank Masmeijer from 1989–1993. Its third and final host of the series was Jo de Poorter (of Familieraad fame) in 1995.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Уcтaми млaденцa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3c%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"RTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-1"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTB"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_Russia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"Уcтaми млaденцa (Mouths of Babes/Baby Lips) hosted by Alexander Gurevich originally ran from 1992–1996 and 1999–2000 on RTR and on NTV from 1997–1998. Thirteen years later, the show had a short-lived revival on Disney Channel Russia hosted by Maxim Vitorgan in 2013–2014. Two years later, the series was revived again on channel NTV now hosted by Alexey Kortnev from 2016 until 2017 then he was later replaced by Alexander Oleshko from 2017 until 2018. In 2020, the series was revived on Russia-1, hosted by Olga Shelest who was later replaced by Evgeniy Rybov since season 2.It was the first game show officially licensed in Russia.[4]","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juego de niños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juego_de_ni%C3%B1os_(programa_de_televisi%C3%B3n)"},{"link_name":"TVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"Amparo Soler Leal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparo_Soler_Leal"},{"link_name":"Tina Sainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Sainz"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Salas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Salas"},{"link_name":"Javier Sardá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Sard%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"Their version is called Juego de niños (\"Child's Play\") running on TVE from 1988–1992. unlike previous international versions, when a contestant guesses a word correctly he or she earns a \"Gallifantes\" (a puppet like creature) and at the end of the show, whoever gets the most \"Gallifantes'\" was the winner of the day also unlike the other previous international versions, this one in particular had four host the first host was Amparo Soler Leal from 1988 then he was replaced by Tina Sainz from 1989 then Ignacio Salas from 1989–1990 and finally, Javier Sardá from 1991–1992 and on 2019.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lekande lätt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekande_l%C3%A4tt"},{"link_name":"Sveriges Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television"},{"link_name":"Kjell Lönnå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_L%C3%B6nn%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Erik Nyberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Nyberg"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"Their version is called Lekande lätt (\"Swimmingly/Light as\") aired on Sveriges Television from 1987–2001, hosted by Kjell Lönnå then from 2002 until 2003 hosted by Erik Nyberg.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FremantleMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FremantleMedia"},{"link_name":"Spanish-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_(language)"},{"link_name":"Alessandra Rosaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_Rosaldo"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"TeleFutura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleFutura"},{"link_name":"¿Qué dice la gente?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFQu%C3%A9_dice_la_gente%3F"},{"link_name":"Family Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feud"}],"sub_title":"Spanish (US)","text":"On September 15, 2008, FremantleMedia, owners of the Goodson-Todman catalog of games, revived Child's Play in the Spanish-speaking market as Dame la pista (\"Give Me a Clue\"), hosted by Alessandra Rosaldo on Univision-owned TeleFutura. This show was the lead-in to ¿Qué dice la gente?, a Spanish-language version of Family Feud, during its run. The show was eventually cancelled.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"see under:the long-running 1984-1988 British version, hosted by Michael Aspel. Clips from this version were seen in the 1985 special called TV's Funniest Game Show Moments #2.","title":"International versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HTV7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television"},{"link_name":"HTV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam","text":"The Vietnamese version, called Chuyện nhỏ (Small Story) was aired in two separate runs (2005–2007; 2010–2014) on HTV7 at 7 p.m. every Saturday and hosted by Thanh Bạch in both runs. Repeats of the 2005–2007 episodes had been aired on HTV3 (Entertainment for Kids and Families channel) since 2013.","title":"International versions"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Schwartz, David; Ryan, Steve; Wostbrock, Fred (1999). The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows (3 ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 42. ISBN 0-8160-3846-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3846-5","url_text":"0-8160-3846-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Price is Right: October 26, 1982 (BILL CULLEN APPEARS TO PLUG CHILD'S PLAY!!)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x03eHpps8mA","url_text":"\"The Price is Right: October 26, 1982 (BILL CULLEN APPEARS TO PLUG CHILD'S PLAY!!)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Game show utopia - Ideas for Life\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.game-show-utopia.net/childsplay/Childsplay.htm","url_text":"\"Game show utopia - Ideas for Life\""}]},{"reference":"Петр Кулешов: \"Моя голова - помойная яма\" (in Russian). Lenizdat. 2005-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://lenizdat.ru/articles/1034625/","url_text":"Петр Кулешов: \"Моя голова - помойная яма\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211206/x03eHpps8mA","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210908231559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x03eHpps8mA","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x03eHpps8mA","external_links_name":"\"The Price is Right: October 26, 1982 (BILL CULLEN APPEARS TO PLUG CHILD'S PLAY!!)\""},{"Link":"http://www.game-show-utopia.net/childsplay/Childsplay.htm","external_links_name":"\"Game show utopia - Ideas for Life\""},{"Link":"https://lenizdat.ru/articles/1034625/","external_links_name":"Петр Кулешов: \"Моя голова - помойная яма\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0198087/","external_links_name":"Child's Play"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1211977/","external_links_name":"Child's Play"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0289802/","external_links_name":"Dingsda"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1328069/","external_links_name":"Dame la Pista"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0418402/","external_links_name":"Juego de niños"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991021211220/http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/library/childsplay.htm","external_links_name":"Child's Play @ pearsontv.com (via Internet Archive)"},{"Link":"http://www.grundy-le.de/shows/uebersicht/dingsda.html/","external_links_name":"description of \"Dingsda\" from its (new website)"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130221141059/http://grundy-le.net/content/shows/weitereshows.01.,Ubersicht.14.Dingsda.php?m=2/","external_links_name":"description of \"Dingsda\" from its (old website)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160510222715/http://beeldengeluidwiki.nl/index.php/%27t_is_kinderspel","external_links_name":"description of \"'t Is Kinderspel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325233702/http://www.beeldengeluidwiki.nl/index.php/Dinges","external_links_name":"description of \"Dinges\""},{"Link":"http://twixgame.com/","external_links_name":"description of \"Play Game\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Held
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Virginia Held
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["1 Beliefs","2 Career","3 Selected works","3.1 Books","3.2 Chapters in books","3.3 Journal articles","3.4 Encyclopedia articles","4 References","5 External links"]
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American feminist philosopher (born 1929)
Virginia HeldHeld at CUNY in 2013BornVirginia Potter HeldOctober 28, 1929 (1929-10-28) (age 94)Mendham, New JerseyInstitutionsColumbia University, Hunter College, CUNY Graduate CenterMain interestsEthics of care, feminist ethics, morality of political violence
Virginia Potter Held (born October 28, 1929) is an American moral, social/political and feminist philosopher whose work on the ethics of care sparked significant research into the ethical dimensions of providing care for others and critiques of the traditional roles of women in society.
Beliefs
Held defends care ethics as a moral framework distinct from Kantian, utilitarian and virtue ethics. She holds that care is fundamental to human institutes and practices, indeed to our survival. Tong and Williams quote: "There can be no jutice without care…for without care no child would survive and there would be no persons to respect."
Held's work on the morality of political violence viewed through the window of ethics of care has also been significantly influential.
Career
Held was named Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York – Graduate Center and Hunter College in 1996.
She received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia University in 1968 and worked at Hunter College as lecturer (1965–69), assistant professor (1969–72), associate professor (1973–77) and full professor from 1977 to her retirement in 2001. Held was affiliated with the CUNY Graduate Center in 1973, and served as deputy executive officer of the Philosophy program at the CUNY Graduate Center from 1980 to 1984. She also served as president of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2001–2002.
Selected works
Books
Held, Virginia (1970). The Public Interest and Individual Interests. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465067732.
Held, Virginia; Morgenbesser, Sidney; Nagel, Thomas (1974). Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: Essays Edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595.
Held, Virginia (1989). Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226325880.
Held, Virginia (1993). Feminist Morality : Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226325934.
Hunter College Women's Studies Collective, Virginia Held; et al. (2005). Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies (third ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195150353.
Held, Virginia (2006). The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global (second ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195325904.
Held, Virginia (2008). How Terrorism is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195329599.
Chapters in books
Held, Virginia (2008), "Gender identity and the ethics of care in globalized society", in DesAutels, Peggy; Whisnant, Rebecca (eds.), Global feminist ethics: feminist ethics and social theory, Feminist Constructions, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 43–58, ISBN 9780742559103.
Journal articles
Held, Virginia (January 1989). "Birth and death". Ethics. 99 (2). University of Chicago Press: 362–388. doi:10.1086/293070. JSTOR 2381439. S2CID 144938730.
Encyclopedia articles
Feminism and Political Theory in The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy
Rights: Moral and Legal from A Companion to Feminist Philosophy
Feminist Social and Political Philosophy in Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement (1997).
"Power" in Blackwell Dictionary of Business Ethics
Mass Media, Moral Pluralism in Encyclopedia of Ethics
For further works see C.V.
References
^ Karen, Kovach (2005), "Held, Virginia Potter (1929–)", in Shook, John R. (ed.), The dictionary of modern American philosophers (4 volume set), Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, pp. 1083–1084, ISBN 9781843710370
^ a b Saunder-Sault, Maureen (2011). Care Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ a b Tong, Williams, Rosemarie, Nancy (2009). Feminist Ethics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Smiley, Marion (June 1999). "Norms and Values: Essays on the Works of Virginia Held.(Review)". American Political Science Review. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2013 – via HighBeam Research.
^ Virginia Held, The Ethics of Care 2006, p. 17
^ "How Terrorism Is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence". Times Higher Education. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ a b Held, Virginia. "Virginia Held Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ Held, Virginia. "Feminism and Political Theory", in The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy, ed.
Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.
^ Held, Virginia. "Rights: Moral and Legal", in A Companion to Feminist Philosophy, Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1998.
^ Held, Virginia. "Feminist Social and Political Philosophy", in Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement, New York: Macmillan, 1997.
^ Held, Virginia. "Power." Def. P. Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Business Ethics. 1 ed. New York: Macmillan, 1998. Print.
^ Held, Virginia. "Mass Media" and "Moral Pluralism", in Encyclopedia of Ethics, New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1992.
External links
Virginia Held Papers - Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
PhilPeople
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feminist philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_philosopher"},{"link_name":"ethics of care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_care"},{"link_name":"traditional roles of women in society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_roles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iep-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sep1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Virginia Potter Held (born October 28, 1929) is an American moral, social/political and feminist philosopher whose work on the ethics of care sparked significant research into the ethical dimensions of providing care for others and critiques of the traditional roles of women in society.[2][3][4]","title":"Virginia Held"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantian_ethics"},{"link_name":"utilitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"virtue ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iep-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sep1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-6"}],"text":"Held defends care ethics as a moral framework distinct from Kantian, utilitarian and virtue ethics.[2] She holds that care is fundamental to human institutes and practices, indeed to our survival. Tong and Williams[3] quote: \"There can be no ju[s]tice without care…for without care no child would survive and there would be no persons to respect.\"[5]Held's work on the morality of political violence viewed through the window of ethics of care has also been significantly influential.[6]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"CUNY Graduate Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUNY_Graduate_Center"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-7"}],"text":"Held was named Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York – Graduate Center and Hunter College in 1996.She received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia University in 1968 and worked at Hunter College as lecturer (1965–69), assistant professor (1969–72), associate professor (1973–77) and full professor from 1977 to her retirement in 2001. Held was affiliated with the CUNY Graduate Center in 1973, and served as deputy executive officer of the Philosophy program at the CUNY Graduate Center from 1980 to 1984. She also served as president of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2001–2002.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Public Interest and Individual Interests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/publicinterestin0000held"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780465067732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465067732"},{"link_name":"Morgenbesser, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Morgenbesser"},{"link_name":"Nagel, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel"},{"link_name":"Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: Essays Edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philosophymorali0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195017595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195017595"},{"link_name":"Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rightsgoodsjusti00held"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780226325880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226325880"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780226325934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226325934"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195150353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195150353"},{"link_name":"The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ethicsofcarepers00held"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195325904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195325904"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195329599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195329599"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Held, Virginia (1970). The Public Interest and Individual Interests. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465067732.\nHeld, Virginia; Morgenbesser, Sidney; Nagel, Thomas (1974). Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: Essays Edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595.\nHeld, Virginia (1989). Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226325880.\nHeld, Virginia (1993). Feminist Morality : Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226325934.\nHunter College Women's Studies Collective, Virginia Held; et al. (2005). Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies (third ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195150353.\nHeld, Virginia (2006). The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global (second ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195325904.\nHeld, Virginia (2008). How Terrorism is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195329599.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DesAutels, Peggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_DesAutels"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780742559103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742559103"}],"sub_title":"Chapters in books","text":"Held, Virginia (2008), \"Gender identity and the ethics of care in globalized society\", in DesAutels, Peggy; Whisnant, Rebecca (eds.), Global feminist ethics: feminist ethics and social theory, Feminist Constructions, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 43–58, ISBN 9780742559103.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_(journal)"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/293070","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F293070"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2381439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2381439"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144938730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144938730"}],"sub_title":"Journal articles","text":"Held, Virginia (January 1989). \"Birth and death\". Ethics. 99 (2). University of Chicago Press: 362–388. doi:10.1086/293070. JSTOR 2381439. S2CID 144938730.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-7"}],"sub_title":"Encyclopedia articles","text":"Feminism and Political Theory in The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy[8]Rights: Moral and Legal from A Companion to Feminist Philosophy[9]\nFeminist Social and Political Philosophy in Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement (1997).[10]\n\"Power\" in Blackwell Dictionary of Business Ethics[11]\nMass Media, Moral Pluralism in Encyclopedia of Ethics[12]For further works see C.V.[7]","title":"Selected works"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Held, Virginia (1970). The Public Interest and Individual Interests. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465067732.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/publicinterestin0000held","url_text":"The Public Interest and Individual Interests"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465067732","url_text":"9780465067732"}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia; Morgenbesser, Sidney; Nagel, Thomas (1974). Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: Essays Edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Morgenbesser","url_text":"Morgenbesser, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel","url_text":"Nagel, Thomas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/philosophymorali0000unse","url_text":"Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: Essays Edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195017595","url_text":"9780195017595"}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia (1989). Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226325880.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rightsgoodsjusti00held","url_text":"Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226325880","url_text":"9780226325880"}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia (1993). Feminist Morality : Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226325934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226325934","url_text":"9780226325934"}]},{"reference":"Hunter College Women's Studies Collective, Virginia Held; et al. (2005). Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies (third ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195150353.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195150353","url_text":"9780195150353"}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia (2006). The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global (second ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195325904.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ethicsofcarepers00held","url_text":"The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195325904","url_text":"9780195325904"}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia (2008). How Terrorism is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195329599.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195329599","url_text":"9780195329599"}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia (2008), \"Gender identity and the ethics of care in globalized society\", in DesAutels, Peggy; Whisnant, Rebecca (eds.), Global feminist ethics: feminist ethics and social theory, Feminist Constructions, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 43–58, ISBN 9780742559103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_DesAutels","url_text":"DesAutels, Peggy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742559103","url_text":"9780742559103"}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia (January 1989). \"Birth and death\". Ethics. 99 (2). University of Chicago Press: 362–388. doi:10.1086/293070. JSTOR 2381439. S2CID 144938730.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_(journal)","url_text":"Ethics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F293070","url_text":"10.1086/293070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2381439","url_text":"2381439"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144938730","url_text":"144938730"}]},{"reference":"Karen, Kovach (2005), \"Held, Virginia Potter (1929–)\", in Shook, John R. (ed.), The dictionary of modern American philosophers (4 volume set), Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, pp. 1083–1084, ISBN 9781843710370","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843710370","url_text":"9781843710370"}]},{"reference":"Saunder-Sault, Maureen (2011). Care Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/care-eth/","url_text":"Care Ethics"}]},{"reference":"Tong, Williams, Rosemarie, Nancy (2009). Feminist Ethics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/","url_text":"Feminist Ethics"}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Marion (June 1999). \"Norms and Values: Essays on the Works of Virginia Held.(Review)\". American Political Science Review. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2013 – via HighBeam Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140610193615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54896400.html","url_text":"\"Norms and Values: Essays on the Works of Virginia Held.(Review)\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54896400.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighBeam_Research","url_text":"HighBeam Research"}]},{"reference":"\"How Terrorism Is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence\". Times Higher Education. Retrieved June 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/402933.article","url_text":"\"How Terrorism Is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence\""}]},{"reference":"Held, Virginia. \"Virginia Held Curriculum Vitae\" (PDF). Retrieved June 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.gc.cuny.edu/philosophy/faculty/CVs/held_cv.pdf","url_text":"\"Virginia Held Curriculum Vitae\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Wiki
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Gene Wiki
|
["1 Project goals and scope","1.1 Number of gene articles","1.2 Expansion","1.3 Proteins encoded by genes","2 Gene Wiki generated content","3 Response","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Human genes project within Wikipedia
For information on how to contribute to the Gene Wiki at Wikipedia, please see WP:WikiProject Genetics/Gene Wiki.
The Gene Wiki is a project within Wikipedia that aims to describe the relationships and functions of all human genes. It was established to transfer information from scientific resources to Wikipedia stub articles.
The Gene Wiki project also initiated publication of gene-specific review articles in the journal Gene, together with the editing of the gene-specific pages in Wikipedia.
The Gene Wiki project in collaboration with the journal Gene was terminated in May 2022, ten years after the project's initiation. A report by the project's leaders summarizes the project's achievements.
Project goals and scope
Number of gene articles
For a more comprehensive list, see List of human protein-coding genes 1, List of human protein-coding genes 2, List of human protein-coding genes 3, and List of human protein-coding genes 4.
The human genome contains an estimated 20,000–25,000 protein-coding genes. The goal of the Gene Wiki project is to create seed articles for every notable human gene, that is, every gene whose function has been assigned in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Approximately half of human genes have assigned function, therefore the total number of articles seeded by the Gene Wiki project would be expected to be in the range of 10,000–15,000. To date, approximately 11,000 articles have been created or augmented to include Gene Wiki project content.
Expansion
Once seed articles have been established, the hope and expectation is that these will be annotated and expanded by editors ranging in experience from the lay audience to students to professionals and academics.
Proteins encoded by genes
Only a small portion of the genome actually encodes protein in the human genome. Understanding the function of a gene that codes for a protein generally requires understanding of the function of the corresponding protein. In addition to including basic information about the gene, the project therefore also includes information about the protein encoded by the gene. The function of other portions of the genome, non-coding DNA, also called "junk" DNA in the past because they had no apparent function, actually are thought to have regulatory functions.
Gene Wiki generated content
Stubs for the Gene Wiki project are created by a bot and contain links to the following primary gene/protein databases:
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee – official gene name
Entrez – Gene database
OMIM (Mendelian Inheritance in Man) – database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component
Amigo – Gene Ontology
HomoloGene – gene homologs in other species
SymAtlasRNA – gene expression pattern in tissues
Protein Data Bank – 3D structure of protein encoded by the gene
UniProt (universal protein resource) – a central repository of protein data
Response
A report found that between 2013 and 2017, the content which Gene Wiki contributed to Wikipedia got crowdsourced development over time.
References
^ a b Huss JW, Orozco C, Goodale J, Wu C, Batalov S, Vickers TJ, Valafar F, Su AI (July 2008). "A Gene Wiki for Community Annotation of Gene Function". PLOS Biology. 6 (7): e175. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060175. PMC 2443188. PMID 18613750.
^ Huss JW, Orozco C, Goodale J, Wu C, Batalov S, Vickers TJ, Valafar F, Su AI. "SciVee Pubcast: A Gene Wiki for Community Annotation of Gene Function". Archived from the original on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
^ Huss JW; Lindenbaum P; Martone M; et al. (January 2010). "The Gene Wiki: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation". Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (Database issue): D633–9. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp760. PMC 2808918. PMID 19755503.
^ Tsueng G, Good BM, Ping P, Golemis E, Hanukoglu I, van Wijnen AJ, Su AI (2 May 2016). "Gene Wiki Reviews-Raising the quality and accessibility of information about the human genome". Gene. 592 (2): 235–8. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.053. PMC 5944608. PMID 27150585.
^ van Wijnen AJ, Golemis E, Hanukoglu I, Tsui SK, Hu E, Ul-Hasan S, Joy J, Su AI, Tsueng G (July 2022). "A retrospective evaluation of a decade of Gene Wiki Reviews and their impact" (PDF). Gene. 830: 146534. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146534. PMID 35525475.
^ Clamp M; Fry B; Kamal M; Xie X; Cuff J; Lin MF; Kellis M; Lindblad-Toh K; Lander ES (December 2007). "Distinguishing protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 104 (49): 19428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709013104. PMC 2148306. PMID 18040051.
^ Su AI, Wiltshire T, Batalov S, Lapp H, Ching KA, Block D, Zhang J, Soden R, Hayakawa M, Kreiman G, Cooke MP, Walker JR, Hogenesch JB (April 2004). "A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 101 (16): 6062–7. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.6062S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400782101. PMC 395923. PMID 15075390.
^ Zinovyev, Andrei; Czerwinska, Urszula; Cantini, Laura; Barillot, Emmanuel; Frahm, Klaus M.; Shepelyansky, Dima L.; Rzhetsky, Andrey (18 February 2020). "Collective intelligence defines biological functions in Wikipedia as communities in the hidden protein connection network". PLOS Computational Biology. 16 (2): e1007652. Bibcode:2020PLSCB..16E7652Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007652. PMC 7048313. PMID 32069277.
Further reading
Good BM, Howe DG, Lin SM, Kibbe WA, Su AI (2011). "Mining the Gene Wiki for functional genomic knowledge". BMC Genomics. 12: 603. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-603. PMC 3271090. PMID 22165947.
Good BM, Clarke EL, de Alfaro L, Su AI (January 2012). "The Gene Wiki in 2011: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (Database issue): D1255–61. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr925. PMC 3245148. PMID 22075991.
Good BM, Clarke EL, Loguercio S, Su AI (2012). "Linking genes to diseases with a SNPedia-Gene Wiki mashup". J Biomed Semantics. 3 (Suppl 1): S6. doi:10.1186/2041-1480-3-S1-S6. PMC 3337266. PMID 22541597.
Su AI, Good BM, van Wijnen AJ (December 2013). "Gene Wiki Reviews: marrying crowdsourcing with traditional peer review". Gene. 531 (2): 125. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.093. PMID 24012870.
External links
Spagat E (2008-07-09). "Edit your DNA: 'Gene wiki' to debut on Wikipedia". The Associated Press (in ABC News. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
McKenney AS (2008-07-08). "Archiving Information About The Human Genome Using Wikipedia". IT / Internet / E-mail News. Medical News Today. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
Tay L (2008-07-10). "Wikipedia hosts human gene repository". iTnews Australia. Haymarket Media. Archived from the original on 2008-07-13. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
Mitch Waldrop (3 September 2008). "Big data: Wikiomics". Nature. 455 (7209): 22–25. doi:10.1038/455022a. PMID 18769412.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WP:WikiProject Genetics/Gene Wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Genetics/Gene_Wiki"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"scientific resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18613750-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciVee_Pubcast-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19755503-3"},{"link_name":"review articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_article"},{"link_name":"Gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"project's leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_leader"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid35525475-5"}],"text":"For information on how to contribute to the Gene Wiki at Wikipedia, please see WP:WikiProject Genetics/Gene Wiki.The Gene Wiki is a project within Wikipedia that aims to describe the relationships and functions of all human genes. It was established to transfer information from scientific resources to Wikipedia stub articles.[1][2][3]The Gene Wiki project also initiated publication of gene-specific review articles in the journal Gene, together with the editing of the gene-specific pages in Wikipedia.[4]The Gene Wiki project in collaboration with the journal Gene was terminated in May 2022, ten years after the project's initiation. A report by the project's leaders summarizes the project's achievements.[5]","title":"Gene Wiki"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Project goals and scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of human protein-coding genes 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_protein-coding_genes_1"},{"link_name":"List of human protein-coding genes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_protein-coding_genes_2"},{"link_name":"List of human protein-coding genes 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_protein-coding_genes_3"},{"link_name":"List of human protein-coding genes 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_protein-coding_genes_4"},{"link_name":"human genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome"},{"link_name":"protein-coding genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18040051-6"},{"link_name":"notable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notable"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"scientific literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"link_name":"as of?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Number of gene articles","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of human protein-coding genes 1, List of human protein-coding genes 2, List of human protein-coding genes 3, and List of human protein-coding genes 4.The human genome contains an estimated 20,000–25,000 protein-coding genes.[6] The goal of the Gene Wiki project is to create seed articles for every notable human gene, that is, every gene whose function has been assigned in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Approximately half of human genes have assigned function, therefore the total number of articles seeded by the Gene Wiki project would be expected to be in the range of 10,000–15,000. To date,[as of?] approximately 11,000 articles have been created or augmented to include Gene Wiki project content.[citation needed]","title":"Project goals and scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annotated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18613750-1"}],"sub_title":"Expansion","text":"Once seed articles have been established, the hope and expectation is that these will be annotated and expanded by editors ranging in experience from the lay audience to students to professionals and academics.[1]","title":"Project goals and scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"non-coding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_DNA"}],"sub_title":"Proteins encoded by genes","text":"Only a small portion of the genome actually encodes protein in the human genome. Understanding the function of a gene that codes for a protein generally requires understanding of the function of the corresponding protein. In addition to including basic information about the gene, the project therefore also includes information about the protein encoded by the gene. The function of other portions of the genome, non-coding DNA, also called \"junk\" DNA in the past because they had no apparent function, actually are thought to have regulatory functions.","title":"Project goals and scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot"},{"link_name":"HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee"},{"link_name":"Entrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrez"},{"link_name":"OMIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMIM"},{"link_name":"Gene Ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ontology"},{"link_name":"HomoloGene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomoloGene"},{"link_name":"homologs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"SymAtlasRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SymAtlasRNA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15075390-7"},{"link_name":"Protein Data Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"UniProt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniprot"}],"text":"Stubs for the Gene Wiki project are created by a bot and contain links to the following primary gene/protein databases:HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee – official gene name\nEntrez – Gene database\nOMIM (Mendelian Inheritance in Man) – database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component\nAmigo – Gene Ontology\nHomoloGene – gene homologs in other species\nSymAtlasRNA – gene expression pattern in tissues[7]\nProtein Data Bank – 3D structure of protein encoded by the gene\nUniProt (universal protein resource) – a central repository of protein data","title":"Gene Wiki generated content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report"},{"link_name":"crowdsourced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zinovyev_2020-8"}],"text":"A report found that between 2013 and 2017, the content which Gene Wiki contributed to Wikipedia got crowdsourced development over time.[8]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Mining the Gene Wiki for functional genomic knowledge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271090"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1186/1471-2164-12-603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-12-603"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3271090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271090"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22165947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22165947"},{"link_name":"\"The Gene Wiki in 2011: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245148"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/nar/gkr925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr925"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3245148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245148"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22075991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22075991"},{"link_name":"\"Linking genes to diseases with a SNPedia-Gene Wiki mashup\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337266"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1186/2041-1480-3-S1-S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-1480-3-S1-S6"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3337266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337266"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22541597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22541597"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2013.08.093"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24012870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24012870"}],"text":"Good BM, Howe DG, Lin SM, Kibbe WA, Su AI (2011). \"Mining the Gene Wiki for functional genomic knowledge\". BMC Genomics. 12: 603. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-603. PMC 3271090. PMID 22165947.\nGood BM, Clarke EL, de Alfaro L, Su AI (January 2012). \"The Gene Wiki in 2011: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation\". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (Database issue): D1255–61. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr925. PMC 3245148. PMID 22075991.\nGood BM, Clarke EL, Loguercio S, Su AI (2012). \"Linking genes to diseases with a SNPedia-Gene Wiki mashup\". J Biomed Semantics. 3 (Suppl 1): S6. doi:10.1186/2041-1480-3-S1-S6. PMC 3337266. PMID 22541597.\nSu AI, Good BM, van Wijnen AJ (December 2013). \"Gene Wiki Reviews: marrying crowdsourcing with traditional peer review\". Gene. 531 (2): 125. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.093. PMID 24012870.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Huss JW, Orozco C, Goodale J, Wu C, Batalov S, Vickers TJ, Valafar F, Su AI (July 2008). \"A Gene Wiki for Community Annotation of Gene Function\". PLOS Biology. 6 (7): e175. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060175. PMC 2443188. PMID 18613750.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443188","url_text":"\"A Gene Wiki for Community Annotation of Gene Function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060175","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pbio.0060175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443188","url_text":"2443188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18613750","url_text":"18613750"}]},{"reference":"Huss JW, Orozco C, Goodale J, Wu C, Batalov S, Vickers TJ, Valafar F, Su AI. \"SciVee Pubcast: A Gene Wiki for Community Annotation of Gene Function\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2008-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100724055742/http://www.scivee.tv/pubcast/18613750","url_text":"\"SciVee Pubcast: A Gene Wiki for Community Annotation of Gene Function\""},{"url":"http://www.scivee.tv/pubcast/18613750","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Huss JW; Lindenbaum P; Martone M; et al. (January 2010). \"The Gene Wiki: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation\". Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (Database issue): D633–9. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp760. PMC 2808918. PMID 19755503.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808918","url_text":"\"The Gene Wiki: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkp760","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gkp760"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808918","url_text":"2808918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19755503","url_text":"19755503"}]},{"reference":"Tsueng G, Good BM, Ping P, Golemis E, Hanukoglu I, van Wijnen AJ, Su AI (2 May 2016). \"Gene Wiki Reviews-Raising the quality and accessibility of information about the human genome\". Gene. 592 (2): 235–8. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.053. PMC 5944608. PMID 27150585.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5944608","url_text":"\"Gene Wiki Reviews-Raising the quality and accessibility of information about the human genome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2016.04.053","url_text":"10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5944608","url_text":"5944608"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150585","url_text":"27150585"}]},{"reference":"van Wijnen AJ, Golemis E, Hanukoglu I, Tsui SK, Hu E, Ul-Hasan S, Joy J, Su AI, Tsueng G (July 2022). \"A retrospective evaluation of a decade of Gene Wiki Reviews and their impact\" (PDF). Gene. 830: 146534. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146534. PMID 35525475.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.co.il/hi/pub/Gene-Wiki-Reviews-project.pdf","url_text":"\"A retrospective evaluation of a decade of Gene Wiki Reviews and their impact\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2022.146534","url_text":"10.1016/j.gene.2022.146534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35525475","url_text":"35525475"}]},{"reference":"Clamp M; Fry B; Kamal M; Xie X; Cuff J; Lin MF; Kellis M; Lindblad-Toh K; Lander ES (December 2007). \"Distinguishing protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 104 (49): 19428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709013104. PMC 2148306. PMID 18040051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis_Kellis","url_text":"Kellis M"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148306","url_text":"\"Distinguishing protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0709013104","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0709013104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148306","url_text":"2148306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18040051","url_text":"18040051"}]},{"reference":"Su AI, Wiltshire T, Batalov S, Lapp H, Ching KA, Block D, Zhang J, Soden R, Hayakawa M, Kreiman G, Cooke MP, Walker JR, Hogenesch JB (April 2004). \"A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 101 (16): 6062–7. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.6062S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400782101. PMC 395923. PMID 15075390.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395923","url_text":"\"A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.6062S","url_text":"2004PNAS..101.6062S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0400782101","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0400782101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395923","url_text":"395923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15075390","url_text":"15075390"}]},{"reference":"Zinovyev, Andrei; Czerwinska, Urszula; Cantini, Laura; Barillot, Emmanuel; Frahm, Klaus M.; Shepelyansky, Dima L.; Rzhetsky, Andrey (18 February 2020). \"Collective intelligence defines biological functions in Wikipedia as communities in the hidden protein connection network\". PLOS Computational Biology. 16 (2): e1007652. Bibcode:2020PLSCB..16E7652Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007652. PMC 7048313. PMID 32069277.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7048313","url_text":"\"Collective intelligence defines biological functions in Wikipedia as communities in the hidden protein connection network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLSCB..16E7652Z","url_text":"2020PLSCB..16E7652Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1007652","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7048313","url_text":"7048313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32069277","url_text":"32069277"}]},{"reference":"Good BM, Howe DG, Lin SM, Kibbe WA, Su AI (2011). \"Mining the Gene Wiki for functional genomic knowledge\". BMC Genomics. 12: 603. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-603. PMC 3271090. PMID 22165947.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271090","url_text":"\"Mining the Gene Wiki for functional genomic knowledge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-12-603","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2164-12-603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271090","url_text":"3271090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22165947","url_text":"22165947"}]},{"reference":"Good BM, Clarke EL, de Alfaro L, Su AI (January 2012). \"The Gene Wiki in 2011: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation\". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (Database issue): D1255–61. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr925. PMC 3245148. PMID 22075991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245148","url_text":"\"The Gene Wiki in 2011: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr925","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gkr925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245148","url_text":"3245148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22075991","url_text":"22075991"}]},{"reference":"Good BM, Clarke EL, Loguercio S, Su AI (2012). \"Linking genes to diseases with a SNPedia-Gene Wiki mashup\". J Biomed Semantics. 3 (Suppl 1): S6. doi:10.1186/2041-1480-3-S1-S6. PMC 3337266. PMID 22541597.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337266","url_text":"\"Linking genes to diseases with a SNPedia-Gene Wiki mashup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-1480-3-S1-S6","url_text":"10.1186/2041-1480-3-S1-S6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337266","url_text":"3337266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22541597","url_text":"22541597"}]},{"reference":"Su AI, Good BM, van Wijnen AJ (December 2013). \"Gene Wiki Reviews: marrying crowdsourcing with traditional peer review\". Gene. 531 (2): 125. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.093. PMID 24012870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2013.08.093","url_text":"10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.093"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24012870","url_text":"24012870"}]},{"reference":"Spagat E (2008-07-09). \"Edit your DNA: 'Gene wiki' to debut on Wikipedia\". The Associated Press (in ABC News. Retrieved 2011-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5353376&page=1","url_text":"\"Edit your DNA: 'Gene wiki' to debut on Wikipedia\""}]},{"reference":"McKenney AS (2008-07-08). \"Archiving Information About The Human Genome Using Wikipedia\". IT / Internet / E-mail News. Medical News Today. Retrieved 2008-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/113891.php","url_text":"\"Archiving Information About The Human Genome Using Wikipedia\""}]},{"reference":"Tay L (2008-07-10). \"Wikipedia hosts human gene repository\". iTnews Australia. Haymarket Media. Archived from the original on 2008-07-13. Retrieved 2008-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080713045146/http://www.itnews.com.au/News/80128,wikipedia-hosts-human-gene-repository.aspx","url_text":"\"Wikipedia hosts human gene repository\""},{"url":"http://www.itnews.com.au/News/80128,wikipedia-hosts-human-gene-repository.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mitch Waldrop (3 September 2008). \"Big data: Wikiomics\". Nature. 455 (7209): 22–25. doi:10.1038/455022a. PMID 18769412.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F455022a","url_text":"\"Big data: Wikiomics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F455022a","url_text":"10.1038/455022a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18769412","url_text":"18769412"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha-ud-din_Zakariya
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Bahauddin Zakariya
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["1 Life","2 Spiritual philosophy","3 Impact","4 Shrine","5 Writings","6 See also","7 Commemorative honors","8 References","9 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 30°12′02″N 71°28′35″E / 30.20056°N 71.47639°E / 30.20056; 71.47639Muslim scholar (1170–1267)
Baha-ud-Din Zakariya بہاءُ الدین زکریاPersonalBorn1161 or 1182Kut Karur, Punjab, (present-day Pakistan)Died21 December 1262Multan, Delhi SultanateReligionIslamDenominationSunni, specifically the Suhrawardiyya Sufi orderMuslim leaderBased inMultan, PunjabPeriod in office12th/13th centuryPredecessorShihab al-Din 'Umar al-SuhrawardiSuccessorVarious, including Lal Shahbaz Qalander, Fakhr ud din Iraqi, Jalaluddin Rumi and Sayyid Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari
Part of a series on IslamSufismTomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq
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Baha-ud-din Zakariya (Urdu and Persian: بہاءُ الدین زکریا) (c.1170 – 1262), also spelled Bahauddin Zakariya, and also known as Baha-ul-Haq and Bahauddin Zakariya Multani, was a Sunni Muslim scholar saint and poet who established the Suhrawardiyya order of Baghdad in medieval South Asia, later becoming one of the most influential spiritual leaders of his era.
Life
Zakariya was born in 1161 or 1182. His family was of Hashimid lineage, and thus traced their descent back to Asad ibn Hashim, one of the ancestors of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Baha al-Din's family was originally from the Khwarazm region in Central Asia, but had settled in Kut Karur in the Punjab region, near the city of Multan. His father was Wajih al-Din Muhammad, while his mother was the daughter of Husam al-Din Tirmidhi.
For fifteen years, Zakariya travelled to different cities in southern Punjab, where the order was able to attract large numbers of converts from Hinduism. Zakariya finally settled in Multan in 1222. Under his influence, Multan became known as "Baghdad of the East," and is referred by Zakariya in his Persian poetry:
Multan ma ba jannat a'la barabara
Ahista pa ba-nah ke malik sajda mi kunad.
Multan of ours is comparable to the great Paradise
Tread slowly, the angels are paying obeisance here.
Zakariya became a vocal critic of Multan's ruler at the time, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha, and sided with Iltutmish, the Mamluk Sultan of Delhi when he overthrew Qabacha in 1228. Zakariya's support was crucial for Iltutmish's victory, and so he was awarded the title Shaikh-ul-Islam by Iltutmish to oversee the state's spiritual matters, in gratitude for his support. Zakariya was also granted official state patronage by the Sultan.
During his lifetime, Zakariya befriended Lal Shahbaz Qalandar - a widely revered Sufi saint from Sindh, and founder of the Qalandariyya order of wandering dervishes. As Shaikh-ul-Islam, Zakariya was able to assuage orthodox Muslims, who were offended by the Lal Shahbaz Qalandar's teachings. Zakariya, Shahbaz Qalandar, Baba Farid and Syed Jalalauddin Bukhari, together became the legendary Haq Char Yaar, or "Four friends" group, which is highly revered among South Asian Muslims.
Spiritual philosophy
Zakariya's Tariqat, or Sufi philosophical orientation, was to the renowned Persian Sufi master Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi of Baghdad. The Suhrawardi order rejected a life of poverty, as espoused by the Chisti order that was more prevalent in the Lahore region. Instead, the Suhrawardis believed in ordinary food and clothing, and rejected the Chisti assertion that spirituality lay upon a foundation of poverty. The Suhrawardis also rejected the early Chisti practice of dissociation from the political State.
Zakariya's preachings emphasized the need to conform to usual Islamic practices like fasting (roza) and alms-giving (zakat), but also advocated a philosophy of scholarship (ilm) combined with spirituality. His emphasis on teaching all humans, regardless of class or ethnicity, set him apart from his contemporary Hindu mystics.
He did not reject the traditional of spiritual music that was heavily emphasized in Chisti worship, but only partook in it on occasion. He rejected the Chisti tradition of bowing in reverence to religious leaders - a practice that may have been borrowed from Hinduism.
Impact
Zakariya's teachings spread widely throughout southern Punjab and Sindh, and drew large numbers of converts from Hinduism. His successors continued to exert strong influences over southern Punjab for the next several centuries, while his order spread further east into regions of northern India, especially in Gujarat and Bengal.
Shrine
Main article: Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya
30°12′02″N 71°28′35″E / 30.20056°N 71.47639°E / 30.20056; 71.47639
Shrine of Baha-ud-Din Zakariya
Baha-ud-Din Zakariya died in 1268 and his mausoleum (Darbar) is located in Multan. The mausoleum is a square of 51 ft 9 in (15.77 m), measured internally. Above this is an octagon, about half the height of the square, which is surmounted by a hemispherical dome. The mausoleum was almost completely ruined during the Siege of Multan in 1848 by the British, but was soon afterward restored by local Muslims.
Many pilgrims visit his shrine at the time of his urs from different parts of Pakistan and beyond.
Writings
Awrad-e-Shaikhush Shuyukh: Al-Awrad : Awrad-e-Suhrawardy
( اوراد شيخ الشيوخ : الاوراد : اوراد سهروردي)
most of the belivers now want to visit and they have a belief that their wishes become fulfilled because of His blessings
See also
Suhrawardiyya
Commemorative honors
Bahauddin Zakaria Express train is named after him, which runs between Karachi and Multan.
Bahauddin Zakariya University located in Multan is named after him which is the largest institution in Southern Punjab.
References
^ Qamar al-huda (8 August 2005). Striving for Divine union: The Spiritual exercises of the Suhrawardi Sufis. Routledge Sufi. ISBN 0700716874.
^ Karīma, Ānoẏārula (1980). The Bauls of Bangladesh: A Study of an Obscure Religious Cult. Lalan Academy.
^ Arya 2015.
^ a b c d e Singh. The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131717530.
^ Joshi, Rekha (1979). Sultan Iltutmish. Bharatiya Publishing House.
^ "Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariya Multani". Journey of a Seeker Of Sacred Knowledge. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^ Masood Lohar (5 October 2004). "Saint revered by people of all religions". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
^ a b c d Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110645.
^ a b c Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110645.
^ Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992). The Soomras. Beacon Books.
^ University of Calcutta (1891). Calcutta review. University of Calcutta. p. 251. Retrieved 10 January 2011. This section uses content copied verbatim from this source, which is public domain.
^ Mausoleum of Shah Bahauddin Zakariya Archived 3 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine "Multan City Online", Updated 2005, Retrieved 16 February 2018
^ Dawn Staff Correspondent (27 October 2017). "Urs of Bahauddin Zakariya begins in Multan". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ "Bahauddin Zakariya Urs celebrations begin in Multan". Pakistan Today (newspaper). 28 November 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Aamir Majeed (5 November 2016). "Fareed Express Train collision report to be submitted to minister on Monday". Pakistan Today (newspaper). Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Sources
Arya, Gholam-Ali (2015). "Bahāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Zakariyyāʾ Multānī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
vteMuslim saints in South Asia700s-800s
Abdullah Shah Ghazi
900s-1000s
Ali al-Hujwiri (Data Ganj Bakhsh)
1100s-1200s
Baba Farid
Moinuddin Chishti
Baba Fakruddin
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
Usman Harooni
Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
Bahauddin Zakariya
Ismail Qureshi al Hashmi
Hajib Shakarbar
Imam Ali-ul-Haq
Tajuddin Chishti
Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari
Syed Ahmad Sultan
Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari
Rukn-e-Alam
Pir Mangho
Nizamuddin Auliya
Abdur-Razzaq Nurul-Ain
Alaul Haq Pandavi
Bu Ali Shah Qalandar
Burhanuddin Gharib
Ganj Rawan Ganj Baksh
Khawaja Awais Kagha
Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi
Shah e Alam
Makhdoom Husamudeen Manikpuri
Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri
Makhdoom Yahya Maneri
1300s-1400s
Shamsuddin Sabzwari
Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind
Zainuddin Shirazi
Zar Zari Zar Baksh
Ibrahim Yukpasi
Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar
Jahaniyan Jahangasht
Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani
Abdul Quddus Gangohi
Nasiruddin Sailani Badesha
Bande Nawaz
Makhdoom Bilawal
Salim Chishti
Wajihuddin Alvi
Nagore Shahul Hamid
Madin Sahib
Makhdoom Ali Mahimi
Shah Yaqeeq Bukhari
1500s-1600s
Pir Baba
Baba Shadi Shaheed
Jamali Kamboh
Muhammad Ghawth
Shah Abdul Karim Bulri
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
Daud Bandagi Kirmani
Haji Bahadar Ali Abdullah Shah
Baba Budan
Madho Lal Hussain
Shah Inayat Shaheed
Shah Inat Rizvi
Baba Shah Jamal
Abdul Hamid Baba
Rahman Baba
Bari Imam
Mir Mukhtar Akhyar
Pir Hashim
Shah Inayat Qadiri
Muhammad Qadiri
Syed Musa Pak
Bulleh Shah
Ali Haider Multani
Mian Mir
Shah Badakhshi
Bibi Jamal Khatun
Jahanara Begum
Makhdoom Shah Muhammad Munim Pak
Jan Muhammad of Jalna
Muhibullah Allahabadi
Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi
Sultan Bahu
Syed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi
Zeb-un-Nissa
1700s-1800s
Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari
Syed Shah Afzal Biabani
Ghulam Ali Dihlawi
Muhammad Suleman Taunsvi
Sakhi Shah Chan Charagh
Sachal Sarmast
Murtada al-Zabidi
Bedil
Bekas
Mian Muhammad Bakhsh
Rohal Faqir
Saleh Muhammad Safoori
Muhammad Usman Damani
Maulvi Ghulam Rasool Alampuri
Fazal Ali Qureshi
Khwaja Ghulam Farid
Muhammad Maharvi
Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri
Sayyad Laal Shah Hamdani
Ata Hussain Fani Chishti
Syed Shah Murid Ali al-Qadri al-Jilani
Mewa Shah
Khwaja Abdul Ghaffar Naqshbandi
Syed Misri Shah
Khwaja Nizam ad Din
Muhammad Qasim Sadiq
Shams Ali Qalandar
Sayyid Mahmud Agha
Sayyid Sahib Husayni
Maula Shah
Machiliwale Shah
Syed Muhammad Zauqi Shah
Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin
Waris Ali Shah
Mahmoodullah Shah
Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan
1900s-2000s
Ahmad Hussain Gilani
Pir Irani
Barkat Ali Ludhianwi
Farid-ud-Din Qadri
Syed Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri
This table only includes figures venerated traditionally by the majority of Muslims in the Subcontinent, whence persons honored exclusively by particular modern movements are not included.
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His family was of Hashimid lineage, and thus traced their descent back to Asad ibn Hashim, one of the ancestors of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Baha al-Din's family was originally from the Khwarazm region in Central Asia, but had settled in Kut Karur in the Punjab region, near the city of Multan. His father was Wajih al-Din Muhammad, while his mother was the daughter of Husam al-Din Tirmidhi.[3]For fifteen years, Zakariya travelled to different cities in southern Punjab, where the order was able to attract large numbers of converts from Hinduism.[4] Zakariya finally settled in Multan in 1222. Under his influence, Multan became known as \"Baghdad of the East,\" and is referred by Zakariya in his Persian poetry:Zakariya became a vocal critic of Multan's ruler at the time, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha, and sided with Iltutmish, the Mamluk Sultan of Delhi when he overthrew Qabacha in 1228.[4] Zakariya's support was crucial for Iltutmish's victory,[5] and so he was awarded the title Shaikh-ul-Islam by Iltutmish to oversee the state's spiritual matters, in gratitude for his support. Zakariya was also granted official state patronage by the Sultan.[4]During his lifetime, Zakariya befriended Lal Shahbaz Qalandar - a widely revered Sufi saint from Sindh, and founder of the Qalandariyya order of wandering dervishes. As Shaikh-ul-Islam, Zakariya was able to assuage orthodox Muslims, who were offended by the Lal Shahbaz Qalandar's teachings.[6] Zakariya, Shahbaz Qalandar, Baba Farid and Syed Jalalauddin Bukhari, together became the legendary Haq Char Yaar, or \"Four friends\" group, which is highly revered among South Asian Muslims.[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tariqat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqat"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Abu_Hafs_Umar_Suhrawardi"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Chisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti_Order"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"roza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"zakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat"},{"link_name":"ilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"Zakariya's Tariqat, or Sufi philosophical orientation, was to the renowned Persian Sufi master Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi of Baghdad.[4] The Suhrawardi order rejected a life of poverty, as espoused by the Chisti order that was more prevalent in the Lahore region.[8] Instead, the Suhrawardis believed in ordinary food and clothing, and rejected the Chisti assertion that spirituality lay upon a foundation of poverty.[8] The Suhrawardis also rejected the early Chisti practice of dissociation from the political State.[9]Zakariya's preachings emphasized the need to conform to usual Islamic practices like fasting (roza) and alms-giving (zakat), but also advocated a philosophy of scholarship (ilm) combined with spirituality.[8] His emphasis on teaching all humans, regardless of class or ethnicity, set him apart from his contemporary Hindu mystics.[10]He did not reject the traditional of spiritual music that was heavily emphasized in Chisti worship, but only partook in it on occasion.[8] He rejected the Chisti tradition of bowing in reverence to religious leaders - a practice that may have been borrowed from Hinduism.[9]","title":"Spiritual philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"Zakariya's teachings spread widely throughout southern Punjab and Sindh, and drew large numbers of converts from Hinduism.[4] His successors continued to exert strong influences over southern Punjab for the next several centuries, while his order spread further east into regions of northern India, especially in Gujarat and Bengal.[9]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"30°12′02″N 71°28′35″E / 30.20056°N 71.47639°E / 30.20056; 71.47639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahauddin_Zakariya¶ms=30_12_02_N_71_28_35_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Bahaudin_Zikariya_Multan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shrine of Baha-ud-Din Zakariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Bahauddin_Zakariya"},{"link_name":"octagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon"},{"link_name":"dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome"},{"link_name":"Siege of Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848-1849)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calcutta1891-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Multan-12"},{"link_name":"urs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanToday-14"}],"text":"30°12′02″N 71°28′35″E / 30.20056°N 71.47639°E / 30.20056; 71.47639Shrine of Baha-ud-Din ZakariyaBaha-ud-Din Zakariya died in 1268 and his mausoleum (Darbar) is located in Multan. The mausoleum is a square of 51 ft 9 in (15.77 m), measured internally. Above this is an octagon, about half the height of the square, which is surmounted by a hemispherical dome. The mausoleum was almost completely ruined during the Siege of Multan in 1848 by the British, but was soon afterward restored by local Muslims.[11][12]Many pilgrims visit his shrine at the time of his urs from different parts of Pakistan and beyond.[13][14]","title":"Shrine"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Awrad-e-Shaikhush Shuyukh: Al-Awrad : Awrad-e-Suhrawardy( اوراد شيخ الشيوخ : الاوراد : اوراد سهروردي)\nmost of the belivers now want to visit and they have a belief that their wishes become fulfilled because of His blessings","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahauddin Zakaria Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakaria_Express"},{"link_name":"train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya_University"},{"link_name":"Southern Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"}],"text":"Bahauddin Zakaria Express train is named after him, which runs between Karachi and Multan.[15]\nBahauddin Zakariya University located in Multan is named after him which is the largest institution in Southern Punjab.","title":"Commemorative honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Bahāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Zakariyyāʾ Multānī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/baha-al-din-abu-muhammad-zakariyya-multani-COM_00000031"},{"link_name":"Krämer, Gudrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer"},{"link_name":"Rowson, Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1873-9830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Muslim_Saints"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Muslim_Saints"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Muslim_Saints"},{"link_name":"Muslim saints in South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Shah Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Shah_Ghazi"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Hujwiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hujwiri"},{"link_name":"Baba Farid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Farid"},{"link_name":"Moinuddin Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Baba Fakruddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Fakruddin"},{"link_name":"Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki"},{"link_name":"Usman Harooni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Harooni"},{"link_name":"Lal Shahbaz Qalandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar"},{"link_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ismail Qureshi al Hashmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Qureshi_al_Hashmi"},{"link_name":"Hajib Shakarbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajib_Shakarbar"},{"link_name":"Imam Ali-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Ali-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"Tajuddin Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajuddin_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Surkh-Posh_Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Sabir_Kaliyari"},{"link_name":"Rukn-e-Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukn-e-Alam"},{"link_name":"Pir Mangho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Mangho"},{"link_name":"Nizamuddin Auliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya"},{"link_name":"Abdur-Razzaq Nurul-Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur-Razzaq_Nurul-Ain"},{"link_name":"Alaul Haq Pandavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaul_Haq_Pandavi"},{"link_name":"Bu Ali Shah Qalandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_Ali_Shah_Qalandar"},{"link_name":"Burhanuddin Gharib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhanuddin_Gharib"},{"link_name":"Ganj Rawan Ganj Baksh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganj_Rawan_Ganj_Baksh"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Chiragh_Dehlavi"},{"link_name":"Shah e Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_e_Alam"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Husamudeen Manikpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Husamudeen_Manikpuri"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Sharfuddin_Ahmed_Yahya_Maneri"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Yahya Maneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Yahya_Maneri"},{"link_name":"Shamsuddin Sabzwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddin_Sabzwari"},{"link_name":"Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhi_Siraj_Aainae_Hind"},{"link_name":"Zainuddin Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainuddin_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"Zar Zari Zar Baksh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar_Zari_Zar_Baksh"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Yukpasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Yukpasi"},{"link_name":"Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Sultan_Balkhi_Mahisawar"},{"link_name":"Jahaniyan Jahangasht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahaniyan_Jahangasht"},{"link_name":"Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Syed_Muhammad_Nurbakhsh_Qahistani"},{"link_name":"Abdul Quddus Gangohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Quddus_Gangohi"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Sailani Badesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Sailani_Badesha"},{"link_name":"Bande Nawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_Nawaz"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Bilawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Bilawal"},{"link_name":"Salim Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Wajihuddin Alvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajihuddin_Alvi"},{"link_name":"Nagore Shahul Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagore_Shahul_Hamid"},{"link_name":"Madin Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madin_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Ali Mahimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Ali_Mahimi"},{"link_name":"Shah Yaqeeq Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Yaqeeq_Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Pir Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Baba"},{"link_name":"Baba Shadi Shaheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Shadi_Shaheed"},{"link_name":"Jamali Kamboh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamali_Kamboh"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ghawth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ghawth"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdul Karim Bulri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Karim_Bulri"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai"},{"link_name":"Daud Bandagi Kirmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud_Bandagi_Kirmani"},{"link_name":"Haji Bahadar Ali Abdullah Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Bahadar_Ali_Abdullah_Shah"},{"link_name":"Baba Budan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Budan"},{"link_name":"Madho Lal Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madho_Lal_Hussain"},{"link_name":"Shah Inayat Shaheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Inayat_Shaheed"},{"link_name":"Shah Inat Rizvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Inat_Rizvi"},{"link_name":"Baba Shah Jamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Shah_Jamal"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba"},{"link_name":"Rahman Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahman_Baba"},{"link_name":"Bari Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari_Imam"},{"link_name":"Mir Mukhtar Akhyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Mukhtar_Akhyar"},{"link_name":"Pir Hashim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Hashim"},{"link_name":"Shah Inayat Qadiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Inayat_Qadiri"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Qadiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qadiri"},{"link_name":"Syed Musa Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Musa_Pak"},{"link_name":"Bulleh Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ali Haider Multani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Haider_Multani"},{"link_name":"Mian Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Mir"},{"link_name":"Shah Badakhshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Badakhshi"},{"link_name":"Bibi Jamal Khatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Jamal_Khatun"},{"link_name":"Jahanara Begum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahanara_Begum"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Shah Muhammad Munim Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat_Makhdoom_Shah_Muhammad_Munim_Pak"},{"link_name":"Jan Muhammad of Jalna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Muhammad_of_Jalna"},{"link_name":"Muhibullah Allahabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhibullah_Allahabadi"},{"link_name":"Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Kalim_Allah_Jahanabadi"},{"link_name":"Sultan Bahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Bahu"},{"link_name":"Syed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Rehman_Jilani_Dehlvi"},{"link_name":"Zeb-un-Nissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeb-un-Nissa"},{"link_name":"Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawaja_Muhammad_Zaman_of_Luari"},{"link_name":"Syed Shah Afzal Biabani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Shah_Afzal_Biabani"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Ali Dihlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_Dihlawi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Suleman Taunsvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Suleman_Taunsvi"},{"link_name":"Sakhi Shah Chan Charagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazrat_Sakhi_Shah_Chan_Charagh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sachal Sarmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachal_Sarmast"},{"link_name":"Murtada al-Zabidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi"},{"link_name":"Bedil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadir_Bux_Bedil"},{"link_name":"Bekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mohsin_Bekas"},{"link_name":"Mian Muhammad Bakhsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Bakhsh"},{"link_name":"Rohal Faqir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohal_Faqir"},{"link_name":"Saleh Muhammad Safoori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Muhammad_Safoori"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Usman Damani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Usman_Damani"},{"link_name":"Maulvi Ghulam Rasool Alampuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulvi_Ghulam_Rasool_Alampuri"},{"link_name":"Fazal Ali Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazal_Ali_Qureshi"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Ghulam Farid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Maharvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Maharvi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Channan_Shah_Nuri"},{"link_name":"Sayyad Laal Shah Hamdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyad_Laal_Shah_Hamdani"},{"link_name":"Ata Hussain Fani Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Hussain_Fani_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Syed Shah Murid Ali al-Qadri al-Jilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat_Maulana_Syed_Shah_Murshed_Ali_Alquadri_Al_Jilani"},{"link_name":"Mewa Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_Shah"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Abdul Ghaffar Naqshbandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Abdul_Ghaffar_Naqshbandi"},{"link_name":"Syed Misri Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Misri_Shah"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Nizam ad Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Nizam_ad_Din"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Qasim Sadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Sadiq"},{"link_name":"Shams Ali Qalandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_Ali_Qalandar"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Mahmud Agha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Mahmud_Agha"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Sahib Husayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Sahib_Husayni"},{"link_name":"Maula Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maula_Shah"},{"link_name":"Machiliwale Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrath_Machiliwale_Shah"},{"link_name":"Syed Muhammad Zauqi Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Zauqi_Shah"},{"link_name":"Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajuddin_Muhammad_Badruddin"},{"link_name":"Waris Ali Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Ali_Shah"},{"link_name":"Mahmoodullah Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoodullah_Shah"},{"link_name":"Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Mazhar_Jan-e-Janaan"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Hussain Gilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Hussain_Gilani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pir Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Irani"},{"link_name":"Barkat Ali Ludhianwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkat_Ali_Ludhianwi"},{"link_name":"Syed Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Rashid_Ahmed_Jaunpuri"}],"text":"Arya, Gholam-Ali (2015). \"Bahāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Zakariyyāʾ Multānī\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.vteMuslim saints in South Asia700s-800s\nAbdullah Shah Ghazi\n900s-1000s\nAli al-Hujwiri (Data Ganj Bakhsh)\n1100s-1200s\nBaba Farid\nMoinuddin Chishti\nBaba Fakruddin\nQutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki\nUsman Harooni\nLal Shahbaz Qalandar\nBahauddin Zakariya\nIsmail Qureshi al Hashmi\nHajib Shakarbar\nImam Ali-ul-Haq\nTajuddin Chishti\nJalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari\nSyed Ahmad Sultan\nAlauddin Sabir Kaliyari\nRukn-e-Alam\nPir Mangho\nNizamuddin Auliya\nAbdur-Razzaq Nurul-Ain\nAlaul Haq Pandavi\nBu Ali Shah Qalandar\nBurhanuddin Gharib\nGanj Rawan Ganj Baksh\nKhawaja Awais Kagha\nNasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi\nShah e Alam\nMakhdoom Husamudeen Manikpuri\nMakhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri\nMakhdoom Yahya Maneri\n1300s-1400s\nShamsuddin Sabzwari\nAkhi Siraj Aainae Hind\nZainuddin Shirazi\nZar Zari Zar Baksh\nIbrahim Yukpasi\nShah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar\nJahaniyan Jahangasht\nShah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani\nAbdul Quddus Gangohi\nNasiruddin Sailani Badesha\nBande Nawaz\nMakhdoom Bilawal\nSalim Chishti\nWajihuddin Alvi\nNagore Shahul Hamid\nMadin Sahib\nMakhdoom Ali Mahimi\nShah Yaqeeq Bukhari\n1500s-1600s\nPir Baba\nBaba Shadi Shaheed\nJamali Kamboh\nMuhammad Ghawth\nShah Abdul Karim Bulri\nShah Abdul Latif Bhittai\nDaud Bandagi Kirmani\nHaji Bahadar Ali Abdullah Shah\nBaba Budan\nMadho Lal Hussain\nShah Inayat Shaheed\nShah Inat Rizvi\nBaba Shah Jamal\nAbdul Hamid Baba\nRahman Baba\nBari Imam\nMir Mukhtar Akhyar\nPir Hashim\nShah Inayat Qadiri\nMuhammad Qadiri\nSyed Musa Pak\nBulleh Shah\nAli Haider Multani\nMian Mir\nShah Badakhshi\nBibi Jamal Khatun\nJahanara Begum\nMakhdoom Shah Muhammad Munim Pak\nJan Muhammad of Jalna\nMuhibullah Allahabadi\nShah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi\nSultan Bahu\nSyed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi\nZeb-un-Nissa\n1700s-1800s\nKhawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari\nSyed Shah Afzal Biabani\nGhulam Ali Dihlawi\nMuhammad Suleman Taunsvi\nSakhi Shah Chan Charagh\nSachal Sarmast\nMurtada al-Zabidi\nBedil\nBekas\nMian Muhammad Bakhsh\nRohal Faqir\nSaleh Muhammad Safoori\nMuhammad Usman Damani\nMaulvi Ghulam Rasool Alampuri\nFazal Ali Qureshi\nKhwaja Ghulam Farid\nMuhammad Maharvi\nMuhammad Channan Shah Nuri\nSayyad Laal Shah Hamdani\nAta Hussain Fani Chishti\nSyed Shah Murid Ali al-Qadri al-Jilani\nMewa Shah\nKhwaja Abdul Ghaffar Naqshbandi\nSyed Misri Shah\nKhwaja Nizam ad Din\nMuhammad Qasim Sadiq\nShams Ali Qalandar\nSayyid Mahmud Agha\nSayyid Sahib Husayni\nMaula Shah\nMachiliwale Shah\nSyed Muhammad Zauqi Shah\nTajuddin Muhammad Badruddin\nWaris Ali Shah\nMahmoodullah Shah\nMirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan\n1900s-2000s\nAhmad Hussain Gilani\nPir Irani\nBarkat Ali Ludhianwi\nFarid-ud-Din Qadri\nSyed Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri\nThis table only includes figures venerated traditionally by the majority of Muslims in the Subcontinent, whence persons honored exclusively by particular modern movements are not included.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shrine of Baha-ud-Din Zakariya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tomb_of_Bahaudin_Zikariya_Multan.jpg/260px-Tomb_of_Bahaudin_Zikariya_Multan.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Suhrawardiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrawardiyya"}]
|
[{"reference":"Qamar al-huda (8 August 2005). Striving for Divine union: The Spiritual exercises of the Suhrawardi Sufis. Routledge Sufi. ISBN 0700716874.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Striving-Divine-Union-Spiritual-Exercises-ebook-dp-B000PLXCHM/dp/B000PLXCHM/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=","url_text":"Striving for Divine union: The Spiritual exercises of the Suhrawardi Sufis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700716874","url_text":"0700716874"}]},{"reference":"Karīma, Ānoẏārula (1980). The Bauls of Bangladesh: A Study of an Obscure Religious Cult. Lalan Academy.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hIaAAAAMAAJ&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university","url_text":"The Bauls of Bangladesh: A Study of an Obscure Religious Cult"}]},{"reference":"Singh. The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131717530.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university&pg=RA1-PA78","url_text":"The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131717530","url_text":"9788131717530"}]},{"reference":"Joshi, Rekha (1979). Sultan Iltutmish. Bharatiya Publishing House.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KR4hAAAAMAAJ&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university","url_text":"Sultan Iltutmish"}]},{"reference":"\"Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariya Multani\". Journey of a Seeker Of Sacred Knowledge. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://seekerofthesacredknowledge.wordpress.com/biographies-of-awliya-allah/hazrat-bahauddin-zakariya-multani/","url_text":"\"Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariya Multani\""}]},{"reference":"Masood Lohar (5 October 2004). \"Saint revered by people of all religions\". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 20 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1066533","url_text":"\"Saint revered by people of all religions\""}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110645.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university&pg=PA245","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645","url_text":"9788124110645"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110645.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university&pg=PA245","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645","url_text":"9788124110645"}]},{"reference":"Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992). The Soomras. Beacon Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRHAAAAMAAJ&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university","url_text":"The Soomras"}]},{"reference":"University of Calcutta (1891). Calcutta review. University of Calcutta. p. 251. Retrieved 10 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G6SgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA251","url_text":"Calcutta review"}]},{"reference":"Dawn Staff Correspondent (27 October 2017). \"Urs of Bahauddin Zakariya begins in Multan\". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 15 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1366492","url_text":"\"Urs of Bahauddin Zakariya begins in Multan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahauddin Zakariya Urs celebrations begin in Multan\". Pakistan Today (newspaper). 28 November 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/11/28/bahauddin-zakariya-urs-celebrations-begin-in-multan/","url_text":"\"Bahauddin Zakariya Urs celebrations begin in Multan\""}]},{"reference":"Aamir Majeed (5 November 2016). \"Fareed Express Train collision report to be submitted to minister on Monday\". Pakistan Today (newspaper). Retrieved 15 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/05/fareed-express-train-collision-report-to-be-submitted-to-minister-on-monday/","url_text":"\"Fareed Express Train collision report to be submitted to minister on Monday\""}]},{"reference":"Arya, Gholam-Ali (2015). \"Bahāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Zakariyyāʾ Multānī\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/baha-al-din-abu-muhammad-zakariyya-multani-COM_00000031","url_text":"\"Bahāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Zakariyyāʾ Multānī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer","url_text":"Krämer, Gudrun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson","url_text":"Rowson, Everett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830","url_text":"1873-9830"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahauddin_Zakariya¶ms=30_12_02_N_71_28_35_E_","external_links_name":"30°12′02″N 71°28′35″E / 30.20056°N 71.47639°E / 30.20056; 71.47639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahauddin_Zakariya¶ms=30_12_02_N_71_28_35_E_","external_links_name":"30°12′02″N 71°28′35″E / 30.20056°N 71.47639°E / 30.20056; 71.47639"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Striving-Divine-Union-Spiritual-Exercises-ebook-dp-B000PLXCHM/dp/B000PLXCHM/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=","external_links_name":"Striving for Divine union: The Spiritual exercises of the Suhrawardi Sufis"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hIaAAAAMAAJ&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university","external_links_name":"The Bauls of Bangladesh: A Study of an Obscure Religious Cult"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university&pg=RA1-PA78","external_links_name":"The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KR4hAAAAMAAJ&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university","external_links_name":"Sultan Iltutmish"},{"Link":"https://seekerofthesacredknowledge.wordpress.com/biographies-of-awliya-allah/hazrat-bahauddin-zakariya-multani/","external_links_name":"\"Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariya Multani\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1066533","external_links_name":"\"Saint revered by people of all religions\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university&pg=PA245","external_links_name":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university&pg=PA245","external_links_name":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRHAAAAMAAJ&q=bahauddin+zakariya+-university","external_links_name":"The Soomras"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G6SgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA251","external_links_name":"Calcutta review"},{"Link":"http://www.citymultan.com/zakaria.html","external_links_name":"Mausoleum of Shah Bahauddin Zakariya"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403202548/http://www.citymultan.com/zakaria.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1366492","external_links_name":"\"Urs of Bahauddin Zakariya begins in Multan\""},{"Link":"https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/11/28/bahauddin-zakariya-urs-celebrations-begin-in-multan/","external_links_name":"\"Bahauddin Zakariya Urs celebrations begin in Multan\""},{"Link":"https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/05/fareed-express-train-collision-report-to-be-submitted-to-minister-on-monday/","external_links_name":"\"Fareed Express Train collision report to be submitted to minister on Monday\""},{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/baha-al-din-abu-muhammad-zakariyya-multani-COM_00000031","external_links_name":"\"Bahāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Zakariyyāʾ Multānī\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830","external_links_name":"1873-9830"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
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Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
N-carbonohydrazonoyl dicyanide
Identifiers
CAS Number
370-86-5 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive imageInteractive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:75458 N
ChEMBL
ChEMBL457504 Y
ChemSpider
3213 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.006.119
MeSH
FCCP
PubChem CID
3330
UNII
SQR3W2FLV5 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID40190494
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H5F3N4O/c11-10(12,13)18-9-3-1-7(2-4-9)16-17-8(5-14)6-15/h1-4,16H YKey: BMZRVOVNUMQTIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C10H5F3N4O/c11-10(12,13)18-9-3-1-7(2-4-9)16-17-8(5-14)6-15/h1-4,16HKey: BMZRVOVNUMQTIN-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES
C1=CC(=CC=C1NN=C(C#N)C#N)OC(F)(F)FFC(F)(F)Oc1ccc(cc1)N/N=C(\C#N)C#N
Properties
Chemical formula
C10H5F3N4O
Molar mass
254.16811 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) is an ionophore that is a mobile ion carrier. It is referred to as an uncoupling agent because it disrupts ATP synthesis by transporting hydrogen ions through the mitochondrial membrane before they can be used to provide the energy for oxidative phosphorylation. It is a nitrile and hydrazone. FCCP was first described in 1962 by Heytler.
See also
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)
References
^ FCCP - Compound Summary, PubChem.
^ MeSH Descriptor Data, MeSH.
^ Heytler, P G (1962). "A new class of uncoupling agents — Carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazones". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 7 (4): 272–275. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(62)90189-4. PMID 13907155.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ionophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionophore"},{"link_name":"ion carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_carrier"},{"link_name":"uncoupling agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncoupler"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_synthase"},{"link_name":"hydrogen ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ions"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_membrane"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"nitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile"},{"link_name":"hydrazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chemical compoundCarbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) is an ionophore that is a mobile ion carrier. It is referred to as an uncoupling agent because it disrupts ATP synthesis by transporting hydrogen ions through the mitochondrial membrane before they can be used to provide the energy for oxidative phosphorylation.[2] It is a nitrile and hydrazone. FCCP was first described in 1962 by Heytler.[3]","title":"Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_cyanide_m-chlorophenyl_hydrazone"}]
|
[{"reference":"Heytler, P G (1962). \"A new class of uncoupling agents — Carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazones\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 7 (4): 272–275. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(62)90189-4. PMID 13907155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291X%2862%2990189-4","url_text":"10.1016/0006-291X(62)90189-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13907155","url_text":"13907155"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=370-86-5","external_links_name":"370-86-5"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DCC%28%3DCC%3DC1NN%3DC%28C%23N%29C%23N%29OC%28F%29%28F%29F","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=FC%28F%29%28F%29Oc1ccc%28cc1%29N%2FN%3DC%28%5CC%23N%29C%23N","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=75458","external_links_name":"CHEBI:75458"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL457504","external_links_name":"ChEMBL457504"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3213.html","external_links_name":"3213"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.006.119","external_links_name":"100.006.119"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=FCCP","external_links_name":"FCCP"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3330","external_links_name":"3330"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/SQR3W2FLV5","external_links_name":"SQR3W2FLV5"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID40190494","external_links_name":"DTXSID40190494"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=414048120&page2=Carbonyl+cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3330&loc=ec_rcs","external_links_name":"FCCP - Compound Summary"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2007/MB_cgi?mode=&term=FCCP","external_links_name":"MeSH Descriptor Data"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291X%2862%2990189-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/0006-291X(62)90189-4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13907155","external_links_name":"13907155"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Indianapolis_500
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1989 Indianapolis 500
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["1 Background and offseason","1.1 Track improvements","1.2 Rule changes","1.3 Team and driver changes","2 Race schedule","3 Practice – week 1","3.1 Saturday May 6","3.2 Sunday May 7","3.3 Monday May 8","3.4 Tuesday May 9","3.5 Wednesday May 10","3.6 Thursday May 11","3.7 Friday May 12","4 Time trials – first weekend","4.1 Saturday May 13","4.2 Sunday May 14 – Pole day","5 Practice – week 2","6 Time trials – second weekend","6.1 Third Day time trials – Saturday May 20","6.2 Bump Day time trials – Sunday May 21","7 Starting grid","7.1 Alternates","7.2 Failed to Qualify","8 Race summary","8.1 Start","8.2 Mid race","8.3 Finish","9 Box score","9.1 Race statistics","10 Quotes","11 Broadcasting","11.1 Radio","11.2 Television","12 1988–89 USAC Gold Crown Championship","12.1 Final points standings (Top five)","13 Gallery","14 Notes","14.1 References","14.2 Works cited","14.3 External links"]
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73rd running of the Indianapolis 500
73rd Indianapolis 500Indianapolis Motor SpeedwayIndianapolis 500Sanctioning bodyUSACSeason1989 CART season1988–89 Gold CrownDateMay 28, 1989Winner Emerson FittipaldiWinning teamPatrick RacingAverage speed167.581 mph (269.695 km/h)Pole position Rick MearsPole speed223.885 mph (360.308 km/h)Fastest qualifier Rick MearsRookie of the Year Bernard Jourdain & Scott Pruett (tie)Most laps led Emerson Fittipaldi (158)Pre-race ceremoniesNational anthemTom Hudnut"Back Home Again in Indiana"Jim NaborsStarting commandMary F. HulmanPace carPontiac Trans AmPace car driverBobby UnserStarterDuane SweeneyEstimated attendance400,000TV in the United StatesNetworkABCAnnouncersHost/Lap-by-lap: Paul PageColor Analyst: Sam PoseyColor Analyst: Bobby UnserNielsen ratings7.8 / 28Chronology
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1988
1990
The 73rd Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 28, 1989. The race was won by two-time Formula One World Drivers' Champion Emerson Fittipaldi. Fittipaldi's victory made him the first Indianapolis 500 winner from Brazil, the first foreign-born winner of the race since Mario Andretti in 1969, and the first non-American winner since Graham Hill in 1966. Though Fittipaldi started on the front row and dominated much of the race, he found himself running second in the waning laps. Michael Andretti passed Fittipaldi for the lead on lap 154, then led until his engine blew. Al Unser Jr. moved up to second, but trailed Fittipaldi by a big margin. Gambling on fuel mileage, Unser caught up to Fittipaldi after a fortuitous caution period on lap 181, and subsequently took the lead on lap 196.
On the 199th lap, Unser was leading Fittipaldi, at which time the two leaders encountered slower traffic. Down the backstretch, Unser and Fittipaldi weaved through the slower cars, then Fittipaldi dived underneath going into turn three. The two cars touched wheels, and Unser spun out, crashing into the outside retaining wall. Fittipaldi completed the final lap under caution behind the pace car to score his first of two Indy 500 victories. Unser was uninjured, and despite the crash, was still credited with second place. Fittipaldi received $1,001,600 in prize money, the first time an Indianapolis 500 winner received over one million dollars.
After dominating the previous year's race, all three cars of the Penske team failed to finish the race in 1989. Danny Sullivan suffered a broken arm in a practice crash, and mechanical failures sidelined all three cars on race day. It was the only year in the decade of the 1980s, and the first time since 1976, that the Penske team failed to score a top five finish. However, Fittipaldi won the race in a Penske PC-18, which Patrick Racing had purchased from Penske.
The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1989 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. At season's end, Fittipaldi became the fourth driver since 1979 to win the Indy 500 and CART championship in the same season. The win was also Patrick Racing's third and final Indy victory. Former driver Chip Ganassi, who had become a co-owner at Patrick Racing in 1989, enjoyed his first of six Indy wins (as of 2022) as a car owner or co-owner.
Background and offseason
Track improvements
Speedway management resurfaced the entire track with asphalt during the summer of 1988, which would result in higher overall speeds for 1989. The last time the track had been repaved was in 1976. The apron at the bottom of the track (typically used for warm-up and cool-down laps, as well as an escape lane for slowing cars), which was previously known to be bumpy, relatively flat, and usually avoided by drivers, was also repaved. The racing surface was separated from the apron by a painted white line. The smooth and re-profiled apron was now tempting drivers to dip below the white line in practice and during the race. Drivers were starting to treat the apron as an extension of the track width. USAC announced penalties would be assessed for driving with four wheels below the white line excessively, other than to make routine passes in heavy traffic.
The rough and bumpy concrete pit lane was also paved over in asphalt and a guardrail was installed to protect the crew members in the sign board area. The newly paved pit area made egress and ingress to the pits smoother and safer, but also sharply increased entrance and exit speeds, potentially putting crew members at risk. Within a few years, after a succession of incidents on the Indy car circuit, as well as in NASCAR, pit road speed limits would be implemented to curtail excessive speeding through the pit lane. In addition the pneumatic jacks built into the cars were found to be embedding themselves into the soft asphalt of the pit lane. This necessitated crews to affix steel plates on the pit lane to accommodate the jacks (a practice that was also later deemed unsafe). In 1994, this would be finally be solved when the individual pit boxes were resurfaced in concrete.
Rule changes
Goodyear arrived at the track providing both a hard and soft compound tire. The exclusive tire provider spent the off-season developing new tires that were better-suited to the newly repaved track. Teams were permitted to run either compound at any time, however, they were required to start the race on the same tires that they used during time trials. All teams qualified on the soft compounds, thus all were required to start the race on soft compounds. Teams electing to switch to hard compound tires for the race could do so on their first pit stop.
Team and driver changes
Cosworth DFS "short stroke" engine
Team and driver changes were highlighted by Bobby Rahal's departure from Truesports. For 1989, Rahal switched to the Maurice Kranes Kraco Racing Team (A year later, the team would merge with Galles). Rahal, along with Arie Luyendyk at Dick Simon Racing, fielded the new Cosworth DFS "short stroke", and updated version of the mainstay DFV. However, Rahal's DFS engine blew during Carburetion Day practice, and for race day the team would have to revert to a previous generation DFX.
Rookie Scott Pruett, the IMSA GTO and SCCA Trans-Am champion, moved to the Indy car ranks, and took over the vacated seat at Truesports. The team would continue to field the Judd powerplant. After a noteworthy 6th-place performance in the 1988 race, Jim Crawford was back at King Racing.
Patrick Racing was once again a one-car effort for 1989, after periodically running two cars in previous seasons. Pat Patrick had announced that he was planning to retire after the 1989 season, and Chip Ganassi joined the team as co-owner. After the season, Ganassi would take over the team and it would become Chip Ganassi Racing. As part of the arrangement, the Marlboro-sponsored Patrick Racing would run Penske chassis (PC-18), while Penske Racing would receive sponsorship money from Marlboro to run a third car for Al Unser Sr.
Newman Haas Racing also made headlines, expanding to a two-car team for 1989. Mario Andretti was joined by his son Michael to form a two-car Andretti effort. It was also Michael's first opportunity to field the Chevrolet engine. Michael had previously driven for the Kraco Racing Team.
Alfa Romeo joined the CART series with Alex Morales Motorsports in 1989. However, they were not yet ready to compete at Indianapolis. Their debut would actually come a couple weeks later at Detroit. As a result, driver Roberto Guerrero would miss the Indy 500 for the first time since he arrived as a rookie in 1984.
Absent from the race as a driver was Dick Simon, who retired at the end of the 1988 season. Simon had been a participant at Indy since 1970, but was still entered as owner of Dick Simon Racing.
Race schedule
Race schedule – April/May, 1989
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
23
24
25
26
27
28ROP
29ROP
30ROP
1
2
3
4
5
6Practice
7Practice
8Practice
9Practice
10Practice
11Practice
12Practice
13Time Trials
14Time Trials
15Practice
16Practice
17Practice
18Practice
19Practice
20Time Trials
21Time Trials
22
23
24
25Carb Day
26Mini-Marathon
27Parade
28Indy 500
29Memorial Day
30
31
Color
Notes
Green
Practice
Dark Blue
Time trials
Silver
Race day
Red
Rained out*
Blank
No track activity
* Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain
ROP – denotes RookieOrientation Program
Practice – week 1
Saturday May 6
Opening day was Saturday May 6. Only eleven cars took to the track on a cold 45 °F (7 °C) day, which saw snow flurries in the morning and the afternoon. Arie Luyendyk (213.657 mph (343.848 km/h)) led the speed chart for the day.
Sunday May 7
Practice picked up on Sunday May 7, with 44 cars taking to the track. Emerson Fittipaldi (221.347 mph (356.223 km/h)) set the fastest lap of practice thus far. Michael Andretti was also over 220 mph (350 km/h).
Monday May 8
Rick Mears set an all-time unofficial track record at 225.733 mph (363.282 km/h), the first ever practice lap over 225 mph (362 km/h) at the Speedway. His teammate Al Unser was close behind at 224.831 mph (361.830 km/h).
Tuesday May 9
Rain washed out practice.
Wednesday May 10
Rookie Steve Butler crashed in turn 4, suffering a broken collarbone, sidelining him for the month. The speeds were slightly down from Monday, with Al Unser topping the chart at 223.380 mph (359.495 km/h).
Thursday May 11
At 4:11 p.m. on Thursday May 11, Danny Sullivan's car lost the engine cover, causing him to break into a 180° spin in turn three. The car hit the wall hard with the right side. Sullivan suffered a mild concussion and a fractured right arm. Sullivan would be forced to sit out the first weekend of time trials. High winds kept the speeds down, with Jim Crawford in a Buick V-6 (221.021 mph (355.699 km/h)) the best lap of the day.
Friday May 12
Rick Mears blistered the track on the final day of practice before time trials. His lap of 226.231 mph (364.084 km/h) was the fastest practice lap ever run at the Speedway. Jim Crawford and Al Unser also topped 225 mph (362 km/h). Mears finished the week as the favorite for the pole position.
Time trials – first weekend
Saturday May 13
Pole day was scheduled for Saturday May 13. Rain, however, washed out the entire day. All time trial activities were postponed until Sunday.
Sunday May 14 – Pole day
On Sunday May 14, pole day time trials were held. Per USAC rules at the time, the cars would be allowed one trip through the qualifying draw order, and the pole round would be concluded. Al Unser Sr. drew first in line, and was the first driver to make an attempt. Unser set a track record on all four laps, and put himself on the provisional pole position with a track record run of 223.471 mph (359.642 km/h).
A busy hour of qualifying saw several cars complete runs. Scott Brayton, Scott Pruett, Bernard Jourdain, Teo Fabi, and Michael Andretti were among those who completed runs. Bobby Rahal and A. J. Foyt followed, and the field was already filled to eleven cars by 1:30 p.m.
At 2 p.m., Mario Andretti (220.486 mph (354.838 km/h)) tentatively put himself third. The next car out, however, was pole favorite Rick Mears. Mears set a one-lap track record of 224.254 mph (360.902 km/h), and a four-lap record of 223.885 mph (360.308 km/h) to secure the pole position. Minutes later, it was announced that Michael Andretti's car failed post-qualifying inspection. His run was disallowed as the car found to be 4.5 pounds underweight.
With Mears and Unser Sr. firmly holding the top two spots, the rest of the session focused on which driver would round out the front row in third starting position. Jim Crawford, in the Buick V-6, set a stock block track record of 221.450 mph (356.389 km/h) to sit in third at 2:40 p.m. Twenty minutes later, though, Emerson Fittipaldi took to the track, the final car eligible for the pole round. His run of 222.329 mph (357.804 km/h) put him on the outside of the front row, and bumped Crawford back to the inside of row two.
After the pole position round was settled, the "Second Day" of time trials commenced at 3:15 p.m. Second day qualifiers would line up behind the first day qualifiers. Michael Andretti re-qualified at 218.774 mph (352.083 km/h) (the 8th fastest car in the field), but was forced to start 22nd as a second-day qualifier. Andretti complained he could not get to the proper level of turbocharger boost due a possibly malfunctioning pop-off valve, but USAC took no action. Tom Sneva had an impressive first lap of 223.176 mph (359.167 km/h), but blew his engine before the run was completed. At the end of the day, the field was filled to 26 cars.
Practice – week 2
Practice during the second week was light, with many qualified drivers practicing in back-up cars. Most of the focus was on the non-qualified drivers, and the recovery status of Danny Sullivan. The Penske Team started preparing a back-up machine for Sullivan, with Geoff Brabham selected to shake the car down.
Danny Sullivan returned to the cockpit on Thursday May 18. He completed about 10-12 hot laps, with a top speed of 213.118 mph (342.980 km/h). Jim Crawford crashed his already-qualified car in turn 3. A suspension piece broke as he entered the turn, and the car spun into the outside wall. The team would repair the machine.
Rain washed out practice on "Fast" Friday May 19, the third day overall lost during the month.
Time trials – second weekend
Third Day time trials – Saturday May 20
On the third day of time trials, Danny Sullivan qualified comfortably at 216.027 mph (347.662 km/h). Sullivan was the fastest car of the day, followed by Kevin Cogan and Rocky Moran. Two crashes occurred during the day, involving Buddy Lazier and Steve Saleen. Neither would manage to qualify. At the end of the third day, the field was filled to 31 cars.
Bump Day time trials – Sunday May 21
On Bump Day, much of the attention was focused on three-time Indy winner Johnny Rutherford, the biggest name who had not yet qualified. As the day opened, Billy Vukovich III (216.698 mph (348.742 km/h)) put his car in the field with an impressive run, ranked 16th-fastest overall. The second car to qualify was Johnny Rutherford, who completed his run at 213.097 mph (342.946 km/h). The field was now filled to 33 cars. Davy Jones (211.475 mph (340.336 km/h)) was the slowest car in the field, and now on the bubble.
John Paul Jr. bumped Davy Jones out of the field at 12:45 p.m. Paul was attempting to make a return to Indy after a four-year absence. His career was interrupted in 1986 when he was sentenced to five years in prison for his involvement in a drug trafficking ring with his father (John Paul Sr.) and subsequently refused to testify against him. He served a total of thirty months, being released in October 1988. Though tentatively in the field, Paul himself was now sitting on the bubble in 33rd at 211.969 mph (341.131 km/h).
The track activity went quiet during the heat of the afternoon. At 3 p.m., Davy Jones returned to the track and bumped his way back into the field with a run at 214.279 mph (344.849 km/h). That move put Phil Krueger (212.458 mph (341.918 km/h)) on the bubble. At 4:45 p.m., Pancho Carter bumped out Krueger. At that point, Johnny Rutherford (213.097 mph (342.946 km/h)) had now slipped down to the bubble spot.
Rutherford survived three attempts, and clung to the bubble spot nervously over the next hour. During that time, he put together a last-minute deal to step into a Foyt back-up car if necessary. He shook down the car with some practice laps, and appeared to be finding some speed. It was the second time in recent years that Rutherford was teaming up with Foyt on Bump Day. In 1984 Rutherford successfully bumped his way into the field with a Foyt backup car in the last ten minutes of time trials.
With fifteen minutes left in the day, Rich Vogler (213.239 mph (343.175 km/h)) bumped Johnny Rutherford from the field. Rutherford scrambled to get in line, and made it to the front with less than two minutes to spare. With the crowd cheering him on, at 5:58 p.m., Rutherford pulled out onto the track for one final attempt. He had a great warm-up lap of over 217 mph (349 km/h), but just after he took the green flag, his engine blew in turn one. Seconds later, the 6 o'clock gun went off. Rutherford failed to make the field for only the second time in his career. Rookie Bernard Jourdain held on to the final bubble spot, and the field was set.
Starting grid
R = Indianapolis 500 rookie, W = Former Indianapolis 500 winner
Row
Inside
Middle
Outside
1
Rick Mears W
Al Unser W
Emerson Fittipaldi
2
Jim Crawford
Mario Andretti W
Scott Brayton
3
Bobby Rahal W
Al Unser Jr.
Raul Boesel
4
A. J. Foyt W
Randy Lewis
John Andretti
5
Teo Fabi
Gary Bettenhausen
Arie Luyendyk
6
Tero Palmroth
Scott Pruett R
Ludwig Heimrath
7
Didier Theys R
Bernard Jourdain R
Michael Andretti
8
Tom Sneva W
Gordon Johncock W
Derek Daly
9
John Jones R
Danny Sullivan W
Kevin Cogan
10
Rocky Moran
Dominic Dobson
Bill Vukovich III
11
Davy Jones
Pancho Carter
Rich Vogler
Alternates
First alternate: Johnny Rutherford W (#98/#14T) – Bumped
Second alternate: Phil Krueger (#77) – Bumped
Failed to Qualify
John Paul Jr. (#39/#79/#97) – Bumped
Michael Greenfield R (#17/#63) – failed to qualify; wave off
Tony Bettenhausen Jr. (#17/#24) – failed to qualify; wave off
Steve Butler R (#61) – crashed in practice
Buddy Lazier (#35) – crashed in practice
Steve Saleen R (#59) – crashed in practice
Johnny Parsons (#59/#69) – crashed in practice
Scott Harrington (#44) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify
Tom Bigelow (#66) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify
Stan Fox (#84) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify
Steve Chassey (#79, #97) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify
Dale Coyne R (#39) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify
Dick Ferguson (#47) – did not take practice
Bobby Olivero – unknown
Race summary
Start
During one of the parade laps, veteran Gary Bettenhausen suffered a broken valve, and coasted to a stop on the mainstretch. He would be wheeled to the garage area without completing a single lap, and finished 33rd.
At the start, Emerson Fittipaldi jumped to the lead from the outside of the front row. He pulled out to a sizable lead over the first few laps. On the third lap, Kevin Cogan had a spectacular crash at the pit-entrance section of the front straightaway. His car made slight contact with the outside wall as he exited turn four, spun to the inside and made heavy contact with the inside pit wall. The car rebounded into the attenuating barrier at the pit entrance (also breaking the ABC Sports robo camera at the pit road entry), broke in two pieces, and slid on its side through the pits. The engine completely separated from the remains of the car and came to a stop in the pit area. Amazingly, Cogan climbed out unhurt.
Mid race
The race was dominated by Emerson Fittipaldi for the first 400 miles. During that stretch, several contenders retired due to mechanical failures, including all three Penske machines. Top-five contenders Bobby Rahal, Jim Crawford, and Arie Luyendyk also dropped out of the race. Mario Andretti experienced electrical problems, which caused him to lose significant ground to the leader. Michael Andretti, who had started in the seventh row, had been chasing Fittipaldi the entire race and by the 150-lap mark, he was within sights of the leader. Meanwhile, Al Unser Jr. remained on the lead lap in third place, despite being lapped earlier in the race. By this point, the three leaders had significant distance on the fourth place car of Raul Boesel. With less than 100 miles to go, Michael Andretti passed Fittipaldi for the lead, but his engine expired a few laps later. Fittipaldi regained the lead, with Al Unser Jr. second. The remainder of the field ran at least six laps behind.
A caution came out on lap 181 when Tero Palmroth lost a wheel in turn four. Leader Fittipaldi pitted for much-needed fuel, but he nearly stalled his engine as he pulled away. He lost several seconds on the stop, and was also blocked momentarily by a safety truck as he exited the pit area. Al Unser Jr. was running a distant second place, but the caution came partly to his advantage. On the previous rounds of pit stops, Unser Jr. had been experiencing slightly better fuel mileage than Fittipaldi. The team had been setting Unser up to potentially make it to the finish on one less pit stop than Fittipaldi. Under this late yellow, the team decided to gamble on track position, and Unser stayed out and did not to pit for fuel. Unser emerged just one car behind Fittipaldi. Team owner Rick Galles made the call not to pit – their fuel calculations were close enough that believed they could make it to the finish. Their reasoning was that even if Unser ran out of fuel on the final lap, they would still finish no worse than second since third place Raul Boesel was six laps behind.
Finish
When the race restarted on lap 186, Fittipaldi quickly built a 3-second lead while Unser struggled to get around the lapped car of Raul Boesel (3rd place). Boesel's car was spewing fluid, and appeared ready to blow. After clearing Boesel, Unser began closing dramatically. By lap 193 he was directly behind Fittipaldi, and a lap later he nearly touched wheels with him as the two drivers worked around the lapped cars of Derek Daly and Mario Andretti and battled for the lead. On lap 196, Unser passed Fittipaldi for the lead in turn three and began to pull away. Unser's light fuel load made him much faster on the straights but there was still considerable fear he might run out of fuel short of the finish line.
With two laps to go, Unser approached a line of slower cars consisting of Rocky Moran, Ludwig Heimrath Jr., Bernard Jourdain and John Jones. The two leaders were able to get around Moran easily in turn one, but Unser was held up behind Heimrath through turn two, allowing Fittipaldi to close in rapidly. On the backstretch, Fittipaldi pulled inside Unser, who then cut to the inside to pass Heimrath. Both cars ran side-by-side down the backstretch, going 3-wide to pass Jourdain on the inside as they entered turn 3. Unser remained on the racing line, with Fittipaldi down low on the warm-up apron. Near the apex of the corner, Fittipaldi's car oversteered and drifted slightly up the track, and the two cars touched wheels. Unser spun and crashed hard into the turn three wall, while Fittipaldi recovered from the drift and continued on. The yellow flag came out for the last lap with Fittpaldi leading, cruising around on his way to certain victory.
Unser emerged from his crashed car unhurt and stepped to the edge of the track to gesticulate at Fittipaldi as he drove by. According to Unser, at the last second he reconsidered and gave Fittipaldi a sporting thumbs-up instead, but some viewers interpreted his gesture as a mocking one. The pace car escorted the field around the final corner, and for the second year in a row, the race finished under caution. Emerson Fittipaldi took the checkered flag, his first of two Indy 500 victories. Despite the crash Unser was still credited with second place, having completed four more laps than Boesel in third. Boesel managed to nurse his failing motor to the checkered flag. The third place was his best Indy finish, and best finish to-date for Shierson Racing.
Fittipaldi's win was well-received by the Indy car community. Fittipaldi also spoke, in his native Portuguese, a greeting to the people in Brazil in victory lane, to the thunderous roars of the crowd. Al Unser Jr., after being checked out and released from the track hospital, congratulated his adversary on the win, and rejected theories that Fittipaldi intentionally crashed him in response to their previous year's tangle at the Meadowlands.
Box score
Finish
Start
No
Name
Qual
Chassis
Engine
Laps
Status
1
3
20
Emerson Fittipaldi
222.329
Penske PC-18
Ilmor-Chevrolet
200
167.581 mph
2
8
2
Al Unser Jr.
218.642
Lola T89/00
Ilmor-Chevrolet
198
Crash T3
3
9
30
Raul Boesel
218.228
Lola T89/00
Judd AV
194
Flagged
4
5
5
Mario Andretti W
220.485
Lola T89/00
Ilmor-Chevrolet
193
Flagged
5
10
14
A. J. Foyt W
217.135
Lola T89/00
Cosworth DFX
193
Flagged
6
6
22
Scott Brayton
220.458
Lola T89/00
Buick V-6
193
Flagged
7
31
50
Davy Jones
214.279
Lola T88/00
Cosworth DFX
192
Flagged
8
33
29
Rich Vogler
213.238
March 88C
Cosworth DFX
192
Flagged
9
20
69
Bernard Jourdain R
213.105
Lola T89/00
Cosworth DFX
191
Flagged
10
17
3
Scott Pruett R
213.955
Lola T89/00
Judd AV
190
Flagged
11
25
65
John Jones R
214.028
Lola T89/00
Cosworth DFX
189
Flagged
12
30
81
Billy Vukovich III
216.698
Lola T88/00
Judd AV
186
Flagged
13
18
71
Ludwig Heimrath
213.878
Lola T88/00
Judd AV
185
Flagged
14
28
33
Rocky Moran
214.212
March 86C
Cosworth DFX
181
Flagged
15
24
10
Derek Daly
214.237
Lola T89/00
Judd AV
167
Flagged
16
16
56
Tero Palmroth
214.203
Lola T88/00
Cosworth DFX
165
Spindle
17
21
6
Michael Andretti
218.774
Lola T89/00
Ilmor-Chevrolet
163
Engine
18
29
86
Dominic Dobson
213.590
Lola T88/00
Cosworth DFX
161
Engine
19
4
15
Jim Crawford
221.450
Lola T87/00
Buick V-6
135
Drive Train
20
19
12
Didier Theys R
213.120
Penske PC-17
Cosworth DFX
131
Engine
21
15
9
Arie Luyendyk
214.883
Lola T89/00
Cosworth DFS
123
Engine
22
32
24
Pancho Carter
214.067
Lola T89/00
Cosworth DFX
121
Electrical
23
1
4
Rick Mears W
223.885
Penske PC-18
Ilmor-Chevrolet
113
Engine
24
2
25
Al Unser W
223.471
Penske PC-18
Ilmor-Chevrolet
68
Clutch
25
12
70
John Andretti
215.611
Lola T88/00
Buick V-6
61
Engine
26
7
18
Bobby Rahal W
219.530
Lola T89/00
Cosworth DFS
58
Valve
27
22
7
Tom Sneva W
218.396
Lola T88/00
Buick V-6
55
Pit Fire
28
26
1
Danny Sullivan W
216.027
Penske PC-18
Ilmor-Chevrolet
41
Rear Axle
29
11
28
Randy Lewis
216.494
Lola T89/00
Cosworth DFX
24
Wheel Bearing
30
13
8
Teo Fabi
215.563
March 89P
Porsche
23
Ignition
31
23
91
Gordon Johncock W
215.072
Lola T88/00
Buick V-6
19
Engine
32
27
11
Kevin Cogan
214.569
March 88C
Cosworth DFX
4
Crash FS
33
14
99
Gary Bettenhausen
215.230
Lola T87/00
Buick V-6
0
Valve
W Former Indianapolis 500 winner
R Indianapolis 500 Rookie
All cars utilized Goodyear tires.
Race statistics
Lap Leaders
Laps
Leader
1–34
Emerson Fittipaldi
35
Mario Andretti
36
Raul Boesel
37–87
Emerson Fittipaldi
88–92
Michael Andretti
93–112
Emerson Fittipaldi
113–123
Michael Andretti
124–129
Emerson Fittipaldi
130–139
Michael Andretti
140–153
Emerson Fittipaldi
154–162
Michael Andretti
163
Emerson Fittipaldi
164–165
Al Unser Jr.
166–195
Emerson Fittipaldi
196–198
Al Unser Jr.
199–200
Emerson Fittipaldi
Total laps led
Driver
Laps
Emerson Fittipaldi
158
Michael Andretti
35
Al Unser Jr.
5
Mario Andretti
1
Raul Boesel
1
Cautions: 7 for 43 laps
Laps
Reason
5–14
Kevin Cogan crash in turn 4
61–65
Bobby Rahal stalled on track
128–131
Arie Luyendyk blown engine
139–149
Jim Crawford stalled on track
162–166
Michael Andretti blown engine
181–186
Tero Palmroth lost wheel in turn 4
199–200
Al Unser Jr. crash in turn 3
Quotes
"They're side-by-side, Emmo on the inside, Al covered traffic goes high, they touched wheels, Al Jr. hit into the wall hard, Emerson Fittipaldi keeps on going, they touched wheels, Al Jr. into the wall and Emerson Fittipaldi will lead them back to the yellow flag." – Larry Henry described the crash involving Al Unser Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi on Lap 198 for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network.
"Fittipaldi comes inside Little Al! A drag race on the back side again. … Slower traffic moves to the right. … Can Fittipaldi get past? Little Al brings it down low. … They touch! Little Al into the wall, Fittipaldi continues on! Little Al slams the wall, as Emerson Fittipaldi screams toward the white flag!" – Paul Page on ABC television.
Broadcasting
Radio
The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Lou Palmer served as the chief announcer for the second and final time. It would be Palmer's 32nd and final 500 as part of the radio crew. Bob Forbes reported from victory lane.
One of the more significant changes involved Howdy Bell, now becoming the "elder statesman" of the crew. After many years in turn two, then one year as a pit reporter, Bell revived the backstretch reporting location. Bell was utilized sparingly, mostly for observations and brief commentary. The on-air "Statistician" duty was eliminated for 1989. This would be Bob Lamey's last year in turn two, and Bob Jenkins' final year as the radio reporter in turn four.
The biggest departure for 1989 was that of pit reporter Luke Walton, who had joined the crew in the mid-1950s. From 1983 to 1988, Walton reprised his traditional role of introducing the starting command during the pre-race ceremonies, but did not have an active role during the race itself. Pit reporter Gary Gerould took over the duty of introducing the starting command, but it would be the final time that was done on the radio broadcast. Starting in 1990, the radio would instead simulcast the public address system during the pre-race ceremonies. This was Gerould's last year on the radio broadcast. He would work the TV broadcast starting in 1990. In addition, Chuck Marlowe switched from pit reporter to the garage area duties.
Three-time Indy winner Johnny Rutherford failed to qualify for the race, and joined the crew as "driver expert." Since Rutherford never again qualified for the race (and subsequently retired in 1994), he went on to become a long-time fixture on the broadcast. The 1989 race began what would be a 14-year run for Rutherford as the resident "driver expert."
After the race, during the off-season, the Speedway and Lou Palmer parted ways. A new Voice of the 500 would debut in 1990, along with many other changes.
Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network
Booth Announcers
Turn Reporters
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Chief Announcer: Lou Palmer
Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford
Historian: Donald Davidson
Turn 1: Jerry Baker
Turn 2: Bob Lamey
Backstretch: Howdy Bell
Turn 3: Larry Henry
Turn 4: Bob Jenkins
Ron Carrell (north pits)Bob Forbes (north-center)Sally Larvick (south-center pits)Gary Gerould (south pits)Chuck Marlowe (garages)
Television
The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. The 1989 race celebrated the 25th year of the Indy 500 on ABC. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer, accompanied by Bobby Unser and Sam Posey. At the start of the race, Unser drove the pace car, and reported live from the car during the pace laps.
Pit reporters Jack Arute and Brian Hammons were joined by Dr. Jerry Punch, who appeared at Indy for the first time.
The telecast would go on to win the Sports Emmy award for "Outstanding Live Sports Special."
ABC Television
Booth Announcers
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Host/Announcer: Paul Page
Color: Sam Posey
Color: Bobby Unser
Jack AruteBrian HammonsDr. Jerry Punch
1988–89 USAC Gold Crown Championship
The 1988–89 USAC Gold Crown Championship season consisted of one sanctioned race. The schedule was based on a split-calendar, beginning in June 1988 and running through May 1989. Starting in 1981, USAC scaled back their participation in top-level Indy car racing, and ultimately ceased sanctioning races outside of the Indianapolis 500 following their 1983–84 season. Subsequently the Gold Crown Championship would consist of only one event annually; the winner of the Indianapolis 500 would be the de facto Gold Crown champion, as it was their lone points-paying event. The preeminent national championship season was instead sanctioned by CART, and the Indy 500 paid championship points separately (on a different scale) toward the CART championship as well.
Emerson Fittipaldi, by virtue of winning the 1989 Indianapolis 500, also won the 1988–89 USAC Championship.
Final points standings (Top five)
Further information: List of American Championship car racing points scoring systems § USAC Gold Crown Championship 1981–1995
Pos
Driver
INDY
Pts
1
Emerson Fittipaldi
1
1000
2
Al Unser Jr.
2
800
3
Raul Boesel
3
700
4
Mario Andretti
4
600
5
A. J. Foyt
5
500
Gallery
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1989 Indianapolis 500.
1989 Pontiac Trans Am pace car
Notes
References
^ Fox, Jack C. (1994). The Illustrated History of the Indianapolis 500 1911-1994 (4th ed.). Carl Hungness Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 0-915088-05-3.
^ Ford, Lynn (May 29, 1989). "From Letterman to bikinis, fans found diversions". The Indianapolis Star. p. 7. Retrieved June 2, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Greatest 33 Profile: Emerson Fittipaldi". Indianapolis Motor Speedway. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
^ Mittman, Dick (May 27, 1989). "Mears is man on the fast track (Part 1)". The Indianapolis News. p. 1. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Mittman, Dick (May 27, 1989). "Mears is man on the fast track (Part 2)". The Indianapolis News. p. 5. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Schaffer, Rick (May 27, 1989). "Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 1)". The Indianapolis Star. p. 51. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Schaffer, Rick (May 27, 1989). "Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 2)". The Indianapolis Star. p. 67. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Motor Racing / Shav Glick : A Cosworth Comeback Is Key to Rahal Hopes". Los Angeles Times. 9 March 1989. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
^ In case you`re wondering why Roger Penske is supplying...
^ "SPORTS PEOPLE – Driver Gets 5 Years". The New York Times. May 8, 1986. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ Centennial Era Moments - The finish of the 1989 Indy 500 (Video). IndyCar. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved May 24, 2018. YouTube title:The finish of the 1989 Indy 500
^ Rollow, Cooper (May 29, 1989). "Disappointed Al Unser Jr. Applauds Fittipaldi's Win". Chicago Tribune. Tronc. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
^ Siano, Joseph (May 29, 1989). "Fittipaldi Wins Indy 500 After Collision With Unser". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
^ "IMS dismisses Palmer as 'Voice of Indy 500'". The Indianapolis Star. November 18, 1989. p. 20. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ O'Neill, John (December 2, 1989). "Why Lou Palmer fired still unclear". The Indianapolis Star. p. 31. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Jenkins To Anchor '500' Network". The Indianapolis Star. December 2, 1989. p. 34. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Fittipaldi honored by USAC". The Indianapolis Star. January 27, 1990. p. 20. Retrieved October 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
Works cited
1989 Indianapolis 500 Day-By-Day Trackside Report For the Media
Indianapolis 500 History: Race & All-Time Stats – Official Site
1989 Indianapolis 500 Radio Broadcast, Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network
External links
Gallery of photos from the event, official website of the Indianapolis 500 Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
Part 6: 1989 – Winning major prizes on the road to losing everything
1988 Indianapolis 500Rick Mears
1989 Indianapolis 500Emerson Fittipaldi
1990 Indianapolis 500Arie Luyendyk
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Speedway, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"World Drivers' Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Graham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hill"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"previous year's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Racing"},{"link_name":"Danny Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Penske PC-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_PC-18"},{"link_name":"Patrick Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Racing"},{"link_name":"USAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club"},{"link_name":"1989 CART PPG Indy Car World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"CART championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Patrick Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Racing"},{"link_name":"Chip Ganassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Indianapolis_500"}],"text":"The 73rd Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 28, 1989. The race was won by two-time Formula One World Drivers' Champion Emerson Fittipaldi. Fittipaldi's victory made him the first Indianapolis 500 winner from Brazil, the first foreign-born winner of the race since Mario Andretti in 1969, and the first non-American winner since Graham Hill in 1966. Though Fittipaldi started on the front row and dominated much of the race, he found himself running second in the waning laps. Michael Andretti passed Fittipaldi for the lead on lap 154, then led until his engine blew. Al Unser Jr. moved up to second, but trailed Fittipaldi by a big margin. Gambling on fuel mileage, Unser caught up to Fittipaldi after a fortuitous caution period on lap 181, and subsequently took the lead on lap 196.On the 199th lap, Unser was leading Fittipaldi, at which time the two leaders encountered slower traffic. Down the backstretch, Unser and Fittipaldi weaved through the slower cars, then Fittipaldi dived underneath going into turn three. The two cars touched wheels, and Unser spun out, crashing into the outside retaining wall. Fittipaldi completed the final lap under caution behind the pace car to score his first of two Indy 500 victories. Unser was uninjured, and despite the crash, was still credited with second place. Fittipaldi received $1,001,600 in prize money, the first time an Indianapolis 500 winner received over one million dollars.[3]After dominating the previous year's race, all three cars of the Penske team failed to finish the race in 1989. Danny Sullivan suffered a broken arm in a practice crash, and mechanical failures sidelined all three cars on race day. It was the only year in the decade of the 1980s, and the first time since 1976, that the Penske team failed to score a top five finish. However, Fittipaldi won the race in a Penske PC-18, which Patrick Racing had purchased from Penske.The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1989 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. At season's end, Fittipaldi became the fourth driver since 1979 to win the Indy 500 and CART championship in the same season. The win was also Patrick Racing's third and final Indy victory. Former driver Chip Ganassi, who had become a co-owner at Patrick Racing in 1989, enjoyed his first of six Indy wins (as of 2022) as a car owner or co-owner.","title":"1989 Indianapolis 500"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background and offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"}],"sub_title":"Track improvements","text":"Speedway management resurfaced the entire track with asphalt during the summer of 1988, which would result in higher overall speeds for 1989. The last time the track had been repaved was in 1976. The apron at the bottom of the track (typically used for warm-up and cool-down laps, as well as an escape lane for slowing cars), which was previously known to be bumpy, relatively flat, and usually avoided by drivers, was also repaved. The racing surface was separated from the apron by a painted white line. The smooth and re-profiled apron was now tempting drivers to dip below the white line in practice and during the race. Drivers were starting to treat the apron as an extension of the track width. USAC announced penalties would be assessed for driving with four wheels below the white line excessively, other than to make routine passes in heavy traffic.The rough and bumpy concrete pit lane was also paved over in asphalt and a guardrail was installed to protect the crew members in the sign board area. The newly paved pit area made egress and ingress to the pits smoother and safer, but also sharply increased entrance and exit speeds, potentially putting crew members at risk. Within a few years, after a succession of incidents on the Indy car circuit, as well as in NASCAR, pit road speed limits would be implemented to curtail excessive speeding through the pit lane. In addition the pneumatic jacks built into the cars were found to be embedding themselves into the soft asphalt of the pit lane. This necessitated crews to affix steel plates on the pit lane to accommodate the jacks (a practice that was also later deemed unsafe). In 1994, this would be finally be solved when the individual pit boxes were resurfaced in concrete.","title":"Background and offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News05-27-1989pg1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News05-27-1989pg5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star05-27-1989pg51-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star05-27-1989pg67-7"}],"sub_title":"Rule changes","text":"Goodyear arrived at the track providing both a hard and soft compound tire. The exclusive tire provider spent the off-season developing new tires that were better-suited to the newly repaved track. Teams were permitted to run either compound at any time, however, they were required to start the race on the same tires that they used during time trials. All teams qualified on the soft compounds, thus all were required to start the race on soft compounds. Teams electing to switch to hard compound tires for the race could do so on their first pit stop.[4][5][6][7]","title":"Background and offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CosworthDFSV8engine.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Truesports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truesports"},{"link_name":"Kraco Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraco_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Galles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles_Racing"},{"link_name":"Arie Luyendyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk"},{"link_name":"Dick Simon Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Simon_Racing"},{"link_name":"Cosworth DFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth_DFV#DFS"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"DFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth_DFV"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Scott Pruett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruett"},{"link_name":"IMSA GTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"Trans-Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Am_Series"},{"link_name":"Truesports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truesports"},{"link_name":"Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_(engine)"},{"link_name":"1988 race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Jim Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crawford_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"King Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Racing"},{"link_name":"Patrick Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Racing"},{"link_name":"Pat Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Patrick_(auto_racing)"},{"link_name":"Chip Ganassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi"},{"link_name":"Chip Ganassi Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi_Racing"},{"link_name":"PC-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_PC-18"},{"link_name":"Penske Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Racing"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Newman Haas Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman_Haas_Racing"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Kraco Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraco_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_motorsport"},{"link_name":"Alex Morales Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Morales_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Grand_Prix_(IndyCar)"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Dick Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Simon"},{"link_name":"1988 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Dick Simon Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Simon_Racing"}],"sub_title":"Team and driver changes","text":"Cosworth DFS \"short stroke\" engineTeam and driver changes were highlighted by Bobby Rahal's departure from Truesports. For 1989, Rahal switched to the Maurice Kranes Kraco Racing Team (A year later, the team would merge with Galles). Rahal, along with Arie Luyendyk at Dick Simon Racing, fielded the new Cosworth DFS \"short stroke\", and updated version of the mainstay DFV.[8] However, Rahal's DFS engine blew during Carburetion Day practice, and for race day the team would have to revert to a previous generation DFX.Rookie Scott Pruett, the IMSA GTO and SCCA Trans-Am champion, moved to the Indy car ranks, and took over the vacated seat at Truesports. The team would continue to field the Judd powerplant. After a noteworthy 6th-place performance in the 1988 race, Jim Crawford was back at King Racing.Patrick Racing was once again a one-car effort for 1989, after periodically running two cars in previous seasons. Pat Patrick had announced that he was planning to retire after the 1989 season, and Chip Ganassi joined the team as co-owner. After the season, Ganassi would take over the team and it would become Chip Ganassi Racing. As part of the arrangement, the Marlboro-sponsored Patrick Racing would run Penske chassis (PC-18), while Penske Racing would receive sponsorship money from Marlboro to run a third car for Al Unser Sr.[9]Newman Haas Racing also made headlines, expanding to a two-car team for 1989. Mario Andretti was joined by his son Michael to form a two-car Andretti effort. It was also Michael's first opportunity to field the Chevrolet engine. Michael had previously driven for the Kraco Racing Team.Alfa Romeo joined the CART series with Alex Morales Motorsports in 1989. However, they were not yet ready to compete at Indianapolis. Their debut would actually come a couple weeks later at Detroit. As a result, driver Roberto Guerrero would miss the Indy 500 for the first time since he arrived as a rookie in 1984.Absent from the race as a driver was Dick Simon, who retired at the end of the 1988 season. Simon had been a participant at Indy since 1970, but was still entered as owner of Dick Simon Racing.","title":"Background and offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arie Luyendyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk"}],"sub_title":"Saturday May 6","text":"Opening day was Saturday May 6. Only eleven cars took to the track on a cold 45 °F (7 °C) day, which saw snow flurries in the morning and the afternoon. Arie Luyendyk (213.657 mph (343.848 km/h)) led the speed chart for the day.","title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"}],"sub_title":"Sunday May 7","text":"Practice picked up on Sunday May 7, with 44 cars taking to the track. Emerson Fittipaldi (221.347 mph (356.223 km/h)) set the fastest lap of practice thus far. Michael Andretti was also over 220 mph (350 km/h).","title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Mears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Mears"},{"link_name":"Al Unser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser"}],"sub_title":"Monday May 8","text":"Rick Mears set an all-time unofficial track record at 225.733 mph (363.282 km/h), the first ever practice lap over 225 mph (362 km/h) at the Speedway. His teammate Al Unser was close behind at 224.831 mph (361.830 km/h).","title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tuesday May 9","text":"Rain washed out practice.","title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Butler"}],"sub_title":"Wednesday May 10","text":"Rookie Steve Butler crashed in turn 4, suffering a broken collarbone, sidelining him for the month. The speeds were slightly down from Monday, with Al Unser topping the chart at 223.380 mph (359.495 km/h).","title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Jim Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Crawford_(racing_driver)"}],"sub_title":"Thursday May 11","text":"At 4:11 p.m. on Thursday May 11, Danny Sullivan's car lost the engine cover, causing him to break into a 180° spin in turn three. The car hit the wall hard with the right side. Sullivan suffered a mild concussion and a fractured right arm. Sullivan would be forced to sit out the first weekend of time trials. High winds kept the speeds down, with Jim Crawford in a Buick V-6 (221.021 mph (355.699 km/h)) the best lap of the day.","title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Friday May 12","text":"Rick Mears blistered the track on the final day of practice before time trials. His lap of 226.231 mph (364.084 km/h) was the fastest practice lap ever run at the Speedway. Jim Crawford and Al Unser also topped 225 mph (362 km/h). Mears finished the week as the favorite for the pole position.","title":"Practice – week 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Time trials – first weekend"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saturday May 13","text":"Pole day was scheduled for Saturday May 13. Rain, however, washed out the entire day. All time trial activities were postponed until Sunday.","title":"Time trials – first weekend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Unser Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser"},{"link_name":"Scott Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brayton"},{"link_name":"Scott Pruett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruett"},{"link_name":"Bernard Jourdain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Jourdain"},{"link_name":"Teo Fabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Fabi"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Rick Mears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Mears"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Tom Sneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sneva"}],"sub_title":"Sunday May 14 – Pole day","text":"On Sunday May 14, pole day time trials were held. Per USAC rules at the time, the cars would be allowed one trip through the qualifying draw order, and the pole round would be concluded. Al Unser Sr. drew first in line, and was the first driver to make an attempt. Unser set a track record on all four laps, and put himself on the provisional pole position with a track record run of 223.471 mph (359.642 km/h).A busy hour of qualifying saw several cars complete runs. Scott Brayton, Scott Pruett, Bernard Jourdain, Teo Fabi, and Michael Andretti were among those who completed runs. Bobby Rahal and A. J. Foyt followed, and the field was already filled to eleven cars by 1:30 p.m.At 2 p.m., Mario Andretti (220.486 mph (354.838 km/h)) tentatively put himself third. The next car out, however, was pole favorite Rick Mears. Mears set a one-lap track record of 224.254 mph (360.902 km/h), and a four-lap record of 223.885 mph (360.308 km/h) to secure the pole position. Minutes later, it was announced that Michael Andretti's car failed post-qualifying inspection. His run was disallowed as the car found to be 4.5 pounds underweight.With Mears and Unser Sr. firmly holding the top two spots, the rest of the session focused on which driver would round out the front row in third starting position. Jim Crawford, in the Buick V-6, set a stock block track record of 221.450 mph (356.389 km/h) to sit in third at 2:40 p.m. Twenty minutes later, though, Emerson Fittipaldi took to the track, the final car eligible for the pole round. His run of 222.329 mph (357.804 km/h) put him on the outside of the front row, and bumped Crawford back to the inside of row two.After the pole position round was settled, the \"Second Day\" of time trials commenced at 3:15 p.m. Second day qualifiers would line up behind the first day qualifiers. Michael Andretti re-qualified at 218.774 mph (352.083 km/h) (the 8th fastest car in the field), but was forced to start 22nd as a second-day qualifier. Andretti complained he could not get to the proper level of turbocharger boost due a possibly malfunctioning pop-off valve, but USAC took no action. Tom Sneva had an impressive first lap of 223.176 mph (359.167 km/h), but blew his engine before the run was completed. At the end of the day, the field was filled to 26 cars.","title":"Time trials – first weekend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoff Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Brabham"}],"text":"Practice during the second week was light, with many qualified drivers practicing in back-up cars. Most of the focus was on the non-qualified drivers, and the recovery status of Danny Sullivan. The Penske Team started preparing a back-up machine for Sullivan, with Geoff Brabham selected to shake the car down.Danny Sullivan returned to the cockpit on Thursday May 18. He completed about 10-12 hot laps, with a top speed of 213.118 mph (342.980 km/h). Jim Crawford crashed his already-qualified car in turn 3. A suspension piece broke as he entered the turn, and the car spun into the outside wall. The team would repair the machine.Rain washed out practice on \"Fast\" Friday May 19, the third day overall lost during the month.","title":"Practice – week 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Time trials – second weekend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Cogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cogan"},{"link_name":"Rocky Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Moran"},{"link_name":"Buddy Lazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Lazier"},{"link_name":"Steve Saleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Saleen"}],"sub_title":"Third Day time trials – Saturday May 20","text":"On the third day of time trials, Danny Sullivan qualified comfortably at 216.027 mph (347.662 km/h). Sullivan was the fastest car of the day, followed by Kevin Cogan and Rocky Moran. Two crashes occurred during the day, involving Buddy Lazier and Steve Saleen. Neither would manage to qualify. At the end of the third day, the field was filled to 31 cars.","title":"Time trials – second weekend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Billy Vukovich III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Vukovich_III"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford_(driver)"},{"link_name":"Davy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jr._(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Davy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"John Paul Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Sr._(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Phil Krueger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Krueger"},{"link_name":"Pancho Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Carter"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Foyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Indianapolis_500#Third_Day_%E2%80%93_Saturday_May_19"},{"link_name":"Rich Vogler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Vogler"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Bernard Jourdain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Jourdain"}],"sub_title":"Bump Day time trials – Sunday May 21","text":"On Bump Day, much of the attention was focused on three-time Indy winner Johnny Rutherford, the biggest name who had not yet qualified. As the day opened, Billy Vukovich III (216.698 mph (348.742 km/h)) put his car in the field with an impressive run, ranked 16th-fastest overall. The second car to qualify was Johnny Rutherford, who completed his run at 213.097 mph (342.946 km/h). The field was now filled to 33 cars. Davy Jones (211.475 mph (340.336 km/h)) was the slowest car in the field, and now on the bubble.John Paul Jr. bumped Davy Jones out of the field at 12:45 p.m. Paul was attempting to make a return to Indy after a four-year absence. His career was interrupted in 1986 when he was sentenced to five years in prison for his involvement in a drug trafficking ring with his father (John Paul Sr.) and subsequently refused to testify against him. He served a total of thirty months, being released in October 1988.[10] Though tentatively in the field, Paul himself was now sitting on the bubble in 33rd at 211.969 mph (341.131 km/h).The track activity went quiet during the heat of the afternoon. At 3 p.m., Davy Jones returned to the track and bumped his way back into the field with a run at 214.279 mph (344.849 km/h). That move put Phil Krueger (212.458 mph (341.918 km/h)) on the bubble. At 4:45 p.m., Pancho Carter bumped out Krueger. At that point, Johnny Rutherford (213.097 mph (342.946 km/h)) had now slipped down to the bubble spot.Rutherford survived three attempts, and clung to the bubble spot nervously over the next hour. During that time, he put together a last-minute deal to step into a Foyt back-up car if necessary. He shook down the car with some practice laps, and appeared to be finding some speed. It was the second time in recent years that Rutherford was teaming up with Foyt on Bump Day. In 1984 Rutherford successfully bumped his way into the field with a Foyt backup car in the last ten minutes of time trials.With fifteen minutes left in the day, Rich Vogler (213.239 mph (343.175 km/h)) bumped Johnny Rutherford from the field. Rutherford scrambled to get in line, and made it to the front with less than two minutes to spare. With the crowd cheering him on, at 5:58 p.m., Rutherford pulled out onto the track for one final attempt. He had a great warm-up lap of over 217 mph (349 km/h), but just after he took the green flag, his engine blew in turn one. Seconds later, the 6 o'clock gun went off. Rutherford failed to make the field for only the second time in his career. Rookie Bernard Jourdain held on to the final bubble spot, and the field was set.","title":"Time trials – second weekend"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"R = Indianapolis 500 rookie, W = Former Indianapolis 500 winner","title":"Starting grid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Phil Krueger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Krueger"}],"sub_title":"Alternates","text":"First alternate: Johnny Rutherford W (#98/#14T) – Bumped\nSecond alternate: Phil Krueger (#77) – Bumped","title":"Starting grid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Paul Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jr._(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Michael Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Greenfield_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Tony Bettenhausen Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bettenhausen_Jr."},{"link_name":"Steve Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Butler"},{"link_name":"Buddy Lazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Lazier"},{"link_name":"Steve Saleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Saleen"},{"link_name":"Johnny Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Scott Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Harrington_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Tom Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"Stan Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Fox"},{"link_name":"Steve Chassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Chassey"},{"link_name":"Dale Coyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Coyne"},{"link_name":"Dick Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Bobby Olivero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Olivero"}],"sub_title":"Failed to Qualify","text":"John Paul Jr. (#39/#79/#97) – Bumped\nMichael Greenfield R (#17/#63) – failed to qualify; wave off\nTony Bettenhausen Jr. (#17/#24) – failed to qualify; wave off\nSteve Butler R (#61) – crashed in practice\nBuddy Lazier (#35) – crashed in practice\nSteve Saleen R (#59) – crashed in practice\nJohnny Parsons (#59/#69) – crashed in practice\nScott Harrington (#44) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify\nTom Bigelow (#66) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify\nStan Fox (#84) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify\nSteve Chassey (#79, #97) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify\nDale Coyne R (#39) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify\nDick Ferguson (#47) – did not take practice\nBobby Olivero – unknown","title":"Starting grid"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Bettenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Bettenhausen"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cogan"}],"sub_title":"Start","text":"During one of the parade laps, veteran Gary Bettenhausen suffered a broken valve, and coasted to a stop on the mainstretch. He would be wheeled to the garage area without completing a single lap, and finished 33rd.At the start, Emerson Fittipaldi jumped to the lead from the outside of the front row. He pulled out to a sizable lead over the first few laps. On the third lap, Kevin Cogan had a spectacular crash at the pit-entrance section of the front straightaway. His car made slight contact with the outside wall as he exited turn four, spun to the inside and made heavy contact with the inside pit wall. The car rebounded into the attenuating barrier at the pit entrance (also breaking the ABC Sports robo camera at the pit road entry), broke in two pieces, and slid on its side through the pits. The engine completely separated from the remains of the car and came to a stop in the pit area. Amazingly, Cogan climbed out unhurt.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Arie Luyendyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk"},{"link_name":"Raul Boesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Boesel"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tero Palmroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero_Palmroth"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Rick Galles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Galles"}],"sub_title":"Mid race","text":"The race was dominated by Emerson Fittipaldi for the first 400 miles. During that stretch, several contenders retired due to mechanical failures, including all three Penske machines. Top-five contenders Bobby Rahal, Jim Crawford, and Arie Luyendyk also dropped out of the race. Mario Andretti experienced electrical problems, which caused him to lose significant ground to the leader. Michael Andretti, who had started in the seventh row, had been chasing Fittipaldi the entire race and by the 150-lap mark, he was within sights of the leader. Meanwhile, Al Unser Jr. remained on the lead lap in third place, despite being lapped earlier in the race. By this point, the three leaders had significant distance on the fourth place car of Raul Boesel. With less than 100 miles to go, Michael Andretti passed Fittipaldi for the lead, but his engine expired a few laps later. Fittipaldi regained the lead, with Al Unser Jr. second. The remainder of the field ran at least six laps behind.A caution came out on lap 181 when Tero Palmroth lost a wheel in turn four. Leader Fittipaldi pitted for much-needed fuel, but he nearly stalled his engine as he pulled away. He lost several seconds on the stop, and was also blocked momentarily by a safety truck as he exited the pit area. Al Unser Jr. was running a distant second place, but the caution came partly to his advantage. On the previous rounds of pit stops, Unser Jr. had been experiencing slightly better fuel mileage than Fittipaldi. The team had been setting Unser up to potentially make it to the finish on one less pit stop than Fittipaldi. Under this late yellow, the team decided to gamble on track position, and Unser stayed out and did not to pit for fuel. Unser emerged just one car behind Fittipaldi. Team owner Rick Galles made the call not to pit – their fuel calculations were close enough that believed they could make it to the finish. Their reasoning was that even if Unser ran out of fuel on the final lap, they would still finish no worse than second since third place Raul Boesel was six laps behind.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raul Boesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Boesel"},{"link_name":"Derek Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Daly"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Rocky Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Moran"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Heimrath Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Heimrath"},{"link_name":"Bernard Jourdain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Jourdain"},{"link_name":"John Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shierson Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Shierson_Racing"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"Finish","text":"When the race restarted on lap 186, Fittipaldi quickly built a 3-second lead while Unser struggled to get around the lapped car of Raul Boesel (3rd place). Boesel's car was spewing fluid, and appeared ready to blow. After clearing Boesel, Unser began closing dramatically. By lap 193 he was directly behind Fittipaldi, and a lap later he nearly touched wheels with him as the two drivers worked around the lapped cars of Derek Daly and Mario Andretti and battled for the lead. On lap 196, Unser passed Fittipaldi for the lead in turn three and began to pull away. Unser's light fuel load made him much faster on the straights but there was still considerable fear he might run out of fuel short of the finish line.With two laps to go, Unser approached a line of slower cars consisting of Rocky Moran, Ludwig Heimrath Jr., Bernard Jourdain and John Jones. The two leaders were able to get around Moran easily in turn one, but Unser was held up behind Heimrath through turn two, allowing Fittipaldi to close in rapidly. On the backstretch, Fittipaldi pulled inside Unser, who then cut to the inside to pass Heimrath. Both cars ran side-by-side down the backstretch, going 3-wide to pass Jourdain on the inside as they entered turn 3. Unser remained on the racing line, with Fittipaldi down low on the warm-up apron. Near the apex of the corner, Fittipaldi's car oversteered and drifted slightly up the track, and the two cars touched wheels. Unser spun and crashed hard into the turn three wall, while Fittipaldi recovered from the drift and continued on. The yellow flag came out for the last lap with Fittpaldi leading, cruising around on his way to certain victory.Unser emerged from his crashed car unhurt and stepped to the edge of the track to gesticulate at Fittipaldi as he drove by. According to Unser, at the last second he reconsidered and gave Fittipaldi a sporting thumbs-up instead,[11] but some viewers interpreted his gesture as a mocking one.[12][13] The pace car escorted the field around the final corner, and for the second year in a row, the race finished under caution. Emerson Fittipaldi took the checkered flag, his first of two Indy 500 victories. Despite the crash Unser was still credited with second place, having completed four more laps than Boesel in third. Boesel managed to nurse his failing motor to the checkered flag. The third place was his best Indy finish, and best finish to-date for Shierson Racing.Fittipaldi's win was well-received by the Indy car community. Fittipaldi also spoke, in his native Portuguese, a greeting to the people in Brazil in victory lane, to the thunderous roars of the crowd. Al Unser Jr., after being checked out and released from the track hospital, congratulated his adversary on the win, and rejected theories that Fittipaldi intentionally crashed him in response to their previous year's tangle at the Meadowlands.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"}],"text":"W Former Indianapolis 500 winnerR Indianapolis 500 RookieAll cars utilized Goodyear tires.","title":"Box score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Raul Boesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Boesel"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Raul Boesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Boesel"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cogan"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Arie Luyendyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk"},{"link_name":"Jim Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crawford_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Tero Palmroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero_Palmroth"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."}],"sub_title":"Race statistics","text":"Lap Leaders\n\n\nLaps\n\nLeader\n\n\n1–34\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n35\nMario Andretti\n\n\n36\nRaul Boesel\n\n\n37–87\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n88–92\nMichael Andretti\n\n\n93–112\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n113–123\nMichael Andretti\n\n\n124–129\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n130–139\nMichael Andretti\n\n\n140–153\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n154–162\nMichael Andretti\n\n\n163\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n164–165\nAl Unser Jr.\n\n\n166–195\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n196–198\nAl Unser Jr.\n\n\n199–200\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal laps led\n\n\nDriver\n\nLaps\n\n\nEmerson Fittipaldi\n158\n\n\nMichael Andretti\n35\n\n\nAl Unser Jr.\n5\n\n\nMario Andretti\n1\n\n\nRaul Boesel\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nCautions: 7 for 43 laps\n\n\nLaps\n\nReason\n\n\n5–14\nKevin Cogan crash in turn 4\n\n\n61–65\nBobby Rahal stalled on track\n\n\n128–131\nArie Luyendyk blown engine\n\n\n139–149\nJim Crawford stalled on track\n\n\n162–166\nMichael Andretti blown engine\n\n\n181–186\nTero Palmroth lost wheel in turn 4\n\n\n199–200\nAl Unser Jr. crash in turn 3","title":"Box score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"Paul Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Page"}],"text":"\"They're side-by-side, Emmo on the inside, Al covered traffic goes high, they touched wheels, Al Jr. hit into the wall hard, Emerson Fittipaldi keeps on going, they touched wheels, Al Jr. into the wall and Emerson Fittipaldi will lead them back to the yellow flag.\" – Larry Henry described the crash involving Al Unser Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi on Lap 198 for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network.\"Fittipaldi comes inside Little Al! A drag race on the back side again. … Slower traffic moves to the right. … Can Fittipaldi get past? Little Al brings it down low. … They touch! Little Al into the wall, Fittipaldi continues on! Little Al slams the wall, as Emerson Fittipaldi screams toward the white flag!\" – Paul Page on ABC television.","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IMS Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"Lou Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Palmer_(motorsport_broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Bob Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Gary Gerould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gerould"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Lou Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Palmer_(motorsport_broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star11-18-1989-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star12-02-1989-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star12-01-1989-16"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Lou Palmer served as the chief announcer for the second and final time. It would be Palmer's 32nd and final 500 as part of the radio crew. Bob Forbes reported from victory lane.One of the more significant changes involved Howdy Bell, now becoming the \"elder statesman\" of the crew. After many years in turn two, then one year as a pit reporter, Bell revived the backstretch reporting location. Bell was utilized sparingly, mostly for observations and brief commentary. The on-air \"Statistician\" duty was eliminated for 1989. This would be Bob Lamey's last year in turn two, and Bob Jenkins' final year as the radio reporter in turn four.The biggest departure for 1989 was that of pit reporter Luke Walton, who had joined the crew in the mid-1950s. From 1983 to 1988, Walton reprised his traditional role of introducing the starting command during the pre-race ceremonies, but did not have an active role during the race itself. Pit reporter Gary Gerould took over the duty of introducing the starting command, but it would be the final time that was done on the radio broadcast. Starting in 1990, the radio would instead simulcast the public address system during the pre-race ceremonies. This was Gerould's last year on the radio broadcast. He would work the TV broadcast starting in 1990. In addition, Chuck Marlowe switched from pit reporter to the garage area duties.Three-time Indy winner Johnny Rutherford failed to qualify for the race, and joined the crew as \"driver expert.\" Since Rutherford never again qualified for the race (and subsequently retired in 1994), he went on to become a long-time fixture on the broadcast. The 1989 race began what would be a 14-year run for Rutherford as the resident \"driver expert.\"After the race, during the off-season, the Speedway and Lou Palmer parted ways.[14][15] A new Voice of the 500 would debut in 1990,[16] along with many other changes.","title":"Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"Indy 500 on ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_500_broadcasters"},{"link_name":"Paul Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Page"},{"link_name":"Bobby Unser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Unser"},{"link_name":"Sam Posey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Posey"},{"link_name":"Jack Arute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Arute"},{"link_name":"Brian Hammons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Hammons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dr. Jerry Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Punch"},{"link_name":"Sports Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Live Sports Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_Live_Sports_Special"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. The 1989 race celebrated the 25th year of the Indy 500 on ABC. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer, accompanied by Bobby Unser and Sam Posey. At the start of the race, Unser drove the pace car, and reported live from the car during the pace laps.Pit reporters Jack Arute and Brian Hammons were joined by Dr. Jerry Punch, who appeared at Indy for the first time.The telecast would go on to win the Sports Emmy award for \"Outstanding Live Sports Special.\"","title":"Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Automobile_Club"},{"link_name":"Indy car racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_open-wheel_car_racing"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"1983–84 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_USAC_Championship_Car_season"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"national championship season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams"},{"link_name":"CART championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star01-27-1990pg20-17"}],"text":"The 1988–89 USAC Gold Crown Championship season consisted of one sanctioned race. The schedule was based on a split-calendar, beginning in June 1988 and running through May 1989. Starting in 1981, USAC scaled back their participation in top-level Indy car racing, and ultimately ceased sanctioning races outside of the Indianapolis 500 following their 1983–84 season. Subsequently the Gold Crown Championship would consist of only one event annually; the winner of the Indianapolis 500 would be the de facto Gold Crown champion, as it was their lone points-paying event. The preeminent national championship season was instead sanctioned by CART, and the Indy 500 paid championship points separately (on a different scale) toward the CART championship as well.Emerson Fittipaldi, by virtue of winning the 1989 Indianapolis 500, also won the 1988–89 USAC Championship.[17]","title":"1988–89 USAC Gold Crown Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of American Championship car racing points scoring systems § USAC Gold Crown Championship 1981–1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Championship_car_racing_points_scoring_systems#USAC_Gold_Crown_Championship_1981%E2%80%931995"}],"sub_title":"Final points standings (Top five)","text":"Further information: List of American Championship car racing points scoring systems § USAC Gold Crown Championship 1981–1995","title":"1988–89 USAC Gold Crown Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1989 Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1989_Indianapolis_500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pontiac_Trans_Am_1989_Indianapolis_500_pace_car.jpg"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1989 Indianapolis 500.1989 Pontiac Trans Am pace car","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Illustrated_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-915088-05-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915088-05-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"From Letterman to bikinis, fans found diversions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/11435158/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Greatest 33 Profile: Emerson Fittipaldi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120510152856/http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/50951/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/50951/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-News05-27-1989pg1_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 1)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/42467128/1989_indy_500/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-News05-27-1989pg5_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 2)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/42467166/1989_indy_500/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Star05-27-1989pg51_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 1)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/42466917/1989_indy_500/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Star05-27-1989pg67_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 2)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/42466949/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Motor Racing / Shav Glick : A Cosworth Comeback Is Key to Rahal Hopes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.latimes.com/1989-03-09/sports/sp-1544_1_cosworth-engines"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"In case you`re wondering why Roger Penske is supplying...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220407012153/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-05-07-8904110088-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"SPORTS PEOPLE – Driver Gets 5 Years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1986/05/08/sports/sports-people-driver-gets-5-years.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Centennial Era Moments - The finish of the 1989 Indy 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2Q6zQNf4y8"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/b2Q6zQNf4y8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Disappointed Al Unser Jr. Applauds Fittipaldi's Win\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-05-29/sports/8902050430_1_wasn-t-unser-checkered-flag-greatest-race-car-drivers"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Tronc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Fittipaldi Wins Indy 500 After Collision With Unser\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1989/05/29/sports/fittipaldi-wins-indy-500-after-collision-with-unser.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Star11-18-1989_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"IMS dismisses Palmer as 'Voice of Indy 500'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/5001260/lou_palmer/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Star12-02-1989_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Why Lou Palmer fired still unclear\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/5001292/lou_palmer/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Star12-01-1989_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"Jenkins To Anchor '500' Network\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/5001337/bob_jenkins/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Star01-27-1990pg20_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"Fittipaldi honored by USAC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star-1989-usac-gold-cro/111025385/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Fox, Jack C. (1994). The Illustrated History of the Indianapolis 500 1911-1994 (4th ed.). Carl Hungness Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 0-915088-05-3.\n\n^ Ford, Lynn (May 29, 1989). \"From Letterman to bikinis, fans found diversions\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 7. Retrieved June 2, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"The Greatest 33 Profile: Emerson Fittipaldi\". Indianapolis Motor Speedway. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-03-30.\n\n^ Mittman, Dick (May 27, 1989). \"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 1)\". The Indianapolis News. p. 1. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ Mittman, Dick (May 27, 1989). \"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 2)\". The Indianapolis News. p. 5. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ Schaffer, Rick (May 27, 1989). \"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 1)\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 51. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ Schaffer, Rick (May 27, 1989). \"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 2)\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 67. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"Motor Racing / Shav Glick : A Cosworth Comeback Is Key to Rahal Hopes\". Los Angeles Times. 9 March 1989. Retrieved 13 October 2011.\n\n^ In case you`re wondering why Roger Penske is supplying...\n\n^ \"SPORTS PEOPLE – Driver Gets 5 Years\". The New York Times. May 8, 1986. Retrieved July 15, 2014.\n\n^ Centennial Era Moments - The finish of the 1989 Indy 500 (Video). IndyCar. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved May 24, 2018. YouTube title:The finish of the 1989 Indy 500\n\n^ Rollow, Cooper (May 29, 1989). \"Disappointed Al Unser Jr. Applauds Fittipaldi's Win\". Chicago Tribune. Tronc. Retrieved May 27, 2018.\n\n^ Siano, Joseph (May 29, 1989). \"Fittipaldi Wins Indy 500 After Collision With Unser\". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 27, 2018.\n\n^ \"IMS dismisses Palmer as 'Voice of Indy 500'\". The Indianapolis Star. November 18, 1989. p. 20. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ O'Neill, John (December 2, 1989). \"Why Lou Palmer fired still unclear\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 31. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"Jenkins To Anchor '500' Network\". The Indianapolis Star. December 2, 1989. p. 34. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"Fittipaldi honored by USAC\". The Indianapolis Star. January 27, 1990. p. 20. Retrieved October 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500 History: Race & All-Time Stats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120427163136/https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/history/stats/"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Radio_Network"}],"sub_title":"Works cited","text":"1989 Indianapolis 500 Day-By-Day Trackside Report For the Media\nIndianapolis 500 History: Race & All-Time Stats – Official Site\n1989 Indianapolis 500 Radio Broadcast, Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallery of photos from the event, official website of the Indianapolis 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ABCNews.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abcnews.go.com/search?searchtext=IndyCar%20"}],"sub_title":"External links","text":"Gallery of photos from the event, official website of the Indianapolis 500 Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine\nPart 6: 1989 – Winning major prizes on the road to losing everythingvteIndianapolis 500Races by year1910s\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920s\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930s\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940s\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950s\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960s\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970s\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980s\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990s\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000s\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010s\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020s\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nTrack\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\nRace results\nIMS Museum\nGasoline Alley\nSnake Pit\nStatistics\nWinners\nPole-sitters\nLap leaders\nRookie of the Year\nFatalities\nFirsts\nPace cars\nRecords\nFastest laps\nBy year\nScott Brayton Award\nLouis Schwitzer Award\nPit Stop Challenge\nDrivers\nList of drivers\nNon-qualifying drivers\nFemale participants\nSanctioning bodies\nAAA Contest Board (1909–1955)\nAIACR (1925–1930)\nFIA (1950–1960)\nUSAC (1956–1997)\nIndyCar (1998–present)\nOwnership\nCarl Fisher\nJames Allison\nArthur Newby\nFrank A. Wheeler\nEddie Rickenbacker\nTony Hulman\nWilbur Shaw\nMary F. Hulman\nMari Hulman George\nTony George\nJoie Chitwood\nJeff Belskus\nHulman & Company\nRoger Penske\nOfficials\nCharlie Merz\nTommy Milton\nHarry McQuinn\nHarlan Fengler\nTom Binford\nBrian Barnhart\nBroadcastingRadio\nBill Slater\nSid Collins\nPaul Page\nLou Palmer\nBob Jenkins\nMike King\nDonald Davidson\nTelevision\nJim McKay\nJackie Stewart\nChris Schenkel\nChris Economaki\nSam Posey\nJack Arute\nJim Lampley\nPaul Page\nBob Jenkins\nTodd Harris\nMarty Reid\nAllen Bestwick\nLeigh Diffey\nOther\nTom Carnegie\nRobin Miller\nRon McQueeney\nRelated eventsMonth of May\nMini-Marathon\nIndy Lights road course\nNight Before the 500/Carb Night Classic\nIndiana Fairgrounds (Hoosier Hundred)\nAnderson Speedway (Little 500)\nSummer NASCAR Weekend\nBrickyard 400\nPennzoil 250\nOther\nU.S. Grand Prix\nIndianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix\nTriple Crown of Motorsport\nFreedom 100\nBrickyard Grand Prix\nBrickyard Sports Car Challenge\nIROC at Indy\nIndy Legends Charity Pro–Am race\nRed Bull Air Race of Indianapolis\nHarvest Auto Racing Classic\nPennzoil 150\nVerizon 200 at the Brickyard\nGallagher Grand Prix\nGolf at IMS\nChampions Tour\nPGA Tour\nLPGA Tour\nRelated area\nTown of Speedway\nIndianapolis\nSports in Indianapolis\nLittle 500 (cycling)\nLore\nRiding mechanic\nAndretti Curse\nBorg-Warner Trophy\nIndy/Charlotte \"Double Duty\"\nEntertainment\nTraditions\nJigger Award\nWill Overhead\n100 mph Club\nThe Greatest 33\nJim Nabors\nTurbo\n\nNo races held in 1917–1918 or 1942–1945 due to World War I and World War II, respectively.vteSports Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Sports Special1975–1990\n1975 World Series (1975–76)\n1976 Summer Olympics (1976–77)\nHeavyweight championship boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Leon Spinks (1977–78)\nSuper Bowl XIII (1978–79)\n1980 Winter Olympics (1979–80)\n1981 Kentucky Derby (1980–81)\n1982 NCAA men's basketball national championship (1981–82)\n1982 World Series (1982–83)\nNot awarded (1983–84)\n1984 Summer Olympics (1984–85)\nNot awarded (1985–86)\n1987 Daytona 500 (1986–87)\n1987 Kentucky Derby (1987–88)\n1988 Summer Olympics (1988)\n1989 Indianapolis 500 (1989)\n1990 Indianapolis 500 (1990)\n1991–2009\n1991 NBA Finals (1991)\n1992 Breeders Cup (1992)\n1993 World Series (1993)\n1994 Stanley Cup Finals (1994)\nCal Ripken Jr.'s 2,131st consecutive game (1995)\n1996 World Series (1996)\n1997 NBA Finals (1997)\nMark McGwire's 62nd home run (1998)\n1999 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (1999)\n2000 World Series (2000)\n2001 World Series (2001)\n2002 Winter Olympics (2002)\n2003 Major League Baseball postseason (2003)\n2004 Masters Tournament (2004)\n2005 Open Championship (2005)\n2006 Major League Baseball postseason (2006)\n2007 Fiesta Bowl (2007)\n2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship (2008)\nSuper Bowl XLIII (2009)\n2010–present\n2010 FIFA World Cup Final (2010)\n2011 World Series (2011)\nSuper Bowl XLVI (2012)\n2013 World Series (2013)\nSuper Bowl XLIX (2014)\nSuper Bowl 50 (2015)\n2016 World Series (2016)\nArmy–Navy Game (2017)\n2018 World Series (2018)\n2019 Masters Tournament (2019)\n2020 NBA All-Star Game (2020)\nMLB at Field of Dreams (2021)vteIndyCar Series on ABCRelated programs\nNASCAR on ABC\nWide World of Sports\nRelated articles\nRaceCam\nSide-by-side (graphic)\nWRTV\nIndy 500Wide World of Sports coverage\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\nSame-day tape delay coverage\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\nLive coverage (ABC Sports)\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\nLive coverage (ESPN on ABC)\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\nCommentatorsHosts\nNicole Briscoe\nCharlie Brockman\nLindsay Czarniak\nDave Diles\nTerry Gannon\nKeith Jackson\nBob Jenkins\nJim McKay\nAl Michaels\nBrent Musburger\nPaul Page\nChris Schenkel\nJackie Stewart\nLap-by-lap\nRick Benjamin\nAllen Bestwick\nCharlie Brockman\nTodd Harris\nKeith Jackson\nBob Jenkins\nJim Lampley\nJim McKay\nPaul Page\nMarty Reid\nChris Schenkel\nJackie Stewart\nAl Trautwig\nBob Varsha\nColor commentators\nJack Arute\nJon Beekhuis\nEddie Cheever\nGil de Ferran\nChris Economaki\nScott Goodyear\nParker Johnstone\nArie Luyendyk\nSam Posey\nJason Priestley\nLarry Rice\nTom Sneva\nLyn St. James\nJackie Stewart\nDanny Sullivan\nBobby Unser\nRusty Wallace\nRodger Ward\nPit reporters\nJack Arute\nJon Beekhuis\nMichelle Beisner\nCharlie Brockman\nRick DeBruhl\nDonna de Varona\nDave Diles\nChris Economaki\nBill Flemming\nRay Gandolf\nJerry Gappens\nGary Gerould\nLeslie Gudel\nBrian Hammons\nTodd Harris\nDon Hein\nPenn Holderness\nKeith Jackson\nJim Lampley\nDavid Letterman\nJamie Little\nJim McKay\nLarry Nuber\nBrienne Pedigo\nJerry Punch\nSam Posey\nScott Pruett\nMarty Reid\nLyn St. James\nChris Schenkel\nAnne Simon\nCameron Steele\nBill Stephens\nAl Trautwig\nJack Whitaker\nMusic\nThe Delta Force (Alan Silvestri)\nSeasonsIndyCar Series\n1996\n1996–97\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\nCART / Champ Car\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2007\nUSAC\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\nWebsite: - ABCNews.com","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cosworth DFS \"short stroke\" engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CosworthDFSV8engine.JPG/200px-CosworthDFSV8engine.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Fox, Jack C. (1994). The Illustrated History of the Indianapolis 500 1911-1994 (4th ed.). Carl Hungness Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 0-915088-05-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915088-05-3","url_text":"0-915088-05-3"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Lynn (May 29, 1989). \"From Letterman to bikinis, fans found diversions\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 7. Retrieved June 2, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11435158/","url_text":"\"From Letterman to bikinis, fans found diversions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Greatest 33 Profile: Emerson Fittipaldi\". Indianapolis Motor Speedway. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510152856/http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/50951/","url_text":"\"The Greatest 33 Profile: Emerson Fittipaldi\""},{"url":"http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/50951/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mittman, Dick (May 27, 1989). \"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 1)\". The Indianapolis News. p. 1. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42467128/1989_indy_500/","url_text":"\"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Mittman, Dick (May 27, 1989). \"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 2)\". The Indianapolis News. p. 5. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42467166/1989_indy_500/","url_text":"\"Mears is man on the fast track (Part 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Schaffer, Rick (May 27, 1989). \"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 1)\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 51. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42466917/1989_indy_500/","url_text":"\"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Schaffer, Rick (May 27, 1989). \"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 2)\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 67. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42466949/","url_text":"\"Technology, new surface help escalate cars' speed (Part 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Motor Racing / Shav Glick : A Cosworth Comeback Is Key to Rahal Hopes\". Los Angeles Times. 9 March 1989. Retrieved 13 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-03-09/sports/sp-1544_1_cosworth-engines","url_text":"\"Motor Racing / Shav Glick : A Cosworth Comeback Is Key to Rahal Hopes\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPORTS PEOPLE – Driver Gets 5 Years\". The New York Times. May 8, 1986. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/08/sports/sports-people-driver-gets-5-years.html","url_text":"\"SPORTS PEOPLE – Driver Gets 5 Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Centennial Era Moments - The finish of the 1989 Indy 500 (Video). IndyCar. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved May 24, 2018. YouTube title:The finish of the 1989 Indy 500","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2Q6zQNf4y8","url_text":"Centennial Era Moments - The finish of the 1989 Indy 500"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/b2Q6zQNf4y8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IMS dismisses Palmer as 'Voice of Indy 500'\". The Indianapolis Star. November 18, 1989. p. 20. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5001260/lou_palmer/","url_text":"\"IMS dismisses Palmer as 'Voice of Indy 500'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"O'Neill, John (December 2, 1989). \"Why Lou Palmer fired still unclear\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 31. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5001292/lou_palmer/","url_text":"\"Why Lou Palmer fired still unclear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Jenkins To Anchor '500' Network\". The Indianapolis Star. December 2, 1989. p. 34. Retrieved April 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5001337/bob_jenkins/","url_text":"\"Jenkins To Anchor '500' Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Fittipaldi honored by USAC\". The Indianapolis Star. January 27, 1990. p. 20. Retrieved October 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star-1989-usac-gold-cro/111025385/","url_text":"\"Fittipaldi honored by USAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strange_Case_of_Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1968_film)
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The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 References","5 External links"]
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1968 American filmThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeDirected byCharles JarrottScreenplay byIan McLellan HunterBased onStrange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1886 novellaby Robert Louis StevensonProduced byDan CurtisStarringJack PalanceDenholm ElliottTessie O'SheaMusic byBob CobertProductioncompanyDan Curtis ProductionsDistributed byAmerican Broadcasting CompanyRelease date
January 7, 1968 (1968-01-07)
Running time120 minutesCountriesUnited StatesCanadaLanguageEnglish
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1968 Canadian-American television film based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was directed by Charles Jarrott, produced by Dan Curtis, and written by Ian McLellan Hunter.
It was one of a series of adaptations of famous novels done by ABC.
Plot
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Voiceover by Denholm Elliott: "It has been said, that many men have found their way through the valley of violence to the palace of wisdom. But if all men must learn wisdom tomorrow from violence today, then who can expect there will be a tomorrow?"
In London 1888, lawyer George Devlin is working his way through the streets to a meeting at the amphitheater in the back of the hospital where his friend Dr. Henry Jekyll just addressed a report to the academy of physicians on his findings that in all men there exists two distinct beings; one good and one evil. As Devlin arrives, the academy as a whole disapproves of Jekyll's findings and are arguing until the chairman Dr. Lanyon calls the meeting back to order. Jekyll tells the academy that he has developed a formula to experiment with that will separate these dual natures from each other. The academy is concerned if it does work, Jekyll might create a monster but he tells them his objective is to separate "the more upright twin" to give humanity a better chance at survival. Devlin adds that he has set up a trust funded entirely by Jekyll to perform his experiment under controlled situations and that it would cost the academy nothing. "Except our time" retorts Sir John Turnbull thinking the whole idea is insane. As the meeting ends, Jekyll thinks to himself "Thank you, gentlemen. If my experiment needed any justification, you have just provided it. And be damned to the lot of you."
Later in his laboratory, Jekyll is checking his chemicals and making notes. He then takes a beaker of his finished formula, pours some into a glass and drinks it down repeating his last words to the academy "Gentlemen, be damned to you." On the surface nothing happens, so he returns to take notes. Suddenly a great pain strikes him. He screams in terror as his glasses shatter and he falls to the floor.
At 8:00 the next morning, Jekyll's butler Poole is bringing him his breakfast and morning newspaper. Jekyll slowly wakes up feeling like he only slept a few hours. Asking Poole if he had a lot of wine with dinner, Poole tells him he doesn't recall Jekyll having dinner, that he remembers Jekyll telling him not to disturb him as he went off to the laboratory. Jekyll slowly remembers he was working on the experiment and excuses himself from Poole and his breakfast, and goes off to the laboratory. Checking his chemicals, he sees all is well, including his experimental formula. Going to his desk to his notes, he sees where his glasses broke and his strong box was broken into. Putting on a spare pair of glasses, he finds a note "IOU 65 pounds, thank you". Slowly remembering he goes to his closet where he finds a suit of clothes. Inside the jacket pocket he finds among other things a bottle, a flyer from the Windmill Music Hall mentioning Tessie O'Toole and her dancing soldier girls and a tassel with a monogrammed "G" on it. Slowly his memories of the night before begin to come back.
That evening, wearing the suit he took from the closet, Jekyll goes out to the Windmill hoping to fill in the missing details of the night before. Seeing owner Tessie O'Toole, he asks her if she remembers him. Tessie says she doesn't. Jekyll says he came in with a friend, both of whom got drunk the night before and he can't remember much. Two of the barmaids, Billie and Liz approach Jekyll hoping he'll buy them champagne. When he asks them what they meant by "two swells in a row" when they greeted him, they begin to tell him about a man named Mr. Hyde who came in last night and really went to town buying champagne for everyone. He learns Hyde spent about 60 pounds. Tessie tries to get Liz not to gossip about other customers, but relents after Jekyll tells her Hyde was a friend of his. They had come to the Windmill together, but Jekyll never made it this far. Jekyll now realizes the potion turned him into a more aggressive man who he named Edward Hyde, and all that occurred that night happened while he was Hyde. Naturally he did not want to tell the barmaids this. Tessie goes on to tell Jekyll, that Hyde broke a window upstairs because three men went after him. Jekyll offers to pay for the damage which surprises Tessie but she accepts the money. Jekyll then asks Tessie, if Hyde was interested in any of the girls knowing his taste wouldn't be for Billie or Liz. Tessie tells him that Hyde's "cup of tea" was a girl named Gwyneth just as she enters the room. As Jekyll notices Gwyn, he sees she is wearing a monogrammed G similar to the one he found. Tessie has her bartender Alfred bring a bottle of champagne out as Gwyn and Jekyll sit down at a table. As Gwyn fills in Jekyll on the rest of the events, a man named Garvis enters the bar and orders a drink. Gwyn includes in her story that Garvis was the man Hyde had trouble with last night. After the first dancing number, Hyde had started to take Gwyn upstairs to her private dining room and Garvis got in the way (apparently Garvis is smitten with Gwyn). It appears Hyde bribed Tessie 5 pounds (which now accounts for the 65 in the IOU) to let Gwyn out of the second show. At any rate, Garvis got jealous and he and Hyde had a fight, hence the broken window. Gwyn invites Jekyll to a nice quiet dinner, but he refuses and pays her for the champagne. Asking Jekyll that if he should see Hyde again, Gwyn tells him that she has learned Garvis is trying to get friends together and Hyde should be warned about it. Jekyll agrees to, but thinks if warned Hyde might decide not to come back to the Windmill. Gwyn laughs it off telling Jekyll that "He may be a friend of yours, but you don't know Hyde. He'll be back with bells on". As Jekyll leaves, Garvis returns to his drink.
Later that night at his laboratory, Jekyll receives a test tube of the latest variation of his chemical used in the Hyde formula from Stryker whom he has been paying 400 pounds for from the account set up by Devlin. Jekyll dismisses Stryker telling him Devlin will send him the money in the morning. Before he leaves, Stryker tries to sneak a peek at Jekyll's notes to learn his progress because he (Stryker) is worried about Jekyll's safety. Fortunately, Jekyll snatches the book away from him before he can learn that Jekyll and Hyde are one and the same. Stryker leaves out the back door as Poole knocks on the door that leads to the house. Poole tells Jekyll that Lanyon and Devlin along with Mr. Enfield are waiting for him in the house. Jekyll tells Poole that he doesn't like his friends showing up unannounced and asks Poole to ask them to leave as he busy with his work. After Poole leaves, Jekyll pours the test tube Stryker gave him into his equipment which will circulate the chemical til it reaches a beaker set up with some of the formula. After entering some more notes, he lies down on a couch and goes to sleep. The chemicals continue to flow through the night and into morning. Shattering of glass wakes Jekyll up to see his beaker now full. He goes to his desk takes a few more notes, then pours himself a glass of the potion and drinks it down, taking off his glasses first this time. This time the pain comes right away along with dizziness. He watches how his hands go from bare to extremely hairy. His face becomes thicker, especially his eyebrows and his hair grows darker and styled differently. He has become Edward Hyde. Looking himself over, Hyde chuckles at his appearance and stretches his hands high to begin a new day.
Some weeks have gone by, and Hyde has taken a home on Greek Street in Soho. He has invited a fencing master to come over to help get him into shape. After defeating the master knocking the foil from his hands, a package arrives for Hyde. It is a combination sword/cane imported from France. As Hyde puts it showing it to the master, "the ones they make here are little more than toys." The master pulls out the sword and practices waving it around. "Excellent", he says resheathing it. "The very best steel". "Yes", Hyde agrees. "and the very best lead" breaking a statue with the end of the cane. That evening, Hyde drives a hansom cab over to the Windmill. Leaving his cane and hat along with a 5 pound note for Tessie (she'll know what it's for) with Alf, he's greeted by Billie and Liz and buys Ambrosia for them and the house. He then joins Tessie up on the stage as she finishes her song, taking drinks from everyone's glass he can spot. While all this is going on, a youngster tips off Garvis that Hyde is at the Windmill carousing as usual. As Hyde takes a seat, Tessie comes out with the barmaids dressed as the Soldiers of the Queen and sings again. Gwyn spots Hyde in the background and blows him a kiss as she dances by. As the song continues Garvis and friends arrive at the bar, unnoticed by Hyde but noticed by Gwyn. As Tessie finishes the song, Hyde joins the patrons in throwing money at the girls. Gwyn throws herself into Hyde's arms who kisses her all over as he tells her where he's been. "Lady, you are exquisite", he tells her. Gwyn then asks Hyde if Jekyll warned him about the last visit, to which Hyde says yes, but he hasn't seen Garvis all night. Gwyn calls his attention to the bar where they see Garvis "has brought some reinforcements." Gwyn begs Hyde to take her out to dinner elsewhere, but he insists on taking her upstairs and slings her over his shoulder. He gets to the bar ignoring Garvis, and has Alf bring him some champagne. Once Alf gives him the bottle, Hyde picks Gwyn back up and takes her upstairs all the while Gwyn sticks her tongue out at Garvis. Later that night, Hyde hails a cab outside the Windmill, but then decides to walk home. Eventually Garvis and three friends catch up with him, but Hyde is ready. The four men split up, and the youngest one tries to trap him in an alley. However Hyde surprises him and knocks him down a flight of stairs to his death where his friend finds him. "Is your friend all right?", taunts Hyde from the head of the stairs. The man slowly climbs the stairs to the top where Hyde beats him with his cane then pushes him through the glass next to the stairs where he joins his friend dead, just as Garvis and his last friend arrive. "Oh, Dear Me" laughs Hyde as he comes down the stairs and sees the two men. "Oh, an accident" he says to Garvis and his friend. "I was on my way home." Garvis' friend pulls a knife on Hyde but he knocks it out of the man's hand and wounds him with the sword. He then turns on Garvis who also has a knife drawn. Hyde knocks it out of his hands leaving Garvis defenseless. "Help", he yells. "Stop! Please Sir! I won't never, I swear." Hyde points his sword at Garvis' stomach. "I'll tell you what you'll never", he roars. "You'll never go to the Windmill again, you'll never bother Gwyneth again and you'll never show your face where I ever have to look at it again." "I swear", cries out Garvis nodding and trembling. "You don't need to take an oath" says Hyde striking Garvis in the nose. Garvis cries out as his puts his arms to his now blood smeared face, "what the hell have you done?" "I just made sure you kept your word", says Hyde sheathing the sword back into the cane. "I don't think you'll want to show your face in public again. Not with your nose slit." He turns and walks away while the terrified Garvis and remaining friend go the other way. Eventually Hyde arrives at the back entrance to Jekyll's lab. Once seeing he hasn't he been followed he pulls out a key and enters. Changing back to Jekyll's lab clothes, Hyde dances around the room whistling and singing the song Tessie sang when he arrived at the Windmill. Pouring himself a glass of the potion he remembers the last thing he said to Gwyn, "Lady, you are exquisite" as he drinks down the potion. The pain and dizziness come sooner than before, but eventually subside as he hands, eyebrows and hair return to the familiar appearance of Jekyll. For a brief few minutes, Jekyll flails about with Hyde's sword til he sees Garvis' blood on the tip. "Murderous lot", he says wiping the blood off with a rag. "They deserved it, didn't they, Your Highness?". He burns the bloody rag with a Bunsen burner on his desk.
Months later, Jekyll is hosting a dinner for Lanyon, Devlin and others and their discussion is similar to their argument at the academy about the dual nature of man. Only where Jekyll had originally wanted to erase the aggressive instinct, now he seems to believe without it we can't survive which surprises the others especially Lanyon. Of course, the others know nothing about the dual life Jekyll has been living literally although Hyde has become a known name in many circles. Lanyon worries that Jekyll's experimenting with new drugs could end up in the hands of the young. Jekyll laughs it off sarcastically saying he is opening a new den for the young to all drug up. Lanyon begins to feel he and Jekyll can't communicate any more. Devlin and another guest, Mr. Enfield tries to change the subject to something more pleasant like women. Jekyll returns "why choose another subject that Lanyon is ignorant". But when they remind him of his lack of a woman in his life, let alone desire for one, Jekyll simply states his work adequately satisfies him. "As does mine", returns Lanyon. When Poole comes in and mentions he is serving coffee in the study, Devlin asks Jekyll to speak to him alone. As the other go inside making idle conversation, Lanyon casually asks Enfield if he contemplates the horror of eternal damnation. "Not where it concerns me", replies Enfield. "Then do contemplate it," Lanyon says "regarding your friend Henry Jekyll." Meanwhile, Devlin tells Jekyll he has been horrific things about Hyde. Even that Police Sergeant Grimes has been questioning Hyde's bank account. Naturally word got Devlin because he was the funding the account with Jekyll's money. Bluntly Devlin asks Jekyll if Hyde is blackmailing him. Jekyll dismisses the thought, saying Hyde is the subject of his experiments, his guinea pig if you will. It takes a lot of words, but Jekyll manages to convince Devlin to trust him. When a maid comes back into the dining room asking if Jekyll and Devlin want their coffee in there, Jekyll dismisses her, then asks Devlin to make apologies to the others as he needs to go to the laboratory. Devlin protests, but lets him go.
Nights later, Hyde is returning to his home in Soho when he hears Gwyn bringing a man named Cassidy inside. Thinking she is using his home as a love nest, Hyde breaks in on them and starts to attack Cassidy. Gwyn finally yells out that Cassidy is engaged to Liz who also has been hiding in Hyde's home. While Hyde is calm, Gwyn gets Cassidy to take Liz away then tries to convince Hyde they were gonna get married and go away when he burst in. Hyde tries to apologize but Gwyn keeps at him. "I am will not be criticized, not in this house!", he roars out, them tell Gwyn to bring a bottle upstairs. She refuses and goes up to the bedroom alone and closes the door. Hyde breaks into the room and attacks her while a policeman walks aground smiling at what he thinks is a simple lover's quarrel. Later on, Hyde dresses to go back out and tells a now bruised Gwyn that if she wants to be seen with him in the future to clean up her looks. He then leaves silently unaware he's being followed by Stryker. After a little drinking escapades with other women, Hyde hails a cab. The first one drives off without him, but he manages to manually stop the horse on the second one. "Who are you, Dick Turpin?", asks the cabbie. Hyde dismisses this telling the cabbie where to take him, unaware there is a passenger in the cab. Pulling the passenger out, he sees that it is Lanyon to whom he just states he is simply "hailing a cab". Thinking Hyde drunk, Lanyon starts to argue with him but Hyde turns around and beats Lanyon with his cane. He doesn't kill Lanyon but eventually leaves him on the street with a fractured skull and rides off with the cabbie, all witnessed by Stryker. Later after changing back to Jekyll and washing his hands, Jekyll starts regretting the earlier incident. "What's your excuse this time?", he asks himself. "None. That's the answer, none." he answers himself as he falls asleep.
The next morning, Poole comes into Jekyll's room to wake him as usual. As he starts to get out bed, Jekyll looks at his hand, it's full of hair. Quickly he tries to make an excuse to Poole that he will be sleeping late that morning. Poole tells him that Sergeant Grimes is downstairs waiting to see him. Without giving himself, Jekyll tells Poole he will be down as soon as possible. After Poole leaves the room, Jekyll quickly looks in the mirror and gasps when he sees Hyde's face staring back at him. He had gone to sleep as Henry Jekyll and woke up Edward Hyde, without drinking the potion. How was this to be? Nonetheless, he had to make his way down to the laboratory and change back before Grimes and the servants all saw him this way. Fotunately Poole's conversation with Grimes moved further into the house away from the door that led to the laboratory. As soon as Hyde reached the laboratory, he drank the potion down but no effect. It took a double dose til the pangs of turning back to Jekyll came. Not finding Jekyll on the premises, Poole started to ask Grimes to come back later when Jekyll appeared and asked Poole to contact Devlin asking him over for lunch that day. When alone, Grimes then showed Jekyll the newspaper article about Lanyon's beating the night before, that he was in the hospital with stitches and there was a witness besides the cabbie who saw what happened. When Jekyll asked him why Grimes was questioning him, Grimes told him the witness followed Hyde to Jekyll's laboratory door and had learned he had a key. Jekyll manages to convince Grimes to find Hyde and search his home at which point Grimes leaves. Later at lunch, Jekyll asks Devlin to make him up a new will leaving everything to Hyde in case of his "death or disappearance". Devlin refuses, but Jekyll manages to convince him this was a scientific approach to explore the inexplorable and to do this for him based on trust and their friendship. Reluctantly, Devlin agrees.
Later that day, Jekyll goes to visit Gwyn at Hyde's Soho home. Remembering him from when he visited the Windmill the first time she lets him in. He tells her that Hyde has gone away to seek employment in the Far East but Gwyn is still afraid of him as he has gotten violent lately. She shows him the injuries to her back from the beating of the night before to which Jekyll applies some cream. He then gives her some money claiming it was from Hyde, and if it runs out to come over to the house for more. Allegedly, Hyde didn't want her to go broke. Noticing he is still shy, Gwyn tries to ask him to come for dinner now and then now that Hyde is gone. Jekyll quietly takes his leave, but Gwyn smiles after him. "You'll be back doctor." she says as he leaves.
That night as it thunders and rains outside, Jekyll is storing the Hyde formula along with his clothes and sword cane in the closet of his laboratory hoping to never use them again when there is a knock at the laboratory door, it's Stryker. Jekyll tells him he's busy and can't talk now. "it's just a visit, Doctor" says Stryker, "maybe I can talk to Mr. Hyde". Jekyll tries to tell Stryker that Hyde is not there, but he is convinced Hyde is in there with him. Letting Stryker in, Jekyll shows him Hyde is not there and has moved on to the Far East. Stryker responds with the line the cabbie used when Hyde beat up Lanyon "Who do you think you are, Dick Turpin?" and works his way in. Jekyll tries to stop him but Stryker comes back with "Careful, Dick Turpin was hanged." After walking around a bit, he tells Jekyll that he has been following him for months and that he knows that Jekyll and Hyde are one and the same. He finds Hyde's cane. "One blow would have been enough, after all, Jekyll was a friend". "I struck noone!", cries Jekyll grabbing the cane back and tells Stryker that his supposition is insane. But Stryker is not there to turn him in. He tells Jekyll, it is a scientific break through and to think that he played such a small part in it. At which point, Stryker asks Jekyll for 200 gold sovereigns monthly to guard his secret. Immediately Jekyll realizes Stryker is blackmailing him but tells him he can't prove it. "Who needs proof?", says Stryker and tells Jekyll he could always go to the police at which point Dr. Jekyll's reputation will better no better than Mr. Hyde's. Stryker then leaves, telling Jekyll he expects to see him at his shop by noon the next day with the 200 gold sovereigns. He starts to put the cane back in the closet, then opens it up knowing Stryker was the witness to Lanyon's beating and could tell the police. Later, Stryker is checking his own lab. Thunder and lightning continue as he gets ready for bed. Suddenly a face appears at his window during a loud clap of thunder, it is Hyde. Hyde breaks into the house and startles Stryker as he gets ready bed. "So you wanted to meet Mr. Hyde, eh?", he taunts and proceeds to run Stryker through with his sword over his yells for help, and with servants witnessing. Police whistles sound, and Hyde runs like mad through the alleys back to Jekyll's home. After changing back, Jekyll Hammers up his closet with the formula and destroys the rest of his laboratory. He then gets on his knees in prayer, never to become Hyde again as it continues to thunder and lightning outside his laboratory door.
The next day, Jekyll reads about Stryker's death in the newspaper as Poole shows Devlin into the study. After praising Stryker's scientific abilities, Devlin says there is no question Hyde did it. Jekyll had told him Hyde left the country based on what Hyde told him and produces a note written by Hyde that he has now finally left England in lieu of the crimes he committed and will never come back. He gives Devlin the note to take to the police, but when Devlin asks for the envelope, Jekyll claims he burned it. However, it bore no postmark, it was hand delivered. Devlin then leaves, but asks Jekyll was it Hyde that dictated his will clause about "disappearanve". Jekyll acknowledges it. "I knew it", says Devlin. "He meant to murder you." As he leaves, Devlin asks Poole about the letter saying Jekyll told him it was hand delivered and asked what the messenger looked like. But Poole tells him nothing was delivered that day except by post which leaves Devlin with a strange feeling.
6 months have gone by, and Jekyll has given up science and goes back to practicing medicine at the hospital which makes a fully recovered Lanyon happy. So much so that after Jekyll's current class Lanyon invites him to dinner. It was if the beating was now ancient history. Jekyll hesitates at first, but then accepts his old friend's invitation. That night, as Jekyll struggles with his bowtie and asks Poole to come fix it for him, the butler tells him he has a visit from Gwyn. She's there to thank him for all the money he has been sending her for the last several months. He tries to convince her that the money is from Hyde but she tosses it off saying Hyde would never spend that much on her. He then tries to send her home because he has a dinner appointment, but she insists he have his cab take her home on the way. As they ride to Soho, she reminds him of the day he patched up her back and that she knew he was sending her money not Hyde. Jekyll asks what she would do if Hyde came back. She says she would turn him right over to the police and watch him hang. She then kisses Jekyll, telling him "shyness can be cured, you know". Ge tries to let her out so he can get to his dinner at Lanyon's but she insists he come up and have a drink. Jekyll comes into the house, where Gwyn kisses him on the couch and undoes his bowtie. "I'll never be able to fix that", he says. "You won't have to", says Gwyn who then dismisses the cabbie and proceeds upstairs. Jekyll looks after her from the bottom. "Come on up", says Gwyn. Jekyll climbs the stairs where Gwyn is doing her hair in the mirror. She smiles as he walks in and begins to massage her shoulders, but all of a sudden she sees his hands in the mirror, they are all hairy. She knows it's not Jekyll behind her anymore, it's Hyde who laughs an evil laugh and chokes her. Minutes later he has broken her neck. Running out of the house in Soho, Hyde rushes to Jekyll's house and tries o break in realizing he no longer has the key. Finally breaking through a window and breaks into the closet and down the formula. The pain in the transformation to Jekyll is more intense than ever but he does change back. He comes to himself crying knowing he killed Gwyn, and now the police will be after him like dogs. He falls into a chair sobbing and nearly falls asleep when looking at his hands, he realizes he has changed back to Hyde again. He screams in agony.
The next night, Hyde is still screaming in agony. The servants in Jekyll's house can't stand it. Pooleloads a gun and sends for Devlin. Poole tells Devlin that the screams have been going on for a night. He also mentions that he has been getting notes from Jekyll passed under the door asking for chemicals urgently. The box would be delivered and dragged in by "whomever is inside the laboratory". Devlin and Poole both deduce it's Hyde and that he has killed Jekyll. Devlin threatens to have the door battered down. Hyde responds that he will open the door but only if Devlin comes in alone, Devlin armed with Poole's gun agrees as Hyde opens the door enough to let him in. Devlin begins searching the room for Jekyll. Hyde tells Devlin that he didn't murder Jekyll. He admits murdering Stryker was wrong because his drugs can't be replaced. He tries to convince Devlin there is nothing to do for Jekyll but help him escape. Devlin starts to go for the police, but Hyde stops him agreeing to show him Jekyll. He pulls out the last beaker of the potion and tells Devlin that Jekyll "is in there". "Remember you asked for this", he says pouring out the last glass. "What you are about to see may make you curse your eyes and destroy every moral value you live by. Perhaps destroy you". Devlin scoffs at this as Hyde drinks down the last of the potion, and in pain changes back to Jekyll in front of Devlin's shocked eyes. "My God, Jekyll what you have done is Satanic! They said you might create a monster, but to have created one out of yourself". Jekyll then explained that for the last two nights every time he fell asleep he would change back to Hyde without the potion. He was trying to save the last dose for his escape. He begs Devlin to get him his passport and as much money as possible. If he can concentrate hard enough to stay awake, he won't change back. Devlin worries that he would be letting Hyde escape, Jekyll insists yes, but he would work on the formula. Yes Hyde is a murderer, but he knows he'll hang unless he can become Jekyll again. If Devlin doesn't hurry, it's the last time he'll see Jekyll. Before he agrees to it, he asks Jekyll why did Hyde murder? Jekyll tries to explain it was pure extinct and that yes he was destined to become a monster. Devlin asks why he didn't get rid of him? Jekyll admits he tried but then it was too late. "So you used Hyde", yells Devlin. "to do all the things you couldn't or wouldn't do". Jekyll still cries about being no time to waste about the killing of Gwyn, that he (Jekyll) took her back to her home in Soho but it was Hyde that killed her. Finally Devlin agrees to help Jekyll and goes to get him the money plus to tell Poole in a hurry to get him some black coffee to stay awake. Before Devlin leaves, Jekyll asks him for a backup plan; in the event something worse happens to meet in the back of the hospital. Devlin hurries out asking Poole for the coffee without explanation then hurries out to get the money. Meanwhile Jekyll is watching one of his experimental animals when he nods off and falls asleep. Poole shows up with the coffee shortly thereafter, only to have his skull crushed and the tray dropped as Hyde hits up with his cane.
Later that night, Devlin and the police are searching for Hyde near the hospital. Eventually, they chase him into the hospital. Devlin still armed with Poole's gun walks through the amphitheater and meeting hall, where Jekyll first argued his report that unknown to thr academy would create Hyde. Echoes of words from Jekyll, Lanyon and others fill the chamber ending with Sir John Turnbull's last question, "Suppose this potion of yours did work. Suppose it did split the dual nature of man right down the middle. Might it not produce........a monster". As the word "monster" echoes through Devlin's memory, Hyde taunts out "Are you a betting man, Devlin?" He then appears ready to kill him for bringing the police. Devlin pulls the gun on him but Hyde tells him 'If you kill me, you will be killing Henry Jekyll" "You don't understand" says Devlin cooly, "he deserves to die. Jekyll is responsible, not you". Hyde chuckles, "Well in that case, George, I should be free to leave". Devlin tries to call him back. He finally turns around throwing away his sword cane, and Devlin shoots him through the heart. Hyde stumbles to the stage and with another gun shot appears to die. Devlin stands over what was once his oldest friend's body. "I'm sorry, Henry", he says quietly. For a second Hyde lurches forward, then falls down dead for good. The police cover Hyde up to cart him away, as Devlin slowly walks out of the meeting hall.
Reprise of Denholm Elliott's opening voiceover: "But if all men must learn wisdom today from violence today, then who can expect there will be.........a tomorrow."
Cast
Jack Palance as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde
Denholm Elliott as Mr. George Devlin
Leo Genn as Dr. Lanyon
Torin Thatcher as Sir John Turnbull
Rex Sevenoaks as Dr. Wright
Gillie Fenwick as Poole
Elizabeth Cole as Hattie
Duncan Lamont as Sergeant Grimes
Paul Harding as Constable Johnson
Oskar Homolka as Stryker
Billie Whitelaw as Gwyn Thomas
Tessie O'Shea as Tessie O'Toole
Donald Webster as Garvis
Production
Dan Curtis decided to make a film of Jekyll and Hyde. Originally, Rod Serling wrote a draft of the script, and Jason Robards was to star, with filming to take place in London. However, the project soon was beset with problems. Robards was unhappy with the script. In addition, filming in London proved difficult due to a technician's union strike. Filming was pushed back, and Robards decided to drop out, unhappy with the script.
Curtis decided to get a new script and find a new star. Ian McLellan Hunter wrote a new script. Curtis had discussed doing another project with actor Jack Palance, who agreed to take over the lead role. The producer decided to film in Canada, where it would be cheaper than the U.S.
Filming took place in Toronto over seven weeks in 1967. Curtis had to pay $200,000 to build a replica of Washington Square in Toronto. Palance was injured while filming a stunt. The budget was approximately $900,000. ABC paid for approximately half of this.
The show was nominated for four Emmy awards - Outstanding Dramatic Program, Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Drama, Best Graphic Design, and Best Make-up.
References
^ Jack Palance Signed for "Jekyll and Hyde", Los Angeles Times, 24 July 1967: d30.
^ 'Jekyll' Film Has Hideous Problems, Humphrey, Hal., Los Angeles Times, 2 Jan. 1968: e24.
^ TV Actors--Get 'Em Wholes'l in Canada, Humphrey, Hal., Los Angeles Times, 26 Oct. 1967: c20.
^ Jack Palance Injured in Stunt Mishap,
Los Angeles Times, 9 Sept. 1967: b5
^ TV REVIEW: 'Case of Jekyll and Hyde' Makes Its Debut on ABC,
Dutton, Walt., Los Angeles Times, 9 Jan. 1968: c12.
^ "RPM Magazine Vol.9 No. 11 - May 11, 1968" (PDF).
External links
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at IMDb
vteRobert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Character
Adaptations
Films
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Paramount)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Haydon)
Der Januskopf (1920)
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957)
The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959)
The Ugly Duckling (1959)
My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Nutty Professor (1963)
Karutha Rathrikal (1967)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968)
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971)
I, Monster (1971)
Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972)
Engal Thanga Raja (1973)
Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976)
Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979)
Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980)
Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981)
Chehre Pe Chehra (1981)
Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
The Pagemaster (1994)
Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995)
Mary Reilly (1996)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000)
Jekyll & Hyde: Direct from Broadway (2001)
Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006)
Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (2008)
The Nutty Professor (2008)
The Mummy (2017)
Doctor Jekyll (2023)
Theatre
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897)
Jekyll & Hyde (1990)
Television
Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998)
Jekyll (2007)
Once Upon a Time (2011–2018)
Do No Harm (2013)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Jekyll and Hyde (2015)
Animation
The Impatient Patient (1942)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947)
Motor Mania (1950)
Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954)
Hyde and Hare (1955)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters (1972)
The Pagemaster (1994)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein (2008)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Video games
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988)
Jekyll and Hyde (2001)
Van Helsing (2004)
Music
"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983)
"Bubba Hyde" (1995)
Jekyll and Hyde (2003)
Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004)
"Mz. Hyde" (2014)
Comics
Mister Hyde (introduced 1963)
Batman: Two Faces (1998)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999–2019)
Novels
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824)
Mary Reilly (1990)
Jekyll and Heidi (1999)
vteFilms directed by Charles Jarrott
Time to Remember (1962)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968) (TV)
Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
Mary, Queen of Scots (1971)
Lost Horizon (1973)
The Dove (1974)
Escape from the Dark (1976)
The Other Side of Midnight (1977)
The Last Flight of Noah's Ark (1980)
Condorman (1981)
The Amateur (1981)
The Boy in Blue (1986)
Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story (1987)
Changes (1991)
Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus (1991)
The Secret Life of Algernon (1997)
The Christmas List (1997)
Turn of Faith (2001)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Charles Jarrott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jarrott"},{"link_name":"Dan Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Ian McLellan Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McLellan_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1968 Canadian-American television film based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was directed by Charles Jarrott, produced by Dan Curtis, and written by Ian McLellan Hunter.It was one of a series of adaptations of famous novels done by ABC.[1]","title":"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Voiceover by Denholm Elliott: \"It has been said, that many men have found their way through the valley of violence to the palace of wisdom. But if all men must learn wisdom tomorrow from violence today, then who can expect there will be a tomorrow?\"In London 1888, lawyer George Devlin is working his way through the streets to a meeting at the amphitheater in the back of the hospital where his friend Dr. Henry Jekyll just addressed a report to the academy of physicians on his findings that in all men there exists two distinct beings; one good and one evil. As Devlin arrives, the academy as a whole disapproves of Jekyll's findings and are arguing until the chairman Dr. Lanyon calls the meeting back to order. Jekyll tells the academy that he has developed a formula to experiment with that will separate these dual natures from each other. The academy is concerned if it does work, Jekyll might create a monster but he tells them his objective is to separate \"the more upright twin\" to give humanity a better chance at survival. Devlin adds that he has set up a trust funded entirely by Jekyll to perform his experiment under controlled situations and that it would cost the academy nothing. \"Except our time\" retorts Sir John Turnbull thinking the whole idea is insane. As the meeting ends, Jekyll thinks to himself \"Thank you, gentlemen. If my experiment needed any justification, you have just provided it. And be damned to the lot of you.\"Later in his laboratory, Jekyll is checking his chemicals and making notes. He then takes a beaker of his finished formula, pours some into a glass and drinks it down repeating his last words to the academy \"Gentlemen, be damned to you.\" On the surface nothing happens, so he returns to take notes. Suddenly a great pain strikes him. He screams in terror as his glasses shatter and he falls to the floor.At 8:00 the next morning, Jekyll's butler Poole is bringing him his breakfast and morning newspaper. Jekyll slowly wakes up feeling like he only slept a few hours. Asking Poole if he had a lot of wine with dinner, Poole tells him he doesn't recall Jekyll having dinner, that he remembers Jekyll telling him not to disturb him as he went off to the laboratory. Jekyll slowly remembers he was working on the experiment and excuses himself from Poole and his breakfast, and goes off to the laboratory. Checking his chemicals, he sees all is well, including his experimental formula. Going to his desk to his notes, he sees where his glasses broke and his strong box was broken into. Putting on a spare pair of glasses, he finds a note \"IOU 65 pounds, thank you\". Slowly remembering he goes to his closet where he finds a suit of clothes. Inside the jacket pocket he finds among other things a bottle, a flyer from the Windmill Music Hall mentioning Tessie O'Toole and her dancing soldier girls and a tassel with a monogrammed \"G\" on it. Slowly his memories of the night before begin to come back.That evening, wearing the suit he took from the closet, Jekyll goes out to the Windmill hoping to fill in the missing details of the night before. Seeing owner Tessie O'Toole, he asks her if she remembers him. Tessie says she doesn't. Jekyll says he came in with a friend, both of whom got drunk the night before and he can't remember much. Two of the barmaids, Billie and Liz approach Jekyll hoping he'll buy them champagne. When he asks them what they meant by \"two swells in a row\" when they greeted him, they begin to tell him about a man named Mr. Hyde who came in last night and really went to town buying champagne for everyone. He learns Hyde spent about 60 pounds. Tessie tries to get Liz not to gossip about other customers, but relents after Jekyll tells her Hyde was a friend of his. They had come to the Windmill together, but Jekyll never made it this far. Jekyll now realizes the potion turned him into a more aggressive man who he named Edward Hyde, and all that occurred that night happened while he was Hyde. Naturally he did not want to tell the barmaids this. Tessie goes on to tell Jekyll, that Hyde broke a window upstairs because three men went after him. Jekyll offers to pay for the damage which surprises Tessie but she accepts the money. Jekyll then asks Tessie, if Hyde was interested in any of the girls knowing his taste wouldn't be for Billie or Liz. Tessie tells him that Hyde's \"cup of tea\" was a girl named Gwyneth just as she enters the room. As Jekyll notices Gwyn, he sees she is wearing a monogrammed G similar to the one he found. Tessie has her bartender Alfred bring a bottle of champagne out as Gwyn and Jekyll sit down at a table. As Gwyn fills in Jekyll on the rest of the events, a man named Garvis enters the bar and orders a drink. Gwyn includes in her story that Garvis was the man Hyde had trouble with last night. After the first dancing number, Hyde had started to take Gwyn upstairs to her private dining room and Garvis got in the way (apparently Garvis is smitten with Gwyn). It appears Hyde bribed Tessie 5 pounds (which now accounts for the 65 in the IOU) to let Gwyn out of the second show. At any rate, Garvis got jealous and he and Hyde had a fight, hence the broken window. Gwyn invites Jekyll to a nice quiet dinner, but he refuses and pays her for the champagne. Asking Jekyll that if he should see Hyde again, Gwyn tells him that she has learned Garvis is trying to get friends together and Hyde should be warned about it. Jekyll agrees to, but thinks if warned Hyde might decide not to come back to the Windmill. Gwyn laughs it off telling Jekyll that \"He may be a friend of yours, but you don't know Hyde. He'll be back with bells on\". As Jekyll leaves, Garvis returns to his drink.Later that night at his laboratory, Jekyll receives a test tube of the latest variation of his chemical used in the Hyde formula from Stryker whom he has been paying 400 pounds for from the account set up by Devlin. Jekyll dismisses Stryker telling him Devlin will send him the money in the morning. Before he leaves, Stryker tries to sneak a peek at Jekyll's notes to learn his progress because he (Stryker) is worried about Jekyll's safety. Fortunately, Jekyll snatches the book away from him before he can learn that Jekyll and Hyde are one and the same. Stryker leaves out the back door as Poole knocks on the door that leads to the house. Poole tells Jekyll that Lanyon and Devlin along with Mr. Enfield are waiting for him in the house. Jekyll tells Poole that he doesn't like his friends showing up unannounced and asks Poole to ask them to leave as he busy with his work. After Poole leaves, Jekyll pours the test tube Stryker gave him into his equipment which will circulate the chemical til it reaches a beaker set up with some of the formula. After entering some more notes, he lies down on a couch and goes to sleep. The chemicals continue to flow through the night and into morning. Shattering of glass wakes Jekyll up to see his beaker now full. He goes to his desk takes a few more notes, then pours himself a glass of the potion and drinks it down, taking off his glasses first this time. This time the pain comes right away along with dizziness. He watches how his hands go from bare to extremely hairy. His face becomes thicker, especially his eyebrows and his hair grows darker and styled differently. He has become Edward Hyde. Looking himself over, Hyde chuckles at his appearance and stretches his hands high to begin a new day.Some weeks have gone by, and Hyde has taken a home on Greek Street in Soho. He has invited a fencing master to come over to help get him into shape. After defeating the master knocking the foil from his hands, a package arrives for Hyde. It is a combination sword/cane imported from France. As Hyde puts it showing it to the master, \"the ones they make here are little more than toys.\" The master pulls out the sword and practices waving it around. \"Excellent\", he says resheathing it. \"The very best steel\". \"Yes\", Hyde agrees. \"and the very best lead\" breaking a statue with the end of the cane. That evening, Hyde drives a hansom cab over to the Windmill. Leaving his cane and hat along with a 5 pound note for Tessie (she'll know what it's for) with Alf, he's greeted by Billie and Liz and buys Ambrosia for them and the house. He then joins Tessie up on the stage as she finishes her song, taking drinks from everyone's glass he can spot. While all this is going on, a youngster tips off Garvis that Hyde is at the Windmill carousing as usual. As Hyde takes a seat, Tessie comes out with the barmaids dressed as the Soldiers of the Queen and sings again. Gwyn spots Hyde in the background and blows him a kiss as she dances by. As the song continues Garvis and friends arrive at the bar, unnoticed by Hyde but noticed by Gwyn. As Tessie finishes the song, Hyde joins the patrons in throwing money at the girls. Gwyn throws herself into Hyde's arms who kisses her all over as he tells her where he's been. \"Lady, you are exquisite\", he tells her. Gwyn then asks Hyde if Jekyll warned him about the last visit, to which Hyde says yes, but he hasn't seen Garvis all night. Gwyn calls his attention to the bar where they see Garvis \"has brought some reinforcements.\" Gwyn begs Hyde to take her out to dinner elsewhere, but he insists on taking her upstairs and slings her over his shoulder. He gets to the bar ignoring Garvis, and has Alf bring him some champagne. Once Alf gives him the bottle, Hyde picks Gwyn back up and takes her upstairs all the while Gwyn sticks her tongue out at Garvis. Later that night, Hyde hails a cab outside the Windmill, but then decides to walk home. Eventually Garvis and three friends catch up with him, but Hyde is ready. The four men split up, and the youngest one tries to trap him in an alley. However Hyde surprises him and knocks him down a flight of stairs to his death where his friend finds him. \"Is your friend all right?\", taunts Hyde from the head of the stairs. The man slowly climbs the stairs to the top where Hyde beats him with his cane then pushes him through the glass next to the stairs where he joins his friend dead, just as Garvis and his last friend arrive. \"Oh, Dear Me\" laughs Hyde as he comes down the stairs and sees the two men. \"Oh, an accident\" he says to Garvis and his friend. \"I was on my way home.\" Garvis' friend pulls a knife on Hyde but he knocks it out of the man's hand and wounds him with the sword. He then turns on Garvis who also has a knife drawn. Hyde knocks it out of his hands leaving Garvis defenseless. \"Help\", he yells. \"Stop! Please Sir! I won't never, I swear.\" Hyde points his sword at Garvis' stomach. \"I'll tell you what you'll never\", he roars. \"You'll never go to the Windmill again, you'll never bother Gwyneth again and you'll never show your face where I ever have to look at it again.\" \"I swear\", cries out Garvis nodding and trembling. \"You don't need to take an oath\" says Hyde striking Garvis in the nose. Garvis cries out as his puts his arms to his now blood smeared face, \"what the hell have you done?\" \"I just made sure you kept your word\", says Hyde sheathing the sword back into the cane. \"I don't think you'll want to show your face in public again. Not with your nose slit.\" He turns and walks away while the terrified Garvis and remaining friend go the other way. Eventually Hyde arrives at the back entrance to Jekyll's lab. Once seeing he hasn't he been followed he pulls out a key and enters. Changing back to Jekyll's lab clothes, Hyde dances around the room whistling and singing the song Tessie sang when he arrived at the Windmill. Pouring himself a glass of the potion he remembers the last thing he said to Gwyn, \"Lady, you are exquisite\" as he drinks down the potion. The pain and dizziness come sooner than before, but eventually subside as he hands, eyebrows and hair return to the familiar appearance of Jekyll. For a brief few minutes, Jekyll flails about with Hyde's sword til he sees Garvis' blood on the tip. \"Murderous lot\", he says wiping the blood off with a rag. \"They deserved it, didn't they, Your Highness?\". He burns the bloody rag with a Bunsen burner on his desk.Months later, Jekyll is hosting a dinner for Lanyon, Devlin and others and their discussion is similar to their argument at the academy about the dual nature of man. Only where Jekyll had originally wanted to erase the aggressive instinct, now he seems to believe without it we can't survive which surprises the others especially Lanyon. Of course, the others know nothing about the dual life Jekyll has been living literally although Hyde has become a known name in many circles. Lanyon worries that Jekyll's experimenting with new drugs could end up in the hands of the young. Jekyll laughs it off sarcastically saying he is opening a new den for the young to all drug up. Lanyon begins to feel he and Jekyll can't communicate any more. Devlin and another guest, Mr. Enfield tries to change the subject to something more pleasant like women. Jekyll returns \"why choose another subject that Lanyon is ignorant\". But when they remind him of his lack of a woman in his life, let alone desire for one, Jekyll simply states his work adequately satisfies him. \"As does mine\", returns Lanyon. When Poole comes in and mentions he is serving coffee in the study, Devlin asks Jekyll to speak to him alone. As the other go inside making idle conversation, Lanyon casually asks Enfield if he contemplates the horror of eternal damnation. \"Not where it concerns me\", replies Enfield. \"Then do contemplate it,\" Lanyon says \"regarding your friend Henry Jekyll.\" Meanwhile, Devlin tells Jekyll he has been horrific things about Hyde. Even that Police Sergeant Grimes has been questioning Hyde's bank account. Naturally word got Devlin because he was the funding the account with Jekyll's money. Bluntly Devlin asks Jekyll if Hyde is blackmailing him. Jekyll dismisses the thought, saying Hyde is the subject of his experiments, his guinea pig if you will. It takes a lot of words, but Jekyll manages to convince Devlin to trust him. When a maid comes back into the dining room asking if Jekyll and Devlin want their coffee in there, Jekyll dismisses her, then asks Devlin to make apologies to the others as he needs to go to the laboratory. Devlin protests, but lets him go.Nights later, Hyde is returning to his home in Soho when he hears Gwyn bringing a man named Cassidy inside. Thinking she is using his home as a love nest, Hyde breaks in on them and starts to attack Cassidy. Gwyn finally yells out that Cassidy is engaged to Liz who also has been hiding in Hyde's home. While Hyde is calm, Gwyn gets Cassidy to take Liz away then tries to convince Hyde they were gonna get married and go away when he burst in. Hyde tries to apologize but Gwyn keeps at him. \"I am will not be criticized, not in this house!\", he roars out, them tell Gwyn to bring a bottle upstairs. She refuses and goes up to the bedroom alone and closes the door. Hyde breaks into the room and attacks her while a policeman walks aground smiling at what he thinks is a simple lover's quarrel. Later on, Hyde dresses to go back out and tells a now bruised Gwyn that if she wants to be seen with him in the future to clean up her looks. He then leaves silently unaware he's being followed by Stryker. After a little drinking escapades with other women, Hyde hails a cab. The first one drives off without him, but he manages to manually stop the horse on the second one. \"Who are you, Dick Turpin?\", asks the cabbie. Hyde dismisses this telling the cabbie where to take him, unaware there is a passenger in the cab. Pulling the passenger out, he sees that it is Lanyon to whom he just states he is simply \"hailing a cab\". Thinking Hyde drunk, Lanyon starts to argue with him but Hyde turns around and beats Lanyon with his cane. He doesn't kill Lanyon but eventually leaves him on the street with a fractured skull and rides off with the cabbie, all witnessed by Stryker. Later after changing back to Jekyll and washing his hands, Jekyll starts regretting the earlier incident. \"What's your excuse this time?\", he asks himself. \"None. That's the answer, none.\" he answers himself as he falls asleep.The next morning, Poole comes into Jekyll's room to wake him as usual. As he starts to get out bed, Jekyll looks at his hand, it's full of hair. Quickly he tries to make an excuse to Poole that he will be sleeping late that morning. Poole tells him that Sergeant Grimes is downstairs waiting to see him. Without giving himself, Jekyll tells Poole he will be down as soon as possible. After Poole leaves the room, Jekyll quickly looks in the mirror and gasps when he sees Hyde's face staring back at him. He had gone to sleep as Henry Jekyll and woke up Edward Hyde, without drinking the potion. How was this to be? Nonetheless, he had to make his way down to the laboratory and change back before Grimes and the servants all saw him this way. Fotunately Poole's conversation with Grimes moved further into the house away from the door that led to the laboratory. As soon as Hyde reached the laboratory, he drank the potion down but no effect. It took a double dose til the pangs of turning back to Jekyll came. Not finding Jekyll on the premises, Poole started to ask Grimes to come back later when Jekyll appeared and asked Poole to contact Devlin asking him over for lunch that day. When alone, Grimes then showed Jekyll the newspaper article about Lanyon's beating the night before, that he was in the hospital with stitches and there was a witness besides the cabbie who saw what happened. When Jekyll asked him why Grimes was questioning him, Grimes told him the witness followed Hyde to Jekyll's laboratory door and had learned he had a key. Jekyll manages to convince Grimes to find Hyde and search his home at which point Grimes leaves. Later at lunch, Jekyll asks Devlin to make him up a new will leaving everything to Hyde in case of his \"death or disappearance\". Devlin refuses, but Jekyll manages to convince him this was a scientific approach to explore the inexplorable and to do this for him based on trust and their friendship. Reluctantly, Devlin agrees.Later that day, Jekyll goes to visit Gwyn at Hyde's Soho home. Remembering him from when he visited the Windmill the first time she lets him in. He tells her that Hyde has gone away to seek employment in the Far East but Gwyn is still afraid of him as he has gotten violent lately. She shows him the injuries to her back from the beating of the night before to which Jekyll applies some cream. He then gives her some money claiming it was from Hyde, and if it runs out to come over to the house for more. Allegedly, Hyde didn't want her to go broke. Noticing he is still shy, Gwyn tries to ask him to come for dinner now and then now that Hyde is gone. Jekyll quietly takes his leave, but Gwyn smiles after him. \"You'll be back doctor.\" she says as he leaves.That night as it thunders and rains outside, Jekyll is storing the Hyde formula along with his clothes and sword cane in the closet of his laboratory hoping to never use them again when there is a knock at the laboratory door, it's Stryker. Jekyll tells him he's busy and can't talk now. \"it's just a visit, Doctor\" says Stryker, \"maybe I can talk to Mr. Hyde\". Jekyll tries to tell Stryker that Hyde is not there, but he is convinced Hyde is in there with him. Letting Stryker in, Jekyll shows him Hyde is not there and has moved on to the Far East. Stryker responds with the line the cabbie used when Hyde beat up Lanyon \"Who do you think you are, Dick Turpin?\" and works his way in. Jekyll tries to stop him but Stryker comes back with \"Careful, Dick Turpin was hanged.\" After walking around a bit, he tells Jekyll that he has been following him for months and that he knows that Jekyll and Hyde are one and the same. He finds Hyde's cane. \"One blow would have been enough, after all, Jekyll was a friend\". \"I struck noone!\", cries Jekyll grabbing the cane back and tells Stryker that his supposition is insane. But Stryker is not there to turn him in. He tells Jekyll, it is a scientific break through and to think that he played such a small part in it. At which point, Stryker asks Jekyll for 200 gold sovereigns monthly to guard his secret. Immediately Jekyll realizes Stryker is blackmailing him but tells him he can't prove it. \"Who needs proof?\", says Stryker and tells Jekyll he could always go to the police at which point Dr. Jekyll's reputation will better no better than Mr. Hyde's. Stryker then leaves, telling Jekyll he expects to see him at his shop by noon the next day with the 200 gold sovereigns. He starts to put the cane back in the closet, then opens it up knowing Stryker was the witness to Lanyon's beating and could tell the police. Later, Stryker is checking his own lab. Thunder and lightning continue as he gets ready for bed. Suddenly a face appears at his window during a loud clap of thunder, it is Hyde. Hyde breaks into the house and startles Stryker as he gets ready bed. \"So you wanted to meet Mr. Hyde, eh?\", he taunts and proceeds to run Stryker through with his sword over his yells for help, and with servants witnessing. Police whistles sound, and Hyde runs like mad through the alleys back to Jekyll's home. After changing back, Jekyll Hammers up his closet with the formula and destroys the rest of his laboratory. He then gets on his knees in prayer, never to become Hyde again as it continues to thunder and lightning outside his laboratory door.The next day, Jekyll reads about Stryker's death in the newspaper as Poole shows Devlin into the study. After praising Stryker's scientific abilities, Devlin says there is no question Hyde did it. Jekyll had told him Hyde left the country based on what Hyde told him and produces a note written by Hyde that he has now finally left England in lieu of the crimes he committed and will never come back. He gives Devlin the note to take to the police, but when Devlin asks for the envelope, Jekyll claims he burned it. However, it bore no postmark, it was hand delivered. Devlin then leaves, but asks Jekyll was it Hyde that dictated his will clause about \"disappearanve\". Jekyll acknowledges it. \"I knew it\", says Devlin. \"He meant to murder you.\" As he leaves, Devlin asks Poole about the letter saying Jekyll told him it was hand delivered and asked what the messenger looked like. But Poole tells him nothing was delivered that day except by post which leaves Devlin with a strange feeling.6 months have gone by, and Jekyll has given up science and goes back to practicing medicine at the hospital which makes a fully recovered Lanyon happy. So much so that after Jekyll's current class Lanyon invites him to dinner. It was if the beating was now ancient history. Jekyll hesitates at first, but then accepts his old friend's invitation. That night, as Jekyll struggles with his bowtie and asks Poole to come fix it for him, the butler tells him he has a visit from Gwyn. She's there to thank him for all the money he has been sending her for the last several months. He tries to convince her that the money is from Hyde but she tosses it off saying Hyde would never spend that much on her. He then tries to send her home because he has a dinner appointment, but she insists he have his cab take her home on the way. As they ride to Soho, she reminds him of the day he patched up her back and that she knew he was sending her money not Hyde. Jekyll asks what she would do if Hyde came back. She says she would turn him right over to the police and watch him hang. She then kisses Jekyll, telling him \"shyness can be cured, you know\". Ge tries to let her out so he can get to his dinner at Lanyon's but she insists he come up and have a drink. Jekyll comes into the house, where Gwyn kisses him on the couch and undoes his bowtie. \"I'll never be able to fix that\", he says. \"You won't have to\", says Gwyn who then dismisses the cabbie and proceeds upstairs. Jekyll looks after her from the bottom. \"Come on up\", says Gwyn. Jekyll climbs the stairs where Gwyn is doing her hair in the mirror. She smiles as he walks in and begins to massage her shoulders, but all of a sudden she sees his hands in the mirror, they are all hairy. She knows it's not Jekyll behind her anymore, it's Hyde who laughs an evil laugh and chokes her. Minutes later he has broken her neck. Running out of the house in Soho, Hyde rushes to Jekyll's house and tries o break in realizing he no longer has the key. Finally breaking through a window and breaks into the closet and down the formula. The pain in the transformation to Jekyll is more intense than ever but he does change back. He comes to himself crying knowing he killed Gwyn, and now the police will be after him like dogs. He falls into a chair sobbing and nearly falls asleep when looking at his hands, he realizes he has changed back to Hyde again. He screams in agony.The next night, Hyde is still screaming in agony. The servants in Jekyll's house can't stand it. Pooleloads a gun and sends for Devlin. Poole tells Devlin that the screams have been going on for a night. He also mentions that he has been getting notes from Jekyll passed under the door asking for chemicals urgently. The box would be delivered and dragged in by \"whomever is inside the laboratory\". Devlin and Poole both deduce it's Hyde and that he has killed Jekyll. Devlin threatens to have the door battered down. Hyde responds that he will open the door but only if Devlin comes in alone, Devlin armed with Poole's gun agrees as Hyde opens the door enough to let him in. Devlin begins searching the room for Jekyll. Hyde tells Devlin that he didn't murder Jekyll. He admits murdering Stryker was wrong because his drugs can't be replaced. He tries to convince Devlin there is nothing to do for Jekyll but help him escape. Devlin starts to go for the police, but Hyde stops him agreeing to show him Jekyll. He pulls out the last beaker of the potion and tells Devlin that Jekyll \"is in there\". \"Remember you asked for this\", he says pouring out the last glass. \"What you are about to see may make you curse your eyes and destroy every moral value you live by. Perhaps destroy you\". Devlin scoffs at this as Hyde drinks down the last of the potion, and in pain changes back to Jekyll in front of Devlin's shocked eyes. \"My God, Jekyll what you have done is Satanic! They said you might create a monster, but to have created one out of yourself\". Jekyll then explained that for the last two nights every time he fell asleep he would change back to Hyde without the potion. He was trying to save the last dose for his escape. He begs Devlin to get him his passport and as much money as possible. If he can concentrate hard enough to stay awake, he won't change back. Devlin worries that he would be letting Hyde escape, Jekyll insists yes, but he would work on the formula. Yes Hyde is a murderer, but he knows he'll hang unless he can become Jekyll again. If Devlin doesn't hurry, it's the last time he'll see Jekyll. Before he agrees to it, he asks Jekyll why did Hyde murder? Jekyll tries to explain it was pure extinct and that yes he was destined to become a monster. Devlin asks why he didn't get rid of him? Jekyll admits he tried but then it was too late. \"So you used Hyde\", yells Devlin. \"to do all the things you couldn't or wouldn't do\". Jekyll still cries about being no time to waste about the killing of Gwyn, that he (Jekyll) took her back to her home in Soho but it was Hyde that killed her. Finally Devlin agrees to help Jekyll and goes to get him the money plus to tell Poole in a hurry to get him some black coffee to stay awake. Before Devlin leaves, Jekyll asks him for a backup plan; in the event something worse happens to meet in the back of the hospital. Devlin hurries out asking Poole for the coffee without explanation then hurries out to get the money. Meanwhile Jekyll is watching one of his experimental animals when he nods off and falls asleep. Poole shows up with the coffee shortly thereafter, only to have his skull crushed and the tray dropped as Hyde hits up with his cane.Later that night, Devlin and the police are searching for Hyde near the hospital. Eventually, they chase him into the hospital. Devlin still armed with Poole's gun walks through the amphitheater and meeting hall, where Jekyll first argued his report that unknown to thr academy would create Hyde. Echoes of words from Jekyll, Lanyon and others fill the chamber ending with Sir John Turnbull's last question, \"Suppose this potion of yours did work. Suppose it did split the dual nature of man right down the middle. Might it not produce........a monster\". As the word \"monster\" echoes through Devlin's memory, Hyde taunts out \"Are you a betting man, Devlin?\" He then appears ready to kill him for bringing the police. Devlin pulls the gun on him but Hyde tells him 'If you kill me, you will be killing Henry Jekyll\" \"You don't understand\" says Devlin cooly, \"he deserves to die. Jekyll is responsible, not you\". Hyde chuckles, \"Well in that case, George, I should be free to leave\". Devlin tries to call him back. He finally turns around throwing away his sword cane, and Devlin shoots him through the heart. Hyde stumbles to the stage and with another gun shot appears to die. Devlin stands over what was once his oldest friend's body. \"I'm sorry, Henry\", he says quietly. For a second Hyde lurches forward, then falls down dead for good. The police cover Hyde up to cart him away, as Devlin slowly walks out of the meeting hall.Reprise of Denholm Elliott's opening voiceover: \"But if all men must learn wisdom today from violence today, then who can expect there will be.........a tomorrow.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Palance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Palance"},{"link_name":"Denholm Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denholm_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Leo Genn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Genn"},{"link_name":"Torin Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torin_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Rex Sevenoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rex_Sevenoaks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gillie Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gillie_Fenwick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duncan Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Oskar Homolka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Homolka"},{"link_name":"Billie Whitelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Whitelaw"},{"link_name":"Tessie O'Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessie_O%27Shea"}],"text":"Jack Palance as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde\nDenholm Elliott as Mr. George Devlin\nLeo Genn as Dr. Lanyon\nTorin Thatcher as Sir John Turnbull\nRex Sevenoaks as Dr. Wright\nGillie Fenwick as Poole\nElizabeth Cole as Hattie\nDuncan Lamont as Sergeant Grimes\nPaul Harding as Constable Johnson\nOskar Homolka as Stryker\nBillie Whitelaw as Gwyn Thomas\nTessie O'Shea as Tessie O'Toole\nDonald Webster as Garvis","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"Jason Robards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Robards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ian McLellan Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McLellan_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jack-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dan Curtis decided to make a film of Jekyll and Hyde. Originally, Rod Serling wrote a draft of the script, and Jason Robards was to star, with filming to take place in London. However, the project soon was beset with problems. Robards was unhappy with the script. In addition, filming in London proved difficult due to a technician's union strike. Filming was pushed back, and Robards decided to drop out, unhappy with the script.[2]Curtis decided to get a new script and find a new star. Ian McLellan Hunter wrote a new script. Curtis had discussed doing another project with actor Jack Palance, who agreed to take over the lead role. The producer decided to film in Canada, where it would be cheaper than the U.S.[3]Filming took place in Toronto over seven weeks in 1967. Curtis had to pay $200,000 to build a replica of Washington Square in Toronto. Palance was injured while filming a stunt.[4] The budget was approximately $900,000.[5] ABC paid for approximately half of this.The show was nominated for four Emmy awards - Outstanding Dramatic Program, Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Drama, Best Graphic Design, and Best Make-up.[6]","title":"Production"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"RPM Magazine Vol.9 No. 11 - May 11, 1968\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://rpmimages.3345.ca/pdfs/Volume+9-No.+11-May+11%2C+1968.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM Magazine Vol.9 No. 11 - May 11, 1968\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Strange_Case_of_Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1968_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://rpmimages.3345.ca/pdfs/Volume+9-No.+11-May+11%2C+1968.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RPM Magazine Vol.9 No. 11 - May 11, 1968\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062908/","external_links_name":"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Strange_Case_of_Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1968_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Strange_Case_of_Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1968_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Dohm
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Will Dohm
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["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
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German actor
Will DohmBorn(1897-04-08)8 April 1897Cologne-Delbrück, GermanyDied28 November 1948(1948-11-28) (aged 51)Munich, GermanyOccupationFilm actorYears active1926–1946SpouseHeli FinkenzellerChildrenGaby Dohm
Will Dohm (8 April 1897 – 28 November 1948) was a German film actor. He is the father of the actress Gaby Dohm.
Selected filmography
Waterloo (1929)
Cruiser Emden (1932)
Peter Voss, Thief of Millions (1932)
The Tunnel (1933)
The King's Prisoner (1935)
Tomfoolery (1936)
If We All Were Angels (1936)
Maria the Maid (1936)
Donogoo Tonka (1936)
Fridericus (1937)
Dangerous Game (1937)
Don't Promise Me Anything (1937)
A Prussian Love Story (1938)
Dance on the Volcano (1938)
So You Don't Know Korff Yet? (1938)
Opera Ball (1939)
Kora Terry (1940)
Between Hamburg and Haiti (1940)
The Gasman (1941)
Her Other Self (1941)
Mein Leben für Irland (1941)
The Thing About Styx (1942)
Melody of a Great City (1943)
The Bath in the Barn (1943)
A Man for My Wife (1943)
The Song of the Nightingale (1944)
The Master Detective (1944)
The Impostor (1944)
Die Fledermaus (1946)
References
^ BFI.org
External links
Will Dohm at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Deutsche Biographie
This article about a German film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_actor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gaby Dohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaby_Dohm"}],"text":"Will Dohm (8 April 1897 – 28 November 1948) was a German film actor.[1] He is the father of the actress Gaby Dohm.","title":"Will Dohm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Cruiser Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Emden"},{"link_name":"Peter Voss, Thief of Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Voss,_Thief_of_Millions_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"The Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tunnel_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The King's Prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Prisoner"},{"link_name":"Tomfoolery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomfoolery_(film)"},{"link_name":"If We All Were Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_We_All_Were_Angels_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Maria the Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_the_Maid"},{"link_name":"Donogoo Tonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donogoo_Tonka"},{"link_name":"Fridericus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Game_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Don't Promise Me Anything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Promise_Me_Anything"},{"link_name":"A Prussian Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Prussian_Love_Story"},{"link_name":"Dance on the Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_on_the_Volcano"},{"link_name":"So You Don't Know Korff Yet?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Don%27t_Know_Korff_Yet%3F"},{"link_name":"Opera Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Ball_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Kora Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_Terry"},{"link_name":"Between Hamburg and Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Hamburg_and_Haiti"},{"link_name":"The Gasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gasman_(film)"},{"link_name":"Her Other Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Other_Self"},{"link_name":"Mein Leben für Irland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Leben_f%C3%BCr_Irland"},{"link_name":"The Thing About Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thing_About_Styx"},{"link_name":"Melody of a Great City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_of_a_Great_City"},{"link_name":"The Bath in the Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bath_in_the_Barn_(1943_film)"},{"link_name":"A Man for My Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_for_My_Wife"},{"link_name":"The Song of the Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"The Master Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_Detective"},{"link_name":"The Impostor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impostor_(1944_German_film)"},{"link_name":"Die Fledermaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Fledermaus_(1946_film)"}],"text":"Waterloo (1929)\nCruiser Emden (1932)\nPeter Voss, Thief of Millions (1932)\nThe Tunnel (1933)\nThe King's Prisoner (1935)\nTomfoolery (1936)\nIf We All Were Angels (1936)\nMaria the Maid (1936)\nDonogoo Tonka (1936)\nFridericus (1937)\nDangerous Game (1937)\nDon't Promise Me Anything (1937)\nA Prussian Love Story (1938)\nDance on the Volcano (1938)\nSo You Don't Know Korff Yet? (1938)\nOpera Ball (1939)\nKora Terry (1940)\nBetween Hamburg and Haiti (1940)\nThe Gasman (1941)\nHer Other Self (1941)\nMein Leben für Irland (1941)\nThe Thing About Styx (1942)\nMelody of a Great City (1943)\nThe Bath in the Barn (1943)\nA Man for My Wife (1943)\nThe Song of the Nightingale (1944)\nThe Master Detective (1944)\nThe Impostor (1944)\nDie Fledermaus (1946)","title":"Selected filmography"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114144929/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/199548","external_links_name":"BFI.org"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0230638/","external_links_name":"Will Dohm"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000051547920","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46571276","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXGb9K6YKBmDMWqRMkjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1062112873","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008061860","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/-xyQyNufZ","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1062112873.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Dohm&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedi_Turki
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Hedi Turki
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Tunisian artist (1922–2019)
Hedi TurkiPortrait de Hédi Turki en 1980.الهادي التركيBorn15 May 1922 Died31 March 2019 (aged 96)NationalityTunisianOccupationPainter
Hedi Turki (15 May 1922 – 31 March 2019) was a Tunisian artist of Turkish origin. He is considered to have been the pioneering force of abstract painting in Tunisia and was an influential member of the School of Tunis. His younger brother was Zoubeir Turki, who died in 2009.
Biography
Turki was born in 1922 in Tunis to a family of Turkish origin. His grandfather, Hacı Hamid Semerci, immigrated from Turkey to Tunisia in 1870 as an Ottoman army major. Turki attended his primary education from 1928 to 1936, then went to the Sadiki College, before going to the Lycée Carnot between 1936 and 1940. He abandoned his studies after the death of his father, Mustapha, in 1939, in order to support his family as he was the eldest of seven brothers. He worked in numerous odd jobs such as an apprentice tailor, clerk, and laborer in oil mill. He married Jamila Skhiri in 1948 after the death of his mother in 1945.
He began to learn the principles of pictorial art, self-taught, and then joined the School of Tunis. In 1951 he completed a refresher course of two months in Paris at the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere. Then he obtained a scholarship for two years (1956-1657) at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. In 1959, he traveled for three months in the United States, where he discovered th abstract art at Columbia University. From 1963 to his retirement in 1985, he taught art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Tunis. He continued to travel and to study and work during his career, particularly in England (1971), Nigeria (1977) and the United States (1979).
Turki was instrumental in the founding of the School of Tunis, the establishment of the National Union of plastic and graphic arts of Tunisia, and the General Union of Arab Plastic Artists. His work evolved over time, a nationalist vocation at first, usually figurative like most members of the School of Tunis, it was then influenced by Abstract Expressionism, as inspired by his trip to the United States. Two American painters influenced Turki: Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) and Mark Rothko (1913–1970). Nonetheless, Turki's abstract style was marked by a deep sense of Tunisia and a somewhat religious aspect, which distinguishes it from other artists of his time.
Hedi Turki died on March 31, 2019, aged 96.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Toute la Tunisie. "Hédi Turki". Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
^ Today's Zaman. "Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors". Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
IdRef
This Tunisian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"},{"link_name":"Zoubeir Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoubeir_Turki"}],"text":"Hedi Turki (15 May 1922 – 31 March 2019) was a Tunisian artist of Turkish origin. He is considered to have been the pioneering force of abstract painting in Tunisia and was an influential member of the School of Tunis.[1] His younger brother was Zoubeir Turki, who died in 2009.","title":"Hedi Turki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"},{"link_name":"Hacı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TodaysZaman-2"},{"link_name":"Sadiki College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiki_College"},{"link_name":"Lycée Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Carnot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Academie de la Grande Chaumiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academie_de_la_Grande_Chaumiere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"abstract art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"},{"link_name":"Abstract Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"},{"link_name":"Jackson Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock"},{"link_name":"Mark Rothko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rothko"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToutelaTunisie-1"}],"text":"Turki was born in 1922 in Tunis to a family of Turkish origin.[1] His grandfather, Hacı Hamid Semerci, immigrated from Turkey to Tunisia in 1870 as an Ottoman army major.[2] Turki attended his primary education from 1928 to 1936, then went to the Sadiki College, before going to the Lycée Carnot between 1936 and 1940. He abandoned his studies after the death of his father, Mustapha, in 1939, in order to support his family as he was the eldest of seven brothers. He worked in numerous odd jobs such as an apprentice tailor, clerk, and laborer in oil mill. He married Jamila Skhiri in 1948 after the death of his mother in 1945.[1]He began to learn the principles of pictorial art, self-taught, and then joined the School of Tunis. In 1951 he completed a refresher course of two months in Paris at the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere.[1] Then he obtained a scholarship for two years (1956-1657) at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. In 1959, he traveled for three months in the United States, where he discovered th abstract art at Columbia University. From 1963 to his retirement in 1985, he taught art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Tunis. He continued to travel and to study and work during his career, particularly in England (1971), Nigeria (1977) and the United States (1979).[1]Turki was instrumental in the founding of the School of Tunis,[1] the establishment of the National Union of plastic and graphic arts of Tunisia, and the General Union of Arab Plastic Artists. His work evolved over time, a nationalist vocation at first, usually figurative like most members of the School of Tunis, it was then influenced by Abstract Expressionism, as inspired by his trip to the United States.[1] Two American painters influenced Turki: Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) and Mark Rothko (1913–1970). Nonetheless, Turki's abstract style was marked by a deep sense of Tunisia and a somewhat religious aspect, which distinguishes it from other artists of his time.Hedi Turki died on March 31, 2019, aged 96.[1]","title":"Biography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Toute la Tunisie. \"Hédi Turki\". Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2012-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130727200303/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419","url_text":"\"Hédi Turki\""},{"url":"http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Today's Zaman. \"Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors\". Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110313041415/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html","url_text":"\"Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7_Hywel
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Tŷ Hywel
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["1 Notes","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°27′48″N 3°09′45″W / 51.46343°N 3.16237°W / 51.46343; -3.16237Part of Senedd Estate, in Cardiff
Tŷ HywelFormer namesCrickhowell HouseGeneral informationAddress6b Bute Place, Cardiff BayTown or cityCardiffCountryWalesCoordinates51°27′48″N 3°09′45″W / 51.46343°N 3.16237°W / 51.46343; -3.16237Current tenantsSeneddOpened1991OwnerEquitix Tiger English LPTechnical detailsFloor count6Floor area11,583 m2 (124,680 sq ft)
Tŷ Hywel (Welsh for 'Hywel House') is a building in Cardiff, Wales, used by the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh: Senedd Cymru; formerly the National Assembly for Wales). It is named after the medieval king Hywel Dda (Howell the Good), King of Deheubarth in South West Wales. The building was previously known as Crickhowell House (Welsh: Tŷ Crughywel), after the former Secretary of State for Wales, Lord Crickhowell. It houses Members of the Senedd and their staff, as well as staff of the Senedd Commission. The Welsh Government also operates from the building and occupies one whole floor and part of another. It is leased by the Senedd under the Government of Wales Act 1998.
The building was opened in 1991 and has a total floor area of 11,583 m2 (124,680 sq ft). It is built of red brick and is connected to the Senedd debating chamber in Cardiff Bay. Tŷ Hywel houses staff of the Senedd Commission, MSes, the First Minister and other ministers. Crickhowell House was used as a temporary debating chamber for the National Assembly for Wales from 1999 until its new building, also originally known as the Senedd, was opened in 2006. On 25 June 2008 the Prince of Wales officially opened Siambr Hywel, the National Assembly's youth debating chamber and education centre, based on the former debating chamber in Tŷ Hywel.
Tŷ Hywel is part of the Senedd estate in Cardiff Bay, along with the Senedd building and the Grade 1 listed Pierhead Building. Two covered link bridges connect the Senedd building to Tŷ Hywel. Construction of the link bridges began in September 2004 and they were completed by December 2005.
The Pierhead Building
The skyways connecting Tŷ Hywel (left) and the Senedd building (right)
The Senedd building and Tŷ Hywel (right)
Siambr Hywel debating chamber
Notes
^ "Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows". BBC. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ Jones, Alun (20 December 2019), Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows, BBC News, retrieved 6 May 2020
^ a b "New name for Assembly former home". Media Wales. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
^ "Laws of Hywel Dda". British Library website. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
^ a b "The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2007". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
^ "New name for Assembly former home". Media Wales Ltd. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
^ a b "Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of the Assembly Commission: 2007–08. Our Estate". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
^ "Charles comes to Cardiff". GoHolidays.net. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
^ "National Assembly for Wales Commission Equality Scheme, Access to our Information, Proceedings and Buildings". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
^ "Project History 2005". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
^ "The National Assembly for Wales" (PDF). University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
^ "Project History 2004". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Senedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Hywel Dda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_Dda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Deheubarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deheubarth"},{"link_name":"South West Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assembly_home-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-4"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lord Crickhowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Edwards,_Baron_Crickhowell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Public_Sector_Information-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Home-6"},{"link_name":"Members of the Senedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Senedd"},{"link_name":"Senedd Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_Commission"},{"link_name":"Welsh Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Government"},{"link_name":"Government of Wales Act 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Public_Sector_Information-5"},{"link_name":"Senedd debating chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_building"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bay"},{"link_name":"Senedd Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_Commission"},{"link_name":"MSes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Senedd"},{"link_name":"the First Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Temporary-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assembly_home-3"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"debating chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debating_chamber"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News_Wales-8"},{"link_name":"Senedd building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_building"},{"link_name":"Grade 1 listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_1_listed"},{"link_name":"Pierhead Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierhead_Building"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Temporary-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Complex-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assembly_2005-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cincinnati-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assembly_2004-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierhead_Building_Cardiff_Bay_3_(2991983076)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierhead Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierhead_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridges_between_Senedd_and_Crickhowell_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"skyways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyway"},{"link_name":"Senedd building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Senedd,_Cardiff_Bay,_South_Wales._View_from_the_east.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siambr_Hywel_debating_chamber,_T%C5%B7_Hywel.jpg"},{"link_name":"debating chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debating_chamber"}],"text":"Part of Senedd Estate, in CardiffTŷ Hywel (Welsh for 'Hywel House') is a building in Cardiff, Wales, used by the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh: Senedd Cymru; formerly the National Assembly for Wales). It is named after the medieval king Hywel Dda[2] (Howell the Good), King of Deheubarth in South West Wales.[3][4] The building was previously known as Crickhowell House (Welsh: Tŷ Crughywel), after the former Secretary of State for Wales, Lord Crickhowell.[5][6] It houses Members of the Senedd and their staff, as well as staff of the Senedd Commission. The Welsh Government also operates from the building and occupies one whole floor and part of another. It is leased by the Senedd under the Government of Wales Act 1998.[5]The building was opened in 1991 and has a total floor area of 11,583 m2 (124,680 sq ft). It is built of red brick and is connected to the Senedd debating chamber in Cardiff Bay. Tŷ Hywel houses staff of the Senedd Commission, MSes, the First Minister and other ministers.[7][3] Crickhowell House was used as a temporary debating chamber for the National Assembly for Wales from 1999 until its new building, also originally known as the Senedd, was opened in 2006. On 25 June 2008 the Prince of Wales officially opened Siambr Hywel, the National Assembly's youth debating chamber and education centre, based on the former debating chamber in Tŷ Hywel.[8]Tŷ Hywel is part of the Senedd estate in Cardiff Bay, along with the Senedd building and the Grade 1 listed Pierhead Building.[7][9] Two covered link bridges connect the Senedd building to Tŷ Hywel. Construction of the link bridges began in September 2004 and they were completed by December 2005.[10][11][12]The Pierhead Building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe skyways connecting Tŷ Hywel (left) and the Senedd building (right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Senedd building and Tŷ Hywel (right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSiambr Hywel debating chamber","title":"Tŷ Hywel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BBC_Wales_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-50836975"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-50836975"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Assembly_home_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Assembly_home_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"New name for Assembly former home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/03/03/new-name-for-assembly-former-home-91466-20550655/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-King_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Laws of Hywel Dda\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/31lawsofhyweldda.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Public_Sector_Information_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Public_Sector_Information_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=S.I.+(All+UK)&PageNumber=1&BrowseLetter=N&NavFrom=1&parentActiveTextDocId=3329520&ActiveTextDocId=3329520&filesize=41636"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Sector Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Home_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"New name for Assembly former home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics-news/2008/03/03/new-name-for-assembly-former-home-91466-20550655/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Temporary_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Temporary_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of the Assembly Commission: 2007–08. Our Estate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120222012027/http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/abt-nafw/abt-commission/annualreport2007-08/abt-annual-08-4.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.assemblywales.org/abthome/abt-nafw/abt-commission/annualreport2007-08/abt-annual-08-4.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-News_Wales_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Charles comes to Cardiff\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newswales.co.uk/?section=Politics&F=1&id=14495"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Complex_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Assembly for Wales Commission Equality Scheme, Access to our Information, Proceedings and Buildings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120222012750/http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/equalities/equality-scheme-home-page/equality-scheme-access-buildings-information-and-proceedings_.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.assemblywales.org/abthome/equalities/equality-scheme-home-page/equality-scheme-access-buildings-information-and-proceedings_.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Assembly_2005_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Project History 2005\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071102202548/http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2005.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2005.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cincinnati_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"The National Assembly for Wales\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111007213804/http://www.daapspace.daap.uc.edu/~larsongr/Larsonline/Passive_Solar_files/WelshAssemb.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.daapspace.daap.uc.edu/~larsongr/Larsonline/Passive_Solar_files/WelshAssemb.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Assembly_2004_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Project History 2004\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080308152537/http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2004.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2004.htm"}],"text":"^ \"Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows\". BBC. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2021.\n\n^ Jones, Alun (20 December 2019), Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows, BBC News, retrieved 6 May 2020\n\n^ a b \"New name for Assembly former home\". Media Wales. Retrieved 28 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Laws of Hywel Dda\". British Library website. Retrieved 5 July 2009.\n\n^ a b \"The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2007\". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 10 February 2009.\n\n^ \"New name for Assembly former home\". Media Wales Ltd. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n\n^ a b \"Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of the Assembly Commission: 2007–08. Our Estate\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Charles comes to Cardiff\". GoHolidays.net. Retrieved 23 April 2009.\n\n^ \"National Assembly for Wales Commission Equality Scheme, Access to our Information, Proceedings and Buildings\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2009.\n\n^ \"Project History 2005\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2009.\n\n^ \"The National Assembly for Wales\" (PDF). University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2009.\n\n^ \"Project History 2004\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows\". BBC. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-50836975","url_text":"\"Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Alun (20 December 2019), Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows, BBC News, retrieved 6 May 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-50836975","url_text":"Welsh Assembly facing £4m bill to replace Tŷ Hywel windows"}]},{"reference":"\"New name for Assembly former home\". Media Wales. Retrieved 28 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/03/03/new-name-for-assembly-former-home-91466-20550655/","url_text":"\"New name for Assembly former home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laws of Hywel Dda\". British Library website. Retrieved 5 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/31lawsofhyweldda.html","url_text":"\"Laws of Hywel Dda\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2007\". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 10 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=S.I.+(All+UK)&PageNumber=1&BrowseLetter=N&NavFrom=1&parentActiveTextDocId=3329520&ActiveTextDocId=3329520&filesize=41636","url_text":"\"The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information","url_text":"Office of Public Sector Information"}]},{"reference":"\"New name for Assembly former home\". Media Wales Ltd. Retrieved 24 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics-news/2008/03/03/new-name-for-assembly-former-home-91466-20550655/","url_text":"\"New name for Assembly former home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of the Assembly Commission: 2007–08. Our Estate\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222012027/http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/abt-nafw/abt-commission/annualreport2007-08/abt-annual-08-4.htm","url_text":"\"Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of the Assembly Commission: 2007–08. Our Estate\""},{"url":"http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/abt-nafw/abt-commission/annualreport2007-08/abt-annual-08-4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles comes to Cardiff\". GoHolidays.net. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newswales.co.uk/?section=Politics&F=1&id=14495","url_text":"\"Charles comes to Cardiff\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Assembly for Wales Commission Equality Scheme, Access to our Information, Proceedings and Buildings\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222012750/http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/equalities/equality-scheme-home-page/equality-scheme-access-buildings-information-and-proceedings_.htm","url_text":"\"National Assembly for Wales Commission Equality Scheme, Access to our Information, Proceedings and Buildings\""},{"url":"http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/equalities/equality-scheme-home-page/equality-scheme-access-buildings-information-and-proceedings_.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Project History 2005\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102202548/http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2005.htm","url_text":"\"Project History 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2005.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Assembly for Wales\" (PDF). University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007213804/http://www.daapspace.daap.uc.edu/~larsongr/Larsonline/Passive_Solar_files/WelshAssemb.pdf","url_text":"\"The National Assembly for Wales\""},{"url":"http://www.daapspace.daap.uc.edu/~larsongr/Larsonline/Passive_Solar_files/WelshAssemb.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Project History 2004\". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080308152537/http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2004.htm","url_text":"\"Project History 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-2004.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Like_an_Eagle_(album)
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Fly Like an Eagle (album)
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","3.1 Steve Miller Band","3.2 Additional personnel","3.3 Technical","4 Quadraphonic and original editions","5 30th anniversary edition","6 Charts","7 Certifications","8 References"]
|
1976 studio album by Steve Miller BandFly Like an EagleStudio album by Steve Miller BandReleasedMay 15, 1976 (1976-05-15)Recorded1975–1976StudioCBS Studios, San Francisco, CaliforniaGenre
Space rock
blues rock
pop rock
Length38:07LabelCapitolProducerSteve MillerSteve Miller Band chronology
The Joker(1973)
Fly Like an Eagle(1976)
Book of Dreams(1977)
Singles from Fly Like an Eagle
"Take the Money and Run"Released: April 26, 1976
"Rock'n Me"Released: August 1976 (US)
"Fly Like an Eagle"Released: August 13, 1976 (UK)
"Serenade"Released: January 28, 1977 (UK)
Fly Like an Eagle is the ninth studio album by American rock band Steve Miller Band, released in May 1976 by Capitol Records in the United States, Canada and Japan and Mercury Records in Europe.
The album was a success, spawning three singles: the title track, "Take the Money and Run" and "Rock'n Me", and eventually received quadruple platinum certification from the RIAA.
Fly Like an Eagle was voted number 400 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). In 2012, the album was ranked number 445 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time."
The album remains a staple of rock, and its singles remain in constant rotation on classic rock radio stations in the United States and worldwide.
On the album's cover, Miller is posing with a black left-handed Fender Stratocaster that Jimi Hendrix had originally ordered, but Miller ended up claiming it from Manny's Music and re-strung it right-handed, as Hendrix had died after it was ordered. Unfortunately, the guitar was stolen after the album's release.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideB+Rolling Stone(favorable)The Village VoiceB−Encyclopedia of Popular Music
Stephen Thomas Erlewine in a retrospective review for AllMusic felt that "the focus brings about his strongest set of songs (both originals and covers), plus a detailed atmospheric production where everything fits." However, he said that "it still can sound fairly dated", but concluded the review by saying that "its best moments are classics of the idiom." Rolling Stone voted it 1976's Best Album. Jay Cridlin of the Tampa Bay Times described "Dance, Dance, Dance" as "the best John Denver song John Denver never recorded".
Track listing
Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Space Intro" (Instrumental)Steve Miller1:152."Fly Like an Eagle"Miller4:423."Wild Mountain Honey"Steve McCarty4:514."Serenade"Miller, Chris McCarty3:135."Dance, Dance, Dance"Miller, Joseph Cooper, Brenda Cooper2:186."Mercury Blues"K. C. Douglas, Bob Geddins3:30
Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length7."Take the Money and Run"Miller2:508."Rock'n Me"Miller3:059."You Send Me" (*)Sam Cooke2:4210."Blue Odyssey" (Instrumental)Miller1:0011."Sweet Maree"Miller4:1612."The Window"Miller, Joseph Cooper4:19
* Contains a brief sample from Cheech & Chong's comedy routine "Championship Wrestling" (from Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album, 1974), inserted after the first verse. The sample includes the words "...c'mon, don't be nervous!"
Personnel
Steve Miller Band
Steve Miller – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, sitar, ARP Odyssey (on tracks 1, 2, 10, 12), producer
Lonnie Turner – bass (on all tracks but 12)
Gary Mallaber – drums (on all tracks but 12)
Additional personnel
James Cotton – harmonica (on track 11)
Curley Cooke – guitar (on track 12)
Les Dudek – guitar (on track 12)
Charles Calamise – bass (on track 12)
Kenny Johnson – drums (on track 12)
John McFee – dobro (on track 5)
Joachim Young – B3 organ (on tracks 2 and 12)
Technical
John Palladino – executive producer
Mike Fusaro – recording engineer
Jim Gains – mastering
Susan McCardle – photography
David Stahl – photography
Quadraphonic and original editions
A Quadraphonic mix of the album was available on the Quadraphonic 8-Track cartridge format (in which Track 1 - "Space Intro" is edited into "Fly Like an Eagle" as one track, and Track 6 - "Take the Money and Run" intro repeats twice).
On the U.K. original vinyl release "Space Intro" does not appear on track listing. A 40-second track called "Space Odyssey" segues into "Wild Mountain Honey".
30th anniversary edition
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In 2006 the album was re-released to celebrate its 30th anniversary. The CD is digitally remastered and includes three bonus tracks and a bonus DVD features a concert performance at Mountain View, California's Shoreline Amphitheatre in 2005 with over two hours of music in 5.1 Surround Sound (Note this surround mix is not based on the QUAD mix as track 1 and 6 are not different from the standard releases). Guest musicians include George Thorogood and Joe Satriani. The DVD also features a lengthy interview with Steve Miller, archive footage, never-before-seen photographs, and early demo recordings.
Live at Shoreline Amphitheatre
September 17, 2005
Swingtown
True Fine Love
Abracadabra
Dance Dance Dance
Wild Mountain Honey
Nature Boy
Mercury Blues
The Stake
Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma Ma
I Love the Life I Live, I Live the Life I Love (featuring George Thorogood)
Got Love If You Want It (featuring George Thorogood)
Gangster of Love (featuring George Thorogood)
All Your Love (I Miss Loving) (featuring Joe Satriani)
I'm Tore Down (featuring Joe Satriani)
Slow Blues (featuring Joe Satriani)
Crossroads (featuring Joe Satriani)
Fly Like an Eagle (featuring Joe Satriani)
Take the Money and Run
Rock'n Me
Jungle Love
The Joker
Encore: Serenade (featuring Joe Satriani)
Charts
Chart (1976)
Peakposition
Canadian Top Albums
4
Netherlands Top 100 Albums
7
UK Albums Chart
11
US Billboard 200
3
Chart (1977)
Peakposition
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
20
New Zealand Top 40 Albums
16
US R&B Albums
19
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
2× Platinum
200,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
4× Platinum
4,000,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "RIAA certifications". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Fly Like an Eagle - Steve Miller Band". AllMusic. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
^ Larkin, Colin (1999). All-Time Top 1000 Albums. Virgin Books. p. 90. ISBN 0-7535-0354-9. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021.
^ "Steve Miller singles". DutchCharts.
^ "Steve Miller singles". DutchCharts.
^ "Steve Miller single". DutchChartss.
^ "Steve Miller singles". DutchCharts.
^ Colin Larkin (2006). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 150. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.
^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time". Rolling Stone. 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
^ https://www.groundguitar.com/jimi-hendrix-gear/jimi-hendrixs-1970s-fender-stratocaster-black-left-handed/
^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: M". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 8, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
^
^ Christgau, Robert (December 1976). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^ Larkin, Colin (2011). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958.
^ "Review: Steve Miller Band plows through Hall of Fame hits at Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater". Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
^ "Top Albums". RPM. Vol. 23, no. 5. October 30, 1976. p. 29. ISSN 0315-5994. Archived from the original (PHP) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "Steve Miller Band – Fly Like an Eagle (Album)" (ASP). Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "Chart Archive: Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive – 19th NJune 1976". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ a b "Steve Miller: Charts & Awards – Billboard Albums". Allmusic. United States: Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Steve Miller Band – Fly Like an Eagle" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ "Steve Miller Band – Fly Like an Eagle (Album)" (ASP). New Zealand Charts. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Steve Miller Band – Fly Like an Eagle". Music Canada.
^ "British album certifications – Steve Miller Band – Fly Like an Eagle". British Phonographic Industry.
^ "American album certifications – Steve Miller Band – Fly Like an Eagle". Recording Industry Association of America.
vteSteve Miller Band
Steve Miller
Kenny Lee Lewis
Gordy Knudtson
Joseph Wooten
Jacob Peterson
Norton Buffalo
Tim Davis
Boz Scaggs
Ben Sidran
Nicky Hopkins
Bobby Winkelman
Charlie McCoy
Ross Valory
Jim Keltner
Gary Mallaber
David Denny
Greg Douglass
John Massaro
Leo Sidran
Sonny Charles
Studio albums
Children of the Future
Sailor
Brave New World
Your Saving Grace
Number 5
Rock Love
Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden
The Joker
Fly Like an Eagle
Book of Dreams
Circle of Love
Abracadabra
Italian X Rays
Living in the 20th Century
Born 2 B Blue (Steve Miller solo album)
Wide River
Bingo!
Let Your Hair Down
Live albums
Live at the Fillmore Auditorium
Steve Miller Band Live!
Compilations
Anthology
Living in the U.S.A.
Greatest Hits 1974–78
The Very Best of the Steve Miller Band
Young Hearts
Ultimate Hits
Singles
"The Joker"
"Take the Money and Run"
"Rock'n Me"
"Fly Like an Eagle"
"Jet Airliner"
"Jungle Love"
"Swingtown"
"Abracadabra"
"I Want to Make the World Turn Around"
Songs
"Mercury Blues"
"You Send Me"
"Gangster of Love"
"Ooh Poo Pah Doo"
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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Unfortunately, the guitar was stolen after the album's release.[10]","title":"Fly Like an Eagle (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tampa-15"}],"text":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine in a retrospective review for AllMusic felt that \"the focus brings about his strongest set of songs (both originals and covers), plus a detailed atmospheric production where everything fits.\" However, he said that \"it still can sound fairly dated\", but concluded the review by saying that \"its best moments [...] are classics of the idiom.\" Rolling Stone voted it 1976's Best Album. Jay Cridlin of the Tampa Bay Times described \"Dance, Dance, Dance\" as \"the best John Denver song John Denver never recorded\".[15]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Miller_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Fly Like an Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Like_an_Eagle_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mercury Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Blues"},{"link_name":"K. C. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Douglas"},{"link_name":"Bob Geddins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geddins"},{"link_name":"Take the Money and Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_the_Money_and_Run_(Steve_Miller_Band_song)"},{"link_name":"Rock'n Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27n_Me"},{"link_name":"You Send Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Send_Me"},{"link_name":"Sam Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Cheech & Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheech_%26_Chong"},{"link_name":"Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheech_%26_Chong%27s_Wedding_Album"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Space Intro\" (Instrumental)Steve Miller1:152.\"Fly Like an Eagle\"Miller4:423.\"Wild Mountain Honey\"Steve McCarty4:514.\"Serenade\"Miller, Chris McCarty3:135.\"Dance, Dance, Dance\"Miller, Joseph Cooper, Brenda Cooper2:186.\"Mercury Blues\"K. C. Douglas, Bob Geddins3:30Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length7.\"Take the Money and Run\"Miller2:508.\"Rock'n Me\"Miller3:059.\"You Send Me\" (*)Sam Cooke2:4210.\"Blue Odyssey\" (Instrumental)Miller1:0011.\"Sweet Maree\"Miller4:1612.\"The Window\"Miller, Joseph Cooper4:19* Contains a brief sample from Cheech & Chong's comedy routine \"Championship Wrestling\" (from Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album, 1974), inserted after the first verse. The sample includes the words \"...c'mon, don't be nervous!\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Miller_(musician)"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"ARP Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Gary Mallaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mallaber"}],"sub_title":"Steve Miller Band","text":"Steve Miller – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, sitar, ARP Odyssey (on tracks 1, 2, 10, 12), producer\nLonnie Turner – bass (on all tracks but 12)\nGary Mallaber – drums (on all tracks but 12)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Les Dudek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Dudek"},{"link_name":"John McFee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McFee"},{"link_name":"B3 organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"}],"sub_title":"Additional personnel","text":"James Cotton – harmonica (on track 11)\nCurley Cooke – guitar (on track 12)\nLes Dudek – guitar (on track 12)\nCharles Calamise – bass (on track 12)\nKenny Johnson – drums (on track 12)\nJohn McFee – dobro (on track 5)\nJoachim Young – B3 organ (on tracks 2 and 12)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recording engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"sub_title":"Technical","text":"John Palladino – executive producer\nMike Fusaro – recording engineer\nJim Gains – mastering\nSusan McCardle – photography\nDavid Stahl – photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fly Like an Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Like_an_Eagle_(song)"}],"text":"A Quadraphonic mix of the album was available on the Quadraphonic 8-Track cartridge format (in which Track 1 - \"Space Intro\" is edited into \"Fly Like an Eagle\" as one track, and Track 6 - \"Take the Money and Run\" intro repeats twice).On the U.K. original vinyl release \"Space Intro\" does not appear on track listing. A 40-second track called \"Space Odyssey\" segues into \"Wild Mountain Honey\".","title":"Quadraphonic and original editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoreline Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"George Thorogood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thorogood"},{"link_name":"Joe Satriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Satriani"},{"link_name":"George Thorogood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thorogood"},{"link_name":"Joe Satriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Satriani"}],"text":"In 2006 the album was re-released to celebrate its 30th anniversary. The CD is digitally remastered and includes three bonus tracks and a bonus DVD features a concert performance at Mountain View, California's Shoreline Amphitheatre in 2005 with over two hours of music in 5.1 Surround Sound (Note this surround mix is not based on the QUAD mix as track 1 and 6 are not different from the standard releases). 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|
[]
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Retrieved March 8, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=M&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: M\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2011). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. 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Retrieved September 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927132039/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/soundcheck/review-steve-miller-band-plows-through-hall-of-fame-hits-at-ruth-eckerd/2267753","url_text":"\"Review: Steve Miller Band plows through Hall of Fame hits at Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater\""},{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/soundcheck/review-steve-miller-band-plows-through-hall-of-fame-hits-at-ruth-eckerd/2267753","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Albums\". RPM. Vol. 23, no. 5. October 30, 1976. p. 29. ISSN 0315-5994. Archived from the original (PHP) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023142856/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.5114A&type=2&interval=50&PHPSESSID=m89iq841abagb37ld9c0fdc1f3","url_text":"\"Top Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0315-5994","url_text":"0315-5994"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.5114A&type=2&interval=50&PHPSESSID=m89iq841abagb37ld9c0fdc1f3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Miller Band – Fly Like an Eagle (Album)\" (ASP). Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Equitable_Society
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Baltimore Equitable Society
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["1 Fire mark","2 History","3 Today","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°17′28″N 76°37′16″W / 39.29111°N 76.62111°W / 39.29111; -76.62111United States historic placeBaltimore Equitable InsuranceU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesBaltimore City Landmark
Old location of Baltimore Equitable Insurance (21 N Eutaw St, Baltimore, MD 21201), relocated in 2003.Location100 N Charles St, Suite 640., Baltimore, MarylandCoordinates39°17′28″N 76°37′16″W / 39.29111°N 76.62111°W / 39.29111; -76.62111Area0.5 acres (0.20 ha)Built1962 (1962)ArchitectLudwig Mies Van Der RoheArchitectural styleModernisticNRHP reference No.77001528Designated BCL2012
Baltimore Equitable Insurance also known as the Baltimore Equitable Society, until 2003 was located at the original headquarters of the Eutaw Savings Bank, is a historic bank building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Originally built as the headquarters for the Eutaw Savings Bank, it is a two-story building with brownstone front and brick sides. It was constructed in 1857 in the Italian Renaissance style. The Eutaw Savings Bank moved across the street in 1887 to what is now the Baltimore Grand and the building was acquired by the Baltimore Equitable Society in 1889. Founded in 1794, the Baltimore Equitable Society is one of the oldest corporations in the city and the third-oldest fire insurance company in the United States.
The building that housed Baltimore Equitable Insurance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In 2003, due to the age and state of disrepair of the building, Baltimore Equitable Insurance left the building. As of 2023, the building will become the M&T Pavilion, an entertainment space.
Fire mark
This a photo of the Baltimore Equitable Insurance firemark.
The Sign of the Clasped Hands, frequently seen on the exterior of houses in the region, means that the home is (or was) insured by the Baltimore Equitable Society (Baltimore Equitable Insurance). The Society chose the clasped hands, depicting the hand of the company and the hand of the policy holder shaking, to symbolize the agreement by both parties to the contract of insurance. Called a “fire mark,” this sign of coverage was once just as important as the paper policy document. The society still gives the fire mark to any person insured with Baltimore Equitable who wishes to receive it. It is numbered and painted in the traditional black with gold leaf.
History
Baltimore Equitable Insurance Logo
On January 21, 1794, a number of respectable citizens assembled to establish a fire insurance company similar to that created in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin. This meeting gave rise to the birth of the Baltimore Equitable Society.
By February 10, 1794, a constitution had been drawn to govern the new company, the Baltimore Equitable Society for Insuring of Houses From Loss By Fire. Policy Number 1 was issued on April 10, 1794 to Humphrey Pierce on his three-story brick house on Baltimore Street. By December 27 of its first year of operation, the Society was incorporated, making it older than Baltimore City itself, which was not incorporated until three years later.
At the conclusion of the Society's first year of business, 104 policies had been written for a total coverage of $129,016. Expenses for the first year of Society business equaled $300.69 including salaries and rent. Detailed accounts were kept, noting charges of $1.33 for a pewter ink stand and $.50 for 50 quills.
Nearly two years after incorporation, on December 4, 1796, the Society sustained its first loss from fire when William Hawkins' two brick houses at Light and Baltimore Streets (now the site of the Nations Bank Building) were destroyed. The blaze consumed a number of other businesses, homes and a church in what amounted to the city's "Great Fire" to that date. With this first loss, began the Society's tradition of prompt and full payment to the policyholder.
Baltimore Equitable insured the property of a number of the city's prominent citizens. In 1803, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, insured four brick buildings on the north side of King George Street (now Lombard) between Stillhouse Street (now Front) and Jones' Falls. In 1838, Homewood the home of Charles Carroll Jr. now on the Johns Hopkins University campus, was first insured. When the owner cancelled this policy in 1866, the Society refunded the entire original payment. Then in 1903, when Johns Hopkins University acquired the mansion, the university insured it again.
The Society was an eyewitness to the tumultuous times which the nineteenth century presented to the nation. In 1814, the British burned Washington and turned toward Baltimore where they intended to do the same. Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the harbor where he penned the poem which became our national anthem. Six months after the British forces were defeated at the Battle of Baltimore and the city had been spared the destruction it had feared, the Society expressed its relief. The minutes recorded at its annual meeting on April 3, 1815, noted, "Peace and the restoration of tranquility...(leave) the board the opportunity and satisfaction to record... that there was no loss sustained." Had the British been successful in their land and sea attacks on Baltimore, the minutes would have told of a very different outcome.
While the 1860s saw life in Baltimore altered, the period also brought change to the Baltimore Equitable Society. On March 13, 1865, the members present at a general meeting voted to issue perpetual policies. By this point in its history, through judicious investments and careful management, the Society had accumulated a surplus sufficient to enable it to write policies for an indefinite period. The first of these policies was issued to William Clagett on his dwelling at 157 Lombard Street near Canal Street. On March 20, another perpetual policy was issued to cover "Mondawmin," the home of Isabella Brown, widow of George Brown. George was the son of Alexander Brown, founder of Alex. Brown & Sons, the city's oldest banking house. The home, originally a summer home and later the year-round residence, was located where Mondawmin Shopping Center now stands.
The turn of the century was a time of progress and good fortune for the Society until disaster struck the city in 1904. On February 7, a wholesale dry goods house in the heart of Baltimore's business district caught fire, igniting the Great Baltimore Fire. One hundred fifty acres, including all of the original town laid out in 1730, were destroyed along with 2,500 business establishments. Miraculously, there were no deaths, but total damages reached $150 million. The Great Baltimore Fire affected 455 Baltimore Equitable policyholders and although the Society incurred losses of nearly $2 million, all policy holders were promptly paid in full.
Following the disaster of the 1904 fire, financial calamity hit the nation. From 1929 to 1939, the Great Depression took a heavy toll on the country. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president to lead the nation to economic recovery. During this period, fortunes were lost, companies were ruined and millions of workers were unemployed. Nevertheless, Baltimore Equitable continued to be successful. None of its surplus fund was used to pay operating expenses, and investments remained secure. In fact, assets increased by 23%. It was during this period of economic struggle that the Society created its Fire Museum, that was housed in its offices on Eutaw Street and has recently been closed.
The years from 1941 to 1945 saw thousands of Baltimoreans called to military duty in Europe and the Pacific Theater during World War II. Those service men and women who were insured by the Society went to war without the worry of annual premiums, knowing their families would be taken care of with prompt and personal claims service in the event of a loss.
The urban unrest in 1968 changed the way some insurance companies wrote policies. As a result of the fire damage caused by the riots, some insurers refused to cover properties within the city lines. Yet Baltimore Equitable continued to write policies on homes which met underwriting requirements without regard to the invisible "red line" which was said to surround the city.
Today
Throughout the 1980s, Baltimore Equitable's success continued. A.M. Best Company, which evaluates the financial stability of insurance companies, has rated Baltimore Equitable Society A - Excellent.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ a b c Dorsey, John; Dilts, James D. (1981). A Guide to Baltimore Architecture (Second ed.). Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishes. p. 96. ISBN 0-87033-272-4.
^ Stephen J. Bernhardt and Randolph M. Cornell (September 1976). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Baltimore Equitable Society" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
^ Davis, Joseph Stancliffe (1 February 2013). Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-58477-427-3. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ DeButts, Jimmy (2011-01-28). "Human Capital with Equitable's Sharon Woodward - Baltimore Business Journal". Bizjournals. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
^ "Our Timeline". Baltimore Equitable Insurance. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
^ "Former Eutaw Savings Bank to become Baltimore's newest performance and events space". 28 September 2021.
^ "Unauthorized Request Blocked".
External links
Baltimore Equitable Society, Baltimore City, including photo from 1976, at Maryland Historical Trust
Baltimore Equitable Insurance website
Explore Baltimore Heritage - Baltimore Equitable Society
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MarylandTopics
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Originally built as the headquarters for the Eutaw Savings Bank,[2] it is a two-story building with brownstone front and brick sides. It was constructed in 1857 in the Italian Renaissance style.[3] The Eutaw Savings Bank moved across the street in 1887 to what is now the Baltimore Grand and the building was acquired by the Baltimore Equitable Society in 1889.[2] Founded in 1794, the Baltimore Equitable Society is one of the oldest corporations in the city and the third-oldest fire insurance company in the United States.[2][4][5]The building that housed Baltimore Equitable Insurance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.[1] In 2003, due to the age and state of disrepair of the building, Baltimore Equitable Insurance left the building.[6] As of 2023, the building will become the M&T Pavilion, an entertainment space. [7]","title":"Baltimore Equitable Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltimore_Equitable_Insurance_Firemark.jpg"},{"link_name":"fire mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_mark"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This a photo of the Baltimore Equitable Insurance firemark.The Sign of the Clasped Hands, frequently seen on the exterior of houses in the region, means that the home is (or was) insured by the Baltimore Equitable Society (Baltimore Equitable Insurance). The Society chose the clasped hands, depicting the hand of the company and the hand of the policy holder shaking, to symbolize the agreement by both parties to the contract of insurance. Called a “fire mark,” this sign of coverage was once just as important as the paper policy document. The society still gives the fire mark to any person insured with Baltimore Equitable who wishes to receive it. It is numbered and painted in the traditional black with gold leaf.[citation needed]","title":"Fire mark"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltimore_Equitable_Insurance_Logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mondawmin Shopping Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondawmin_Mall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Baltimore Equitable Insurance LogoOn January 21, 1794, a number of respectable citizens assembled to establish a fire insurance company similar to that created in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin. This meeting gave rise to the birth of the Baltimore Equitable Society.By February 10, 1794, a constitution had been drawn to govern the new company, the Baltimore Equitable Society for Insuring of Houses From Loss By Fire. Policy Number 1 was issued on April 10, 1794 to Humphrey Pierce on his three-story brick house on Baltimore Street. By December 27 of its first year of operation, the Society was incorporated, making it older than Baltimore City itself, which was not incorporated until three years later.At the conclusion of the Society's first year of business, 104 policies had been written for a total coverage of $129,016. Expenses for the first year of Society business equaled $300.69 including salaries and rent. Detailed accounts were kept, noting charges of $1.33 for a pewter ink stand and $.50 for 50 quills.Nearly two years after incorporation, on December 4, 1796, the Society sustained its first loss from fire when William Hawkins' two brick houses at Light and Baltimore Streets (now the site of the Nations Bank Building) were destroyed. The blaze consumed a number of other businesses, homes and a church in what amounted to the city's \"Great Fire\" to that date. With this first loss, began the Society's tradition of prompt and full payment to the policyholder.Baltimore Equitable insured the property of a number of the city's prominent citizens. In 1803, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, insured four brick buildings on the north side of King George Street (now Lombard) between Stillhouse Street (now Front) and Jones' Falls. In 1838, Homewood the home of Charles Carroll Jr. now on the Johns Hopkins University campus, was first insured. When the owner cancelled this policy in 1866, the Society refunded the entire original payment. Then in 1903, when Johns Hopkins University acquired the mansion, the university insured it again.The Society was an eyewitness to the tumultuous times which the nineteenth century presented to the nation. In 1814, the British burned Washington and turned toward Baltimore where they intended to do the same. Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the harbor where he penned the poem which became our national anthem. Six months after the British forces were defeated at the Battle of Baltimore and the city had been spared the destruction it had feared, the Society expressed its relief. The minutes recorded at its annual meeting on April 3, 1815, noted, \"Peace and the restoration of tranquility...(leave) the board the opportunity and satisfaction to record... that there was no loss sustained.\" Had the British been successful in their land and sea attacks on Baltimore, the minutes would have told of a very different outcome.While the 1860s saw life in Baltimore altered, the period also brought change to the Baltimore Equitable Society. On March 13, 1865, the members present at a general meeting voted to issue perpetual policies. By this point in its history, through judicious investments and careful management, the Society had accumulated a surplus sufficient to enable it to write policies for an indefinite period. The first of these policies was issued to William Clagett on his dwelling at 157 Lombard Street near Canal Street. On March 20, another perpetual policy was issued to cover \"Mondawmin,\" the home of Isabella Brown, widow of George Brown. George was the son of Alexander Brown, founder of Alex. Brown & Sons, the city's oldest banking house. The home, originally a summer home and later the year-round residence, was located where Mondawmin Shopping Center now stands.The turn of the century was a time of progress and good fortune for the Society until disaster struck the city in 1904. On February 7, a wholesale dry goods house in the heart of Baltimore's business district caught fire, igniting the Great Baltimore Fire. One hundred fifty acres, including all of the original town laid out in 1730, were destroyed along with 2,500 business establishments. Miraculously, there were no deaths, but total damages reached $150 million. The Great Baltimore Fire affected 455 Baltimore Equitable policyholders and although the Society incurred losses of nearly $2 million, all policy holders were promptly paid in full.Following the disaster of the 1904 fire, financial calamity hit the nation. From 1929 to 1939, the Great Depression took a heavy toll on the country. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president to lead the nation to economic recovery. During this period, fortunes were lost, companies were ruined and millions of workers were unemployed. Nevertheless, Baltimore Equitable continued to be successful. None of its surplus fund was used to pay operating expenses, and investments remained secure. In fact, assets increased by 23%. It was during this period of economic struggle that the Society created its Fire Museum, that was housed in its offices on Eutaw Street and has recently been closed.The years from 1941 to 1945 saw thousands of Baltimoreans called to military duty in Europe and the Pacific Theater during World War II. Those service men and women who were insured by the Society went to war without the worry of annual premiums, knowing their families would be taken care of with prompt and personal claims service in the event of a loss.The urban unrest in 1968 changed the way some insurance companies wrote policies. As a result of the fire damage caused by the riots, some insurers refused to cover properties within the city lines. Yet Baltimore Equitable continued to write policies on homes which met underwriting requirements without regard to the invisible \"red line\" which was said to surround the city.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Throughout the 1980s, Baltimore Equitable's success continued. A.M. Best Company, which evaluates the financial stability of insurance companies, has rated Baltimore Equitable Society A - Excellent.[8]","title":"Today"}]
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[{"image_text":"This a photo of the Baltimore Equitable Insurance firemark.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Baltimore_Equitable_Insurance_Firemark.jpg/220px-Baltimore_Equitable_Insurance_Firemark.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baltimore Equitable Insurance Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baltimore_Equitable_Insurance_Logo.jpg/220px-Baltimore_Equitable_Insurance_Logo.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_of_homosexuality
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Terminology of homosexuality
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["1 Prescribed usage","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Tribadism","2.3 Sodomy","2.4 Lesbianism","2.5 Sapphism","2.6 Pederasty","2.7 Homosexual","2.8 Other late 19th and early 20th century sexological terms","2.9 Homophile","3 Recent academic terms","3.1 Side","4 Jargon and slang","4.1 Cants","4.2 Slang","4.3 Gay","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 External links"]
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History of terms used to describe homosexuality
Two men at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear indicate their identity with the word gay.
Terms used to describe homosexuality have gone through many changes since the emergence of the first terms in the mid-19th century. In English, some terms in widespread use have been sodomite, Achillean, Sapphic, Uranian, homophile, lesbian, gay, effeminate, queer, homoaffective, and same-gender attracted. Some of these words are specific to women, some to men, and some can be used of either. Gay people may also be identified under the umbrella term LGBT.
Homosexual was coined in German in 1868. Academia continues to coin related terms, including androphilia and gynephilia which designate only the object of attraction, thus divorcing the terms from sexual orientation entirely.
Numerous slang terms exist for homosexuals or homosexuality. Some communities have cants, a rich jargon used among a subgroup almost like a secret language, such as Polari in the UK, and others.
Prescribed usage
The term homosexual can be used as an adjective to describe the sexual attractions and behaviors of people attracted to the same sex. Author and gay pioneer Quentin Crisp said that the term should be "homosexualist", adding that no one says "I am a sexual." Some gay people argue that the use of homosexual as a noun is offensive, arguing that they are people first and their homosexuality being merely an attribute of their humanity. Even if they do not consider the term offensive, some people in same-gender relationships may object to being described as homosexual because they identify as bisexual+, or another orientation.
Some style guides recommend that the terms homosexual and homosexuality be avoided altogether, lest their use cause confusion or arouse controversy. In particular, the description of individuals as homosexual may be offensive, partially because of the negative clinical association of the word stemming from its use in describing same-gender attraction as a pathological state before homosexuality was removed from the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental disorders in 1973. The Associated Press and New York Times style guides restrict usage of the terms.
Same-gender oriented people seldom apply such terms to themselves, and public officials and agencies often avoid them. For instance, the Safe Schools Coalition of Washington's Glossary for School Employees advises that gay is the "preferred synonym for homosexual", and goes on to suggest avoiding the term homosexual as it is "clinical, distancing, and archaic".
However, the terms homosexual and homosexuality are sometimes deemed appropriate in referring to behavior (although same-gender is the preferred adjective). Using homosexuality or homosexual to refer to behavior may be inaccurate but does not carry the same potentially offensive connotations that using homosexual to describe a person does. When referring to people, homosexual is considered derogatory and the terms gay and lesbian are preferred. Some have argued that homosexual places emphasis on sexuality over humanity, and is to be avoided when describing a person. Gay man or lesbian are the preferred nouns for referring to people, which stress cultural and social matters over sex.
The New Oxford American Dictionary says that gay is the preferred term.
People with a same-gender sexual orientation generally prefer the terms gay, lesbian, or bisexual. The most common terms are gay (both men and women) and lesbian (women only). Other terms include same gender loving and same-sex-oriented.
Among some sectors of gay sub-culture, same-gender sexual behavior is sometimes viewed as solely for physical pleasure instead of romantic. Men on the down-low (or DL) may engage in covert sexual activity with other men while pursuing sexual and romantic relationships with women.
History
The choice of terms regarding sexual orientation may imply a certain political outlook, and different terms have been preferred at different times and in different places.
Early history
Historian and philosopher Michel Foucault argued that homosexual and heterosexual identities did not emerge until the 19th century. Prior to that time, he said, the terms described practices and not identity. Foucault cited Karl Westphal's famous 1870 article Contrary Sexual Feeling as the "date of birth" of the categorization of sexual orientation. Some scholars, however, have argued that there are significant continuities between past and present conceptualizations of sexuality, with various terms having been used for homosexuality.
In his Symposium, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato described (through the character of the profane comedian Aristophanes) three sexual orientations – heterosexuality, male homosexuality, and female homosexuality – and provided explanations for their existence using an invented creation myth.
Tribadism
Main article: Tribadism
Although this term refers to a specific sex act between women today, in the past it was commonly used to describe female-female sexual love in general, and women who had sex with women were called Tribads or Tribades. As author Rictor Norton explains:
The tribas, lesbian, from Greek tribein, to rub (i.e. rubbing the pudenda together, or clitoris upon pubic bone, etc.), appears in Greek and Latin satires from the late first century. The tribade was the most common (vulgar) lesbian in European texts for many centuries. 'Tribade' occurs in English texts from at least as early as 1601 to at least as late as the mid-nineteenth century before it became self-consciously old-fashioned—it was in current use for nearly three centuries.
Fricatrice, a synonym for tribade that also refers to rubbing but has a Latin rather than a Greek root, appeared in English as early as 1605 (in Ben Jonson's Volpone). Its usage suggests that it was more colloquial and more pejorative than tribade. Variants include the Latinized confricatrice and English rubster.
Sodomy
Main article: Sodomy
Though sodomy has been used to refer to a range of homosexual and heterosexual "unnatural acts", the term sodomite usually refers to a homosexual male even though the real meaning is of unreproductive sex. The term is derived from the Biblical tale of Sodom and Gomorrah, and Christian churches have referred to the crimen sodomitae (crime of the Sodomites) for centuries. The modern association with homosexuality can be found as early as AD 96 in the writings of the Jewish historian Josephus. In the early 5th century, Jerome, a priest, historian, and theologian used the forms Sodoman, in Sodomis, Sodomorum, Sodomæ, Sodomitæ. The modern German word Sodomie and the Norwegian sodomi also refer to bestiality.
Sodomy in historical biblical reference may not pertain to the acts of homosexuality, but the acts of bestiality and female and male castration for the purpose of sexual slavery.
Lesbianism
Main article: Lesbian
Lesbian writer Emma Donoghue found that the term lesbian (with its modern meaning) has been in use in the English language from at least the 18th century. The 1732 epic poem by William King, The Toast, uses "lesbian loves" and "tribadism" interchangeably: "she loved Women in the same Manner as Men love them; she was a Tribad".
Sapphism
Main article: Sapphism
Named after the female Greek poet Sappho who lived on Lesbos Island and wrote love poems to women, this term has been in use since at least the 18th century, with the connotation of lesbian. In 1773, a London magazine described sex between women as "Sapphic passion". The adjective form Sapphic is sometimes used nowadays as an inclusive umbrella term that expresses the sexuality and romantic attraction of queer women, including bisexuals, nonbinary, and trans people However, this is not accepted by all women who identify as lesbian.
Pederasty
Main article: Pederasty
Today, pederasty refers to male attraction towards adolescent boys, or the cultural institutions that support such relations, as in ancient Greece. However, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the word usually referred to male homosexuality in general. A pederast was also the active partner in anal sex, whether with a male or a female partner. This relationship is socially frowned upon in modern cultures while legally defined by the age of consent.
Homosexual
Main article: Homosexuality
Karl-Maria Kertbeny coined the word homosexual in this 1868 letter.
The word homosexual translates literally as "of the same sex", being a hybrid of the Greek prefix homo- meaning 'same' (as distinguished from the Latin root homo meaning 'human') and the Latin root sex meaning 'sex'.
The first known public appearance of the term homosexual in print is found in an 1869 German pamphlet 143 des Preussischen Strafgesetzbuchs und seine Aufrechterhaltung als 152 des Entwurfs eines Strafgesetzbuchs für den Norddeutschen Bund ("Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code and Its Maintenance as Paragraph 152 of the Draft of a Penal Code for the North German Confederation"). The pamphlet was written by Karl-Maria Kertbeny, but published anonymously. It advocated the repeal of Prussia's sodomy laws. Kertbeny had previously used the word in a private letter written in 1868 to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Kertbeny used Homosexualität (in English, 'homosexuality') in place of Ulrichs' Urningtum; Homosexualisten ('male homosexualists') instead of Urninge, and Homosexualistinnen ('female homosexualists') instead of Urninden.
The term was coined and originally used primarily by German psychiatrists and psychologists. Havelock Ellis in his 1901 Studies in the Psychology of Sex wrote about the evolving terminology in the area, which ended up settling on homosexuality. In the preface to the first edition (1900), Ellis calls it sexual inversion, and volume 2 of the book is titled "Sexual Inversion". In the preface to the third edition (1927) Ellis referred to it as "the study of homosexuality". On the first page of chapter 1, he discusses the terminology, naming Ulrichs' use of Uranian (German: Uranier) from 1862, which later morphed into Urning, and using Urningtum as the name of the condition. Ellis reported that the first accepted scientific term was contrary sexual feeling (Konträre Sexualempfindung), coined by Westphal in 1869, and used by Krafft-Ebing and others. This term was never used outside Germany, and soon went out of favor even there. The term homosexuality was invented by Kertbeny in the same year (1869) but attracted no attention for some time, later achieving prominence, and was easily translatable into many languages, including by Hirschfeld in his 1914 book Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, one of the top authorities in the field. Ellis continued to use both the terms sexual inversion and homosexuality in the 3rd edition, with slightly different meanings.
The first known use of homosexual in English is in Charles Gilbert Chaddock's 1892 translation of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis, a study on sexual practices. The term was popularized by the 1906 Harden–Eulenburg Affair.
The word homosexual itself had different connotations 100 years ago than today. Although some early writers used the adjective homosexual to refer to any single-gender context (such as an all-girls school), today the term implies a sexual aspect. The term homosocial is now used to describe single-sex contexts that are not of a romantic or sexual nature.
The colloquial abbreviation homo for homosexual is a coinage of the interbellum period, first recorded as a noun in 1929, and as an adjective in 1933. Today, it is often considered a derogatory epithet.
Other late 19th and early 20th century sexological terms
Antipathic sexual instinct: deviant sexual behavior outlined in Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Pychopathia Sexualis
Sexual inversion
Psychosexual hermaphroditism: bisexuality. It was believed gay men desired a female body and lesbians desired a male body. Bisexuals desired to become intersex.
The intermediate sex: similar to sexual inversion, Edward Carpenter believed gay men possessed a male body and a female temperament and vice versa for lesbians
Similisexualism, simulsexuality or similsexualism: homosexuality
Intersexuality
Catamite
Invert
Third sex
Homophile
Not to be confused with Hemophile.
Coined by the German astrologist, author and psychoanalyst Karl-Günther Heimsoth in his 1924 doctoral dissertation Hetero- und Homophilie, the term was in common use in the 1950s and 1960s by homosexual organizations and publications; the groups of this period are now known collectively as the homophile movement. Popular in the 1950s and 1960s (and still in occasional use in the 1990s, particularly in writing by Anglican clergy), the term homophile was an attempt to avoid the clinical implications of sexual pathology found with the word homosexual, emphasizing love (-phile) instead. The first element of the word, the Greek root homo-, means 'same'; it is unrelated to Latin homo, 'person'. In almost all languages where the words homophile and homosexual were both in use (i.e., their cognate equivalents: German Homophil and Homosexuell, Italian omofilo and omosessuale, etc.), homosexual won out as the modern conventional neutral term. However, in Norway, the Netherlands and the Flemish/Dutch part of Belgium, the term is still widely used.
Recent academic terms
Not all terms have been used to describe same-gender sexuality are synonyms for the modern term homosexuality. Anna Rüling, one of the first women to publicly defend gay rights, considered gay people a third gender, different from both men and women. Terms such as gynephilia and androphilia have tried to simplify the language of sexual orientation by making no claim about the individual's own gender identity. However, they are not commonly used.
Side
Side describes someone who does not practice anal sex and therefore does not define himself as top, bottom or versatile.
This term is sometimes used in American literature to present an alternative to the binary classification which notes the preferred sexual position, such as top or bottom; the term side indicates one's affinity for neither of this binary classification.
Jargon and slang
Cants
There are established languages of slang (sometimes known as cants) such as Polari in Britain, Swardspeak in the Philippines, Bahasa Binan in Indonesia, Lubunca in Turkey, and Kaliardá (Καλιαρντά) in Greece.
Slang
A variety of LGBT slang terms have been used historically and contemporarily within the LGBT community.
In addition to the stigma surrounding homosexuality, terms have been influenced by taboos around sex in general, producing a number of euphemisms. A gay person may be described as "that way", "a bit funny", "light in his loafers", "on the bus", "batting for the other team", "a friend of Dorothy", "women who wear comfortable shoes" (lesbians), although such euphemisms are becoming less common as homosexuality becomes more visible.
Harry Hay frequently stated that, in the 1930s–1940s, gay people referred to themselves as temperamental.
Gay
Although the word was originally synonymous with happy or cheerful, in the 20th century it gradually came to designate someone who is romantically or sexually attracted to someone of the same gender or sex.
Footnotes
^ Feray, Jean-Claude, and Manfred Herzer. 1990. « Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century »: Journal of Homosexuality 19 (1): 23‑48. p.29.
^ Quentin Crisp on the gay liberation movement, 1977: CBC Archives. CBC. June 28, 2013 – via YouTube.
^ Savin-Williams, Ritch C. (July 14, 2016). "Bisexual, Not Bisexual". Psychology Today.
^ a b GLAAD GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Terms To Avoid Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b GLAAD GLAAD Media Reference Guide - AP & New York Times Style Archived 2014-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Glossary" (PDF). Safe Schools Coalition. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
^ "NOAD". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ Foucault, 1976
^ Norton, Rictor (2016). Myth of the Modern Homosexual. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474286923. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2020-06-01. The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory Archived 2019-03-30 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Boswell, John (1989). "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories" (PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. S2CID 34904667. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-04.
^ Classical Myth Archived 2005-04-05 at the Wayback Machine on glbtq.com
^ Rictor Norton (July 12, 2002). "A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory, "The 'Sodomite' and the 'Lesbian'". infopt.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
^ Andreadis, Harriette (2001). Sappho in Early Modern England: Female Same-Sex Literary Erotics, 1550–1714. University of Chicago Press. pp. 41, 49–51. ISBN 0-226-02009-6.
^ Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible
^ Vincent's Word Studies
^ Hallam 1993
^ "Duden | Sodomie | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-31.
^ "Ordbøkene.no - Bokmålsordboka og Nynorskordboka". ordbokene.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-05-31.
^ Trumbach, Randolph (1994). De Jean, Joan; Dekker, Rudolf M.; van de Pol, Lotte C.; Dugaw, Dianne; Faderman, Lillian; Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky; Davis, Madeline D.; Lewin, Ellen; Newton, Esther (eds.). "The Origin and Development of the Modern Lesbian Role in the Western Gender System: Northwestern Europe and the United States, 1750-1990". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 20 (2): 287–320. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298998.
^ "Anonymous (1773),The Covent Garden Magazine Or the Amorous Repository, Vol.2, London, p.226". 1773. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
^ "What Does It Mean to Be Sapphic?". them. 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
^ "Sapphic - What is it? What does it mean?". Taimi. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
^ "Identidade sáfica: como uma poeta nascida há 2 mil anos virou referência nos estudos de gênero". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
^ "Sapphic - What Does Sapphic Mean?". Retrieved 2024-03-23.
^ Based on the OED definition: "A man who has or desires sexual relations with a boy."
^ "Ancient Greek Pederasty: Education or Exploitation?". StMU Research Scholars. December 3, 2017.
^ Bullough et al. ed. (1996)
^ Ellis, Havelock (1927) . "Chapter I.—Introduction". Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Vol. II Sexual Inversion (3rd, revised and enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. pp. 1–4. OCLC 786194611. Archived from the original on 2019-12-06.
^ David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality, Routledge, 1990, page 15
^ Merl Storr, Latex and Lingerie (2003) pp. 39–40
^ OED, "homo, n.2 and a."
^ Wolinsky and Sherrill (eds.), Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States, Princeton University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-691-01944-4, pp. 49–55.
^ Used by Richard von Krafft-Ebing in "Psychopathia Sexualis, with Special Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Forensic Study", 1886.
^ Used by Krafft-Ebing and also Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds in "Sexual Inversion", 1897. Popularised by Radclyffe Hall's use of it in her novel The Well of Loneliness.
^ Used by Krafft-Ebing and later Ellis to mean bisexuality, as opposed to complete inversion (exclusive homosexuality). Freud uses the term in "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905) to refer to male homosexuality.
^ Used by Edward Carpenter in "The Intermediate Sex", 1908
^ "simulsexual - Dictionary of sexual terms". www.sex-lexis.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
^ Used by Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson in "The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as a Problem in Social Life", 1908.
^ Used around 1900 as a synonym for "inversion"; the term now has a different meaning—see intersexuality.
^ a b c Gifford (1995). Dayneford's Library American Homosexual Writing, 1900-1913. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-87023-993-7.
^ Clayton Whisnant (2012). Male Homosexuality in West Germany — Between Persecution and Freedom, 1945–69. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137028341. ISBN 978-1-349-34681-3. Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
^ Issues in Human Sexuality: A Statement by the House of Bishops of the General Synod of the Church of England, December 1991 (London: Church House Publishing, 1991). "Annotated Notes on Issues in Human Sexuality". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
^ MD, Reidar Kjær (2003-02-25). "Look to Norway? Gay Issues and Mental Health Across the Atlantic Ocean". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 7 (1–2): 55–73. doi:10.1300/J236v07n01_05. ISSN 0891-7140. S2CID 142840589.
^ "Homofili", from Norsk (nynorsk) Wikipedia Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, entry retrieved 2012-06-19. Original text: "I den grad «homophile» hadde fått noko gjennomslag i engelsk og amerikansk, overtok «homosexual», «gay» og «lesbian» denne plassen frå slutten av 1960-talet. «Homofili» blei første gong nytta på norsk i ein brosjyre av den norske avdelinga av det danske «Forbundet af 1948» i 1951. Noreg er eit av dei få (det einaste?) landet der dette omgrepet framleis har stor utbreiing."
^ Rowold, Katharina (1865–1914). The Educated Woman: Minds, Bodies, and Women's Higher Education in Britain. Germany and Spain: Routledge. ISBN 1-134-62584-7.
^ "Side Guys: Thinking Beyond Gay Male "Tops" and "Bottoms" | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ "Meet The 'Sides,' Gay Men Who Don't Like Anal Sex". MEL Magazine. 2019-05-09. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Kort, Joe (2013-04-16). "Guys On The 'Side': Looking Beyond Gay Tops And Bottoms". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ "Harry Hay Interview - The Progressive". progressive.org. 2016-08-09. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
^ "gay". Online Etymology Dictionary.
References
Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2007). The concise new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21259-5.
Dalzell, Tom (2008). The Routledge dictionary of modern American slang and unconventional English. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-37182-7.
Dynes, Wayne R.; Johansson, Warren; Percy, William A.; Donaldson, Stephen (1990). Encyclopedia of homosexuality, Volume 1. Garland Pub. ISBN 978-0-8240-6544-7.
Green, Jonathon (2005). Cassell's dictionary of slang (2 ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1.
Marks, Georgette A.; Johnson, Charles Benjamin; Pratt, Jane (1984). Harrap's Slang dictionary: English-French/French-English. Harrap. ISBN 978-0-245-54047-9.
Partridge, Eric; Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-25938-5.
Schemann, Hans; Knight, Paul (1995). German-English dictionary of idioms. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14199-4.
External links
Look up gay#Etymology_1, androphilia, gynephilia, homophile, homosexual, pederast, sapphism, lesbian, sodomite, or tribadism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Terminology of homosexuality at Curlie
"Gay Language Guide" – gay slang in various languages: French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, Japanese, Hungarian, Russian, Thai
"The Homophobic Alphabet Euphemism Collection" Archived 2010-01-31 at the Wayback Machine: an ongoing collection of euphemisms for gay men and lesbians.
Homosexual Terms in 18th-century Dictionaries – catamite, madge, indorser, windward passage, and more
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Im_Gay_Not_Stupid_Rally_to_Restore_Sanity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_to_Restore_Sanity_and/or_Fear"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"sodomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy"},{"link_name":"Achillean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillean"},{"link_name":"Sapphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphism"},{"link_name":"Uranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranian_(sexology)"},{"link_name":"homophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophile"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"effeminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effeminate"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"umbrella term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_term"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"androphilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphilia"},{"link_name":"gynephilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynephilia"},{"link_name":"cants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant_(language)"},{"link_name":"Polari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polari"}],"text":"Two men at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear indicate their identity with the word gay.Terms used to describe homosexuality have gone through many changes since the emergence of the first terms in the mid-19th century. In English, some terms in widespread use have been sodomite, Achillean, Sapphic, Uranian, homophile, lesbian, gay, effeminate, queer, homoaffective, and same-gender attracted. Some of these words are specific to women, some to men, and some can be used of either. Gay people may also be identified under the umbrella term LGBT.Homosexual was coined in German in 1868.[1] Academia continues to coin related terms, including androphilia and gynephilia which designate only the object of attraction, thus divorcing the terms from sexual orientation entirely.Numerous slang terms exist for homosexuals or homosexuality. Some communities have cants, a rich jargon used among a subgroup almost like a secret language, such as Polari in the UK, and others.","title":"Terminology of homosexuality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Quentin Crisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Crisp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bisexual+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual_community"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLAADMediaGuide-4"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLADNYAP-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Safe_Schools_Coalition-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Safe_Schools_Coalition-6"},{"link_name":"New Oxford American Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"same gender loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_gender_loving"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLAADMediaGuide-4"},{"link_name":"down-low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)"}],"text":"The term homosexual can be used as an adjective to describe the sexual attractions and behaviors of people attracted to the same sex. Author and gay pioneer Quentin Crisp said that the term should be \"homosexualist\", adding that no one says \"I am a sexual.\"[2] Some gay people argue that the use of homosexual as a noun is offensive, arguing that they are people first and their homosexuality being merely an attribute of their humanity. Even if they do not consider the term offensive, some people in same-gender relationships may object to being described as homosexual because they identify as bisexual+, or another orientation.[3]Some style guides recommend that the terms homosexual and homosexuality be avoided altogether, lest their use cause confusion or arouse controversy. In particular, the description of individuals as homosexual may be offensive, partially because of the negative clinical association of the word stemming from its use in describing same-gender attraction as a pathological state before homosexuality was removed from the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental disorders in 1973.[4] The Associated Press and New York Times style guides restrict usage of the terms.[5]Same-gender oriented people seldom apply such terms to themselves, and public officials and agencies often avoid them. For instance, the Safe Schools Coalition of Washington's Glossary for School Employees advises that gay is the \"preferred synonym for homosexual\",[6] and goes on to suggest avoiding the term homosexual as it is \"clinical, distancing, and archaic\".However, the terms homosexual and homosexuality are sometimes deemed appropriate in referring to behavior (although same-gender is the preferred adjective). Using homosexuality or homosexual to refer to behavior may be inaccurate but does not carry the same potentially offensive connotations that using homosexual to describe a person does. When referring to people, homosexual is considered derogatory and the terms gay and lesbian are preferred. Some have argued that homosexual places emphasis on sexuality over humanity, and is to be avoided when describing a person. Gay man or lesbian are the preferred nouns for referring to people, which stress cultural and social matters over sex.[6]The New Oxford American Dictionary[7] says that gay is the preferred term.People with a same-gender sexual orientation generally prefer the terms gay, lesbian, or bisexual. The most common terms are gay (both men and women) and lesbian (women only). Other terms include same gender loving and same-sex-oriented.[4]Among some sectors of gay sub-culture, same-gender sexual behavior is sometimes viewed as solely for physical pleasure instead of romantic. Men on the down-low (or DL) may engage in covert sexual activity with other men while pursuing sexual and romantic relationships with women.","title":"Prescribed usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"}],"text":"The choice of terms regarding sexual orientation may imply a certain political outlook, and different terms have been preferred at different times and in different places.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"heterosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexuality"},{"link_name":"Karl Westphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Otto_Westphal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foucault1976-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Symposium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Aristophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes"},{"link_name":"creation myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glbtq-11"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Historian and philosopher Michel Foucault argued that homosexual and heterosexual identities did not emerge until the 19th century. Prior to that time, he said, the terms described practices and not identity. Foucault cited Karl Westphal's famous 1870 article Contrary Sexual Feeling as the \"date of birth\" of the categorization of sexual orientation.[8] Some scholars, however, have argued that there are significant continuities between past and present conceptualizations of sexuality, with various terms having been used for homosexuality.[9][10]In his Symposium, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato described (through the character of the profane comedian Aristophanes) three sexual orientations – heterosexuality, male homosexuality, and female homosexuality – and provided explanations for their existence using an invented creation myth.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sex act between women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_sexual_practices"},{"link_name":"Rictor Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rictor_Norton"},{"link_name":"pudenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudendal_cleft"},{"link_name":"clitoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris"},{"link_name":"pubic bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubis_(bone)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norton-12"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"Volpone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volpone"},{"link_name":"pejorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tribadism","text":"Although this term refers to a specific sex act between women today, in the past it was commonly used to describe female-female sexual love in general, and women who had sex with women were called Tribads or Tribades. As author Rictor Norton explains:The tribas, lesbian, from Greek tribein, to rub (i.e. rubbing the pudenda together, or clitoris upon pubic bone, etc.), appears in Greek and Latin satires from the late first century. The tribade was the most common (vulgar) lesbian in European texts for many centuries. 'Tribade' occurs in English texts from at least as early as 1601 to at least as late as the mid-nineteenth century before it became self-consciously old-fashioned—it was in current use for nearly three centuries.[12]Fricatrice, a synonym for tribade that also refers to rubbing but has a Latin rather than a Greek root, appeared in English as early as 1605 (in Ben Jonson's Volpone). Its usage suggests that it was more colloquial and more pejorative than tribade. Variants include the Latinized confricatrice and English rubster.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unnatural acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnatural_act"},{"link_name":"sodomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sodom and Gomorrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hallam1993-16"},{"link_name":"bestiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"sexual slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_slavery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sodomy","text":"Though sodomy has been used to refer to a range of homosexual and heterosexual \"unnatural acts\", the term sodomite usually refers to a homosexual male even though the real meaning is of unreproductive sex.[14][15] The term is derived from the Biblical tale of Sodom and Gomorrah, and Christian churches have referred to the crimen sodomitae (crime of the Sodomites) for centuries. The modern association with homosexuality can be found as early as AD 96 in the writings of the Jewish historian Josephus. In the early 5th century, Jerome, a priest, historian, and theologian used the forms Sodoman, in Sodomis, Sodomorum, Sodomæ, Sodomitæ.[16] The modern German word Sodomie and the Norwegian sodomi also refer to bestiality.[17][18]\nSodomy in historical biblical reference may not pertain to the acts of homosexuality, but the acts of bestiality and female and male castration for the purpose of sexual slavery.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Donoghue"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"epic poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"William King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_(St_Mary_Hall)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Lesbianism","text":"Lesbian writer Emma Donoghue found that the term lesbian (with its modern meaning) has been in use in the English language from at least the 18th century. The 1732 epic poem by William King, The Toast, uses \"lesbian loves\" and \"tribadism\" interchangeably: \"she loved Women in the same Manner as Men love them; she was a Tribad\".[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sappho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho"},{"link_name":"Lesbos Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sapphism","text":"Named after the female Greek poet Sappho who lived on Lesbos Island and wrote love poems to women, this term has been in use since at least the 18th century, with the connotation of lesbian. In 1773, a London magazine described sex between women as \"Sapphic passion\".[20] The adjective form Sapphic is sometimes used nowadays as an inclusive umbrella term that expresses the sexuality and romantic attraction of queer women, including bisexuals, nonbinary, and trans people[21][22][23][24] However, this is not accepted by all women who identify as lesbian.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pederasty","text":"Today, pederasty refers to male attraction towards adolescent boys,[25] or the cultural institutions that support such relations, as in ancient Greece.[26] However, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the word usually referred to male homosexuality in general.[citation needed] A pederast was also the active partner in anal sex, whether with a male or a female partner.[citation needed] This relationship is socially frowned upon in modern cultures while legally defined by the age of consent.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homosexual.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl-Maria Kertbeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Maria_Kertbeny"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"North German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Karl-Maria Kertbeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Maria_Kertbeny"},{"link_name":"sodomy laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy_law"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Karl Heinrich Ulrichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs"},{"link_name":"Studies in the Psychology of Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Westphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Otto_Westphal"},{"link_name":"Krafft-Ebing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krafft-Ebing"},{"link_name":"Hirschfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld"},{"link_name":"Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Homosexualit%C3%A4t_des_Mannes_und_des_Weibes"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1900-28"},{"link_name":"Charles Gilbert Chaddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gilbert_Chaddock"},{"link_name":"Richard von Krafft-Ebing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Harden–Eulenburg Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harden%E2%80%93Eulenburg_Affair"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"homosocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosociality"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"interbellum period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbellum_period"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLADNYAP-5"}],"sub_title":"Homosexual","text":"Karl-Maria Kertbeny coined the word homosexual in this 1868 letter.The word homosexual translates literally as \"of the same sex\", being a hybrid of the Greek prefix homo- meaning 'same' (as distinguished from the Latin root homo meaning 'human') and the Latin root sex meaning 'sex'.The first known public appearance of the term homosexual in print is found in an 1869 German pamphlet 143 des Preussischen Strafgesetzbuchs und seine Aufrechterhaltung als 152 des Entwurfs eines Strafgesetzbuchs für den Norddeutschen Bund (\"Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code and Its Maintenance as Paragraph 152 of the Draft of a Penal Code for the North German Confederation\"). The pamphlet was written by Karl-Maria Kertbeny, but published anonymously. It advocated the repeal of Prussia's sodomy laws.[27] Kertbeny had previously used the word in a private letter written in 1868 to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Kertbeny used Homosexualität (in English, 'homosexuality') in place of Ulrichs' Urningtum; Homosexualisten ('male homosexualists') instead of Urninge, and Homosexualistinnen ('female homosexualists') instead of Urninden.The term was coined and originally used primarily by German psychiatrists and psychologists. Havelock Ellis in his 1901 Studies in the Psychology of Sex wrote about the evolving terminology in the area, which ended up settling on homosexuality. In the preface to the first edition (1900), Ellis calls it sexual inversion, and volume 2 of the book is titled \"Sexual Inversion\". In the preface to the third edition (1927) Ellis referred to it as \"the study of homosexuality\". On the first page of chapter 1, he discusses the terminology, naming Ulrichs' use of Uranian (German: Uranier) from 1862, which later morphed into Urning, and using Urningtum as the name of the condition. Ellis reported that the first accepted scientific term was contrary sexual feeling (Konträre Sexualempfindung), coined by Westphal in 1869, and used by Krafft-Ebing and others. This term was never used outside Germany, and soon went out of favor even there. The term homosexuality was invented by Kertbeny in the same year (1869) but attracted no attention for some time, later achieving prominence, and was easily translatable into many languages, including by Hirschfeld in his 1914 book Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, one of the top authorities in the field. Ellis continued to use both the terms sexual inversion and homosexuality in the 3rd edition, with slightly different meanings.[28]The first known use of homosexual in English is in Charles Gilbert Chaddock's 1892 translation of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis, a study on sexual practices.[29] The term was popularized by the 1906 Harden–Eulenburg Affair.The word homosexual itself had different connotations 100 years ago than today. Although some early writers used the adjective homosexual to refer to any single-gender context (such as an all-girls school),[citation needed] today the term implies a sexual aspect. The term homosocial is now used to describe single-sex contexts that are not of a romantic or sexual nature.[30]The colloquial abbreviation homo for homosexual is a coinage of the interbellum period, first recorded as a noun in 1929, and as an adjective in 1933.[31] Today, it is often considered a derogatory epithet.[32][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deviant sexual behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia"},{"link_name":"Richard von Krafft-Ebing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sexual inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"bisexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Intersexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-40"}],"sub_title":"Other late 19th and early 20th century sexological terms","text":"Antipathic sexual instinct: deviant sexual behavior outlined in Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Pychopathia Sexualis[33]\nSexual inversion[34]\nPsychosexual hermaphroditism: bisexuality. It was believed gay men desired a female body and lesbians desired a male body. Bisexuals desired to become intersex.[35]\nThe intermediate sex: similar to sexual inversion, Edward Carpenter believed gay men possessed a male body and a female temperament and vice versa for lesbians[36]\nSimilisexualism, simulsexuality[37] or similsexualism: homosexuality[38]\nIntersexuality[39][citation needed]\nCatamite[40]\nInvert[40]\nThird sex[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophile"},{"link_name":"Karl-Günther Heimsoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-G%C3%BCnther_Heimsoth"},{"link_name":"homophile movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophile_movement"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btinternet1991-42"},{"link_name":"-phile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-phil-"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"homo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo-"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Homophile","text":"Not to be confused with Hemophile.Coined by the German astrologist, author and psychoanalyst Karl-Günther Heimsoth in his 1924 doctoral dissertation Hetero- und Homophilie, the term was in common use in the 1950s and 1960s by homosexual organizations and publications; the groups of this period are now known collectively as the homophile movement.[41] Popular in the 1950s and 1960s (and still in occasional use in the 1990s, particularly in writing by Anglican clergy),[42] the term homophile was an attempt to avoid the clinical implications of sexual pathology found with the word homosexual, emphasizing love (-phile) instead.[43] The first element of the word, the Greek root homo-, means 'same'; it is unrelated to Latin homo, 'person'. In almost all languages where the words homophile and homosexual were both in use (i.e., their cognate equivalents: German Homophil and Homosexuell, Italian omofilo and omosessuale, etc.), homosexual won out as the modern conventional neutral term. However, in Norway, the Netherlands and the Flemish/Dutch part of Belgium, the term is still widely used.[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Anna Rüling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_R%C3%BCling"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"third gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_gender"},{"link_name":"gynephilia and androphilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia"}],"text":"Not all terms have been used to describe same-gender sexuality are synonyms for the modern term homosexuality. Anna Rüling,[45] one of the first women to publicly defend gay rights, considered gay people a third gender, different from both men and women. Terms such as gynephilia and androphilia have tried to simplify the language of sexual orientation by making no claim about the individual's own gender identity. However, they are not commonly used.","title":"Recent academic terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Side","text":"Side[46] describes someone who does not practice anal sex and therefore does not define himself as top, bottom or versatile.This term is sometimes used in American literature[47] to present an alternative to the binary classification which notes the preferred sexual position, such as top or bottom; the term side indicates one's affinity for neither of this binary classification.[48]","title":"Recent academic terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jargon and slang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant_(language)"},{"link_name":"Polari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polari"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Swardspeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swardspeak"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Bahasa Binan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Binan"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Lubunca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubunca"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kaliardá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliarda"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Cants","text":"There are established languages of slang (sometimes known as cants) such as Polari in Britain, Swardspeak in the Philippines, Bahasa Binan in Indonesia, Lubunca in Turkey, and Kaliardá (Καλιαρντά) in Greece.[citation needed]","title":"Jargon and slang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_slang"},{"link_name":"LGBT community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma"},{"link_name":"euphemisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism"},{"link_name":"friend of Dorothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_of_Dorothy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Harry Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hay"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Slang","text":"A variety of LGBT slang terms have been used historically and contemporarily within the LGBT community.In addition to the stigma surrounding homosexuality, terms have been influenced by taboos around sex in general, producing a number of euphemisms. A gay person may be described as \"that way\", \"a bit funny\", \"light in his loafers\", \"on the bus\", \"batting for the other team\", \"a friend of Dorothy\", \"women who wear comfortable shoes\" (lesbians), although such euphemisms are becoming less common as homosexuality becomes more visible.[citation needed]Harry Hay frequently stated that, in the 1930s–1940s, gay people referred to themselves as temperamental.[49]","title":"Jargon and slang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gender or sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_or_sex"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Gay","text":"Although the word was originally synonymous with happy or cheerful, in the 20th century it gradually came to designate someone who is romantically or sexually attracted to someone of the same gender or sex.[50]","title":"Jargon and slang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Quentin Crisp on the gay liberation movement, 1977: CBC Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_j26OASthY"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Bisexual, Not Bisexual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sex-sexuality-and-romance/201607/bisexual-not-bisexual"},{"link_name":"Psychology Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Today"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GLAADMediaGuide_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GLAADMediaGuide_4-1"},{"link_name":"GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Terms To Avoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glaad.org/reference/offensive"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120420141352/http://www.glaad.org/reference/offensive"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GLADNYAP_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GLADNYAP_5-1"},{"link_name":"GLAAD Media Reference Guide - AP & New York Times Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glaad.org/reference/style"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141113213829/http://www.glaad.org/reference/style"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Safe_Schools_Coalition_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Safe_Schools_Coalition_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Glossary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.safeschoolscoalition.org/glossary.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110515204547/http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org/glossary.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"NOAD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131023064036/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gay?q=gay"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gay?q=gay"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Foucault1976_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Myth of the Modern Homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781474286923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474286923"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210511080439/https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190330132639/http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190304002205/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34904667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34904667"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glbtq_11-0"},{"link_name":"Classical Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glbtq.com/literature/classical_myth,6.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050405231533/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/classical_myth%2C6.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"glbtq.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glbtq.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norton_12-0"},{"link_name":"Rictor Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rictor_Norton"},{"link_name":"\"A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory, \"The 'Sodomite' and the 'Lesbian'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080215084530/http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/social22.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.infopt.demon.co.uk/social22.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-02009-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-02009-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hallam1993_16-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Duden | Sodomie | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Sodomie"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Ordbøkene.no - Bokmålsordboka og Nynorskordboka\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ordbokene.no/bm,nn/ordbokene.no"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0315-7997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0315-7997"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41298998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41298998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Anonymous (1773),The Covent Garden Magazine Or the Amorous Repository, Vol.2, London, p.226\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kcNGAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220309214902/https://books.google.com/books?id=kcNGAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"What Does It Mean to Be Sapphic?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.them.us/story/what-does-sapphic-mean"},{"link_name":"them.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Sapphic - What is it? 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The Progressive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//progressive.org/mag_cusachay"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090519203033/http://progressive.org/mag_cusachay"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"gay\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.etymonline.com/search?q=gay"},{"link_name":"Online Etymology Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary"}],"text":"^ Feray, Jean-Claude, and Manfred Herzer. 1990. « Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century »: Journal of Homosexuality 19 (1): 23‑48. p.29.\n\n^ Quentin Crisp on the gay liberation movement, 1977: CBC Archives. CBC. June 28, 2013 – via YouTube.\n\n^ Savin-Williams, Ritch C. (July 14, 2016). \"Bisexual, Not Bisexual\". Psychology Today.\n\n^ a b GLAAD GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Terms To Avoid Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b GLAAD GLAAD Media Reference Guide - AP & New York Times Style Archived 2014-11-13 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b \"Glossary\" (PDF). Safe Schools Coalition. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-01-20.\n\n^ \"NOAD\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-21.\n\n^ Foucault, 1976\n\n^ Norton, Rictor (2016). Myth of the Modern Homosexual. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474286923. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2020-06-01. The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory Archived 2019-03-30 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Boswell, John (1989). \"Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories\" (PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. S2CID 34904667. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-04.\n\n^ Classical Myth Archived 2005-04-05 at the Wayback Machine on glbtq.com\n\n^ Rictor Norton (July 12, 2002). \"A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory, \"The 'Sodomite' and the 'Lesbian'\". infopt.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2011.\n\n^ Andreadis, Harriette (2001). Sappho in Early Modern England: Female Same-Sex Literary Erotics, 1550–1714. University of Chicago Press. pp. 41, 49–51. ISBN 0-226-02009-6.\n\n^ Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible\n\n^ Vincent's Word Studies\n\n^ Hallam 1993\n\n^ \"Duden | Sodomie | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft\". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\n^ \"Ordbøkene.no - Bokmålsordboka og Nynorskordboka\". ordbokene.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\n^ Trumbach, Randolph (1994). De Jean, Joan; Dekker, Rudolf M.; van de Pol, Lotte C.; Dugaw, Dianne; Faderman, Lillian; Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky; Davis, Madeline D.; Lewin, Ellen; Newton, Esther (eds.). \"The Origin and Development of the Modern Lesbian Role in the Western Gender System: Northwestern Europe and the United States, 1750-1990\". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 20 (2): 287–320. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298998.\n\n^ \"Anonymous (1773),The Covent Garden Magazine Or the Amorous Repository, Vol.2, London, p.226\". 1773. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2019-10-16.\n\n^ \"What Does It Mean to Be Sapphic?\". them. 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-05-11.\n\n^ \"Sapphic - What is it? What does it mean?\". Taimi. Retrieved 2022-05-11.\n\n^ \"Identidade sáfica: como uma poeta nascida há 2 mil anos virou referência nos estudos de gênero\". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2022-05-11.\n\n^ \"Sapphic - What Does Sapphic Mean?\". Retrieved 2024-03-23.\n\n^ Based on the OED definition: \"A man who has or desires sexual relations with a boy.\"\n\n^ \"Ancient Greek Pederasty: Education or Exploitation?\". StMU Research Scholars. December 3, 2017.\n\n^ Bullough et al. ed. (1996)\n\n^ Ellis, Havelock (1927) [1900]. \"Chapter I.—Introduction\". Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Vol. II Sexual Inversion (3rd, revised and enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. pp. 1–4. OCLC 786194611. Archived from the original on 2019-12-06.\n\n^ David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality, Routledge, 1990, page 15\n\n^ Merl Storr, Latex and Lingerie (2003) pp. 39–40\n\n^ OED, \"homo, n.2 and a.\"\n\n^ Wolinsky and Sherrill (eds.), Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States, Princeton University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-691-01944-4, pp. 49–55.\n\n^ Used by Richard von Krafft-Ebing in \"Psychopathia Sexualis, with Special Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Forensic Study\", 1886.\n\n^ Used by Krafft-Ebing and also Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds in \"Sexual Inversion\", 1897. Popularised by Radclyffe Hall's use of it in her novel The Well of Loneliness.\n\n^ Used by Krafft-Ebing and later Ellis to mean bisexuality, as opposed to complete inversion (exclusive homosexuality). Freud uses the term in \"Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality\" (1905) to refer to male homosexuality.\n\n^ Used by Edward Carpenter in \"The Intermediate Sex\", 1908\n\n^ \"simulsexual - Dictionary of sexual terms\". www.sex-lexis.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-01-08.\n\n^ Used by Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson [writing as Xavier Mayne] in \"The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as a Problem in Social Life\", 1908.\n\n^ Used around 1900 as a synonym for \"inversion\"; the term now has a different meaning—see intersexuality.\n\n^ a b c Gifford (1995). Dayneford's Library American Homosexual Writing, 1900-1913. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-87023-993-7.\n\n^ Clayton Whisnant (2012). Male Homosexuality in West Germany — Between Persecution and Freedom, 1945–69. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137028341. ISBN 978-1-349-34681-3. Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2021-12-10.\n\n^ Issues in Human Sexuality: A Statement by the House of Bishops of the General Synod of the Church of England, December 1991 (London: Church House Publishing, 1991). \"Annotated Notes on Issues in Human Sexuality\". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.\n\n^ MD, Reidar Kjær (2003-02-25). \"Look to Norway? Gay Issues and Mental Health Across the Atlantic Ocean\". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 7 (1–2): 55–73. doi:10.1300/J236v07n01_05. ISSN 0891-7140. S2CID 142840589.\n\n^ \"Homofili\", from Norsk (nynorsk) Wikipedia Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, entry retrieved 2012-06-19. Original text: \"I den grad «homophile» hadde fått noko gjennomslag i engelsk og amerikansk, overtok «homosexual», «gay» og «lesbian» denne plassen frå slutten av 1960-talet. «Homofili» blei første gong nytta på norsk i ein brosjyre av den norske avdelinga av det danske «Forbundet af 1948» i 1951. Noreg er eit av dei få (det einaste?) landet der dette omgrepet framleis har stor utbreiing.\"\n\n^ Rowold, Katharina (1865–1914). The Educated Woman: Minds, Bodies, and Women's Higher Education in Britain. Germany and Spain: Routledge. ISBN 1-134-62584-7.\n\n^ \"Side Guys: Thinking Beyond Gay Male \"Tops\" and \"Bottoms\" | Psychology Today\". www.psychologytoday.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2021-10-27.\n\n^ \"Meet The 'Sides,' Gay Men Who Don't Like Anal Sex\". MEL Magazine. 2019-05-09. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-10-27.\n\n^ Kort, Joe (2013-04-16). \"Guys On The 'Side': Looking Beyond Gay Tops And Bottoms\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-10-27.\n\n^ \"Harry Hay Interview - The Progressive\". progressive.org. 2016-08-09. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2014-06-07.\n\n^ \"gay\". Online Etymology Dictionary.","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Two men at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear indicate their identity with the word gay.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Im_Gay_Not_Stupid_Rally_to_Restore_Sanity.jpg/220px-Im_Gay_Not_Stupid_Rally_to_Restore_Sanity.jpg"},{"image_text":"Karl-Maria Kertbeny coined the word homosexual in this 1868 letter.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Homosexual.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Quentin Crisp on the gay liberation movement, 1977: CBC Archives. CBC. June 28, 2013 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_j26OASthY","url_text":"Quentin Crisp on the gay liberation movement, 1977: CBC Archives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Savin-Williams, Ritch C. (July 14, 2016). \"Bisexual, Not Bisexual\". Psychology Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sex-sexuality-and-romance/201607/bisexual-not-bisexual","url_text":"\"Bisexual, Not Bisexual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Today","url_text":"Psychology Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Glossary\" (PDF). Safe Schools Coalition. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org/glossary.pdf","url_text":"\"Glossary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515204547/http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org/glossary.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NOAD\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023064036/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gay?q=gay","url_text":"\"NOAD\""},{"url":"http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gay?q=gay","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor (2016). Myth of the Modern Homosexual. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474286923. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190304002205/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf","url_text":"\"Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34904667","url_text":"34904667"},{"url":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rictor Norton (July 12, 2002). \"A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory, \"The 'Sodomite' and the 'Lesbian'\". infopt.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rictor_Norton","url_text":"Rictor Norton"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080215084530/http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/social22.htm","url_text":"\"A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory, \"The 'Sodomite' and the 'Lesbian'\""},{"url":"http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/social22.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andreadis, Harriette (2001). Sappho in Early Modern England: Female Same-Sex Literary Erotics, 1550–1714. University of Chicago Press. pp. 41, 49–51. ISBN 0-226-02009-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-02009-6","url_text":"0-226-02009-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Duden | Sodomie | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft\". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Sodomie","url_text":"\"Duden | Sodomie | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ordbøkene.no - Bokmålsordboka og Nynorskordboka\". ordbokene.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://ordbokene.no/bm,nn/ordbokene.no","url_text":"\"Ordbøkene.no - Bokmålsordboka og Nynorskordboka\""}]},{"reference":"Trumbach, Randolph (1994). De Jean, Joan; Dekker, Rudolf M.; van de Pol, Lotte C.; Dugaw, Dianne; Faderman, Lillian; Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky; Davis, Madeline D.; Lewin, Ellen; Newton, Esther (eds.). \"The Origin and Development of the Modern Lesbian Role in the Western Gender System: Northwestern Europe and the United States, 1750-1990\". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 20 (2): 287–320. ISSN 0315-7997. 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Book
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The Jungle Book
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["1 Context","2 Book","2.1 Description","2.2 Origins","2.3 Setting","3 Chapters","3.1 Characters","3.2 Illustrations","3.3 Editions and translations","4 Themes","4.1 Abandonment and fostering","4.2 Law and freedom","5 Reception","6 Adaptations","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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1894 children's book by Rudyard Kipling
For other uses, see The Jungle Book (disambiguation).
The Jungle Book Embossed cover of first edition with artwork by John Lockwood KiplingAuthorRudyard KiplingIllustratorJohn Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father)LanguageEnglishSeriesThe Jungle BookGenreChildren's bookPublisherMacmillanPublication date1894Publication placeUnited KingdomPreceded by"In the Rukh" Followed byThe Second Jungle Book TextThe Jungle Book at Wikisource
The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. Most stories are set in a forest in India; one place mentioned repeatedly is "Seeonee" (Seoni), in the central
state of Madhya Pradesh.
A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering, as in the life of Mowgli, echoing Kipling's own childhood. The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies, as well as Mowgli's. Another important theme is of law and freedom; the stories are not about animal behaviour, still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival, but about human archetypes in animal form. They teach respect for authority, obedience, and knowing one's place in society with "the law of the jungle", but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds, such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village. Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories, reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature.
The Jungle Book has remained popular, partly through its many adaptations for film and other media. Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling. The book has been influential in the scout movement, whose founder, Robert Baden-Powell, was a friend of Kipling. Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book.
Context
Rudyard Kipling's stories were first printed in magazines in 1893 and 1894; the original publications also contained hand-sketched illustrations, with some from John Lockwood Kipling, his father. Rudyard himself was born in Mumbai—then referred to as Bombay—in the western coastal Indian state of Maharashtra, where he spent his first six years of life. After around 10 years back in England, and having completed his schooling, Kipling went back to India to work for nearly 6½ years. Later on, his original stories would be written when he lived at Naulakha, the property and home he owned in Dummerston, Vermont, US. There is evidence that Kipling wrote the collection of stories for his daughter, Josephine (who died from pneumonia in 1899, aged 6); a first-edition copy of the book—including a handwritten note by the author to his young daughter—was discovered at the National Trust's Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire, in 2010.
Book
Description
The tales in the book (as well as those in The Second Jungle Book, which followed in 1895 and includes eight further stories, including five about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to teach moral lessons. The verses of "The Law of the Jungle", for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or "heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle". Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time.
Origins
Places in India named by Kipling in versions of the stories
The stories in The Jungle Book were inspired in part by the ancient Indian fable texts such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales. For example, an older moral-filled mongoose and snake version of the "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" story by Kipling is found in Book 5 of Panchatantra. In a letter to the American author Edward Everett Hale, Kipling wrote:
The idea of beast-tales seems to me new in that it is a most ancient and long forgotten idea. The really fascinating tales are those that the Bodhisat tells of his previous incarnations ending always with the beautiful moral. Most of the native hunters in India today think pretty much along the lines of an animal's brain and I have "cribbed" freely from their tales.
— Rudyard Kipling
In a letter written and signed by Kipling in or around 1895, states Alison Flood in The Guardian, Kipling confesses to borrowing ideas and stories in the Jungle Book: "I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufactured to meet 'the necessities of the case': though a little of it is bodily taken from (Southern) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils. In fact, it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present cannot remember from whose stories I have stolen".
Shere Khan, the main antagonist of the story, is named after the historical Afghan Emperor Sher Shah Suri.
Setting
Kipling lived in India as a child, and most of the stories are evidently set there, though it is not entirely clear where. The Kipling Society notes that "Seeonee" (Seoni, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh) is mentioned several times; that the "cold lairs" must be in the jungled hills of Chittorgarh; and that the first Mowgli story, "In the Rukh", is set in a forest reserve somewhere in North India, south of Simla. "Mowgli's Brothers" was positioned in the Aravalli hills of Rajasthan (northwestern India) in an early manuscript, later changed to Seonee, and Bagheera treks from "Oodeypore" (Udaipur), a journey of reasonable length to Aravalli but a long way from Seoni. Seoni has a tropical savanna climate, with a dry and a rainy season. This is drier than a monsoon climate and does not support tropical rainforest. Forested parks and reserves that claim to be associated with the stories include Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, and Pench National Park, near Seoni, but Kipling never visited the area.
Chapters
The book is arranged with a story in each chapter. Each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram.
Story title
Summary
Epigrammatic poem
Notes
Image
Mowgli's Brothers
A boy is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle with the help of Baloo the bear and Bagheera the black panther, who teach him the "Law of the Jungle". Some years later, the wolfpack and Mowgli are threatened by the tiger Shere Khan. Mowgli brings fire, driving off Shere Khan but showing that he is a man and must leave the jungle.
"Hunting-Song of the Seeonee Pack"
The story has been published as a short book: Night-Song in the Jungle.
"The tiger's roar filled the cave with thunder". 1894
Kaa's Hunting
During the time Mowgli was with the wolf pack, he is abducted by the Bandar-log monkeys to the ruined city. Baloo and Bagheera set out to rescue him with Kaa the python. Kaa defeats the Bandar-log, frees Mowgli, and hypnotises the monkeys and the other animals with his dance. Mowgli rescues Baloo and Bagheera from the spell.
"Road Song of the Bandar-Log"
Mowgli made leader of the Bandar-log by John Charles Dollman, 1903
Tiger! Tiger!
Mowgli returns to the human village and is adopted by Messua and her husband, who believe him to be their long-lost son. Mowgli leads the village boys who herd the village's buffaloes. Shere Khan comes to hunt Mowgli, but he is warned by Gray Brother wolf, and with Akela they find Shere Khan asleep, and stampede the buffaloes to trample Shere Khan to death. Mowgli leaves the village, and goes back to hunt with the wolves until he becomes a man.
"Mowgli's Song"
The story's title is taken from William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger".
Tiger! Tiger! by W. H. Drake, 1894
The White Seal
Kotick, a rare white-furred fur seal, sees seals being killed by islanders in the Bering Sea. He decides to find a safe home for his people, and after several years of searching as he comes of age, eventually finds a suitable place. He returns home and persuades the other seals to follow him.
"Lukannon"
Many names in the story are Russian, as the Pribilof Islands had been bought (with Alaska) by the United States in 1867, and Kipling had access to books about the islands.
The White Seal, 1894
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi
An English family have just moved to a house in India. They find Rikki-Tikki-Tavi the mongoose flooded out of his burrow. A pair of large cobras, Nag and Nagaina, attempt unsuccessfully to kill him. He hears the cobras plotting to kill the father in the house, and attacks Nag in the bathroom. The sound of the fight attracts the father, who shoots Nag. Rikki-Tikki-Tavi destroys Nagaina's eggs and chases her into her "rat-hole" where he kills her too.
"Darzee's Chaunt"
This story has been published as a short book.
Nag and Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, 1894
Toomai of the Elephants
Big Toomai rides Kala Nag the elephant to catch wild elephants in the hills. His son Little Toomai comes to help and risks his life throwing a rope up to one of the drivers. His father forbids him to enter the elephant enclosure again "until he has seen the elephants dance" (which no man ever did). One night he follows the elephants walking without drivers out of the camp, and is picked up by Kala Nag; he rides into the elephants' meeting place in the jungle, where they dance. On his return he says "I've seen the elephants dance" and falls asleep from tiredness. The drivers follow the elephants' tracks into the forest and find a newly cleared glade, showing that Little Toomai has told the truth. When they come back, he is hailed by both hunters and elephants, and the oldest and wisest hunter says that when Little Toomai grows up, he'll be called Toomai of the Elephants like his grandfather.
"Shiv and the Grasshopper"
This story has been published as a short book, and was the basis of the 1937 film Elephant Boy.
Toomai at the elephant camp, 1894
Her Majesty's Servants
On the night before a British military parade for the Amir of Afghanistan, the army's working animals—mule, camel, horse, bullock, elephant—discuss what they do in battle and how they feel about their work. It is explained to the Afghans that men and animals obey the orders carried down from the Queen.
"Parade-Song of the Camp Animals" is set to the tunes of several well-known songs.
"'Anybody can be forgiven for being scared in the night'", said the Troop-Horse. 1894
Characters
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi pursuing Nagaina by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894
Main article: List of The Jungle Book characters
Many of the characters (marked *) are named simply after the Hindustani names of their species: for example, Baloo is a transliteration of Hindustani भालू/بھالو Bhālū, "bear". The characters (marked ^) from "The White Seal" are transliterations from the Russian of the Pribilof Islands.
Akela * – a wolf
Bagheera * – a black panther
Baloo * – a bear
Bandar-log * – a tribe of monkeys
Chil * – a kite, in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, "battle")
Chuchundra * – a muskrat
Darzee * – a tailorbird
Father Wolf – the father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub
Grey brother – one of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs
Hathi * – an Indian elephant
Ikki * – a porcupine
Kaa * – a python
Karait * – a krait
Kotick ^ – a white seal
Mang * – a bat
Mor * – an Indian peafowl
Mowgli – main character of the Mowgli stories, the young jungle boy
Nag * – a male cobra
Nagaina * – a female cobra, Nag's mate
Raksha – the Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi – a mongoose
Sea Catch ^ – a seal and Kotick's father
Sea Cow – a (Steller's) sea cow
Sea Vitch ^ – a walrus
Shere Khan * – a tiger
Tabaqui * – a jackal
Illustrations
The early editions were illustrated with drawings in the text by John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father), and the American artists W. H. Drake and Paul Frenzeny.
Editions and translations
The book has appeared in over 500 print editions, and over 100 audiobooks. It has been translated into at least 36 languages.
Themes
Mowgli, Bagheera, and the wolf pack with Shere Khan's skin. Illustration by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894
Abandonment and fostering
Critics such as Harry Ricketts have observed that Kipling returns repeatedly to the theme of the abandoned and fostered child, recalling his own childhood feelings of abandonment. In his view, the enemy, Shere Khan, represents the "malevolent would-be foster-parent" who Mowgli in the end outwits and destroys, just as Kipling as a boy had to face Mrs Holloway in place of his parents. Ricketts writes that in "Mowgli's Brothers", the hero loses his human parents at the outset, and his wolf fosterers at the conclusion; and Mowgli is again rejected at the end of "Tiger! Tiger!", but each time is compensated by "a queue of would-be foster-parents" including the wolves, Baloo, Bagheera and Kaa. In Ricketts's view, the power that Mowgli has over all these characters who compete for his affection is part of the book's appeal to children. The historian of India Philip Mason similarly emphasises the Mowgli myth, where the fostered hero, "the odd man out among wolves and men alike", eventually triumphs over his enemies. Mason notes that both Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal do much the same.
Law and freedom
The novelist Marghanita Laski argued that the purpose of the stories was not to teach about animals but to create human archetypes through the animal characters, with lessons of respect for authority. She noted that Kipling was a friend of the founder of the Scout Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, who based the junior scout "Wolf Cubs" on the stories, and that Kipling admired the movement. Ricketts wrote that Kipling was obsessed by rules, a theme running throughout the stories and named explicitly as "the law of the jungle". Part of this, Ricketts supposed, was Mrs Holloway's evangelicalism, suitably transformed. The rules required obedience and "knowing your place", but also provided social relationships and "freedom to move between different worlds". Sandra Kemp observed that the law may be highly codified, but that the energies are also lawless, embodying the part of human nature which is "floating, irresponsible and self-absorbed". There is a duality between the two worlds of the village and the jungle, but Mowgli, like Mang the bat, can travel between the two.
The novelist and critic Angus Wilson noted that Kipling's law of the jungle was "far from Darwinian", since no attacks were allowed at the water-hole when in drought. In Wilson's view, the popularity of the Mowgli stories is thus not literary but moral: the animals can follow the law easily, but Mowgli has human joys and sorrows, and the burden of making decisions. Kipling's biographer, Charles Carrington, argued that the "fables" about Mowgli illustrate truths directly, as successful fables do, through the character of Mowgli himself; through his "kindly mentors", Bagheera and Baloo; through the repeated failure of the "bully" Shere Khan; through the endless but useless talk of the Bandar-log; and through the law, which makes the jungle "an integrated whole" while enabling Mowgli's brothers to live as the "Free People".
The academic Jan Montefiore commented on the book's balance of law and freedom that "you don't need to invoke Jacqueline Rose on the adult's dream of the child's innocence or Perry Nodelman's theory of children's literature colonising its readers' minds with a double fantasy of the child as both noble savage and embryo good citizen, to see that the Jungle Books .. give their readers a vicarious experience of adventure both as freedom and as service to a just State".
Reception
Sayan Mukherjee, writing for the Book Review Circle, calls The Jungle Book "one of the most enjoyable books of my childhood and even in adulthood, highly informative as to the outlook of the British on their 'native population'".
The academic Jopi Nyman argued in 2001 that the book formed part of the construction of "colonial English national identity" within Kipling's "imperial project". In Nyman's view, nation, race and class are mapped out in the stories, contributing to "an imagining of Englishness" as a site of power and racial superiority. Nyman suggested that The Jungle Book's monkeys and snakes represent "colonial animals" and "racialized Others" within the Indian jungle, whereas the White Seal promotes "'truly English' identities in the nationalist allegory" of that story.
Swati Singh, in his Secret History of the Jungle Book, notes that the tone is like that of Indian folklore, fable-like, and that critics have speculated that the Kipling may have heard similar stories from his Hindu bearer and his Portuguese ayah (nanny) during his childhood in India. Singh observes, too, that Kipling wove "magic and fantasy" into the stories for his daughter Josephine, and that even critics reading Kipling for signs of imperialism could not help admiring the power of his storytelling.
The Jungle Book came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling at the request of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement; the name is traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.
Adaptations
Protagonists from the Soviet animated adaptation, "Маугли" (Mowgli), on a Russian postage stamp.
Further information: Adaptations of the Jungle Book
The Jungle Book has been adapted many times in a wide variety of media. In literature, Robert Heinlein wrote the Hugo Award-winning science fiction novel, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), when his wife, Virginia, suggested a new version of The Jungle Book, but with a child raised by Martians instead of wolves. Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book (2008) is inspired by The Jungle Book. It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be traced to Kipling, but with Gaiman's dark twist.
In music, the Jungle Book cycle (1958) was written by the Australian composer Percy Grainger, an avid Kipling reader. It consists of quotations from the book, set as choral pieces and solos for soprano, tenor or baritone. The French composer Charles Koechlin wrote several symphonic works inspired by the book.
BBC Radio broadcast an adaptation on 14 February 1994 and released it as a BBC audiobook in 2008. It was directed by Chris Wallis with Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Eartha Kitt as Kaa, Freddie Jones as Baloo, and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera. The music was by John Mayer.
The book's text has been adapted for younger readers with comic book adaptations such as DC Comics Elseworlds' story, "Superman: The Feral Man of Steel", in which an infant Superman is raised by wolves, while Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan make appearances. Marvel Comics published several adaptations by Mary Jo Duffy and Gil Kane in the pages of Marvel Fanfare (vol. 1). These were collected in the one-shot Marvel Illustrated: The Jungle Book (2007). Bill Willingham's comic book series, Fables, features The Jungle Book's Mowgli, Bagheera, and Shere Khan.
Manga Classics: The Jungle Book was published by UDON Entertainment's Manga Classics imprint in June 2017.
Many films have been based on one or another of Kipling's stories, including Elephant Boy (1937), Chuck Jones's made for-TV cartoons Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975), The White Seal (1975), and Mowgli's Brothers (1976). Many films, too, have been made of the book as a whole, such as Zoltán Korda's 1942 film, Disney's 1967 animated film and its 2016 remake. Other adaptations include the Russian adaptation named Mowgli, published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US, an animation released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973, and the 1989 Italian-Japanese anime The Jungle Book: Adventures of Mogwli.
Stuart Paterson wrote a stage adaptation in 2004, first produced by the Birmingham Old Rep in 2004 and published in 2007 by Nick Hern Books.
In 2021 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation by Ayeesha Menon which resets the story as a "gangland coming-of-age fable" in modern India.
See also
Feral children in mythology and fiction
Sher Shah Suri
Notes
^ "The White Seal" is set in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.
^ Many of the 'animal language' words and names in this story are a phonetic spelling of Russian (probably as spoken with an Aleut accent), for example 'Stareek!' (Старик!) 'old man!'; 'Ochen scoochnie' (said by Kotick) 'I am very lonesome' Очень скучный (correctly means 'very boring'); holluschick (plural -ie) 'bachelor male seal' (холощик) from холостой ('unmarried'); Matkah (Kotick's mother, матка, 'dam', 'mother of an animal', or 'womb').
^ Originally titled "Servants of the Queen".
^ "Cavalry Horses" is set to "Bonnie Dundee". "Elephants of the Gun-Teams" fits the tune and has a similar first line to the marching song "The British Grenadiers", as does "Gun-Bullocks". "Screw-Gun Mules" is set to the tune of the English folk song "The Lincolnshire Poacher" and echoes some of its lines.
^ Bandar-log means "Monkey People" in Hindustani.
^ Darzee is the Hindustani for tailor.
^ Raksha is Hindi for "defence".
^ When the water level of the Waingunga comes below the summit of the Peace Rock, "Hathi, the wild elephant, proclaims the Water Truce By the Law of the Jungle it is death to kill at the drinking-places when once the Water Truce has been declared. The reason of this is that drinking comes before eating." (How Fear Came, in The Second Jungle Book (read online)).
References
^ a b Singh, Swati (2016). Secret History of the Jungle Book. The Real Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9935239-2-2. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ a b "History of Cub Scouting". Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2016. A strong influence from Kipling's Jungle Book remains today. The terms "Law of the Pack", "Akela", "Wolf Cub", "grand howl", "den", and "pack" all come from the Jungle Book.
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External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Jungle Book
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Jungle Book.
The Jungle Book at Standard Ebooks
1910 edition at Archive.org
The Jungle Book at Project Gutenberg
The Jungle Book public domain audiobook at LibriVox
vteRudyard Kipling's The Jungle BookBooks
The Jungle Book (1894)
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
All the Mowgli Stories (1933)
Mowgli stories
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
Characters
Mowgli
Baloo
Bagheera
Akela
Raksha
Kaa
Hathi
Shere Khan
Bandar-log
King Louie
Adaptations ofMowgli storiesDisneyfranchiseFilm
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Jungle Book (1994)
The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Television
TaleSpin (1990–91)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
MusicSoundtracks
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Songs
"Colonel Hathi's March"
"The Bare Necessities"
"I Wan'na Be like You"
"Trust in Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"My Own Home"
Video games
TaleSpin (Nintendo) (1991)
TaleSpin (TurboGrafx-16) (1991)
TaleSpin (Sega) (1992)
The Jungle Book (1993)
The Jungle Book Groove Party (2000)
Related
Disney Infinity 3.0 (2016)
Disney Magic Kingdoms (2017)
Disney Mirrorverse (2022)
Disney Speedstorm (2023)
Other
The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic
Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
Once Upon a Studio (2023)
OtheradaptationsLive-action film
Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book (1942)
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo (1997)
Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018)
Animated film
Adventures of Mowgli (1967–1971)
Television
Mowgli's Brothers (1976)
Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli (1989–90)
episodes
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998)
The Jungle Book (2010–2020)
Other stories
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
Adaptations ofother stories
Elephant Boy (1937 film)
The White Seal (1975 animated film)
Elephant Boy (1973 TV series)
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1997 book)
Related
The Third Jungle Book (1992) (Book)
A dzsungel könyve (Musical)
Djungelboken (Play)
Bagheera Fountain
Law of the jungle
The Jungle Book and Scouting
The Wolf Cub's Handbook
Mowgli syndrome
vteRudyard KiplingNovels
The Light That Failed (1891)
The Naulahka: A Story of West and East (co-author, Wolcott Balestier, 1892)
Captains Courageous (1896)
Kim (1901)
Collections
Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
Soldiers Three (1888)
The Story of the Gadsbys (1888)
In Black and White (1888)
The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales (1888)
Under the Deodars (1888)
Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888)
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1889)
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry)
Many Inventions (1893)
The Jungle Book (1894)
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
All the Mowgli Stories (c. 1895)
The Seven Seas (1896, poetry)
The Day's Work (1898)
Stalky & Co. (1899)
Just So Stories (1902)
The Five Nations (1903, poetry)
Puck of Pook's Hill (1906)
Rewards and Fairies (1910)
The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction)
Debits and Credits (1926)
Limits and Renewals (1932)
Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition (1940)
A Choice of Kipling's Verse (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)
Poems
"The Absent-Minded Beggar"
"The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'"
"The Ballad of East and West"
"The Beginnings"
"The Bell Buoy"
"The Betrothed"
"Big Steamers"
"Boots"
"Cold Iron"
"Dane-geld"
"Danny Deever"
"A Death-Bed"
"The Female of the Species"
"Fuzzy-Wuzzy"
"Gentleman ranker"
"The Gods of the Copybook Headings"
"Gunga Din"
"Hymn Before Action"
"If—"
"In the Neolithic Age"
"The King's Pilgrimage"
"The Last of the Light Brigade"
"The Lowestoft Boat"
"Mandalay"
"The Mary Gloster"
"McAndrew's Hymn"
"My Boy Jack"
"Recessional"
"A Song in Storm"
"The Sons of Martha"
"Submarines"
"The Sweepers"
"Tommy"
"Ubique"
"The White Man's Burden"
Short stories
".007"
"The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly"
"Baa Baa, Black Sheep"
"Bread upon the Waters"
"The Broken-Link Handicap"
"The Butterfly that Stamped"
"Consequences"
"The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin"
"Cupid's Arrows"
"The Devil and the Deep Sea"
"The Drums of the Fore and Aft"
"Fairy-Kist"
"False Dawn"
"A Germ-Destroyer"
"His Chance in Life"
"His Wedded Wife"
"In the House of Suddhoo"
"Kidnapped"
"Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris"
"Lispeth"
"The Man Who Would Be King"
"A Matter of Fact"
"Miss Youghal's Sais"
"The Mother Hive"
"The Other Man"
"The Rescue of Pluffles"
"The Ship that Found Herself"
"The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo"
"The Taking of Lungtungpen"
"Three and – an Extra"
"The Three Musketeers"
"Thrown Away"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
"Watches of the Night"
"Wireless"
"Yoked with an Unbeliever"
Related
Bibliography
Bateman's (house)
Indian Railway Library
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
Iron Ring
Law of the jungle
Aerial Board of Control
My Boy Jack (1997 play)
Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale (2006 documentary)
My Boy Jack (2007 film)
Family
Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling (wife)
Elsie Bambridge (daughter)
John Kipling (son)
John Lockwood Kipling (father)
MacDonald sisters (mother's family)
Stanley Baldwin (cousin)
Georgiana Burne-Jones (aunt)
Edward Burne-Jones (uncle)
Philip Burne-Jones (cousin)
Edward Poynter (uncle)
Alfred Baldwin (uncle)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Shere Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan"},{"link_name":"Baloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloo"},{"link_name":"Mowgli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Seoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoni"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"},{"link_name":"animal behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_behaviour"},{"link_name":"Darwinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Darwinism"},{"link_name":"archetypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"},{"link_name":"its many adaptations for film and other media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Jungle_Book"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh2016-1"},{"link_name":"scout movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_movement"},{"link_name":"Robert Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scouts-2"},{"link_name":"Percy Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger"}],"text":"1894 children's book by Rudyard KiplingFor other uses, see The Jungle Book (disambiguation).The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or \"man-cub\" Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. Most stories are set in a forest in India; one place mentioned repeatedly is \"Seeonee\" (Seoni), in the central\nstate of Madhya Pradesh.A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering, as in the life of Mowgli, echoing Kipling's own childhood. The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies, as well as Mowgli's. Another important theme is of law and freedom; the stories are not about animal behaviour, still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival, but about human archetypes in animal form. They teach respect for authority, obedience, and knowing one's place in society with \"the law of the jungle\", but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds, such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village. Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories, reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature.The Jungle Book has remained popular, partly through its many adaptations for film and other media. Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling.[1] The book has been influential in the scout movement, whose founder, Robert Baden-Powell, was a friend of Kipling.[2] Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book.","title":"The Jungle Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lockwood Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockwood_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Indian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Naulakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naulakha_(Rudyard_Kipling_House)"},{"link_name":"Dummerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummerston"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Wimpole Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimpole_Hall"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire,_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Rudyard Kipling's stories were first printed in magazines in 1893 and 1894; the original publications also contained hand-sketched illustrations, with some from John Lockwood Kipling, his father. Rudyard himself was born in Mumbai—then referred to as Bombay—in the western coastal Indian state of Maharashtra, where he spent his first six years of life. After around 10 years back in England, and having completed his schooling, Kipling went back to India to work for nearly 6½ years. Later on, his original stories would be written when he lived at Naulakha, the property and home he owned in Dummerston, Vermont, US.[3] There is evidence that Kipling wrote the collection of stories for his daughter, Josephine (who died from pneumonia in 1899, aged 6); a first-edition copy of the book—including a handwritten note by the author to his young daughter—was discovered at the National Trust's Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire, in 2010.[4]","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Second Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book"},{"link_name":"fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"allegories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Description","text":"The tales in the book (as well as those in The Second Jungle Book, which followed in 1895 and includes eight further stories, including five about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to teach moral lessons. The verses of \"The Law of the Jungle\", for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or \"heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle\".[5] Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time.[6]","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jungle-Book-locator-map.svg"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Panchatantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra"},{"link_name":"Jataka tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NagaiRooney2015-7"},{"link_name":"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edward Everett Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NagaiRooney2015-7"},{"link_name":"the Bodhisat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NagaiRooney2015-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kipling2016p168-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shere Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sher Shah Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Places in India named by Kipling in versions of the storiesThe stories in The Jungle Book were inspired in part by the ancient Indian fable texts such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales.[7] For example, an older moral-filled mongoose and snake version of the \"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi\" story by Kipling is found in Book 5 of Panchatantra.[8] In a letter to the American author Edward Everett Hale, Kipling wrote:[7]The idea of beast-tales seems to me new in that it is a most ancient and long forgotten idea. The really fascinating tales are those that the Bodhisat tells of his previous incarnations ending always with the beautiful moral. Most of the native hunters in India today think pretty much along the lines of an animal's brain and I have \"cribbed\" freely from their tales.\n\n— Rudyard Kipling[7][9]In a letter written and signed by Kipling in or around 1895, states Alison Flood in The Guardian, Kipling confesses to borrowing ideas and stories in the Jungle Book: \"I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufactured to meet 'the necessities of the case': though a little of it is bodily taken from (Southern) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils. In fact, it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present cannot remember from whose stories I have stolen\".[10]Shere Khan, the main antagonist of the story, is named after the historical Afghan Emperor Sher Shah Suri.[11]","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Seoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoni"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Chittorgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittorgarh"},{"link_name":"North India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"Simla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla"},{"link_name":"Aravalli hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravalli_hills"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Udaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slater2007-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"tropical savanna climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kanha Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanha_Tiger_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pench National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pench_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slater2007-13"}],"sub_title":"Setting","text":"Kipling lived in India as a child, and most of the stories[a] are evidently set there, though it is not entirely clear where. The Kipling Society notes that \"Seeonee\" (Seoni, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh) is mentioned several times; that the \"cold lairs\" must be in the jungled hills of Chittorgarh; and that the first Mowgli story, \"In the Rukh\", is set in a forest reserve somewhere in North India, south of Simla. \"Mowgli's Brothers\" was positioned in the Aravalli hills of Rajasthan (northwestern India) in an early manuscript, later changed to Seonee, and Bagheera treks from \"Oodeypore\" (Udaipur), a journey of reasonable length to Aravalli but a long way from Seoni.[12][13] Seoni has a tropical savanna climate, with a dry and a rainy season. This is drier than a monsoon climate and does not support tropical rainforest.[14] Forested parks and reserves that claim to be associated with the stories include Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh,[15] and Pench National Park, near Seoni,[16] but Kipling never visited the area.[12]","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram"}],"text":"The book is arranged with a story in each chapter. Each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram.","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jungle_book_p230_illustration.png"},{"link_name":"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"},{"link_name":"W. H. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Drake"},{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language"},{"link_name":"Pribilof Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribilof_Islands"},{"link_name":"Akela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akela_(The_Jungle_Book)"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wolf"},{"link_name":"Bagheera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheera"},{"link_name":"black panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_panther"},{"link_name":"Baloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloo"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"Bandar-log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar-log"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeys"},{"link_name":"kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_kite"},{"link_name":"muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"tailorbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailorbird"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"Hathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathi"},{"link_name":"Indian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant"},{"link_name":"porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_brush-tailed_porcupine"},{"link_name":"Kaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaa"},{"link_name":"python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated_python"},{"link_name":"krait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_krait"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_seal"},{"link_name":"bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"Indian peafowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowl"},{"link_name":"Mowgli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli"},{"link_name":"cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"},{"link_name":"mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mongoose"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_fur_seal"},{"link_name":"(Steller's) sea cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow"},{"link_name":"walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus"},{"link_name":"Shere Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"Tabaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaqui"},{"link_name":"jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_jackal"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi pursuing Nagaina by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894Many of the characters (marked *) are named simply after the Hindustani names of their species: for example, Baloo is a transliteration of Hindustani भालू/بھالو Bhālū, \"bear\". The characters (marked ^) from \"The White Seal\" are transliterations from the Russian of the Pribilof Islands.Akela * – a wolf\nBagheera * – a black panther\nBaloo * – a bear\nBandar-log *[e] – a tribe of monkeys\nChil * – a kite, in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, \"battle\")\nChuchundra * – a muskrat\nDarzee *[f] – a tailorbird\nFather Wolf – the father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub\nGrey brother – one of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs\nHathi * – an Indian elephant\nIkki * – a porcupine\nKaa * – a python\nKarait * – a krait\nKotick ^ – a white seal\nMang * – a bat\nMor * – an Indian peafowl\nMowgli – main character of the Mowgli stories, the young jungle boy\nNag * – a male cobra\nNagaina * – a female cobra, Nag's mate\nRaksha [g] – the Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub\nRikki-Tikki-Tavi – a mongoose\nSea Catch ^ – a seal and Kotick's father\nSea Cow – a (Steller's) sea cow\nSea Vitch ^ – a walrus\nShere Khan * – a tiger\nTabaqui * – a jackal","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lockwood Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockwood_Kipling"},{"link_name":"W. H. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Drake_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Paul Frenzeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Frenzeny"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Illustrations","text":"The early editions were illustrated with drawings in the text by John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father), and the American artists W. H. Drake and Paul Frenzeny.[20]","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Editions and translations","text":"The book has appeared in over 500 print editions,[21] and over 100 audiobooks.[22] It has been translated into at least 36 languages.[23]","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_jungle_book_(1894)_(14598455877).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mowgli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli"},{"link_name":"Bagheera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheera"},{"link_name":"Shere Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan"},{"link_name":"W. H. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Drake_(painter)"}],"text":"Mowgli, Bagheera, and the wolf pack with Shere Khan's skin. Illustration by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Ricketts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ricketts"},{"link_name":"fostered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostering"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnderwoodRadcliffe2008-31"},{"link_name":"Philip Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mason"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Abandonment and fostering","text":"Critics such as Harry Ricketts have observed that Kipling returns repeatedly to the theme of the abandoned and fostered child, recalling his own childhood feelings of abandonment. In his view, the enemy, Shere Khan, represents the \"malevolent would-be foster-parent\" who Mowgli in the end outwits and destroys, just as Kipling as a boy had to face Mrs Holloway in place of his parents. Ricketts writes that in \"Mowgli's Brothers\", the hero loses his human parents at the outset, and his wolf fosterers at the conclusion; and Mowgli is again rejected at the end of \"Tiger! Tiger!\", but each time is compensated by \"a queue of would-be foster-parents\" including the wolves, Baloo, Bagheera and Kaa. In Ricketts's view, the power that Mowgli has over all these characters who compete for his affection is part of the book's appeal to children.[24] The historian of India Philip Mason similarly emphasises the Mowgli myth, where the fostered hero, \"the odd man out among wolves and men alike\", eventually triumphs over his enemies. Mason notes that both Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal do much the same.[25]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marghanita Laski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marghanita_Laski"},{"link_name":"archetypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"},{"link_name":"Scout Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_Movement"},{"link_name":"Robert Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnderwoodRadcliffe2008-31"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnderwoodRadcliffe2008-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnderwoodRadcliffe2008-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnderwoodRadcliffe2008-31"},{"link_name":"Angus Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Darwinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Darwinism"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"moral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnderwoodRadcliffe2008-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Charles Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carrington_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Rose"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Law and freedom","text":"The novelist Marghanita Laski argued that the purpose of the stories was not to teach about animals but to create human archetypes through the animal characters, with lessons of respect for authority. She noted that Kipling was a friend of the founder of the Scout Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, who based the junior scout \"Wolf Cubs\" on the stories, and that Kipling admired the movement.[24][26] Ricketts wrote that Kipling was obsessed by rules, a theme running throughout the stories and named explicitly as \"the law of the jungle\". Part of this, Ricketts supposed, was Mrs Holloway's evangelicalism, suitably transformed. The rules required obedience and \"knowing your place\", but also provided social relationships and \"freedom to move between different worlds\".[24] Sandra Kemp observed that the law may be highly codified, but that the energies are also lawless, embodying the part of human nature which is \"floating, irresponsible and self-absorbed\".[24][27] There is a duality between the two worlds of the village and the jungle, but Mowgli, like Mang the bat, can travel between the two.[24]The novelist and critic Angus Wilson noted that Kipling's law of the jungle was \"far from Darwinian\", since no attacks were allowed at the water-hole when in drought.[h] In Wilson's view, the popularity of the Mowgli stories is thus not literary but moral: the animals can follow the law easily, but Mowgli has human joys and sorrows, and the burden of making decisions.[24][28] Kipling's biographer, Charles Carrington, argued that the \"fables\" about Mowgli illustrate truths directly, as successful fables do, through the character of Mowgli himself; through his \"kindly mentors\", Bagheera and Baloo; through the repeated failure of the \"bully\" Shere Khan; through the endless but useless talk of the Bandar-log; and through the law, which makes the jungle \"an integrated whole\" while enabling Mowgli's brothers to live as the \"Free People\".[29]The academic Jan Montefiore commented on the book's balance of law and freedom that \"you don't need to invoke Jacqueline Rose on the adult's dream of the child's innocence or Perry Nodelman's theory of children's literature colonising its readers' minds with a double fantasy of the child as both noble savage and embryo good citizen, to see that the Jungle Books .. give their readers a vicarious experience of adventure both as freedom and as service to a just State\".[30]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyman2001-40"},{"link_name":"imperial project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyman2001-40"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyman2001-40"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyman2001-40"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyman2001-40"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyman2001-40"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyman2001-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh2016-1"},{"link_name":"Cub Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_Scouts"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"Robert Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"Memory Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Akela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akela_(The_Jungle_Book)"},{"link_name":"leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_and_Scouting#Akela"},{"link_name":"Cub Scout pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_Scout_pack"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scouts-2"}],"text":"Sayan Mukherjee, writing for the Book Review Circle, calls The Jungle Book \"one of the most enjoyable books of my childhood and even in adulthood, highly informative as to the outlook of the British on their 'native population'\".[31]The academic Jopi Nyman argued in 2001 that the book formed part of the construction of \"colonial English national identity\"[32] within Kipling's \"imperial project\".[32] In Nyman's view, nation, race and class are mapped out in the stories, contributing to \"an imagining of Englishness\" as a site of power and racial superiority.[32] Nyman suggested that The Jungle Book's monkeys and snakes represent \"colonial animals\"[32] and \"racialized Others\"[32] within the Indian jungle, whereas the White Seal promotes \"'truly English' identities in the nationalist allegory\"[32] of that story.[32]Swati Singh, in his Secret History of the Jungle Book, notes that the tone is like that of Indian folklore, fable-like, and that critics have speculated that the Kipling may have heard similar stories from his Hindu bearer and his Portuguese ayah (nanny) during his childhood in India. Singh observes, too, that Kipling wove \"magic and fantasy\" into the stories for his daughter Josephine, and that even critics reading Kipling for signs of imperialism could not help admiring the power of his storytelling.[1]The Jungle Book came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling at the request of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement; the name is traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaugliStamp.JPG"},{"link_name":"Adaptations of the Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptations_of_the_Jungle_Book"},{"link_name":"Robert Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heinlein"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Stranger in a Strange Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land#Development"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Heinlein"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWE-1962-42"},{"link_name":"Neil Gaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman"},{"link_name":"The Graveyard Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graveyard_Book"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Percy Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Charles Koechlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Koechlin"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Eartha Kitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartha_Kitt"},{"link_name":"Freddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hyde"},{"link_name":"John Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayer_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Elseworlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elseworlds"},{"link_name":"Superman: The Feral Man of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman:_The_Feral_Man_of_Steel"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Mary Jo Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jo_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Gil Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kane"},{"link_name":"Marvel Fanfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Fanfare"},{"link_name":"Marvel Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Bill Willingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Willingham"},{"link_name":"Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Elephant Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Boy_(film)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Korda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Korda"},{"link_name":"1942 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Book_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"1967 animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"2016 remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Adventures of Mowgli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Mowgli"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book: Adventures of Mogwli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Old Rep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Rep"},{"link_name":"Nick Hern Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hern_Books"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Protagonists from the Soviet animated adaptation, \"Маугли\" (Mowgli), on a Russian postage stamp.Further information: Adaptations of the Jungle BookThe Jungle Book has been adapted many times in a wide variety of media. In literature, Robert Heinlein wrote the Hugo Award-winning science fiction novel, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), when his wife, Virginia, suggested a new version of The Jungle Book, but with a child raised by Martians instead of wolves.[33][34] Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book (2008) is inspired by The Jungle Book. It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be traced to Kipling, but with Gaiman's dark twist.[35]In music, the Jungle Book cycle (1958) was written by the Australian composer Percy Grainger, an avid Kipling reader. It consists of quotations from the book, set as choral pieces and solos for soprano, tenor or baritone.[36] The French composer Charles Koechlin wrote several symphonic works inspired by the book.BBC Radio broadcast an adaptation on 14 February 1994 and released it as a BBC audiobook in 2008.[37] It was directed by Chris Wallis with Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Eartha Kitt as Kaa, Freddie Jones as Baloo, and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera. The music was by John Mayer.[38]The book's text has been adapted for younger readers with comic book adaptations such as DC Comics Elseworlds' story, \"Superman: The Feral Man of Steel\", in which an infant Superman is raised by wolves, while Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan make appearances.[39] Marvel Comics published several adaptations by Mary Jo Duffy and Gil Kane in the pages of Marvel Fanfare (vol. 1). These were collected in the one-shot Marvel Illustrated: The Jungle Book (2007).[40] Bill Willingham's comic book series, Fables, features The Jungle Book's Mowgli, Bagheera, and Shere Khan.[41]Manga Classics: The Jungle Book was published by UDON Entertainment's Manga Classics imprint in June 2017.[42]Many films have been based on one or another of Kipling's stories, including Elephant Boy (1937),[43] Chuck Jones's made for-TV cartoons Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975),[44] The White Seal (1975),[45] and Mowgli's Brothers (1976).[46] Many films, too, have been made of the book as a whole, such as Zoltán Korda's 1942 film,[47] Disney's 1967 animated film[48] and its 2016 remake.[49] Other adaptations include the Russian adaptation named Mowgli, published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US, an animation released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973,[50] and the 1989 Italian-Japanese anime The Jungle Book: Adventures of Mogwli.[51]Stuart Paterson wrote a stage adaptation in 2004, first produced by the Birmingham Old Rep in 2004 and published in 2007 by Nick Hern Books.[52]In 2021 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation by Ayeesha Menon which resets the story as a \"gangland coming-of-age fable\" in modern India.[53]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Pribilof Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribilof_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bering Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Sea"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Aleut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Dundee#Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"The British Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"The Lincolnshire Poacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lincolnshire_Poacher"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"The Second Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book"},{"link_name":"read online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book/How_Fear_Came"}],"text":"^ \"The White Seal\" is set in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.\n\n^ Many of the 'animal language' words and names in this story are a phonetic spelling of Russian (probably as spoken with an Aleut accent), for example 'Stareek!' (Старик!) 'old man!'; 'Ochen scoochnie' (said by Kotick) 'I am very lonesome' Очень скучный (correctly means 'very boring'); holluschick (plural -ie) 'bachelor male seal' (холощик) from холостой ('unmarried'); Matkah (Kotick's mother, матка, 'dam', 'mother of an animal', or 'womb').\n\n^ Originally titled \"Servants of the Queen\".\n\n^ \"Cavalry Horses\" is set to \"Bonnie Dundee\". \"Elephants of the Gun-Teams\" fits the tune and has a similar first line to the marching song \"The British Grenadiers\", as does \"Gun-Bullocks\". \"Screw-Gun Mules\" is set to the tune of the English folk song \"The Lincolnshire Poacher\" and echoes some of its lines.[19]\n\n^ Bandar-log means \"Monkey People\" in Hindustani.\n\n^ Darzee is the Hindustani for tailor.\n\n^ Raksha is Hindi for \"defence\".\n\n^ When the water level of the Waingunga comes below the summit of the Peace Rock, \"Hathi, the wild elephant, proclaims the Water Truce [...] By the Law of the Jungle it is death to kill at the drinking-places when once the Water Truce has been declared. The reason of this is that drinking comes before eating.\" (How Fear Came, in The Second Jungle Book (read online)).","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Places in India named by Kipling in versions of the stories","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jungle-Book-locator-map.svg/220px-Jungle-Book-locator-map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"\"The tiger's roar filled the cave with thunder\". 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jungle_book_p34r.png/220px-Jungle_book_p34r.png"},{"image_text":"Mowgli made leader of the Bandar-log by John Charles Dollman, 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_Charles_Dollman_-_Mowgli_made_leader_of_the_Bandar_Log.jpg/220px-John_Charles_Dollman_-_Mowgli_made_leader_of_the_Bandar_Log.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiger! Tiger! by W. H. Drake, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/W-h-drake_kipling-tiger-tiger-logo.png/220px-W-h-drake_kipling-tiger-tiger-logo.png"},{"image_text":"The White Seal, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Jungle_book_p160.png/220px-Jungle_book_p160.png"},{"image_text":"Nag and Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jungle_book_p206r.png/220px-Jungle_book_p206r.png"},{"image_text":"Toomai at the elephant camp, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jungle_book_p252.png/220px-Jungle_book_p252.png"},{"image_text":"\"'Anybody can be forgiven for being scared in the night'\", said the Troop-Horse. 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jungle_book_p298.png/220px-Jungle_book_p298.png"},{"image_text":"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi pursuing Nagaina by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jungle_book_p230_illustration.png/220px-Jungle_book_p230_illustration.png"},{"image_text":"Mowgli, Bagheera, and the wolf pack with Shere Khan's skin. Illustration by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_jungle_book_%281894%29_%2814598455877%29.jpg/170px-The_jungle_book_%281894%29_%2814598455877%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protagonists from the Soviet animated adaptation, \"Маугли\" (Mowgli), on a Russian postage stamp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MaugliStamp.JPG/290px-MaugliStamp.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Feral children in mythology and fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_children_in_mythology_and_fiction"},{"title":"Sher Shah Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri"}]
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[{"reference":"Singh, Swati (2016). Secret History of the Jungle Book. The Real Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9935239-2-2. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hhUxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"Secret History of the Jungle Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9935239-2-2","url_text":"978-0-9935239-2-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230629164216/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhUxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Cub Scouting\". Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2016. A strong influence from Kipling's Jungle Book remains today. The terms \"Law of the Pack\", \"Akela\", \"Wolf Cub\", \"grand howl\", \"den\", and \"pack\" all come from the Jungle Book.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scouting.org/home/cubscouts/parents/about/history.aspx","url_text":"\"History of Cub Scouting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171102211443/http://www.scouting.org/Home/CubScouts/Parents/About/history.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rao, K. Bhaskara (1967). Rudyard Kipling's India. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rudyardkiplingsi0000raok","url_text":"Rudyard Kipling's India"}]},{"reference":"\"Kipling first edition with author's poignant note found\". BBC New. 8 April 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8609766.stm","url_text":"\"Kipling first edition with author's poignant note found\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222082103/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8609766.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilmour, David (2003). The Long Recessional: the Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6518-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6518-8","url_text":"0-7126-6518-8"}]},{"reference":"Hjejle, Benedicte (1983). Fddbek, Ole; Thomson, Niels (eds.). \"Kipling, Britisk Indien og Mowglihistorieine\" [Kipling, British India and the Story of Mowgli]. Feitskrifi til Kristof Glamann (in Danish). Odense, Denmark: Odense Universitetsforlag. pp. 87–114.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kaori Nagai; Caroline Rooney; Donna Landry; Monica Mattfeld; Charlotte Sleigh; Karen Jones (2015). Cosmopolitan Animals. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-137-37628-2. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ2FCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT267","url_text":"Cosmopolitan Animals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37628-2","url_text":"978-1-137-37628-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230629164223/https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ2FCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT267","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jan Montefiore (2013). In Time's Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling. Manchester University Press. pp. 132–134. ISBN 978-1-5261-1129-6. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FbWkDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"In Time's Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1129-6","url_text":"978-1-5261-1129-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230629164215/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbWkDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rudyard Kipling (2016). Thomas Penney (ed.). The Letters of Rudyard Kipling: Volume 2: 1890-99. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-349-63806-2. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZsYDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Letters of Rudyard Kipling: Volume 2: 1890-99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-63806-2","url_text":"978-1-349-63806-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230629164221/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZsYDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Alison (31 May 2013). \"Rudyard Kipling 'admitted to plagiarism in Jungle Book'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/29/rudyard-kipling-admitted-plagiarism-jungle-book","url_text":"\"Rudyard Kipling 'admitted to plagiarism in Jungle Book'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140909082238/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/29/rudyard-kipling-admitted-plagiarism-jungle-book","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Welsh, Frank (28 March 2013). The History of the World: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Quercus. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-78206-110-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_History_of_the_World.html?id=nZZhBQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y","url_text":"The History of the World: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78206-110-6","url_text":"978-1-78206-110-6"}]},{"reference":"Slater, John (23 March 2007). \"Seeonee: The Site of Mowgli's Jungle?\". The Kipling Society. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_junglebook_location.htm","url_text":"\"Seeonee: The Site of Mowgli's Jungle?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipling_Society","url_text":"Kipling Society"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190908160005/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_junglebook_location.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"P. W. I. (September 1969). \"Report on Discussion Meeting of Feb. 19th\" (PDF). Kipling Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kiplingjournal.com/acrobat/KJ171.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on Discussion Meeting of Feb. 19th\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190801220619/http://www.kiplingjournal.com/acrobat/KJ171.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Sivani (Madhya Pradesh)\". Climate-Date.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/24437/","url_text":"\"Climate: Sivani (Madhya Pradesh)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213402/https://en.climate-data.org/location/24437/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"On 'The Jungle Book' trail at Kanha National Park\". DNA India. 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-in-search-of-sher-khan-2203345","url_text":"\"On 'The Jungle Book' trail at Kanha National Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_India","url_text":"DNA India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171209225635/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-in-search-of-sher-khan-2203345","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andres, Trisha (15 April 2016). \"The Jungle Book: 5 best tours to Rudyard Kipling's India\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/tours/The-Jungle-Book-5-best-tours-to-Kiplings-India/","url_text":"\"The Jungle Book: 5 best tours to Rudyard Kipling's India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220233040/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/tours/The-Jungle-Book-5-best-tours-to-Kiplings-India/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The White Seal\". The Kipling Society. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_whiteseal1.htm","url_text":"\"The White Seal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170404112914/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_whiteseal1.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Elephant Boy (1937) – Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda – Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v15591","url_text":"\"Elephant Boy (1937) – Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda – Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050610/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v15591","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Musical Settings of Kipling's Verse\" (PDF). The Kipling Society. 16 May 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161031023554/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/settings_62.pdf","url_text":"\"The Musical Settings of Kipling's Verse\""},{"url":"http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/settings_62.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kipling, Rudyard; Kipling, John Lockwood (illus.); Drake, W. H. (illus.); Frenzeny, Paul (illus.) (1894). The Jungle Book. London: Macmillan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling\". WorldCat. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3AThe+Jungle+Book+au%3ARudyard+Kipling&fq=x0%3Abook+%3E+mt%3Afic&qt=advanced&dblist=638","url_text":"\"ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210930012840/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3AThe+Jungle+Book+au%3ARudyard+Kipling&fq=x0%3Abook+%3E+mt%3Afic&qt=advanced&dblist=638","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling\". WorldCat. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3AThe+Jungle+Book+au%3ARudyard+Kipling&fq=x0%3Aaudiobook+%3E+mt%3Afic&qt=advanced&dblist=638","url_text":"\"ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210930001140/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3AThe+Jungle+Book+au%3ARudyard+Kipling&fq=x0%3Aaudiobook+%3E+mt%3Afic&qt=advanced&dblist=638","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Jungle Book, Rudyard Kipling\". WorldCat. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. 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Retrieved 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171026144014/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_mowglibros1_p.htm","url_text":"\"\"Mowgli's Brothers\"\""},{"url":"http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_mowglibros1_p.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Philip (1975). Kipling – The Glass, the Shadow and the Fire. Jonathan Cape. p. 171. ISBN 978-0224011280.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mason","url_text":"Mason, Philip"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kiplingglassshad0000maso","url_text":"Kipling – The Glass, the Shadow and the Fire"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kiplingglassshad0000maso/page/171","url_text":"171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224011280","url_text":"978-0224011280"}]},{"reference":"Laski, Marghanita (1987). From Palm to Pine, Rudyard Kipling at Home and Abroad. Sidgwick and Jackson. p. 124. ISBN 978-0283994227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marghanita_Laski","url_text":"Laski, Marghanita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0283994227","url_text":"978-0283994227"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Sandra (1988). Kipling's Hidden Narratives. Basil Blackwell. p. 12. ISBN 978-0631155775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631155775","url_text":"978-0631155775"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Angus (1977). The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling. Secker & Warburg. p. 122. ISBN 978-0712659277.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/strangerideofrud0000wils","url_text":"The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/strangerideofrud0000wils/page/122","url_text":"122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712659277","url_text":"978-0712659277"}]},{"reference":"Carrington, Charles (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. Macmillan. p. 208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carrington_(historian)","url_text":"Carrington, Charles"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rudyardkiplinghi0000carr","url_text":"Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rudyardkiplinghi0000carr/page/208","url_text":"208"}]},{"reference":"Montefiore, Jan (2011). Booth, Howard J. (ed.). Kipling as a children's writer and the Jungle Books. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–109. 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Marvel. April 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"GameAxis Unwired. SPH Magazines. 2007. p. 78. ISSN 0219-872X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m-oDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78","url_text":"GameAxis Unwired"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0219-872X","url_text":"0219-872X"}]},{"reference":"\"Elephant Boy (1937) – Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda – Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related – AllMovie\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v15591","url_text":"\"Elephant Boy (1937) – Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda – Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related – AllMovie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050610/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v15591","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (TV 1975)\". IMDb. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. 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Retrieved 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=junglebook.htm","url_text":"\"The Jungle Book\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905092625/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=junglebook.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Jungle Book\" (PDF). Disney. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190918220109/http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/thejunglebook/writen-material/thejunglebook56f30e1a9f556.pdf","url_text":"\"The Jungle Book\""},{"url":"http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/thejunglebook/writen-material/thejunglebook56f30e1a9f556.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Patrick (15 April 2016). \"We don't wanna be like you: how Soviet Russia made its own, darker Jungle Book\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/18/we-dont-wanna-be-like-you-how-soviet-russia-made-its-own-darker/","url_text":"\"We don't wanna be like you: how Soviet Russia made its own, darker Jungle Book\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171214035359/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/18/we-dont-wanna-be-like-you-how-soviet-russia-made-its-own-darker/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mondo tv S.P.A – LIBRARY The jungle book\". Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170814172258/http://www.mondotv.it/scheda-singola-the-jungle-book.html","url_text":"\"Mondo tv S.P.A – LIBRARY The jungle book\""},{"url":"http://www.mondotv.it/scheda-singola-the-jungle-book.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stuart Paterson – complete guide to the Playwright and Plays\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diipetes
|
Diipetes
|
["1 Examples","2 Other uses","3 References"]
|
Diipetes are objects, likely meteorite fragments, with coincidental human and animal forms, venerated in Ancient Greece as "thrown by the gods". See also Acheiropoetos (literally ‘not-made-by-hand’), an early Judeo-Christian tradition, and icon.
Examples
Diipetes Xoano of Athena
Other uses
The Diipetes Journal is a quarterly journal in Greek published in Greece covering classical paganism and Hellenic polytheism since 1991.
References
^ Gogola, Matej (2018-12-30). "Prolegomena to the Christian Images Not Made by Human Hands". Studia Ceranea. Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe. 8: 121–137. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.08.07. hdl:11089/26924. ISSN 2449-8378.
^ Zchomelidse, Nino (2010). "THE AURA OF THE NUMINOUS AND ITS REPRODUCTION: MEDIEVAL PAINTINGS OF THE SAVIOR IN ROME AND LATIUM". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55: 221–263. ISSN 0065-6801.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diipetes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Diipetes Xoano of Athena","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"Hellenic polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_religion"}],"text":"The Diipetes Journal is a quarterly journal in Greek published in Greece covering classical paganism and Hellenic polytheism since 1991.","title":"Other uses"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross
|
Mercat cross
|
["1 History","2 Descriptions","3 List of places with mercat crosses","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Scottish historic structure
See also: Market cross
The Mercat Cross on Edinburgh's Royal Mile. An 1885 replacement of the original cross removed in 1756.
Royal unicorn finial on the cross at Prestonpans
The cross-house at Prestonpans, built some time after 1617 when the right to hold a fair was granted
The cross of Old Scone in the grounds of Scone Palace
Original shaft of the Dunfermline Cross in the garden of the Abbot House
Dunbar's 16th-century cross is surmounted by three grotesque human heads, believed to have been taken from the town's old parish church.
Arms of the Earl of Kincardine on the cross at Kincardine, Fife. The creation of the earldom in 1647 points to the cross being erected some time after that date.
A Glasgow Rangers F.C. shirt adorns the mercat cross in Doune after the team won the Scottish Cup in 2009
A mercat cross is the Scots name for the market cross found frequently in Scottish cities, towns and villages where historically the right to hold a regular market or fair was granted by the monarch, a bishop or a baron. It therefore served a secular purpose as a symbol of authority, and was an indication of a burgh's relative prosperity. Historically, the term dates from the period before 1707, when the Kingdom of Scotland was an independent state, but it has been applied loosely to later structures built in the traditional architectural style of crosses or structures fulfilling the function of marking a settlement's focal point. Historical documents often refer simply to "the cross" of whichever town or village is mentioned. Today, there are around 126 known examples of extant crosses in Scotland, though the number rises if later imitations are added.
History
The earliest documentary reference occurs in the reign of William the Lion (1165–1214), when it was decreed that "all merchandises sal be presentit at the mercat and mercat croce of burghis". Early town crosses may have continued the tradition of church crosses used to mark consecrated land or sanctuary boundaries, and functioned similarly to early ecclesiastical crosses, from before the building of stone churches, in marking a communal gathering place. They are thought to have been originally pillars of wood, possibly placed on stone bases, changing to stone pillars in later centuries. Some, as at Inverkeithing, incorporate sundials (the pillar of each cross itself acts as a primitive sundial).
The cross was the place around which market stalls would be arranged, and where 'merchants' (Scots for shopkeepers as well as wholesale traders) would gather to discuss business. It was also the spot where state and civic proclamations would be publicly read by the "bellman" (town crier). For example, in 1682 a town guild in Stirling was accorded the privilege of making a proclamation, to be "intimat at the Mercat Croce that no person pretend ignorance." To this day, royal proclamations are still ceremonially read in public at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh, including the calling of a general election and succession of a new monarch.
The cross was also the communal focal point of public events such as civic ceremonials, official rejoicings, and public shamings and punishments, including executions. Some crosses still incorporate the iron staples to which jougs and branks were once attached. Communal gatherings still take place at crosses, as at Galashiels on "Braw Lads Day" or Peebles at the start of the Beltane Festival. Crosses are often the place to mark the start or end of Common Ridings as at Musselburgh or events such as the Stonehaven fireball ceremony.
Descriptions
Despite the name, the typical mercat cross is not usually cruciform, or at least has not been since the iconoclasm of the Scottish Reformation. The cross atop the shaft may have been replaced with a small statue, such as a royal unicorn or lion, symbols of the Scottish monarchy, or a carved stone displaying the arms of the royal burgh, or, in the cases of ecclesiastical burghs or burghs of barony, the bishop's or feudal superior's coat-of-arms. These are often painted. Another finial commonly seen is a stone ball as at Clackmannan and Newton Stewart. The shaft is usually surmounted by a plain or decorated capital. A variety of decorative designs are employed, including foliage, emblems like thistles and roses, armorial shields, and mouldings of the egg-and-dart type.
Preston Cross in Prestonpans
Five crosses: at Edinburgh, Dundee, Perth, Aberdeen and Preston (modern Prestonpans) were supported by a drum-shaped understructure, known as a cross-house, with a platform reached by internal steps or ladder. In the case of Aberdeen's late 17th-century cross the platform is supported by a series of open semi-circular arcades. The Preston Cross, built in the early 17th century, is the only one of the type still existing on its original site. This traditional design has been replicated approximately with added Scots baronial elements in Victorian reconstructions at Edinburgh and Perth. A plainer understructure faintly echoing the design was adopted for Glasgow's cross when a replacement was erected on or near the site of the original in 1921; and simpler versions exist elsewhere, as at Elgin and Selkirk. Most crosses, however, stand on stepped, often octagonal stone bases and are of an average height of between 9 and 13 feet. In some cases, as at Musselburgh (see gallery image) and Kirkcudbright, the pillar is secured within or stands upon a solid stone structure.
Some mercat crosses of today are replicas from the Victorian period, as at Dunfermline and Scone, though they often incorporate one or more original elements, particularly the shaft or a section thereof. Some crosses, as at Linlithgow and St Andrews, were replaced with public drinking fountains substituting for older, demolished crosses, and some were adapted as war memorials after the Great War of 1914–1918. A war memorial may incorporate a part of the original cross, as at Renfrew or Bowden, or have been built deliberately in the style of a mercat cross, as at Lauder and Moffat. The war memorials at Abernethy, North Berwick and Portree also closely resemble mercat crosses and are known as such. The last, of course, lies geographically well outside the historic area of Scottish Lowland burghs. Another example of what might be termed an imitation cross is the war memorial at Dalmeny. It provides the village with a customary focal point and gives the impression that it is much older than its 19th-century origin, but is not indicative of a historical market.
Taken for granted as a normal part of the street scene, crosses have in the main been poorly documented in the past regarding their dates of erection, relocation and remodelling, and they often suffer from neglect in the present. Many no longer stand in their original position. Some, such as Forfar's, and Queensferry's have disappeared, and some, such as Cupar's and Banff's, have been moved to a location outside the burgh but later retrieved and re-erected.
Scottish emigrants to countries such as Canada and especially Australia took the idea of the mercat cross with them, and several cities in the New World have or once had them in the town centre.
List of places with mercat crosses
New Aberdeen
Aberlady
Abernethy
Airth
Alloa
Alyth
Anstruther
Banff
Beauly
Biggar
Brechin
Burntisland
Callander
Campbeltown
Canongate
Carnwath
Clackmannan
Cockburnspath
Coldingham
Crail
Crieff
Cullen
Culross
Cumnock
Cupar
Dingwall
Dornoch
Doune
Duffus
Dumfries
Dunbar
Dundee
Dunfermline
Dunkeld
Duns
Edinburgh
Elgin
Errol
Falkirk
Fettercairn
Forres
Fortrose
Fraserburgh
Galashiels
Gifford
Glamis
Glasgow
Haddington
Houston
Inveraray
Inverbervie
Inverkeithing
Inverness
Irvine
Jedburgh
Kilmarnock
Kilmaurs
Kilwinning
Kincardine
Kinross
Kinrossie
Kirkcudbright
Kirkwall
Langholm
Lerwick
Leven
Linlithgow
Lochmaben
Longforgan
Lossiemouth
Luss
Macduff
Maybole
Meikleour
Melrose
Moniaive
Montrose
Musselburgh
Nairn
Newton Stewart
North Berwick
Oban
Oldhamstock
Old Aberdeen
Old Rayne
Old Scone
Ormiston
Peebles
Perth
Pittenweem
Portree
Prestonpans
Prestwick
Renfrew
Rutherglen
St Andrews
Sanquhar
Scone
Selkirk
Stirling
Stonehaven
Swinton
Tain
Thornhill
Turriff
Whithorn
Wick
Wigtown
Gallery
One of the oldest surviving crosses still on its original site at Prestonpans, East Lothian
One of the finest examples of a mercat cross at Inverkeithing in Fife
The cross in the small burgh of Culross in Fife
The cross at Coldingham in Berwickshire
The cross at Cockburnspath in Berwickshire
The cross at Pencaitland, East Lothian
The cross at Gifford, East Lothian
The cross at Carnwath, Lanarkshire, with inscribed mile distances to other burghs
The Canongate Cross in Edinburgh, topped by a cross symbolising the former ecclesiastical burgh
The cross at Stirling, topped by a unicorn
The cross at Doune, near Stirling, topped by a lion
The cross at Cupar in Fife
The cross at Peebles in the Scottish Borders
The cross at Musselburgh, East Lothian, topped by the burgh arms
The cross at Haddington, East Lothian, topped by the town's symbol, a goat
The cross at Dundee, re-erected at a new location in 1874 without its original octagonal cross-house
The cross at Dunfermline, Fife
The cross at Crail, Fife
The cross at Anstruther, Fife, missing its finial
The cross in the village of Kinrossie, Perthshire
The cross in the 'new' village of Scone, topped by a foliated ornamental cross
The cross in the town of Clackmannan
The cross in the village of Airth near Falkirk, incorporating sundials
Some towns, like Hawick in the Scottish Borders, lost their crosses because they were increasingly deemed obstructions to wheeled traffic
The Cross Well at Linlithgow, modelled on the courtyard fountain of Royal palace, substitutes for the town's demolished cross
The cross at Sanquhar was transformed into a Covenanter monument in 1856
The cross at Abernethy. An example of a war memorial in the form of a mercat cross.
Edward VII Memorial in Perth (1913), replacing the town's original cross removed in 1763
The cross in Turriff, Aberdeenshire comprises a 16th-century pillar and cruciform top raised on a 19th-century plinth
The mercat cross in Rutherglen is a replica erected in 1926 for the town's octocentenary
See also
Mercat Cross, Edinburgh
References
^ Scottish Market Crosses: The development of a risk assessment model Archived 2008-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ W. G. Black, The Scots Mercat Cross, Edinburgh 1930, p. 27
^ A. Hutcheson, Introduction to J. Small, Scottish Market Crosses, Stirling, 1900
^ J. Small, Scottish Market Crosses, Stirling, 1900, p. iv
^ RCAHMS Site Record for Preston Cross on Canmore
^ J. Drummond, Scottish Market Crosses, Edinburgh 1861
^ P. McNeill and R. Nicholson (eds.), An Historical Atlas Of Scotland c. 400 – c. 1600, Atlas Committee of the Conference of Scottish Medievalists, University of St Andrews, 1975, pp. 31–32
^ Castle Hill, Antiquities, and Points of Interests around Forfar, Scotland
^ RCAHMS Site Record for Cupar Market Cross on Canmore
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Market crosses in Scotland.
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Scottish Market Crosses: The development of a risk assessment model by Dr. Lindsey J Thomson
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Market cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mercat Cross on Edinburgh's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_unicorn_finial_on_Prestonpans_mercat_cross.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prestonpans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonpans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross-house_at_Prestonpans,_East_Lothian.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Scone_Cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scone Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original_shaft_of_the_Dunfermline_Cross.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grotesque_heads,_Dunbar_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earl_of_Kincardine_arms,_mercat_cross,_Kincardine.JPG"},{"link_name":"Earl of Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Kincardine"},{"link_name":"Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardine-on-Forth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rangers_won_the_cup%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341648.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rangers F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Doune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doune"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"market cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_cross"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron#Scotland"},{"link_name":"burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh"},{"link_name":"1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"See also: Market crossThe Mercat Cross on Edinburgh's Royal Mile. An 1885 replacement of the original cross removed in 1756.Royal unicorn finial on the cross at PrestonpansThe cross-house at Prestonpans, built some time after 1617 when the right to hold a fair was grantedThe cross of Old Scone in the grounds of Scone PalaceOriginal shaft of the Dunfermline Cross in the garden of the Abbot HouseDunbar's 16th-century cross is surmounted by three grotesque human heads, believed to have been taken from the town's old parish church.Arms of the Earl of Kincardine on the cross at Kincardine, Fife. The creation of the earldom in 1647 points to the cross being erected some time after that date.A Glasgow Rangers F.C. shirt adorns the mercat cross in Doune after the team won the Scottish Cup in 2009A mercat cross is the Scots name for the market cross found frequently in Scottish cities, towns and villages where historically the right to hold a regular market or fair was granted by the monarch, a bishop or a baron. It therefore served a secular purpose as a symbol of authority, and was an indication of a burgh's relative prosperity. Historically, the term dates from the period before 1707, when the Kingdom of Scotland was an independent state, but it has been applied loosely to later structures built in the traditional architectural style of crosses or structures fulfilling the function of marking a settlement's focal point. Historical documents often refer simply to \"the cross\" of whichever town or village is mentioned. Today, there are around 126 known examples of extant crosses in Scotland,[1] though the number rises if later imitations are added.","title":"Mercat cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Inverkeithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverkeithing"},{"link_name":"sundial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"shopkeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopkeeper"},{"link_name":"town crier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_crier"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mercat Cross in Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election"},{"link_name":"jougs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jougs"},{"link_name":"branks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branks"},{"link_name":"Galashiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galashiels"},{"link_name":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles"},{"link_name":"Common Ridings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Riding"},{"link_name":"Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh"},{"link_name":"Stonehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven"}],"text":"The earliest documentary reference occurs in the reign of William the Lion (1165–1214), when it was decreed that \"all merchandises sal be presentit at the mercat and mercat croce of burghis\".[2] Early town crosses may have continued the tradition of church crosses used to mark consecrated land or sanctuary boundaries, and functioned similarly to early ecclesiastical crosses, from before the building of stone churches, in marking a communal gathering place. They are thought to have been originally pillars of wood, possibly placed on stone bases, changing to stone pillars in later centuries.[3] Some, as at Inverkeithing, incorporate sundials (the pillar of each cross itself acts as a primitive sundial).The cross was the place around which market stalls would be arranged, and where 'merchants' (Scots for shopkeepers as well as wholesale traders) would gather to discuss business. It was also the spot where state and civic proclamations would be publicly read by the \"bellman\" (town crier). For example, in 1682 a town guild in Stirling was accorded the privilege of making a proclamation, to be \"intimat at the Mercat Croce that no person pretend ignorance.\"[4] To this day, royal proclamations are still ceremonially read in public at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh, including the calling of a general election and succession of a new monarch.The cross was also the communal focal point of public events such as civic ceremonials, official rejoicings, and public shamings and punishments, including executions. Some crosses still incorporate the iron staples to which jougs and branks were once attached. Communal gatherings still take place at crosses, as at Galashiels on \"Braw Lads Day\" or Peebles at the start of the Beltane Festival. Crosses are often the place to mark the start or end of Common Ridings as at Musselburgh or events such as the Stonehaven fireball ceremony.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cruciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform"},{"link_name":"iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"Scottish Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation"},{"link_name":"royal burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_burgh"},{"link_name":"burghs of barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_of_barony"},{"link_name":"feudal superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"finial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finial"},{"link_name":"Clackmannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannan"},{"link_name":"Newton Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Stewart"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"foliage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliage"},{"link_name":"thistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thistle"},{"link_name":"egg-and-dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg-and-dart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preston_Cross.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prestonpans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonpans"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%27s_Mercat_Cross"},{"link_name":"Prestonpans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonpans"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scots baronial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_baronial"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Moray"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh"},{"link_name":"Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbright"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone,_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew"},{"link_name":"Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowden,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Lauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauder"},{"link_name":"Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moffat"},{"link_name":"Abernethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abernethy,_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"North Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Berwick"},{"link_name":"Portree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portree"},{"link_name":"Scottish Lowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dalmeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmeny"},{"link_name":"Forfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Queensferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Queensferry"},{"link_name":"Cupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupar"},{"link_name":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Scottish emigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_emigrants"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"}],"text":"Despite the name, the typical mercat cross is not usually cruciform, or at least has not been since the iconoclasm of the Scottish Reformation. The cross atop the shaft may have been replaced with a small statue, such as a royal unicorn or lion, symbols of the Scottish monarchy, or a carved stone displaying the arms of the royal burgh, or, in the cases of ecclesiastical burghs or burghs of barony, the bishop's or feudal superior's coat-of-arms. These are often painted. Another finial commonly seen is a stone ball as at Clackmannan and Newton Stewart. The shaft is usually surmounted by a plain or decorated capital. A variety of decorative designs are employed, including foliage, emblems like thistles and roses, armorial shields, and mouldings of the egg-and-dart type.Preston Cross in PrestonpansFive crosses: at Edinburgh, Dundee, Perth, Aberdeen and Preston (modern Prestonpans) were supported by a drum-shaped understructure, known as a cross-house, with a platform reached by internal steps or ladder. In the case of Aberdeen's late 17th-century cross the platform is supported by a series of open semi-circular arcades. The Preston Cross, built in the early 17th century,[5] is the only one of the type still existing on its original site. This traditional design has been replicated approximately with added Scots baronial elements in Victorian reconstructions at Edinburgh and Perth. A plainer understructure faintly echoing the design was adopted for Glasgow's cross when a replacement was erected on or near the site of the original in 1921; and simpler versions exist elsewhere, as at Elgin and Selkirk. Most crosses, however, stand on stepped, often octagonal stone bases and are of an average height of between 9 and 13 feet.[6] In some cases, as at Musselburgh (see gallery image) and Kirkcudbright, the pillar is secured within or stands upon a solid stone structure.Some mercat crosses of today are replicas from the Victorian period, as at Dunfermline and Scone, though they often incorporate one or more original elements, particularly the shaft or a section thereof. Some crosses, as at Linlithgow and St Andrews, were replaced with public drinking fountains substituting for older, demolished crosses, and some were adapted as war memorials after the Great War of 1914–1918. A war memorial may incorporate a part of the original cross, as at Renfrew or Bowden, or have been built deliberately in the style of a mercat cross, as at Lauder and Moffat. The war memorials at Abernethy, North Berwick and Portree also closely resemble mercat crosses and are known as such. The last, of course, lies geographically well outside the historic area of Scottish Lowland burghs.[7] Another example of what might be termed an imitation cross is the war memorial at Dalmeny. It provides the village with a customary focal point and gives the impression that it is much older than its 19th-century origin, but is not indicative of a historical market.Taken for granted as a normal part of the street scene, crosses have in the main been poorly documented in the past regarding their dates of erection, relocation and remodelling, and they often suffer from neglect in the present. Many no longer stand in their original position. Some, such as Forfar's,[8] and Queensferry's have disappeared, and some, such as Cupar's and Banff's, have been moved to a location outside the burgh but later retrieved and re-erected.[9]Scottish emigrants to countries such as Canada and especially Australia took the idea of the mercat cross with them, and several cities in the New World have or once had them in the town centre.","title":"Descriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%27s_Mercat_Cross"},{"link_name":"Aberlady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberlady"},{"link_name":"Abernethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abernethy,_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Airth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airth"},{"link_name":"Alloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloa"},{"link_name":"Alyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyth"},{"link_name":"Anstruther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstruther"},{"link_name":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Beauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauly"},{"link_name":"Biggar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggar,_South_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Brechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin"},{"link_name":"Burntisland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntisland"},{"link_name":"Callander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callander"},{"link_name":"Campbeltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbeltown"},{"link_name":"Canongate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canongate"},{"link_name":"Carnwath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnwath"},{"link_name":"Clackmannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannan"},{"link_name":"Cockburnspath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburnspath"},{"link_name":"Coldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldingham"},{"link_name":"Crail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crail"},{"link_name":"Crieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crieff"},{"link_name":"Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen,_Moray"},{"link_name":"Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culross"},{"link_name":"Cumnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnock"},{"link_name":"Cupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupar"},{"link_name":"Dingwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingwall"},{"link_name":"Dornoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornoch"},{"link_name":"Doune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doune"},{"link_name":"Duffus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffus"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Dunkeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkeld"},{"link_name":"Duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Moray"},{"link_name":"Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol,_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk"},{"link_name":"Fettercairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettercairn"},{"link_name":"Forres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres"},{"link_name":"Fortrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortrose"},{"link_name":"Fraserburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh"},{"link_name":"Galashiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galashiels"},{"link_name":"Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford,_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Glamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamis"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Inveraray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveraray"},{"link_name":"Inverbervie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverbervie"},{"link_name":"Inverkeithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverkeithing"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Jedburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedburgh"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock"},{"link_name":"Kilmaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmaurs"},{"link_name":"Kilwinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwinning"},{"link_name":"Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardine-on-Forth"},{"link_name":"Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinross"},{"link_name":"Kinrossie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrossie"},{"link_name":"Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbright"},{"link_name":"Kirkwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwall"},{"link_name":"Langholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langholm"},{"link_name":"Lerwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerwick"},{"link_name":"Leven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven,_Fife"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow"},{"link_name":"Lochmaben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochmaben"},{"link_name":"Longforgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longforgan"},{"link_name":"Lossiemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossiemouth"},{"link_name":"Luss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luss"},{"link_name":"Macduff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macduff,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Maybole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybole"},{"link_name":"Meikleour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meikleour"},{"link_name":"Melrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Moniaive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moniaive"},{"link_name":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose,_Angus"},{"link_name":"Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh"},{"link_name":"Nairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairn"},{"link_name":"Newton Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Stewart"},{"link_name":"North Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Berwick"},{"link_name":"Oban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oban"},{"link_name":"Oldhamstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamstock"},{"link_name":"Old Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Old Rayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Rayne"},{"link_name":"Old Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone_Palace"},{"link_name":"Ormiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston"},{"link_name":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Pittenweem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittenweem"},{"link_name":"Portree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portree"},{"link_name":"Prestonpans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonpans"},{"link_name":"Prestwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestwick"},{"link_name":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew"},{"link_name":"Rutherglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Sanquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquhar"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"Stonehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven"},{"link_name":"Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Tain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tain"},{"link_name":"Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill,_Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Turriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turriff"},{"link_name":"Whithorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whithorn"},{"link_name":"Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wick,_Highland"},{"link_name":"Wigtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtown"}],"text":"New Aberdeen\nAberlady\nAbernethy\nAirth\nAlloa\nAlyth\nAnstruther\nBanff\nBeauly\nBiggar\nBrechin\nBurntisland\nCallander\nCampbeltown\nCanongate\nCarnwath\nClackmannan\nCockburnspath\nColdingham\nCrail\nCrieff\nCullen\nCulross\nCumnock\nCupar\nDingwall\nDornoch\nDoune\nDuffus\nDumfries\nDunbar\nDundee\nDunfermline\nDunkeld\nDuns\nEdinburgh\nElgin\nErrol\nFalkirk\nFettercairn\nForres\nFortrose\nFraserburgh\nGalashiels\nGifford\nGlamis\nGlasgow\nHaddington\nHouston\nInveraray\nInverbervie\nInverkeithing\nInverness\nIrvine\nJedburgh\nKilmarnock\nKilmaurs\nKilwinning\nKincardine\nKinross\nKinrossie\nKirkcudbright\nKirkwall\nLangholm\nLerwick\nLeven\nLinlithgow\nLochmaben\nLongforgan\nLossiemouth\nLuss\nMacduff\nMaybole\nMeikleour\nMelrose\nMoniaive\nMontrose\nMusselburgh\nNairn\nNewton Stewart\nNorth Berwick\nOban\nOldhamstock\nOld Aberdeen\nOld Rayne\nOld Scone\nOrmiston\nPeebles\nPerth\nPittenweem\nPortree\nPrestonpans\nPrestwick\nRenfrew\nRutherglen\nSt Andrews\nSanquhar\nScone\nSelkirk\nStirling\nStonehaven\nSwinton\nTain\nThornhill\nTurriff\nWhithorn\nWick\nWigtown","title":"List of places with mercat crosses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prestonpans_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Prestonpans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonpans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_Cross_Inverkeithing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inverkeithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverkeithing"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Culross_mercat_cross,_Fife.JPG"},{"link_name":"Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culross"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_cross_at_Coldingham,_Berwickshire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldingham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_Cross_at_Cockburnspath,_Berwickshire.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cockburnspath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburnspath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_cross,_Wester_Pencaitland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pencaitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencaitland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Cross_and_Goblin_Ha%27_Hotel,_Gifford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318524.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford,_East_Lothian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnwath_mercat_cross.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carnwath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnwath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canongate_Mercat_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1336753.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canongate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canongate"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stirling_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doune_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Doune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_cross,_Cupar_Fife.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_cross,_Peebles,_Scottish_Borders.JPG"},{"link_name":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musselburgh_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haddington_Cross.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dundee_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunfermline_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crail_mercat_cross,_Fife.JPG"},{"link_name":"Crail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_Cross,_Anstruther,_Fife.JPG"},{"link_name":"Anstruther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstruther"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinrossie_Cross,_Perth_and_Kinross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kinrossie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrossie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scone_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone,_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clackmannan_Cross.JPG"},{"link_name":"Clackmannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airth_mercat_cross,_Parish_of_Falkirk.JPG"},{"link_name":"Airth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_cross_plaque,_Hawick.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cross_Well,_Linlithgow.JPG"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow"},{"link_name":"Royal palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanquhar_Declarations_Obelisk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1472916.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sanquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquhar"},{"link_name":"Covenanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abernethy_mercat_cross,_Perth_and_Kinross.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercat_Cross,_Perth.JPG"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turriffmercatcross.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turriff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rutherglen_Mercat_Cross_(geograph_4120948).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rutherglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen"}],"text":"One of the oldest surviving crosses still on its original site at Prestonpans, East Lothian\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the finest examples of a mercat cross at Inverkeithing in Fife\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross in the small burgh of Culross in Fife\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Coldingham in Berwickshire\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Cockburnspath in Berwickshire\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Pencaitland, East Lothian\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Gifford, East Lothian\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Carnwath, Lanarkshire, with inscribed mile distances to other burghs\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Canongate Cross in Edinburgh, topped by a cross symbolising the former ecclesiastical burgh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Stirling, topped by a unicorn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Doune, near Stirling, topped by a lion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Cupar in Fife\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Peebles in the Scottish Borders\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Musselburgh, East Lothian, topped by the burgh arms\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Haddington, East Lothian, topped by the town's symbol, a goat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Dundee, re-erected at a new location in 1874 without its original octagonal cross-house\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Dunfermline, Fife\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Crail, Fife\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Anstruther, Fife, missing its finial\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross in the village of Kinrossie, Perthshire\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross in the 'new' village of Scone, topped by a foliated ornamental cross\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross in the town of Clackmannan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross in the village of Airth near Falkirk, incorporating sundials\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSome towns, like Hawick in the Scottish Borders, lost their crosses because they were increasingly deemed obstructions to wheeled traffic\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Cross Well at Linlithgow, modelled on the courtyard fountain of Royal palace, substitutes for the town's demolished cross\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Sanquhar was transformed into a Covenanter monument in 1856\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross at Abernethy. An example of a war memorial in the form of a mercat cross.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdward VII Memorial in Perth (1913), replacing the town's original cross removed in 1763\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cross in Turriff, Aberdeenshire comprises a 16th-century pillar and cruciform top raised on a 19th-century plinth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe mercat cross in Rutherglen is a replica erected in 1926 for the town's octocentenary","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Mercat Cross on Edinburgh's Royal Mile. An 1885 replacement of the original cross removed in 1756.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mercat_Cross%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/190px-Mercat_Cross%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Royal unicorn finial on the cross at Prestonpans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Royal_unicorn_finial_on_Prestonpans_mercat_cross.jpg/140px-Royal_unicorn_finial_on_Prestonpans_mercat_cross.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cross-house at Prestonpans, built some time after 1617 when the right to hold a fair was granted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cross-house_at_Prestonpans%2C_East_Lothian.JPG/140px-Cross-house_at_Prestonpans%2C_East_Lothian.JPG"},{"image_text":"The cross of Old Scone in the grounds of Scone Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Old_Scone_Cross.JPG/140px-Old_Scone_Cross.JPG"},{"image_text":"Original shaft of the Dunfermline Cross in the garden of the Abbot House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Original_shaft_of_the_Dunfermline_Cross.JPG/140px-Original_shaft_of_the_Dunfermline_Cross.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dunbar's 16th-century cross is surmounted by three grotesque human heads, believed to have been taken from the town's old parish church.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grotesque_heads%2C_Dunbar_mercat_cross.JPG/140px-Grotesque_heads%2C_Dunbar_mercat_cross.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arms of the Earl of Kincardine on the cross at Kincardine, Fife. The creation of the earldom in 1647 points to the cross being erected some time after that date.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Earl_of_Kincardine_arms%2C_mercat_cross%2C_Kincardine.JPG/140px-Earl_of_Kincardine_arms%2C_mercat_cross%2C_Kincardine.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Glasgow Rangers F.C. shirt adorns the mercat cross in Doune after the team won the Scottish Cup in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rangers_won_the_cup%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341648.jpg/140px-Rangers_won_the_cup%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1341648.jpg"},{"image_text":"Preston Cross in Prestonpans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preston_Cross.jpg/220px-Preston_Cross.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Mercat Cross, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mimercat.htm","external_links_name":"Scottish Market Crosses: The development of a risk assessment model"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080403004308/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mimercat.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/53728/details/prestonpans+preston+cross/","external_links_name":"RCAHMS Site Record for Preston Cross on Canmore"},{"Link":"http://www.monikie.org.uk/forfar-history.htm","external_links_name":"Castle Hill, Antiquities, and Points of Interests around Forfar, Scotland"},{"Link":"http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/31554/details/cupar+market+cross/","external_links_name":"RCAHMS Site Record for Cupar Market Cross on Canmore"},{"Link":"http://www.visitdunkeld.com/mercat-cross.htm","external_links_name":"Mercat Cross"},{"Link":"http://www.rampantscotland.com/edinburgh/bledin_mercat.htm","external_links_name":"Rampant Scotland"},{"Link":"http://www.scotland-guide.co.uk/ALL_AREAS_IN_SCOTLAND/Glasgow/Areas/Centre/Mercat_Cross.htm","external_links_name":"Glasgow Mercat Cross"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080403004308/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mimercat.htm","external_links_name":"Scottish Market Crosses: The development of a risk assessment model by Dr. Lindsey J Thomson"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_A._Sutherland
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Joel A. Sutherland
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["1 List of published works","2 References","3 External links"]
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Canadian author
Joel A. SutherlandJoel A. Sutherland in Las Vegas following the Bram Stoker Awards, 2009BornJoel Alexander Sutherland (1980-12-01) 1 December 1980 (age 43)Oakville, Ontario, CanadaOccupationAuthor & LibrarianNationalityCanadianAlma materYork University (B.F.A.) Aberystwyth University (M.L.I.S.)Period2008–present (published)GenreHorrorNotable awardsSilver Birch Award (2016 & 2017), Hackmatack Award (2015 & 2016)Websitejoelasutherland.com
Joel A. Sutherland (born 1 December 1980) is a Canadian author of thriller, horror and fantasy short stories and novels, anthologies and children's books. His notable works include Frozen Blood and the Haunted Canada series. Sutherland's writing has won the Forest of Reading Silver Birch Award and the Hackmatack Award, and been nominated for the Forest of Reading Red Maple Award, the Bram Stoker Award and the Black Quill Award. He lives in Courtice, Ontario.
Sutherland was born in Oakville, Ontario. He graduated with a BFA in Film & Video Production studies from York University, Toronto, in 2003 and obtained a Master of Library and Information Science degree from Aberystwyth University, Wales, in 2012. He is the Children's & Youth Services Librarian for the Georgina Public Libraries. He has also worked at the Ajax Public Library, in a hockey stick factory, at a pizza restaurant, in a bar, at a men's suit retailer and at a bookstore. He was also a member of the Governor General's Foot Guards during the summer of 2000.
His first published story was "Something Fishy This Way Comes" in The Undead: Skin & Bones (Permuted Press). Frozen Blood has been said to have been inspired by the
Great Ice Storm of 1998.
In October 2010, it was announced that Sutherland had been selected as a contestant for the first season of Wipeout Canada, which aired on TVtropolis in the Spring of 2011. He made it to the third round on the Beauties vs. Geeks episode.
List of published works
Frozen Blood (Lachesis Publishing, 2008)
Be a Writing Superstar (Scholastic Canada, 2010)
Haunted Canada 4: More True Tales of Terror (Scholastic Canada, 2014)
Haunted Canada 5: Terrifying True Stories (Scholastic Canada, 2015)
Haunted Canada 6: More Terrifying True Stories (Scholastic Canada, 2016)
Summer's End (Scholastic Canada, 2017)
Haunted Canada 7: Chilling True Tales (Scholastic Canada, 2017)
Haunted: The House Next Door (Scholastic Canada, 2017)
Haunted: Kill Screen (Scholastic Canada, 2017)
Haunted Canada 8: More Chilling True Tales (Scholastic Canada, 2018)
Haunted: Night of the Living Dolls (Scholastic Canada, 2018)
Haunted: Field of Screams (Scholastic Canada, 2019)
References
^ "Horror Writers Association - Past Stoker Award Nominees & Winners". www.horror.org. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010.
^ "Dark Scribe Magazine - 3rd Annual - Nominees". www.darkscribemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ "Joel A Sutherland". www.fantasticfiction.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ "Dark Scribe Magazine - Drawing First Blood - The Chronicles of Joel Sutherland, Act One: The Ice Storm Cometh". www.darkscribemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ "WIPEOUT CANADA CONTESTANTS REVEALED!". www.newswire.ca. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ "Durham Region Breaking News - Durham Region's Online Newspaper - DurhamRegion.com". DurhamRegion.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Author Interviews:
http://www.hardcorenerdity.com/profiles/blog/show?id=2239098%3ABlogPost%3A52461
http://www.monsterlibrarian.com/interviews.htm#Interview_with_Joel_A._Sutherland_
http://thebooksmugglers.com/2008/02/fried-interview-with-joel-sutherland.html
External links
Official website
Joel A. Sutherland's Amazon.com Author Page
Joel A. Sutherland's Amazon.co.uk Author Page
Joel A. Sutherland's Goodreads Page
Joel A. Sutherland at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
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Sutherland (born 1 December 1980) is a Canadian author of thriller, horror and fantasy short stories and novels, anthologies and children's books. His notable works include Frozen Blood and the Haunted Canada series. Sutherland's writing has won the Forest of Reading Silver Birch Award and the Hackmatack Award, and been nominated for the Forest of Reading Red Maple Award, the Bram Stoker Award[1] and the Black Quill Award.[2] He lives in Courtice, Ontario.Sutherland was born in Oakville, Ontario. He graduated with a BFA in Film & Video Production studies from York University, Toronto, in 2003 and obtained a Master of Library and Information Science degree from Aberystwyth University, Wales, in 2012. He is the Children's & Youth Services Librarian for the Georgina Public Libraries. He has also worked at the Ajax Public Library, in a hockey stick factory, at a pizza restaurant, in a bar, at a men's suit retailer and at a bookstore. He was also a member of the Governor General's Foot Guards during the summer of 2000.[3]His first published story was \"Something Fishy This Way Comes\" in The Undead: Skin & Bones (Permuted Press). Frozen Blood has been said to have been inspired by the\nGreat Ice Storm of 1998.[4]In October 2010, it was announced that Sutherland had been selected as a contestant for the first season of Wipeout Canada, which aired on TVtropolis in the Spring of 2011.[5][6] He made it to the third round on the Beauties vs. Geeks episode.","title":"Joel A. Sutherland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lachesis Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachesis_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Canada"}],"text":"Frozen Blood (Lachesis Publishing, 2008)\nBe a Writing Superstar (Scholastic Canada, 2010)\nHaunted Canada 4: More True Tales of Terror (Scholastic Canada, 2014)\nHaunted Canada 5: Terrifying True Stories (Scholastic Canada, 2015)\nHaunted Canada 6: More Terrifying True Stories (Scholastic Canada, 2016)\nSummer's End (Scholastic Canada, 2017)\nHaunted Canada 7: Chilling True Tales (Scholastic Canada, 2017)\nHaunted: The House Next Door (Scholastic Canada, 2017)\nHaunted: Kill Screen (Scholastic Canada, 2017)\nHaunted Canada 8: More Chilling True Tales (Scholastic Canada, 2018)\nHaunted: Night of the Living Dolls (Scholastic Canada, 2018)\nHaunted: Field of Screams (Scholastic Canada, 2019)","title":"List of published works"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Paay
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Patricia Paay
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["1 Family","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References","4 External links"]
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Dutch singer
Patricia PaayPatricia Paay in 1982Background informationBirth namePatricia Anglaia Margareth PaaijBorn (1949-04-07) 7 April 1949 (age 75)Rotterdam, NetherlandsGenresJazz, disco, folk, popOccupation(s)Singer, media personalityInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1965–presentMusical artist
Patricia Anglaia Margareth Paaij (born 7 April 1949), best known as Patricia Paay, is a Dutch singer, radio host, glamour model and television personality. In the Netherlands, she is well known for her musical career, which spans over four decades. She is also regularly featured on Dutch television and in Dutch tabloid media. Singer Yvonne Keeley is her sister.
In 1984, Paay was the first glamour model in the Dutch edition of Playboy. In 2009, Paay posed for the December issue of the Dutch version of the magazine at age 60, making it the third time she had posed for Playboy.
Family
She was married to Adam Curry between 1989 and 2009 and they have one daughter, Christina Curry.
Discography
See also: The Star Sisters
Albums
Portret van Patricia (1969)
Beam of Light (1975)
The Lady Is a Champ (1977)
Malibu Touch (1978)
Playmate (1981)
Dreamworld (1983)
Time of My Life (1995)
Singles
1966 - No one can love you like I do (as Patricia)
1967 - You called me baby (as Patricia)
1967 - Je bent niet hip (as Patricia; #12 in Dutch top 40)
1967 - Wat moet ik doen (as Patricia; #36 in Dutch top 40)
1968 - Corriamo (as Patricia; #33 in Dutch top 40)
1968 - Hey girls (as Honey Bee)
1968 - Hey taxi (as Patty Paay; German single)
1968 - Dat is de liefde (as Patricia)
1968 - Tambourine girl (as Patricia)
1969 - Kleine tovenaar (as Patricia)
1969 - Sim sala bim (as Patricia)
1969 - Fisherman king (as Patricia, with Brainbox)
1969 - Sing me a lovesong/All or nothing (as Honey Bee & the Harbourlights)
1970 - Were you there (Paay, The Buffoons, Left Side, and Unit Gloria)
1970 - Tell me you're never gonna leave me (as Patricia, accompanied by Golden Earring)
1971 - Put your hand in the hand (as member of Himalaya)
1972 - I believe in love (as Honey Pie; with her sister, Yvonne)
1973 - Easy Boy (as background singer at Greenfield & Cook; #8 in Dutch top 40)
1973 - Music lovin' girl (as member of Sealegs)
1975 - Can you please crawl out your window
1976 - Children come home
1976 - Someday my prince will come (#22 in Dutch top 40)
1976 - Now is the moment (#20 in Dutch top 40)
1977 - Who's that lady with my man (#2 in Dutch top 40)
1977 - Livin' without you (#5 in Dutch top 40)
1978 - Everlasting love
1978 - Malibu (#14 in Dutch top 40)
1979 - The best friend I know (duet with sister Yvonne) (#26 in Dutch top 40)
1979 - You colour my life (promo single for Mary Quant)
1979 - You Make it Alright (duet with Jacques Kloes; #25 in Dutch top 40)
1980 - Give it to me
1980 - Maybe - To know him is to love him (#31 in Dutch top 40)
1980 - Sweets For My Sweet - Definitely Too Young
1981 - Who let the heartache in (#9 in Dutch top 40)
1981 - Saturday nights (#15 in the Dutch top 40)
1982 - A dime a dance
1982 - Queen for tonight
1982 - Tomorrow (#6 in Dutch top 40)
1983 - Solitaire (#16 in Dutch top 40)
1987 - Stop me
1992 - De wereld (duet with Rob de Nijs)
1995 - I've never been to me
1998 - I Love My Daughter Aimee (with Adam Curry, her former husband, and their daughter, Christina)
2000 - Daddy (as Patricia Paay & the John Paay Orchestra)
2009 - Who's that lady with my man '09 (John Marks, featuring Patricia Paay)
2009 - Verlief (duet with Diego)
References
^ "Yvonne Keeley aan de slag als trouwambtenaar" (in Dutch). 11 January 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
^ "Oldest Playboy Model". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ "Patricia Paay, 60, to become Playboy's oldest covergirl". News.com.au. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
External links
Her discography at e.discogs
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patricia Paay.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a Dutch singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_host"},{"link_name":"glamour model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_model"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Keeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Keeley"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musical artistPatricia Anglaia Margareth Paaij (born 7 April 1949), best known as Patricia Paay, is a Dutch singer, radio host, glamour model and television personality. In the Netherlands, she is well known for her musical career, which spans over four decades. She is also regularly featured on Dutch television and in Dutch tabloid media. Singer Yvonne Keeley is her sister.In 1984, Paay was the first glamour model in the Dutch edition of Playboy. In 2009, Paay posed for the December issue of the Dutch version of the magazine at age 60, making it the third time she had posed for Playboy.[2][3]","title":"Patricia Paay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"She was married to Adam Curry between 1989 and 2009 and they have one daughter, Christina Curry.[citation needed]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Star Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Sisters"}],"text":"See also: The Star Sisters","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beam of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_of_Light_(Patricia_Paay_album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Portret van Patricia (1969)\nBeam of Light (1975)\nThe Lady Is a Champ (1977)\nMalibu Touch (1978)\nPlaymate (1981)\nDreamworld (1983)\nTime of My Life (1995)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brainbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainbox"},{"link_name":"Golden Earring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Earring"},{"link_name":"Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himalaya_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yvonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Keeley"},{"link_name":"Sealegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sealegs_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yvonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Keeley"},{"link_name":"Mary Quant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Quant"},{"link_name":"Jacques Kloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Kloes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rob de Nijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_de_Nijs"},{"link_name":"Adam Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curry"},{"link_name":"Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"1966 - No one can love you like I do (as Patricia)\n1967 - You called me baby (as Patricia)\n1967 - Je bent niet hip (as Patricia; #12 in Dutch top 40)\n1967 - Wat moet ik doen (as Patricia; #36 in Dutch top 40)\n1968 - Corriamo (as Patricia; #33 in Dutch top 40)\n1968 - Hey girls (as Honey Bee)\n1968 - Hey taxi (as Patty Paay; German single)\n1968 - Dat is de liefde (as Patricia)\n1968 - Tambourine girl (as Patricia)\n1969 - Kleine tovenaar (as Patricia)\n1969 - Sim sala bim (as Patricia)\n1969 - Fisherman king (as Patricia, with Brainbox)\n1969 - Sing me a lovesong/All or nothing (as Honey Bee & the Harbourlights)\n1970 - Were you there (Paay, The Buffoons, Left Side, and Unit Gloria)\n1970 - Tell me you're never gonna leave me (as Patricia, accompanied by Golden Earring)\n1971 - Put your hand in the hand (as member of Himalaya)\n1972 - I believe in love (as Honey Pie; with her sister, Yvonne)\n1973 - Easy Boy (as background singer at Greenfield & Cook; #8 in Dutch top 40)\n1973 - Music lovin' girl (as member of Sealegs)\n1975 - Can you please crawl out your window\n1976 - Children come home\n1976 - Someday my prince will come (#22 in Dutch top 40)\n1976 - Now is the moment (#20 in Dutch top 40)\n1977 - Who's that lady with my man (#2 in Dutch top 40)\n1977 - Livin' without you (#5 in Dutch top 40)\n1978 - Everlasting love\n1978 - Malibu (#14 in Dutch top 40)\n1979 - The best friend I know (duet with sister Yvonne) (#26 in Dutch top 40)\n1979 - You colour my life (promo single for Mary Quant)\n1979 - You Make it Alright (duet with Jacques Kloes; #25 in Dutch top 40)\n1980 - Give it to me\n1980 - Maybe - To know him is to love him (#31 in Dutch top 40)\n1980 - Sweets For My Sweet - Definitely Too Young\n1981 - Who let the heartache in (#9 in Dutch top 40)\n1981 - Saturday nights (#15 in the Dutch top 40)\n1982 - A dime a dance\n1982 - Queen for tonight\n1982 - Tomorrow (#6 in Dutch top 40)\n1983 - Solitaire (#16 in Dutch top 40)\n1987 - Stop me\n1992 - De wereld (duet with Rob de Nijs)\n1995 - I've never been to me\n1998 - I Love My Daughter Aimee (with Adam Curry, her former husband, and their daughter, Christina)\n2000 - Daddy (as Patricia Paay & the John Paay Orchestra)\n2009 - Who's that lady with my man '09 (John Marks, featuring Patricia Paay)\n2009 - Verlief (duet with Diego)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Yvonne Keeley aan de slag als trouwambtenaar\" (in Dutch). 11 January 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radio.nl/portal/home/q.entertainment/2005/11/100465.html","url_text":"\"Yvonne Keeley aan de slag als trouwambtenaar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oldest Playboy Model\". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-playboy-model/","url_text":"\"Oldest Playboy Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patricia Paay, 60, to become Playboy's oldest covergirl\". News.com.au. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/patricia-paay-60-to-become-playboys-oldest-covergirl/news-story/e115d464c1f873255896bff359e908ce","url_text":"\"Patricia Paay, 60, to become Playboy's oldest covergirl\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.radio.nl/portal/home/q.entertainment/2005/11/100465.html","external_links_name":"\"Yvonne Keeley aan de slag als trouwambtenaar\""},{"Link":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-playboy-model/","external_links_name":"\"Oldest Playboy Model\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/patricia-paay-60-to-become-playboys-oldest-covergirl/news-story/e115d464c1f873255896bff359e908ce","external_links_name":"\"Patricia Paay, 60, to become Playboy's oldest covergirl\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070112170515/http://e.discogs.com/artist/Patricia+Paay","external_links_name":"Her discography at e.discogs"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000410329731","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132113783","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMmC4yjPx7Vv43Y9KDbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1022114417","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p100135218","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810685409805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7e9d209e-e760-4f0f-a845-117476ae07d7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Paay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_A_platform_(FWD)
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General Motors A platform (FWD)
|
["1 Platform updates","2 Vehicles","3 External links","4 Notes"]
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Main article: GM A platformThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "General Motors A platform" FWD – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Motor vehicle platform
GM A platform1987 Chevrolet CelebrityOverviewManufacturerGeneral MotorsProduction1982–1996Body and chassisClassMid-sizeLayoutFront engine, front-wheel drive/all-wheel drive (Pontiac 6000 only)Body style(s)2-door coupe4-door sedan4-door station wagonVehiclesBuick CenturyChevrolet CelebrityOldsmobile Cutlass Ciera/CruiserPontiac 6000PowertrainEngine(s)Gasoline:122 I4Iron Duke I460° V6Buick V6Diesel:Oldsmobile V6Transmission(s)3-speed 3T40 automatic4-speed 4T60 automatic4-speed 4T60-E automatic5-speed Getrag manualDimensionsWheelbase104.5 in (2,654 mm)104.9 in (2,664 mm)ChronologyPredecessorGM A platform (1936)SuccessorGM W platformGM N platform
The General Motors A platform (informally called the A-body) was a mid-size platform designation used from 1982-1996. The same designation had previously been used for rear wheel drive mid-sized cars.
The A platform was shared by the Buick Century, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Pontiac 6000 and Chevrolet Celebrity. As part of their legacy, they became enormously popular — as well as synonymous with GM's most transparent example of badge engineering: the four were highlighted almost indistinguishably on the August 22, 1983 cover of Fortune magazine as examples of genericized uniformity, embarrassing the company and ultimately prompting GM to recommit to design leadership.
Introduced for the 1982 model year, the A-Bodies were essentially similar in mechanical layout and interior space to the troubled X-car compacts on which they were based. With greater overall length allowed, they were classified as intermediates. Initially all four lines offered two and four door sedans for 1982. In 1984, a wagon was offered, replacing the rear wheel drive G-Body wagons, discontinued in 1983.
Vehicles using the A platform were initially offered alongside other GM rear-drive nameplates, e.g., the Malibu, in the intermediate class — eventually supplanting them in 1989.
Platform updates
The A-body eventually consisted of a 4-door sedan, 2-door coupé and a 4-door station wagon.
1982: The Chevrolet Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera and Buick Century two and four door models are introduced.
1983: Pontiac introduces the sporty STE variant of their 6000. Oldsmobile introduces the ES performance package for their Cutlass Ciera four door models.
1984: All four divisions now offered the new wagon body style. Oldsmobile introduces the Holiday Coupe package on their Cutlass Ciera Brougham coupes.
1985: Oldsmobile introduces an updated Cutlass Ciera with more aerodynamic front and rear styling, an updated interior and a new GT coupe model. The Oldsmobile 4.3 liter diesel engine was dropped after this model year.
1986: Mid year, the Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera gets a unique roofline. The Buick Century is restyled.
1988: Pontiac offers all wheel drive on exclusively on their 6000 STE. All models moved to composite headlamps. Oldsmobile dropped the Brougham nameplate from their Ciera line.
1989: the Celebrity drops its two-door models. The Cutlass Ciera, Century and 6000 receive major updates.
1990: the Celebrity drops its four-door models, leaving only the station wagon.
1991: The Pontiac 6000 (all models), Chevrolet Celebrity wagon and Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera coupe are dropped.
1992: Buick dropped the Century coupe.
1996: For the final year of the A-Body, Oldsmobile drops the Cutlass name, simply calling their sedan the Oldsmobile Ciera.
It was updated in 1989 with a slightly longer wheelbase and a more rounded roofline (except for the Celebrity whose roofline remained unchanged as it was to be phased out in 1990). It also briefly saw duty as an all wheel drive platform for the Pontiac 6000.
Later GM platforms (specifically transaxle based, i.e. four-wheel drive and mid-engine rear-wheel drive) benefited from components and systems developed with the A-Body. Additionally the first generation U-body minivan (1990–1996) was constructed utilizing a lightly modified version of the A-body chassis.
The A-body began to be phased out in favor of the GM W platform beginning in 1990, although production did not end for the platform until 1996 due to popularity of the remaining models.
Vehicles
1982–1990 Chevrolet Celebrity
1982–1991 Pontiac 6000
1982–1995 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera
1996 Oldsmobile Ciera (final year of the Cutlass Ciera and Cutlass Cruiser, sold without the "Cutlass" name)
1982–1996 Buick Century
External links
A-body.org - 82-96 GM A-body Website & Forum
A-body.net - 82-96 GM A-body Website & Forum (this was the original forum site but has disappeared Q1 2024)
List of GM VIN codes
vteGeneral Motors platformsMarquesIn productionCars
Gamma
Delta (D2XX/PATAC K)
BEV3
GEM
VSS-F
Epsilon (E2XX/P2XX)
Alpha
Omega
Y
Trucks/SUVs
BT1
C1XX
GMT (31XX, 610, T1XX)
U
RetiredCars
A (FWD, RWD)
B
BEV2
C (FWD, RWD)
D
E
F
G (FWD, RWD)
GM2900
GM4200
H (FWD, RWD)
HQ
J
K (FWD, RWD)
Kappa
L
M (FWD, RWD)
N
P (RWD, FWD)
Premium
R
S
SCCS
Sigma
T (FWD, RWD)
V (FWD, RWD)
W
X (FWD, RWD)
Y
Z
Zeta
Trucks/SUVs
C/K Series
GMT (325/330, 345/745, 355, 360, 400, 530/560, 600, 800, 900, K2XX)
Lambda
Theta
FutureCars
VSS-R
Trucks/SUVs
VSS-S
VSS-T
Category
Commons
List
Notes
^ Daniel Strohl (February 3, 2021). "How a single magazine cover photo changed the course of auto design at GM in the Eighties". Hemmings.
^ Amy Wilson (September 14, 2008). "Can't tell the Pontiacs from the Buicks? That's the problem". Automotive News.
^ Paul Niedermeyer (November 17, 2012). "1983 Fortune: Will Success Spoil General Motors?". Curbside Classics.
^ 1982 Chevrolet Celebrity
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"mid-size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-size_car"},{"link_name":"platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_platform"},{"link_name":"rear wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"A platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_A_platform_(FWD)"},{"link_name":"Buick Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Century"},{"link_name":"Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_Cutlass_Ciera"},{"link_name":"Pontiac 6000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_6000"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Celebrity"},{"link_name":"badge engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_engineering"},{"link_name":"Fortune magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curbside-3"},{"link_name":"X-car compacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_X_platform_(1980)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Motor vehicle platformThe General Motors A platform (informally called the A-body) was a mid-size platform designation used from 1982-1996. The same designation had previously been used for rear wheel drive mid-sized cars.The A platform was shared by the Buick Century, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Pontiac 6000 and Chevrolet Celebrity. As part of their legacy, they became enormously popular — as well as synonymous with GM's most transparent example of badge engineering: the four were highlighted almost indistinguishably on the August 22, 1983 cover of Fortune magazine as examples of genericized uniformity, embarrassing the company and ultimately prompting GM to recommit to design leadership.\n[1][2][3]Introduced for the 1982 model year, the A-Bodies were essentially similar in mechanical layout and interior space to the troubled X-car compacts on which they were based. With greater overall length allowed, they were classified as intermediates. Initially all four lines offered two and four door sedans for 1982. In 1984, a wagon was offered, replacing the rear wheel drive G-Body wagons, discontinued in 1983.Vehicles using the A platform were initially offered alongside other GM rear-drive nameplates, e.g., the Malibu, in the intermediate class — eventually supplanting them in 1989.[4]","title":"General Motors A platform (FWD)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(car)"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"station wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"all wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"four-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"U-body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_U_platform"},{"link_name":"GM W platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_W_platform"}],"text":"The A-body eventually consisted of a 4-door sedan, 2-door coupé and a 4-door station wagon.1982: The Chevrolet Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera and Buick Century two and four door models are introduced.\n1983: Pontiac introduces the sporty STE variant of their 6000. Oldsmobile introduces the ES performance package for their Cutlass Ciera four door models.\n1984: All four divisions now offered the new wagon body style. Oldsmobile introduces the Holiday Coupe package on their Cutlass Ciera Brougham coupes.\n1985: Oldsmobile introduces an updated Cutlass Ciera with more aerodynamic front and rear styling, an updated interior and a new GT coupe model. The Oldsmobile 4.3 liter diesel engine was dropped after this model year.\n1986: Mid year, the Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera gets a unique roofline. The Buick Century is restyled.\n1988: Pontiac offers all wheel drive on exclusively on their 6000 STE. All models moved to composite headlamps. Oldsmobile dropped the Brougham nameplate from their Ciera line.\n1989: the Celebrity drops its two-door models. The Cutlass Ciera, Century and 6000 receive major updates.\n1990: the Celebrity drops its four-door models, leaving only the station wagon.\n1991: The Pontiac 6000 (all models), Chevrolet Celebrity wagon and Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera coupe are dropped.\n1992: Buick dropped the Century coupe.\n1996: For the final year of the A-Body, Oldsmobile drops the Cutlass name, simply calling their sedan the Oldsmobile Ciera.It was updated in 1989 with a slightly longer wheelbase and a more rounded roofline (except for the Celebrity whose roofline remained unchanged as it was to be phased out in 1990). It also briefly saw duty as an all wheel drive platform for the Pontiac 6000.Later GM platforms (specifically transaxle based, i.e. four-wheel drive and mid-engine rear-wheel drive) benefited from components and systems developed with the A-Body. Additionally the first generation U-body minivan (1990–1996) was constructed utilizing a lightly modified version of the A-body chassis.The A-body began to be phased out in favor of the GM W platform beginning in 1990, although production did not end for the platform until 1996 due to popularity of the remaining models.","title":"Platform updates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevrolet Celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Celebrity"},{"link_name":"Pontiac 6000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_6000"},{"link_name":"Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_Cutlass_Ciera"},{"link_name":"Oldsmobile Ciera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_Ciera"},{"link_name":"Buick Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Century#Fifth_generation_(1982%E2%80%931996)"}],"text":"1982–1990 Chevrolet Celebrity\n1982–1991 Pontiac 6000\n1982–1995 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera\n1996 Oldsmobile Ciera (final year of the Cutlass Ciera and Cutlass Cruiser, sold without the \"Cutlass\" name)\n1982–1996 Buick Century","title":"Vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ref5_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"How a single magazine cover photo changed the course of auto design at GM in the Eighties\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hemmings.com/stories/2021/02/03/how-a-single-magazine-cover-photo-changed-the-course-of-auto-design-at-gm-in-the-eighties"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-forbes_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Can't tell the Pontiacs from the Buicks? That's the problem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM02/309149940/can-t-tell-the-pontiacs-from-the-buicks-that-s-a-problem"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-curbside_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"1983 Fortune: Will Success Spoil General Motors?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/1983-fortune-will-success-spoil-general-motors/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"1982 Chevrolet Celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//auto.howstuffworks.com/chevrolet-celebrity1.htm"}],"text":"^ Daniel Strohl (February 3, 2021). \"How a single magazine cover photo changed the course of auto design at GM in the Eighties\". Hemmings.\n\n^ Amy Wilson (September 14, 2008). \"Can't tell the Pontiacs from the Buicks? That's the problem\". Automotive News.\n\n^ Paul Niedermeyer (November 17, 2012). \"1983 Fortune: Will Success Spoil General Motors?\". Curbside Classics.\n\n^ 1982 Chevrolet Celebrity","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Daniel Strohl (February 3, 2021). \"How a single magazine cover photo changed the course of auto design at GM in the Eighties\". Hemmings.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2021/02/03/how-a-single-magazine-cover-photo-changed-the-course-of-auto-design-at-gm-in-the-eighties","url_text":"\"How a single magazine cover photo changed the course of auto design at GM in the Eighties\""}]},{"reference":"Amy Wilson (September 14, 2008). \"Can't tell the Pontiacs from the Buicks? That's the problem\". Automotive News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM02/309149940/can-t-tell-the-pontiacs-from-the-buicks-that-s-a-problem","url_text":"\"Can't tell the Pontiacs from the Buicks? That's the problem\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Niedermeyer (November 17, 2012). \"1983 Fortune: Will Success Spoil General Motors?\". Curbside Classics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/1983-fortune-will-success-spoil-general-motors/","url_text":"\"1983 Fortune: Will Success Spoil General Motors?\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/330th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron
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330th Troop Carrier Squadron
|
["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 Berlin Airlift","1.3 Assault airlift operations","1.4 Personnel transport","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","2.3 Aircraft","2.4 Awards and campaigns","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Bibliography"]
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330th Troop Carrier Squadron(later 330th Airlift Flight)C-123B Provider, last operational aircraft flown by the squadronActive1944–1946; 1948–1949; 1955–1958; 1993Country United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleAirliftEngagementsChina-Burma-India TheaterDecorationsAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardInsignia330 Troop Carrier Sq emblemMilitary unit
The 330th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit, last active briefly as the 330th Airlift Flight, a personnel airlift unit, in 1993. The squadron was first activated in 1944 as the 9th Combat Cargo Squadron. The squadron was activated in India and served in combat in India and Burma. In October 1945, the squadron was redesignated the 330th Troop Carrier Squadron and moved to Shanghai, China, where it inactivated in April 1946.
The squadron was activated again in 1948 at Rhein-Main Air Base for the Berlin Airlift. Following the termination of the airlift, the squadron was inactivated. It was activated again in 1955 as an assault airlift unit, serving in that role until 1958. It was active for a few months in 1993 as the 330th Airlift Flight, transporting personnel.
History
World War II
Restored C-46 Commando taking off
The squadron was activated in India along with other elements of the 3d Combat Cargo Group in June 1944. It was initially equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrains available within the theater. It flew missions to support Allied ground forces during the battle for northern Burma and the subsequent drive to the south. It flew personnel and materiel to the front and transported gasoline, oil, vehicles and signal equipment, airdropping or landing them as conditions permitted. It also flew aeromedical evacuation missions on return flights to India.
In March 1945, the squadron replaced its C-47s with the more capable Curtiss C-46 Commando. Operating from Myitkyina Airfield, Burma after June 1945, it flew gasoline and other supplies to bases in western China, flying over The Hump. Following V-J Day, the squadron moved to Kiangwan Airfield, near Shanghai, China. At Shanghai it flew Chinese Nationalist troops to locations in China. It was inactivated there in April 1946, as the American presence in mainland China was reduced to a minimal force. Most of its aircraft were transferred to the Chinese Nationalist Air Force or Civil Air Transport.
Berlin Airlift
C-54 landing at Tempelhof 1948
Shortly after the beginning of the Berlin Airlift, the United States Air Force began to augment the C-47s that had been used at the beginning of the airlift with Douglas C-54 Skymasters. C-54s drawn from various Military Air Transport Service (MATS) were formed into the 1422nd Air Transport Group (Provisional) at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany on 1 August 1948. On 19 November 1948, the provisional group was replaced by the 513th Troop Carrier Group, and the 330th was reactivated as one of the group's squadrons. The squadron transported food, coal and other supplies to Berlin. Transport of coal posed particular problems, because it eroded equipment, increasing maintenance requirements to keep up the airlift's demanding schedule. Airlift operations officially ended on 30 September 1949. The end of the airlift coincided with President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget, which required a reduction in the number of groups in the Air Force to 48. The squadron's C-54s were also needed elsewhere. While its planes were on loan for the airlift, MATS had only been able to meet 60% of its air transport obligations apart from the airlift. As a result, the 330th was inactivated on 16 October 1949.
Assault airlift operations
The squadron was reactivated at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee on 8 November 1955. On 8 October 1957, the 513th Troop Carrier Wing activated to replace the 513th Group. Until it could equip with Fairchild C-123 Provider, it temporarily flew Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars. The squadron continued to maintain proficiency in assault airlift operations and participated in exercises under Tactical Air Command until its personnel were withdrawn on 15 September 1958. Inactivation followed on 1 December.
Personnel transport
The squadron was reactivated in the spring of 1993 at McClellan Air Force Base, California, where it flew C-21 Learjets until inactivating on 1 October 1993
Lineage
Constituted as the 9th Combat Cargo Squadron on 1 June 1944
Activated on 5 June 1944
Redesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron on 1 October 1945
Inactivated on 15 April 1946
Redesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron, Special on 19 November 1948 and activated
Inactivated on 16 October 1949
Redesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Fixed Wing on 30 June 1955
Activated on 8 November 1955
Redesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault on 1 July 1958
Inactivated on 1 December 1958
Redesignated 330th Airlift Flight
Activated c. 31 May 1993
Inactivated 1 October 1993
Assignments
3d Combat Cargo Group (later 513th Troop Carrier Group), 5 June 1944 – 15 April 1946
513th Troop Carrier Group, 19 November 1948 – 16 October 1949
513th Troop Carrier Group, 18 November 1955
513th Troop Carrier Wing, 8 October 1957 – 1 December 1958
652d Air Base Group, c. 31 May 1993 – 1 October 1993
Stations
Sylhet Airfield, Insia, 5 June 1944
Moran Airfield, India, 12 July 1944
Warazup Airfield, Burma, 27 December 1944
Myitkyina Airfield, Burma, 3 June 1945
Kiangwan Airfield, China, 7 October 1945 – 15 April 1946
Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 19 November 1948 – 16 October 1949
Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee, 8 November 1955 – 1 December 1958
McClellan Air Force Base, California, c. 31 May 1993 – 1 October 1993
Aircraft
Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1944-1945
Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1945-1946
Douglas C-54 Skymaster, 1948-1949
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1955-1956
Fairchild C-123 Provider, 1956-1958
C-21 Learjet], 1993
Awards and campaigns
Award streamer
Award
Dates
Notes
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
19 August 1956–3 December 1956
330th Troop Carrier Squadron
Campaign Streamer
Campaign
Dates
Notes
India-Burma
2 April 1943 – 28 January 1945
9th Combat Cargo Squadron
Central Burma
29 January 1945 – 15 July 1945
9th Combat Cargo Squadron
China Defensive
4 July 1942 – 4 May 1945
9th Combat Cargo Squadron
China Offensive
5 May 1945 – 2 September 1945
9th Combat Cargo Squadron
World War II Army of Occupation (Berlin Airlift)
3 December 1948 – 20 September 1949
330th Troop Carrier Squadron
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
^ Aircraft is Fairchild C-123B-4-FA Provider, serial 54-568
^ Approved 27 June 1957
^ Maurer gives 1 "Jan" as the constitution date, but this is a typographical error. The squadron's sister units and group headquarters were all constituted on 1 June.
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 51-52
^ a b c d Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 32-33
^ "Abstract, History 9 Combat Cargo Squadron Mar-May 1945". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
^ "Abstract, History 330 Troop Carrier Squadron Oct 1945". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
^ Haulman, p. 4
^ Haulman, p. 10
^ Haulman, p. 1
^ Knaack, p. 25
^ Haulman, p. 9
^ Ravenstein, pp. 279-281
^ a b c d Lineage information through May 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 51-52.
Bibliography
Haulman, Daniel L. (2000). "Berlin Airlift: Operation Vittles". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Main Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"}],"text":"Military unitThe 330th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit, last active briefly as the 330th Airlift Flight, a personnel airlift unit, in 1993. The squadron was first activated in 1944 as the 9th Combat Cargo Squadron. The squadron was activated in India and served in combat in India and Burma. In October 1945, the squadron was redesignated the 330th Troop Carrier Squadron and moved to Shanghai, China, where it inactivated in April 1946.The squadron was activated again in 1948 at Rhein-Main Air Base for the Berlin Airlift. Following the termination of the airlift, the squadron was inactivated. It was activated again in 1955 as an assault airlift unit, serving in that role until 1958. It was active for a few months in 1993 as the 330th Airlift Flight, transporting personnel.","title":"330th Troop Carrier Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N78774_(7810310184).jpg"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"3d Combat Cargo Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Combat_Cargo_Group"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"airdropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop"},{"link_name":"aeromedical evacuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromedical_evacuation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer3CCG-4"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Myitkyina Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myitkyina_Airfield"},{"link_name":"The Hump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hump"},{"link_name":"V-J Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-J_Day"},{"link_name":"Kiangwan Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiangwan_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer3CCG-4"},{"link_name":"Chinese Nationalist Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Civil Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Restored C-46 Commando taking offThe squadron was activated in India along with other elements of the 3d Combat Cargo Group in June 1944. It was initially equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrains available within the theater. It flew missions to support Allied ground forces during the battle for northern Burma and the subsequent drive to the south. It flew personnel and materiel to the front and transported gasoline, oil, vehicles and signal equipment, airdropping or landing them as conditions permitted. It also flew aeromedical evacuation missions on return flights to India.[1][2]In March 1945, the squadron replaced its C-47s with the more capable Curtiss C-46 Commando.[3] Operating from Myitkyina Airfield, Burma after June 1945, it flew gasoline and other supplies to bases in western China, flying over The Hump. Following V-J Day, the squadron moved to Kiangwan Airfield, near Shanghai, China. At Shanghai it flew Chinese Nationalist troops to locations in China.[4] It was inactivated there in April 1946, as the American presence in mainland China was reduced to a minimal force.[1][2] Most of its aircraft were transferred to the Chinese Nationalist Air Force or Civil Air Transport.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-54_landing_at_Tempelhof_1948.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-54 Skymasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"1422nd Air Transport Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1422nd_Air_Transport_Group"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Main Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer3CCG-4"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer3CCG-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Truman's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS-3"}],"sub_title":"Berlin Airlift","text":"C-54 landing at Tempelhof 1948Shortly after the beginning of the Berlin Airlift, the United States Air Force began to augment the C-47s that had been used at the beginning of the airlift with Douglas C-54 Skymasters.[5] C-54s drawn from various Military Air Transport Service (MATS) were formed into the 1422nd Air Transport Group (Provisional) at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany on 1 August 1948. On 19 November 1948, the provisional group was replaced by the 513th Troop Carrier Group,[2] and the 330th was reactivated as one of the group's squadrons.[1] The squadron transported food, coal and other supplies to Berlin.[2] Transport of coal posed particular problems, because it eroded equipment, increasing maintenance requirements to keep up the airlift's demanding schedule.[6] Airlift operations officially ended on 30 September 1949.[7] The end of the airlift coincided with President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget, which required a reduction in the number of groups in the Air Force to 48.[8] The squadron's C-54s were also needed elsewhere. While its planes were on loan for the airlift, MATS had only been able to meet 60% of its air transport obligations apart from the airlift.[9] As a result, the 330th was inactivated on 16 October 1949.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sewart Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewart_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-123 Provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-123_Provider"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Assault airlift operations","text":"The squadron was reactivated at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee on 8 November 1955. On 8 October 1957, the 513th Troop Carrier Wing activated to replace the 513th Group. Until it could equip with Fairchild C-123 Provider, it temporarily flew Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars. The squadron continued to maintain proficiency in assault airlift operations and participated in exercises under Tactical Air Command until its personnel were withdrawn on 15 September 1958. Inactivation followed on 1 December.[1][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McClellan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"C-21 Learjets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-21_Learjet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Personnel transport","text":"The squadron was reactivated in the spring of 1993 at McClellan Air Force Base, California, where it flew C-21 Learjets until inactivating on 1 October 1993[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS2-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Constituted as the 9th Combat Cargo Squadron on 1 June 1944[note 3]Activated on 5 June 1944\nRedesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron on 1 October 1945\nInactivated on 15 April 1946Redesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron, Special on 19 November 1948 and activatedInactivated on 16 October 1949Redesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Fixed Wing on 30 June 1955Activated on 8 November 1955\nRedesignated 330th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault on 1 July 1958\nInactivated on 1 December 1958[11]Redesignated 330th Airlift FlightActivated c. 31 May 1993[citation needed]\nInactivated 1 October 1993[citation needed]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS2-14"},{"link_name":"652d Air Base Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/652d_Air_Base_Group"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"3d Combat Cargo Group (later 513th Troop Carrier Group), 5 June 1944 – 15 April 1946\n513th Troop Carrier Group, 19 November 1948 – 16 October 1949\n513th Troop Carrier Group, 18 November 1955\n513th Troop Carrier Wing, 8 October 1957 – 1 December 1958[11]\n652d Air Base Group, c. 31 May 1993 – 1 October 1993[citation needed]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylhet Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Moran Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moran_Airfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warazup Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warazup_Airfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS2-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Sylhet Airfield, Insia, 5 June 1944\nMoran Airfield, India, 12 July 1944\nWarazup Airfield, Burma, 27 December 1944\nMyitkyina Airfield, Burma, 3 June 1945\nKiangwan Airfield, China, 7 October 1945 – 15 April 1946\nRhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 19 November 1948 – 16 October 1949\nSewart Air Force Base, Tennessee, 8 November 1955 – 1 December 1958[11]\nMcClellan Air Force Base, California, c. 31 May 1993 – 1 October 1993[citation needed]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer9CCS2-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1944-1945\nCurtiss C-46 Commando, 1945-1946\nDouglas C-54 Skymaster, 1948-1949\nFairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1955-1956\nFairchild C-123 Provider, 1956-1958[11]\nC-21 Learjet], 1993[citation needed]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and campaigns","title":"Lineage"}]
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[{"image_text":"Restored C-46 Commando taking off","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/N78774_%287810310184%29.jpg/220px-N78774_%287810310184%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"C-54 landing at Tempelhof 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/C-54_landing_at_Tempelhof_1948.jpg/220px-C-54_landing_at_Tempelhof_1948.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 9 Combat Cargo Squadron Mar-May 1945\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/050/630.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 9 Combat Cargo Squadron Mar-May 1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 330 Troop Carrier Squadron Oct 1945\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/075/919.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 330 Troop Carrier Squadron Oct 1945\""}]},{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (2000). \"Berlin Airlift: Operation Vittles\". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 17 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330212/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-044.pdf","url_text":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16050411-2","url_text":"978-0-16050411-2"}]},{"reference":"Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/May/26/2001330264/-1/-1/0/AFD-100526-026.pdf","url_text":"Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-59-5","url_text":"0-912799-59-5"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6","url_text":"0-405-12194-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","url_text":"70605402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","url_text":"72556"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330257/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-047.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferragut
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Ferragut
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["1 Name","2 Texts","2.1 Ferracutus in the \"Pseudo-Turpin\" Chronicle","2.2 Ferragus in other early modern texts","2.3 Ferraguto in Orlando innamorato","2.4 Ferraù in Orlando furioso","3 Ferragus in Valentine and Orson","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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For other uses, see Ferragus (disambiguation) and Farragut (disambiguation).
Combat of Roland and the giant Ferragut. Illuminated miniature from Grandes Chroniques de France, c1375-1380 (BnF Français 2813, fol. 118)
Ferragut (also known as Ferragus, Ferracutus, Ferracute, Ferrakut, Ferraguto, Ferraù, Fernagu) was a character—a Saracen paladin, sometimes depicted as a giant—in texts dealing with the Matter of France, including the Historia Caroli Magni, and Italian epics, such as Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo and Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto. In the tales, he was portrayed as physically invulnerable except at his navel/stomach, and was eventually killed (or fated to be killed) by the paladin Roland.
Name
"Ferracutus" was the Latin form of the name used in the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle. Thomas Bulfinch used "Ferragus" in his English adaptation Legends of Charlemagne, but the form "Ferragut" appears to be the most frequent in English today.
In his Orlando innamorato, Matteo Maria Boiardo used Feraguto/Feragu (Ferraguto/Ferragu). Ferraù is a syncopated form used in Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto.
Texts
Ferracutus in the "Pseudo-Turpin" Chronicle
The character appears in one of the main episodes of the so-called Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle (Historia Caroli Magni, Book IV of the Codex Calixtinus), a Latin chronicle concerning the feats of Charlemagne and the paladin Roland from the middle of the 12th century.
In a story modeled on David and Goliath, Roland battles the Saracen giant Ferracutus, who is holding the city of Nájera (Spain). A descendant of Goliath who had been sent to Nájera from Syria by the Emir of Babylon to fight the Christian army of Charlemagne, the giant Ferracutus didn't fear any arrow or spear and had the strength of forty strong men, was nearly twelve cubits tall, with a face a cubit long, a nose a hand long, members nearly four cubits long and fingers the length of three hands. Charlemagne sent several of his men to fight the giant: Ogier the Dane, Reinaldos of Montalbán, Constantine king of Rome, Count Hoel, and twenty other fighters two by two, who were defeated effortlessly by the giant and put to prison. As soon as Roland obtained permission from Charlemagne, he approached the giant alone and they fought for two days (taking truces to rest at night) using swords, wooden sticks, stones and bare fists. They accidentally killed each other's horses, but Roland could find no way of wounding the giant. During the second night, the courteous Roland placed a stone beneath the head of the giant as a pillow, and upon waking the giant revealed to Roland that he was only vulnerable in one spot: his navel. They also had a conversation about religion discussing matters such as the Holy Trinity, the Genesis, the Immaculate Conception and Resurrection of Jesus. After this conversation another fight took place in which Roland used the knowledge his opponent had given him, and killed Ferragut by inserting a spear in his navel.
The Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle was a massive success throughout Europe and was frequently adapted or borrowed from until the Renaissance.
Ferragus in other early modern texts
An adaptation of the Pseudo-Turpin story of Ferraguto and his mortal duel with Orlando (Roland) occurs in the anonymous Franco-Venetian epic L'Entrée d'Espagne (c. 1320; the author is thought to be from Padua).
The story also appears in the 14th-century Italian epic La Spagna (attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350–1360).
Based in part in the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle (probably via Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Historiale), Jean or Jehan Bagnyon's 15th-century La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes et les vaillances des douze pairs de France, et aussi celles de Fierabras (also called Fierabras) includes the story of Ferragus (Book 3, Part 1, Chapters 10–11). This work knew a European success and was adapted into Castilian, Portuguese, German, and English.
While the incident is not depicted in it, Ferraguto's death at the hands of Orlando is presented as a well-known fact in Luigi Pulci's epic Morgante.
Ferraguto in Orlando innamorato
Combat of Roldán and Ferragut (Estella)
In Matteo Maria Boiardo's Orlando innamorato, Ferraguto is a leading Saracen knight (and not a giant), the nephew of King Marsilio of Spain, and one of the many characters passionately in love with Angelica. At the beginning of the poem, Angelica and her brother Argalia arrive at the court of the Emperor Charlemagne in Paris, announcing that any knight who defeats Argalia in single combat will win Angelica's hand in marriage, but if he loses he will become Argalia's prisoner. Ferraguto is among the first knights to try and is unhorsed. However, he angrily refuses to accept his captivity and Argalia and Angelica flee in terror. Ferraguto catches Argalia, kills him and steals his helmet, but he promises the dying man only to wear it for a few days.
Ferraù in Orlando furioso
Main article: Orlando Furioso
At the beginning of Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (a continuation of Orlando innamorato), Ferraù loses the helmet in a stream and is confronted by the ghost of Argalia, who tells him he must find another helmet instead. Ferraù vows to win the helmet of Almonte, which now belongs to the greatest Christian knight, Orlando. He manages to possess it for a while but Ariosto predicts his ultimate death at the hands of Orlando. Like the character in the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle and the 14th-century Italian epic La Spagna, Ferraù is completely invulnerable except via his navel.
Ferragus in Valentine and Orson
Ferragus is also the name of a completely different Saracen giant from Portugal in the medieval romance Valentine and Orson. Brother of Esclarmonde, he is responsible for imprisoning Bellissant, the sister of King Pepin, and is eventually beheaded by the Duke of Aquitaine .
See also
Fierabras (or Ferumbras): a Saracen knight (son of Balan, king of Spain), (sometimes also of gigantic stature), appearing in several chansons de geste and texts relating to the Matter of France. Unlike Ferragut, Fierabras converts to Christianity, joins Charlemagne's cause, and eventually becomes a ruler of Spain.
Faraj ben Sālim, also known as Farragut of Girgenti, a Sicilian-Jewish physician and translator.
Notes
^ For the latter, see Crosland, 25.
^ Legends of Charlemagne,
^ Crosland, 26
^ Hasenohr and Zink, 294.
^ a b Pulci, notes, p. 890.
^ Crosland, 261-2.
^ Pulci, notes, p. 765 and p. 890.
^ Hasenohr and Zink, 746.
References
Ariosto:Orlando Furioso, verse translation by Barbara Reynolds in two volumes (Penguin Classics, 1975). Part one (cantos 1–23) ISBN 0-14-044311-8; part two (cantos 24–46) ISBN 0-14-044310-X
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso ed. Marcello Turchi (Garzanti, 1974)
Boiardo: Orlando innamorato ed. Giuseppe Anceschi (Garzanti,1978)
Jessie Crosland. The Old French Epic. New York: Haskell House, 1951.
(in French) Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink, eds. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1992. ISBN 2-2530-5662-6
Luigi Pulci: Morgante: The Epic Adventures of Orlando and His Giant Friend a complete English translation by Joseph Tusiani. Introduction and notes by Edoardo Lèbano. (Indiana University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-253-21407-6
External links
The character is depicted:
as Ferracute in The History of Charles the Great and Orlando, a 19th-century English adaptation of the Historia Caroli Magni by Thomas Rodd: Archive.org (chapter XVII), Kellcraft Studios Web Textures
as Ferragus in (in French) Jean Bagnyon's La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes a/k/a Fierabras: Lyon, 1497, Rouen, 1640 on Gallica
(in Spanish) Historia del emperador Carlo Magno, the Castillan translation of the Bagnyon text: 1765 edition on Google Books
as Feragu in (in French) Entrée d'Espagne: Antoine Thomas, ed. 1913 (Feragu first appears in canto 3; the duel with Roland is depicted in verses 1630 to 4213, roughly) on Archive.org
as Ferraù in (in Italian) La Spagna: Carlotta Gradi, ed. 1996. (Ferraù first appears in canto 2, stanza 6; his death occurs in canto 5) on Nuovo Rinascimento
as Ferraù in Orlando Furioso by Ariosto (Ferraù first appears in canto 1, stanza 14) on Wikisource
as Ferragus in Thomas Bulfinch's Legends of Charlemagne: classicreader.com, Project Gutenberg
Other references:
Ferracutus/Ferrakut en A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes. Boydell & Brewer, 2000. ISBN 0851157807
vteKing Charlemagne and the Matter of FranceKey people
Charlemagne
Roland
Ganelon
Naimon
Oliver
Renaud de Montauban
Paladins andother characters
Agolant
Agrican
Albracca
Angelica
Astolfo
Atlantes
Aude
Aymon
Baligant
Blancandrin
Bradamante
Bramimonde
Brandimarte
Brunello
Charlot
Doon de Mayence
Ferragut
Fierabras
Garin de Monglane
Girart de Roussillon
Huon of Bordeaux
Marfisa
Marsile
Maugris
Melissa
Oberon
Ogier the Dane
Pinabel
Rodomonte
Ruggiero
Sacripante
Turpin
William of Gellone
Zerbino
Horses and other animals
Bayard
Gaignun
Gramimond
Hippogriff
Marmorie
Passecerf
Rabicano
Sautperdu
Sorel
Tachëbrun
Tencendur
Veillantif
Swords and other objects
Almace
Curtana
Durendal
Hauteclere
Joyeuse
Murgleys
Olifant
Précieuse
Places
Aachen
La Brèche de Roland
Roncevaux Pass
Chansons de gesteand other works
The Song of Roland
Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
Chanson de Guillaume
Gormond et Isembart
The Four Sons of Aymon
Karlamagnús saga
Orlando Innamorato
Orlando Furioso
Morgante
vteLudovico Ariosto's Orlando FuriosoFictionalcharacters
Angelica
Bradamante
Brandimarte
Ruggiero
Angelica and Medoro
Rodomonte
Mandricardo
Astolfo
Atlantes
Brunello
Ferragut
Sacripante
Agolant
Duke Aymon
Ganelon
Marfisa
Maugris
Melissa
Naimon
Oliver
Pinabel
Renaud de Montauban
Zerbino
Brigliadoro
Historical figures
Roland
Charlemagne
Source
Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo
La Spagna
Entrée d'Espagne
Films
Hearts and Armour (1983)
Opera
La liberazione di Ruggiero (Caccini, 1625)
Il palazzo incantato (Rossi, 1642)
Roland (Lully, 1685)
Orlando Generoso (Steffani, 1691)
Bradamante (Lacoste, 1707)
Orlando furioso (Vivaldi, 1714)
Orlando (Vivaldi, 1727)
Orlando (Handel, 1733)
Ariodante (Handel, 1735)
Alcina (Handel, 1735)
Les Paladins (Rameau, 1760)
Roland (Piccinni, 1778)
Orlando paladino (Haydn, 1782)
Ariodant (Méhul, 1799)
Ginevra di Scozia (Mayr, 1801)
Bombastes Furioso (Rhodes, 1810)
Art
Roger Freeing Angelica (1873 painting)
Related
The Castle of Iron
The Song of Roland
Paladin
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferragus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferragus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Farragut (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farragut_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolandandferragut.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grandes Chroniques de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Chroniques_de_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"paladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladin"},{"link_name":"giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantism"},{"link_name":"Matter of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_France"},{"link_name":"Historia Caroli Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Caroli_Magni"},{"link_name":"epics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_romance"},{"link_name":"Orlando Innamorato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Innamorato"},{"link_name":"Matteo Maria Boiardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Maria_Boiardo"},{"link_name":"Orlando Furioso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Furioso"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ariosto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto"},{"link_name":"Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland"}],"text":"For other uses, see Ferragus (disambiguation) and Farragut (disambiguation).Combat of Roland and the giant Ferragut. Illuminated miniature from Grandes Chroniques de France, c1375-1380 (BnF Français 2813, fol. 118)Ferragut (also known as Ferragus, Ferracutus, Ferracute, Ferrakut, Ferraguto, Ferraù, Fernagu[1]) was a character—a Saracen paladin, sometimes depicted as a giant—in texts dealing with the Matter of France, including the Historia Caroli Magni, and Italian epics, such as Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo and Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto. In the tales, he was portrayed as physically invulnerable except at his navel/stomach, and was eventually killed (or fated to be killed) by the paladin Roland.","title":"Ferragut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Bulfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bulfinch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"syncopated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)"}],"text":"\"Ferracutus\" was the Latin form of the name used in the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle. Thomas Bulfinch used \"Ferragus\" in his English adaptation Legends of Charlemagne,[2] but the form \"Ferragut\" appears to be the most frequent in English today.In his Orlando innamorato, Matteo Maria Boiardo used Feraguto/Feragu (Ferraguto/Ferragu). Ferraù is a syncopated form used in Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Caroli_Magni"},{"link_name":"Codex Calixtinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Calixtinus"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland"},{"link_name":"David and Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Goliath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nájera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1jera"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"cubits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit"},{"link_name":"hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Ogier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane"},{"link_name":"Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Reinaldos of Montalbán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaud_de_Montauban"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Ferracutus in the \"Pseudo-Turpin\" Chronicle","text":"The character appears in one of the main episodes of the so-called Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle (Historia Caroli Magni, Book IV of the Codex Calixtinus), a Latin chronicle concerning the feats of Charlemagne and the paladin Roland from the middle of the 12th century.In a story modeled on David and Goliath,[3] Roland battles the Saracen giant Ferracutus, who is holding the city of Nájera (Spain). A descendant of Goliath who had been sent to Nájera from Syria by the Emir of Babylon to fight the Christian army of Charlemagne, the giant Ferracutus didn't fear any arrow or spear and had the strength of forty strong men, was nearly twelve cubits tall, with a face a cubit long, a nose a hand long, members nearly four cubits long and fingers the length of three hands. Charlemagne sent several of his men to fight the giant: Ogier the Dane, Reinaldos of Montalbán, Constantine king of Rome, Count Hoel, and twenty other fighters two by two, who were defeated effortlessly by the giant and put to prison. As soon as Roland obtained permission from Charlemagne, he approached the giant alone and they fought for two days (taking truces to rest at night) using swords, wooden sticks, stones and bare fists. They accidentally killed each other's horses, but Roland could find no way of wounding the giant. During the second night, the courteous Roland placed a stone beneath the head of the giant as a pillow, and upon waking the giant revealed to Roland that he was only vulnerable in one spot: his navel. They also had a conversation about religion discussing matters such as the Holy Trinity, the Genesis, the Immaculate Conception and Resurrection of Jesus. After this conversation another fight took place in which Roland used the knowledge his opponent had given him, and killed Ferragut by inserting a spear in his navel.The Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle was a massive success throughout Europe[4] and was frequently adapted or borrowed from until the Renaissance.","title":"Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Entrée d'Espagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e_d%27Espagne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pulci,_notes,_p._890-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"La Spagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spagna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vincent of Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jean or Jehan Bagnyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bagnyon"},{"link_name":"Luigi Pulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pulci"},{"link_name":"Morgante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgante"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pulci,_notes,_p._890-5"}],"sub_title":"Ferragus in other early modern texts","text":"An adaptation of the Pseudo-Turpin story of Ferraguto and his mortal duel with Orlando (Roland) occurs in the anonymous Franco-Venetian epic L'Entrée d'Espagne (c. 1320; the author is thought to be from Padua).[5][6]The story also appears in the 14th-century Italian epic La Spagna (attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350–1360[7]).Based in part in the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle (probably via Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Historiale),[8] Jean or Jehan Bagnyon's 15th-century La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes et les vaillances des douze pairs de France, et aussi celles de Fierabras (also called Fierabras) includes the story of Ferragus (Book 3, Part 1, Chapters 10–11). This work knew a European success and was adapted into Castilian, Portuguese, German, and English.While the incident is not depicted in it, Ferraguto's death at the hands of Orlando is presented as a well-known fact in Luigi Pulci's epic Morgante.[5]","title":"Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combate_entre_Rold%C3%A1n_y_Ferragut_(Estella).jpg"},{"link_name":"Roldán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rold%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Estella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estella"},{"link_name":"Matteo Maria Boiardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Maria_Boiardo"},{"link_name":"Orlando innamorato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_innamorato"},{"link_name":"Angelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_(character)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"sub_title":"Ferraguto in Orlando innamorato","text":"Combat of Roldán and Ferragut (Estella)In Matteo Maria Boiardo's Orlando innamorato, Ferraguto is a leading Saracen knight (and not a giant), the nephew of King Marsilio of Spain, and one of the many characters passionately in love with Angelica. At the beginning of the poem, Angelica and her brother Argalia arrive at the court of the Emperor Charlemagne in Paris, announcing that any knight who defeats Argalia in single combat will win Angelica's hand in marriage, but if he loses he will become Argalia's prisoner. Ferraguto is among the first knights to try and is unhorsed. However, he angrily refuses to accept his captivity and Argalia and Angelica flee in terror. Ferraguto catches Argalia, kills him and steals his helmet, but he promises the dying man only to wear it for a few days.","title":"Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(character)"},{"link_name":"navel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navel"}],"sub_title":"Ferraù in Orlando furioso","text":"At the beginning of Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (a continuation of Orlando innamorato), Ferraù loses the helmet in a stream and is confronted by the ghost of Argalia, who tells him he must find another helmet instead. Ferraù vows to win the helmet of Almonte, which now belongs to the greatest Christian knight, Orlando. He manages to possess it for a while but Ariosto predicts his ultimate death at the hands of Orlando. Like the character in the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle and the 14th-century Italian epic La Spagna, Ferraù is completely invulnerable except via his navel.","title":"Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantism"},{"link_name":"Valentine and Orson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_and_Orson"},{"link_name":"Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/books/reader?id=cKsWAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA98"}],"text":"Ferragus is also the name of a completely different Saracen giant from Portugal in the medieval romance Valentine and Orson. Brother of Esclarmonde, he is responsible for imprisoning Bellissant, the sister of King Pepin, and is eventually beheaded by the Duke of Aquitaine [3].","title":"Ferragus in Valentine and Orson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.classicreader.com/book/2823/86/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/4927/4927-h/4927-h.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pulci,_notes,_p._890_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pulci,_notes,_p._890_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ For the latter, see Crosland, 25.\n\n^ Legends of Charlemagne[1], [2]\n\n^ Crosland, 26\n\n^ Hasenohr and Zink, 294.\n\n^ a b Pulci, notes, p. 890.\n\n^ Crosland, 261-2.\n\n^ Pulci, notes, p. 765 and p. 890.\n\n^ Hasenohr and Zink, 746.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Combat of Roland and the giant Ferragut. Illuminated miniature from Grandes Chroniques de France, c1375-1380 (BnF Français 2813, fol. 118)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rolandandferragut.jpg/200px-Rolandandferragut.jpg"},{"image_text":"Combat of Roldán and Ferragut (Estella)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Combate_entre_Rold%C3%A1n_y_Ferragut_%28Estella%29.jpg/250px-Combate_entre_Rold%C3%A1n_y_Ferragut_%28Estella%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Fierabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierabras"},{"title":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"title":"Faraj ben Sālim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraj_ben_Salim"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=cKsWAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA98","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.classicreader.com/book/2823/86/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4927/4927-h/4927-h.htm","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/mediaevaltales00morluoft#page/28/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Archive.org"},{"Link":"http://www.kellscraft.com/MediaevalTales/MediaevalTales01.html#CHAPTER_XVII","external_links_name":"Kellcraft Studios Web Textures"},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k111068s/f138.image","external_links_name":"Lyon, 1497"},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86000862/f148.image","external_links_name":"Rouen, 1640"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgqKnX2wDEwC&pg=PA252","external_links_name":"1765 edition"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lentredespagn01thom#page/n147/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Antoine Thomas, ed. 1913"},{"Link":"http://www.nuovorinascimento.org/n-rinasc/testi/pdf/spagna/spagna.pdf","external_links_name":"Carlotta Gradi, ed. 1996."},{"Link":"http://www.classicreader.com/book/2823/86/","external_links_name":"classicreader.com"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4927/4927-h/4927-h.htm","external_links_name":"Project Gutenberg"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jacBvHiRUWwC&q=ferracutus","external_links_name":"Ferracutus/Ferrakut"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJPF_Player_of_the_Month
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SJPF Player of the Month
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["1 Winners","2 Statistics","2.1 Awards won by club","2.2 Awards won by nationality","2.3 Multiple winners","2.4 Awards won by position","3 SJPF Primeira Liga Team of the Year","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Nuno Gomes was the first player to win the award twice in a row, in 2005.
The SJPF Player of the Month (often called Portuguese League Player of the Month) is an association football award that recognizes the best Portuguese League player each month of the season and is conceived by the SJPF (syndicate of professional football players). The award has been presented since the 2003–04 season and the recipient is based on individual scores assigned by the three national sports dailies, A Bola, Record, and O Jogo. The first winner of the award was Beira-Mar midfielder Juninho Petrolina in September 2003. Hulk has won the award six times. Pedro Barbosa became the first Portuguese to win the award in November 2003. The "Big Three" (Benfica, Porto and Sporting CP) have had the most winners.
Prior to the 2012–13 Primeira Liga season, the SJPF announced that the SJPF Primeira Liga Player of the Month award would be awarded to a player on a bimonthly status with one player receiving an award for two months of football that have been played. The awards would be awarded during the following periods:
August and September (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 1 to Gameweek 6)
October and November (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 7 to Gameweek 11)
December (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 12 to Gameweek 14)
January (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 15 to Gameweek 18)
February (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 19 to Gameweek 222)
March (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 23 to Gameweek 36)
April (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 27 to Gameweek 30)
Winners
Contents
2003–04 · 2004–05 · 2005–06 · 2006–07 · 2007–08 · 2008–09 · 2009–10 · 2010–11 · 2011–12 · 2012–13 · 2013–14 · 2014–15 · 2015–16
Rui Costa won the award in September 2007, aged 35.
Hulk won the award a record six times.
Liédson was the first player to be awarded five times.
Jonas has won the award nine times, and is the only player to have won it four consecutive times.
Key
†
Award was shared with another player
GK
Goalkeeper
DF
Defender
MF
Midfielder
FW
Forward
Month
Year
Nationality
Player
Team
Position
Ref
September
2003.92003
Brazil
Juninho Petrolina
Beira-Mar
MF
October
2003.102003
Brazil
Derlei
Porto
FW
November
2003.112003
Portugal
Pedro Barbosa
Sporting CP
MF
December
2003.122003
Brazil
Evandro
Rio Ave
FW
January
2004.12004
South Africa
Benni McCarthy
Porto
FW
February
2004.22004
Portugal
Petit
Benfica
MF
March
2004.32004
Cameroon
Roudolphe Douala
Sporting CP
FW
April
2004.42004
Brazil
Adriano Rossato
Nacional
DF
May
2004.52004
South Africa
Benni McCarthy
Porto
FW
September
2004.92004
Netherlands
Mitchell van der Gaag
Marítimo
DF
October
2004.102004
South Africa
Benni McCarthy
Porto
FW
November
2004.112004
Portugal
Simão
Benfica
FW
December
2004.122004
Brazil
Helton
União de Leiria
GK
January
2005.12005
Portugal
João Alves
Braga
MF
February
2005.22005
Brazil
Geovanni
Benfica
FW
March
2005.32005
Portugal
Miguel
Benfica
DF
April
2005.42005
Portugal
João Moutinho
Sporting CP
MF
May
2005.52005
Brazil
Nei
Moreirense
FW
September
2005.62005
Portugal
Nuno Gomes
Benfica
FW
October
2005.72005
Portugal
Nuno Gomes
Benfica
FW
November
2005.82005
Portugal
Ricardo Quaresma
Porto
FW
December
2005.92005
Portugal
Ricardo Quaresma
Porto
FW
January
2006.12006
Portugal
Liédson
Sporting CP
FW
February
2006.22006
Portugal
João Pinto
Boavista
FW
March
2006.32006
Brazil
Léo
Benfica
DF
April
2006.42006
Brazil
Pepe
Porto
DF
September
2006.52006
Senegal
Modou Sougou
União de Leiria
MF
October
2006.62006
Portugal
Simão
Benfica
FW
November
2006.72006
Portugal
Ricardo Quaresma
Porto
FW
December
2006.82006
Portugal
Ricardo Quaresma
Porto
FW
January
2007.12007
Portugal
Quim
Benfica
GK
February
2007.22007
Portugal
Simão
Benfica
FW
March
2007.32007
Brazil
Ânderson Polga
Sporting CP
DF
April
2007.42007
Portugal
Liédson
Sporting CP
FW
May
2007.52007
Argentina
Leandro Romagnoli
Sporting CP
MF
September
2007.62007
Portugal
Rui Costa
Benfica
MF
October
2007.72007
Argentina
Lucho González
Porto
MF
November
2007.82007
Portugal
Jorge Ribeiro
Boavista
DF
December
2007.92007
Liechtenstein
Peter Jehle
Boavista
GK
January
2008.12008
Argentina
Lisandro López
Porto
FW
February
2008.22008
Argentina
Lisandro López
Porto
FW
March
2008.32008
Brazil
Pitbull
Vitória de Setúbal
FW
April
2008.52008
Uruguay
Luis Aguiar
Académica de Coimbra
FW
September
2008.52008
Algeria
Hassan Yebda
Benfica
MF
October
2008.62008
Portugal
Bruno Braga
Leixões
MF
November
2008.72008
Portugal
Beto
Leixões
GK
December
2008.82008
Slovakia
Boris Peškovič
Académica de Coimbra
GK
January
2009.12009
Portugal
Liédson
Sporting CP
FW
February
2009.22009
Brazil
Hulk
Porto
FW
March
2009.32009
Senegal
Baba Diawara
Marítimo
FW
April
2009.42009
Portugal
Liédson
Sporting CP
FW
May
2009.52009
Paraguay
Óscar Cardozo
Benfica
FW
September
2009.62009
Brazil
Alan
Braga
FW
October
2009.72009
Angola
Djalma
Marítimo
FW
November
2009.82009
Portugal
João Tomás
Rio Ave
FW
December
2009.92009
Argentina
Javier Saviola
Benfica
FW
January
2010.12010
Brazil
Mossoró
Braga
MF
February
2010.22010
Portugal
Júlio Coelho
Paços de Ferreira
GK
March
2010.32010
Portugal
Liédson
Sporting CP
FW
April
2010.42010
Argentina
Ángel Di María
Benfica
FW
September
2010.62010
Brazil
Hulk
Porto
FW
October
2010.72010
Brazil
Hulk
Porto
FW
November
2010.82010
Portugal
João Tomás
Rio Ave
FW
December
2010.122010
Brazil
Hulk
Porto
FW
January
2011.12011
Brazil
Hulk
Porto
FW
February
2011.22011
Brazil
Diego
Vitória de Setúbal
GK
March
2011.32011
Brazil
Diego
Vitória de Setúbal
GK
April
2011.42011
Portugal
Rui Patrício
Sporting CP
GK
September
2011.92011
Netherlands
Ricky van Wolfswinkel
Sporting CP
FW
October
2011.102011
Spain
Diego Capel
Sporting CP
MF
November
2011.112011
Brazil
Marcelo Toscano
Vitória de Guimarães
FW
December
2011.122011
France
Bedi Buval
Feirense
FW
January
2012.12012
Paraguay
Óscar Cardozo
Benfica
FW
February
2012.22012
Brazil
Lima
Braga
FW
March
2012.32012
Brazil
Mossoró
Braga
MF
April
2012.42012
Brazil
Hulk
Porto
FW
August/September
2012.82012
Colombia
James Rodríguez
Porto
FW
October/November
2012.102012
Colombia
Jackson Martínez
Porto
FW
December/January
2012.122012
Serbia
Nemanja Matić
Benfica
MF
February
2013.22013
Colombia
Jackson Martínez
Porto
FW
March
2013.32013
Brazil
Lima
Benfica
FW
April
2013.42013
Serbia
Nemanja Matić
Benfica
MF
August/September
2013.82013
Colombia
Fredy Montero
Sporting CP
FW
October/November
2013.102013
Portugal
William Carvalho
Sporting CP
MF
December
2013.122013
Portugal
William Carvalho
Sporting CP
MF
January/February
2014.12014
Serbia
Lazar Marković
Benfica
MF
March
2014.32014
Portugal
William Carvalho
Sporting CP
MF
April
2014.42014
Brazil
Lima
Benfica
FW
August/September
2014.82014
Brazil
Talisca
Benfica
FW
October/November
2014.102014
Portugal
Nani
Sporting CP
MF
December
2014.122014
Colombia
Jackson Martínez
Porto
FW
January
2015.12015
Colombia
Jackson Martínez
Porto
FW
February
2015.22015
Brazil
Jonas
Benfica
FW
March
2015.32015
Spain
Cristian Tello
Porto
FW
April
2015.42015
Brazil
Jonas
Benfica
FW
August/September
2015.82015
Portugal
André André
Porto
MF
October/November
2015.102015
Portugal
André André
Porto
MF
December
2015.122015
Algeria
Islam Slimani
Sporting CP
FW
January
2016.12016
Brazil
Jonas
Benfica
FW
February
2016.22016
Brazil
Jonas
Benfica
FW
March
2016.32016
Brazil
Jonas
Benfica
FW
April
2016.42016
Portugal
João Mário
Sporting CP
MF
Statistics
Awards won by club
Club
Wins
Benfica
27
Porto
26
Sporting CP
20
Braga
5
Boavista
3
Marítimo
3
Vitória de Setúbal
3
Rio Ave
3
União de Leiria
2
Leixões
2
Académica de Coimbra
2
Beira-Mar
1
Feirense
1
Nacional
1
Moreirense
1
Paços de Ferreira
1
Vitória de Guimarães
1
Awards won by nationality
Country
Wins
Portugal
36
Brazil
32
Argentina
6
Colombia
6
Serbia
3
South Africa
3
France
1
Netherlands
2
Paraguay
2
Senegal
2
Spain
2
Algeria
2
Angola
1
Cameroon
1
Liechtenstein
1
Slovakia
1
Uruguay
1
Multiple winners
Player
Wins
Hulk
6
Jonas
5
Liédson
Ricardo Quaresma
4
Jackson Martínez
Benni McCarthy
3
Simão
Lima
William Carvalho
Nuno Gomes
2
Lisandro López
João Tomás
Diego
Óscar Cardozo
Nemanja Matić
André André
Awards won by position
Position
Wins
Forward
62
Midfielder
24
Goalkeeper
9
Defender
7
SJPF Primeira Liga Team of the Year
2016 team
Position
Player
Team
Goalkeeper
Ederson
Benfica
Defenders
Nélson Semedo
Benfica
Victor Lindelöf
Benfica
Sebastián Coates
Sporting CP
Alex Telles
Porto
Midfielders
Danilo Pereira
Porto
Adrien Silva
Sporting CP
Pizzi
Benfica
Forwards
Gelson Martins
Sporting CP
Jonas
Benfica
Kostas Mitroglou
Benfica
2017 team
Position
Player
Team
Goalkeeper
Rui Patrício
Sporting CP
Defenders
Nélson Semedo
Benfica
Felipe
Porto
Sebastián Coates
Sporting CP
Alex Telles
Porto
Midfielders
Danilo Pereira
Porto
William Carvalho
Sporting CP
Pizzi
Benfica
Forwards
Gelson Martins
Sporting CP
Jonas
Benfica
Yacine Brahimi
Porto
Footnotes
^ Each year is linked to an article on the particular season associated with the month of that year.
References
^ a b "Petrolina foi o melhor no mês de Setembro" (in Portuguese). Record. 24 October 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Premios - Regulamento" . SJPF. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
^ "Derlei é o melhor de Outubro" (in Portuguese). Record. 15 November 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Barbosa eleito Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). Record. 13 December 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Evandro eleito o melhor do mês" (in Portuguese). Record. 30 December 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "McCarthy é o jogador do mês" (in Portuguese). Record. 3 February 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Sindicato premeia Petit" (in Portuguese). Record. 6 March 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Douala eleito melhor jogador do mês de Março" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 15 April 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Rossato eleito melhor jogador do mês de Abril" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 28 April 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "McCarthy eleito melhor jogador de Maio" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 13 May 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Van Der Gaag é o melhor de Setembro para Sindicato de Jogadores" (in Portuguese). Record. 6 October 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "McCarthy eleito melhor jogador de Outubro" (in Portuguese). Record. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Simão eleito Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). Record. 11 December 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Superliga: Helton ganhou a Liedson como melhor jogador de Dezembro" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 5 January 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Superliga: João Alves (Sp. Braga) eleito melhor jogador de Janeiro" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 10 February 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Geovanni recebe prémio mensal" (in Portuguese). Record. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Miguel: "Vontade de fazer mais"" (in Portuguese). Record. 29 April 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "João Moutinho eleito o "jogador do mês" pelo Sindicato" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 9 May 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Nei (Moreirense) foi eleito o melhor jogador do mês pelo Sindicato" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Nuno Gomes eleito o melhor de Setembro pelo Sindicato de Jogadores" (in Portuguese). Record. 4 October 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Nuno Gomes recebe troféu em vidro de Melhor do Mês de Outubro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 20 December 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ a b "Ricardo Quaresma recebe troféus de Melhor Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Liedson recebe nesta sexta-feira prémio "Jogador do Mês" de Janeiro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "João Vieira Pinto eleito melhor jogador do mês de Fevereiro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Léo vence prémio "Jogador do Mês" de Março com mais um ponto do que Raúl Meireles" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Pepe recebe prémio "Jogador do Mês" na manhã desta quinta-feira" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Sougou, o melhor de Setembro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 October 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Simão Sabrosa, o melhor de Outubro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Quaresma eleito o melhor jogador de Novembro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Bis para Ricardo Quaresma" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 7 January 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Quim eleito o melhor jogador de Janeiro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Simão eleito o melhor jogador de Fevereiro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Anderson Polga eleito o melhor de Março" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 April 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Liedson recebeu "Troféu Mazda/Jogador do Mês"" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Romagnoli acaba época em alta" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 23 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Rui Costa venceu o prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Lucho González ganhou o Prémio Kia / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Prémio Kia / Jogador do Mês para Jorge Ribeiro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Peter Jehle eleito o melhor jogador da Bwin Liga em Dezembro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Lisandro vence Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Lisandro López (FC Porto) bisa Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Cláudio Pitbull (V. Setúbal) eleito o melhor jogador de Março da Bwin Liga" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Luís Aguiar (Académica) vence Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Yebda (Benfica) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Braga (Leixões) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 18 November 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Beto (Leixões) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Peskovic (Académica) ganha Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Liedson (Sporting) ganha Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Hulk (FC Porto) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Baba (Marítimo) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 13 April 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Liedson (Sporting) recebeu Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Jogador do Mês / BetClic" (in Portuguese). SJPF. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Alan ganha Prémio Melhor Jogador/Betclick" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Djlama vence prémio Jogador do Mês/BetClic" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "João Tomás (Rio Ave) vence prémio Jogador do Mês/BetClic da Liga Sagres de Novembro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Saviola (Benfica) vence prémio "Jogador do Mês/BetClic"" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Mossoró vence Prémio "Jogador do Mês / BetClic"" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Coelho vence Prémio "Jogador do Mês / BetClic"" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Liedson ganha prémio "Melhor Jogador do Mês/Betclic"" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Di Maria vence Prémio "Jogador do Mês / BetClic"" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ a b "Troféu dos Campeões: Hulk ganha no mês de Setembro e Outubro" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ João Tomás wins Best Player Award November (Portuguese)
^ a b "Hulk eleito Melhor Jogador de Dezembro / Janeiro" (in Portuguese). LPFP. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
^ Diego wins Best Player Award February (Portuguese)
^ Diego wins Best Player Award March (Portuguese)
^ Patrício wins Best Player Award April (Portuguese)
^ Wolfswinkel wins Best Player Award September (Portuguese)
^ (Portuguese)
^ Toscano wins Best Player Award November (Portuguese)
^ Buval wins Best Player Award December (Portuguese)
^ "Cardozo eleito o jogador do mês de janeiro" (in Portuguese). Record. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ "Lima eleito melhor jogador de fevereiro pelo Sindicato" (in Portuguese). A Bola. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
^ Mossoró eleito o melhor de março pelo Sindicato Archived 2012-04-03 at the Wayback Machine (Portuguese)
^ Hulk eleito jogador do mês Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine (Portuguese)
^ "James eleito melhor jogador das primeiras cinco jornadas" . Record (in Portuguese). 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
^ Jackson Martínez vence prémio de melhor do mês (Jackson Martínez wins award for player of the month) Archived 2014-05-21 at the Wayback Machine; A Bola, 4 December 2012 (Portuguese)
^ Matic eleito o melhor de Dezembro/Janeiro (Matic voted best player of December/January) Archived 2013-10-23 at the Wayback Machine; SJPF, 1 February 2013 (Portuguese)
^
Jackson eleito o melhor de Fevereiro (Jackson Martínez chosen the best of February) Archived 2015-02-06 at the Wayback Machine; SJPF, 1 March 2013 (Portuguese)
^ Lima eleito o melhor de março (Lima voted best player of March) Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine; SJPF, 5 April 2013 (Portuguese)
^ Matic eleito o melhor de abril Matic eleito o melhor de abril (Matic voted best player of April) Archived 2013-10-23 at the Wayback Machine; SJPF, 3 May 2013 (Portuguese)
^ Montero e Cavaleiro em destaque Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine; SJPF, 16 October 2013 (Portuguese)
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ Talisca é o melhor de Agosto e Setembro na I Liga (Talisca voted best player of August/September) Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine; SJPF, 30 October 2014 (Portuguese)
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ Eleição melhor jogador mês - Liga Portugal
^ "Jonas eleito melhor jogador de fevereiro da Liga NOS" (in Portuguese). LPFP. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
^ "I Liga: Cristian Tello (FC Porto) eleito o melhor jogador do mês de março" (in Portuguese). 15 April 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ "Jonas é o Melhor Jogador da Liga NOS em Abril" (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "André André eleito o melhor jogador da Liga" (in Portuguese). Sapo. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ "FC Porto: André André eleito melhor jogador do mês" (in Portuguese). maisfutebol. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ "Slimani eleito melhor jogador de dezembro" (in Portuguese). maisfutebol. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ "JONAS FOI O MELHOR DE JANEIRO À FRENTE DE RENATO SANCHES E SLIMANI" (in Portuguese). Record. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
^ "Jonas eleito o melhor jogador de fevereiro" (in Portuguese). A Bola. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
^ "Jonas, Pedrinho e Herrera vencedores de março" . Liga Portugal (in Portuguese). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^ "João Mário e Carraça distinguidos" . sjpf (in Portuguese). 13 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ Jogadores, Sindicato dos. "SJPF revela os melhores 11 de 2016". SJPF - Sindicato dos Jogadores Profissionais de Futebol. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
^ "Ronaldo eleito o melhor jogador português de 2016; Renato Sanches bateu Gelson e André Silva; Ricardo Soares venceu o prémio de Treinador revelação - Visão de Mercado". Visão de Mercado (in European Portuguese). 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
^ "Três águias no Melhor Onze do Ano". www.slbenfica.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-03-23.
External links
The official website of SJPF
vteAwards in Portuguese footballPortuguese League for Professional Football (LPFP)
Player of the Year
Breakthrough Player of the Year
Goalkeeper of the Year
Coach of the Year
Breakthrough Coach of the Year
A Bola (newspaper)
Bola de Prata
Golden Ball
Sports National Press Club (CNID)
Portuguese Footballer of the Year
Syndicate of Professional Football Players (SJPF)
Player of the Month
Young Player of the Month
Segunda Liga Player of the Month
Segunda Liga Young Player of the Month
|
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The award has been presented since the 2003–04 season and the recipient is based on individual scores assigned by the three national sports dailies, A Bola, Record, and O Jogo. The first winner of the award was Beira-Mar midfielder Juninho Petrolina in September 2003.[1] Hulk has won the award six times. Pedro Barbosa became the first Portuguese to win the award in November 2003. The \"Big Three\" (Benfica, Porto and Sporting CP) have had the most winners.Prior to the 2012–13 Primeira Liga season, the SJPF announced that the SJPF Primeira Liga Player of the Month award would be awarded to a player on a bimonthly status with one player receiving an award for two months of football that have been played. The awards would be awarded during the following periods:[2]August and September (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 1 to Gameweek 6)\nOctober and November (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 7 to Gameweek 11)\nDecember (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 12 to Gameweek 14)\nJanuary (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 15 to Gameweek 18)\nFebruary (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 19 to Gameweek 222)\nMarch (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 23 to Gameweek 36)\nApril (Awarded to the Player of the Month in relation to football being played between Gameweek 27 to Gameweek 30)","title":"SJPF Player of the Month"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rui_Costa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rui Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Costa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Givanildo_Vieira_de_Souza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li%C3%A9dson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liédson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A9dson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benf-Zen_2016_(8).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_(footballer,_born_1984)"}],"text":"Rui Costa won the award in September 2007, aged 35.Hulk won the award a record six times.Liédson was the first player to be awarded five times.Jonas has won the award nine times, and is the only player to have won it four consecutive times.Key","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SJPF_Player_of_the_Month&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Braga"},{"link_name":"Boavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boavista_F.C."},{"link_name":"Marítimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Mar%C3%ADtimo"},{"link_name":"Vitória de Setúbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rio Ave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ave_F.C."},{"link_name":"União de Leiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.D._Leiria"},{"link_name":"Leixões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leix%C3%B5es_S.C."},{"link_name":"Académica de Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Acad%C3%A9mica_de_Coimbra_%E2%80%93_O.A.F."},{"link_name":"Beira-Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Beira-Mar"},{"link_name":"Feirense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Feirense"},{"link_name":"Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Nacional"},{"link_name":"Moreirense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreirense_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paços de Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Pa%C3%A7os_de_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SJPF_Player_of_the_Month&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SJPF_Player_of_the_Month&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Liédson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A9dson"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Quaresma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Quaresma"},{"link_name":"Jackson Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Benni McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benni_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Simão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A3o_Sabrosa"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_(footballer,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"William Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"Nuno Gomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_Gomes"},{"link_name":"Lisandro López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisandro_L%C3%B3pez_(footballer,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"João Tomás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Costa_Silva"},{"link_name":"Óscar Cardozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Cardozo"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Matić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanja_Mati%C4%87"},{"link_name":"André André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SJPF_Player_of_the_Month&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"}],"text":"Awards won by club[edit]\n\n\n\nClub\n\nWins\n\n\nBenfica\n\n27\n\n\nPorto\n\n26\n\n\nSporting CP\n\n20\n\n\nBraga\n\n5\n\n\nBoavista\n\n3\n\n\nMarítimo\n\n3\n\n\nVitória de Setúbal\n\n3\n\n\nRio Ave\n\n3\n\n\nUnião de Leiria\n\n2\n\n\nLeixões\n\n2\n\n\nAcadémica de Coimbra\n\n2\n\n\nBeira-Mar\n\n1\n\n\nFeirense\n\n1\n\n\nNacional\n\n1\n\n\nMoreirense\n\n1\n\n\nPaços de Ferreira\n\n1\n\n\nVitória de Guimarães\n\n1\n\n\n\nAwards won by nationality[edit]\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nWins\n\n\n Portugal\n\n36\n\n\n Brazil\n\n32\n\n\n Argentina\n\n6\n\n\n Colombia\n\n6\n\n\n Serbia\n\n3\n\n\n South Africa\n\n3\n\n\n France\n\n1\n\n\n Netherlands\n\n2\n\n\n Paraguay\n\n2\n\n\n Senegal\n\n2\n\n\n Spain\n\n2\n\n\n Algeria\n\n2\n\n\n Angola\n\n1\n\n\n Cameroon\n\n1\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\n1\n\n\n Slovakia\n\n1\n\n\n Uruguay\n\n1\n\n\n\nMultiple winners[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\nWins\n\n\nHulk\n6\n\n\nJonas\n5\n\n\nLiédson\n\n\nRicardo Quaresma\n4\n\n\nJackson Martínez\n\n\nBenni McCarthy\n3\n\n\nSimão\n\n\nLima\n\n\nWilliam Carvalho\n\n\nNuno Gomes\n2\n\n\nLisandro López\n\n\nJoão Tomás\n\n\nDiego\n\n\nÓscar Cardozo\n\n\nNemanja Matić\n\n\nAndré André\n\n\n\nAwards won by position[edit]\n\n\n\nPosition\n\nWins\n\n\nForward\n\n62\n\n\nMidfielder\n\n24\n\n\nGoalkeeper\n\n9\n\n\nDefender\n\n7","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"text":"2016 team[101][102]2017 team[103]","title":"SJPF Primeira Liga Team of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Each year is linked to an article on the particular season associated with the month of that year.","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Nuno Gomes was the first player to win the award twice in a row, in 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nuno_Gomes_%281388215345%29.jpg/240px-Nuno_Gomes_%281388215345%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rui Costa won the award in September 2007, aged 35.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rui_Costa.jpg/220px-Rui_Costa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hulk won the award a record six times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Givanildo_Vieira_de_Souza.jpg/220px-Givanildo_Vieira_de_Souza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liédson was the first player to be awarded five times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Li%C3%A9dson.jpg/220px-Li%C3%A9dson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jonas has won the award nine times, and is the only player to have won it four consecutive times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benf-Zen_2016_%288%29.jpg/220px-Benf-Zen_2016_%288%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Petrolina foi o melhor no mês de Setembro\" [Petrolina was September's best player] (in Portuguese). Record. 24 October 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=176914","url_text":"\"Petrolina foi o melhor no mês de Setembro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Premios - Regulamento\" [Awards - Regulation]. SJPF. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sjpf.pt/?pt=regulamento","url_text":"\"Premios - Regulamento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derlei é o melhor de Outubro\" [Derlei elected October's best player] (in Portuguese). Record. 15 November 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=179082","url_text":"\"Derlei é o melhor de Outubro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Barbosa eleito Jogador do Mês\" [Barbosa elected the player of the month] (in Portuguese). Record. 13 December 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=181818","url_text":"\"Barbosa eleito Jogador do Mês\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Evandro eleito o melhor do mês\" [Evandro elected the player of the month] (in Portuguese). Record. 30 December 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=183305","url_text":"\"Evandro eleito o melhor do mês\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"McCarthy é o jogador do mês\" [McCarthy is the player of the month] (in Portuguese). Record. 3 February 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=186675","url_text":"\"McCarthy é o jogador do mês\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Sindicato premeia Petit\" [Syndicate awards Petit] (in Portuguese). Record. 6 March 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=189827","url_text":"\"Sindicato premeia Petit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Douala eleito melhor jogador do mês de Março\" [Douala elected March's best player] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 15 April 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011008/http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=326689&div_id=1459&psec_id=46","url_text":"\"Douala eleito melhor jogador do mês de Março\""},{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=326689&div_id=1459&psec_id=46","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rossato eleito melhor jogador do mês de Abril\" [Rossato elected April's best player] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 28 April 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011110/http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=330890&div_id=1465&psec_id=46","url_text":"\"Rossato eleito melhor jogador do mês de Abril\""},{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=330890&div_id=1465&psec_id=46","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"McCarthy eleito melhor jogador de Maio\" [McCarthy elected May's best player] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 13 May 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011123/http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=337288&div_id=1676&psec_id=46","url_text":"\"McCarthy eleito melhor jogador de Maio\""},{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=337288&div_id=1676&psec_id=46","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Van Der Gaag é o melhor de Setembro para Sindicato de Jogadores\" [Van Der Gaag is the September's best player by players union] (in Portuguese). Record. 6 October 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=212428","url_text":"\"Van Der Gaag é o melhor de Setembro para Sindicato de Jogadores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"McCarthy eleito melhor jogador de Outubro\" [McCarthy elected October's best player] (in Portuguese). Record. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=215666","url_text":"\"McCarthy eleito melhor jogador de Outubro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Simão eleito Jogador do Mês\" [Simão elected as player of the month] (in Portuguese). Record. 11 December 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=219929","url_text":"\"Simão eleito Jogador do Mês\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Superliga: Helton ganhou a Liedson como melhor jogador de Dezembro\" [Superliga: Helton won the December best player award to Liedson] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 5 January 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=487035&div_id=1459&psec_id=46","url_text":"\"Superliga: Helton ganhou a Liedson como melhor jogador de Dezembro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superliga: João Alves (Sp. Braga) eleito melhor jogador de Janeiro\" [João Alves (Sp. Braga) elected as January's best player] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 10 February 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=500426&div_id=1468&psec_id=46","url_text":"\"Superliga: João Alves (Sp. Braga) eleito melhor jogador de Janeiro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geovanni recebe prémio mensal\" [Geovanni receives monthly award] (in Portuguese). Record. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=230980","url_text":"\"Geovanni recebe prémio mensal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Miguel: \"Vontade de fazer mais\"\" [Miguel: «Desire to do more»] (in Portuguese). Record. 29 April 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/interior.aspx?content_id=236602","url_text":"\"Miguel: \"Vontade de fazer mais\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"João Moutinho eleito o \"jogador do mês\" pelo Sindicato\" [João Moutinho elected as «player of the month» by players union] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 9 May 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=534829&div_id=1457&psec_id=46","url_text":"\"João Moutinho eleito o \"jogador do mês\" pelo Sindicato\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nei (Moreirense) foi eleito o melhor jogador do mês pelo Sindicato\" [Nei (Moreirense) elected as player of the month by players union] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=541256&div_id=1466&psec_id=46","url_text":"\"Nei (Moreirense) foi eleito o melhor jogador do mês pelo Sindicato\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuno Gomes eleito o melhor de Setembro pelo Sindicato de Jogadores\" [Nuno Gomes elected as September's best player by players union] (in Portuguese). Record. 4 October 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/interior.aspx?content_id=249802","url_text":"\"Nuno Gomes eleito o melhor de Setembro pelo Sindicato de Jogadores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuno Gomes recebe troféu em vidro de Melhor do Mês de Outubro\" [Nuno Gomes gets glass trophy for October's best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 20 December 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=4855&inter=0","url_text":"\"Nuno Gomes recebe troféu em vidro de Melhor do Mês de Outubro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ricardo Quaresma recebe troféus de Melhor Jogador do Mês\" [Ricardo Quaresma receives Player of the Month awards] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=4875&inter=0","url_text":"\"Ricardo Quaresma recebe troféus de Melhor Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liedson recebe nesta sexta-feira prémio \"Jogador do Mês\" de Janeiro\" [Liedson receives this friday the January «Player of the Month» award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=4908&inter=0","url_text":"\"Liedson recebe nesta sexta-feira prémio \"Jogador do Mês\" de Janeiro\""}]},{"reference":"\"João Vieira Pinto eleito melhor jogador do mês de Fevereiro\" [João Vieira Pinto elected February best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=4912&inter=0","url_text":"\"João Vieira Pinto eleito melhor jogador do mês de Fevereiro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Léo vence prémio \"Jogador do Mês\" de Março com mais um ponto do que Raúl Meireles\" [Léo wins March «Player of the Month» award with one point over Raul Meireles] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=4952&inter=0","url_text":"\"Léo vence prémio \"Jogador do Mês\" de Março com mais um ponto do que Raúl Meireles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pepe recebe prémio \"Jogador do Mês\" na manhã desta quinta-feira\" [Pepe receives the «Player of the Month» award this thursday morning] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5009&inter=0","url_text":"\"Pepe recebe prémio \"Jogador do Mês\" na manhã desta quinta-feira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sougou, o melhor de Setembro\" [Sogou, September best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 October 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009082654/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5207&inter=0","url_text":"\"Sougou, o melhor de Setembro\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5207&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Simão Sabrosa, o melhor de Outubro\" [Simão Sabrosa, October best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009082707/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5240&inter=0","url_text":"\"Simão Sabrosa, o melhor de Outubro\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5240&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quaresma eleito o melhor jogador de Novembro\" [Quaresma elected November best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009082731/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5263&inter=0","url_text":"\"Quaresma eleito o melhor jogador de Novembro\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5263&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bis para Ricardo Quaresma\" [Ricardo Quaresma doubles] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 7 January 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009082814/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5280&inter=0","url_text":"\"Bis para Ricardo Quaresma\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5280&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quim eleito o melhor jogador de Janeiro\" [Quim elected January best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009082828/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5309&inter=0","url_text":"\"Quim eleito o melhor jogador de Janeiro\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5309&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Simão eleito o melhor jogador de Fevereiro\" [Simão elected February best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009082858/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5334&inter=0","url_text":"\"Simão eleito o melhor jogador de Fevereiro\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5334&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anderson Polga eleito o melhor de Março\" [Anderson Polga elected March best player] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 April 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009082938/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5361&inter=0","url_text":"\"Anderson Polga eleito o melhor de Março\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5361&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liedson recebeu \"Troféu Mazda/Jogador do Mês\"\" [Liedson received \"Mazda Trophy/Player of the Month\"] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009083008/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5411&inter=0","url_text":"\"Liedson recebeu \"Troféu Mazda/Jogador do Mês\"\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5411&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Romagnoli acaba época em alta\" [Romagnoli ends the season in good shape] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 23 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009083020/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5433&inter=0","url_text":"\"Romagnoli acaba época em alta\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5433&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rui Costa venceu o prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Rui Costa wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009083040/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5621&inter=0","url_text":"\"Rui Costa venceu o prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5621&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucho González ganhou o Prémio Kia / Jogador do Mês\" [Lucho González wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5662&inter=0","url_text":"\"Lucho González ganhou o Prémio Kia / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prémio Kia / Jogador do Mês para Jorge Ribeiro\" [KIA / Player of the Month award for Jorge Ribeiro] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5744&inter=0","url_text":"\"Prémio Kia / Jogador do Mês para Jorge Ribeiro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Jehle eleito o melhor jogador da Bwin Liga em Dezembro\" [Peter Jehle elected Bwin Liga best player in December] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5744&inter=0","url_text":"\"Peter Jehle eleito o melhor jogador da Bwin Liga em Dezembro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lisandro vence Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês\" [Lisandro López (FC Porto) wins KIA/Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5766&inter=0","url_text":"\"Lisandro vence Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lisandro López (FC Porto) bisa Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês\" [Lisandro López (FC Porto) doubles KIA/Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5798&inter=0","url_text":"\"Lisandro López (FC Porto) bisa Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cláudio Pitbull (V. Setúbal) eleito o melhor jogador de Março da Bwin Liga\" [Cláudio Pitbull (V. Setúbal) elected Bwin Liga best player in March] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5841&inter=0","url_text":"\"Cláudio Pitbull (V. Setúbal) eleito o melhor jogador de Março da Bwin Liga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luís Aguiar (Académica) vence Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês\" [Luís Aguiar (Académica) wins KIA/Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5877&inter=0","url_text":"\"Luís Aguiar (Académica) vence Prémio KIA/Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yebda (Benfica) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Yebda (Benfica) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=5971&inter=0","url_text":"\"Yebda (Benfica) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braga (Leixões) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Braga (Leixões) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 18 November 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6002&inter=0","url_text":"\"Braga (Leixões) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beto (Leixões) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Beto (Leixões) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6031&inter=0","url_text":"\"Beto (Leixões) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peskovic (Académica) ganha Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Peskovic (Académica) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6039&inter=0","url_text":"\"Peskovic (Académica) ganha Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liedson (Sporting) ganha Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Liedson (Sporting) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6055&inter=0","url_text":"\"Liedson (Sporting) ganha Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hulk (FC Porto) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Hulk (FC Porto) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6081&inter=0","url_text":"\"Hulk (FC Porto) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baba (Marítimo) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Baba (Marítimo) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 13 April 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6111&inter=0","url_text":"\"Baba (Marítimo) vence Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liedson (Sporting) recebeu Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\" [Liedson (Sporting) wins KIA / Player of the Month award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6144&inter=0","url_text":"\"Liedson (Sporting) recebeu Prémio KIA / Jogador do Mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\" [Player of the Month / BetClic] (in Portuguese). SJPF. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=ligasdetalhe&id=220","url_text":"\"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan ganha Prémio Melhor Jogador/Betclick\" [Djlama wins Best Player / BetClic award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6298","url_text":"\"Alan ganha Prémio Melhor Jogador/Betclick\""}]},{"reference":"\"Djlama vence prémio Jogador do Mês/BetClic\" [Djlama wins \"Player of the Month / BetClic\" award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6330&inter=0","url_text":"\"Djlama vence prémio Jogador do Mês/BetClic\""}]},{"reference":"\"João Tomás (Rio Ave) vence prémio Jogador do Mês/BetClic da Liga Sagres de Novembro\" [João Tomás (Rio Ave) wins November \"Player of the Month / BetClic\" award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091218001329/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl%3Dnoticiasdetalhe%26id%3D6380%26type%3Drecents","url_text":"\"João Tomás (Rio Ave) vence prémio Jogador do Mês/BetClic da Liga Sagres de Novembro\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6380&type=recents","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saviola (Benfica) vence prémio \"Jogador do Mês/BetClic\"\" [Saviola (Benfica) wins \"Player of the Month / BetClic\" award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6403&inter=0","url_text":"\"Saviola (Benfica) vence prémio \"Jogador do Mês/BetClic\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mossoró vence Prémio \"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\"\" [Mossoró wins \"Player of the Month / BetClic\" award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6441&inter=0","url_text":"\"Mossoró vence Prémio \"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coelho vence Prémio \"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\"\" [Coelho wins \"Player of the Month / BetClic\" award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6478&inter=0","url_text":"\"Coelho vence Prémio \"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liedson ganha prémio \"Melhor Jogador do Mês/Betclic\"\" [Liedson wins \"Player of the Month / BetClic\" award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100602141559/http://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl%3Dnoticiasdetalhe%26id%3D6506%26inter%3D0","url_text":"\"Liedson ganha prémio \"Melhor Jogador do Mês/Betclic\"\""},{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6506&inter=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Di Maria vence Prémio \"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\"\" [Di Maria wins \"Player of the Month / BetClic\" award] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6532&inter=0","url_text":"\"Di Maria vence Prémio \"Jogador do Mês / BetClic\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troféu dos Campeões: Hulk ganha no mês de Setembro e Outubro\" [Hulk wins it in September and October] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjpf.sapo.pt/default.aspx?ctrl=noticiasdetalhe&id=6863&inter=0","url_text":"\"Troféu dos Campeões: Hulk ganha no mês de Setembro e Outubro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hulk eleito Melhor Jogador de Dezembro / Janeiro\" [Hulk wins Best Player of December / January] (in Portuguese). LPFP. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lpfp.pt/noticias/Pages/HulkeleitoMelhorJogadordeDezembroJaneiro.aspx","url_text":"\"Hulk eleito Melhor Jogador de Dezembro / Janeiro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPFP","url_text":"LPFP"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardozo eleito o jogador do mês de janeiro\" [Cardozo elected best player of January] (in Portuguese). Record. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Benfica/interior.aspx?content_id=739372","url_text":"\"Cardozo eleito o jogador do mês de janeiro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Lima eleito melhor jogador de fevereiro pelo Sindicato\" [Lima elected best player of February by the union] (in Portuguese). A Bola. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229221912/http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=318393","url_text":"\"Lima eleito melhor jogador de fevereiro pelo Sindicato\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bola","url_text":"A Bola"},{"url":"http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=318393","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James eleito melhor jogador das primeiras cinco jornadas\" [James elected best player of the first five games]. Record (in Portuguese). 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121123/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga//interior.aspx?content_id=781356","url_text":"\"James eleito melhor jogador das primeiras cinco jornadas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"},{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga//interior.aspx?content_id=781356","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas eleito melhor jogador de fevereiro da Liga NOS\" [Jonas elected best player of February in Liga NOS] (in Portuguese). LPFP. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ligaportugal.pt/noticias/jonas-eleito-melhor-jogador-de-fevereiro-da-liga-nos/","url_text":"\"Jonas eleito melhor jogador de fevereiro da Liga NOS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPFP","url_text":"LPFP"}]},{"reference":"\"I Liga: Cristian Tello (FC Porto) eleito o melhor jogador do mês de março\" (in Portuguese). 15 April 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=768762","url_text":"\"I Liga: Cristian Tello (FC Porto) eleito o melhor jogador do mês de março\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas é o Melhor Jogador da Liga NOS em Abril\" [Jonas is April's Best Player of Liga NOS] (in Portuguese). SJPF. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 15 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806111116/http://sjpf.pt/index.php?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=6805","url_text":"\"Jonas é o Melhor Jogador da Liga NOS em Abril\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SJPF&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"SJPF"},{"url":"http://sjpf.pt/index.php?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=6805","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"André André eleito o melhor jogador da Liga\" [André André elected Liga's best player] (in Portuguese). Sapo. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2015/10/15/andre-andre-eleito-o-melhor-jogador-da-liga","url_text":"\"André André eleito o melhor jogador da Liga\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Porto: André André eleito melhor jogador do mês\" [FC Porto: André André elected best player of the month] (in Portuguese). maisfutebol. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/brahimi/fc-porto-andre-andre-eleito-melhor-jogador-do-mes-outubro-novembro","url_text":"\"FC Porto: André André eleito melhor jogador do mês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slimani eleito melhor jogador de dezembro\" [Slimani elected best player of December] (in Portuguese). maisfutebol. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2016/01/19/slimani-eleito-melhor-jogador-de-dezembro","url_text":"\"Slimani eleito melhor jogador de dezembro\""}]},{"reference":"\"JONAS FOI O MELHOR DE JANEIRO À FRENTE DE RENATO SANCHES E SLIMANI\" [Jonas was the best of January ahead of Renato Sanches and Slimani] (in Portuguese). Record. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/detalhe/jonas-foi-o-melhor-de-janeiro-a-frente-de-renato-sanches-e-slimani.html","url_text":"\"JONAS FOI O MELHOR DE JANEIRO À FRENTE DE RENATO SANCHES E SLIMANI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas eleito o melhor jogador de fevereiro\" [Jonas voted the best player of February] (in Portuguese). A Bola. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160320075400/http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=602705","url_text":"\"Jonas eleito o melhor jogador de fevereiro\""},{"url":"http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=602705","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas, Pedrinho e Herrera vencedores de março\" [Jonas, Pedrinho and Herrera winners of March]. Liga Portugal (in Portuguese). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ligaportugal.pt/noticias/jonas,-pedrinho-e-herrera-vencedores-de-marco/","url_text":"\"Jonas, Pedrinho e Herrera vencedores de março\""}]},{"reference":"\"João Mário e Carraça distinguidos\" [João Mário and Carraça distinguished]. sjpf (in Portuguese). 13 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806041427/http://sjpf.pt/index.php?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=7801","url_text":"\"João Mário e Carraça distinguidos\""},{"url":"http://sjpf.pt/index.php?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=7801","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jogadores, Sindicato dos. \"SJPF revela os melhores 11 de 2016\". SJPF - Sindicato dos Jogadores Profissionais de Futebol. Retrieved 2018-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://sjogadores.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=8450","url_text":"\"SJPF revela os melhores 11 de 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronaldo eleito o melhor jogador português de 2016; Renato Sanches bateu Gelson e André Silva; Ricardo Soares venceu o prémio de Treinador revelação - Visão de Mercado\". Visão de Mercado (in European Portuguese). 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2018-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogvisaodemercado.pt/2017/03/ronaldo-eleito-melhor-jogador-portugues-2016/","url_text":"\"Ronaldo eleito o melhor jogador português de 2016; Renato Sanches bateu Gelson e André Silva; Ricardo Soares venceu o prémio de Treinador revelação - Visão de Mercado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Três águias no Melhor Onze do Ano\". www.slbenfica.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slbenfica.pt/agora/noticias/2017_2018/03/19/benfica-futebol-nelson-semedo-pizzi-jonas-no-melhor-onze-de-2017","url_text":"\"Três águias no Melhor Onze do Ano\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Henry_Sanborn
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Walter Henry Sanborn
|
["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","2.1 Notable cases","3 References","4 Sources"]
|
American judge (1845-1928)
Walter Henry SanbornJudge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth CircuitIn officeMarch 17, 1892 – May 10, 1928Appointed byBenjamin HarrisonPreceded bySeat established by 26 Stat. 826Succeeded byJohn Hazelton CotteralJudge of the United States Circuit Courts for the Eighth CircuitIn officeMarch 17, 1892 – December 31, 1911Appointed byBenjamin HarrisonPreceded bySeat established by 26 Stat. 826Succeeded bySeat abolished
Personal detailsBornWalter Henry Sanborn(1845-10-19)October 19, 1845Epsom, New HampshireDiedMay 10, 1928(1928-05-10) (aged 82)Saint Paul, MinnesotaEducationDartmouth College (AB, AM)read law
Walter Henry Sanborn (October 19, 1845 – May 10, 1928) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Eighth Circuit.
Education and career
Born in Epsom, New Hampshire, Sanborn received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Dartmouth College in 1867 and an Artium Magister degree from the same institution in 1870. He was a high school teacher and principal in Milford, New Hampshire from 1867 to 1870. He read law to enter the bar in 1871. He was in private practice in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1871 to 1892. He was an alderman for Saint Paul from 1878 to 1880, and from 1885 to 1892.
Federal judicial service
Sanborn was nominated by President Benjamin Harrison on February 10, 1892, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Eighth Circuit, to a new joint seat authorized by 26 Stat. 826. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 17, 1892, and received his commission the same day. On December 31, 1911, the Circuit Courts were abolished and he thereafter served only on the Court of Appeals. He was a member of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1922 to 1926. His service terminated on May 10, 1928, due to his death in Saint Paul.
Notable cases
Sanborn conducted the receiverships of the Union Pacific Railroad (1893–98), the Chicago Great Western Railroad (1908-09), and the Frisco Railroad (1913–14). He also handed down important decisions in the Trans-Missouri Freight Association Case (1893), the Standard Oil Case (1909), and the Oklahoma Gas Case (1911).
References
^ a b Walter Henry Sanborn at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Sanborn, Walter Henry" . Encyclopedia Americana.
Sources
Walter Henry Sanborn at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Sanborn, Walter Henry" . Encyclopedia Americana.
Legal offices
Preceded bySeat established by 26 Stat. 826
Judge of the United States Circuit Courts for the Eighth Circuit 1892–1911
Succeeded bySeat abolished
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit 1892–1928
Succeeded byJohn Hazelton Cotteral
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_with_Derek
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Life with Derek
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["1 Plot","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","2.3 Guest","3 Episodes","4 Production","5 Broadcast","5.1 Original broadcast","5.2 Home media","6 Awards and nominations","7 Spinoff film","8 References","9 External links"]
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Canadian sitcom
Life with DerekCreated byDaphne BallonDeveloped byDaphne BallonBernice VanderlaanStarringMichael SeaterAshley LeggatJordan TodoseyDaniel MagderAriel WallerJoy TannerJohn RalstonTheme music composerGary Koftinoff andRon ProulxOpening theme"Livin' Life with Derek", sung by Cheyenne Twiner of Uncensored, performed by Gary KoftinoffComposerGary KoftinoffCountry of originCanadaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes70 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersDaphne BallonChristina JenningsScott GarvieProducers
Paul Pope (S1-2)
Suzanne French
Laura Harbin (S1)
Laurie Mclarty
Jeff Biederman
Production locationsCorner Brook, Canada (Season 1)Toronto, Canada (Seasons 2-4)Camera setupFilm; Single-cameraRunning time24 minutesProduction companiesShaftesbury FilmsPope Productions (season 1)Original releaseNetwork
Disney Channel (United States)
Family Channel (Canada)
ReleaseSeptember 18, 2005 (2005-09-18) –March 25, 2009 (2009-03-25)RelatedVacation with Derek (2010 TV movie)
Life with Derek is a Canadian television teen sitcom that aired on Family Channel (English) and VRAK.TV (French) in Canada and on Disney Channel in the United States. The series premiered on Family on September 18, 2005, and ran for four seasons, ending its run on March 25, 2009. Reruns currently air on Family Channel and previously on multiplex sister channel Family Chrgd. The series stars Michael Seater as the titular character and Ashley Leggat as his step-sister Casey. These are the two oldest children in a stepfamily.
It ended having aired 70 episodes, and was followed by one spin-off television film, entitled Vacation with Derek, which was filmed in northern Ontario in fall 2009, and it aired on Family Channel on June 25, 2010.
On May 12, 2020, Shaftesbury Films announced that a spinoff television film, titled Life with Luca and set 15 years after the original series, was in development. The spin-off feature film premiered in February 2023.
Plot
George Venturi (John Ralston), a divorced man from London, Ontario who had custody of his three children from a previous marriage: sons Derek (Michael Seater) and Edwin (Daniel Magder), and daughter Marti (Ariel Waller), marries a divorced woman named Nora McDonald (Joy Tanner), who has two daughters of her own from a previous marriage: Casey (Ashley Leggat) and Lizzie (Jordan Todosey). Up until that point, Casey was perfectly content with her life. Growing up as the oldest child in a household in Toronto with only her mother and sister had suited her well and brought her up as a self-sufficient and independent young woman.
After George and Nora's marriage, the McDonalds moved in with the Venturis in London, Ontario. Casey was originally upset about having to move to London, Ontario from Toronto, a much bigger city (as shown in the episode "How I Met Your Stepbrother"), for many reasons including Derek, but she eventually got over her own problems and agreed to move there for Nora and George's sake once she saw how much they cared for each other.
Cast and characters
Main
The McDonald-Venturi family (left-to-right), Derek, Marti, George, Edwin, Lizzie, Nora, and Casey.
Ashley Leggat as Casey McDonald, the oldest daughter, who also serves as the narrator. She is idealistic and independent, as well as academically ambitious. She has a Type A personality, being very particular about her academics and frequently studies in advance and never accepted poor grades. Casey is a Straight A student. She frequently clashes with Derek because of their conflicting personalities, as well as their roles as the oldest children in the household. She loves to dance and compete in jazz dance competitions. She is also a cheerleader briefly in the third season of the show. She is also a very talented singer and participates in school musicals. She eventually got into Queen's University along with Derek. In the film Vacation with Derek, it is revealed that Casey will double major in English and Economics. In the film Life with Luca, the adult Casey has become a lawyer, and is married with three children, including the teenage Luca, who is in many ways like Derek.
Michael Seater as Derek Venturi, the oldest son and the titular "Derek" of the series. Unlike Casey, he is lax-mannered and somewhat underhanded about achieving his goals and excelling in his academics, though is not entirely unkind. Derek is a Straight D student. It is shown that he has a bond with Marti because he calls her "Smarti" and she calls him "Smerek". However, he enjoys annoying and pulling pranks on Casey. Derek is also a huge sports fan and plays on a ice hockey team. Derek has his own band called D-Rock in which he plays guitar. In the final season, he receives admission to Queen's University along with Casey. In the film Life with Luca, the adult Derek has become a rock star, and a single father to a teenage girl, Skyler, who is in many ways like Casey.
Jordan Todosey as Elizabeth "Lizzie" McDonald, Casey's tomboyish younger sister and her "sidekick". She usually sides with Casey, though as a middle child, finds common ground with Edwin. She is very patient and gives in to things her sister says very easily. She also likes to do sports such as soccer, gymnastics and Taekwondo.
Daniel Magder as Edwin Venturi, Derek's younger brother. He looks up to Derek and is Derek's frequent accomplice in various schemes. He sometimes stands up to Derek but then eventually backs down feeling weak.
Ariel Waller as Martina "Marti" Venturi, the youngest of the Venturi children. As the youngest child, she enjoys attention from everyone in the family and can be swayed both ways in McDonald-Venturi conflicts, but can easily and rebelliously not to agree with anyone as well.
Simon McDonald-Venturi - Derek, Casey, Lizzie, Edwin and Marti's half-brother and the newest addition to the family. Nora is surprised to discover that she's pregnant with Simon at the end of the series. He had his debut in the film Vacation with Derek. He is only shown in the film, so he did not have a role in the TV series. Simon is the only biological child of Nora and George. In the film Life with Luca, the college-aged Simon is portrayed by John Daniel, and is shown to dislike being called "uncle" by Derek's teenage daughter and Casey's teenage son, due to not being that much older than them.
Joy Tanner as Nora McDonald-Venturi, the mother of Casey, Lizzie and Simon and the stepmother of Derek, Edwin and Marti. She works as a window treatment specialist and was recently married to a lawyer named Dennis (whom she divorces before the start of the series.)
John Ralston as George Venturi, the father of Derek, Edwin, Marti and Simon and the stepfather of Casey and Lizzie. He works as a lawyer and was recently married to a marine biologist named Abby (whom he divorces before the start of the series.) Other than Simon, he is the only member of the family not to appear in every episode, he does not appear in two episodes of Season 4, though his absence is explained as him being on a business trip.
Recurring
Shadia Simmons as Emily Davis, Casey's best friend and next door neighbor who had a crush on Derek. She dated Sheldon Shlepper who moved to Newfoundland. She and Derek went on a date once, but decided it wouldn't work out when Derek admits he only asked her out to bother Casey. However, they began to date again after Derek realized he did like her and asks her to the prom. She often tries to help Casey become more popular at school, helps her fit in and helps her figure out boys along the way. According to Casey, she has a "lighthearted way of dealing with Casey's many problems". She started dating Derek in the episode "Surprise", but they broke up, since Derek took interest in Roxy.
Arnold Pinnock as Paul Greebie, Casey's guidance counselor. She constantly goes to him for advice when she gets stressed; however he usually asks questions so that Casey can figure out her problem on her own. She will ask him questions and then immediately answer them herself. His last appearance is in the episode "Futuritis".
Kit Weyman as Samuel "Sam" Richards, Derek's best friend and Casey's first crush since she moved in with the Venturis. After receiving Derek's permission, they begin dating in the episode "Male Code Blue". After breaking up numerous times, they call it quits in the episode "Middle Manic", but decide to stay friends in the episode "Battle of the Bands" when Casey becomes the lead singer of Derek's band. In "Surprise" he attends the prom with Kendra after she asks him. In the film Life with Luca, he reunites with Derek and Casey when they briefly reform D-Rock.
Lauren Collins as Kendra Mason, popular girl, friend of Casey's and Derek's ex-girlfriend after the episode "Misadventures in Babysitting". She still has a major crush on Derek, and she attempts reuniting with him in "Just Friends". In "Surprise" she attends the prom with Sam.
Robbie Amell as Max Miller, the school's quarterback and Casey's boyfriend beginning in "Misadventures in Babysitting". He dated the head cheerleader Amy before asking Casey out. They broke up in the episode "Allergy Season". Casey wanted to get back together with him in the episode "Two Kisses, One Party", but he had already moved on.
Shane Kippel as Ralph Papadapolis, one of Derek's friends and fellow band member. It is often shown that he is not very intelligent. In season 4, Ralph briefly develops a crush on Casey. In the film Life with Luca, he is stated to have become a brain surgeon as an adult.
William Greenblatt as Sheldon Schlepper. He dated Emily. He is currently living in Newfoundland. All of his siblings have been class president except him.
Kate Todd as Sally, Derek's co-worker who starts to like him after breaking up with ex-boyfriend, Patrick. With some interference and planning from Casey and Nora, they finally begin to date. Sally and Derek break up after Sally decides to go to UBC, get back together soon afterward, and then break up for good when Sally actually goes to Vancouver.
Joe Dinicol as Truman French, a new boy in school that Casey has recurring dreams about. Casey denies her feelings for him, but in the end, finally agrees to date him. Truman first appeared in "6½". They agree to go with each other in "No More Games" and they start going out in the episode "Teddy's Back". They break up in the episode "Truman's Last Chance" because Casey sees Truman being kissed by Vicki and think it's vice versa. Casey was upset, but she reunites with Truman at the prom, and they reconciled in "Surprise;" however, they broke up.
Guest
Sarah Gadon (season 1 episode: "The Wedding"), and later Paula Brancati (season 4 episode: "Truman's Last Chance "), as Victoria, aka. Vicki, Casey and Lizzie's cousin from Toronto. She and Casey appear to dislike each other, and things turn tense when Casey and Derek volunteer to organize the wedding reception of Vicki's mother, and Casey later finds out that Derek and Vicki made out when nobody else was aware. In Season 4 she and Casey appear to be on better terms, but she is revealed to be Truman's ex-girlfriend, and makes out with him while he is dating Casey.
Alex House as Trevor (season 2 episode: "The Bet"), a "punk" boy who goes to Derek and Casey's school. Derek bets Casey she can't get him to ask her out, and Casey takes the bet, soon developing a crush on him. She loses the bet after telling him about it after Derek interferes and makes her feel guilty for lying to him. She finds out Trevor was only hanging out with her because he had a crush on Emily, but the two stay friends.
Keir Gilchrist as Jamie (season 3 episodes: "It's Our Party" and "When Derek Met Sally"), Lizzie's best friend who harbors a crush on her.
Hannah Lochner as Michelle (season 3 episodes: "It's Our Party" and "Power Failure" and "Derek's School of Dating"), who first appears at Lizzie and Edwin's birthday party and becomes Edwin's girlfriend after kissing him there. Although she appears infrequently, she is often referenced.
Adam Butcher as Noel Covington (season 3 episodes: "Show-Off-Tune" and "Allergy Season"; and season 4 episode: "Just Friends"), an "artistic" boy who Casey befriends when he auditions for the lead role in a play on a dare, and, surprisingly, gets it, which leads him to co-star with Casey. He develops a crush on her. In the episode "Just Friends", Casey begins hanging out with him to prove to Derek that a guy and a girl can be friends, but it backfires when Noel thinks Casey asked him out on a date. In "Surprise" he does not appear, but is mentioned as a possible date to prom for Casey, but turns out to be going with one of Derek's backup choices.
John Nelles as Principal Frank Lassiter (season 2 episode: "Prank Wars"; season 3 episode: "Power Failure"; and season 4 episode: "Futuritis"), the new principal starting in season 2, who frequently ends up irritated by Derek, at one point nearly expelling him. In the film Life with Luca he has become a Customs and Border Protection officer, stating that he couldn't handle being a principal anymore after dealing with Derek.
Michael Kanevsky as Tinker Tomlin (season 2 episodes: "The Venturian Candidate" and "Prank Wars"; and season 3 episode: "Power Failure"), a timid boy at the school who follows authority and seems to have a crush on Casey.
Cameron Ansell as Teddy (season 3 episode: "Misadventures in Babysitting"; and season 4 episode: "Teddy's Back"), one of Edwin's friends, who is a prankster, but not as good as Derek.
Rick Roberts as Dennis McDonald (season 2 episode: "Dinner Guest"), Casey and Lizzie's biological father, Nora's ex-husband, who works as a corporate lawyer in New York.
Jennifer Wigmore as Abby (season 3 episode: "Adios, Derek"), Derek, Edwin and Marti's biological mother, George's ex-wife, who works as a marine biologist in Spain.
Barbara Gordon as Aunt Madge (season 3 episode: "A Very Derekus Christmas"), George's aunt.
Tara Manuel as Aunt Fiona (season 1 episode: "The Wedding"), Nora's sister, Casey and Lizzie's aunt, Victoria's mother, who marries another man to her daughter's disapproval.
Episodes
Main article: List of Life with Derek episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113September 18, 2005 (2005-09-18)January 22, 2006 (2006-01-22)213July 1, 2006 (2006-07-01)December 15, 2006 (2006-12-15)326May 11, 2007 (2007-05-11)July 5, 2008 (2008-07-05)418July 19, 2008 (2008-07-19)March 25, 2009 (2009-03-25)Series finaleJune 25, 2010 (2010-06-25)Spin-off filmFebruary 20, 2023 (2023-02-20)
Production
The first season was filmed on Sound Stages at Atlantic Studios Cooperative Sound Stage in Corner Brook. Seasons two through four were filmed in Toronto.
Broadcast
Original broadcast
Life with Derek and another Canadian sitcom, Naturally, Sadie, were both added to Disney Channel in the United States in 2005. In June 2007, Naturally, Sadie was pulled from the channel, but Life with Derek was left on. Though many episodes were originally broadcast on Family in Canada, Disney often advertised the episodes as being new episodes. Life with Derek has not aired on the Disney Channel since January 2, 2010, but reruns continued to air on Family, Family CHRGD until September 2016, and VRAK.TV in Canada.
The first two seasons were added to CBC Gem on December 26, 2019. The remaining episodes were later added on February 14, 2020. In 2023, all four seasons were added to Roku TV.
Home media
Season
Release date
Ep #
Additional information
Bonus Features
Season 1
United States/Canada: October 1, 2008
13
This two disc box set includes all 13 episodes from Season 1.
Interviews with cast and crew
Behind-the-scenes photo shoot
Studio tours with Derek and Casey
8×20 inch full-color locker poster
Season 2
United States/Canada: August 11, 2009
13
This two disc box set includes all 13 episodes from Season 2.
Interviews with Ashley Leggat, Michael Seater, Jordan Todosey, Daniel Magder, Ariel Waller, John Ralston, and Joy Tanner
Interview with creator/writer Daphne Ballon and producer/writer Jeff Biederman
On-set tour with Michael Seater, behind-the-scenes footage
Season 3
United States/Canada: March 23, 2010
26
This three disc box set includes all 26 episodes from Season 3.
Interview with Ashley Leggat and Michael Seater
DVD Title
Release date
Episodes featured
Bonus features
Life with Derek: Let the Games Begin!
United States\Canada: February 17, 2009
"The Room"
"House of Games"
"Babe Raider"
"Prank Wars"
"House of Games" interactive challenge
Play as either Casey or Derek
8×20 inch full-color locker poster
Awards and nominations
Directors Guild of Canada
2009 - Television Series - Family (Nominated)
2007 - Television Series - Family (Nominated)
2006 - Outstanding Television Series - Family (Nominated)
Gemini Awards
2009 - Best Children's or Youth Fiction Program or Series (Won)
2009 - Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series - Michael Seater (Won)
2009 - Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program or Series - Jeff Biederman for episode "Just Friends" (Nominated)
2008 - Best Original Music Score for a Program or Series - Gary Koftinoff for episode "Fright Night" (Nominated)
2008 - Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series - Ashley Leggat (Nominated)
2007 - Most Popular Website (Nominated)
2007 - Best Cross-Platform Project (Nominated)
2006 - Best Original Music Score for a Dramatic Series (Nominated)
2006 - Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (Nominated)
Writers Guild of Canada
2006 - Youth (Won)
Young Artist Awards
2008 - Best Performance in a TV Series: Supporting Young Actor - Daniel Magder (Nominated)
2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor - Michael Seater (Nominated)
2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actress - Ashley Leggat (Nominated)
2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Supporting Young Actor - Daniel Magder (Nominated)
2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Young Actress Age Ten or Younger - Ariel Waller (Nominated)
2006 - Best Young Ensemble Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Ashley Leggat, Daniel Magder, Michael Seater, Jordan Todosey, Ariel Waller (Nominated)
Spinoff film
"Life with Luca" is a spinoff movie announced by Canadian media company WildBrain in August 2022. The film is set to follow the return of Casey and Derek, who are all grown up and have teenagers of their own. The movie picks up fifteen years later and follows Derek and Casey as they each navigate parenthood and raise distinctly different teenagers,” the movie’s official logline reads, per The Sun. The synopsis teased that Casey is now a married lawyer with three kids, while Derek is a successful musician who is also a single dad of one daughter. Actors Jordan Todosey and Danny Magder, who played Casey's sister Lizzie and Derek's brother Edwin, won't be rejoining the cast. According to WildBrain Television, the actors are not reprising their younger sibling roles due to "scheduling challenges, however Todosey claims she wasn't contacted."
References
^ "Pack your bags! 'Vacation with Derek' is now in production" (Press release). Family Channel and Shaftesbury Films. September 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via CNW A PR Newswire Company.
^ "Shaftesbury Kids Expands Development and Production Slate and Commences Virtual Writing Rooms for Four New Series" (Press release). Shaftesbury Kids. May 12, 2020. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020 – via TV, Eh?.
^ "Wildbrain Television Announces Three More Original Greenlights From Canadian Producers Exclusive to Family Channel" (Press release). Wildbrain Television. August 31, 2022. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022 – via TV, Eh?.
^ "'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites on Set of Spinoff Movie". TV Insider. August 31, 2022. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
^ "Wildbrain Television Announces Three More Original Greenlights From Canadian Producers Exclusive to Family Channel" (Press release). Wildbrain Television. August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022 – via TV, Eh?.
^ "'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites on Set of Spinoff Movie". TV Insider. August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
^ "New television series to be filmed in province". Executive Council, Tourism, Culture and Recreation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. July 16, 2004. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
^ "What's coming to CBC Gem in December 2019". CBC.ca. December 2, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ "What's coming to CBC Gem in February 2020". CBC.ca. January 31, 2020. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ Casey, Henry (22 February 2023). "Roku just got 11 free TV channels: what you need to know". Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
^ "Life with Derek - The Complete 1st Season". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01.
^ "Life with Derek - The Complete 2nd Season". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05.
^ "Life with Derek - The Complete 3rd Season". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-04.
^ "Life with Derek - Let the Games Begin!". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01.
^ "2007 Directors Guild of Canada Awards Nominations" (Press release). The Directors Guild of Canada (DGC). August 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013 – via CNW A PR Newswire Company.
^ Stivale, Shelby (September 1, 2022). "Disney's 'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites for 'Life With Luca': Details". Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ Johnson, Megan (September 26, 2022). "A 'Life With Derek' Spinoff Is Coming & 2 Former Stars Say They Weren't Invited (VIDEO)". Narcity. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
External links
Television portalCanada portal
Life with Derek at IMDb
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Life with Derek (2005–2009)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"teen sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_sitcom"},{"link_name":"Family Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Channel_(Canadian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"VRAK.TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRAK.TV"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Channel_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Family Chrgd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Chrgd"},{"link_name":"Michael Seater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Seater"},{"link_name":"Ashley Leggat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Leggat"},{"link_name":"stepfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepfamily"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Vacation with Derek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation_with_Derek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_Films"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Life with Derek is a Canadian television teen sitcom that aired on Family Channel (English) and VRAK.TV (French) in Canada and on Disney Channel in the United States. The series premiered on Family on September 18, 2005, and ran for four seasons, ending its run on March 25, 2009. Reruns currently air on Family Channel and previously on multiplex sister channel Family Chrgd. The series stars Michael Seater as the titular character and Ashley Leggat as his step-sister Casey. These are the two oldest children in a stepfamily.It ended having aired 70 episodes, and was followed by one spin-off television film, entitled Vacation with Derek, which was filmed in northern Ontario in fall 2009,[1] and it aired on Family Channel on June 25, 2010.On May 12, 2020, Shaftesbury Films announced that a spinoff television film, titled Life with Luca and set 15 years after the original series, was in development.[2] The spin-off feature film premiered in February 2023.[3][4]","title":"Life with Derek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ralston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custody"},{"link_name":"Michael Seater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Seater"},{"link_name":"Daniel Magder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Magder"},{"link_name":"Joy Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Ashley Leggat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Leggat"},{"link_name":"Jordan Todosey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Todosey"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"}],"text":"George Venturi (John Ralston), a divorced man from London, Ontario who had custody of his three children from a previous marriage: sons Derek (Michael Seater) and Edwin (Daniel Magder), and daughter Marti (Ariel Waller), marries a divorced woman named Nora McDonald (Joy Tanner), who has two daughters of her own from a previous marriage: Casey (Ashley Leggat) and Lizzie (Jordan Todosey). Up until that point, Casey was perfectly content with her life. Growing up as the oldest child in a household in Toronto with only her mother and sister had suited her well and brought her up as a self-sufficient and independent young woman.After George and Nora's marriage, the McDonalds moved in with the Venturis in London, Ontario. Casey was originally upset about having to move to London, Ontario from Toronto, a much bigger city (as shown in the episode \"How I Met Your Stepbrother\"), for many reasons including Derek, but she eventually got over her own problems and agreed to move there for Nora and George's sake once she saw how much they cared for each other.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters "},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LifeWithDerekCast.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ashley Leggat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Leggat"},{"link_name":"Type A personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_personality"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Vacation with Derek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation_with_Derek"},{"link_name":"Life with Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_with_Luca"},{"link_name":"Michael Seater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Seater"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Jordan Todosey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Todosey"},{"link_name":"sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidekick"},{"link_name":"Taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo"},{"link_name":"Daniel Magder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Magder"},{"link_name":"Joy Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Tanner"},{"link_name":"John Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ralston_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"The McDonald-Venturi family (left-to-right), Derek, Marti, George, Edwin, Lizzie, Nora, and Casey.Ashley Leggat as Casey McDonald, the oldest daughter, who also serves as the narrator. She is idealistic and independent, as well as academically ambitious. She has a Type A personality, being very particular about her academics and frequently studies in advance and never accepted poor grades. Casey is a Straight A student. She frequently clashes with Derek because of their conflicting personalities, as well as their roles as the oldest children in the household. She loves to dance and compete in jazz dance competitions. She is also a cheerleader briefly in the third season of the show. She is also a very talented singer and participates in school musicals. She eventually got into Queen's University along with Derek. In the film Vacation with Derek, it is revealed that Casey will double major in English and Economics. In the film Life with Luca, the adult Casey has become a lawyer, and is married with three children, including the teenage Luca, who is in many ways like Derek.\nMichael Seater as Derek Venturi, the oldest son and the titular \"Derek\" of the series. Unlike Casey, he is lax-mannered and somewhat underhanded about achieving his goals and excelling in his academics, though is not entirely unkind. Derek is a Straight D student. It is shown that he has a bond with Marti because he calls her \"Smarti\" and she calls him \"Smerek\". However, he enjoys annoying and pulling pranks on Casey. Derek is also a huge sports fan and plays on a ice hockey team. Derek has his own band called D-Rock in which he plays guitar. In the final season, he receives admission to Queen's University along with Casey. In the film Life with Luca, the adult Derek has become a rock star, and a single father to a teenage girl, Skyler, who is in many ways like Casey.\nJordan Todosey as Elizabeth \"Lizzie\" McDonald, Casey's tomboyish younger sister and her \"sidekick\". She usually sides with Casey, though as a middle child, finds common ground with Edwin. She is very patient and gives in to things her sister says very easily. She also likes to do sports such as soccer, gymnastics and Taekwondo.\nDaniel Magder as Edwin Venturi, Derek's younger brother. He looks up to Derek and is Derek's frequent accomplice in various schemes. He sometimes stands up to Derek but then eventually backs down feeling weak.\nAriel Waller as Martina \"Marti\" Venturi, the youngest of the Venturi children. As the youngest child, she enjoys attention from everyone in the family and can be swayed both ways in McDonald-Venturi conflicts, but can easily and rebelliously not to agree with anyone as well.\nSimon McDonald-Venturi - Derek, Casey, Lizzie, Edwin and Marti's half-brother and the newest addition to the family. Nora is surprised to discover that she's pregnant with Simon at the end of the series. He had his debut in the film Vacation with Derek. He is only shown in the film, so he did not have a role in the TV series. Simon is the only biological child of Nora and George. In the film Life with Luca, the college-aged Simon is portrayed by John Daniel, and is shown to dislike being called \"uncle\" by Derek's teenage daughter and Casey's teenage son, due to not being that much older than them.\nJoy Tanner as Nora McDonald-Venturi, the mother of Casey, Lizzie and Simon and the stepmother of Derek, Edwin and Marti. She works as a window treatment specialist and was recently married to a lawyer named Dennis (whom she divorces before the start of the series.)\nJohn Ralston as George Venturi, the father of Derek, Edwin, Marti and Simon and the stepfather of Casey and Lizzie. He works as a lawyer and was recently married to a marine biologist named Abby (whom he divorces before the start of the series.) Other than Simon, he is the only member of the family not to appear in every episode, he does not appear in two episodes of Season 4, though his absence is explained as him being on a business trip.","title":"Cast and characters "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shadia Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadia_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Arnold Pinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Pinnock"},{"link_name":"Lauren Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Collins"},{"link_name":"Robbie Amell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Amell"},{"link_name":"Shane Kippel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Kippel"},{"link_name":"Kate Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Todd"},{"link_name":"UBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Joe Dinicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dinicol"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Shadia Simmons as Emily Davis, Casey's best friend and next door neighbor who had a crush on Derek. She dated Sheldon Shlepper who moved to Newfoundland. She and Derek went on a date once, but decided it wouldn't work out when Derek admits he only asked her out to bother Casey. However, they began to date again after Derek realized he did like her and asks her to the prom. She often tries to help Casey become more popular at school, helps her fit in and helps her figure out boys along the way. According to Casey, she has a \"lighthearted way of dealing with Casey's many problems\". She started dating Derek in the episode \"Surprise\", but they broke up, since Derek took interest in Roxy.\nArnold Pinnock as Paul Greebie, Casey's guidance counselor. She constantly goes to him for advice when she gets stressed; however he usually asks questions so that Casey can figure out her problem on her own. She will ask him questions and then immediately answer them herself. His last appearance is in the episode \"Futuritis\".\nKit Weyman as Samuel \"Sam\" Richards, Derek's best friend and Casey's first crush since she moved in with the Venturis. After receiving Derek's permission, they begin dating in the episode \"Male Code Blue\". After breaking up numerous times, they call it quits in the episode \"Middle Manic\", but decide to stay friends in the episode \"Battle of the Bands\" when Casey becomes the lead singer of Derek's band. In \"Surprise\" he attends the prom with Kendra after she asks him. In the film Life with Luca, he reunites with Derek and Casey when they briefly reform D-Rock.\nLauren Collins as Kendra Mason, popular girl, friend of Casey's and Derek's ex-girlfriend after the episode \"Misadventures in Babysitting\". She still has a major crush on Derek, and she attempts reuniting with him in \"Just Friends\". In \"Surprise\" she attends the prom with Sam.\nRobbie Amell as Max Miller, the school's quarterback and Casey's boyfriend beginning in \"Misadventures in Babysitting\". He dated the head cheerleader Amy before asking Casey out. They broke up in the episode \"Allergy Season\". Casey wanted to get back together with him in the episode \"Two Kisses, One Party\", but he had already moved on.\nShane Kippel as Ralph Papadapolis, one of Derek's friends and fellow band member. It is often shown that he is not very intelligent. In season 4, Ralph briefly develops a crush on Casey. In the film Life with Luca, he is stated to have become a brain surgeon as an adult.\nWilliam Greenblatt as Sheldon Schlepper. He dated Emily. He is currently living in Newfoundland. All of his siblings have been class president except him.\nKate Todd as Sally, Derek's co-worker who starts to like him after breaking up with ex-boyfriend, Patrick. With some interference and planning from Casey and Nora, they finally begin to date. Sally and Derek break up after Sally decides to go to UBC, get back together soon afterward, and then break up for good when Sally actually goes to Vancouver.\nJoe Dinicol as Truman French, a new boy in school that Casey has recurring dreams about. Casey denies her feelings for him, but in the end, finally agrees to date him. Truman first appeared in \"6½\". They agree to go with each other in \"No More Games\" and they start going out in the episode \"Teddy's Back\". They break up in the episode \"Truman's Last Chance\" because Casey sees Truman being kissed by Vicki and think it's vice versa. Casey was upset, but she reunites with Truman at the prom, and they reconciled in \"Surprise;\" however, they broke up.","title":"Cast and characters "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Gadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gadon"},{"link_name":"Paula Brancati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Brancati"},{"link_name":"made out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss"},{"link_name":"Alex House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_House"},{"link_name":"Keir Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Hannah Lochner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Lochner"},{"link_name":"Adam Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Butcher"},{"link_name":"Cameron Ansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Ansell"},{"link_name":"Rick Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Roberts_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Guest","text":"Sarah Gadon (season 1 episode: \"The Wedding\"), and later Paula Brancati (season 4 episode: \"Truman's Last Chance \"), as Victoria, aka. Vicki, Casey and Lizzie's cousin from Toronto. She and Casey appear to dislike each other, and things turn tense when Casey and Derek volunteer to organize the wedding reception of Vicki's mother, and Casey later finds out that Derek and Vicki made out when nobody else was aware. In Season 4 she and Casey appear to be on better terms, but she is revealed to be Truman's ex-girlfriend, and makes out with him while he is dating Casey.\nAlex House as Trevor (season 2 episode: \"The Bet\"), a \"punk\" boy who goes to Derek and Casey's school. Derek bets Casey she can't get him to ask her out, and Casey takes the bet, soon developing a crush on him. She loses the bet after telling him about it after Derek interferes and makes her feel guilty for lying to him. She finds out Trevor was only hanging out with her because he had a crush on Emily, but the two stay friends.\nKeir Gilchrist as Jamie (season 3 episodes: \"It's Our Party\" and \"When Derek Met Sally\"), Lizzie's best friend who harbors a crush on her.\nHannah Lochner as Michelle (season 3 episodes: \"It's Our Party\" and \"Power Failure\" and \"Derek's School of Dating\"), who first appears at Lizzie and Edwin's birthday party and becomes Edwin's girlfriend after kissing him there. Although she appears infrequently, she is often referenced.\nAdam Butcher as Noel Covington (season 3 episodes: \"Show-Off-Tune\" and \"Allergy Season\"; and season 4 episode: \"Just Friends\"), an \"artistic\" boy who Casey befriends when he auditions for the lead role in a play on a dare, and, surprisingly, gets it, which leads him to co-star with Casey. He develops a crush on her. In the episode \"Just Friends\", Casey begins hanging out with him to prove to Derek that a guy and a girl can be friends, but it backfires when Noel thinks Casey asked him out on a date. In \"Surprise\" he does not appear, but is mentioned as a possible date to prom for Casey, but turns out to be going with one of Derek's backup choices.\nJohn Nelles as Principal Frank Lassiter (season 2 episode: \"Prank Wars\"; season 3 episode: \"Power Failure\"; and season 4 episode: \"Futuritis\"), the new principal starting in season 2, who frequently ends up irritated by Derek, at one point nearly expelling him. In the film Life with Luca he has become a Customs and Border Protection officer, stating that he couldn't handle being a principal anymore after dealing with Derek.\nMichael Kanevsky as Tinker Tomlin (season 2 episodes: \"The Venturian Candidate\" and \"Prank Wars\"; and season 3 episode: \"Power Failure\"), a timid boy at the school who follows authority and seems to have a crush on Casey.\nCameron Ansell as Teddy (season 3 episode: \"Misadventures in Babysitting\"; and season 4 episode: \"Teddy's Back\"), one of Edwin's friends, who is a prankster, but not as good as Derek.\nRick Roberts as Dennis McDonald (season 2 episode: \"Dinner Guest\"), Casey and Lizzie's biological father, Nora's ex-husband, who works as a corporate lawyer in New York.\nJennifer Wigmore as Abby (season 3 episode: \"Adios, Derek\"), Derek, Edwin and Marti's biological mother, George's ex-wife, who works as a marine biologist in Spain.\nBarbara Gordon as Aunt Madge (season 3 episode: \"A Very Derekus Christmas\"), George's aunt.\nTara Manuel as Aunt Fiona (season 1 episode: \"The Wedding\"), Nora's sister, Casey and Lizzie's aunt, Victoria's mother, who marries another man to her daughter's disapproval.","title":"Cast and characters "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Life_with_Derek_episodes#Season_1_(2005%E2%80%9306)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Life_with_Derek_episodes#Season_2_(2006)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Life_with_Derek_episodes#Season_3_(2007%E2%80%9308)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Life_with_Derek_episodes#Season_4_(2008%E2%80%9309)"},{"link_name":"Series finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Life_with_Derek_episodes#Series_finale_(2010)"},{"link_name":"Spin-off film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Life_with_Derek_episodes#Spin-off_film_(2023)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113September 18, 2005 (2005-09-18)January 22, 2006 (2006-01-22)213July 1, 2006 (2006-07-01)December 15, 2006 (2006-12-15)326May 11, 2007 (2007-05-11)July 5, 2008 (2008-07-05)418July 19, 2008 (2008-07-19)March 25, 2009 (2009-03-25)Series finaleJune 25, 2010 (2010-06-25)Spin-off filmFebruary 20, 2023 (2023-02-20)[5][6]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corner Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_Brook"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first season was filmed on Sound Stages at Atlantic Studios Cooperative Sound Stage in Corner Brook.[7] Seasons two through four were filmed in Toronto.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naturally, Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally,_Sadie"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Naturally, Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally,_Sadie"},{"link_name":"VRAK.TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRAK.TV"},{"link_name":"CBC Gem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Gem"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Roku TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Original broadcast","text":"Life with Derek and another Canadian sitcom, Naturally, Sadie, were both added to Disney Channel in the United States in 2005. In June 2007, Naturally, Sadie was pulled from the channel, but Life with Derek was left on. Though many episodes were originally broadcast on Family in Canada, Disney often advertised the episodes as being new episodes. Life with Derek has not aired on the Disney Channel since January 2, 2010, but reruns continued to air on Family, Family CHRGD until September 2016, and VRAK.TV in Canada.The first two seasons were added to CBC Gem on December 26, 2019.[8] The remaining episodes were later added on February 14, 2020.[9] In 2023, all four seasons were added to Roku TV.[10]","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Home media","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Directors Guild of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gemini Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Awards"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Young Artist Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards"}],"text":"Directors Guild of Canada2009 - Television Series - Family (Nominated)\n2007 - Television Series - Family (Nominated)[15]\n2006 - Outstanding Television Series - Family (Nominated)Gemini Awards2009 - Best Children's or Youth Fiction Program or Series (Won)\n2009 - Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series - Michael Seater (Won)\n2009 - Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program or Series - Jeff Biederman for episode \"Just Friends\" (Nominated)\n2008 - Best Original Music Score for a Program or Series - Gary Koftinoff for episode \"Fright Night\" (Nominated)\n2008 - Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series - Ashley Leggat (Nominated)\n2007 - Most Popular Website (Nominated)\n2007 - Best Cross-Platform Project (Nominated)\n2006 - Best Original Music Score for a Dramatic Series (Nominated)\n2006 - Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (Nominated)Writers Guild of Canada2006 - Youth (Won)Young Artist Awards2008 - Best Performance in a TV Series: Supporting Young Actor - Daniel Magder (Nominated)\n2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor - Michael Seater (Nominated)\n2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actress - Ashley Leggat (Nominated)\n2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Supporting Young Actor - Daniel Magder (Nominated)\n2007 - Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Young Actress Age Ten or Younger - Ariel Waller (Nominated)\n2006 - Best Young Ensemble Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Ashley Leggat, Daniel Magder, Michael Seater, Jordan Todosey, Ariel Waller (Nominated)","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"Life with Luca\" is a spinoff movie announced by Canadian media company WildBrain in August 2022. The film is set to follow the return of Casey and Derek, who are all grown up and have teenagers of their own. The movie picks up fifteen years later and follows Derek and Casey as they each navigate parenthood and raise distinctly different teenagers,” the movie’s official logline reads, per The Sun. The synopsis teased that Casey is now a married lawyer with three kids, while Derek is a successful musician who is also a single dad of one daughter.[16] Actors Jordan Todosey and Danny Magder, who played Casey's sister Lizzie and Derek's brother Edwin, won't be rejoining the cast. According to WildBrain Television, the actors are not reprising their younger sibling roles due to \"scheduling challenges, however Todosey claims she wasn't contacted.\"[17]","title":"Spinoff film"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The McDonald-Venturi family (left-to-right), Derek, Marti, George, Edwin, Lizzie, Nora, and Casey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/LifeWithDerekCast.jpg/300px-LifeWithDerekCast.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Pack your bags! 'Vacation with Derek' is now in production\" (Press release). Family Channel and Shaftesbury Films. September 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via CNW A PR Newswire Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/pack-your-bags-vacation-with-derek-is-now-in-production-538567581.html","url_text":"\"Pack your bags! 'Vacation with Derek' is now in production\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160611112833/http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/pack-your-bags-vacation-with-derek-is-now-in-production-538567581.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaftesbury Kids Expands Development and Production Slate and Commences Virtual Writing Rooms for Four New Series\" (Press release). Shaftesbury Kids. May 12, 2020. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020 – via TV, Eh?.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tv-eh.com/2020/05/12/shaftesbury-kids-expands-development-and-production-slate-and-commences-virtual-writing-rooms-for-four-new-series/","url_text":"\"Shaftesbury Kids Expands Development and Production Slate and Commences Virtual Writing Rooms for Four New Series\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200513184957/https://www.tv-eh.com/2020/05/12/shaftesbury-kids-expands-development-and-production-slate-and-commences-virtual-writing-rooms-for-four-new-series/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wildbrain Television Announces Three More Original Greenlights From Canadian Producers Exclusive to Family Channel\" (Press release). Wildbrain Television. August 31, 2022. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022 – via TV, Eh?.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tv-eh.com/2022/08/31/wildbrain-television-announces-three-more-original-greenlights-from-canadian-producers-exclusive-to-family-channel/","url_text":"\"Wildbrain Television Announces Three More Original Greenlights From Canadian Producers Exclusive to Family Channel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220902221356/https://www.tv-eh.com/2022/08/31/wildbrain-television-announces-three-more-original-greenlights-from-canadian-producers-exclusive-to-family-channel/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites on Set of Spinoff Movie\". TV Insider. August 31, 2022. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvinsider.com/1058840/life-with-derek-spinoff-movie-photos/","url_text":"\"'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites on Set of Spinoff Movie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220901235709/https://www.tvinsider.com/1058840/life-with-derek-spinoff-movie-photos/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wildbrain Television Announces Three More Original Greenlights From Canadian Producers Exclusive to Family Channel\" (Press release). Wildbrain Television. August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022 – via TV, Eh?.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tv-eh.com/2022/08/31/wildbrain-television-announces-three-more-original-greenlights-from-canadian-producers-exclusive-to-family-channel/","url_text":"\"Wildbrain Television Announces Three More Original Greenlights From Canadian Producers Exclusive to Family Channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites on Set of Spinoff Movie\". TV Insider. August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvinsider.com/1058840/life-with-derek-spinoff-movie-photos/","url_text":"\"'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites on Set of Spinoff Movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"New television series to be filmed in province\". Executive Council, Tourism, Culture and Recreation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. July 16, 2004. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2004/exec/0716n03.htm","url_text":"\"New television series to be filmed in province\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060025/http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2004/exec/0716n03.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What's coming to CBC Gem in December 2019\". CBC.ca. December 2, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/television/what-s-coming-to-cbc-gem-in-december-2019-1.5378172","url_text":"\"What's coming to CBC Gem in December 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC.ca","url_text":"CBC.ca"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191205113158/https://www.cbc.ca/television/what-s-coming-to-cbc-gem-in-december-2019-1.5378172","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What's coming to CBC Gem in February 2020\". CBC.ca. January 31, 2020. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/television/what-s-new-on-cbc-gem-in-february-2020-1.5446663","url_text":"\"What's coming to CBC Gem in February 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC.ca","url_text":"CBC.ca"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200311065013/https://www.cbc.ca/television/what-s-new-on-cbc-gem-in-february-2020-1.5446663","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Casey, Henry (22 February 2023). \"Roku just got 11 free TV channels: what you need to know\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tomsguide.com/news/roku-11-new-free-tv-channels-feb-2023","url_text":"\"Roku just got 11 free TV channels: what you need to know\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230716224722/https://www.tomsguide.com/news/roku-11-new-free-tv-channels-feb-2023","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 1st Season\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801020935/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-1st-Season/8061","url_text":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 1st Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVShowsOnDVD.com","url_text":"TVShowsOnDVD.com"},{"url":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-1st-Season/8061","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 2nd Season\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805185901/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-2nd-Season/8932","url_text":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 2nd Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVShowsOnDVD.com","url_text":"TVShowsOnDVD.com"},{"url":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-2nd-Season/8932","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 3rd Season\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100504114421/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-3rd-Season/9609","url_text":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 3rd Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVShowsOnDVD.com","url_text":"TVShowsOnDVD.com"},{"url":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-3rd-Season/9609","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Life with Derek - Let the Games Begin!\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801020942/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Volume-Release/8392","url_text":"\"Life with Derek - Let the Games Begin!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVShowsOnDVD.com","url_text":"TVShowsOnDVD.com"},{"url":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Volume-Release/8392","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Directors Guild of Canada Awards Nominations\" (Press release). The Directors Guild of Canada (DGC). August 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013 – via CNW A PR Newswire Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/50385/2007-directors-guild-of-canada-awards-nominations","url_text":"\"2007 Directors Guild of Canada Awards Nominations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055031/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/50385/2007-directors-guild-of-canada-awards-nominations","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stivale, Shelby (September 1, 2022). \"Disney's 'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites for 'Life With Luca': Details\". Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.j-14.com/posts/life-with-derek-cast-reunion-life-with-luca-movie-details/","url_text":"\"Disney's 'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites for 'Life With Luca': Details\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022014554/https://www.j-14.com/posts/life-with-derek-cast-reunion-life-with-luca-movie-details/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Megan (September 26, 2022). \"A 'Life With Derek' Spinoff Is Coming & 2 Former Stars Say They Weren't Invited (VIDEO)\". Narcity. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.narcity.com/a-life-with-derek-spinoff-film-is-coming-2-former-stars-say-they-weren-t-invited-video","url_text":"\"A 'Life With Derek' Spinoff Is Coming & 2 Former Stars Say They Weren't Invited (VIDEO)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022014556/https://www.narcity.com/a-life-with-derek-spinoff-film-is-coming-2-former-stars-say-they-weren-t-invited-video","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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The Complete 1st Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-1st-Season/8061","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805185901/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-2nd-Season/8932","external_links_name":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 2nd Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-2nd-Season/8932","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100504114421/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-3rd-Season/9609","external_links_name":"\"Life with Derek - The Complete 3rd Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Complete-3rd-Season/9609","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801020942/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Volume-Release/8392","external_links_name":"\"Life with Derek - Let the Games Begin!\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Life-Derek-Volume-Release/8392","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/50385/2007-directors-guild-of-canada-awards-nominations","external_links_name":"\"2007 Directors Guild of Canada Awards Nominations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055031/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/50385/2007-directors-guild-of-canada-awards-nominations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.j-14.com/posts/life-with-derek-cast-reunion-life-with-luca-movie-details/","external_links_name":"\"Disney's 'Life With Derek' Cast Reunites for 'Life With Luca': Details\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022014554/https://www.j-14.com/posts/life-with-derek-cast-reunion-life-with-luca-movie-details/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.narcity.com/a-life-with-derek-spinoff-film-is-coming-2-former-stars-say-they-weren-t-invited-video","external_links_name":"\"A 'Life With Derek' Spinoff Is Coming & 2 Former Stars Say They Weren't Invited (VIDEO)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022014556/https://www.narcity.com/a-life-with-derek-spinoff-film-is-coming-2-former-stars-say-they-weren-t-invited-video","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0438719/","external_links_name":"Life with Derek"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoglyphidodon_oxyodon
|
Neoglyphidodon oxyodon
|
["1 Distribution and habitat","2 Description","3 Ecology","3.1 Diet","3.2 Behavior","4 In the aquarium","5 Reproduction","6 Etymology","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Species of fish
Neoglyphidodon oxyodon
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Family:
Pomacentridae
Genus:
Neoglyphidodon
Species:
N. oxyodon
Binomial name
Neoglyphidodon oxyodon(Bleeker, 1830)
Synonyms
Glyphisodon oxyodon Bleeker, 1858
Paraglyphidodon oxyodon (Bleeker, 1858)
Neoglyphidodon oxyodon, the neon velvet damselfish is a species of damselfish in the family Pomacentridae. It is found in the Pacific Ocean. They are found in the aquarium hobby.
Distribution and habitat
This species of fish is found in coral reefs in the western Pacific Ocean. It ranges from Indonesia to the Philippines to the Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea. The depth range for this species ranges from 0 to 4 metres (0 to 13 ft). They are normally found around Acropora heads for shelter. Lagoons and reef flats are the parts of the reef that this species of fish is found in.
Description
The adults can grow up to a maximum size of 15 centimetres (5.9 in). Juveniles and adults have different coloration. Adults of this species are grayish black. Juveniles are dark blue with a light yellow stripe or spot and blue streaks that fade with age.
Ecology
Diet
Neoglyphidodon oxyodon is an omnivorous species of damselfish. They feed on zooplankton and filamentous algae.
Behavior
Like most species of damselfish, this species is territorial. At daytime, they are active. When the diurnal hours are over, they take shelter in corals to avoid getting eaten by predators.
In the aquarium
This species of damselfish is rarely seen in the aquarium hobby. It is due to the fact that it has not been yet bred in the aquarium hobby. Most people consider this the "most expensive species of damselfish". People keep them normally in the average conditions that tropical marine fish are kept in. It often chases other peaceful fishes. It loves to cruise by nature therefore need a vast living space and territory.
Reproduction
Males establish a territory on a rock or coral surface and start clean it. Then, the male will court a female to the territory. Females then lay their eggs and the males fertilize them. After that, the male will constantly guard the eggs until they hatch. The eggs also get aerated and tended for by the male. Eggs that failed to hatch are removed out of the spawning site. The reproduction process usually lasts for about 20 minutes. Females can lay up to 20,000 eggs each. On average, eggs take about 3 days to a week to hatch. Males sometimes spawn with more than 1 female.
Etymology
The common names that are mostly used for this species are bluestreak damselfish, blue-streak damselfish, bluevelvet damselfish, Javanese damselfish, Java damselfish, and bluebanded damselfish.
References
^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Neoglyphidodon oxyodon" in FishBase. November 2014 version.
^ a b c d e f "Neoglyphidodon oxyodon" Fish Profiles. Retrieved on November 29, 2014
^ Youtube <<Advance Marine Aquarium>> Creatures section, Damselfish - Author:Sublanding Fish
^ a b c d "Blue Velvet Damsel on Aquatic Community" Aquatic Community Retrieved on January 15, 2015
^ Details for Neoglyphidodon oxyodon Database Museum. Retrieved on November 29, 2014
External links
Bluestreak damselfish Information and taxonomy
Taxon identifiersNeoglyphidodon oxyodon
Wikidata: Q933201
Wikispecies: Neoglyphidodon oxyodon
ADW: Neoglyphidodon_oxyodon
AFD: Neoglyphidodon_oxyodon
BOLD: 47188
CoL: 46HPL
FishBase: 11988
GBIF: 2398611
iNaturalist: 325534
IRMNG: 10156603
ITIS: 615135
IUCN: 188555
NCBI: 229291
OBIS: 278814
Open Tree of Life: 441861
WoRMS: 278814
Glyphisodon oxyodon
Wikidata: Q46798962
CoL: 3GGHH
GBIF: 2398612
IRMNG: 10148455
ITIS: 615136
WoRMS: 312068
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denderbelle
|
Lebbeke
|
["1 Events","2 Current and former inhabitants","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°00′N 04°07′E / 51.000°N 4.117°E / 51.000; 4.117
Municipality in Flemish Community, BelgiumLebbekeMunicipalityLebbeke town hall
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Lebbeke
LebbekeLocation in Belgium
Location of Lebbeke in East Flanders
Coordinates: 51°00′N 04°07′E / 51.000°N 4.117°E / 51.000; 4.117Country BelgiumCommunityFlemish CommunityRegionFlemish RegionProvinceEast FlandersArrondissementDendermondeGovernment • MayorJan Vanderstraeten (CD&V) • Governing party/iesN-VA, CD&V, SP.A-GroenArea • Total27.3 km2 (10.5 sq mi)Population (2018-01-01) • Total19,195 • Density700/km2 (1,800/sq mi)Postal codes9280NIS code42011Area codes052Websitewww.lebbeke.be
Lebbeke (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders in the Denderstreek. The municipality comprises the towns of Denderbelle , Lebbeke proper and Wieze . In 2021, Lebbeke had a total population of 19,560. The total area is 27.31 km².
Lebbeke is home to the chocolate factory Callebaut.
Events
Main article: Metal Female Voices Fest
Metal Female Voices Fest is a heavy metal music festival held annually in Belgium since 2003.
The Clay Cross in Lebbeke is a cyclo-cross race held in East Flanders.
The 2024 PDC Belgian Darts Open was held in Wieze.
Current and former inhabitants
Jean-Marie Pfaff, soccer player, played 64 times for the Belgium national team and was born in Lebbeke. He now lives in Brasschaat.
Frank Vandenbroucke, international cyclist.
References
^ "Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ "Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 42011". Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
External links
Media related to Lebbeke at Wikimedia Commons
Official website - Only available in Dutch
Places adjacent to Lebbeke
Dendermonde
Dendermonde
Lebbeke
Buggenhout
Aalst
Opwijk (VBR)
vteMunicipalities in the Province of East Flanders, Flanders, BelgiumAalst
Aalst
Denderleeuw
Erpe-Mere
Geraardsbergen
Haaltert
Herzele
Lede
Ninove
Sint-Lievens-Houtem
Zottegem
Dendermonde
Berlare
Buggenhout
Dendermonde
Hamme
Laarne
Lebbeke
Waasmunster
Wetteren
Wichelen
Zele
Eeklo
Assenede
Eeklo
Kaprijke
Maldegem
Sint-Laureins
Zelzate
Ghent
Aalter
Deinze
De Pinte
Destelbergen
Evergem
Gavere
Ghent
Lievegem
Lochristi
Melle
Merelbeke
Moerbeke-Waas
Nazareth
Oosterzele
Sint-Martens-Latem
Wachtebeke
Zulte
Oudenaarde
Brakel
Horebeke
Kluisbergen
Kruisem
Lierde
Maarkedal
Oudenaarde
Ronse
Wortegem-Petegem
Zwalm
Sint-Niklaas
Beveren
Kruibeke
Lokeren
Sint-Gillis-Waas
Sint-Niklaas
Stekene
Temse
Bold indicates cities
Italic indicates municipality with language facilities
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This East Flanders location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/sites/default/files/files/documents/bevolking/5.1%20Structuur%20van%20de%20bevolking/Wettelijke_bevolking_per_gemeente_2011_2017.xls","url_text":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 42011\". Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/sites/default/files/files/opendata/bevolking/sectoren/OPENDATA_SECTOREN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 42011\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etterlene_DeBarge
|
Etterlene DeBarge
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Music career","1.3 Personal life","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
|
American gospel singer and songwriter (1935–2024)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Etterlene DeBarge" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Etterlene DeBargeBornEtterlene Louise Abney(1935-10-13)October 13, 1935Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S.DiedFebruary 16, 2024(2024-02-16) (aged 88)Woodland Hills, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Singer, songwriterYears active1950–2024Spouses
Robert DeBarge
(m. 1953; div. 1974)
George Rodriguez
(m. 1980–2024)
Children10; including Bunny, Bobby, Randy, Mark, El, James and ChicoFamilyDeBargeMusical careerGenresGospelInstrument(s)
Vocals
piano
Musical artist
Etterlene Louise Rodriguez (previously DeBarge, née Abney; October 13, 1935 – February 16, 2024) was an American gospel singer, songwriter, and the matriarch of the American R&B/soul vocal group DeBarge. She was the author of Other Side of the Pain, which documented her struggles in her marriage to her children's father and her children's rise to fame and struggles under the spotlight.
Biography
Early years
Born as Etterlene Abney on October 13, 1935, in Royal Oak, Michigan, she was one of twelve children and had a twin sister. When she was a child, her family moved to the Brewster-Douglass housing projects, located on Detroit's Lower East Side. In 1952, she met Army veteran Robert DeBarge, who was from Cicero, Illinois and of French and English descent. The couple married in 1953 and settled in a predominantly black section of Detroit, where they had ten children. In 1972, the DeBarges moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where Etterlene's brother, Bishop William Charles Abney, Jr., pastored Bethel Pentecostal Church. Etterlene divorced Robert DeBarge some time in 1974. She later married a second time to Puerto Rican George Rodriguez, leading to the erroneous belief that the DeBarge family was half-Hispanic; contrary to popular belief, they are not of Latino descent.
Music career
In 1991, with help from her children, Etterlene released a gospel album, Back on Track, under the DeBarge Family moniker. In 2005, she released a second gospel album, A City Called Heaven.
Personal life
Main article: DeBarge family
Robert and Etterlene DeBarge had ten children during their 21-year marriage:
Etterlene "Bunny" DeBarge (born March 10, 1955)
Robert "Bobby" DeBarge, Jr. (March 5, 1956 – August 16, 1995)
Thomas "Tommy" DeBarge (September 6, 1957 – October 21, 2021)
William "Randy" DeBarge (born August 6, 1958)
Mark "Marty" DeBarge (born June 19, 1959)
Eldra "El" DeBarge (born June 4, 1961)
James DeBarge (born August 22, 1963)
Jonathan Arthur "Chico" DeBarge (born June 23, 1966)
Carol "Peaches" DeBarge (born June 5, 1970)
Darrell "Young" DeBarge (born June 5, 1970)
Etterlene had dozens of grandchildren, several of whom are involved in the entertainment industry. They include Kristinia DeBarge, daughter of James, a singer who appeared on 2003's American Juniors followed up with a charting album (Exposed) and single ("Goodbye").
In 2007, Etterline published a memoir titled Other Side of the Pain, recounting her childhood and her family's entertainment history.
She died in Woodland Hills on February 16, 2024, at the age of 88.
References
^ "Robert Louis DeBarge". Geni.com. May 12, 2022.
^ Christian, Margena A. (March 3, 2008). "Matriarch of DeBarge Singing Family Tells Story of Fame, Loss and Perseverance". Jet. ISSN 0021-5996. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024 – via Google Books.
^ Adegoke, Favour (February 16, 2024). "Singer El DeBarge's Mother Etterlene Dies At 88 After Battling Dementia". Yahoo!. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
Further reading
DeBarge, Etterline (2007). Other Side of the Pain. OCLC 288984107.
External links
Etterlene DeBarge at IMDb
Etterlene DeBarge discography at Discogs
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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She was the author of Other Side of the Pain, which documented her struggles in her marriage to her children's father and her children's rise to fame and struggles under the spotlight.","title":"Etterlene DeBarge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Oak, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Brewster-Douglass housing projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster-Douglass_housing_projects"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Cicero, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Born as Etterlene Abney on October 13, 1935, in Royal Oak, Michigan, she was one of twelve children and had a twin sister. When she was a child, her family moved to the Brewster-Douglass housing projects, located on Detroit's Lower East Side. In 1952, she met Army veteran Robert DeBarge, who was from Cicero, Illinois and of French and English descent.[1] The couple married in 1953 and settled in a predominantly black section of Detroit, where they had ten children. In 1972, the DeBarges moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where Etterlene's brother, Bishop William Charles Abney, Jr., pastored Bethel Pentecostal Church. Etterlene divorced Robert DeBarge some time in 1974. She later married a second time to Puerto Rican George Rodriguez, leading to the erroneous belief that the DeBarge family was half-Hispanic; contrary to popular belief, they are not of Latino descent.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"}],"sub_title":"Music career","text":"In 1991, with help from her children, Etterlene released a gospel album, Back on Track, under the DeBarge Family moniker. In 2005, she released a second gospel album, A City Called Heaven.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etterlene \"Bunny\" DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"Robert \"Bobby\" DeBarge, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"William \"Randy\" DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Marty\" DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"Eldra \"El\" DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"James DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Arthur \"Chico\" DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"Kristinia DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinia_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"American Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Exposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposed_(Kristinia_DeBarge_album)"},{"link_name":"Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_(Kristinia_DeBarge_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Woodland Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"Robert and Etterlene DeBarge had ten children during their 21-year marriage:Etterlene \"Bunny\" DeBarge (born March 10, 1955)\nRobert \"Bobby\" DeBarge, Jr. (March 5, 1956 – August 16, 1995)\nThomas \"Tommy\" DeBarge (September 6, 1957 – October 21, 2021)\nWilliam \"Randy\" DeBarge (born August 6, 1958)\nMark \"Marty\" DeBarge (born June 19, 1959)\nEldra \"El\" DeBarge (born June 4, 1961)\nJames DeBarge (born August 22, 1963)\nJonathan Arthur \"Chico\" DeBarge (born June 23, 1966)\nCarol \"Peaches\" DeBarge (born June 5, 1970)\nDarrell \"Young\" DeBarge (born June 5, 1970)Etterlene had dozens of grandchildren, several of whom are involved in the entertainment industry. They include Kristinia DeBarge, daughter of James, a singer who appeared on 2003's American Juniors followed up with a charting album (Exposed) and single (\"Goodbye\").In 2007, Etterline published a memoir titled Other Side of the Pain, recounting her childhood and her family's entertainment history.[2]She died in Woodland Hills on February 16, 2024, at the age of 88.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"288984107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/288984107"}],"text":"DeBarge, Etterline (2007). Other Side of the Pain. OCLC 288984107.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Believe_(Fantasia_Barrino_song)
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I Believe (Fantasia song)
|
["1 Background","2 Release and commercial performance","3 Awards","4 Track listings","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 See also","10 References"]
|
2004 American Idol winner's single
"I Believe"Single by FantasiaB-side
"Chain of Fools"
"Summertime"
ReleasedJune 15, 2004 (2004-06-15)Recorded2004Studio
NRG (North Hollywood, California)
Homesite 13 (Novato, California)
Record Plant (Hollywood, California)
Length5:02Label
J
19
S
Songwriter(s)
Tamyra Gray
Sam Watters
Louis Biancaniello
Producer(s)
Louis Biancaniello
Sam Watters
Fantasia singles chronology
"I Believe" (2004)
"Truth Is" (2004)
"I Believe" is the debut single of American Idol third season winner Fantasia. The song was co-written by Louis Biancaniello, Sam Watters, and former American Idol contestant Tamyra Gray. Released in the United States on June 15, 2004, "I Believe" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, selling 142,000 copies during its first week and winning three Billboard awards. The song also reached number one on the Canadian Singles Chart and number four on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart. It was included on Fantasia's debut album, Free Yourself, released on November 23, 2004.
Background
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fantasia sang "I Believe" on the third-season finale of American Idol as her last performance within the competition. Diana DeGarmo, the runner up of American Idol, sang the song first on the finale, for her first performance of the night. The judges unanimously acclaimed Fantasia the winner, a prediction that came true when she was crowned the following evening. An ecstatic and tearful Fantasia performed her new single "I Believe" minutes after the announcement. DeGarmo's performance was also well received by the judges.
Release and commercial performance
"I Believe" was released in the United States on June 15, 2004, as a CD single and 7-inch single. The song debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number one, staying there for one week. During its debut week, the single sold 142,000 copies, making it the second debut solo single by a female artist to commence its chart run at number one, following Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)". It has sold 527,000 copies in the United States as of 2009. "I Believe" was the winner of two Billboard Music Awards and one Billboard American Urban Radio Networks award. In Canada, the song remained atop the Canadian Singles Chart for 10 weeks and was certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), shipping more than 80,000 units.
Outside North America, "I Believe" charted in Australia, New Zealand, and Romania. In Australia, the song was issued as a CD single on July 19, 2004. The following week, it debuted at its peak of number four on the ARIA Singles Chart. By doing so, Fantasia became the second American Idol winner to chart in Australia, after Kelly Clarkson debuted on the ARIA chart with "Miss Independent" in 2003. "I Believe" stayed in the top 50 for 11 weeks, ending 2004 as Australia's 85th-best-selling single and earning a gold certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipping over 35,000 copies. In New Zealand, the song charted on the RIANZ Singles Chart for five weeks, peaking at number 20 for two weeks in August 2004. On the Romanian Top 100, the single charted for one week, appearing at number 93 on July 19, 2004.
Awards
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.
2004
Billboard Music Awards
Top Selling Single of the Year
Won
Top Selling R&B/Hip-Hop Single of the Year
Won
2005
Billboard American Urban Radio Networks
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Single
Won
Track listings
US, Canadian, and Australian CD single
"I Believe"
"Chain of Fools"
"Summertime"
US 7-inch single
A. "I Believe"
B. "Summertime"
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the US CD single liner notes.
Studios
Recorded at NRG Studios (North Hollywood, California), Homesite 13 (Novato, California), and the Record Plant (Hollywood, California)
Mixed at Homesite 13 (Novato, California)
Writing and production
Tamyra Gray – writing, background vocals
Sam Watters – writing, background vocals, production, arrangement
Louis Biancaniello – writing, keyboards, programming, production, arrangement, mixing
Steve Churchyard – string session engineering
Mark Kiczula – assistant string engineering
Ross Hogarth – choir session engineering
Brian Scheuble – choir session engineering
Jun Ishizeki – assistant choir engineering
Vocals
Fantasia – vocals
Maxi Anderson – choir
Eric Butler – choir
Debra Byrd – choir
Nick Cooper – choir
Kevin Dorsey – choir
Angela Fisher – choir
Sybil Harris – choir
Darlene Koldenhoven – choir
Byron Motley – choir
Bobbi Page – choir
Deborah Sharpe-Taylor – choir
Melanie Taylor – choir
Tony Wilkins – choir
Terry Wood – choir
Yvonne Williams – choir
Orchestra
David Campbell – string arrangement, conducting
Joel Derouin – violin
Darius Campo – violin
Mario DeLeon – violin
Berj Garabedian – violin
Armen Garabedian – violin
Larry Greenfield – violin
Julian Hallmark – violin
Natalie Leggett – violin
Alyssa Park – violin
Sara Parkins – violin
Bob Peterson – violin
John Wittenberg – violin
Evan Wilson – viola
Matt Funes – viola
Larry Corbett – cello
Dan Smith – cello
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2004–2005)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
4
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
20
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
93
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
27
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
12
Year-end charts
Chart (2004)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
85
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Gold
35,000^
Canada (Music Canada)
2× Platinum
20,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref.
United States
June 15, 2004
7-inch vinylCD
J19S
July 6, 2004
Contemporary hit radio
Australia
July 19, 2004
CD
See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2004
List of number-one singles of 2004 (Canada)
References
^ a b Susman, Gary (June 2, 2004). "Fantasia and Diana to release dueling singles". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ a b c d I Believe (US, Canadian & Australian CD single liner notes). Fantasia. J Records, 19 Recordings, S Records. 2004. 82876 63091-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b I Believe (US 7-inch single liner notes). Fantasia. J Records, 19 Recordings, S Records. 2004. 82876-63091-7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b "Fantasia Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ Susman, Gary (July 1, 2004). "Idol's Fantasia debuts atop the singles chart". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ Trust, Gary (January 19, 2021). "Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drivers License' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ Mansfield, Brian (June 4, 2009). "How the American Idol Coronation Singles Stack Up, Part 1". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ a b "Search Results". Billboard Music Awards. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ a b Mitchell, Gail (August 6, 2005). "Usher, 50 Cent Top Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ a b "Fantasia Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)". Billboard. October 18, 2019.
^ a b "Canadian single certifications – Fantasia – I Believe". Music Canada. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ a b "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 19th July 2004" (PDF). ARIA. July 19, 2004. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ "Chartifacts!" (PDF). ARIA. July 26, 2004. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ a b "Fantasia – I Believe". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ a b "ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2004". ARIA. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2004 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ a b "Fantasia – I Believe". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ a b "Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 29, saptamina 19.07 – 25.07, 2004" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
^ "Fantasia Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
^ "Fantasia Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1562. July 2, 2004. p. 28. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
vteFantasia Barrino songs
Discography
Awards and nominations
Free Yourself
"I Believe"
"Truth Is"
"Baby Mama"
"Free Yourself"
Fantasia
"Hood Boy"
"When I See U"
Back to Me
"Bittersweet"
"I'm Doin' Me"
Side Effects of You
"Lose to Win"
"Without Me"
The Definition Of...
"No Time for It"
"Sleeping with the One I Love"
"When I Met You"
"I Made It"
"Ugly"
Featured singles
"Put You Up on Game"
"If We Had Your Eyes"
vteAmerican Idol season 3Finalists
Fantasia Barrino
Diana DeGarmo
Jasmine Trias
LaToya London
George Huff
John Stevens
Jennifer Hudson
Jon Peter Lewis
Camile Velasco
Amy Adams
Matthew Rogers
Leah LaBelle
Other Sources
Tour
"I Believe"
"Dreams"
vteAmerican Idol
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
FinalistsWinners
Kelly Clarkson
Ruben Studdard
Fantasia Barrino
Carrie Underwood
Taylor Hicks
Jordin Sparks
David Cook
Kris Allen
Lee DeWyze
Scotty McCreery
Phillip Phillips
Candice Glover
Caleb Johnson
Nick Fradiani
Trent Harmon
Maddie Poppe
Laine Hardy
Just Sam
Chayce Beckham
Noah Thompson
Iam Tongi
Abi Carter
Runners-up
Justin Guarini
Clay Aiken
Diana DeGarmo
Bo Bice
Katharine McPhee
Blake Lewis
David Archuleta
Adam Lambert
Crystal Bowersox
Lauren Alaina
Jessica Sanchez
Kree Harrison
Jena Irene
Clark Beckham
La'Porsha Renae
Caleb Lee Hutchinson
Alejandro Aranda
Arthur Gunn
Willie Spence
HunterGirl
Megan Danielle
Will Moseley
Other alumni
Nikki McKibbin
Josh Gracin
Jennifer Hudson
Elliott Yamin
Chris Daughtry
Kellie Pickler
Mandisa
Danny Gokey
Todrick Hall
Tori Kelly
Haley Reinhart
Colton Dixon
Monogem
Angie Miller
Daniel Seavey
Gabby Barrett
Catie Turner
Lauren Spencer-Smith
Benson Boone
Winners' singles
"A Moment Like This"
"Flying Without Wings"
"I Believe"
"Inside Your Heaven"
"Do I Make You Proud"
"This Is My Now"
"The Time of My Life"
"No Boundaries"
"Beautiful Day"
"I Love You This Big"
"Home"
"I Am Beautiful"
"As Long as You Love Me"
"Beautiful Life"
"Falling"
"Flame"
"23"
Concert tours
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
Related programming
Idol (franchise)
American Juniors
Idol Christmas
Idol Extra
Idol Gives Back
Idol Rewind
World Idol
Related articles
Alumni album sales
Alumni awards and nominations
Alumni in film, television and theater
Alumni single sales
Compilation series
Controversies
Discography
Finalists
Hot 100 singles
"Judge Me Tender"
The American Idol Experience
Video game
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_3)"},{"link_name":"Fantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Louis Biancaniello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Biancaniello"},{"link_name":"Sam Watters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Watters"},{"link_name":"Tamyra Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamyra_Gray"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Free Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Yourself_(Fantasia_album)"}],"text":"\"I Believe\" is the debut single of American Idol third season winner Fantasia. The song was co-written by Louis Biancaniello, Sam Watters, and former American Idol contestant Tamyra Gray. Released in the United States on June 15, 2004, \"I Believe\" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, selling 142,000 copies during its first week and winning three Billboard awards. The song also reached number one on the Canadian Singles Chart and number four on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart. It was included on Fantasia's debut album, Free Yourself, released on November 23, 2004.","title":"I Believe (Fantasia song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diana DeGarmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_DeGarmo"}],"text":"Fantasia sang \"I Believe\" on the third-season finale of American Idol as her last performance within the competition. Diana DeGarmo, the runner up of American Idol, sang the song first on the finale, for her first performance of the night. The judges unanimously acclaimed Fantasia the winner, a prediction that came true when she was crowned the following evening. An ecstatic and tearful Fantasia performed her new single \"I Believe\" minutes after the announcement. DeGarmo's performance was also well received by the judges.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single"},{"link_name":"7-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-inch_single"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usrel-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cd-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7inch-3"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100-4"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"Doo Wop (That Thing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo_Wop_(That_Thing)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billawards-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aurn-9"},{"link_name":"Canadian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Canadian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cria-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cd-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausrel-12"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Miss Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Independent_(Kelly_Clarkson_song)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausye-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aria-16"},{"link_name":"RIANZ Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIANZ_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-17"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rom-18"}],"text":"\"I Believe\" was released in the United States on June 15, 2004, as a CD single and 7-inch single.[1][2][3] The song debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number one, staying there for one week.[4] During its debut week, the single sold 142,000 copies, making it the second debut solo single by a female artist to commence its chart run at number one, following Lauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\".[5][6] It has sold 527,000 copies in the United States as of 2009.[7] \"I Believe\" was the winner of two Billboard Music Awards and one Billboard American Urban Radio Networks award.[8][9] In Canada, the song remained atop the Canadian Singles Chart for 10 weeks and was certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), shipping more than 80,000 units.[10][11]Outside North America, \"I Believe\" charted in Australia, New Zealand, and Romania. In Australia, the song was issued as a CD single on July 19, 2004.[2][12] The following week, it debuted at its peak of number four on the ARIA Singles Chart. By doing so, Fantasia became the second American Idol winner to chart in Australia, after Kelly Clarkson debuted on the ARIA chart with \"Miss Independent\" in 2003.[13] \"I Believe\" stayed in the top 50 for 11 weeks, ending 2004 as Australia's 85th-best-selling single and earning a gold certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipping over 35,000 copies.[14][15][16] In New Zealand, the song charted on the RIANZ Singles Chart for five weeks, peaking at number 20 for two weeks in August 2004.[17] On the Romanian Top 100, the single charted for one week, appearing at number 93 on July 19, 2004.[18]","title":"Release and commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cd-2"},{"link_name":"Chain of Fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_Fools"},{"link_name":"Summertime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertime_(George_Gershwin_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7inch-3"}],"text":"US, Canadian, and Australian CD single[2]\"I Believe\"\n\"Chain of Fools\"\n\"Summertime\"US 7-inch single[3]A. \"I Believe\"\nB. \"Summertime\"","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cd-2"},{"link_name":"NRG Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRG_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"North Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Novato, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novato,_California"},{"link_name":"Record Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Plant"},{"link_name":"Tamyra Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamyra_Gray"},{"link_name":"Sam Watters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Watters"},{"link_name":"Louis Biancaniello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Biancaniello"},{"link_name":"Steve Churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Churchyard"},{"link_name":"Debra Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Darlene Koldenhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Koldenhoven"},{"link_name":"David Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campbell_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Joel Derouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Derouin"}],"text":"Credits are lifted from the US CD single liner notes.[2]StudiosRecorded at NRG Studios (North Hollywood, California), Homesite 13 (Novato, California), and the Record Plant (Hollywood, California)\nMixed at Homesite 13 (Novato, California)Writing and productionTamyra Gray – writing, background vocals\nSam Watters – writing, background vocals, production, arrangement\nLouis Biancaniello – writing, keyboards, programming, production, arrangement, mixing\nSteve Churchyard – string session engineering\nMark Kiczula – assistant string engineering\nRoss Hogarth – choir session engineering\nBrian Scheuble – choir session engineering\nJun Ishizeki – assistant choir engineeringVocalsFantasia – vocals\nMaxi Anderson – choir\nEric Butler – choir\nDebra Byrd – choir\nNick Cooper – choir\nKevin Dorsey – choir\nAngela Fisher – choir\nSybil Harris – choir\nDarlene Koldenhoven – choir\nByron Motley – choir\nBobbi Page – choir\nDeborah Sharpe-Taylor – choir\nMelanie Taylor – choir\nTony Wilkins – choir\nTerry Wood – choir\nYvonne Williams – choirOrchestraDavid Campbell – string arrangement, conducting\nJoel Derouin – violin\nDarius Campo – violin\nMario DeLeon – violin\nBerj Garabedian – violin\nArmen Garabedian – violin\nLarry Greenfield – violin\nJulian Hallmark – violin\nNatalie Leggett – violin\nAlyssa Park – violin\nSara Parkins – violin\nBob Peterson – violin\nJohn Wittenberg – violin\nEvan Wilson – viola\nMatt Funes – viola\nLarry Corbett – cello\nDan Smith – cello","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Believe_(Fantasia_song)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-14"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-10"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-17"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rom-18"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100-4"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Fantasia-19"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Fantasia-20"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Believe_(Fantasia_song)&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausye-15"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2004–2005)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[14]\n\n4\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[10]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[17]\n\n20\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[18]\n\n93\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[4]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[19]\n\n27\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[20]\n\n12\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[15]\n\n85","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2004"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2004 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2004_(Canada)"}]
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[{"reference":"Susman, Gary (June 2, 2004). \"Fantasia and Diana to release dueling singles\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2004/06/02/fantasia-and-diana-release-dueling-singles/","url_text":"\"Fantasia and Diana to release dueling singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"I Believe (US, Canadian & Australian CD single liner notes). Fantasia. J Records, 19 Recordings, S Records. 2004. 82876 63091-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(singer)","url_text":"Fantasia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Records","url_text":"J Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_Recordings","url_text":"19 Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syco_Music","url_text":"S Records"}]},{"reference":"I Believe (US 7-inch single liner notes). Fantasia. J Records, 19 Recordings, S Records. 2004. 82876-63091-7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Susman, Gary (July 1, 2004). \"Idol's Fantasia debuts atop the singles chart\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2004/07/01/idols-fantasia-debuts-atop-singles-chart/","url_text":"\"Idol's Fantasia debuts atop the singles chart\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (January 19, 2021). \"Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drivers License' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9512983/olivia-rodrigo-drivers-license-number-one-hot-100-debut/","url_text":"\"Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drivers License' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Brian (June 4, 2009). \"How the American Idol Coronation Singles Stack Up, Part 1\". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mansfield","url_text":"Mansfield, Brian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100522141235/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2009/06/67621527/1","url_text":"\"How the American Idol Coronation Singles Stack Up, Part 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2009/06/67621527/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results\". Billboard Music Awards. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/winners-database/?winnerKeyword=Fantasia&winnerYear=","url_text":"\"Search Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards","url_text":"Billboard Music Awards"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Gail (August 6, 2005). \"Usher, 50 Cent Top Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards\". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/usher-50-cent-top-billboard-rbhip-hop-awards-1408346/","url_text":"\"Usher, 50 Cent Top Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fantasia Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\". Billboard. October 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/fantasia/chart-history/cns/","url_text":"\"Fantasia Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian single certifications – Fantasia – I Believe\". Music Canada. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=I+Believe%20Fantasia","url_text":"\"Canadian single certifications – Fantasia – I Believe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 19th July 2004\" (PDF). ARIA. July 19, 2004. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222436/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/ISSUE751.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 19th July 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/ISSUE751.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chartifacts!\" (PDF). ARIA. July 26, 2004. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222436/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/issue752.pdf","url_text":"\"Chartifacts!\""},{"url":"http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/issue752.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2004\". ARIA. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2004/singles-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2004 Singles\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AADOuO49m4ktOxAMI8EhwyLQa/2004%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2004 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 29, saptamina 19.07 – 25.07, 2004\" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005. Retrieved May 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050117105451/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10128.html","url_text":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 29, saptamina 19.07 – 25.07, 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10128.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1562. July 2, 2004. p. 28. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2004/RR-2004-07-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Adds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2004/06/02/fantasia-and-diana-release-dueling-singles/","external_links_name":"\"Fantasia and Diana to release dueling singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Fantasia/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Fantasia Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2004/07/01/idols-fantasia-debuts-atop-singles-chart/","external_links_name":"\"Idol's Fantasia debuts atop the singles chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9512983/olivia-rodrigo-drivers-license-number-one-hot-100-debut/","external_links_name":"\"Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drivers License' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100522141235/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2009/06/67621527/1","external_links_name":"\"How the American Idol Coronation Singles Stack Up, Part 1\""},{"Link":"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2009/06/67621527/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/winners-database/?winnerKeyword=Fantasia&winnerYear=","external_links_name":"\"Search Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/usher-50-cent-top-billboard-rbhip-hop-awards-1408346/","external_links_name":"\"Usher, 50 Cent Top Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/fantasia/chart-history/cns/","external_links_name":"\"Fantasia Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=I+Believe%20Fantasia","external_links_name":"\"Canadian single certifications – Fantasia – I Believe\""},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222436/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/ISSUE751.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 19th July 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/ISSUE751.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222436/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/issue752.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chartifacts!\""},{"Link":"http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/issue752.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Fantasia&titel=I+Believe&cat=s","external_links_name":"Fantasia – I Believe\""},{"Link":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2004/singles-chart","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AADOuO49m4ktOxAMI8EhwyLQa/2004%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2004 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Fantasia&titel=I+Believe&cat=s","external_links_name":"Fantasia – I Believe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050117105451/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10128.html","external_links_name":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 29, saptamina 19.07 – 25.07, 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10128.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Fantasia/chart-history/ASI","external_links_name":"\"Fantasia Chart History (Adult Contemporary)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Fantasia/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"Fantasia Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2004/RR-2004-07-02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Going for Adds\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansions_(Lonnie_Liston_Smith_album)
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Expansions (Lonnie Liston Smith album)
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["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
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1975 studio album by Lonnie Liston Smith & The Cosmic EchoesExpansionsStudio album by Lonnie Liston Smith & The Cosmic EchoesReleased1975RecordedNovember 25 & 26, 1974StudioNew York CityGenreJazz-funkLength39:12LabelRCA/Flying DutchmanBDL1-0934ProducerBob Thiele, Lonnie Liston SmithLonnie Liston Smith chronology
Cosmic Funk(1974)
Expansions(1975)
Visions of a New World(1975)
Expansions is an album by keyboardist Lonnie Liston Smith, featuring performances recorded in 1974 and released by the Flying Dutchman label the following year.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek stated, "It is fully a jazz album, and a completely funky soul-jazz disc as well ... Smith plays both piano and electric keyboards and keeps his compositions on the jazzy side -- breezy, open, and full of groove playing that occasionally falls over to the funk side of the fence ... Summery and loose in feel, airy and free with its in-the-cut beats and stellar piano fills, Expansions prefigures a number of the "smooth jazz" greats here, without the studio slickness and turgid lack of imagination. ... The music on Expansions is timeless soul-jazz, perfect in every era. Of all the fusion records of this type released in the mid-'70s, Expansions provided smoother jazzers and electronica's sampling wizards with more material that Smith could ever have anticipated".
Track listing
All compositions by Lonnie Liston Smith except where noted
"Expansions" − 6:04
"Desert Nights" − 6:42
"Summer Days" − 5:50
"Voodoo Woman" (Smith, Michael Carvin) − 4:20
"Peace" (Horace Silver, Doug Carn) − 4:15
"Shadows" − 6:20
"My Love" − 5:43
Personnel
Lonnie Liston Smith − piano, electric piano, electronic keyboard textures
Donald Smith − flute, vocals, vocal textures
Dave Hubbard − soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, alto flute (tracks 2-4, 6 & 7)
Cecil McBee − bass
Art Gore − drums
Michael Carvin − percussion, clavinet, drums (tracks 1, 2 & 4, 6 & 7)
Leopoldo Fleming − bongos, percussion (tracks 1-4, 6 & 7)
Lawrence Killian − congas, percussion (tracks 1-4, 6 & 7)
References
^ Gorton, TJ (July 30, 2018). "BeatCaffeine's 100 Best Jazz-Funk Songs". BeatCaffeine. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
^ Flying Dutchman Label Discography accessed November 22, 2019
^ a b Jurek, Thom. Expansions – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
vteLonnie Liston SmithYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums
Astral Traveling (1973)
Cosmic Funk (1974)
Expansions (1974)
Visions of a New World (1975)
Reflections of a Golden Dream (1976)
Dreams of Tomorrow (1983)
Silhouettes (1984)
Rejuvenation (1985)
Make Someone Happy (1986)
Live albums
Live! (1977)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lonnie Liston Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Liston_Smith"},{"link_name":"Flying Dutchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Expansions is an album by keyboardist Lonnie Liston Smith, featuring performances recorded in 1974 and released by the Flying Dutchman label the following year.[2]","title":"Expansions (Lonnie Liston Smith album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"}],"text":"In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek stated, \"It is fully a jazz album, and a completely funky soul-jazz disc as well ... Smith plays both piano and electric keyboards and keeps his compositions on the jazzy side -- breezy, open, and full of groove playing that occasionally falls over to the funk side of the fence ... Summery and loose in feel, airy and free with its in-the-cut beats and stellar piano fills, Expansions prefigures a number of the \"smooth jazz\" greats here, without the studio slickness and turgid lack of imagination. ... The music on Expansions is timeless soul-jazz, perfect in every era. Of all the fusion records of this type released in the mid-'70s, Expansions provided smoother jazzers and electronica's sampling wizards with more material that Smith could ever have anticipated\".[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_(Horace_Silver_song)"},{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"},{"link_name":"Doug Carn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Carn"}],"text":"All compositions by Lonnie Liston Smith except where noted\"Expansions\" − 6:04\n\"Desert Nights\" − 6:42\n\"Summer Days\" − 5:50\n\"Voodoo Woman\" (Smith, Michael Carvin) − 4:20\n\"Peace\" (Horace Silver, Doug Carn) − 4:15\n\"Shadows\" − 6:20\n\"My Love\" − 5:43","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lonnie Liston Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Liston_Smith"},{"link_name":"Cecil McBee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_McBee"},{"link_name":"Michael Carvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Carvin"}],"text":"Lonnie Liston Smith − piano, electric piano, electronic keyboard textures\nDonald Smith − flute, vocals, vocal textures\nDave Hubbard − soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, alto flute (tracks 2-4, 6 & 7)\nCecil McBee − bass\nArt Gore − drums\nMichael Carvin − percussion, clavinet, drums (tracks 1, 2 & 4, 6 & 7)\nLeopoldo Fleming − bongos, percussion (tracks 1-4, 6 & 7)\nLawrence Killian − congas, percussion (tracks 1-4, 6 & 7)","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Gorton, TJ (July 30, 2018). \"BeatCaffeine's 100 Best Jazz-Funk Songs\". BeatCaffeine. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825081205/https://beatcaffeine.com/100-best-jazz-funk-songs/","url_text":"\"BeatCaffeine's 100 Best Jazz-Funk Songs\""},{"url":"https://beatcaffeine.com/100-best-jazz-funk-songs/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825081205/https://beatcaffeine.com/100-best-jazz-funk-songs/","external_links_name":"\"BeatCaffeine's 100 Best Jazz-Funk Songs\""},{"Link":"https://beatcaffeine.com/100-best-jazz-funk-songs/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bsnpubs.com/new/flyingdutchman.pdf","external_links_name":"Flying Dutchman Label Discography"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000172040","external_links_name":"Expansions – Review"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mercury_vehicles
|
List of Mercury vehicles
|
["1 Production models","2 Concept cars","3 References"]
|
This is a list of both production and concept vehicles of the former Mercury division of Ford Motor Company of the United States and Canada.
Production models
Exterior
Name
Year Introduced
Year Discontinued
Platforms
Generations
Vehicle Information
Eight
1939
1951
3
Mid-range full-size car
M series
1949
1968
4
Sold in Canada, rebadged Ford F series
Monterey
1952
1974
7
Full-size sedan served the flagship, mid-range, and entry-level offerings
Custom
1952
1956
1
Entry-level full-size car
Montclair
1955
1968
5
Full-size car
Medalist
1956
1958
2
Entry-level full-size car
Colony Park
1957
1991
6
Top tier full-size station wagon
Commuter
1957
1968
5
Entry level full-size station wagon
Turnpike Cruiser
1957
1958
1
Flagship full-size car
Voyager
1957
1958
1
Mid-range full-size station wagon
Park Lane
1958
1968
2
Flagship full-size car
Comet
1960
1977
5
Compact (1960–1965, 1971–1977), mid-size car (1966–1969)
Meteor
1961
1963
2
Full-size (1961), mid-size (1962–1963)
S-55
1962
1967
2
Full-size
Marauder
1963
2004
3
High performance version full-size car
Cyclone
1964
1971
5
Mid-range muscle car
Cougar
1967
2002
8
Pony car (1967–1973), personal luxury car (1974–1997), sports compact (1999–2002)
Marquis
1967
1986
4
Entry-level full-size luxury car
Montego
1968
2007
3
Intermediate (1968–1976), full-size (2004–2007)
Capri
1970
1994
3
Sports car (1970–1977), pony car (1979–1986), roadster (1991–1994)
Bobcat
1974
1980
1
Subcompact car, rebadged Ford Pinto. Sold in Canada since 1974, and in the United States since 1975
Grand Marquis
1975
2011
3
Top-tier full-size car
Monarch
1975
1980
1
Compact near-luxury car
Zephyr
1978
1983
1
Compact car
Topaz
1984
1994
2
Compact, rebadged Ford Tempo
Sable
1986
2009
5
Mid-size (1986–2005), full-size (2008–2009)
Tracer
1988
1999
3
Subcompat (1988–1989), compact (1991–1999)
Lynx
1981
1987
1
Hatchback / station wagon, rebadged Ford Escort
LN7
1982
1983
1
Compact car, rebadged Ford EXP
Villager
1992
2002
2
Minivan
Mystique
1995
2000
1
Compact sedan, rebadged Ford Mondeo
Mountaineer
1997
2010
3
Mid-size SUV
Mariner
2004
2010
2
Compact crossover SUV
Monterey
2004
2007
1
Minivan
Milan
2006
2011
1
Mid-size car
Concept cars
Mercury Antser (1980)
Mercury Astron (1966)
Mercury Bahamian (1953)
Mercury Capri Guardsman (1980)
Mercury Comet Cyclone Sportster (1965)
Mercury Comet Escapade (1966)
Mercury Comet Fastback (1964)
Mercury Comet Super Cyclone (1964)
Mercury Concept 50 (1988)
Mercury Concept One (1989)
Mercury Cougar El Gato (1970)
Mercury Cougar Eliminator (1999)
Mercury Cougar S (1999)
Mercury Cyclone (1990)
Mercury Cyclone Super Spoiler (1969)
Mercury D528 "Beldone" (1955)
Mercury Escapade (1965)
Mercury Fusion (1996)
Mercury Gametime Villager (1999)
Mercury L'Attitude (1997)
Mercury LeGrand Marquis (1968)
Mercury LN7 PPG (1981)
Mercury Marauder Convertible (2002)
Mercury MC2 (1997)
Mercury MC4 (1997)
Mercury Messenger (2003)
Mercury Meta One (2005)
Mercury Montego Sportshauler (1971)
Mercury My (1999)
Mercury Mystique (concept), (1991)
Mercury One (1989)
Mercury Palomar (1962)
Mercury Premys (1994)
Mercury Super Marauder (1964)
Mercury Vanster (1985)
Mercury Wrist Twist Park Lane (1965)
Mercury XM-800 (1954)
Mercury XM (1979)
Mercury XM-Turnpike Cruiser (1956)
References
vteMercury vehiclesA division of Ford Motor Company, 1939–2011Historic models (by date ofintroduction)1930s
Eight
1940s
M-Series
1950s
Colony Park
Commuter
Custom
Medalist
Montclair
Monterey
Park Lane
Turnpike Cruiser
Voyager
1960s
Comet
Cougar
Cyclone
Cyclone Spoiler II
Marauder
Marquis
Meteor
Montego
S-55
1970s
Bobcat
Capri
Grand Marquis
Monarch
Zephyr
1980s
LN7
Lynx
Sable
Topaz
Tracer
1990s
Mountaineer
Monterey (mini-van)
Mystique
Villager
2000s
Mariner
Hybrid
Milan
Hybrid
Concept cars
Messenger
Meta One
My
XM-800
Category
Commons
vteMercury passenger vehicle timeline, 1940–1979 — next »
Type
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Subcompact
WWII
Bobcat
Compact
Comet
Comet
Comet
Zephyr
Monarch
Mid-size
Montego
Montego
Cougar
Meteor
Comet
Comet
Full-size
Medalist
Medalist
Custom
Meteor
Eight
Eight
Eight
Eight
Monterey
Monterey
Monterey
Monterey
Monterey
Monterey
Monterey
Montclair
Montclair
Montclair
Montclair
Montclair
Monterey Custom
Park Lane
Park Lane
Park Lane
Park Lane
Marquis
Marquis
Turnpike Cruiser
S-55
S-55
Marauder
Station wagon
Commuter
Commuter
Commuter
Commuter
Commuter
Voyager
Colony Park
Colony Park
Colony Park
Colony Park
Colony Park
Colony Park
Sports car
Capri
Capri II
Capri
Cougar
Cougar
Personal luxury
Cougar
Cougar
Pickup truck
M series
M series
M series
M series
vte« previous — Mercury passenger vehicle timeline, 1980–2011
Type
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
Coupe
Sport compact
Capri
Capri
Cougar
LN7
Personal luxury
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Sedan
Subcompact
Bobcat
Lynx
Tracer
Compact
Tracer
Tracer
Zephyr
Topaz
Topaz
Mystique
Monarch
Mid-size
Cougar
Marquis
Sable
Sable
Sable
Sable
Milan
Full-size
Marquis
Marauder
Montego / Sable
Grand Marquis
Grand Marquis
Grand Marquis
Grand Marquis
Station Wagon
Subcompact
Bobcat
Lynx
Tracer
Compact
Zephyr
Tracer
Tracer
Mid-size
Cougar
Marquis
Sable
Sable
Sable
Sable
Full-size
Colony Park
Light truck
SUV
Mariner
Mariner
Mountaineer
Mountaineer
Mountaineer
Minivan
Villager
Villager
Monterey
vteLists of products of United States automotive brandsVehiclesChrysler LLC
Chrysler
Dodge
concepts
Jeep
Plymouth
Ford Motor Co.
Ford
Taurus
Lincoln
Mercury
General Motors
Buick
Cadillac
Chevrolet
Pontiac
Oldsmobile
Engines
AMC
Chrysler
Ford
GM
Platforms
Chrysler
Ford
GM
Transmissions
Chrysler
Ford
GM
Bellhousing patterns
Ford
GM
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Mercury vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercury Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Capri"},{"link_name":"Mercury Cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Cougar"},{"link_name":"Mercury Gametime Villager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Villager"},{"link_name":"Mercury LN7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_LN7"},{"link_name":"Mercury Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Marauder"},{"link_name":"Mercury Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Messenger_concept"},{"link_name":"Mercury Meta One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Meta_One"},{"link_name":"Mercury Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Montego"},{"link_name":"Mercury My","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_My"},{"link_name":"Mercury Mystique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Mystique"}],"text":"Mercury Antser (1980)\nMercury Astron (1966)\nMercury Bahamian (1953)\nMercury Capri Guardsman (1980)\nMercury Comet Cyclone Sportster (1965)\nMercury Comet Escapade (1966)\nMercury Comet Fastback (1964)\nMercury Comet Super Cyclone (1964)\nMercury Concept 50 (1988)\nMercury Concept One (1989)\nMercury Cougar El Gato (1970)\nMercury Cougar Eliminator (1999)\nMercury Cougar S (1999)\nMercury Cyclone (1990)\nMercury Cyclone Super Spoiler (1969)\nMercury D528 \"Beldone\" (1955)\nMercury Escapade (1965)\nMercury Fusion (1996)\nMercury Gametime Villager (1999)\nMercury L'Attitude (1997)\nMercury LeGrand Marquis (1968)\nMercury LN7 PPG (1981)\nMercury Marauder Convertible (2002)\nMercury MC2 (1997)\nMercury MC4 (1997)\nMercury Messenger (2003)\nMercury Meta One (2005)\nMercury Montego Sportshauler (1971)\nMercury My (1999)\nMercury Mystique (concept), (1991)\nMercury One (1989)\nMercury Palomar (1962)\nMercury Premys (1994)\nMercury Super Marauder (1964)\nMercury Vanster (1985)\nMercury Wrist Twist Park Lane (1965)\nMercury XM-800 (1954)\nMercury XM (1979)\nMercury XM-Turnpike Cruiser (1956)","title":"Concept cars"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Girl_Isn%27t_Allowed_to_Love
|
A Girl Isn't Allowed to Love
|
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
|
1955 Japanese filmA Girl Isn't Allowed to LoveJapanese movie posterDirected byTeinosuke KinugasaWritten byTeinosuke KinugasaJun SagaraProductioncompanyDaiei FilmRelease date
24 April 1955 (1955-04-24)
Running time135 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapanese
A Girl Isn't Allowed to Love a.k.a. The Rose Again (薔薇いくたびか, Bara ikutabika) is a 1955 Japanese film directed by Teinosuke Kinugasa.
Cast
Kazuo Hasegawa
Ayako Wakao
Hideo Takamatsu as Engineer
Raizo Ichikawa as Sofu Yamamura
References
^ "薔薇はいくたびか". www.jmdb.ne.jp. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
^ "Teinosuke Kinugasa". kotobank. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ "薔薇いくたびか". Kinema Junpo. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
External links
A Girl Isn't Allowed to Love at IMDb
薔薇いくたびか at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese)
http://www.raizofan.net/eng/emovie1/emovie9.htm
vteFilms directed by Teinosuke Kinugasa
A Page of Madness (1926)
Crossroads (1928)
Aru yo no Tonosama (1946)
Dedication of the Great Buddha (1952)
Gate of Hell (1953)
The Romance of Yushima (1955)
Tsukigata Hanpeita: Hana no maki; Arashi no maki (1956)
A Fantastic Tale of Naruto (1957)
A Girl Isn't Allowed to Love (1957)
Ukifune (1957)
The Snowy Heron (1958)
This article related to a Japanese film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Teinosuke Kinugasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teinosuke_Kinugasa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1955 Japanese filmA Girl Isn't Allowed to Love a.k.a. The Rose Again (薔薇いくたびか, Bara ikutabika) is a 1955 Japanese film directed by Teinosuke Kinugasa.[2][3]","title":"A Girl Isn't Allowed to Love"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazuo Hasegawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Hasegawa"},{"link_name":"Ayako Wakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayako_Wakao"},{"link_name":"Hideo Takamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Takamatsu"},{"link_name":"Raizo Ichikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raizo_Ichikawa"}],"text":"Kazuo Hasegawa\nAyako Wakao\nHideo Takamatsu as Engineer\nRaizo Ichikawa as Sofu Yamamura","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"薔薇はいくたびか\". www.jmdb.ne.jp. Retrieved 11 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1955/ce001580.htm","url_text":"\"薔薇はいくたびか\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teinosuke Kinugasa\". kotobank. Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A1%A3%E7%AC%A0%E8%B2%9E%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%A9-51252","url_text":"\"Teinosuke Kinugasa\""}]},{"reference":"\"薔薇いくたびか\". Kinema Junpo. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24295&key_search=%E8%96%94%E8%96%87%E3%81%84%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%B3%E3%81%8B","url_text":"\"薔薇いくたびか\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinema_Junpo","url_text":"Kinema Junpo"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1955/ce001580.htm","external_links_name":"\"薔薇はいくたびか\""},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A1%A3%E7%AC%A0%E8%B2%9E%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%A9-51252","external_links_name":"\"Teinosuke Kinugasa\""},{"Link":"http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24295&key_search=%E8%96%94%E8%96%87%E3%81%84%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%B3%E3%81%8B","external_links_name":"\"薔薇いくたびか\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047855/","external_links_name":"A Girl Isn't Allowed to Love"},{"Link":"http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1955/ce001580.htm","external_links_name":"薔薇いくたびか"},{"Link":"http://www.raizofan.net/eng/emovie1/emovie9.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.raizofan.net/eng/emovie1/emovie9.htm"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Girl_Isn%27t_Allowed_to_Love&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_England_in_1990
|
Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 1990
|
["1 External sources","2 Annual reviews"]
|
The Sri Lanka national cricket team toured England in the 1990 season to play six first-class matches and two limited overs matches against county teams.
The first-class fixtures were against:
Glamorgan at Eugene Cross Park, Ebbw Vale
Nottinghamshire at Cleethorpes
Warwickshire at Edgbaston
Sussex at Hove
Lancashire at Old Trafford
Hampshire at Southampton
External sources
CricketArchive – tour itineraries
Annual reviews
Playfair Cricket Annual 1991
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1991
vteInternational cricket tours of EnglandTest and LOI toursAustralia
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1893
1896
1899
1902
1905
1909
1912
1921
1926
1930
1934
1938
1948
1953
1956
1961
1964
1968
1972
1975
1977
1980
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2010
2012
2013
2015
2018
2019
2020
2023
2024
Bangladesh
2005
2010
India
1932
1936
1946
1952
1959
1967
1971
1974
1979
1982
1986
1990
1996
2002
2004
2007
2011
2014
2018
2021
2022
Ireland
2017
2019
2020
2023
New Zealand
1931
1937
1949
1958
1965
1969
1973
1978
1983
1986
1990
1994
1999
2004
2008
2013
2015
2021
2022
2023
Pakistan
1954
1962
1967
1971
1974
1978
1982
1987
1992
1996
2001
2003
2006
2010
2016
2018
2019
2020
2021
2024
South Africa
1907
1912
1924
1929
1935
1947
1951
1955
1960
1965
1970 (cancelled)
1994
1998
2003
2008
2012
2017
2022
Sri Lanka
1984
1988
1991
1998
2002
2006
2011
2014
2016
2021
West Indies
1928
1933
1939
1950
1957
1963
1966
1969
1973
1976
1980
1984
1988
1991
1995
2000
2004
2007
2009
2011
2012
2017
2020
Zimbabwe
2000
2003
2025
Major tournaments hostedMultiple teams
1912
1975
1979
1983
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2004
2005
2009
2013
2017
2019
Other toursAustralian
1868
1878
1919
1945
1988
2009
2018
Canadian
1954
Indian
1911
Multi-team
1932
1970
1972
1975
1987
New Zealand
1927
1945
Parsis
1886
1888
Philadelphian
1884
1889
1897
1903
1908
South African
1894
1901
1904
1961
Sri Lankan
1968 (cancelled)
1975
1979
1981
1990
West Indian
1900
1906
1923
1964
Zimbabwean
1982
1985
1986
1990
1993
Other tournaments hostedMultiple teams
1979
1982
1986
2018
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1990"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive – tour itineraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/Tours_1990.html"}],"text":"CricketArchive – tour itineraries","title":"External sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Playfair Cricket Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playfair_Cricket_Annual"},{"link_name":"Wisden Cricketers' 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_England_in_1990&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-cricket-tour-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-cricket-tour-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-cricket-tour-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sport_balls.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding 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toursAustralia\n1880\n1882\n1884\n1886\n1888\n1890\n1893\n1896\n1899\n1902\n1905\n1909\n1912\n1921\n1926\n1930\n1934\n1938\n1948\n1953\n1956\n1961\n1964\n1968\n1972\n1975\n1977\n1980\n1981\n1985\n1989\n1993\n1997\n2001\n2005\n2009\n2010\n2012\n2013\n2015\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2023\n2024\nBangladesh\n2005\n2010\nIndia\n1932\n1936\n1946\n1952\n1959\n1967\n1971\n1974\n1979\n1982\n1986\n1990\n1996\n2002\n2004\n2007\n2011\n2014\n2018\n2021\n2022\nIreland\n2017\n2019\n2020\n2023\nNew Zealand\n1931\n1937\n1949\n1958\n1965\n1969\n1973\n1978\n1983\n1986\n1990\n1994\n1999\n2004\n2008\n2013\n2015\n2021\n2022\n2023\nPakistan\n1954\n1962\n1967\n1971\n1974\n1978\n1982\n1987\n1992\n1996\n2001\n2003\n2006\n2010\n2016\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2024\nSouth Africa\n1907\n1912\n1924\n1929\n1935\n1947\n1951\n1955\n1960\n1965\n1970 (cancelled)\n1994\n1998\n2003\n2008\n2012\n2017\n2022\nSri Lanka\n1984\n1988\n1991\n1998\n2002\n2006\n2011\n2014\n2016\n2021\nWest Indies\n1928\n1933\n1939\n1950\n1957\n1963\n1966\n1969\n1973\n1976\n1980\n1984\n1988\n1991\n1995\n2000\n2004\n2007\n2009\n2011\n2012\n2017\n2020\nZimbabwe\n2000\n2003\n2025\nMajor tournaments hostedMultiple teams\n1912\n1975\n1979\n1983\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2004\n2005\n2009\n2013\n2017\n2019\nOther toursAustralian\n1868\n1878\n1919\n1945\n1988\n2009\n2018\nCanadian\n1954\nIndian\n1911\nMulti-team\n1932\n1970\n1972\n1975\n1987\nNew Zealand\n1927\n1945\nParsis\n1886\n1888\nPhiladelphian\n1884\n1889\n1897\n1903\n1908\nSouth African\n1894\n1901\n1904\n1961\nSri Lankan\n1968 (cancelled)\n1975\n1979\n1981\n1990\nWest Indian\n1900\n1906\n1923\n1964\nZimbabwean\n1982\n1985\n1986\n1990\n1993\nOther tournaments hostedMultiple teams\n1979\n1982\n1986\n2018This article about an international cricket tour of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to sport in Sri Lanka is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Annual reviews"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/Tours_1990.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive – tour itineraries"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_England_in_1990&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_England_in_1990&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_Stjerna
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Tore Stjerna
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Tore StjernaBorn (1976-08-18) 18 August 1976 (age 47)GenresBlack metalOccupation(s)MusicianMusical artist
Tore Gunnar Stjerna (a.k.a. Necromorbus) is a Swedish multi-instrumentalist and producer. He has played guitar and drums in the following bands; Nex, Chaos Omen, Corpus Christii, Funeral Mist, Ofermod, Zavorash, In Aeternum. He also founded Necromorbus Studio (NBS Studio) in Sweden. While running the studio, he has produced and mastered albums for bands such as Armagedda, Bitter Peace, Deströyer 666, Inferno, Jess and the Ancient Ones, Leviathan, Mayhem, Merrimack, Noctem, Nominon, and Portrait.
References
^ "Tore Stjerna (44 år) Söderfors | Ratsit".
^ "Necromorbus - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives".
^ "Ghost Cult Magazine".
^ "NBS Studio – – est 1995 –".
^ "Who is who at the recording studio: Review with Tore Stjerna".
External links
Necromorbus Studio homepage
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article on a guitarist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nex_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chaos Omen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaos_Omen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Christii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Funeral Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_Mist"},{"link_name":"Ofermod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofermod_(band)"},{"link_name":"Zavorash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zavorash&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"In Aeternum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Aeternum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Necromorbus Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necromorbus_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armagedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagedda"},{"link_name":"Bitter Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitter_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deströyer 666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destr%C3%B6yer_666"},{"link_name":"Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferno_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jess and the Ancient Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_and_the_Ancient_Ones"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(band)"},{"link_name":"Merrimack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merrimack_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noctem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noctem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nominon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nominon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait_(metal_band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Musical artistTore Gunnar Stjerna (a.k.a. Necromorbus)[2] is a Swedish multi-instrumentalist and producer. He has played guitar and drums in the following bands; Nex, Chaos Omen, Corpus Christii, Funeral Mist, Ofermod, Zavorash, In Aeternum. He also founded Necromorbus Studio (NBS Studio) in Sweden. While running the studio, he has produced and mastered albums for bands such as Armagedda, Bitter Peace, Deströyer 666, Inferno, Jess and the Ancient Ones, Leviathan, Mayhem, Merrimack, Noctem,[3] Nominon, and Portrait.[4][5]","title":"Tore Stjerna"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_Clothes
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Thieves' Clothes
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 External links"]
|
1920 film
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Thieves' Clothes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Thieves' ClothesDirected byMack V. WrightWritten byArthur Henry GoodenHope LoringStarringHoot GibsonRelease date
May 22, 1920 (1920-05-22)
Running time20 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles
Thieves' Clothes is a 1920 American short silent Western film directed by Mack V. Wright and featuring Hoot Gibson.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Hoot Gibson
Alma Bennett
See also
Hoot Gibson filmography
External links
Thieves' Clothes at IMDb
This 1920s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
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[{"title":"Hoot Gibson filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoot_Gibson_filmography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_Break
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Smoke Break
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["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","2.1 Controversy","3 Commercial performance","4 Music video","5 Track listing","6 Live performances","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Release history","10 Awards and nominations","10.1 CMT Music Awards","10.2 British Country Music Awards","11 References"]
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2015 single by Carrie Underwood"Smoke Break"Single by Carrie Underwoodfrom the album Storyteller ReleasedAugust 21, 2015 (2015-08-21)Recorded2015GenreCountry rockLength3:18LabelArista NashvilleSongwriter(s)Carrie UnderwoodChris DeStefanoHillary LindseyProducer(s)Jay JoyceCarrie Underwood singles chronology
"Little Toy Guns" (2015)
"Smoke Break" (2015)
"Heartbeat" (2015)
Music videos"Smoke Break" on YouTube
"Smoke Break" is a song recorded by American country music artist Carrie Underwood from her fifth studio album, Storyteller. It was released on August 21, 2015, through Sony Music Nashville, as the album's lead single. It was written by Underwood, Chris DeStefano, and Hillary Lindsey, and was produced by Jay Joyce. Musically, it has lyrics about escaping life's many stresses.
"Smoke Break" was met with critical acclaim, with music critics describing it as "a homage to hard working people in need of a breather". It quickly became a commercial success, setting an all-time record for the largest first-week adds at country radio. It went on to reach number one on the Billboard Canada Country chart and number two on the Billboard Country Airplay chart in the US, becoming her 20th top-two single on the chart.
The song's accompanying music video was directed by Randee St. Nicholas and won the 2016 CMT Music Award for Female Video of the Year. The song received its first televised performance at The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, on September 10, 2015.
Composition
"Smoke Break" is a country rock song that critics have described as "a homage to hard working people in need of a breather". It has lyrics about escaping life's many stresses. About the writing process, Underwood stated that she, Chris DeStefano and Hillary Lindsey "were writing and kept taking breaks to go outside because we were getting a little stuck on a song we were already working on. It was so beautiful outside that we had a hard time focusing, so we decided to write a song about taking breaks! 'Smoke Break' seemed like a great title, so we ran with it!"
Critical reception
"Smoke Break" has received rave reviews from music critics. Grady Smith of UK's The Guardian acclaimed it, by stating "among all the great music we've been treated to this summer, no song has carried more significance than Carrie Underwood’s excellent new single 'Smoke Break'. Here we have an A-list star releasing an unabashed country rock song that isn't trying to chase any sonic trends". He also added that Underwood "has emerged as the leader of country music". Denise Quan of Rolling Stone praised the song, saying that the singer "pays homage to hard working people in need of a breather" and adding that Underwood puts "a bit more twang in her vocals than usual — a welcome dose of laid-back country cool after a string of glossy, high-octane arena rockers and soaring ballads". Jason Lipshutz of Billboard awarded it 3.5 starts out of a possible five, noting Underwood's departure from previous material and stating that "the normally overpolished American Idol winner wears the song's blue-collar country-rock vibe well". Hugh McIntyre of Forbes praised it, saying its lines evokes "some pretty sentimental themes that likely connect with a lot of people" and the song "has the makings of another runaway hit on radio".
Dee Lockett of Vulture praised it, pointing out that "just as songs about getting trashed will remain a rite of passage in country music, its superstars like Carrie Underwood will continue to find ways to keep them meaningful". Kevin John of Country Universe praised Underwood's songwriting by saying that "she has the finest singing voice of her generation, but her greatest gift is her ability to express empathy for others through song". Taste of Country praised the song as well, stating that "it's a song everyone can relate to" and "is easy to wear, and adaptable to life's changing circumstances", and praised Underwood's delivery, saying "she starts soft before soaring into the chorus". Robert Christgau deemed it as Storyteller's most impressive song, "cross-regional, cross-gender, class-conscious ... in which neither the mother of four working three jobs nor the farm family's first college man can do without the occasional drag or drink, sincere Christians though they be".
WSM-FM and WKDF Nashville Program Director Charlie Cook praised the song as well, saying "the lyrics
address the hectic lives everyone now lives, and the production stands out as a testament that she is willing to take chances, yet play within what her fans expect". iHeartMedia Senior VP of Programming Gator Harrison said the song is “an anthem for the overwhelmed, something we can all relate to, and amen. It's a smash".
Controversy
"Smoke Break" garnered some controversy upon its release, after some listeners accused the song of "trying to promote smoking". Journalists for vehicles such as Vulture and USA Today went on to defend the song. Dee Lockett of Vulture stated that the accusation "misses the point" and defended it by saying that "like many of Carrie's narrative-driven songs, though, she's making a larger point. A 'stiff drink' and a 'long drag' are just placeholders for any vice the overworked might depend on to survive. The concern isn't how Americans cope with their blue-collar lives (though she's by no means undermining the severity of addiction); it's the culture of stress that suffocates everyone that should piss people off". Maeve McDermott of USA Today says "the song is less a pro-cigarette anthem as it is a tribute to sneaking away from your responsibilities and taking a minute to breathe".
Commercial performance
"Smoke Break" set, according to Taste of Country's Sterling Whitaker, "an all-time record for the largest first-week radio adds in the history of Country Aircheck, with 145 Mediabase adds and 159 total Billboard and Country Aircheck reporting stations lined up for the song’s official airplay impact date". Additionally, the single had opening week sales of 56,000 in the United States, debuting at the top of the Billboard Country Digital Singles chart – her fifth leader on the chart – and moving from number 36 to number five on the Billboard Hot Country Songs in its second week on the chart; it eventually peaked on Billboard Hot Country Songs at number four on November 24, 2015. It peaked at number one on Billboard Canada Country chart, becoming her second single to top that chart, the other being "Blown Away". The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Country Airplay chart and both debuted and peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
As of May 2016, it sold 447,000 copies in the United States. The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 23, 2020.
Music video
The accompanying music video was directed by Randee St. Nicholas, who directed Underwood's "Blown Away" music video in 2012, and was shot over two days. It premiered on Entertainment Tonight on August 24, 2015. Underwood cast "gorgeous, strong women" to play a horse trainer, a truck driver and a waitress. "It just tells a story," Underwood said of featuring blue collar characters. "These are everyday jobs, and we need a break."
The video begins with Underwood driving through the dusty, sepia-washed desert in a vintage Ford truck. She passes a busy waitress in a diner, and a businessman struggling with his responsibilities. Then her truck overheats, and she has to hoof it, while a patient horse trainer and weary welder toil nearby. Underwood hitchhikes the rest of the way to her gig at a neighborhood bar. She takes the stage in front of a small crowd of patrons that includes all the local characters met earlier who were working hard and could use a break. She sings their life story, then moves on to the next dusty town, "like an angel of mercy in Daisy Dukes", Rolling Stone describes.
The video won Female Video of the Year at the 2016 CMT Music Awards, and was also nominated for Video of the Year.
Track listing
Digital download
"Smoke Break" – 3:19
Live performances
Underwood performed the song on television for the first time at The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, on September 10, 2015. Underwood also performed the song at the 2015 CMA Awards. She performed the song on New Year's Rockin' Eve on December 31, 2015.
Underwood's live performance at CMT's Instant Jam won the 2016 CMT Music Award for CMT Performance of the Year.
It was included as one of the encore songs on Underwood's Storyteller Tour alongside "Something in the Water". Underwood also performed it as part of her set at the Glastonbury Festival 2019.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2015–2016)
Peakposition
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
53
Canada Country (Billboard)
1
US Billboard Hot 100
43
US Country Airplay (Billboard)
2
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
4
Year-end charts
Chart (2015)
Position
US Country Airplay (Billboard)
52
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
53
Chart (2016)
Position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
83
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
447,000
Release history
List of release dates, showing region, formats, label and reference
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label
Ref.
Australia
August 21, 2015
Digital download
Sony Music Nashville
United Kingdom
United States
Arista Nashville
August 24, 2015
Country radio
Awards and nominations
CMT Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
2016
"Smoke Break"
Video of the Year
Nominated
2016
"Smoke Break"
Female Video of the Year
Won
British Country Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
2016
"Smoke Break"
International Song of the Year
Nominated
References
^ "Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' ". Taste of Country. August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
^ a b c d Denise Quan (August 25, 2015). "See Carrie Underwood's Smoldering 'Smoke Break' Video". Rolling Stone.
^ a b "Carrie Underwood Announces New Album 'Storyteller'". Rolling Stone. August 21, 2015.
^ Grady Smith (September 1, 2015). "Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' sizzles in dry summer for country music". The Guardian.
^ Jason Lipshutz (August 26, 2015). "Is Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' a Smash Hit? Plus More of the Week's Best and Worst Singles". Billboard.
^ Hugh McIntyre (August 21, 2015). "Carrie Underwood Releases Surprise New Single, Announces New Album 'Storyteller'". Forbes.
^ a b c Dee Lockett (August 21, 2015). "Carrie Underwood's New Song Ruffles Feathers With Supposed Pro-Smoking Message, But That Misses the Point". Vulture.
^ Kevin John (August 21, 2015). "Single Review: Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break'". Country Universe.
^ "Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' ". Taste of Country. August 20, 2015.
^ Christgau, Robert (July 1, 2016). "Tall Tales and Big Country Expert Witness with Robert Christgau". Vice. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
^ Jim Asker (September 2, 2015). "Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke' Rises, Sam Hunt Parties His Way to Another No. 1". Billboard.
^ Maeve McDermott (August 21, 2015). "Carrie Underwood tries to make smoking cool again on 'Smoke Break'". USA Today.
^ Sterling Whitaker (August 25, 2015). "Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' Makes History at Country Radio". Taste of Country.
^ "Country Radio Music Chart – Billboard". Billboard.
^ a b Bjorke, Matt (May 5, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Singles Report: May 5, 2016". Roughstock.
^ a b "American single certifications – Carrie Underwood – Smoke Break". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ a b Zach Johnson (September 1, 2015). "Carrie Underwood Takes Fans Behind the Scenes of Her "Smoke Break" Music Video: Watch the Exclusive Video Now"". E! Online.
^ Sophie Schillaci (August 24, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE: Watch Carrie Underwood's Brand New 'Smoke Break' Video". Entertainment Tonight.
^ "Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards". carrieunderwoodofficial.com. 2016-06-10.
^ Hudak, Joseph. "Carrie Underwood, Chris Stapleton, Cam Lead CMT Awards Nominees". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ a b "iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood". iTunes Store. United States: Apple Inc. August 21, 2015.
^ "Carrie Underwood to Debut "Smoke Break" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". Carrie Underwood Official Website. August 20, 2015.
^ McClellan, Laura. "Carrie Underwood Gives Audience A "Smoke Break" At 2015 CMA Awards". tasteofcountry.com. Taste of Country. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ Angermiller, Michele Amabile (2016-01-01). "Carrie Underwood, Demi Lovato, Luke Bryan and More Ring in 2016 in Times Square for 'New Year's Rockin' Eve'". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
^ "Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards". carrieunderwoodofficial.com. 2016-06-10.
^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard.
^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard.
^ "Carrie Underwood Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
^ "Best of 2015: Country Airplay". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
^ "Best of 2015: Hot Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
^ "Hot Country Songs – Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
^ "iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood". iTunes Store. Australia: Apple Inc. August 21, 2015.
^ "iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood". iTunes Store. United Kingdom: Apple Inc. August 21, 2015.
^ "Future Releases for Country Radio Stations". Allaccess.com. United States: All Access Music Group. August 24, 2015. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
^ "PlayMPE :: Going For Adds :: Country". 20 August 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
^ "New Single: Carrie Underwood's "Smoke Break"". Rolling Stone. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ Billboard Staff. "CMT Music Awards 2016: See the Full Winners List". billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
^ http://countrymusictattletale.com/2016/07/11/2016-british-country-music-awards-nominees-announced/
vteCarrie Underwood songs
Discography
Awards and nominations
Some Hearts
"Jesus, Take the Wheel"
"Some Hearts"
"Don't Forget to Remember Me"
"Before He Cheats"
"Wasted"
Carnival Ride
"So Small"
"All-American Girl"
"Last Name"
"Just a Dream"
"I Told You So"
Play On
"Cowboy Casanova"
"Temporary Home"
"Undo It"
"Mama's Song"
"Home Sweet Home"
Blown Away
"Good Girl"
"Blown Away"
"Two Black Cadillacs"
"See You Again"
Greatest Hits: Decade #1
"Something in the Water"
"Little Toy Guns"
Storyteller
"Smoke Break"
"Heartbeat"
"Church Bells"
"Dirty Laundry"
Cry Pretty
"Cry Pretty"
"Love Wins"
"Southbound"
"Drinking Alone"
My Gift
"Hallelujah"
Denim & Rhinestones
"Ghost Story"
"Hate My Heart"
"Out of That Truck"
Collaborative songs
"Just Stand Up!"
"Remind Me"
"Can't Stop Lovin' You"
"Somethin' Bad"
"The Fighter"
"The Champion"
"Forever Country"
"If I Didn't Love You"
"Only Us"
Other songs
"Inside Your Heaven"
"I'll Stand by You"
"Ever Ever After"
"Praying for Time"
"There's a Place for Us"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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It was released on August 21, 2015, through Sony Music Nashville, as the album's lead single. It was written by Underwood, Chris DeStefano, and Hillary Lindsey, and was produced by Jay Joyce. Musically, it has lyrics about escaping life's many stresses.\"Smoke Break\" was met with critical acclaim, with music critics describing it as \"a homage to hard working people in need of a breather\". It quickly became a commercial success, setting an all-time record for the largest first-week adds at country radio. It went on to reach number one on the Billboard Canada Country chart and number two on the Billboard Country Airplay chart in the US, becoming her 20th top-two single on the chart.The song's accompanying music video was directed by Randee St. Nicholas and won the 2016 CMT Music Award for Female Video of the Year. The song received its first televised performance at The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, on September 10, 2015.","title":"Smoke Break"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smoke_Break_lyrics-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smoke_Break_lyrics-3"}],"text":"\"Smoke Break\" is a country rock song that critics have described as \"a homage to hard working people in need of a breather\".[2] It has lyrics about escaping life's many stresses.[3] About the writing process, Underwood stated that she, Chris DeStefano and Hillary Lindsey \"were writing and kept taking breaks to go outside because we were getting a little stuck on a song we were already working on. It was so beautiful outside that we had a hard time focusing, so we decided to write a song about taking breaks! 'Smoke Break' seemed like a great title, so we ran with it!\"[3]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"A-list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-list"},{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Taste of Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Country"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christgau-10"},{"link_name":"WSM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSM-FM"},{"link_name":"WKDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKDF"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-11"}],"text":"\"Smoke Break\" has received rave reviews from music critics. Grady Smith of UK's The Guardian acclaimed it, by stating \"among all the great music we've been treated to this summer, no song has carried more significance than Carrie Underwood’s excellent new single 'Smoke Break'. Here we have an A-list star releasing an unabashed country rock song that isn't trying to chase any sonic trends\". He also added that Underwood \"has emerged as the leader of country music\".[4] Denise Quan of Rolling Stone praised the song, saying that the singer \"pays homage to hard working people in need of a breather\" and adding that Underwood puts \"a bit more twang in her vocals than usual — a welcome dose of laid-back country cool after a string of glossy, high-octane arena rockers and soaring ballads\".[2] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard awarded it 3.5 starts out of a possible five, noting Underwood's departure from previous material and stating that \"the normally overpolished American Idol winner wears the song's blue-collar country-rock vibe well\".[5] Hugh McIntyre of Forbes praised it, saying its lines evokes \"some pretty sentimental themes that likely connect with a lot of people\" and the song \"has the makings of another runaway hit on radio\".[6]Dee Lockett of Vulture praised it, pointing out that \"just as songs about getting trashed will remain a rite of passage in country music, its superstars like Carrie Underwood will continue to find ways to keep them meaningful\".[7] Kevin John of Country Universe praised Underwood's songwriting by saying that \"she has the finest singing voice of her generation, but her greatest gift is her ability to express empathy for others through song\".[8] Taste of Country praised the song as well, stating that \"it's a song everyone can relate to\" and \"is easy to wear, and adaptable to life's changing circumstances\", and praised Underwood's delivery, saying \"she starts soft before soaring into the chorus\".[9] Robert Christgau deemed it as Storyteller's most impressive song, \"cross-regional, cross-gender, class-conscious ... in which neither the mother of four working three jobs nor the farm family's first college man can do without the occasional drag or drink, sincere Christians though they be\".[10]WSM-FM and WKDF Nashville Program Director Charlie Cook praised the song as well, saying \"the lyrics\naddress the hectic lives everyone now lives, and the production stands out as a testament that she is willing to take chances, yet play within what her fans expect\". iHeartMedia Senior VP of Programming Gator Harrison said the song is “an anthem for the overwhelmed, something we can all relate to, and amen. It's a smash\".[11]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture-7"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"placeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placeholder_name"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"\"Smoke Break\" garnered some controversy upon its release, after some listeners accused the song of \"trying to promote smoking\".[7] Journalists for vehicles such as Vulture and USA Today went on to defend the song. Dee Lockett of Vulture stated that the accusation \"misses the point\" and defended it by saying that \"like many of Carrie's narrative-driven songs, though, she's making a larger point. A 'stiff drink' and a 'long drag' are just placeholders for any vice the overworked might depend on to survive. The concern isn't how Americans cope with their blue-collar lives (though she's by no means undermining the severity of addiction); it's the culture of stress that suffocates everyone that should piss people off\".[7] Maeve McDermott of USA Today says \"the song is less a pro-cigarette anthem as it is a tribute to sneaking away from your responsibilities and taking a minute to breathe\".[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediabase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediabase"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Canada Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Country"},{"link_name":"Blown Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blown_Away_(Carrie_Underwood_song)"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us_sales-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_StatesCarrie_UnderwoodSmoke_BreaksingleCertRef-16"}],"text":"\"Smoke Break\" set, according to Taste of Country's Sterling Whitaker, \"an all-time record for the largest first-week radio adds in the history of Country Aircheck, with 145 Mediabase adds and 159 total Billboard and Country Aircheck reporting stations lined up for the song’s official airplay impact date\".[2][13] Additionally, the single had opening week sales of 56,000 in the United States, debuting at the top of the Billboard Country Digital Singles chart – her fifth leader on the chart – and moving from number 36 to number five on the Billboard Hot Country Songs in its second week on the chart; it eventually peaked on Billboard Hot Country Songs at number four on November 24, 2015. It peaked at number one on Billboard Canada Country chart, becoming her second single to top that chart, the other being \"Blown Away\". The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Country Airplay chart and both debuted and peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[14]As of May 2016, it sold 447,000 copies in the United States.[15] The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 23, 2020.[16]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blown Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blown_Away_(Carrie_Underwood_song)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music_video-17"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music_video-17"},{"link_name":"sepia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepia_(color)"},{"link_name":"Ford truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_trucks"},{"link_name":"diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diner"},{"link_name":"horse trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"Daisy Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Dukes_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2"},{"link_name":"CMT Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The accompanying music video was directed by Randee St. Nicholas, who directed Underwood's \"Blown Away\" music video in 2012, and was shot over two days.[17] It premiered on Entertainment Tonight on August 24, 2015.[18] Underwood cast \"gorgeous, strong women\" to play a horse trainer, a truck driver and a waitress. \"It just tells a story,\" Underwood said of featuring blue collar characters. \"These are everyday jobs, and we need a break.\"[17]The video begins with Underwood driving through the dusty, sepia-washed desert in a vintage Ford truck. She passes a busy waitress in a diner, and a businessman struggling with his responsibilities. Then her truck overheats, and she has to hoof it, while a patient horse trainer and weary welder toil nearby. Underwood hitchhikes the rest of the way to her gig at a neighborhood bar. She takes the stage in front of a small crowd of patrons that includes all the local characters met earlier who were working hard and could use a break. She sings their life story, then moves on to the next dusty town, \"like an angel of mercy in Daisy Dukes\", Rolling Stone describes.[2]The video won Female Video of the Year at the 2016 CMT Music Awards, and was also nominated for Video of the Year.[19][20]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Release-21"}],"text":"Digital download[21]\"Smoke Break\" – 3:19","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"CMA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMA_Awards"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New Year's Rockin' Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark%27s_New_Year%27s_Rockin%27_Eve"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"CMT Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Storyteller Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyteller_Tour:_Stories_in_the_Round"},{"link_name":"Something in the Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_in_the_Water_(Carrie_Underwood_song)"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival_2019"}],"text":"Underwood performed the song on television for the first time at The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, on September 10, 2015.[22] Underwood also performed the song at the 2015 CMA Awards.[23] She performed the song on New Year's Rockin' Eve on December 31, 2015.[24]Underwood's live performance at CMT's Instant Jam won the 2016 CMT Music Award for CMT Performance of the Year.[25]It was included as one of the encore songs on Underwood's Storyteller Tour alongside \"Something in the Water\". Underwood also performed it as part of her set at the Glastonbury Festival 2019.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_Break&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Carrie_Underwood-26"},{"link_name":"Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Country"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadacountry_Carrie_Underwood-27"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Carrie_Underwood-28"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcountryairplay_Carrie_Underwood-29"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcountrysongs_Carrie_Underwood-30"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_Break&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2015–2016)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[26]\n\n53\n\n\nCanada Country (Billboard)[27]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[28]\n\n43\n\n\nUS Country Airplay (Billboard)[29]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[30]\n\n4\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2015)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Country Airplay (Billboard)[31]\n\n52\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[32]\n\n53\n\n\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[33]\n\n83","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CMT Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"British Country Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' [Listen]\". Taste of Country. August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' [Listen]\""}]},{"reference":"Denise Quan (August 25, 2015). \"See Carrie Underwood's Smoldering 'Smoke Break' Video\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-carrie-underwoods-smoldering-smoke-break-video-20150825","url_text":"\"See Carrie Underwood's Smoldering 'Smoke Break' Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrie Underwood Announces New Album 'Storyteller'\". Rolling Stone. August 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/carrie-underwood-announces-new-album-storyteller-20150820","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood Announces New Album 'Storyteller'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Grady Smith (September 1, 2015). \"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' sizzles in dry summer for country music\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/sep/01/dry-summer-country-music-carrie-underwood-sizzles?CMP=share_btn_tw","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' sizzles in dry summer for country music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Jason Lipshutz (August 26, 2015). \"Is Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' a Smash Hit? Plus More of the Week's Best and Worst Singles\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6677680/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-nick-jonas-jojo-gorgon-city","url_text":"\"Is Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' a Smash Hit? Plus More of the Week's Best and Worst Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Hugh McIntyre (August 21, 2015). \"Carrie Underwood Releases Surprise New Single, Announces New Album 'Storyteller'\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2015/08/21/carrie-underwood-releases-surprise-new-single-announces-new-album-storyteller/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood Releases Surprise New Single, Announces New Album 'Storyteller'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Dee Lockett (August 21, 2015). \"Carrie Underwood's New Song Ruffles Feathers With Supposed Pro-Smoking Message, But That Misses the Point\". Vulture.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2015/08/listen-to-carrie-underwoods-new-song.html","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood's New Song Ruffles Feathers With Supposed Pro-Smoking Message, But That Misses the Point\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com","url_text":"Vulture"}]},{"reference":"Kevin John (August 21, 2015). \"Single Review: Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break'\". Country Universe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countryuniverse.net/2015/08/21/single-review-carrie-underwood-smoke-break/","url_text":"\"Single Review: Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' [Listen]\". Taste of Country. August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' [Listen]\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (July 1, 2016). \"Tall Tales and Big Country Expert Witness with Robert Christgau\". Vice. Retrieved July 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://noisey.vice.com/blog/expert-witness-brandy-clark-carrie-underwood","url_text":"\"Tall Tales and Big Country Expert Witness with Robert Christgau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"Jim Asker (September 2, 2015). \"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke' Rises, Sam Hunt Parties His Way to Another No. 1\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6685147/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-country-charts-sam-hunt","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke' Rises, Sam Hunt Parties His Way to Another No. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Maeve McDermott (August 21, 2015). \"Carrie Underwood tries to make smoking cool again on 'Smoke Break'\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainthis.usatoday.com/2015/08/21/carrie-underwood-smoke-break/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood tries to make smoking cool again on 'Smoke Break'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Sterling Whitaker (August 25, 2015). \"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' Makes History at Country Radio\". Taste of Country.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-radio-adds/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' Makes History at Country Radio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Country","url_text":"Taste of Country"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Radio Music Chart – Billboard\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/country-airplay","url_text":"\"Country Radio Music Chart – Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (May 5, 2016). \"Top 30 Digital Singles Report: May 5, 2016\". Roughstock.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2016/05/40235-top-30-digital-singles-report-may-5-2016","url_text":"\"Top 30 Digital Singles Report: May 5, 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Carrie Underwood – Smoke Break\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Carrie+Underwood&ti=Smoke+Break&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Carrie Underwood – Smoke Break\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Zach Johnson (September 1, 2015). \"Carrie Underwood Takes Fans Behind the Scenes of Her \"Smoke Break\" Music Video: Watch the Exclusive Video Now\"\". E! Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/news/691812/carrie-underwood-takes-fans-behind-the-scenes-of-her-smoke-break-music-video-watch-the-exclusive-video-now","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood Takes Fans Behind the Scenes of Her \"Smoke Break\" Music Video: Watch the Exclusive Video Now\"\""}]},{"reference":"Sophie Schillaci (August 24, 2015). \"EXCLUSIVE: Watch Carrie Underwood's Brand New 'Smoke Break' Video\". Entertainment Tonight.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/music/170567_exclusive_watch_carrie_underwood_brand_new_smoke_break_video/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Watch Carrie Underwood's Brand New 'Smoke Break' Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight","url_text":"Entertainment Tonight"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards\". carrieunderwoodofficial.com. 2016-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carrieunderwoodofficial.com/carrie-underwood-owned-the-night-at-2016-cmt-music-awards/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Hudak, Joseph. \"Carrie Underwood, Chris Stapleton, Cam Lead CMT Awards Nominees\". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/carrie-underwood-chris-stapleton-cam-lead-cmt-awards-nominations-20160509","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood, Chris Stapleton, Cam Lead CMT Awards Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\". iTunes Store. United States: Apple Inc. August 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/smoke-break-single/id1031328445","url_text":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"Carrie Underwood to Debut \"Smoke Break\" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\". Carrie Underwood Official Website. August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://carrieunderwoodofficial.com/carrie-underwood-to-debut-smoke-break-on-the-tonight-show-starring-jimmy-fallon/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood to Debut \"Smoke Break\" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\""}]},{"reference":"McClellan, Laura. \"Carrie Underwood Gives Audience A \"Smoke Break\" At 2015 CMA Awards\". tasteofcountry.com. Taste of Country. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-2015-cma-awards/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood Gives Audience A \"Smoke Break\" At 2015 CMA Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Angermiller, Michele Amabile (2016-01-01). \"Carrie Underwood, Demi Lovato, Luke Bryan and More Ring in 2016 in Times Square for 'New Year's Rockin' Eve'\". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/carrie-underwood-demi-lovato-luke-bryan-new-years-rockin-eve-times-square-6828860/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood, Demi Lovato, Luke Bryan and More Ring in 2016 in Times Square for 'New Year's Rockin' Eve'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards\". carrieunderwoodofficial.com. 2016-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carrieunderwoodofficial.com/carrie-underwood-owned-the-night-at-2016-cmt-music-awards/","url_text":"\"Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 2015: Country Airplay\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/country-airplay-songs","url_text":"\"Best of 2015: Country Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 2015: Hot Country Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/hot-country-songs","url_text":"\"Best of 2015: Hot Country Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Country Songs – Year-End 2016\". Billboard. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-country-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Country Songs – Year-End 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\". iTunes Store. Australia: Apple Inc. August 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/smoke-break-single/id1031328445","url_text":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\". iTunes Store. United Kingdom: Apple Inc. August 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/smoke-break-single/id1031328445","url_text":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"Future Releases for Country Radio Stations\". Allaccess.com. United States: All Access Music Group. August 24, 2015. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/country/future-releases","url_text":"\"Future Releases for Country Radio Stations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150822003545/http://www.allaccess.com/country/future-releases","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PlayMPE :: Going For Adds :: Country\". 20 August 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://daily.plaympe.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break","url_text":"\"PlayMPE :: Going For Adds :: Country\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Single: Carrie Underwood's \"Smoke Break\"\". Rolling Stone. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/carrie-underwood-announces-new-album-storyteller-20150820","url_text":"\"New Single: Carrie Underwood's \"Smoke Break\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Billboard Staff. \"CMT Music Awards 2016: See the Full Winners List\". billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/7400243/cmt-music-awards-2016-winners-list","url_text":"\"CMT Music Awards 2016: See the Full Winners List\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ealNayCkaU","external_links_name":"\"Smoke Break\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' [Listen]\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-carrie-underwoods-smoldering-smoke-break-video-20150825","external_links_name":"\"See Carrie Underwood's Smoldering 'Smoke Break' Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/carrie-underwood-announces-new-album-storyteller-20150820","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Announces New Album 'Storyteller'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/sep/01/dry-summer-country-music-carrie-underwood-sizzles?CMP=share_btn_tw","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' sizzles in dry summer for country music\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6677680/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-nick-jonas-jojo-gorgon-city","external_links_name":"\"Is Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' a Smash Hit? Plus More of the Week's Best and Worst Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2015/08/21/carrie-underwood-releases-surprise-new-single-announces-new-album-storyteller/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Releases Surprise New Single, Announces New Album 'Storyteller'\""},{"Link":"http://www.vulture.com/2015/08/listen-to-carrie-underwoods-new-song.html","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood's New Song Ruffles Feathers With Supposed Pro-Smoking Message, But That Misses the Point\""},{"Link":"http://www.countryuniverse.net/2015/08/21/single-review-carrie-underwood-smoke-break/","external_links_name":"\"Single Review: Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break'\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood, 'Smoke Break' [Listen]\""},{"Link":"http://noisey.vice.com/blog/expert-witness-brandy-clark-carrie-underwood","external_links_name":"\"Tall Tales and Big Country Expert Witness with Robert Christgau\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6685147/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-country-charts-sam-hunt","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke' Rises, Sam Hunt Parties His Way to Another No. 1\""},{"Link":"http://entertainthis.usatoday.com/2015/08/21/carrie-underwood-smoke-break/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood tries to make smoking cool again on 'Smoke Break'\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-radio-adds/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood's 'Smoke Break' Makes History at Country Radio\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/country-airplay","external_links_name":"\"Country Radio Music Chart – Billboard\""},{"Link":"http://roughstock.com/news/2016/05/40235-top-30-digital-singles-report-may-5-2016","external_links_name":"\"Top 30 Digital Singles Report: May 5, 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Carrie+Underwood&ti=Smoke+Break&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Carrie Underwood – Smoke Break\""},{"Link":"http://www.eonline.com/news/691812/carrie-underwood-takes-fans-behind-the-scenes-of-her-smoke-break-music-video-watch-the-exclusive-video-now","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Takes Fans Behind the Scenes of Her \"Smoke Break\" Music Video: Watch the Exclusive Video Now\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.etonline.com/music/170567_exclusive_watch_carrie_underwood_brand_new_smoke_break_video/","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Watch Carrie Underwood's Brand New 'Smoke Break' Video\""},{"Link":"http://www.carrieunderwoodofficial.com/carrie-underwood-owned-the-night-at-2016-cmt-music-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/carrie-underwood-chris-stapleton-cam-lead-cmt-awards-nominations-20160509","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood, Chris Stapleton, Cam Lead CMT Awards Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/smoke-break-single/id1031328445","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\""},{"Link":"http://carrieunderwoodofficial.com/carrie-underwood-to-debut-smoke-break-on-the-tonight-show-starring-jimmy-fallon/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood to Debut \"Smoke Break\" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-smoke-break-2015-cma-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Gives Audience A \"Smoke Break\" At 2015 CMA Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/carrie-underwood-demi-lovato-luke-bryan-new-years-rockin-eve-times-square-6828860/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood, Demi Lovato, Luke Bryan and More Ring in 2016 in Times Square for 'New Year's Rockin' Eve'\""},{"Link":"http://www.carrieunderwoodofficial.com/carrie-underwood-owned-the-night-at-2016-cmt-music-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood owned the night at 2016 CMT Music Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Carrie-Underwood/chart-history/CAN","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Carrie-Underwood/chart-history/CCW","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Chart History (Canada Country)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Carrie-Underwood/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Carrie-Underwood/chart-history/CSA","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Chart History (Country Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Carrie-Underwood/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Carrie Underwood Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/country-airplay-songs","external_links_name":"\"Best of 2015: Country Airplay\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/hot-country-songs","external_links_name":"\"Best of 2015: Hot Country Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-country-songs","external_links_name":"\"Hot Country Songs – Year-End 2016\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/smoke-break-single/id1031328445","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/smoke-break-single/id1031328445","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Music – Smoke Break by Carrie Underwood\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/country/future-releases","external_links_name":"\"Future Releases for Country Radio 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release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patryk_Lipski
|
Patryk Lipski
|
["1 Career","2 Career statistics","2.1 Club","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Polish footballer
Patryk LipskiPersonal informationDate of birth
(1994-06-12) 12 June 1994 (age 30)Place of birth
Szczecin, PolandHeight
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Ethnikos AchnaNumber
8Youth career0000–2011
Salos Szczecin2012–2013
Ruch ChorzówSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2013–2017
Ruch Chorzów
66
(9)2017–2020
Lechia Gdańsk
59
(7)2020–2022
Piast Gliwice
38
(1)2022–2023
Widzew Łódź
21
(2)2023–
Ethnikos Achna
39
(4)International career2015–2017
Poland U21
15
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 10 May 2024
Patryk Lipski (born 12 June 1994) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Cypriot club Ethnikos Achna.
Career
Lipski started his career with Ruch Chorzów. On 12 August 2017, Lipski agreed a deal to join Lechia Gdańsk. In August 2020, he became a player of Piast Gliwice, and he left the club by mutual consent at the end of February 2022.
Shortly after, on 3 March 2022, Lipski joined I liga club Widzew Łódź on a year-and-a-half contract.
On 3 July 2023, Lipski moved abroad for the first time in his career to join Cypriot First Division side Ethnikos Achna on a one-year deal, which was extended for a further year on 9 May 2024. The following day, he scored his fourth league goal of the season in a 6–3 loss against Doxa Katokopias. He ended the season with five goals and ten assists in 41 appearances across all competitions.
Career statistics
Club
As of 10 May 2024
Club
Season
League
League
Cup
Continental
Other
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Ruch Chorzów
2014–15
Ekstraklasa
1
0
0
0
—
—
1
0
2015–16
Ekstraklasa
36
4
2
1
—
—
38
5
2016–17
Ekstraklasa
29
5
1
0
—
—
30
5
Total
66
9
3
1
—
—
69
10
Lechia Gdańsk
2017–18
Ekstraklasa
21
1
0
0
—
—
21
1
2018–19
Ekstraklasa
21
6
3
0
—
—
24
6
2019–20
Ekstraklasa
17
0
5
1
2
1
0
0
24
2
Total
59
7
8
1
2
1
0
0
69
9
Piast Gliwice
2020–21
Ekstraklasa
25
1
5
0
3
1
—
33
2
2021–22
Ekstraklasa
13
0
2
0
—
—
15
0
Total
38
1
7
0
3
1
—
48
2
Widzew Łódź
2021–22
I liga
11
0
—
—
—
11
0
2022–23
Ekstraklasa
10
2
1
0
—
—
11
2
Total
21
2
1
0
—
—
22
2
Ethnikos Achna
2023–24
Cypriot First Division
39
4
2
1
—
—
41
5
Career total
223
23
21
3
5
2
0
0
249
28
Honours
Lechia Gdańsk
Polish Cup: 2018–19
Polish Super Cup: 2019
References
^ a b Patryk Lipski at 90minut.pl (in Polish)
^ "Nie trzeba mieć talentu Maradony, żeby coś w piłce osiągnąć" (in Polish). Weszło. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "Lipski zawodnikiem Lechii Gdańsk" (in Polish). Polsat Sport. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
^ "Patryk Lipski odchodzi z Piasta" (in Polish). Piast Gliwice. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "Patryk Lipski nowym piłkarzem Widzewa Łódź" (in Polish). Widzew Łódź. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
^ "Patryk Lipski w AS Ethnikós Áchnas". 90minut.pl (in Polish). 3 July 2023.
^ "Patryk Lipski na dłużej w Ethnikósie Áchnas". 90minut.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ "Bramka Patryka Lipskiego". 90minut.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 10 May 2024.
External links
Patryk Lipski at Soccerway
vteEthnikos Achna – current squad
1 Bogatinov
3 Ristevski
4 Spirovski
5 de Iriondo
6 Peratikos
7 C.Elia
8 Lipski
10 Pechlivanis
12 Lomotey
14 Mezquida
16 Bijker
19 Enem
21 Nikolaou
22 Ioannou
23 Artymatas
24 Becker
28 Stylianou
29 Ioannidis
30 Cabrera
33 Kavaleuskiy
47 Perdios
70 M. Elia
71 Dražić
77 Christofi
79 Panagi
80 Angelopoulos
Manager: Satsias
This biographical article related to a Polish association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaan_Snyman
|
Christiaan Snyman
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
This article is pending listification and draftification following consensus at the village pump. To prevent this, please add sources which plausibly demonstrate that the article meets the general notability guideline; once done, do not remove the tag, as this may not prevent draftification; instead, please leave a note on the preparation talk page. If you believe the article already contains such sources and inclusion is erroneous, please follow the same process.For more details, see Template:Special draft pending. (March 2024)
Namibian cricketer
Christiaan SnymanPersonal informationBorn (1996-05-04) 4 May 1996 (age 28)NamibiaInternational information
National sideNamibia
Source: Cricinfo, 21 January 2015
Christiaan Snyman (born 4 May 1996) is a Namibian cricketer.
References
^ "Christiaan Snyman". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
External links
Christiaan Snyman at ESPNcricinfo
This biographical article related to Namibian cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Christiaan Snyman\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/637293.html","url_text":"\"Christiaan Snyman\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_Wales
|
Women's football in Wales
|
["1 History","2 Domestic League","3 National team","4 See also","5 References"]
|
For more in depth, albeit general information, see Football in Wales.
This article needs attention from an expert in Wales. The specific problem is: inadequate content on the historical and cultural aspects of the subject. WikiProject Wales may be able to help recruit an expert. (January 2020)
Women's football in WalesCountryWalesGoverning bodyFootball Association of WalesNational team(s)Women's national teamClub competitions
Adran Premier Adran North Adran South FAW Women's Cup Adran TrophyInternational competitions
Champions League FIFA Women's World Cup (National Team) European Championship(National Team)
Women's football in Wales is overseen by the Football Association of Wales and is affiliated with both the world (FIFA) and European (UEFA) football governing bodies. As such the national team are eligible to compete in the World Cup and the European Championship. The winners of the top tier league is invited to join the qualifying stage of the Champions League.
History
Women's football first became popular in Wales during WW1. In March 1922, following complaints from religious congregations, the Football Association of Wales also implemented a total ban. However, the ban was initially less comprehensive and less consistently applied than in England, with the Marquis of Bute authorising Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. to hold a charity match against Olympic de Paris just three weeks after the FAW announced the ban. The match, held at Cardiff Arms Park, attracted an audience of 15,000 and raised funds for the restoration of Reims Cathedral. In 1939, the FAW instituted a stronger version of the ban, decreeing that "no football match in which any lady or ladies take part in any way whatsoever shall be permitted to be played on any football ground within the jurisdiction of this Association. Clubs, officials, players or referees are not permitted to associate themselves in any way whatsoever with Ladies Football matches." The ban was lifted on 29 May 1970, and the sport experienced a revival in the 1990s.
Domestic League
The pyramid in Wales consists of four tiers. The top two are run directly by the Welsh FA, whilst Tiers 3 and 4 are run by local FA's.
Starting in 2009, the top level of domestic football was the Welsh Premier Women's Football League. Below that, Tier 2 was split into Northern and Southern sections, the North Wales Women's Football League and South Wales Women's & Girls' League, respectively. Levels 3 and 4 were regionalised still further. The winner of the Premier League each season qualifies for the UEFA Women's Champions League. Three teams have been crowned champions since: Cardiff Met. Ladies (6 times), Swansea City Ladies (6 times) and Cardiff City (3 times). There is also a two-tier Under 19 Development system running parallel to the open age one.
In 2021, a full restructure of the league system was announced. The new league system would be see the Adran Premier become the top flight of women's football in Wales, with tier 2 remaining split into North and South sections, Adran North and Adran South respectively. Tiers 3 & 4 would remain regionalised and managed by the local FA.
The FAW Women's Cup is the premier national cup competition which was founded in 1992. The current holders from the 23/24 season are Cardiff City after a 2-0 win in the final versus Wrexham
A Premier League Cup was started in 2014. The restructure in 2021 saw the Premier League Cup be rebranded to the Adran Trophy. The current holders from the 23/24 are Cardiff City, after a 5-1 win in the final versus Swansea City.
National team
Main article: Wales women's national football team
The national team are affiliated with both UEFA and FIFA. Founded in 1973, they first entered the FIFA Women's World Cup and UEFA Women's Championship in 1995. They are yet to qualify for the final stages of either tournament, their best effort being during the attempt to reach the 2019 World Cup, when they came second in their group. In June 2018 they reached an all time high position of 29 in the FIFA rankings, in contrast to their lowest position of 57 in 2006. There are also national teams for women and girls at age restricted levels (under 19, under 17 etc.). As of November 2021 current internationals Jess Fishlock and Helen Ward are the most capped and highest scoring senior national players in history.
See also
Football in Wales
Wales women's national football team
Bans of women's association football
References
^ a b "The history of Welsh football". Wales. 7 June 2021.
^ "Women's football 'needs more support'". 22 March 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
^ "London 2012: Olympic boost to local ladies football in Wales". BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
^ Nakrani, Sachin (4 April 2017). "Jessica Fishlock: 'Louis van Gaal was awe-inspiring but also a little crazy'". Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
^ "Newport Ladies, Lovell's, Uskside: Untold history of women's football in city". South Wales Argus. 31 October 2020.
^ "Fresh discovery in Powys sheds new light on history of women's football in Wales". County Times. 29 July 2023.
^ a b Skillen, Fiona; Byrne, Helena; Carrier, John; James, Gary (2 January 2022). "'The game of football is quite unsuitable for females and ought not to be encouraged': a comparative analysis of the 1921 English Football Association ban on women's football in Britain and Ireland". Sport in History. 42 (1): 49–75. doi:10.1080/17460263.2021.2025415. S2CID 246409158 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
^ "Women's football growing in Wales" – via www.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Here's how the restructure of women's football in Wales will work". County Times.
vteWomen's football in EuropeSovereign states
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vte Football in Wales
Football Association of Wales
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National teamsMen
Wales
Under-21
Under-20
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Women
Wales
Under-17
League systemMenTier 1–3
Cymru Premier (1)
Cymru North (2)
Cymru South (2)
Ardal Leagues (3)
Tier 4–6
Aberystwyth League (5)
Carmarthenshire League (5–7)
Central Wales Football League (4)
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Gwent County League (4–6)
Montgomeryshire Football League (5)
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North East Wales Football League (4–5)
North Wales Coast East (4–5)
North Wales Coast West (4–5)
Pembrokeshire League (5–9)
South Wales Alliance League (4–6)
Swansea Senior Football League (5–6)
West Wales Premier League (4)
Tier 7–10
Aberdare Valley League (7)
Bridgend & District League (7–9)
Cardiff & District League (7–10)
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Port Talbot Football League (7–8)
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Defunct leagues
Anglesey (1895–2020)
Bangor & District (1930–37, 1945–50)
Caernarfon & District (1950–2014)
Clwyd (1974–2011)
Cymru Alliance (1990–2019)
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Women
Welsh Premier Women's League/Adran League
Domestic cupsMenActive
Welsh Cup
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Defunct
Welsh Football League Cup (1925–2020)
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Association football portal
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Sports portal
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List of clubs
Women's football in Wales
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Football Association of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"top tier league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adran_Premier"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For more in depth, albeit general information, see Football in Wales.Women's football in Wales is overseen by the Football Association of Wales and is affiliated with both the world (FIFA) and European (UEFA) football governing bodies.[1] As such the national team are eligible to compete in the World Cup and the European Championship. The winners of the top tier league is invited to join the qualifying stage of the Champions League.[2][3][4]","title":"Women's football in Wales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WW1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Football Association of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick,_Kerr_Ladies_F.C."},{"link_name":"Olympic de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Arms Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park"},{"link_name":"Reims Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skillen_2022-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skillen_2022-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Women's football first became popular in Wales during WW1.[5][6] In March 1922, following complaints from religious congregations, the Football Association of Wales also implemented a total ban. However, the ban was initially less comprehensive and less consistently applied than in England, with the Marquis of Bute authorising Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. to hold a charity match against Olympic de Paris just three weeks after the FAW announced the ban. The match, held at Cardiff Arms Park, attracted an audience of 15,000 and raised funds for the restoration of Reims Cathedral.[7] In 1939, the FAW instituted a stronger version of the ban, decreeing that \"no football match in which any lady or ladies take part in any way whatsoever shall be permitted to be played on any football ground within the jurisdiction of this Association. Clubs, officials, players or referees are not permitted to associate themselves in any way whatsoever with Ladies Football matches.\"[7] The ban was lifted on 29 May 1970,[1] and the sport experienced a revival in the 1990s.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Welsh Premier Women's Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Premier_Women%27s_Football_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Met. Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Met._Ladies_F.C."},{"link_name":"Swansea City Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_Ladies_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C._(women)"},{"link_name":"Adran Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adran_Premier"},{"link_name":"Adran North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adran_North"},{"link_name":"Adran South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adran_South"},{"link_name":"FAW Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C._(women)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C._Women"},{"link_name":"Adran Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adran_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C._(women)"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_Ladies_F.C."}],"text":"The pyramid in Wales consists of four tiers.[9] The top two are run directly by the Welsh FA, whilst Tiers 3 and 4 are run by local FA's.Starting in 2009, the top level of domestic football was the Welsh Premier Women's Football League. Below that, Tier 2 was split into Northern and Southern sections, the North Wales Women's Football League and South Wales Women's & Girls' League, respectively. Levels 3 and 4 were regionalised still further. The winner of the Premier League each season qualifies for the UEFA Women's Champions League. Three teams have been crowned champions since: Cardiff Met. Ladies (6 times), Swansea City Ladies (6 times) and Cardiff City (3 times). There is also a two-tier Under 19 Development system running parallel to the open age one.In 2021, a full restructure of the league system was announced. The new league system would be see the Adran Premier become the top flight of women's football in Wales, with tier 2 remaining split into North and South sections, Adran North and Adran South respectively. Tiers 3 & 4 would remain regionalised and managed by the local FA.The FAW Women's Cup is the premier national cup competition which was founded in 1992. The current holders from the 23/24 season are Cardiff City after a 2-0 win in the final versus WrexhamA Premier League Cup was started in 2014. The restructure in 2021 saw the Premier League Cup be rebranded to the Adran Trophy. The current holders from the 23/24 are Cardiff City, after a 5-1 win in the final versus Swansea City.","title":"Domestic League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"the attempt to reach the 2019 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"FIFA rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_rankings"},{"link_name":"Jess Fishlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Fishlock"},{"link_name":"Helen Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Ward_(footballer)"}],"text":"The national team are affiliated with both UEFA and FIFA. Founded in 1973, they first entered the FIFA Women's World Cup and UEFA Women's Championship in 1995. They are yet to qualify for the final stages of either tournament, their best effort being during the attempt to reach the 2019 World Cup, when they came second in their group. In June 2018 they reached an all time high position of 29 in the FIFA rankings, in contrast to their lowest position of 57 in 2006. There are also national teams for women and girls at age restricted levels (under 19, under 17 etc.). As of November 2021 current internationals Jess Fishlock and Helen Ward are the most capped and highest scoring senior national players in history.","title":"National team"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_(Open_All_Hours)
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List of Open All Hours characters
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["1 Overview","2 Arkwright's staff","2.1 Albert Arkwright","2.2 Granville","2.3 Leroy","3 Regular characters","3.1 Nurse Gladys Emmanuel","3.2 Delphine Featherstone","3.3 Mavis","3.4 Madge","3.5 Eric Agnew","3.6 Gastric Walter","3.7 Cyril","4 Recurring characters","4.1 Mrs Blewett","4.2 Milk Woman","4.3 Lily Parslow","4.4 Kath Agnew","4.5 Mrs Hussein","4.6 Wilburn Newbold","5 References","6 External links"]
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is a list of characters from the BBC situation comedy Open All Hours and its sequel, Still Open All Hours.
Overview
Character
Played by
Series
Appearances
Open All Hours
Still Open All Hours
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
First
Last
Eps
Granville
David Jason
1973
2019
67
Mrs Featherstone
Stephanie Cole
1982
2019
51
Mavis
Maggie Ollerenshaw
1981
2019
48
Leroy
James Baxter
2013
2019
41
Madge
Brigit Forsyth
2013
2019
41
Eric Agnew
Johnny Vegas
2013
2019
40
Gastric
Tim Healy
2014
2019
40
Cyril
Kulvinder Ghir
2013
2019
40
Nurse Gladys Emmanuel
Lynda Baron
1973
2016
39
Kath Agnew
Sally Lindsay
2013
2019
36
Wilburn Newbold
Geoffrey Whitehead
2015
2019
31
Albert Arkwright
Ronnie Barker
1973
1985
26
Mrs Hussein
Nina Wadia
2013
2018
22
Beth
Katie Redford
2017
2019
17
Milk Woman
Barbara Flynn
1981
1985
11
Mrs Rossi
Sue Holderness
2018
2019
10
Mrs Blewett
Kathy Staff
1976
1981
7
Arkwright's staff
Albert Arkwright
Albert ArkwrightOpen All Hours characterPortrayed byRonnie BarkerDuration1973–85First appearancePilot: Open All Hours (1973)Last appearance"The Mystical Boudoir of Nurse Gladys Emmanuel" (1985)Introduced byJames Gilbert (1973)Sydney Lotterby (1976)In-universe informationOccupationShopkeeperFatherMr ArkwrightMotherMrs ArkwrightStepmotherUnnamedHalf-sistersUnnamed (deceased) LilyWifeGladys Emmanuel (fiancée)UnclesDudleyNephewsGranvilleLeroy (great)
Albert E. Arkwright (born 1927) is played by Ronnie Barker in Open All Hours.
Arkwright is a pragmatic, miserly man with old-fashioned values, whose world seems to stop at his shop door, except for his lusting for Nurse Gladys Emmanuel, which prompts him on occasion to wander across the road, usually with a ladder, to gain access to her bedroom window. Arkwright is a devious, and mildly dishonest character, who has many crafty tricks to try to persuade a customer to leave his store having bought at least one thing, and will avoid spending his own money at all cost. He is also very protective of his savings, keeping some in his pocket wrapped in a fine gold chain, and some in an old, battered Oxo tin that he hides under the kitchen sink. This includes, or so he claims, coins from before 1922, when they were "solid silver". He is so protective of his money that the last time he spent a whole night away from the shop was in 1957, when he went to have his appendix removed. The shop's old till possesses a tight spring-clip that regularly puts Arkwright and Granville's fingers in danger. Arkwright refuses to replace it because of the cost of a replacement and because it deters thieves. Although an avid political commentator, he has few political convictions and never sides with either the left or right wing, instead implying they are all useless. Arkwright does however seem fervently opposed to nationalisation, once commenting "My top lip went all stiff and dead, as if it had been nationalised." His political comments usually show no allegiances, instead making remarks like When Wales get home rule, do you think they'll nationalise Clive Jenkins?
Arkwright maintains an openly polite demeanour around customers, but will often insult those who offend him in a veiled or open manner.
Arkwright appears to believe in God, although he is certainly not portrayed as a religious man. Most episodes end with him on the pavement outside the shop during closing time, contemplating the day's events. His thoughts often start with an expression like "Soon they'll only be me and thee that aren't either nationalised or a limited company."
Arkwright, like most characters in the series, is a rational, practical man, who shows no signs of any sentimentality, unlike Granville, who seems to dream away most of his days, and longs for a life away from the shop. Arkwright speaks with a stammer, which he acknowledges sometimes makes it difficult to express himself. He often makes his impediment into a joke, for example asking: Granville, how do you spell P-p-p-pepper? Is it 6 Ps or 7?, Granville occasionally mocks his uncle's speech pattern (such as calling the "weather fore-fore-forecast" the "weather twelvecast", and referring to the "B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-BC" as Morse code), although never in a malicious or hurtful manner. Arkwright was shocked on one occasion to find that he also appears to stutter even when thinking to himself.
Ronnie Barker died in 2005 and by the time of Still Open All Hours, Arkwright has also died and his shop has been bequeathed to Granville as promised, but almost all of his personality traits have passed onto Granville. Granville keeps a framed photograph of Arkwright in the shop's kitchen which he occasionally talks to. Several people in the town, including Granville, believe that Arkwright's ghost still haunts the shop, particularly the cash register, attributing events such as the lights switching on and off or the register randomly opening and closing to him. This is heavily implied to be true in Episode 6 of Series 1, which revolves around Granville's latest scheme under the pretence of holding a séance to contact Arkwright's ghost. Whilst his plan is unsuccessful the final scene sees Granville outside the shop when the lights go out, and they only turn back on after he playfully threatens Arkwright with changing the till if it carries on. The opening of Series 6 episode 5 also sees Granville talking to Arkwright's framed photo which moves in nods and shakes motions into response to him, seemingly of its own accord and without any further explanation.
Granville
GranvilleOpen All Hours & Still Open All Hours characterPortrayed byDavid JasonDuration1973–1985, 2013–2019First appearance25 March 1973ClassificationPresent; regularCreated byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byJames Gilbert (1973)Sydney Lotterby (1976)Gareth Edwards (2013)In-universe informationOccupationErrand boy ShopkeeperFatherUnknownMotherUnnamed (deceased)SonsLeroyGrandfathersMr ArkwrightGrandmothersMrs ArkwrightUnclesAlbert ArkwrightDudley (great)AuntsLily
Granville (born 1948) is played by David Jason in Open All Hours and its sequel, Still Open All Hours. Granville is an errand boy to his uncle and employer, Albert Arkwright, who is the proprietor of an old-fashioned Yorkshire corner shop.
Granville was born to Arkwright's sister, who died while Granville was a young child, leaving Arkwright as his sole guardian. Granville's father's identity is not known, as his mother is implied to be a woman of loose morals, and Arkwright considers him to have likely been a Hungarian, although he is unsure of this. Raised alone by Arkwright, Granville is often curious and engrossed in thoughts about who his father was and saddened not to have known his mother.
Although a kind provider (as long as it is not too stressful on his wallet), Arkwright's miserly and eccentric personality makes him withdraw Granville from school and he starts helping in his uncle's shop at age eleven. The tedious routine weighs heavily on Granville, who resents getting up well before dawn and not being free until nine o'clock at night. He is poorly paid, at £3 a week (£31.17 in 2023), and is made to pay for anything from the shop shelves, even if Arkwright gave it to him. He is curious and anxious to explore the outside world and mingle with his peers, especially girls. Granville spends most of the day dreaming of being somewhere else or doing something else, a custom which is seen as alien to the other characters. Granville seems fairly sharp and quick witted, and is often quick to make satirical jokes about Arkwright's stammer or mannerisms whilst he will often flippantly make fun at customers to their faces, all of them seemingly being too unintelligent to realise this.
Unlike his uncle who is a practical man, Granville is a carefree man, yet is treated as if he is still a child, despite being well into his adult years. Granville's mundane existence is only brightened up by the milkwoman, the only person other than Arkwright who is awake at the same time as him in the mornings. Despite his attraction to her, she is more worldly wise than he is and likes men of the same calibre as herself, but she is generally sympathetic towards Granville and they have kissed on several occasions.
By the time of Still Open All Hours, Arkwright has died and Granville has inherited the shop as promised by Arkwright, and has a young son, Leroy. Despite their radically different personalities and views on life, however, Granville has become a toned-down version of Arkwright in his old age, such as light-heartedly mocking Leroy over his mother's identity, and attempting to make money out of every customer who walks into the shop, even by telling fibs about certain items such as anchovy paste. At one point, Granville opens a bottle of whisky to pour a drink for a promoter, and then charges him for the whole bottle. As a tribute, Granville keeps a framed portrait of Arkwright in the kitchen. He occasionally speaks to the portrait as if speaking to Arkwright, and continues to affectionately mock his late uncle's stutter. In the first episode of the sixth series of Still Open All Hours Granville is referred to as Mr. Arkwright confirming his surname.
Leroy
LeroyStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed byJames BaxterDuration2013–2019First appearance26 December 2013Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth EdwardsIn-universe informationOccupationErrand boyFatherGranvilleMotherLindaGrandfathersUnknownGrandmothersUnnamed (deceased)UnclesAlbert Arkwright (great) Dudley (great-great)AuntsLily (great)Other relativesMrs Arkwright Mr Arkwright
Leroy is played by James Baxter in Still Open All Hours. Leroy is an errand boy to his father and employer, Granville, who is the proprietor of Arkwright's corner shop from the 2013 series.
Regular characters
Nurse Gladys Emmanuel
Nurse Gladys EmmanuelOpen All Hours & Still Open All Hours characterPortrayed byLynda Baron (Sheila Brennan in the Seven of One pilot)Duration1973–85, 2013–16First appearance25 March 1973Last appearance24 January 2016Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byJames Gilbert (1973)Sydney Lotterby (1976)Gareth Edwards (2013)In-universe informationOccupationDistrict nurseMotherUnnamedNiecesUnnamed
Nurse Gladys Emmanuel is played by Lynda Baron in Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours.
Gladys is a district nurse (midwife in the first series) who lives opposite the shop with her elderly mother. She is informally engaged to Arkwright but feels unable to go through with the wedding due to caring for her mother. Gladys can be short-tempered with Arkwright due to his miserly ways and mistreatment of Granville, but she does show concern for their welfare.
By the events of Still Open All Hours, Gladys reveals that she and Arkwright did not marry before his death, joking that he died "to save the cost of the church". Gladys did not appear after the second series due to Lynda Baron's other work commitments.
Delphine Featherstone
Delphine FeatherstoneOpen All Hours & Still Open All Hours characterPortrayed byStephanie ColeDuration1982–85, 2013–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced bySydney Lotterby (1982)Gareth Edwards (2013)
Delphine Featherstone is played by Stephanie Cole in Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours. Known behind her back as "The Black Widow" due to her long black coat and black hat, she openly admires Arkwright's penny-pinching nature.
Mavis
MavisOpen All Hours & Still Open All Hours characterPortrayed byMaggie OllerenshawDuration1981–82, 2013–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced bySydney Lotterby (1981)Gareth Edwards (2013)
Mavis is played by Maggie Ollerenshaw in Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours. Known to Arkwright as "wavy Mavis" due to her indecisive nature, it is implied that her marriage is not a happy one. She appears to be good friends with Granville, but wonders if her concern for his welfare is simply an outlet for her maternal instincts. In Still Open All Hours, Mavis is divorced but is frustrated in her and Granville's attempts to date by her overprotective sister Madge.
Madge
MadgeStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed byBrigit ForsythDuration2013–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth Edwards
Madge is a fictional character played by Brigit Forsyth in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.
Eric Agnew
Eric AgnewStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed byJohnny VegasDuration2013–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth Edwards
Eric Agnew is a fictional character played by Johnny Vegas in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.
Gastric Walter
Gastric WalterStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed byTim HealyDuration2014–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth Edwards
"Gastric" is a fictional character played by Tim Healy in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.
His surname can be seen written on Granville’s shop window in Series 5.
Cyril
CyrilStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed byKulvinder GhirDuration2013–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth Edwards
Cyril is a fictional character played by Kulvinder Ghir in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.
Recurring characters
Mrs Blewett
Mrs BlewettOpen All Hours characterPortrayed byKathy StaffDuration1976–1981Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced bySydney Lotterby
Mrs Blewett is a fictional character played by Kathy Staff in the British sitcom Open All Hours. A somewhat dour woman who raised seven children, her personality resembles Staff's character Nora Batty in Roy Clarke's other sitcom Last of the Summer Wine.
Milk Woman
Milk WomanOpen All Hours characterPortrayed byBarbara FlynnDuration1981–1985Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced bySydney Lotterby
The Milk Woman is a fictional character played by Barbara Flynn in the British sitcom Open All Hours. Never named in the series, she is the ongoing object of Granville's desire. A divorcee who combines her milk rounds with her Open University studies, she is occasionally receptive to Granville's interests, but makes it clear he's not her only potential suitor and in later episodes she is engaged to another man.
Lily Parslow
Lily ParslowOpen All Hours characterPortrayed byFrances CoxDuration1981–1985Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced bySydney Lotterby
Lily Parslow is a fictional character played by Frances Cox in the British sitcom Open All Hours.
Kath Agnew
Kath AgnewStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed bySally LindsayDuration2013–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth Edwards
Kath Agnew is a fictional character played by Sally Lindsay in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours. She is the wife of Eric Agnew.
Mrs Hussein
Mrs HusseinStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed byNina WadiaDuration2013–2018Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth Edwards
Mrs Hussein is a fictional character played by Nina Wadia in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.
Wilburn Newbold
Wilburn NewboldStill Open All Hours characterPortrayed byGeoffrey WhiteheadDuration2015–2019Created byRoy ClarkeIntroduced byGareth Edwards
Wilburn Newbold is a fictional character played by Geoffrey Whitehead in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.
References
External links
Open All Hours at the bbc.co.uk Guide to Comedy
Open All Hours at the British Film Institute
List of Open All Hours characters at the BFI's Screenonline
Open All Hours at IMDb
Image of Arkwright's shop in April 2007
vteOpen All Hours
Open All Hours
episodes
Still Open All Hours (episodes)
Characters
Arkwright
Granville
Seven of One (1973)
The Funny Side of Christmas (1982)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"text":"This is a list of characters from the BBC situation comedy Open All Hours and its sequel, Still Open All Hours.","title":"List of Open All Hours characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arkwright's staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronnie Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Barker"},{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Oxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo_(food)"},{"link_name":"appendix removed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendectomy"},{"link_name":"Clive Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Albert Arkwright","text":"Albert E. Arkwright (born 1927) is played by Ronnie Barker in Open All Hours.Arkwright is a pragmatic, miserly man with old-fashioned values, whose world seems to stop at his shop door, except for his lusting for Nurse Gladys Emmanuel, which prompts him on occasion to wander across the road, usually with a ladder, to gain access to her bedroom window. Arkwright is a devious, and mildly dishonest character, who has many crafty tricks to try to persuade a customer to leave his store having bought at least one thing, and will avoid spending his own money at all cost. He is also very protective of his savings, keeping some in his pocket wrapped in a fine gold chain, and some in an old, battered Oxo tin that he hides under the kitchen sink. This includes, or so he claims, coins from before 1922, when they were \"solid silver\". He is so protective of his money that the last time he spent a whole night away from the shop was in 1957, when he went to have his appendix removed. The shop's old till possesses a tight spring-clip that regularly puts Arkwright and Granville's fingers in danger. Arkwright refuses to replace it because of the cost of a replacement and because it deters thieves. Although an avid political commentator, he has few political convictions and never sides with either the left or right wing, instead implying they are all useless. Arkwright does however seem fervently opposed to nationalisation, once commenting \"My top lip went all stiff and dead, as if it had been nationalised.\" His political comments usually show no allegiances, instead making remarks like When Wales get home rule, do you think they'll nationalise Clive Jenkins?Arkwright maintains an openly polite demeanour around customers, but will often insult those who offend him in a veiled or open manner.Arkwright appears to believe in God, although he is certainly not portrayed as a religious man. Most episodes end with him on the pavement outside the shop during closing time, contemplating the day's events. His thoughts often start with an expression like \"Soon they'll only be me and thee that aren't either nationalised or a limited company.\"Arkwright, like most characters in the series, is a rational, practical man, who shows no signs of any sentimentality, unlike Granville, who seems to dream away most of his days, and longs for a life away from the shop. Arkwright speaks with a stammer, which he acknowledges sometimes makes it difficult to express himself. He often makes his impediment into a joke, for example asking: Granville, how do you spell P-p-p-pepper? Is it 6 Ps or 7?, Granville occasionally mocks his uncle's speech pattern (such as calling the \"weather fore-fore-forecast\" the \"weather twelvecast\", and referring to the \"B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-BC\" as Morse code), although never in a malicious or hurtful manner. Arkwright was shocked on one occasion to find that he also appears to stutter even when thinking to himself.Ronnie Barker died in 2005 and by the time of Still Open All Hours, Arkwright has also died and his shop has been bequeathed to Granville as promised, but almost all of his personality traits have passed onto Granville. Granville keeps a framed photograph of Arkwright in the shop's kitchen which he occasionally talks to. Several people in the town, including Granville, believe that Arkwright's ghost still haunts the shop, particularly the cash register, attributing events such as the lights switching on and off or the register randomly opening and closing to him. This is heavily implied to be true in Episode 6 of Series 1, which revolves around Granville's latest scheme under the pretence of holding a séance to contact Arkwright's ghost. Whilst his plan is unsuccessful the final scene sees Granville outside the shop when the lights go out, and they only turn back on after he playfully threatens Arkwright with changing the till if it carries on. The opening of Series 6 episode 5 also sees Granville talking to Arkwright's framed photo which moves in nods and shakes motions into response to him, seemingly of its own accord and without any further explanation.","title":"Arkwright's staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jason"},{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"corner shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_shop"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"}],"sub_title":"Granville","text":"Granville (born 1948) is played by David Jason in Open All Hours and its sequel, Still Open All Hours. Granville is an errand boy to his uncle and employer, Albert Arkwright, who is the proprietor of an old-fashioned Yorkshire corner shop.Granville was born to Arkwright's sister, who died while Granville was a young child, leaving Arkwright as his sole guardian. Granville's father's identity is not known, as his mother is implied to be a woman of loose morals, and Arkwright considers him to have likely been a Hungarian, although he is unsure of this. Raised alone by Arkwright, Granville is often curious and engrossed in thoughts about who his father was and saddened not to have known his mother.Although a kind provider (as long as it is not too stressful on his wallet), Arkwright's miserly and eccentric personality makes him withdraw Granville from school and he starts helping in his uncle's shop at age eleven. The tedious routine weighs heavily on Granville, who resents getting up well before dawn and not being free until nine o'clock at night. He is poorly paid, at £3 a week (£31.17 in 2023), and is made to pay for anything from the shop shelves, even if Arkwright gave it to him. He is curious and anxious to explore the outside world and mingle with his peers, especially girls. Granville spends most of the day dreaming of being somewhere else or doing something else, a custom which is seen as alien to the other characters. Granville seems fairly sharp and quick witted, and is often quick to make satirical jokes about Arkwright's stammer or mannerisms whilst he will often flippantly make fun at customers to their faces, all of them seemingly being too unintelligent to realise this.Unlike his uncle who is a practical man, Granville is a carefree man, yet is treated as if he is still a child, despite being well into his adult years. Granville's mundane existence is only brightened up by the milkwoman, the only person other than Arkwright who is awake at the same time as him in the mornings. Despite his attraction to her, she is more worldly wise than he is and likes men of the same calibre as herself, but she is generally sympathetic towards Granville and they have kissed on several occasions.By the time of Still Open All Hours, Arkwright has died and Granville has inherited the shop as promised by Arkwright, and has a young son, Leroy. Despite their radically different personalities and views on life, however, Granville has become a toned-down version of Arkwright in his old age, such as light-heartedly mocking Leroy over his mother's identity, and attempting to make money out of every customer who walks into the shop, even by telling fibs about certain items such as anchovy paste. At one point, Granville opens a bottle of whisky to pour a drink for a promoter, and then charges him for the whole bottle. As a tribute, Granville keeps a framed portrait of Arkwright in the kitchen. He occasionally speaks to the portrait as if speaking to Arkwright, and continues to affectionately mock his late uncle's stutter. In the first episode of the sixth series of Still Open All Hours Granville is referred to as Mr. Arkwright confirming his surname.","title":"Arkwright's staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baxter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Leroy","text":"Leroy is played by James Baxter in Still Open All Hours. Leroy is an errand boy to his father and employer, Granville, who is the proprietor of Arkwright's corner shop from the 2013 series.","title":"Arkwright's staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynda Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Baron"},{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Nurse Gladys Emmanuel","text":"Nurse Gladys Emmanuel is played by Lynda Baron in Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours.Gladys is a district nurse (midwife in the first series) who lives opposite the shop with her elderly mother. She is informally engaged to Arkwright but feels unable to go through with the wedding due to caring for her mother. Gladys can be short-tempered with Arkwright due to his miserly ways and mistreatment of Granville, but she does show concern for their welfare.By the events of Still Open All Hours, Gladys reveals that she and Arkwright did not marry before his death, joking that he died \"to save the cost of the church\". Gladys did not appear after the second series due to Lynda Baron's other work commitments.","title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephanie Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Cole"},{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Delphine Featherstone","text":"Delphine Featherstone is played by Stephanie Cole in Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours. Known behind her back as \"The Black Widow\" due to her long black coat and black hat, she openly admires Arkwright's penny-pinching nature.","title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maggie Ollerenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Ollerenshaw"},{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Mavis","text":"Mavis is played by Maggie Ollerenshaw in Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours. Known to Arkwright as \"wavy Mavis\" due to her indecisive nature, it is implied that her marriage is not a happy one. She appears to be good friends with Granville, but wonders if her concern for his welfare is simply an outlet for her maternal instincts. In Still Open All Hours, Mavis is divorced but is frustrated in her and Granville's attempts to date by her overprotective sister Madge.","title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigit Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigit_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Madge","text":"Madge is a fictional character played by Brigit Forsyth in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.","title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Eric Agnew","text":"Eric Agnew is a fictional character played by Johnny Vegas in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.","title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Healy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Gastric Walter","text":"\"Gastric\" is a fictional character played by Tim Healy in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.His surname can be seen written on Granville’s shop window in Series 5.","title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulvinder Ghir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulvinder_Ghir"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Cyril","text":"Cyril is a fictional character played by Kulvinder Ghir in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.","title":"Regular characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathy Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Staff"},{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Nora Batty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Batty"},{"link_name":"Last of the Summer Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_the_Summer_Wine"}],"sub_title":"Mrs Blewett","text":"Mrs Blewett is a fictional character played by Kathy Staff in the British sitcom Open All Hours. A somewhat dour woman who raised seven children, her personality resembles Staff's character Nora Batty in Roy Clarke's other sitcom Last of the Summer Wine.","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Milk Woman","text":"The Milk Woman is a fictional character played by Barbara Flynn in the British sitcom Open All Hours. Never named in the series, she is the ongoing object of Granville's desire. A divorcee who combines her milk rounds with her Open University studies, she is occasionally receptive to Granville's interests, but makes it clear he's not her only potential suitor and in later episodes she is engaged to another man.","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Lily Parslow","text":"Lily Parslow is a fictional character played by Frances Cox in the British sitcom Open All Hours.","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sally Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"},{"link_name":"Eric Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Eric"}],"sub_title":"Kath Agnew","text":"Kath Agnew is a fictional character played by Sally Lindsay in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours. She is the wife of Eric Agnew.","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nina Wadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Wadia"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Mrs Hussein","text":"Mrs Hussein is a fictional character played by Nina Wadia in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Still Open All Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Open_All_Hours"}],"sub_title":"Wilburn Newbold","text":"Wilburn Newbold is a fictional character played by Geoffrey Whitehead in the British sitcom Still Open All Hours.","title":"Recurring characters"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairhurst
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Fairhurst
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["1 People","2 Company"]
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Fairhurst is an English habitational surname, and may refer to a now vanished hamlet near Parbold in Lancashire. The name is derived from Old English fæger (meaning beautiful) with hyrst (wooded hill).
People
Jorden Fairhurst (2002-present)
Zac Fairhurst (2006-present)
John Fairhurst (1953-present)
English artist working in watercolour and oils also photography and video
Angus Fairhurst (1966–2008), English artist working in installation, photography and video
Billy Fairhurst (1902–1979), English football player
David Fairhurst (1906–1972), English football player
Dick Fairhurst (1911–?), English football player
Ed Fairhurst (born 1979), Canadian rugby player
Fiona Fairhurst, English textile designer; inventor of the Speedo Fastskin swimsuit
Frank Fairhurst (1892–1953), English politician
Harry S. Fairhurst (1868–1945), British architect
Horace Fairhurst (1893–1921), English footballer
Liam Fairhurst (1995–2009), British charity fundraiser
Mary Fairhurst (1957–2021), American lawyer
Sue Fairhurst (born 1974), English-born Australian softball player
Susan Sutherland Isaacs (née Fairhurst; 1885–1948), British psychologist
Theodore Fairhurst (born 1947), Canadian artist, entrepreneur and mountain climber
Waide Fairhurst (born 1989), English footballer
William Fairhurst (2008–2018), British and New Zealand chess master and bridge designer
Company
Fairhurst (company), a British engineering consultancy
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Fairhurst. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fairhurst"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Billy Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"David Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Dick Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Ed Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Fiona Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Frank Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Horace Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Liam Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Mary Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Sue Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Susan Sutherland Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sutherland_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"Theodore Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"Waide Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waide_Fairhurst"},{"link_name":"William Fairhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairhurst"}],"text":"Jorden Fairhurst (2002-present)\nZac Fairhurst (2006-present)\nJohn Fairhurst (1953-present)English artist working in watercolour and oils also photography and videoAngus Fairhurst (1966–2008), English artist working in installation, photography and video\nBilly Fairhurst (1902–1979), English football player\nDavid Fairhurst (1906–1972), English football player\nDick Fairhurst (1911–?), English football player\nEd Fairhurst (born 1979), Canadian rugby player\nFiona Fairhurst, English textile designer; inventor of the Speedo Fastskin swimsuit\nFrank Fairhurst (1892–1953), English politician\nHarry S. Fairhurst (1868–1945), British architect\nHorace Fairhurst (1893–1921), English footballer\nLiam Fairhurst (1995–2009), British charity fundraiser\nMary Fairhurst (1957–2021), American lawyer\nSue Fairhurst (born 1974), English-born Australian softball player\nSusan Sutherland Isaacs (née Fairhurst; 1885–1948), British psychologist\nTheodore Fairhurst (born 1947), Canadian artist, entrepreneur and mountain climber\nWaide Fairhurst (born 1989), English footballer\nWilliam Fairhurst (2008–2018), British and New Zealand chess master and bridge designer","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairhurst (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairhurst_(company)"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Fairhurst&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Fairhurst (company), a British engineering consultancySurname listThis page lists people with the surname Fairhurst. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Company"}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Fairhurst&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_natural_gas_companies
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List of United States natural gas companies
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["1 List","2 See also"]
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This is a list of natural gas companies in the United States.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
List
Alabama -
Spire
Alaska -
Enstar Natural Gas,
Fairbanks Natural Gas
Arizona –
Southwest Gas Corporation
Transwestern Pipeline
Arkansas -
Chesapeake Operating Inc
CenterPoint Energy Gas Transmission
Kinder Morgan, Inc.
Mississippi River Transmission
SourceGas Arkansas Inc.
Spectra Energy, Inc.
Arkansas Oklahoma Gas Corporation
Black Hills Energy
California –
City of Long Beach Gas & Oil Department
City of Palo Alto Gas Department
Pacific Gas & Electric
San Diego Gas & Electric
Southern California Gas
Sierra Pacific - Nevada & California, Southwest Gas Corporation
Vernon Light & Power Department
Clean Energy
Colorado –
Atmos Energy
El Paso Natural Gas
Patara Oil & Gas
SourceGas Distribution, LLC
Transwestern Pipeline
Xcel Energy
Murex Petroleum
Black Hills Energy
Connecticut –
City of Norwich Department of Public Utilities
Eversource Energy (via Yankee Gas)
UIL Holdings Corp (via Connecticut Natural Gas and Southern Connecticut Gas),
Delaware –
Chesapeake Utilities
Delmarva Power
District of Columbia –
Washington Gas
Florida – metl
Florida Gas Transmission Company,
Mirabito Gas
TECO Peoples Gas
Florida Public Utilities
Lake Apopka Natural Gas
Georgia –
Southern Company Gas,
Gas South
Hawaii -
Hawai'i Gas
Kansas –
Aquila, Inc.
Atmos Energy
Kansas Gas Service
Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line
Xcel Energy
Black Hills Energy
Kentucky –
Atmos Energy
EQT Corporation
Columbia Gas
People's Gas
Chesapeake Energy
Louisiana –
Atmos Energy
Florida Gas Transmission Company
Gulf South Pipe Line
Trunkline Gas Company
Entergy
Idaho –
Avista Utilities
Intermountain Gas Company
Illinois –
Direct Energy
Ameren Illinois Company
Hudson Energy
Illinois Gas Transmission
Nicor Gas
Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line
Peoples Gas
North Shore Gas
Integrys
Indiana –
Direct Energy
Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line
Vectrennipsco
Iowa -
MidAmerican Energy Company
Black Hills Energy
Maine –
Unitil Corp.
Bangor Gas
Maine Natural Gas
Summit Natural Gas
Maryland –
Columbia Gas of Maryland - Baltimore Gas & Electric
Chesapeake Utilities
Direct Energy
Easton Utilities
Northeast Utilities
Sandpiper Energy
UGI
Washington Gas
Massachusetts –
Berkshire Gas
Blackstone Gas Company
Colonial Gas
Columbia Gas of Massachusetts
Eversource Energy
Holyoke Gas and Electric
Liberty Utilities
Middleboro Municipal Gas and Electric Department
National Grid
Unitil Corporation
Wakefield Municipal Gas and Light Department
Westfield Gas and Electric Department
Michigan –
Consumers Energy
Direct Energy
DTE Energy
Semco Energy
TransCanada
We Energies
Mississippi -
Atmos Energy
Missouri –
Missouri Gas Energy
City Utilities of Springfield
Laclede Gas
Spire Inc
Minnesota –
Xcel Energy
CenterPoint Energy
Montana -
Northwestern Corporation
MDU Resources
Energy West Montana
Cut Bank Gas Company
Nebraska -
Metropolitan Utilities District
SourceGas Distribution, LLC
Northwestern Corporation
Black Hills Energy
Nevada –
NV Energy
Southwest Gas Corporation
New Jersey –
Direct Energy
Elizabethtown Gas
New Jersey Resources
New Jersey Natural
Public Service Enterprise Group
South Jersey Industries
Public Service Electric and Gas (PSE&G)
New Hampshire –
Eversource Energy
Unitil Corporation
New Mexico –
Transwestern Pipeline
Xcel Energy
New Mexico Gas (NMG)
New York –
Central Hudson Gas & Electric
Corning Natural Gas
Direct Energy
National Fuel Gas
National Grid USA
Consolidated Edison
Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)
New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG)
St. Lawrence Gas
North Carolina –
Duke Energy
Piedmont Natural Gas
XOOM Energy
Public Service of North Carolina (PSNC)
Frontier Natural Gas,
North Dakota –
Xcel Energy
MDU Resources
Ohio –
Direct Energy
East Ohio Gas
Duke Energy
Nisource
Columbia Gas of Ohio
Dominion Energy
Northeast Ohio Natural Gas
Orwell Natural Gas
Oklahoma –
Chesapeake Energy
Oklahoma Gas & Electric
Oklahoma Natural Gas
ONEOK
Xcel Energy
Arkansas Oklahoma Gas Corporation
Oregon –
Avista Utilities
Northwest Natural Gas
Cascade Natural Gas
Pennsylvania –
CNX Resources
Direct Energy
EQT Corporation
National Fuel Gas
PECO Energy Company
Peoples Natural Gas
Philadelphia Gas Works
UGI
Rhode Island –
National Grid USA - Columbia Gas of Pennsylvania
South Carolina –
Piedmont Natural Gas
SCANA Corporation
Lancaster County Natural Gas Authority
Patriots Energy Group
York County Gas Authority
Chester County Gas Authority
Fountain Inn Natural Gas
SCE&G
Dominion Carolina Gas Transmission
Fort Hill Natural Gas Authority
South Dakota –
Xcel Energy
Northwestern Corporation
MDU Resources
Tennessee –
Atmos Energy
Piedmont Natural Gas
Texas –
Atmos Energy
Texas Gas Service
SiEnerg
Oro Negro
Lewis Energy
CenterPoint Energy Florida Gas Transmission Company
ConocoPhillips
CoServ Gas
Direct Energy
Gulf South Pipe Line
Patara Oil & Gas LLC
Texas Natural Gas
Transwestern Pipeline
J-W Operating Company
Xcel Energy
Talos Energy
Utah –
Dominion Energy
Vermont –
Énergir
Virginia –
Atmos Energy
EQT Corporation
Washington Gas
Virginia Natural Gas
Columbia Gas of Virginia - Dominion Energy
Columbia Gas Transmission
Appalachian Natural Gas Distribution Company
Roanoke Gas Company
Carroll County Natural Gas
CNX Resources
Richmond Gas Works
Washington –
Avista Utilities
Puget Sound Energy
Cascade Natural Gas
Northwest Natural Gas - City of Ellensburg
West Virginia –
EQT Corporation
NiSource
Bluefield Natural Gas
Mountaineer Gas Company
Wisconsin –
We Energies
Xcel Energy
Madison Gas & Electric
Wyoming –
SourceGas Distribution, LLC
Dominion Energy
MDU Resources
Black Hills Energy.
See also
Lists of public utilities
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Hills Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Energy"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Pacific Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"San Diego Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"Southern California Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Gas_Company"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"El Paso Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Patara Oil & Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patara_Oil_%26_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SourceGas Distribution, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceGas"},{"link_name":"Transwestern Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwestern_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"Murex Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murex_Petroleum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Energy"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"City of Norwich Department of Public Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Norwich_Department_of_Public_Utilities&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eversource Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eversource_Energy"},{"link_name":"Yankee Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Gas"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Southern Connecticut Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_Gas"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Delmarva Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmarva_Power"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Gas"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"metl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Florida Gas Transmission Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_Gas_Transmission_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mirabito Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirabito_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TECO Peoples Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TECO_Peoples_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Southern Company Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Company_Gas"},{"link_name":"Gas South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_South"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hawai'i Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%27i_Gas"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Aquila, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"Kansas Gas Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Gas_Service"},{"link_name":"Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panhandle_Eastern_Pipe_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Energy"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"EQT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Columbia Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Gas"},{"link_name":"People's Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Gas"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Energy"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"Florida Gas Transmission Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_Gas_Transmission_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gulf South Pipe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_South_Pipe_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trunkline Gas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trunkline_Gas_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Entergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entergy"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Avista Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avista_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Intermountain Gas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermountain_Gas_Company"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"Nicor Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicor_Gas"},{"link_name":"Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panhandle_Eastern_Pipe_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peoples Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Energy"},{"link_name":"North Shore Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//accel.northshoregasdelivery.com/"},{"link_name":"Integrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrys"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panhandle_Eastern_Pipe_Line,_Vectren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vectren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panhandle_Eastern_Pipe_Line,_Vectren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nipsco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nipsco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"MidAmerican Energy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MidAmerican_Energy_Company"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Energy"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Unitil Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unitil_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bangor Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangor_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maine Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maine_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Summit Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summit_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Columbia Gas of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Gas_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"Easton Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Northeast Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Sandpiper Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpiper_Energy"},{"link_name":"UGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGI_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Washington Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Gas"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Blackstone Gas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackstone_Gas_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colonial Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Columbia Gas of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Gas_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Eversource Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eversource_Energy"},{"link_name":"Holyoke Gas and Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_and_Electric"},{"link_name":"Liberty Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Middleboro Municipal Gas and Electric Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middleboro_Municipal_Gas_and_Electric_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_plc"},{"link_name":"Unitil Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitil_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Municipal Gas and Light Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wakefield_Municipal_Gas_and_Light_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Westfield Gas and Electric Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfield_Gas_and_Electric_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Consumers Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Energy"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"DTE Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTE_Energy"},{"link_name":"Semco Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semco_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TransCanada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransCanada_Corporation"},{"link_name":"We Energies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Energies"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri Gas Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Gas_Energy"},{"link_name":"City Utilities of Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Utilities_of_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Laclede Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laclede_Gas"},{"link_name":"Spire Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire_Inc"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"CenterPoint Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterPoint_Energy"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Corporation"},{"link_name":"MDU Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDU_Resources"},{"link_name":"Energy West Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_West_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cut Bank Gas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cut_Bank_Gas_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Utilities District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Utilities_District"},{"link_name":"SourceGas Distribution, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceGas"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Energy"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"NV Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NV_Energy"},{"link_name":"Southwest Gas Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Gas_Corporation"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"Elizabethtown Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethtown_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Resources"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Natural&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Public Service Enterprise Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Enterprise_Group"},{"link_name":"South Jersey Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jersey_Industries"},{"link_name":"Public Service Electric and Gas (PSE&G)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Service_Electric_and_Gas_(PSE%26G)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Eversource Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eversource_Energy"},{"link_name":"Unitil Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitil_Corporation"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Transwestern Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwestern_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Gas (NMG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico_Gas_(NMG)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Central Hudson Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"Corning Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corning_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"National Fuel Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fuel_Gas"},{"link_name":"National Grid USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_plc"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Edison"},{"link_name":"Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rochester_Gas_%26_Electric_(RG%26E)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_State_Electric_%26_Gas_(NYSEG)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Gas"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Duke Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Energy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"XOOM Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XOOM_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Public Service of North Carolina (PSNC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Service_of_North_Carolina_(PSNC)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frontier Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"MDU Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDU_Resources"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"East Ohio Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ohio_Gas"},{"link_name":"Duke Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Energy"},{"link_name":"Nisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisource"},{"link_name":"Columbia Gas of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Gas_of_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominion Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy"},{"link_name":"Northeast Ohio Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Ohio_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orwell Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orwell_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Energy"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Gas"},{"link_name":"ONEOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONEOK"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Oklahoma Gas Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Oklahoma_Gas_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Avista Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avista_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Northwest Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Cascade Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"CNX Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNX_Resources"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"EQT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"National Fuel Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fuel_Gas"},{"link_name":"PECO Energy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PECO_Energy_Company"},{"link_name":"Peoples Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peoples_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Gas Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Gas_Works"},{"link_name":"UGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGI_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"National Grid USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_plc"},{"link_name":"Columbia Gas of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Gas_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"SCANA Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCANA_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Lancaster County Natural Gas Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lancaster_County_Natural_Gas_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Corporation"},{"link_name":"MDU Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDU_Resources"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"Lewis Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Florida Gas Transmission Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_Gas_Transmission_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ConocoPhillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips"},{"link_name":"CoServ Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CoServ_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Direct Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Energy"},{"link_name":"Gulf South Pipe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_South_Pipe_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patara Oil & Gas LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patara_Oil_%26_Gas_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Texas Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Natural_Gas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Transwestern Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwestern_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"J-W Operating Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-W_Operating_Company"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"Talos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talos_Energy"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Dominion Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Énergir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermont_Gas_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Atmos Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy"},{"link_name":"EQT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Washington Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Gas"},{"link_name":"Virginia Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Columbia Gas of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Gas_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominion Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy"},{"link_name":"CNX Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNX_Resources"},{"link_name":"Richmond Gas Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//richmondgasworks.com/"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Avista Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avista"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Energy"},{"link_name":"Cascade Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Northwest Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NW_Natural"},{"link_name":"City of Ellensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Ellensburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"EQT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"NiSource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiSource"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"We Energies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Energies"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"Madison Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"SourceGas Distribution, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceGas"},{"link_name":"Dominion Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy"},{"link_name":"MDU Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDU_Resources"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Energy"}],"text":"Alabama -\nSpire\nAlaska -\nEnstar Natural Gas,\nFairbanks Natural Gas\nArizona –\nSouthwest Gas Corporation\nTranswestern Pipeline\nArkansas -\nChesapeake Operating Inc\nCenterPoint Energy Gas Transmission\nKinder Morgan, Inc.\nMississippi River Transmission\n SourceGas Arkansas Inc.\nSpectra Energy, Inc.\nArkansas Oklahoma Gas Corporation\nBlack Hills Energy\nCalifornia –\nCity of Long Beach Gas & Oil Department\nCity of Palo Alto Gas Department\nPacific Gas & Electric\nSan Diego Gas & Electric\nSouthern California Gas\nSierra Pacific - Nevada & California, Southwest Gas Corporation\nVernon Light & Power Department\nClean Energy\nColorado –\nAtmos Energy\nEl Paso Natural Gas\nPatara Oil & Gas\nSourceGas Distribution, LLC\nTranswestern Pipeline\nXcel Energy\nMurex Petroleum\nBlack Hills Energy\nConnecticut –\nCity of Norwich Department of Public Utilities\nEversource Energy (via Yankee Gas)\nUIL Holdings Corp (via Connecticut Natural Gas and Southern Connecticut Gas),\nDelaware –\nChesapeake Utilities\nDelmarva Power\nDistrict of Columbia –\nWashington Gas\nFlorida – metl\nFlorida Gas Transmission Company,\nMirabito Gas\nTECO Peoples Gas\nFlorida Public Utilities\nLake Apopka Natural Gas\nGeorgia –\nSouthern Company Gas,\nGas South\nHawaii -\nHawai'i Gas\nKansas –\nAquila, Inc.\nAtmos Energy\nKansas Gas Service\nPanhandle Eastern Pipe Line\nXcel Energy\nBlack Hills Energy\nKentucky –\nAtmos Energy\nEQT Corporation\nColumbia Gas\nPeople's Gas\nChesapeake Energy\nLouisiana –\nAtmos Energy\nFlorida Gas Transmission Company\nGulf South Pipe Line\nTrunkline Gas Company\nEntergy\nIdaho –\nAvista Utilities\nIntermountain Gas Company\nIllinois –\nDirect Energy\nAmeren Illinois Company\nHudson Energy\nIllinois Gas Transmission\nNicor Gas\nPanhandle Eastern Pipe Line\nPeoples Gas\nNorth Shore Gas\nIntegrys\nIndiana –\nDirect Energy\nPanhandle Eastern Pipe Line\nVectrennipsco\nIowa -\nMidAmerican Energy Company\nBlack Hills Energy\nMaine –\nUnitil Corp.\nBangor Gas\nMaine Natural Gas\nSummit Natural Gas\nMaryland –\nColumbia Gas of Maryland - Baltimore Gas & Electric\nChesapeake Utilities\nDirect Energy\nEaston Utilities\nNortheast Utilities\nSandpiper Energy\nUGI\nWashington Gas\nMassachusetts –\nBerkshire Gas\nBlackstone Gas Company\nColonial Gas\nColumbia Gas of Massachusetts\nEversource Energy\nHolyoke Gas and Electric\nLiberty Utilities\nMiddleboro Municipal Gas and Electric Department\nNational Grid\nUnitil Corporation\nWakefield Municipal Gas and Light Department\nWestfield Gas and Electric Department\nMichigan –\nConsumers Energy\nDirect Energy\nDTE Energy\nSemco Energy\nTransCanada\nWe Energies\nMississippi -\nAtmos Energy\nMissouri –\nMissouri Gas Energy\nCity Utilities of Springfield\nLaclede Gas\nSpire Inc\nMinnesota –\nXcel Energy\nCenterPoint Energy\nMontana -\nNorthwestern Corporation\nMDU Resources\nEnergy West Montana\nCut Bank Gas Company\nNebraska -\nMetropolitan Utilities District\nSourceGas Distribution, LLC\nNorthwestern Corporation\nBlack Hills Energy\nNevada –\nNV Energy\nSouthwest Gas Corporation\nNew Jersey –\nDirect Energy\nElizabethtown Gas\nNew Jersey Resources\nNew Jersey Natural\nPublic Service Enterprise Group\nSouth Jersey Industries\nPublic Service Electric and Gas (PSE&G)\nNew Hampshire –\nEversource Energy\nUnitil Corporation\nNew Mexico –\nTranswestern Pipeline\nXcel Energy\nNew Mexico Gas (NMG)\nNew York –\nCentral Hudson Gas & Electric\nCorning Natural Gas\nDirect Energy\nNational Fuel Gas\nNational Grid USA\nConsolidated Edison\nRochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)\nNew York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG)\nSt. Lawrence Gas\nNorth Carolina –\nDuke Energy\nPiedmont Natural Gas\nXOOM Energy\nPublic Service of North Carolina (PSNC)\nFrontier Natural Gas,\nNorth Dakota –\nXcel Energy\nMDU Resources\nOhio –\nDirect Energy\nEast Ohio Gas\nDuke Energy\nNisource\nColumbia Gas of Ohio\nDominion Energy\nNortheast Ohio Natural Gas\nOrwell Natural Gas\nOklahoma –\nChesapeake Energy\nOklahoma Gas & Electric\nOklahoma Natural Gas\nONEOK\nXcel Energy\nArkansas Oklahoma Gas Corporation\nOregon –\nAvista Utilities\nNorthwest Natural Gas\nCascade Natural Gas\nPennsylvania –\nCNX Resources\nDirect Energy\nEQT Corporation\nNational Fuel Gas\nPECO Energy Company\nPeoples Natural Gas\nPhiladelphia Gas Works\nUGI\nRhode Island –\nNational Grid USA - Columbia Gas of Pennsylvania\nSouth Carolina –\nPiedmont Natural Gas\nSCANA Corporation\nLancaster County Natural Gas Authority\nPatriots Energy Group\nYork County Gas Authority\nChester County Gas Authority\nFountain Inn Natural Gas\nSCE&G\nDominion Carolina Gas Transmission\nFort Hill Natural Gas Authority\nSouth Dakota –\nXcel Energy\nNorthwestern Corporation\nMDU Resources\nTennessee –\nAtmos Energy\nPiedmont Natural Gas\nTexas –\nAtmos Energy\nTexas Gas Service\nSiEnerg\nOro Negro\nLewis Energy\nCenterPoint Energy Florida Gas Transmission Company\nConocoPhillips\nCoServ Gas\nDirect Energy\nGulf South Pipe Line\nPatara Oil & Gas LLC\nTexas Natural Gas\nTranswestern Pipeline\nJ-W Operating Company\nXcel Energy\nTalos Energy\nUtah –\nDominion Energy\nVermont –\nÉnergir\nVirginia –\nAtmos Energy\nEQT Corporation\nWashington Gas\nVirginia Natural Gas\nColumbia Gas of Virginia - Dominion Energy\nColumbia Gas Transmission\nAppalachian Natural Gas Distribution Company\nRoanoke Gas Company\nCarroll County Natural Gas\nCNX Resources\nRichmond Gas Works\nWashington –\nAvista Utilities\nPuget Sound Energy\nCascade Natural Gas\nNorthwest Natural Gas - City of Ellensburg\nWest Virginia –\nEQT Corporation\nNiSource\nBluefield Natural Gas\nMountaineer Gas Company\nWisconsin –\nWe Energies\nXcel Energy\nMadison Gas & Electric\nWyoming –\nSourceGas Distribution, LLC\nDominion Energy\nMDU Resources\nBlack Hills Energy.","title":"List"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Lists of public utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_public_utilities"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_natural_gas_companies&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://accel.northshoregasdelivery.com/","external_links_name":"North Shore Gas"},{"Link":"https://richmondgasworks.com/","external_links_name":"Richmond Gas Works"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolical_Constitutions
|
Apostolic Constitutions
|
["1 Content","2 Influence","3 Canons of the Apostles","4 Epitome of the eighth book","5 See also","6 Notes","7 External links"]
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4th century Christian text; church order
For a kind of decree issued by the Pope, see Apostolic constitution.
Part of a series on theCanon law of theCatholic Church
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The Apostolic Constitutions or Constitutions of the Holy Apostles (Latin: Constitutiones Apostolorum) is a Christian collection divided into eight books which is classified among the Church Orders, a genre of early Christian literature, that offered authoritative pseudo-apostolic prescriptions on moral conduct, liturgy and Church organization. The work can be dated from 375 to 380 AD. The provenance is usually regarded as Syria, probably Antioch. The author is unknown, although since James Ussher it has often considered to be the author of the letters of Pseudo-Ignatius, perhaps the 4th-century Eunomian bishop Julian of Cilicia.
Content
The Apostolic Constitutions contains eight books on Early Christian discipline, worship, and doctrine, apparently intended to serve as a manual of guidance for the clergy, and to some extent for the laity. It purports to be the work of the Twelve Apostles, whether given by them as individuals or as a body.
The structure of the Apostolic Constitutions can be summarized:
Books 1 to 6 are a free re-wording of the Didascalia Apostolorum, an earlier work of the same genre.
Book 7 is partially based on the Didache. Chapters 33-45 of book 7 contain prayers similar to Jewish prayers used in synagogues.
Book 8 is a more complex section composed as follows:
chapters 1-2 contain an extract of a lost treatise on the charismata
chapters 3-46 are based on the Apostolic Tradition, greatly expanded, along with other material
chapter 47 is known as the Canons of the Apostles and it had a wider circulation than the rest of the book.
The best manuscript, Vatican gr 1506, has Arian leanings, which are not found in other manuscripts because this material would have been censured as heretical.
The Apostolic Constitutions is an important source for the history of the liturgy in the Antiochene rite. It contains an outline of an anaphora in book two, a full anaphora in book seven (which is an expansion of the one found in the Didache), and the complete Liturgy of the eighth book of the Apostolic Constitutions, which is the oldest known form that can be described as a complete divine liturgy.
Influence
In antiquity, the Apostolic Constitutions were mistakenly supposed to be gathered and handed down by Clement of Rome, the authority of whose name gave weight to more than one such piece of early Christian literature (see also Clementine literature).
The Church seems never to have regarded this work as of undoubted apostolic authority. The Apostolic Constitutions were rejected as apocryphal by the Decretum Gelasianum. The Quinisext Council in 692 rejected most part of the work on account of the interpolations of heretics. Only that portion of Book 8 which has been given the name Canons of the Apostles was received in the Eastern Christianity. Even if not regarded as of certain Apostolic origin, however, in antiquity the Apostolic Constitutions were held generally in high esteem and served as the basis for much ecclesiastical legislation. The Apostolic Constitutions were accepted as canonical by John of Damascus and, in a modified form, included in the 81 book canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Even if the text of the Apostolic Constitutions was extant in many libraries during the Middle Ages, it was largely ignored. In 1546 a Latin version of a text was found in Crete and published. The first complete edition of the Greek text was printed in 1563 by Turrianus.
William Whiston in the 18th century devoted the third volume of his Primitive Christianity Revived to prove that "they are the most sacred of the canonical books of the New Testament; "for "these sacred Christian laws or constitutions were delivered at Jerusalem, and in Mount Sion, by our Saviour to the eleven apostles there assembled after His resurrection."
Today the Apostolic Constitutions are regarded as a highly significant historical document, as they reveal the moral and religious conditions, as well as the liturgical observances of 3rd and 4th centuries. They are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers collection.
Canons of the Apostles
Main article: Canons of the Apostles
The forty-seventh and last chapter of the eighth book of the Apostolic Constitutions contains the eighty-five Canons of the Apostles, which present themselves as being from an apostolic Council at Antioch. These canons were later approved by the Eastern Council in Trullo in 692 but rejected by Pope Constantine. In the Latin Church only fifty of these canons circulated, translated to Latin by Dionysius Exiguus on about 500 AD, and included in the Western collections and afterwards in the Corpus Juris Canonici.
Canon n. 85 is a list of canonical books: a 46-book Old Testament canon which essentially corresponds to that of the Septuagint, 26 books of what is now the New Testament (excludes Revelation), two Epistles of Clement, and the Apostolic Constitutions themselves, also here attributed to Clement, at least as compiler.
Epitome of the eighth book
It is also known as the Epitome, and usually named Epitome of the eighth Book of the Apostolic Constitutions (or sometime titled The Constitutions of the Holy Apostles concerning ordination through Hippolytus or simply The Constitutions through Hippolytus) containing a re-wording of chapters 1–2, 4–5, 16–28, 30–34, 45-46 of the eighth book. The text was first published by Paul de Lagarde in 1856 and later by Franz Xaver von Funk in 1905. This epitome could be a later extract even if in parts it looks nearer to the Greek original of the Apostolic Tradition, from which the 8th book is derived, than the Apostolic Constitutions themselves.
See also
Christianity portal
Apostolic Church-Ordinance
Alexandrine Sinodos
Jus antiquum
Verona Palimpsest
Notes
^ Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002). The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. pp. 73ss. ISBN 978-0-19-521732-2.
^ Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002). The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-19-521732-2.
^ a b Jasper, Ronald Claud Dudley; Cuming, G. J. (1990). Prayers of the Eucharist: early and reformed. Liturgical Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8146-6085-0.
^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Apostolic Constitutions". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Woolfenden, Gregory W. (2004). Daily liturgical prayer: origins and theology. Ashgate Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7546-1601-6.
^ "Apostolical constitutions". Encyclopaedic Dictionary Of Christian Antiquities. Vol. 1. Concept Publishing Company. 2005. p. 119. ISBN 978-81-7268-111-1.
^ Michael D. Marlowe. "The "Apostolic Canons" (about A.D. 380)". Bible Research. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
^ Easton, Burton Scott (1934). The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus. Cambridge. p. 13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ von Funk, Franz Xaver (1905). Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum. Vol. 2. Paderborn.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
Constitutions of the Holy Apostles public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Apostolic Constitutions: online English text from the Ante-Nicene Fathers
Jewish Encyclopedia: Didascalia
Collins, William Edward (1911). "Apostolical Constitutions" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–201. This contains a more detailed exegesis of the writings and their possible authorship.
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Apostolic Constitutions and Canons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
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United States
Vatican
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apostolic constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_constitution"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Church Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"early Christian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_Christian_writers"},{"link_name":"apostolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Church organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradshaw2-1"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradshaw-2"},{"link_name":"James Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Ignatius"},{"link_name":"Eunomian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomoeanism"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuming-3"}],"text":"For a kind of decree issued by the Pope, see Apostolic constitution.The Apostolic Constitutions or Constitutions of the Holy Apostles (Latin: Constitutiones Apostolorum) is a Christian collection divided into eight books which is classified among the Church Orders, a genre of early Christian literature, that offered authoritative pseudo-apostolic prescriptions on moral conduct, liturgy and Church organization.[1] The work can be dated from 375 to 380 AD. The provenance is usually regarded as Syria, probably Antioch.[2] The author is unknown, although since James Ussher it has often considered to be the author of the letters of Pseudo-Ignatius, perhaps the 4th-century Eunomian bishop Julian of Cilicia.[3]","title":"Apostolic Constitutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian"},{"link_name":"Twelve Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholic-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolfenden-5"},{"link_name":"Didascalia Apostolorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didascalia_Apostolorum"},{"link_name":"Didache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogues"},{"link_name":"charismata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismata"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Tradition"},{"link_name":"Canons of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_library"},{"link_name":"Arian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuming-3"},{"link_name":"Antiochene rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochene_rite"},{"link_name":"anaphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of the eighth book of the Apostolic Constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_eighth_book_of_the_Apostolic_Constitutions"},{"link_name":"divine liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"}],"text":"The Apostolic Constitutions contains eight books on Early Christian discipline, worship, and doctrine, apparently intended to serve as a manual of guidance for the clergy, and to some extent for the laity. It purports to be the work of the Twelve Apostles, whether given by them as individuals or as a body.[4]The structure of the Apostolic Constitutions can be summarized:[5]Books 1 to 6 are a free re-wording of the Didascalia Apostolorum, an earlier work of the same genre.\nBook 7 is partially based on the Didache. Chapters 33-45 of book 7 contain prayers similar to Jewish prayers used in synagogues.\nBook 8 is a more complex section composed as follows:\nchapters 1-2 contain an extract of a lost treatise on the charismata\nchapters 3-46 are based on the Apostolic Tradition, greatly expanded, along with other material\nchapter 47 is known as the Canons of the Apostles and it had a wider circulation than the rest of the book.The best manuscript, Vatican gr 1506, has Arian leanings, which are not found in other manuscripts because this material would have been censured as heretical.[3]The Apostolic Constitutions is an important source for the history of the liturgy in the Antiochene rite. It contains an outline of an anaphora in book two, a full anaphora in book seven (which is an expansion of the one found in the Didache), and the complete Liturgy of the eighth book of the Apostolic Constitutions, which is the oldest known form that can be described as a complete divine liturgy.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clement of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Clementine literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine_literature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholic-4"},{"link_name":"Decretum Gelasianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decretum_Gelasianum"},{"link_name":"Quinisext Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinisext_Council"},{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_heresy"},{"link_name":"Eastern Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholic-4"},{"link_name":"John of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholic-4"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Turrianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turrianus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"William Whiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiston"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Mount Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenacle"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century"},{"link_name":"4th centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholic-4"},{"link_name":"Ante-Nicene Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)"}],"text":"In antiquity, the Apostolic Constitutions were mistakenly supposed to be gathered and handed down by Clement of Rome, the authority of whose name gave weight to more than one such piece of early Christian literature (see also Clementine literature).[4]The Church seems never to have regarded this work as of undoubted apostolic authority. 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These canons were later approved by the Eastern Council in Trullo in 692 but rejected by Pope Constantine. In the Latin Church only fifty of these canons circulated, translated to Latin by Dionysius Exiguus on about 500 AD, and included in the Western collections and afterwards in the Corpus Juris Canonici.Canon n. 85 is a list of canonical books: a 46-book Old Testament canon which essentially corresponds to that of the Septuagint, 26 books of what is now the New Testament (excludes Revelation), two Epistles of Clement, and the Apostolic Constitutions themselves, also here attributed to Clement, at least as compiler.[7]","title":"Canons of the Apostles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epitome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Paul de Lagarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver von Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Funk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"It is also known as the Epitome, and usually named Epitome of the eighth Book of the Apostolic Constitutions (or sometime titled The Constitutions of the Holy Apostles concerning ordination through Hippolytus or simply The Constitutions through Hippolytus) containing a re-wording of chapters 1–2, 4–5, 16–28, 30–34, 45-46 of the eighth book.[8] The text was first published by Paul de Lagarde in 1856 and later by Franz Xaver von Funk in 1905.[9] This epitome could be a later extract even if in parts it looks nearer to the Greek original of the Apostolic Tradition, from which the 8th book is derived, than the Apostolic Constitutions themselves.","title":"Epitome of the eighth book "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bradshaw2_1-0"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw, Paul F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R7kWzG_dggQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-521732-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521732-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bradshaw_2-0"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw, Paul F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R7kWzG_dggQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-521732-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521732-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cuming_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cuming_3-1"},{"link_name":"Jasper, Ronald Claud Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Jasper"},{"link_name":"Cuming, G. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Cuming"},{"link_name":"Prayers of the Eucharist: early and reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0RanQa-mLTwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8146-6085-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6085-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-catholic_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-catholic_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-catholic_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-catholic_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-catholic_4-4"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Apostolic_Constitutions"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Woolfenden_5-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7546-1601-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1601-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7268-111-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7268-111-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The \"Apostolic Canons\" (about A.D. 380)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100829192040/http://www.bible-researcher.com/apostolic.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bible-researcher.com/apostolic.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2RU9AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"von Funk, Franz Xaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Funk"},{"link_name":"Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/didascaliaetcon00funkgoog"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"^ Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002). The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. pp. 73ss. ISBN 978-0-19-521732-2.\n\n^ Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002). The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-19-521732-2.\n\n^ a b Jasper, Ronald Claud Dudley; Cuming, G. J. (1990). Prayers of the Eucharist: early and reformed. Liturgical Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8146-6085-0.\n\n^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Apostolic Constitutions\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ Woolfenden, Gregory W. (2004). Daily liturgical prayer: origins and theology. Ashgate Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7546-1601-6.\n\n^ \"Apostolical constitutions\". Encyclopaedic Dictionary Of Christian Antiquities. Vol. 1. Concept Publishing Company. 2005. p. 119. ISBN 978-81-7268-111-1.\n\n^ Michael D. Marlowe. \"The \"Apostolic Canons\" (about A.D. 380)\". Bible Research. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.\n\n^ Easton, Burton Scott (1934). The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus. Cambridge. p. 13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ von Funk, Franz Xaver (1905). Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum. Vol. 2. Paderborn.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002). The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. pp. 73ss. ISBN 978-0-19-521732-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Bradshaw","url_text":"Bradshaw, Paul F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7kWzG_dggQC","url_text":"The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521732-2","url_text":"978-0-19-521732-2"}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002). The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-19-521732-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Bradshaw","url_text":"Bradshaw, Paul F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7kWzG_dggQC","url_text":"The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521732-2","url_text":"978-0-19-521732-2"}]},{"reference":"Jasper, Ronald Claud Dudley; Cuming, G. J. (1990). Prayers of the Eucharist: early and reformed. Liturgical Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8146-6085-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Jasper","url_text":"Jasper, Ronald Claud Dudley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Cuming","url_text":"Cuming, G. J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0RanQa-mLTwC","url_text":"Prayers of the Eucharist: early and reformed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6085-0","url_text":"978-0-8146-6085-0"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Apostolic Constitutions\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Apostolic_Constitutions","url_text":"Apostolic Constitutions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Woolfenden, Gregory W. (2004). Daily liturgical prayer: origins and theology. Ashgate Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7546-1601-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1601-6","url_text":"978-0-7546-1601-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Apostolical constitutions\". Encyclopaedic Dictionary Of Christian Antiquities. Vol. 1. Concept Publishing Company. 2005. p. 119. ISBN 978-81-7268-111-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7268-111-1","url_text":"978-81-7268-111-1"}]},{"reference":"Michael D. Marlowe. \"The \"Apostolic Canons\" (about A.D. 380)\". Bible Research. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100829192040/http://www.bible-researcher.com/apostolic.html","url_text":"\"The \"Apostolic Canons\" (about A.D. 380)\""},{"url":"http://www.bible-researcher.com/apostolic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Easton, Burton Scott (1934). The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus. Cambridge. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2RU9AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus"}]},{"reference":"von Funk, Franz Xaver (1905). Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum. Vol. 2. Paderborn.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Funk","url_text":"von Funk, Franz Xaver"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/didascaliaetcon00funkgoog","url_text":"Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum"}]},{"reference":"Collins, William Edward (1911). \"Apostolical Constitutions\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins_(bishop)","url_text":"Collins, William Edward"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Apostolical_Constitutions","url_text":"\"Apostolical Constitutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7kWzG_dggQC","external_links_name":"The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7kWzG_dggQC","external_links_name":"The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0RanQa-mLTwC","external_links_name":"Prayers of the Eucharist: early and reformed"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100829192040/http://www.bible-researcher.com/apostolic.html","external_links_name":"\"The \"Apostolic Canons\" (about A.D. 380)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bible-researcher.com/apostolic.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2RU9AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/didascaliaetcon00funkgoog","external_links_name":"Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolorum"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Constitutions+of+the+Holy+Apostles&author=Anonymous&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Constitutions of the Holy Apostles"},{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.ix.html","external_links_name":"Apostolic Constitutions: online English text"},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=343&letter=D&search=Didascalia","external_links_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia: Didascalia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Apostolical_Constitutions","external_links_name":"\"Apostolical Constitutions\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01/Page_245.html","external_links_name":"Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Apostolic Constitutions and Canons"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/179858868","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90691697","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5029554","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12047595v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12047595v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4142803-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007479449905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85018293","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/566","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028692128","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Cycling_Association
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National Collegiate Cycling Association
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["1 See also","2 External links"]
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For other uses, see NCCA (disambiguation).
The National Collegiate Cycling Association is a division of USA Cycling and the governing body of collegiate cycling in the US. Its predecessor was the US Collegiate Cycling Association (USCCA), which held the first national collegiate road cycling championships in San Luis Obispo, CA in May 1988. It was hosted by California Polytechnic State University.
NCCA member clubs must be recognized by its school, and each school campus can be represented by only one club.
Constituent conferences are:
ACCC: Atlantic Collegiate Cycling Conference
RMCCC: Rocky Mountain Collegiate Cycling Conference
ECCC: Eastern Collegiate Cycling Conference
SCCCC: South Central Collegiate Cycling Conference
MWCCC: Midwestern Collegiate Cycling Conference
SECCC: Southeastern Collegiate Cycling Conference
NCCCC: North Central Collegiate Cycling Conference
SWCCC: Southwestern Collegiate Cycling Conference
NWCCC: Northwestern Collegiate Cycling Conference
WCCC: Western Collegiate Cycling Conference
See also
USA Cycling
External links
Official website
vteCollege athletics in the United StatesOrganizing bodiesMulti-sport
ACCA
AIAW (defunct)
CCCAA
NAIA
NCAA
NCCAA
NJCAA
NWAC
USCAA
Specific
Boxing (NCBA)
Boxing (USIBA)
Curling
Cycling
Equestrian
Horse riding
Lacrosse
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Rowing (ACRA)
Rowing (IRA)
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Running
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Related topics
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NIRSA
Student athlete
Youth sports
This article about a cycling-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a sports-related organization based in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCCA (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCCA_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"USA Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Eastern Collegiate Cycling Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Collegiate_Cycling_Conference"},{"link_name":"Western Collegiate Cycling Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Cycling_Conference"}],"text":"For other uses, see NCCA (disambiguation).The National Collegiate Cycling Association is a division of USA Cycling and the governing body of collegiate cycling in the US. Its predecessor was the US Collegiate Cycling Association (USCCA), which held the first national collegiate road cycling championships in San Luis Obispo, CA in May 1988. It was hosted by California Polytechnic State University.NCCA member clubs must be recognized by its school, and each school campus can be represented by only one club.Constituent conferences are:ACCC: Atlantic Collegiate Cycling Conference\nRMCCC: Rocky Mountain Collegiate Cycling Conference\nECCC: Eastern Collegiate Cycling Conference\nSCCCC: South Central Collegiate Cycling Conference\nMWCCC: Midwestern Collegiate Cycling Conference\nSECCC: Southeastern Collegiate Cycling Conference\nNCCCC: North Central Collegiate Cycling Conference\nSWCCC: Southwestern Collegiate Cycling Conference\nNWCCC: Northwestern Collegiate Cycling Conference\nWCCC: Western Collegiate Cycling Conference","title":"National Collegiate Cycling Association"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"USA Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Cycling"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://usacycling.org/college","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Collegiate_Cycling_Association&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Collegiate_Cycling_Association&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Faina
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MV Faina
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["1 Hijacking","1.1 International reactions","1.2 Hostage revolt","1.3 Release","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
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Hijacked container ship
MV Faina as observed from the guided-missile cruiser USS Vella Gulf.
History
Name
1978: Vallmo
1983: Matina
1985: Loverval
2003: Marabou
2007: Faina
OwnerWaterlux AG
OperatorTomex Team
Port of registry
1978: Sweden
1991: Luxembourg
1996: Panama
(unknown): Belize
BuilderLödöse Varv AB
Yard number179
Launched21 December 1977
CompletedMay 1978
IdentificationIMO number: 7419377
FateScrapped Chittagong 6 December 2014
General characteristics
Class and typeKM* L3
Tonnage10,931 GT
Displacement13,650 long tons (13,870 t)
Length152.5 m (500 ft 4 in) LBP
Beam18.01 m (59 ft 1 in) (moulded)
Draught6.72 m (22.0 ft)
Depth13.35 m (43.8 ft)
Propulsion2 × diesel engines
Speed17.0 knots (31.5 km/h; 19.6 mph)
Crew21
MV Faina (Ukrainian: Фаїна) was a roll-on/roll-off cargo ship operated by a Ukrainian company that sailed under a Belize flag of convenience, owned by Panama City-based Waterlux AG, and managed by Tomex Team of Odesa, Ukraine.
On 25 September 2008, the ship was captured by Somali pirates allegedly under the orders of piracy kingpin Mohamed Abdi Hassan, in the twenty-sixth such attack in 2008.
The Faina's crew (at the time of capture) consisted of 17 Ukrainians, three Russians and one Latvian. On 28 September, Viktor Nikolsky, first mate on the Faina, said that Vladimir Kolobkov, the ship's Russian captain, had died from a hypertension-related stroke. On 5 February 2009 it was announced that a ransom of US $3.2 million had been paid to the pirates, and the ship was released the next day.
Hijacking
A photograph taken on board USS Howard showing Somali pirates in small boats after hijacking MV Faina.
The crew of MV Faina stands on the deck after a U.S. Navy request to check on their health and welfare.
On 25 September 2008, the Faina was hijacked by approximately 50 Somali pirates calling themselves the Central Regional Coast Guard. The ship was allegedly heading to Mombasa, Kenya, from Ukraine with 33 Soviet-made T-72 tanks, weapons (including rocket-propelled grenades and anti-aircraft guns) and ammunition on board, when it was seized. The pirates said they were unaware of the ship's cargo before they captured it. However, the pirates claim that documents found on board indicate that the arms cargo was destined for Juba, Southern Sudan, instead of Kenya, as originally understood. The claim was confirmed by U.S. Navy and several other intelligence groups, although the Kenyan government denies the allegation.
The pirates demanded a ransom and had threatened to blow up the ship, along with the pirates themselves and the ship's crew, if the ransom was not paid.
The ransom amount was reported as US$35 million, US$20 million, US$8 million, and US$5 million in the weeks following the capture. The threat was later withdrawn.
The pirates initially set a course for the pirate haven of Eyl, but instead anchored near the village of Hinbarwaqo after the U.S. Navy's Arleigh Burke-class destroyer Howard caught up to them. Supplies of fuel for electrical generation were accepted on board, and food and drinking water were later delivered to the ship.
The Howard engaged the Faina in pursuit within several hundred yards to stop the unloading of the cargo by the pirates. Later, the Ticonderoga-class missile cruiser Vella Gulf and other U.S. warships joined the Howard and surrounded the Faina with the Russian missile frigate Neustrashimy patrolling the Somali coast.
American helicopters and other aircraft flew over the Faina. Warships from the U.S. Navy and other navies blockaded the MV Faina in a port off Somalia's Indian Ocean coast. However, pirates wanted to unload small weapons from the cargo near Hinbarwaqo, even while warned not to do so by surrounding naval ships.
Three of the hijackers were reportedly killed during a gunfight between rival pirates. This report was denied by the pirates, who said that they were celebrating Eid ul-Fitr, and were "happy on the ship" and were "celebrating", but a US defence official said that the military believed three people had been killed in the row on the ship, which has been under close surveillance.
International reactions
Russia, Somalia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, and NATO cooperated to try to recover the ship. Kenya said that it would refuse to cooperate or negotiate with the pirates.
This incident and further hijackings renewed international efforts to stem Somali piracy. On 7 October 2008, because of the rise in hijackings—besides the Faina, some eleven other vessels were hijacked—the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1838, which "calls upon all states interested in the security of maritime activities to take part actively in the fight against piracy on the high seas off the coast of Somalia, in particular by deploying naval vessels and military aircraft." NATO authorized a force of frigates to patrol Somalia's waters, India fired on a pirate ship, and the coast of Somalia was to be blockaded by navies of many nations.
Puntland Minister of Fisheries Ahmed Said Aw-nur advocated storming the Faina with European or American commandos, saying, " military operation has to be taken." On 1 October, Mohammed Jammer Ali, the acting Somali Foreign Minister, said, "he international community has permission to fight with the pirates." The Somali insurgency group Al-Shabaab advised the pirates to "either burn down the ship and its arms or sink it" if the ransom was not paid.
Hostage revolt
On Tuesday, 9 December 2008, the pirates holding the ship and its crew hostage told the AFP that two of the hostages had unsuccessfully tried to revolt against the pirates the previous Monday. This revolt was put down shortly after, and the spokesman for the pirates reported that they would take "serious punitive measures" against the crewmembers. However, the account of the pirates concerning the revolt was disputed by Mikhail Voitenko, a writer for the Russian Sovfracht Maritime Bulletin, who called the story a "canard" and "threat" that was meant to cover for the capture by American forces of two of the pirates from the Faina who were heading for shore, and the failed bid of the pirates to convince the intermediaries and the ship owner to speak to the Americans and gain the captured pirates' release.
Release
On 5 February 2009 the MV Faina was released after being held captive for 5 months. The remaining crew of 20 were freed along with the ship and were reported by the Ukrainian presidency as being healthy and safe. A ransom of US$3,200,000 was paid on 4 February 2009 by the ship's mysterious owners. The pirates left the vessel early the next day, stating that the release had been delayed for one hour, but the ship was eventually released. The ship arrived at its destination, the Port of Mombasa, on 12 February 2009, where the cargo was unloaded.
An inquiry by the Kenyan parliamentary Defence and Foreign Relations Committee failed to determine the destination of the cargo. The chairman of the committee Adan Keynan criticised the Kenyan Ministry of Defence for non-cooperation and secret-keeping.
Gallery
References
^ a b c d "FAINA: Ship info". Equasis. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
^ a b c d e f "Vallmo". Miramar Ship Index. R.B.Haworth. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
^ a b c "Confusion looms over ownership of seized Ukrainian military cargo". Xinhua News Agency. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ "Faina". Vesseltracker.com. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
^ Center for Investigative Reporting (January 2004). "Hiding behind the flag". Frontline World. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
^ a b c "Pirates call all the shots". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ James Bridger (4 November 2013). "The Rise of Fall of Somalia's Pirate King". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
^ a b c d e "Pirates Demand Ransom Of Millions". Sky News. 28 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ a b Gettleman, Jeffrey (28 September 2008). "Tensions Rise Over Ship Hijacked Off Somalia". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ a b Hassan, Mohamed Olad (30 September 2008). "Pirates say they celebrated Muslim holiday on ship". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ a b "Somali pirates 'free arms ship'". BBC News. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
^ "Faina - september 25th, 2008 - Hinbarwaqo, Somalia". Coordination maree noire. 25 October 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
^ Wadhams, Nick (26 September 2008). "Somali Pirates' Unexpected Booty: Russian Tanks". Time. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (30 September 2008). "Q. & A. With a Pirate: "We Just Want the Money"". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (26 September 2008). "Somalia Pirates Capture Tanks and Global Notice". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
^ "Pirates' spokesman: We want money, not arms". Detroit Free Press. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
^ a b Mohamed Olad Hassan (3 October 2008). "Hijackers off Somalia show no sign of giving up". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
^ "Pirates threaten to blow up ship". BBC. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ "US destroyer guardsship seized by pirates". The Independent. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ "Somali pirate says ransom reduced". Associated Press. 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
^ "Somali pirates drop threat, resume negotiations". CNN. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
^ "30 Days MV FAINA Piracy Crisis – Background by Ecoterra". American Chronicle. 25 October 2008.
^ Affairs, This story was written by Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Central Command/5th Fleet Public. "USS Howard Monitoring MV Faina".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Affairs, This story was written by Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Central Command/5th Fleet Public. "Several U.S. Ships Join Mission to Monitor Faina".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Kennedy, Elizabeth A. (29 September 2008). "U.S. Navy watches seized ship with Sudan-bound tanks". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ Hassan, Mohamed Olad (28 September 2008). "Somali pirates want $20M ship ransom; crewman dies". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ "US Navy plays waiting game with surrounded Somali pirates". Agence France-Presse. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
^ Crilly, Rob (29 September 2008). "Islamists plunder weapons from hijacked ship in Somalia". The Times. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
^ "Three pirates shot dead in ship hijack drama". The Standard. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ Sturcke, James (30 September 2008). "Three shot dead in row between Somali pirates, monitors say". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
^ "NATO to send ships as Somali pirates ease demands". Associated Press. 9 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
^ "New Somalia piracy resolution adopted at UN". Agence France-Presse. 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
^ Hassan, Mohamed Olad (1 October 2008). "Somalia: World can use force against the pirates". Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
^ "Somali Islamists tell pirates to destroy Ukrainian arms ship". Agence France-Presse. 2 October 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
^ "Pirates 'put down hostage revolt'", BBC, 9 December 2008
^ "No mutiny onboard Faina seized by Somali pirates". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia.
^ Daily Nation, 14 February 2009: Arms ship's full cargo revealed
^ The Standard, 23 December 2009: No answer on ‘MV Faina’ arsenal query
External links
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List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_vessel"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"roll-on/roll-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"flag of convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_convenience"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vesseltracker-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foc-5"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Equasis-1"},{"link_name":"Somali pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Abdi Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdi_Hassan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"first mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Mate"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sky-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celebrate-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Release-11"}],"text":"MV Faina (Ukrainian: Фаїна) was a roll-on/roll-off cargo ship operated by a Ukrainian company that sailed under a Belize flag of convenience,[3][4][5] owned by Panama City-based Waterlux AG, and managed by Tomex Team of Odesa, Ukraine.[1]On 25 September 2008, the ship was captured by Somali pirates allegedly under the orders of piracy kingpin Mohamed Abdi Hassan, in the twenty-sixth such attack in 2008.[6][7]\nThe Faina's crew (at the time of capture) consisted of 17 Ukrainians, three Russians and one Latvian. On 28 September, Viktor Nikolsky, first mate on the Faina, said that Vladimir Kolobkov, the ship's Russian captain, had died from a hypertension-related stroke.[8][9][10] On 5 February 2009 it was announced that a ransom of US $3.2 million had been paid to the pirates, and the ship was released the next day.[11]","title":"MV Faina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_Faina_-_pirates.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Howard_(DDG-83)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_Faina.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Somali pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mombasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"T-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-72"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"rocket-propelled grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba,_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Southern Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xin-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-givingup-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sky-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimatum-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8mil-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dropthreat-21"},{"link_name":"Eyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyl"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Arleigh Burke-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Howard_(DDG-83)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecoterra-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xin-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN1-23"},{"link_name":"Ticonderoga-class missile cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Vella Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vella_Gulf_(CG-72)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Neustrashimy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_frigate_Neustrashimy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sky-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-givingup-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN2-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"blockaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Eid ul-Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celebrate-10"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A photograph taken on board USS Howard showing Somali pirates in small boats after hijacking MV Faina.The crew of MV Faina stands on the deck after a U.S. Navy request to check on their health and welfare.On 25 September 2008, the Faina was hijacked[12] by approximately 50 Somali pirates[6][13] calling themselves the Central Regional Coast Guard.[14] The ship was allegedly heading to Mombasa, Kenya, from Ukraine with 33 Soviet-made T-72 tanks, weapons (including rocket-propelled grenades and anti-aircraft guns)[6] and ammunition on board, when it was seized.[15] The pirates said they were unaware of the ship's cargo before they captured it.[16] However, the pirates claim that documents found on board indicate that the arms cargo was destined for Juba, Southern Sudan, instead of Kenya, as originally understood.[3] The claim was confirmed by U.S. Navy and several other intelligence groups, although the Kenyan government denies the allegation.[17]The pirates demanded a ransom and had threatened to blow up the ship, along with the pirates themselves and the ship's crew, if the ransom was not paid.[8][18]\nThe ransom amount was reported as US$35 million, US$20 million, US$8 million, and US$5 million in the weeks following the capture.[19][20] The threat was later withdrawn.[21]\nThe pirates initially set a course for the pirate haven of Eyl, but instead anchored near the village of Hinbarwaqo after the U.S. Navy's Arleigh Burke-class destroyer Howard caught up to them.[22] Supplies of fuel for electrical generation were accepted on board, and food and drinking water were later delivered to the ship.[citation needed]The Howard engaged the Faina in pursuit within several hundred yards to stop the unloading of the cargo by the pirates.[3][23] Later, the Ticonderoga-class missile cruiser Vella Gulf and other U.S. warships joined the Howard and surrounded the Faina with the Russian missile frigate Neustrashimy patrolling the Somali coast.[8][17][24]American helicopters[25] and other aircraft flew over the Faina.[26] Warships from the U.S. Navy and other navies blockaded the MV Faina in a port off Somalia's Indian Ocean coast.[27] However, pirates wanted to unload small weapons from the cargo near Hinbarwaqo, even while warned not to do so by surrounding naval ships.[28]Three of the hijackers were reportedly killed during a gunfight between rival pirates.[29] This report was denied by the pirates, who said that they were celebrating Eid ul-Fitr, and were \"happy on the ship\" and were \"celebrating\",[10] but a US defence official said that the military believed three people had been killed in the row on the ship, which has been under close surveillance.[30]","title":"Hijacking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sky-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sky-8"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nato-31"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"resolution 1838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1838"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN-32"},{"link_name":"Puntland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Said Aw-nur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Said_Aw-nur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-9"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Jammer Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Jammer_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Al-Shabaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Somalia)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"International reactions","text":"Russia, Somalia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, and NATO cooperated to try to recover the ship.[8] Kenya said that it would refuse to cooperate or negotiate with the pirates.[8][31]This incident and further hijackings renewed international efforts to stem Somali piracy. On 7 October 2008, because of the rise in hijackings—besides the Faina, some eleven other vessels were hijacked—the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1838, which \"calls upon all states interested in the security of maritime activities to take part actively in the fight against piracy on the high seas off the coast of Somalia, in particular by deploying naval vessels and military aircraft.\"[32] NATO authorized a force of frigates to patrol Somalia's waters, India fired on a pirate ship, and the coast of Somalia was to be blockaded by navies of many nations.Puntland Minister of Fisheries Ahmed Said Aw-nur advocated storming the Faina with European or American commandos, saying, \"[a] military operation has to be taken.\"[9] On 1 October, Mohammed Jammer Ali, the acting Somali Foreign Minister, said, \"[t]he international community has permission to fight with the pirates.\"[33] The Somali insurgency group Al-Shabaab advised the pirates to \"either burn down the ship and its arms or sink it\" if the ransom was not paid.[34]","title":"Hijacking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Hostage revolt","text":"On Tuesday, 9 December 2008, the pirates holding the ship and its crew hostage told the AFP that two of the hostages had unsuccessfully tried to revolt against the pirates the previous Monday. This revolt was put down shortly after, and the spokesman for the pirates reported that they would take \"serious punitive measures\" against the crewmembers.[35] However, the account of the pirates concerning the revolt was disputed by Mikhail Voitenko, a writer for the Russian Sovfracht Maritime Bulletin, who called the story a \"canard\" and \"threat\" that was meant to cover for the capture by American forces of two of the pirates from the Faina who were heading for shore, and the failed bid of the pirates to convince the intermediaries and the ship owner to speak to the Americans and gain the captured pirates' release.[36]","title":"Hijacking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Release-11"},{"link_name":"Port of Mombasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilindini_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Adan Keynan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adan_Keynan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenyan Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministries_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Release","text":"On 5 February 2009 the MV Faina was released after being held captive for 5 months. The remaining crew of 20 were freed along with the ship and were reported by the Ukrainian presidency as being healthy and safe. A ransom of US$3,200,000 was paid on 4 February 2009 by the ship's mysterious owners. The pirates left the vessel early the next day, stating that the release had been delayed for one hour, but the ship was eventually released.[11] The ship arrived at its destination, the Port of Mombasa, on 12 February 2009, where the cargo was unloaded.[37]An inquiry by the Kenyan parliamentary Defence and Foreign Relations Committee failed to determine the destination of the cargo. The chairman of the committee Adan Keynan criticised the Kenyan Ministry of Defence for non-cooperation and secret-keeping.[38]","title":"Hijacking"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_Faina_-_pirates_on_board.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_Faina_back.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_Faina_sideview1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:080928-N-MV_Faina_port_side.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV-Faina-Pirates.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"A photograph taken on board USS Howard showing Somali pirates in small boats after hijacking MV Faina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/MV_Faina_-_pirates.jpg/220px-MV_Faina_-_pirates.jpg"},{"image_text":"The crew of MV Faina stands on the deck after a U.S. Navy request to check on their health and welfare.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/MV_Faina.jpg/220px-MV_Faina.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"FAINA: Ship info\". Equasis. Retrieved 4 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equasis.org/","url_text":"\"FAINA: Ship info\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vallmo\". Miramar Ship Index. R.B.Haworth. Retrieved 7 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=7419377","url_text":"\"Vallmo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Confusion looms over ownership of seized Ukrainian military cargo\". Xinhua News Agency. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080929202140/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/29/content_10130741.htm","url_text":"\"Confusion looms over ownership of seized Ukrainian military cargo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency","url_text":"Xinhua News Agency"},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/29/content_10130741.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Faina\". 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Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081001002509/http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.2453784.0.0.php","url_text":"\"Pirates call all the shots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Herald","url_text":"Sunday Herald"},{"url":"http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.2453784.0.0.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Bridger (4 November 2013). \"The Rise of Fall of Somalia's Pirate King\". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 5 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/04/the_rise_and_fall_of_somalia_s_pirate_king?page=full","url_text":"\"The Rise of Fall of Somalia's Pirate King\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pirates Demand Ransom Of Millions\". Sky News. 28 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Crew-Member-On-Ukrainian-Ship-Hijacked-Off-Coast-Of-Somalia-Dies-Says-Fainas-Captain/Article/200809415108746?lpos=World_News_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_4&lid=ARTICLE_15108746_Crew_Member_On_Ukrainian_Ship_Hijacked_Off_Coast_Of_Somalia_Dies%2C_Says_Fainas_Captain","url_text":"\"Pirates Demand Ransom Of Millions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"}]},{"reference":"Gettleman, Jeffrey (28 September 2008). \"Tensions Rise Over Ship Hijacked Off Somalia\". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Gettleman","url_text":"Gettleman, Jeffrey"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/world/africa/29pirates.html?ref=world","url_text":"\"Tensions Rise Over Ship Hijacked Off Somalia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hassan, Mohamed Olad (30 September 2008). \"Pirates say they celebrated Muslim holiday on ship\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081003164259/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93H9K500","url_text":"\"Pirates say they celebrated Muslim holiday on ship\""},{"url":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93H9K500","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Somali pirates 'free arms ship'\". BBC News. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7871510.stm","url_text":"\"Somali pirates 'free arms ship'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Faina - september 25th, 2008 - Hinbarwaqo, Somalia\". Coordination maree noire. 25 October 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://coordination-maree-noire.eu/spip.php?rubrique542","url_text":"\"Faina - september 25th, 2008 - Hinbarwaqo, Somalia\""}]},{"reference":"Wadhams, Nick (26 September 2008). \"Somali Pirates' Unexpected Booty: Russian Tanks\". Time. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. 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Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084820/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/us-destroyer-guardsship-seized-by-pirates-945385.html","url_text":"\"US destroyer guardsship [sic] seized by pirates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/us-destroyer-guardsship-seized-by-pirates-945385.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Somali pirate says ransom reduced\". Associated Press. 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. 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American Chronicle. 25 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/78934","url_text":"\"30 Days MV FAINA Piracy Crisis – Background by Ecoterra\""}]},{"reference":"Affairs, This story was written by Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Central Command/5th Fleet Public. \"USS Howard Monitoring MV Faina\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40045","url_text":"\"USS Howard Monitoring MV Faina\""}]},{"reference":"Affairs, This story was written by Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Central Command/5th Fleet Public. \"Several U.S. Ships Join Mission to Monitor Faina\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40096&page=4","url_text":"\"Several U.S. Ships Join Mission to Monitor Faina\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Elizabeth A. (29 September 2008). \"U.S. Navy watches seized ship with Sudan-bound tanks\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002101947/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93GL6EG0","url_text":"\"U.S. Navy watches seized ship with Sudan-bound tanks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93GL6EG0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hassan, Mohamed Olad (28 September 2008). \"Somali pirates want $20M ship ransom; crewman dies\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081001105031/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93FSFT00","url_text":"\"Somali pirates want $20M ship ransom; crewman dies\""},{"url":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93FSFT00","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Navy plays waiting game with surrounded Somali pirates\". Agence France-Presse. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005145345/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ihiCUqAF4ZNT_8sWoX3MNdUAzzZg","url_text":"\"US Navy plays waiting game with surrounded Somali pirates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"Agence France-Presse"},{"url":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ihiCUqAF4ZNT_8sWoX3MNdUAzzZg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crilly, Rob (29 September 2008). \"Islamists plunder weapons from hijacked ship in Somalia\". The Times. Retrieved 29 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4842684.ece","url_text":"\"Islamists plunder weapons from hijacked ship in Somalia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Three pirates shot dead in ship hijack drama\". The Standard. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061158/http://www.eastandard.net/InsidePage.php?id=1143996017&cid=4","url_text":"\"Three pirates shot dead in ship hijack drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_(Kenya)","url_text":"The Standard"},{"url":"http://www.eastandard.net/InsidePage.php?id=1143996017&cid=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sturcke, James (30 September 2008). \"Three shot dead in row between Somali pirates, monitors say\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/30/somalia.ukraine","url_text":"\"Three shot dead in row between Somali pirates, monitors say\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO to send ships as Somali pirates ease demands\". Associated Press. 9 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013180553/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93N579O0","url_text":"\"NATO to send ships as Somali pirates ease demands\""},{"url":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93N579O0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Somalia piracy resolution adopted at UN\". Agence France-Presse. 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201095821/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jxzBM8B5jScl8Wirb9gP7aMZ-A0g","url_text":"\"New Somalia piracy resolution adopted at UN\""},{"url":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jxzBM8B5jScl8Wirb9gP7aMZ-A0g","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hassan, Mohamed Olad (1 October 2008). \"Somalia: World can use force against the pirates\". Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004112403/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93HU3182","url_text":"\"Somalia: World can use force against the pirates\""},{"url":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93HU3182","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Somali Islamists tell pirates to destroy Ukrainian arms ship\". Agence France-Presse. 2 October 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520174539/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iD-AOo_tEeALdsa8JBdV0kE5Hpaw","url_text":"\"Somali Islamists tell pirates to destroy Ukrainian arms ship\""},{"url":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iD-AOo_tEeALdsa8JBdV0kE5Hpaw","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No mutiny onboard Faina seized by Somali pirates\". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13362503&PageNum=0","url_text":"\"No mutiny onboard Faina seized by Somali pirates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Telegraph_Agency_of_Russia","url_text":"Information Telegraph Agency of Russia"}]}]
|
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With a Pirate: \"We Just Want the Money\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/27/world/africa/27pirates.html?em","external_links_name":"\"Somalia Pirates Capture Tanks and Global Notice\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002134636/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080930%2FNEWS07%2F80930082","external_links_name":"\"Pirates' spokesman: We want money, not arms\""},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080930/NEWS07/80930082","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005165353/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93J14PG0","external_links_name":"\"Hijackers off Somalia show no sign of giving up\""},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93J14PG0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7664767.stm","external_links_name":"\"Pirates threaten to blow up ship\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084820/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/us-destroyer-guardsship-seized-by-pirates-945385.html","external_links_name":"\"US destroyer guardsship [sic] seized by pirates\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/us-destroyer-guardsship-seized-by-pirates-945385.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012083610/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93LHVA00","external_links_name":"\"Somali pirate says ransom reduced\""},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93LHVA00","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081018132655/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/15/somalia.pirates.ap/","external_links_name":"\"Somali pirates drop threat, resume negotiations\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/15/somalia.pirates.ap/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/78934","external_links_name":"\"30 Days MV FAINA Piracy Crisis – Background by Ecoterra\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40045","external_links_name":"\"USS Howard Monitoring MV Faina\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40096&page=4","external_links_name":"\"Several U.S. Ships Join Mission to Monitor Faina\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002101947/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93GL6EG0","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Navy watches seized ship with Sudan-bound tanks\""},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93GL6EG0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081001105031/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93FSFT00","external_links_name":"\"Somali pirates want $20M ship ransom; crewman dies\""},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93FSFT00","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005145345/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ihiCUqAF4ZNT_8sWoX3MNdUAzzZg","external_links_name":"\"US Navy plays waiting game with surrounded Somali pirates\""},{"Link":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ihiCUqAF4ZNT_8sWoX3MNdUAzzZg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4842684.ece","external_links_name":"\"Islamists plunder weapons from hijacked ship in Somalia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061158/http://www.eastandard.net/InsidePage.php?id=1143996017&cid=4","external_links_name":"\"Three pirates shot dead in ship hijack drama\""},{"Link":"http://www.eastandard.net/InsidePage.php?id=1143996017&cid=4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/30/somalia.ukraine","external_links_name":"\"Three shot dead in row between Somali pirates, monitors say\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013180553/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93N579O0","external_links_name":"\"NATO to send ships as Somali pirates ease demands\""},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93N579O0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201095821/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jxzBM8B5jScl8Wirb9gP7aMZ-A0g","external_links_name":"\"New Somalia piracy resolution adopted at UN\""},{"Link":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jxzBM8B5jScl8Wirb9gP7aMZ-A0g","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004112403/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93HU3182","external_links_name":"\"Somalia: World can use force against the pirates\""},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5igGmlfz-K3g6EyC2vN8yK10vpCugD93HU3182","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520174539/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iD-AOo_tEeALdsa8JBdV0kE5Hpaw","external_links_name":"\"Somali Islamists tell pirates to destroy Ukrainian arms ship\""},{"Link":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iD-AOo_tEeALdsa8JBdV0kE5Hpaw","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7773884.stm","external_links_name":"\"Pirates 'put down hostage revolt'\""},{"Link":"http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13362503&PageNum=0","external_links_name":"\"No mutiny onboard Faina seized by Somali pirates\""},{"Link":"http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/530336/-/u2ey0y/-/index.html","external_links_name":"Arms ship's full cargo revealed"},{"Link":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/news/InsidePage.php?id=1144031030&cid=159&","external_links_name":"No answer on ‘MV Faina’ arsenal query"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Carrying
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I'm Carrying
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["1 Lyrics and music","2 Critical reception","3 Other appearances","4 References","5 External links"]
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1978 single by Wings"I'm Carrying"Single by Wingsfrom the album London Town A-side"London Town"Released26 August 1978Recorded5 May 1977GenreSoft rockLength2:44LabelParlophone/EMI (UK)Capitol (US)Songwriter(s)Paul McCartneyProducer(s)Paul McCartney
"I'm Carrying" is a song written by Paul McCartney that was first released on Wings' 1978 album London Town. It was also released as the B-side of the "London Town" single. In 2003 it was later released on the soundtrack to the film The In-Laws.
Lyrics and music
"I'm Carrying" is a gentle love song. Although Linda McCartney, Paul's wife, was a member of Wings, the song was not inspired by her but rather by a former girlfriend of Paul McCartney's. The song has a simple structure, with two verses and a refrain. In the first verse, McCartney sings that he will come to his lover's room after an absence bringing gifts and a carnation. In the second verse, he sings that he has been away for a long time and wonders if his return will lack style. The refrain simply notes that he is carrying something for his lover.
"I'm Carrying" is in the key of E major and based on four chords. McCartney originally recorded the song accompanied by just his acoustic guitar during the London Town sessions aboard the stern of the yacht Fair Carol in the Virgin Islands on 5 May 1977. The song was recorded in one take and according to engineer Tom Anderson, McCartney was "enclosed in a wooden ‘isolation’ area we built out of plywood." In December 1977, he overdubbed orchestral strings and he also overdubbed his own playing of an electric guitar using a Gizmo. The Gizmo is a device invented by 10cc members Kevin Godley and Lol Creme, which allows a guitar to be played by vibrating the strings rather than plucking them.
Critical reception
Author John Blaney notes that "I'm Carrying" expresses sentiments similar to those McCartney sang on the Beatles' "Yesterday," noting that "I'm Carrying" is "less adventurous melodically but no less welcoming." Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine calls it "nice" and "understated." George Harrison chose "I'm Carrying" as his favorite song from London Town, describing it as "sensational". CD Review described the song as a "silly love song that's sweet, simple, and tuneful." Billboard Magazine's Timothy White considers the song one of McCartney's post-Beatle peaks. Jim Beviglia of Culture Sonar described the melody as being "as romantic as a moonlit slow dance."
Other appearances
Wings' version of "I'm Carrying" was used in the soundtrack for the film The In-Laws in 2003. The song is also incorporated in the soundtrack to the Greg MacGillivray film To the Arctic 3D, including for a scene in which a mother polar bear plays with her cubs.
Sham Rock covered "I'm Carrying" on their 2004 album The Album. Guitarist Phil Keaggy played the song with Paul McCartney at the wedding of Linda McCartney's sister Laura Eastman.
References
^ "I'm Carrying (song)". The Paul McCartney Project.
^ a b c d e f g h Blaney, J. (2007). Lennon and McCartney: together alone: a critical discography of their solo work. Jawbone Press. pp. 123–125, 264. ISBN 978-1-906002-02-2.
^ a b c d e f g h i Benitez, V.P. (2010). The Words and Music of Paul McCartney: The Solo Years. Praeger. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-313-34969-0.
^ a b c d Madiger, C.; Easter, M. (2000). Eight Arms to Hold You. 44.1 Productions. p. 232. ISBN 0-615-11724-4.
^ Harry, B. (2003). The Paul McCartney encyclopedia. Virgin. p. 442. ISBN 9780753507162.
^ Perasi, Luca (2023). Paul McCartney Music Is Ideas. The Stories Behind the Songs (Vol. 1) 1970-1989 (1st ed.). Milan, Italy: L.I.L.Y. Publishing. p. 268. ISBN 978-88-909-122-9-0.
^ a b Erlewine, S.T. "The In-Laws". Allmusic. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
^ Potter, Jordan (24 September 2022). "The Paul McCartney song George Harrison described as "sensational"". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ CD Review. Vol. 7. 1990.
^ White, T. (14 June 1997). Rediscussion. Billboard Magazine. p. 87. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
^ Beviglia, Jim (October 14, 2017). "The 10 Best Paul McCartney Songs You May Never Have Heard". Culture Sonar. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
^ "For The Record: Quick News On Eminem And Nas, Jack Black, Winona Ryder, Wayne Wonder, Tony Hawk & More". MTV. 24 April 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
^ Hay, C. (10 May 2003). "Soundtracks". Billboard Magazine. p. 19. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
^ "Take a Journey To The Arctic in IMAX® Theatres Starting Friday". PR Newswire. April 18, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "To the Arctic" (PDF). imax.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "The Album". Allmusic. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
^ Maissey, J. (3 April 2008). "Guitar Phil Keaggy brings his album to life". hamptonroads.com. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
External links
Lyrics from Paul McCartney's official site
vteWings
Paul McCartney
Linda McCartney
Denny Laine
Denny Seiwell
Henry McCullough
Jimmy McCulloch
Geoff Britton
Joe English
Laurence Juber
Steve Holley
Studio albums
Wild Life (1971)
Red Rose Speedway (1973)
Band on the Run (1973)
Venus and Mars (1975)
Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976)
London Town (1978)
Back to the Egg (1979)
Live albums
Wings over America (1976)
Wings over Europe (2018)
One Hand Clapping (2024)
Compilations
Wings Greatest (1978)
Cold Cuts (unreleased)
Wingspan: Hits and History (2001)
Singles
"Give Ireland Back to the Irish"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb" / "Little Woman Love"
"Hi, Hi, Hi" / "C Moon"
"My Love"
"Live and Let Die" / "I Lie Around"
"Helen Wheels" / "Country Dreamer"
"Mrs. Vandebilt" / "Bluebird"
"Jet" / "Mamunia"
"Let Me Roll It"
"Band on the Run" / "Zoo Gang"
"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five"
"Junior's Farm" / "Sally G"
"Listen to What the Man Said" / "Love in Song"
"Letting Go" / "You Gave Me the Answer"
"Venus and Mars"/"Rock Show" / "Magneto and Titanium Man"
"Silly Love Songs" / "Cook of the House"
"Let 'Em In" / "Beware My Love"
"Maybe I'm Amazed" / "Soily"
"Seaside Woman"
"Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School"
"With a Little Luck" / "Backwards Traveller"/"Cuff Link"
"I've Had Enough" / "Deliver Your Children"
"London Town" / "I'm Carrying"
"Goodnight Tonight" / "Daytime Nighttime Suffering"
"Old Siam, Sir"
"Getting Closer"
"Arrow Through Me" / "Old Siam, Sir"
"Rockestra Theme"
"Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)"
"Mama's Little Girl"
Other songs
"Big Barn Bed"
"Little Lamb Dragonfly"
"No Words"
"Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me)"
"Call Me Back Again"
"She's My Baby"
"Must Do Something About It"
"Warm and Beautiful"
"Girlfriend"
Tours
Wings University Tour (1972)
Wings Over Europe Tour (1972)
Wings 1973 UK Tour (May 1973)
Wings Over the World tour (1975-1976)
Wings UK Tour 1979 (1979)
Filmography
Wings Over the World (1979)
Concert for Kampuchea (1980)
Rockshow (1980)
Back to the Egg (1981)
Wingspan – An Intimate Portrait (2001)
Related articles
1972 Wings Tour Bus
Discography
Songs
McGear
Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album)
Japanese Tears
Standard Time
Suzy and the Red Stripes
The Oriental Nightfish
Wide Prairie
vtePaul McCartney
Paul "Wix" Wickens
Rusty Anderson
Brian Ray
Abe Laboriel Jr.
Linda McCartney
Hamish Stuart
Robbie McIntosh
Chris Whitten
Blair Cunningham
Studio albums
McCartney
Ram
Thrillington
McCartney II
Tug of War
Pipes of Peace
Give My Regards to Broad Street
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Let It Be (1970)
James Paul McCartney (1973)
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Concert for Kampuchea (1980)
Rockshow (1980)
Rupert and the Frog Song (1984)
Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984)
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MTV Unplugged (1991)
Get Back (1991)
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Paul Is Live (1993)
In the World Tonight (1997)
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Tropic Island Hum (1997)
Live at the Cavern Club (1999)
Working Classical (2000)
Wingspan (2001)
The Concert for New York City (2001)
Back in the U.S. (2002)
Paul McCartney in Red Square (2003)
The Music and Animation Collection (2004)
Between Chaos and Creation (2005)
The Space Within US (2006)
Memory Almost Full – Deluxe Edition (2007)
The McCartney Years (2007)
Ecce Cor Meum (2008)
Good Evening New York City (2009)
The Love We Make (2011)
A Rendez-Vous with Paul McCartney (2013)
New – Collector's Edition (2014)
A MusiCares Tribute To Paul McCartney (2015)
Pure McCartney (2016)
Carpool Karaoke: When Corden Met McCartney Live From Liverpool (2018)
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Costello Album
A Toot and a Snore in '74
Return to Pepperland
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"Cut Me Some Slack"
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"London Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Town_(Wings_album)"},{"link_name":"London Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Town_(Wings_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"},{"link_name":"The In-Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_In-Laws_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"}],"text":"\"I'm Carrying\" is a song written by Paul McCartney that was first released on Wings' 1978 album London Town. It was also released as the B-side of the \"London Town\" single.[2] In 2003 it was later released on the soundtrack to the film The In-Laws.[2]","title":"I'm Carrying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"Linda McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"verses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_(music)"},{"link_name":"refrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"carnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"},{"link_name":"E major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_major"},{"link_name":"chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"overdubbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdub"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"Gizmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gizmo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-4"},{"link_name":"10cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cc"},{"link_name":"Kevin Godley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Godley"},{"link_name":"Lol Creme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lol_Creme"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-3"}],"text":"\"I'm Carrying\" is a gentle love song.[2][3] Although Linda McCartney, Paul's wife, was a member of Wings, the song was not inspired by her but rather by a former girlfriend of Paul McCartney's.[3][4][5] The song has a simple structure, with two verses and a refrain.[3] In the first verse, McCartney sings that he will come to his lover's room after an absence bringing gifts and a carnation.[3] In the second verse, he sings that he has been away for a long time and wonders if his return will lack style.[3] The refrain simply notes that he is carrying something for his lover.[3]\"I'm Carrying\" is in the key of E major and based on four chords.[3] McCartney originally recorded the song accompanied by just his acoustic guitar during the London Town sessions aboard the stern of the yacht Fair Carol in the Virgin Islands on 5 May 1977.[2][4] The song was recorded in one take and according to engineer Tom Anderson, McCartney was \"enclosed in a wooden ‘isolation’ area we built out of plywood.\"[6] In December 1977, he overdubbed orchestral strings and he also overdubbed his own playing of an electric guitar using a Gizmo.[2][3][4] The Gizmo is a device invented by 10cc members Kevin Godley and Lol Creme, which allows a guitar to be played by vibrating the strings rather than plucking them.[2][3]","title":"Lyrics and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inlaws-7"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CD Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Review"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-11"}],"text":"Author John Blaney notes that \"I'm Carrying\" expresses sentiments similar to those McCartney sang on the Beatles' \"Yesterday,\" noting that \"I'm Carrying\" is \"less adventurous melodically but no less welcoming.\"[2] Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine calls it \"nice\" and \"understated.\"[7] George Harrison chose \"I'm Carrying\" as his favorite song from London Town, describing it as \"sensational\".[4][8] CD Review described the song as a \"silly love song that's sweet, simple, and tuneful.\"[9] Billboard Magazine's Timothy White considers the song one of McCartney's post-Beatle peaks.[10] Jim Beviglia of Culture Sonar described the melody as being \"as romantic as a moonlit slow dance.\"[11]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The In-Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_In-Laws_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaney-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inlaws-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Greg MacGillivray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_MacGillivray"},{"link_name":"To the Arctic 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Arctic_3D"},{"link_name":"polar bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sham Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Rock"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Phil Keaggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Keaggy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Wings' version of \"I'm Carrying\" was used in the soundtrack for the film The In-Laws in 2003.[2][7][12][13] The song is also incorporated in the soundtrack to the Greg MacGillivray film To the Arctic 3D, including for a scene in which a mother polar bear plays with her cubs.[14][15]Sham Rock covered \"I'm Carrying\" on their 2004 album The Album.[16] Guitarist Phil Keaggy played the song with Paul McCartney at the wedding of Linda McCartney's sister Laura Eastman.[17]","title":"Other appearances"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"I'm Carrying (song)\". The Paul McCartney Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-paulmccartney-project.com/song/im-carrying/","url_text":"\"I'm Carrying (song)\""}]},{"reference":"Blaney, J. (2007). Lennon and McCartney: together alone: a critical discography of their solo work. Jawbone Press. pp. 123–125, 264. ISBN 978-1-906002-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-02-2","url_text":"978-1-906002-02-2"}]},{"reference":"Benitez, V.P. (2010). The Words and Music of Paul McCartney: The Solo Years. Praeger. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-313-34969-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34969-0","url_text":"978-0-313-34969-0"}]},{"reference":"Madiger, C.; Easter, M. (2000). Eight Arms to Hold You. 44.1 Productions. p. 232. ISBN 0-615-11724-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-11724-4","url_text":"0-615-11724-4"}]},{"reference":"Harry, B. (2003). The Paul McCartney encyclopedia. Virgin. p. 442. ISBN 9780753507162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753507162","url_text":"9780753507162"}]},{"reference":"Perasi, Luca (2023). Paul McCartney Music Is Ideas. The Stories Behind the Songs (Vol. 1) 1970-1989 (1st ed.). Milan, Italy: L.I.L.Y. Publishing. p. 268. ISBN 978-88-909-122-9-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-909-122-9-0","url_text":"978-88-909-122-9-0"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, S.T. \"The In-Laws\". Allmusic. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, S.T."},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-in-laws-mw0000032595","url_text":"\"The In-Laws\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Potter, Jordan (24 September 2022). \"The Paul McCartney song George Harrison described as \"sensational\"\". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/paul-mccartney-song-george-harrison-sensational/","url_text":"\"The Paul McCartney song George Harrison described as \"sensational\"\""}]},{"reference":"CD Review. Vol. 7. 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Review","url_text":"CD Review"}]},{"reference":"White, T. (14 June 1997). Rediscussion. Billboard Magazine. p. 87. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"Rediscussion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine","url_text":"Billboard Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Beviglia, Jim (October 14, 2017). \"The 10 Best Paul McCartney Songs You May Never Have Heard\". Culture Sonar. Retrieved 2019-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culturesonar.com/paul-mccartney-songs/","url_text":"\"The 10 Best Paul McCartney Songs You May Never Have Heard\""}]},{"reference":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Eminem And Nas, Jack Black, Winona Ryder, Wayne Wonder, Tony Hawk & More\". MTV. 24 April 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471502/record-quick-news-on-eminem-nas-jack-black-winona-ryder-wayne-wonder-tony-hawk-more.jhtml","url_text":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Eminem And Nas, Jack Black, Winona Ryder, Wayne Wonder, Tony Hawk & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"Hay, C. (10 May 2003). \"Soundtracks\". Billboard Magazine. p. 19. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qg0EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22i%27m+carrying%22+mccartney&pg=PA19","url_text":"\"Soundtracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine","url_text":"Billboard Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Take a Journey To The Arctic in IMAX® Theatres Starting Friday\". PR Newswire. April 18, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/take-a-journey-to-the-arctic-in-imax-theatres-starting-friday-147973405.html","url_text":"\"Take a Journey To The Arctic in IMAX® Theatres Starting Friday\""}]},{"reference":"\"To the Arctic\" (PDF). imax.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2013-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130613015325/http://www.imax.com/tothearctic/downloads/IMAX_ToTheArctic_Production_Notes.pdf","url_text":"\"To the Arctic\""},{"url":"http://www.imax.com/tothearctic/downloads/IMAX_ToTheArctic_Production_Notes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Album\". Allmusic. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-album-mw0000209228","url_text":"\"The Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Maissey, J. (3 April 2008). \"Guitar Phil Keaggy brings his album to life\". hamptonroads.com. Retrieved 8 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hamptonroads.com/2008/04/guitar-phil-keaggy-brings-his-album-life","url_text":"\"Guitar Phil Keaggy brings his album to life\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory
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Sun and Moon allegory
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["1 Description","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 See also"]
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Medieval theory that the Pope is higher than a state
Innocent III, Bishop of Rome
The Sun and Moon allegory is used to depict a medieval political theory of hierocracy which submits the secular power to the spiritual power, stating that the Bishop of Rome is like the Sun, the only source of his own light, while the Emperor is like the Moon, which merely reflects lights and has no value without the Sun. It was espoused by the Catholic Church of Innocent III and instantiated to some extent in medieval political practice. It was among the first ambitions of papal domination of Europe.
Description
Finding this imagery in the Book of Genesis, the Allegory images authentic spiritual authority as the Sun and any and all civil, or political or secular, authority as the Moon. By doing so, it illustrates that the Roman Catholic Pope, as "Supreme Pontiff", "Vicar of Christ", et cetera, and therefore the supreme universal spiritual authority on Earth, is like the Sun that is the one source of light for itself and all other celestial bodies orbiting it; while the Holy Roman Emperor, as symbolic and intended supreme civil, political, and secular authority on Earth, and having theoretically received his authority from and at the pleasure of the Pope, is like the Moon – that is, dependent upon the Sun for any illumination, merely reflects solar light, and ultimately has no light without the Sun. This theory dominated European political theory and practice in the 13th century. It is related to the general theory of Papal supremacy and "plenitudo potestatis" as articulated by the Roman Catholic Church.
LETTER OF INNOCENT III re-affirming primacy of the Pope's authority over civil powers. November 3, 1198:
To the noble man Acerbus and to the other leaders of Tuscany and of the Duchy.
Just as God, founder of the universe, has constituted two large luminaries in the firmament of Heaven, a major one to dominate the day and a minor one to dominate the night, so he has established in the firmament of the Universal Church, which is signified by the name of Heaven, two great dignities, a major one to preside--so to speak--over the days of the souls, and a minor one to preside over the nights of the bodies. They are the Pontifical authority and the royal power. Thus, as the moon receives its light from the sun and for this very reason is minor both in quantity and in quality, in its size and in its effect, so the royal power derives from the Pontifical authority the splendour of its dignity, the more of which is inherent in it, the less is the light with which it is adorned, whereas the more it is distant from its reach, the more it benefits in splendour. Both these powers or leaderships have had their seat established in Italy, which country consequently obtained the precedence over all provinces by Divine disposition. And therefore, as it is lawful that we should extend the watchfulness of our providence to all provinces, we must especially and with paternal solicitude provide for Italy where the foundation of the Christian religion has been set up and where the pre-eminence of the priesthood and kingship stands prominent through the primacy of the Apostolic See.
We therefore admonish and exhort you all in the Lord through this Apostolic letter, enjoining that since you receive a true and firm assurance from us who--as it is fitting for the Apostolic dignity--intend to do more for you than we want to promise, you should always endeavour to act in a way which would add to the honour and growth of the Roman Church so as to deserve and strengthen the pledge of her favour and friendship.
In 1215, this concept was reflected in Canon 3 of the Fourth Lateran Council regarding heretics: ...if a temporal ruler, after having been requested and admonished by the Church, should neglect to cleanse his territory of this heretical foulness, let him be excommunicated by the metropolitan and the other bishops of the province. If he refuses to make satisfaction within a year, let the matter be made known to the supreme pontiff, that he may declare the ruler's vassals absolved from their allegiance and may offer the territory to be ruled by Catholics, who on the extermination of the heretics may possess it without hindrance and preserve it in the purity of faith; the right, however, of the chief ruler is to be respected as long as he offers no obstacle in this matter and permits freedom of action.
While this theory of papal sovereignty in temporal as well as spiritual matters was, by the fourteenth century, generally rejected as out-of-date, it entered into canon law and was reinforced by the Allegory of the Two Swords in the bull of Pope Boniface VIII entitled Unam Sanctam. Dante Alighieri argued contrarily to the Allegory of the Sun and Moon in his De Monarchia. In this work, he explicitly rejects the allegory of the sun and the moon, and defends that the Emperor is the supreme authority on secular matters, while the Pope is the supreme authority in spiritual matters, none of them having precedence or supremacy over the other. For some time, the work was placed on the Index due to this heterodox conception of Catholic politics.
References
^ (in Italian) http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/duo-luminaria_%28Federiciana%29/
^ SICUT UNIVERSITATIS CONDITOR
^ "Lateran IV", Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University
^ Canning, Joseph. The Political Thought of Baldus de Ubaldis, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.20ISBN 9780521894074
Bibliography
The Decretals of Pope Gregory 9.
See also
Dante Alighieri
De Monarchia
Giles of Rome
Papal supremacy
Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Innocent III
Unam Sanctam
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Innozenz3.jpg"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"political theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theory"},{"link_name":"hierocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocracy_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_III"}],"text":"Innocent III, Bishop of RomeThe Sun and Moon allegory is used to depict a medieval political theory of hierocracy which submits the secular power to the spiritual power, stating that the Bishop of Rome is like the Sun, the only source of his own light, while the Emperor is like the Moon, which merely reflects lights and has no value without the Sun. It was espoused by the Catholic Church of Innocent III and instantiated to some extent in medieval political practice. It was among the first ambitions of papal domination of Europe.","title":"Sun and Moon allegory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"political theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theory"},{"link_name":"practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Papal supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fourth Lateran Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"},{"link_name":"Unam Sanctam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unam_Sanctam"},{"link_name":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"De Monarchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Monarchia"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum"}],"text":"Finding this imagery in the Book of Genesis, the Allegory images authentic spiritual authority as the Sun and any and all civil, or political or secular, authority as the Moon. By doing so, it illustrates that the Roman Catholic Pope, as \"Supreme Pontiff\", \"Vicar of Christ\", et cetera, and therefore the supreme universal spiritual authority on Earth, is like the Sun that is the one source of light for itself and all other celestial bodies orbiting it; while the Holy Roman Emperor, as symbolic and intended supreme civil, political, and secular authority on Earth, and having theoretically received his authority from and at the pleasure of the Pope, is like the Moon – that is, dependent upon the Sun for any illumination, merely reflects solar light, and ultimately has no light without the Sun. This theory dominated European political theory and practice in the 13th century.[1] It is related to the general theory of Papal supremacy and \"plenitudo potestatis\" as articulated by the Roman Catholic Church.LETTER OF INNOCENT III re-affirming primacy of the Pope's authority over civil powers. November 3, 1198:\n To the noble man Acerbus and to the other leaders of Tuscany and of the Duchy.\nJust as God, founder of the universe, has constituted two large luminaries in the firmament of Heaven, a major one to dominate the day and a minor one to dominate the night, so he has established in the firmament of the Universal Church, which is signified by the name of Heaven, two great dignities, a major one to preside--so to speak--over the days of the souls, and a minor one to preside over the nights of the bodies. They are the Pontifical authority and the royal power. Thus, as the moon receives its light from the sun and for this very reason is minor both in quantity and in quality, in its size and in its effect, so the royal power derives from the Pontifical authority the splendour of its dignity, the more of which is inherent in it, the less is the light with which it is adorned, whereas the more it is distant from its reach, the more it benefits in splendour. Both these powers or leaderships have had their seat established in Italy, which country consequently obtained the precedence over all provinces by Divine disposition. And therefore, as it is lawful that we should extend the watchfulness of our providence to all provinces, we must especially and with paternal solicitude provide for Italy where the foundation of the Christian religion has been set up and where the pre-eminence of the priesthood and kingship stands prominent through the primacy of the Apostolic See.\nWe therefore admonish and exhort you all in the Lord through this Apostolic letter, enjoining that since you receive a true and firm assurance from us who--as it is fitting for the Apostolic dignity--intend to do more for you than we want to promise, you should always endeavour to act in a way which would add to the honour and growth of the Roman Church so as to deserve and strengthen the pledge of her favour and friendship.[2]In 1215, this concept was reflected in Canon 3 of the Fourth Lateran Council regarding heretics:...if a temporal ruler, after having been requested and admonished by the Church, should neglect to cleanse his territory of this heretical foulness, let him be excommunicated by the metropolitan and the other bishops of the province. If he refuses to make satisfaction within a year, let the matter be made known to the supreme pontiff, that he may declare the ruler's vassals absolved from their allegiance and may offer the territory to be ruled by Catholics, who on the extermination of the heretics may possess it without hindrance and preserve it in the purity of faith; the right, however, of the chief ruler is to be respected as long as he offers no obstacle in this matter and permits freedom of action.[3]While this theory of papal sovereignty in temporal as well as spiritual matters was, by the fourteenth century, generally rejected as out-of-date,[4] it entered into canon law and was reinforced by the Allegory of the Two Swords in the bull of Pope Boniface VIII entitled Unam Sanctam. Dante Alighieri argued contrarily to the Allegory of the Sun and Moon in his De Monarchia. In this work, he explicitly rejects the allegory of the sun and the moon, and defends that the Emperor is the supreme authority on secular matters, while the Pope is the supreme authority in spiritual matters, none of them having precedence or supremacy over the other. For some time, the work was placed on the Index due to this heterodox conception of Catholic politics.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Decretals of Pope Gregory 9.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uIk9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA316"}],"text":"The Decretals of Pope Gregory 9.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Innocent III, Bishop of Rome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/220px-Innozenz3.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"title":"De Monarchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Monarchia"},{"title":"Giles of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_of_Rome"},{"title":"Papal supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_supremacy"},{"title":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"},{"title":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"title":"Unam Sanctam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unam_Sanctam"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/duo-luminaria_%28Federiciana%29/","external_links_name":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/duo-luminaria_%28Federiciana%29/"},{"Link":"https://clc-library-org-docs.angelfire.com/sicut.html","external_links_name":"SICUT UNIVERSITATIS CONDITOR"},{"Link":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp","external_links_name":"\"Lateran IV\", Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TWHQIIOvsQEC&dq=Sun+and+moon+allegory&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"Canning, Joseph. The Political Thought of Baldus de Ubaldis, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.20"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uIk9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA316","external_links_name":"The Decretals of Pope Gregory 9."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashiri_Johnson
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Bashiri Johnson
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["1 Musical career","2 Discography","3 Filmography","4 Awards","5 Products","5.1 Percussion Libraries","5.2 Educational","5.3 Wellness","6 References","7 External links"]
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American songwriter
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Bashiri Johnson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bashiri JohnsonBackground informationBorn (1955-05-12) May 12, 1955 (age 69)Brooklyn, New York, U.S.GenresWorld, soul, pop, jazz, R&B, rockOccupation(s)Percussionist, songwriter, producer, programmer, composer, vocalist, educatorInstrument(s)PercussionYears active1971–presentLabelsLife in Rhythm Media, BBE MusicWebsitewww.bashirijohnson.comMusical artist
Bashiri Johnson (born May 12, 1955) is a New York City-based percussionist, whose work has appeared on many records, as well as in commercials, films, television, videogames, and concert performances. He is known to be one of the most recorded percussionists in the music business, as well as one of the most visible. While he has recorded with such artists as Luther Vandross, Miles Davis, and Patti LaBelle, he has also been a part of numerous on-stage performances; he has performed on stage with artists such as Sting, Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Lionel Richie, Aretha Franklin, and Steve Winwood.
Musical career
His interest in music and percussion started at a very young age, when growing up in Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, during the 1960s. According to his mother, his talents in percussion started as early as pre-school with drumming on desks and furniture, occasionally to the extent of disrupting class.
Growing up in the 1960s and 70s, he pulled musical influence from a number of popular movements, musicians and percussionists of the time. Those include Sly, Hendrix, Cream, The Panthers, and artists such as Airto, Big Black, Tito Puente, Ralph McDonald, Bill Summers, Paulinho DaCosta, Miles, James Brown and Bootsy were also strong influences on the young Bashiri Johnson.
Formal percussion education took a number of forms for Johnson, including high school bands, lessons at Jazzmobile, lessons at the Dance Theater of Harlem, and with Olatunji. A three-year mentorship with Mtume also served as a hallmark of his early education and career. The time spent with Mtume during the 1970s taught Johnson not only the art of percussion, but the world of the music business and session recording. It led to his first professional session on “Watcha Gonna Do With My Lovin’” by Stephanie Mills, which went gold.
His career grew rapidly in the 1970s and 80s, and Johnson was able to contribute to other gold records by artists such as Luther Vandross, and Madonna. Since then, Johnson has been recorded on hundreds of records, worked with some of the most well-known artists, and performed for some major political figures. Notably, he performed in Whitney Houston’s band for 20 years, was a percussionist for Michael Jackson in the "This Is It" band. He has performed for Nelson Mandela in South Africa, as well as at the 2013 Presidential Inauguration. Bashiri Johnson has also performed at the White House as part of two separate "In Performance at the White House" presentations. Once for the presentation of the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, and once for "The Motown Sound."
His most recent endeavors include participating in Michael Jackson The Immortal World Tour with Cirque du Soleil, while continuing to write, produce, and perform in a variety of media. Among his endeavors and accomplishments are a production company (Bashman Productions), record/media label (Life in Rhythm Media), and recording studio (The Lab-Brooklyn). Through The Lab-Brooklyn, Bashiri Johnson has recorded his percussion for a number of notable artists, including Herbie Hancock, Barbra Streisand, George Benson, Al Jarreau and many others. Bashiri Johnson also presents percussion intensive seminars, as well as lectures, workshops and master classes to share his knowledge and give back to young people.
Discography
Art 'n' Rhythm (BBE Music, 2007)
Soul Liberation (Life in Rhythm Media, 2007)
Musical Aesop (Life in Rhythm Media, 2009)
Musical Alphabet (Life in Rhythm Media, 2009)
Musical Multiplication (Life In Rhythm Media, 2010)
Filmography
This Is It
Get Him to the Greek
The 2012 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony
Crazy Love
The Hoax
Slavery and the Making of America, "Liberty in the Air"
Naked World: America Undercover
Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration
Hitch
Mission Impossible
The Score
Godzilla
The Mask
Last Holiday
Sex and The City 2
Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston
Whitney: Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration
Classic Whitney Live from Washington D.C.
Sting: A Winter's Night Live from Durham Cathedral
He has appeared in the following films:
This Is It (2009)
Get Him to the Greek
Whitney Houston: Concert for South Africa
Awards
He has been nominated by readers of Drum! Magazine and DRUMmagazine.com for two "Drummies.”
2010 Percussionist of the Year
2011 World Percussionist
In a ModernDrummer reader's poll, Bashiri Johnson was voted in 2011 as a top 5 percussionist.
Products
Percussion Libraries
“Bitz & Piecez” Volume 1 (Industrial Strength)- Winner of a "Loop Masters VIP Award"
“Bitz & Piecez” Volume 2 (Industrial Strength)
Supreme Beats (Spectrasonics)
Ethno Techno (Ilio)
Up From the Curb (Kurzweil Music Systems)
Educational
The Rhythmic Construction of Dance, Pop, R&B, and Hip-Hop (2005)
Wellness
He is also behind the creation of wellness product supplements and a product and service line.
Wholeness Well Being Formula®
Rhythm Healing™
Bashiri Johnson playing percussion.
References
^ a b "Bashiri Johnson". Hammerax.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ a b "Spectrasonics Artisans". Spectrasonics.Net. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ a b "Drummerszone.com Bashiri Johnson Biography". Drummerszone. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ a b c Cole, George. "Interview: Bashiri Johnson". TheLastMiles.com. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ a b c d e f "Bashiri Johnson Biography". LPmusic.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ Bloom, Matt (26 August 2010). "Bashiri Johnson: Session Specialist". Drum! Magazine. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ "Burt Bacharach & Hal David: The Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song In Performance at the White House". PBS.org. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
^ "The Motown Sound In Performance at the White House". PBS.org. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
^ "Cirque du Soleil Music". Channel 9 Perth on YouTube. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ a b c "Art 'N Rhythm". BBE Records. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ "Musical Aesop". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ "Musical Multiplication". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ "Whitney Houston live recording of Concert for South Africa". allwhitney.com. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
^ "Percussionist of the Year Award". Drum!. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ "World Percussionist". World Percussionist Award. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ "2011 Readers Poll Awards". ModernDrummer.com. July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
^ "Bashiri Johnson-Bitz and Piecez". Loopmasters.com. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
^ "Bashiri Johnson-Bitz and Piecez vol 2". Loopmasters.com. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ "Sound Library - Up From the Curb Overview". Kurzweil.com. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
^ "Bashiri Johnson". Feelthemusic.org. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
External links
Bashiri Johnson Webpage
Interview About Whitney Houston
Interview About Michael Jackson
Interview with Remo and Jonathan Moffett about Michael Jackson
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
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While he has recorded with such artists as Luther Vandross, Miles Davis, and Patti LaBelle, he has also been a part of numerous on-stage performances; he has performed on stage with artists such as Sting, Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Lionel Richie, Aretha Franklin, and Steve Winwood.[2]","title":"Bashiri Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedford Stuyvesant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spectrasonics-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drummerszone-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Last_Miles-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Last_Miles-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drummerszone-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Last_Miles-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DrumMagazine-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GershwinPrizePerformance-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheMotownSound-8"},{"link_name":"Cirque du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTube-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBE-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammerax-1"}],"text":"His interest in music and percussion started at a very young age, when growing up in Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, during the 1960s. According to his mother, his talents in percussion started as early as pre-school with drumming on desks and furniture, occasionally to the extent of disrupting class.[2]Growing up in the 1960s and 70s, he pulled musical influence from a number of popular movements, musicians and percussionists of the time. Those include Sly, Hendrix, Cream, The Panthers, and artists such as Airto, Big Black, Tito Puente, Ralph McDonald, Bill Summers, Paulinho DaCosta, Miles, James Brown and Bootsy were also strong influences on the young Bashiri Johnson.[3][4]Formal percussion education took a number of forms for Johnson, including high school bands, lessons at Jazzmobile, lessons at the Dance Theater of Harlem, and with Olatunji.[4] A three-year mentorship with Mtume also served as a hallmark of his early education and career. The time spent with Mtume during the 1970s taught Johnson not only the art of percussion, but the world of the music business and session recording. It led to his first professional session on “Watcha Gonna Do With My Lovin’” by Stephanie Mills, which went gold.[3][4]His career grew rapidly in the 1970s and 80s, and Johnson was able to contribute to other gold records by artists such as Luther Vandross, and Madonna. Since then, Johnson has been recorded on hundreds of records, worked with some of the most well-known artists, and performed for some major political figures. Notably, he performed in Whitney Houston’s band for 20 years, was a percussionist for Michael Jackson in the \"This Is It\" band. He has performed for Nelson Mandela in South Africa, as well as at the 2013 Presidential Inauguration.[5][6] Bashiri Johnson has also performed at the White House as part of two separate \"In Performance at the White House\" presentations. Once for the presentation of the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song,[7] and once for \"The Motown Sound.\"[8]His most recent endeavors include participating in Michael Jackson The Immortal World Tour with Cirque du Soleil,[9] while continuing to write, produce, and perform in a variety of media. Among his endeavors and accomplishments are a production company (Bashman Productions[5]), record/media label (Life in Rhythm Media[10]), and recording studio (The Lab-Brooklyn[5]). Through The Lab-Brooklyn, Bashiri Johnson has recorded his percussion for a number of notable artists, including Herbie Hancock, Barbra Streisand, George Benson, Al Jarreau and many others. Bashiri Johnson also presents percussion intensive seminars, as well as lectures, workshops and master classes to share his knowledge and give back to young people.[1]","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBE-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musical_Aesop-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musical_Multiplication-12"}],"text":"Art 'n' Rhythm (BBE Music, 2007)[10]\nSoul Liberation (Life in Rhythm Media, 2007)[5]\nMusical Aesop (Life in Rhythm Media, 2009)[11]\nMusical Alphabet (Life in Rhythm Media, 2009)\nMusical Multiplication (Life In Rhythm Media, 2010)[12]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllWhitney-13"}],"text":"This Is It\nGet Him to the Greek\nThe 2012 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony\nCrazy Love\nThe Hoax\nSlavery and the Making of America, \"Liberty in the Air\"\nNaked World: America Undercover\nMichael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration\nHitch\nMission Impossible\nThe Score\nGodzilla\nThe Mask\nLast Holiday\nSex and The City 2\nWelcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston\nWhitney: Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration\nClassic Whitney Live from Washington D.C.\nSting: A Winter's Night Live from Durham CathedralHe has appeared in the following films:This Is It (2009)\nGet Him to the Greek\nWhitney Houston: Concert for South Africa[13]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drummies-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drummies_2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ModernDrummer-16"}],"text":"He has been nominated by readers of Drum! Magazine and DRUMmagazine.com for two \"Drummies.”2010 Percussionist of the Year[14]\n2011 World Percussionist[15]In a ModernDrummer reader's poll, Bashiri Johnson was voted in 2011 as a top 5 percussionist.[16]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loopmasters1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loopmasters2-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurzweil-19"}],"sub_title":"Percussion Libraries","text":"“Bitz & Piecez” Volume 1 (Industrial Strength)- Winner of a \"Loop Masters VIP Award\" [17]\n“Bitz & Piecez” Volume 2 (Industrial Strength)[18]\nSupreme Beats (Spectrasonics)[5]\nEthno Techno (Ilio)[5]\nUp From the Curb (Kurzweil Music Systems)[19]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Educational","text":"The Rhythmic Construction of Dance, Pop, R&B, and Hip-Hop (2005)","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBE-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FeelTheMusic-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bashiri_Johnson_playing_percussion..jpg"}],"sub_title":"Wellness","text":"He is also behind the creation of wellness product supplements and a product and service line.Wholeness Well Being Formula®[10]\nRhythm Healing™[20]Bashiri Johnson playing percussion.","title":"Products"}]
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Retrieved 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140430063844/http://www.bbemusic.com/artists/1476/Bashiri%20Johnson","url_text":"\"Art 'N Rhythm\""},{"url":"http://www.bbemusic.com/artists/1476/Bashiri%20Johnson#.U17cnFVdXmd","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Musical Aesop\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 29 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/musical-aesop-vol-1-jazzed-popped-hip-hopped-beat-boxed-mr0002869890/credits","url_text":"\"Musical Aesop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musical Multiplication\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 29 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/musical-multiplication-mw0002086821","url_text":"\"Musical Multiplication\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whitney Houston live recording of Concert for South Africa\". allwhitney.com. Retrieved 10 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://whfan.free.fr/other94sa.htm","url_text":"\"Whitney Houston live recording of Concert for South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Percussionist of the Year Award\". Drum!. Retrieved 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drummagazine.com/drummies/artist-category/237","url_text":"\"Percussionist of the Year Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Percussionist\". World Percussionist Award. Retrieved 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drummagazine.com/drummies/artist-archive/2011","url_text":"\"World Percussionist\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Readers Poll Awards\". ModernDrummer.com. July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moderndrummer.com/site/2011/07/md-readers-poll-2011-results/#.U24OzYFdXmd","url_text":"\"2011 Readers Poll Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bashiri Johnson-Bitz and Piecez\". Loopmasters.com. Retrieved 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loopmasters.com/product/details/2121","url_text":"\"Bashiri Johnson-Bitz and Piecez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bashiri Johnson-Bitz and Piecez vol 2\". Loopmasters.com. Retrieved 29 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loopmasters.com/product/details/2274?wl=Industrialstrengthrecords","url_text":"\"Bashiri Johnson-Bitz and Piecez vol 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sound Library - Up From the Curb Overview\". Kurzweil.com. Retrieved 10 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://kurzweil.com/accessory/sound_library_-_up_from_the_curb/","url_text":"\"Sound Library - Up From the Curb Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bashiri Johnson\". Feelthemusic.org. Retrieved 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.feelthemusic.org/ftm-teachers/bashiri-johnson","url_text":"\"Bashiri Johnson\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Embry
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Eric Embry
|
["1 Professional wrestling career","1.1 Early career (1977–1987)","1.2 World Class Championship Wrestling / United States Wrestling Association (1987–1990)","1.3 All Japan Pro Wrestling (1990)","1.4 World Wrestling Council (1990–1991)","1.5 United States Wrestling Association (1991–1992)","1.6 Retirement","2 Championships and accomplishments","2.1 Lucha de Apuesta record","3 References","4 External links"]
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American professional wrestler
Eric EmbryEmbry, c. 1983Birth nameDouglas Eric EmbryBorn (1959-07-10) July 10, 1959 (age 64)Kentucky, United StatesProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s)Don FultonDon StarrEric EmbryEric EmeryBilled height5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Billed weight224 lb (102 kg)Billed fromDallas, TexasTrained byLou TheszDebut1977RetiredMarch 28, 1993
Douglas Eric Embry (born July 10, 1959) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with Championship Wrestling from Florida, World Class Championship Wrestling, and the United States Wrestling Association.
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1977–1987)
Embry on the ground during a 1981 match with David Von Erich. Mr. Onita is ringside in the background.
Embry wrestled in Southwest Championship Wrestling (later Texas, then USA All Star Wrestling) as one of the Fabulous Blondes, along with Ken Timbs and later Dan Greer. Later, he wrestled for 5 Star Wrestling in Baton Rouge. He would also wrestle in Canada, for Stampede Wrestling in Calgary, Alberta, All Star Wrestling in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1980 Embry wrestled in Pacific Northwest Wrestling (Portland), as Eric Emery.
In 1985, Embry first joined World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico. On August 17, 1985, he defeated Super Medico II to win the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. On November 25, 1985, he became a double champion, by defeating Invader III to win the WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship. On January 18, 1986, Embry lost the Junior Heavyweight title back to Invader III, after nearly two months as champion. On May 17, 1986, after exactly nine months as champion, he lost the Puerto Rico Heavyweight title back to Super Medico III. Embry left WWC in 1987. During Embry's times as a heel, fans (particularly in Puerto Rico) would often chant Erica! Erica! to draw heat, because Eric Embry called the Puerto Rican fans "greasy, slimy Puerto Ricans". He also insulted commentator and former referee from the heel's side, Hugo Savinovich, by calling him "son of a bitch", instead of the correct last name, that led to a heated feud.
World Class Championship Wrestling / United States Wrestling Association (1987–1990)
Embry joined World Class Championship Wrestling in 1987. Embry was a booker for the Dallas Sportatorium promotion from 1988 until 1991. During his time as booker, Embry lived at the Sportatorium because he had no other place to live. In early 1988, he had a feud with Jason Sterling, where Sterling was offered $100 for every minute he spent in the ring with Embry. Jeff Jarrett won the WCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship from Embry on October 15 of that year, but Embry regained the title in November. After trading the title with Jarrett once more, Embry regained it at SuperClash III on December 13. Two weeks later, he lost the title to Cactus Jack. In 1989, he became a face during his feud with Skandor Akbar and his army before the promotion went out of business.
All Japan Pro Wrestling (1990)
In the summer of 1990, Embry wrestled a tour for All Japan Pro Wrestling.
World Wrestling Council (1990–1991)
In late-1990, Embry made his return to WWC and won the WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship with Rick Valentine twice.
United States Wrestling Association (1991–1992)
In February 1991, Embry went to Memphis in the United States Wrestling Association, teaming up with Tom Prichard and Miss Texas, sparking a Texas vs. Tennessee feud. On May 3, 1991, Embry defeated Jeff Jarrett to win the USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship. His reign didn't last, as he lost the title to Bill Dundee ten days later on May 13. A week later on May 20, Embry regained the title from Dundee. On July 15, Embry defeated booker Eddie Marlin and referee Paul Neighbors in a hair vs. hair handicap match, shaving both men bald. On August 12, Embry and Miss Texas lost a hair vs. hair tag team match to Jeff Jarrett (subbing for an injured Dirty White Boy) and the Dirty White Girl, losing Miss Texas' hair as she was the loser of the fall. On November 4, Embry finally lost the Southern title to Tom Prichard, after reigning as champion for nearly six months. Embry and Prichard would switch the title back and forth multiple times until February 1992.
In July 1992, Embry wrestled a tour for Wrestling International New Generations, due to the talent exchange between USWA and W*ING.
Retirement
On October 30, 1992, Embry's career came to an end due to a road accident in Hawesville, Kentucky, when a big rig truck jack-knifed while coming down a hill hit his vehicle. "I saw it coming, pulled over as close to guardrail as possible, and prayed, please God don't let it be that bad", stated Eric. He was thrown to the back seat. He suffered a badly bruised liver and severe ligament and cartilage damage to his left knee. He said that he took it as a sign from God that it was time to get out of the wrestling business. Fully recovered from his injuries, he attempted a comeback in March 1993, but after one match on March 28, Embry decided to retire after fifteen years.
Championships and accomplishments
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Television Championship (1 time)
NWA Tri-State
NWA Tri-State Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chief Frank Hill
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #37 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1992
PWI ranked him #32 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1989)
Southwest Championship Wrestling
SCW Southwest Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
SCW Southwest Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Ken Timbs (3) and Dan Greer (2)
Texas Wrestling Federation
TWF Light-Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
United States Wrestling Association
USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
USWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Class Wrestling Association
WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
WCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
WCWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Frank Lancaster
World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Rick Valentine
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Lucha de Apuesta record
See also: Luchas de Apuestas
Winner (wager)
Loser (wager)
Location
Event
Date
Notes
Eric Embry (hair)
Eddie Marlin and Paul Neighbors (hair)
Memphis, Tennessee
live event
July 15, 1991
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Kreikenbohm, Philip. "Eric Embry". Cagematch.net. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
^ a b Renwick, Meredith (February 11, 2004). "Sterling jumps into Link with past". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "Jeff Jarrett". SLAM! Wrestling. February 5, 2005. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Mick Foley". SLAM! Wrestling. November 18, 2004. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Paul Bearer Interview". PWInsider (Archived by Gamespot). October 10, 2005. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
^ "Pro Wrestling Illustrated Top 500 - 1992". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
^ "Pro Wrestling Illustrated Top 500 - 1991". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
^ "Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners Inspirational Wrestler of the Year". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
^ Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
^ a b Will, Gary; Duncan, Royal (2000). "Texas: NWA Texas Heavyweight Title ". Wrestling Title Histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Pennsylvania: Archeus Communications. pp. 268–269. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
^ a b "NWA Texas Heavyweight Title". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). "(Dallas) Texas: NWA American Tag Team Title ". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. ISBN 978-0-9698161-5-7.
^ "World Class Wrestling Association Tag Team Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
External links
Eric Embry at IMDb
Eric Embry's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
vteWWC Puerto Rico Champions1970s
Miguel Miguel Pérez
Dr. Klodied
Tosh Togo
Hercules Ayala
Tor Kamata
José Rivera
Eric the Red
Huracán Castillo
Invader I
Carlos Colón
Ox Baker
Kengo Kimura
Abdullah the Butcher
Pampero Firpo
1980s
Mongolian Stomper
Dory Funk Jr.
King Tonga
Bob Sweetan
Terry Gibbs
Konga the Barbarian
Black Gordman
Super Médico I
Fidel Sierra
Eric Embry
Al Pérez
Mighty Igor
Kareem Mumhammad
Miguel Pérez Jr.
Super Black Ninja
Ricky Santana
Bobby Jaggers
TNT
Abbuda Dein
Ivan Koloff
1990s
Manny Fernandez
Don Kernodle
Héctor Guerrero
Huracan Castillo Jr.
Steve Corino
Jake Roberts
Ray González
Jason the Terrible
El Bronco I
Mohammed Hussein
Villano III
Glamour Boy Shane
Victor the Bodyguard
José Rivera, Jr.
Mustafa Saed
El Nene
Harley Lewis
2000s
Rex King
Titán
Paul LeDuc
Jim Steele
Rico Suave
Eddie Colón
Dominican Boy
Eric Alexander
La Amenaza Bryan
Chris Joel
Brent Dail
Abbad
El Bronco I
Heartthrob Romeo
Alex Montalvo
Fire Blaze/Orlando Colón
Barrabás Jr.
Ash Rubinsky
Crazy Rudy
Jeff Jeffrey
BJ
Tommy Diablo
Charles Evans
Idol Stevens
2010s
El Sensacional Carlitos
Black Pain
Gilbert (current)
Hideo Saito
Johnny Ringo
La Amenaza Bryan
Samson Walker
Chicano
Apolo
Carlito Caribbean Cool
Ricardo Rodriguez
Member of La Revolución
Mike Mendoza
El Hijo de Ray González
Joe Bravo
Angel Fashion
Lightning
Mighty Ursus
El Comandante
Pedro Portillo III
Bellito Calderón
2020s
Xavant
Carlos Carlderón
Nihan
Mike Nice
Makabro
vteWWC World Junior Heavyweight Champions1970s
Dick Steinborn
Carlos Colón
Karl Moffatt
Webster Jackson
El Divino Tony
Dave Jackson
James Jackson
Manny Soto
Roberto Soto
Huracan Castillo Jr.
Sean Doolitle
1980s
Les Thornton
Joe Lightfoot
Herbert Gonzalez
Jerry Brisco
Perro Aguayo
Aníbal
Invader III
El Profe
Barrabás
Eric Embry
Chicky Starr
Don Kent
Frankie Lancaster
Gran Mendoza
Tony Falk
Ricky Santana
Jonathan Holiday
Super Medico I
1990s
Eddie Watts
Ron Starr
Invader IV
Billy Travis
Mr. Pogo
Brad Anderson
Alex Pourteau
Ray González
Tom Brandi
Gangrel
Masayoshi Motegi
Hiroshi Itakura
El Texano
Shinichi Nakano
Ken Wayne
Tiger Mike Anthony
Chuck Singer
Pablo Márquez
Soulman Alex G
Steve Corino
Jerry Estrada
La Ley
Rockero
Sean Hill
Black Boy (Julio César Cruz)
Exotíco
2000s
Trailer Park Trash
Damien Steele
Eddie Colón
Barrabás Jr
Justin McCully
Rey Mysterio Jr.
Tommy Diablo
Alex Montalvo
Brent Dail
Livewire
New York Hit Squad #2
José Rivera Jr.
Diabólico
Maniac
Marcus Falk
Kid Kash
Juventud Guerrera
Chris Joel
"Jumping" Jeff Jeffrey
Superstar Romeo
Stefano
Elí Rodríguez
Mecha Wolf 450
BJ
William de la Vega
El Niche
Ricky Reyes
"El Hombre Bestia" Angel
El Sensacional Carlitos
Rikochet
2010s
Lynx
Cuervo
The Patriot #1
Jay Vélez
Steve Joel
AJ Castillo
Zcion RT One
Syler Andrews
Angel Fashion
Mike Mendoza
Samuel Adams
Peter The Bad Romance
Angel Cotto
O.T. Fernández
Papi Nieves
2020s
Justin Dynamite
Androide 787
Emil Roy
Jovan
Brandon
Diego Luna
|
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Mr. Onita is ringside in the background.Embry wrestled in Southwest Championship Wrestling (later Texas, then USA All Star Wrestling) as one of the Fabulous Blondes, along with Ken Timbs and later Dan Greer. Later, he wrestled for 5 Star Wrestling in Baton Rouge. He would also wrestle in Canada, for Stampede Wrestling in Calgary, Alberta, All Star Wrestling in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1980 Embry wrestled in Pacific Northwest Wrestling (Portland), as Eric Emery.In 1985, Embry first joined World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico. On August 17, 1985, he defeated Super Medico II to win the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. On November 25, 1985, he became a double champion, by defeating Invader III to win the WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship. On January 18, 1986, Embry lost the Junior Heavyweight title back to Invader III, after nearly two months as champion. On May 17, 1986, after exactly nine months as champion, he lost the Puerto Rico Heavyweight title back to Super Medico III. Embry left WWC in 1987. During Embry's times as a heel, fans (particularly in Puerto Rico) would often chant Erica! Erica! to draw heat, because Eric Embry called the Puerto Rican fans \"greasy, slimy Puerto Ricans\". He also insulted commentator and former referee from the heel's side, Hugo Savinovich, by calling him \"son of a bitch\", instead of the correct last name, that led to a heated feud.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Class Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sterling-2"},{"link_name":"Jason Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sterling-2"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"WCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Light_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeff-3"},{"link_name":"SuperClash III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperClash"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeff-3"},{"link_name":"Cactus Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Skandor Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandor_Akbar"}],"sub_title":"World Class Championship Wrestling / United States Wrestling Association (1987–1990)","text":"Embry joined World Class Championship Wrestling in 1987. Embry was a booker for the Dallas Sportatorium promotion from 1988 until 1991. During his time as booker, Embry lived at the Sportatorium because he had no other place to live.[2] In early 1988, he had a feud with Jason Sterling, where Sterling was offered $100 for every minute he spent in the ring with Embry.[2] Jeff Jarrett won the WCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship from Embry on October 15 of that year, but Embry regained the title in November.[3] After trading the title with Jarrett once more, Embry regained it at SuperClash III on December 13.[3] Two weeks later, he lost the title to Cactus Jack.[4] In 1989, he became a face during his feud with Skandor Akbar and his army before the promotion went out of business.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"}],"sub_title":"All Japan Pro Wrestling (1990)","text":"In the summer of 1990, Embry wrestled a tour for All Japan Pro Wrestling.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Caribbean_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rick Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(wrestler)"}],"sub_title":"World Wrestling Council (1990–1991)","text":"In late-1990, Embry made his return to WWC and won the WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship with Rick Valentine twice.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"Tom Prichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Prichard"},{"link_name":"Miss Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Moore"},{"link_name":"USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USWA_Southern_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bill Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dundee"},{"link_name":"Eddie Marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Marlin"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"Dirty White Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Anthony_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Dirty White Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Mystic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wrestling International New Generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_International_New_Generations"}],"sub_title":"United States Wrestling Association (1991–1992)","text":"In February 1991, Embry went to Memphis in the United States Wrestling Association, teaming up with Tom Prichard and Miss Texas, sparking a Texas vs. Tennessee feud. On May 3, 1991, Embry defeated Jeff Jarrett to win the USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship. His reign didn't last, as he lost the title to Bill Dundee ten days later on May 13. A week later on May 20, Embry regained the title from Dundee. On July 15, Embry defeated booker Eddie Marlin and referee Paul Neighbors in a hair vs. hair handicap match, shaving both men bald. On August 12, Embry and Miss Texas lost a hair vs. hair tag team match to Jeff Jarrett (subbing for an injured Dirty White Boy) and the Dirty White Girl, losing Miss Texas' hair as she was the loser of the fall. On November 4, Embry finally lost the Southern title to Tom Prichard, after reigning as champion for nearly six months. Embry and Prichard would switch the title back and forth multiple times until February 1992.In July 1992, Embry wrestled a tour for Wrestling International New Generations, due to the talent exchange between USWA and W*ING.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"big rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_rig"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"On October 30, 1992, Embry's career came to an end due to a road accident in Hawesville, Kentucky, when a big rig truck jack-knifed[clarification needed] while coming down a hill hit his vehicle. \"I saw it coming, pulled over as close to guardrail as possible, and prayed, please God don't let it be that bad\", stated Eric. He was thrown to the back seat. He suffered a badly bruised liver and severe ligament and cartilage damage to his left knee. He said that he took it as a sign from God that it was time to get out of the wrestling business.[5] Fully recovered from his injuries, he attempted a comeback in March 1993, but after one match on March 28, Embry decided to retire after fifteen years.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Championship Wrestling from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Wrestling_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"NWA Florida Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Florida_Television_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Florida_Television_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"NWA Tri-State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Bill_Watts)"},{"link_name":"NWA Tri-State Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_(Tri-State_version)"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_(Tri-State_version)#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Chief Frank Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Frank_Hill"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"PWI 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated#PWI_500"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"PWI 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated#PWI_500"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWI_Most_Inspirational_Wrestler_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Southwest Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"SCW Southwest Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCW_Southwest_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCW_Southwest_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"SCW Southwest Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_All-Star_USA_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"5 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_All-Star_USA_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Dan Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Greer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-9"},{"link_name":"United States Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA_Southern_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"4 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA_Southern_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"USWA Texas Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasBook-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasWeb-11"},{"link_name":"Universal Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Junior_Light_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Light_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"World Class Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"WCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Light_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"5 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Light_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasBook-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasWeb-11"},{"link_name":"WCWA World Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCCWAmTag-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCWATagWeb-13"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Council"},{"link_name":"WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Caribbean_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Caribbean_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Rick Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Puerto_Rico_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Puerto_Rico_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"}],"text":"Championship Wrestling from Florida\nNWA Florida Television Championship (1 time)\nNWA Tri-State\nNWA Tri-State Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chief Frank Hill\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nPWI ranked him #37 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1992[6]\nPWI ranked him #32 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991[7]\nPWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1989)[8]\nSouthwest Championship Wrestling\nSCW Southwest Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)\nSCW Southwest Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Ken Timbs (3) and Dan Greer (2)\nTexas Wrestling Federation\nTWF Light-Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[9]\nUnited States Wrestling Association\nUSWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (4 times)\nUSWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (3 times)[10][11]\nUniversal Wrestling Association\nUWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nWorld Class Wrestling Association\nWCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (3 times)\nWCWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (5 times)[10][11]\nWCWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Frank Lancaster[12][13]\nWorld Wrestling Council\nWWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Rick Valentine\nWWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\nWWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luchas de Apuestas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre#Luchas_de_Apuestas"}],"sub_title":"Lucha de Apuesta record","text":"See also: Luchas de Apuestas","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]
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[{"image_text":"Embry on the ground during a 1981 match with David Von Erich. Mr. Onita is ringside in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mr._Onita%2C_David_Von_Erich%2C_and_Eric_Embry%2C_1981.png/220px-Mr._Onita%2C_David_Von_Erich%2C_and_Eric_Embry%2C_1981.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"Eric Embry\". Cagematch.net. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=27","url_text":"\"Eric Embry\""}]},{"reference":"Renwick, Meredith (February 11, 2004). \"Sterling jumps into Link with past\". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130115111802/http://www.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2004/02/09/341596.html","url_text":"\"Sterling jumps into Link with past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Jarrett\". SLAM! Wrestling. February 5, 2005. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130115101248/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/pf-jarrett.html","url_text":"\"Jeff Jarrett\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mick Foley\". SLAM! Wrestling. November 18, 2004. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713211653/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/pf-foley.html","url_text":"\"Mick Foley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Bearer Interview\". PWInsider (Archived by Gamespot). October 10, 2005. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130123232529/http://www.gamespot.com/pages/unions/read_article.php?topic_id=23868610&union_id=392","url_text":"\"Paul Bearer Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pages/unions/read_article.php?topic_id=23868610&union_id=392","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Wrestling Illustrated Top 500 - 1992\". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607044856/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi50092.htm","url_text":"\"Pro Wrestling Illustrated Top 500 - 1992\""},{"url":"http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi50092.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Wrestling Illustrated Top 500 - 1991\". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607044856/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi50092.htm","url_text":"\"Pro Wrestling Illustrated Top 500 - 1991\""},{"url":"http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi50091.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners Inspirational Wrestler of the Year\". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved July 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080616062715/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwiinsp.htm","url_text":"\"Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners Inspirational Wrestler of the Year\""},{"url":"http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwiinsp.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"Will, Gary; Duncan, Royal (2000). \"Texas: NWA Texas Heavyweight Title [Von Erich]\". Wrestling Title Histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Pennsylvania: Archeus Communications. pp. 268–269. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Texas Heavyweight Title\". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/tx-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA Texas Heavyweight Title\""}]},{"reference":"Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"(Dallas) Texas: NWA American Tag Team Title [Fritz Von Erich]\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. ISBN 978-0-9698161-5-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9698161-5-7","url_text":"978-0-9698161-5-7"}]},{"reference":"\"World Class Wrestling Association Tag Team Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/wcwa/wcwa-t.html","url_text":"\"World Class Wrestling Association Tag Team Title\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Sentinel_(Texas)
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The Daily Sentinel (Texas)
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Daily newspaper based in Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
The Daily SentinelTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Southern Newspapers Inc.PublisherRick CraigEditorJosh EdwardsFounded1899Headquarters4920 Colonial DriveNacogdoches, TX 75965United StatesCirculation2,622 (as of 2023)WebsiteDailySentinel.com
The Daily Sentinel is a daily newspaper based in Nacogdoches, Texas, USA.
History
Cox Newspapers bought the paper in 1989. They sold it, along with the nearby East Texas daily Lufkin Daily News, to Southern Newspapers in 2009.
It changed from afternoon to morning publication in 1996.
References
^ "2023 Texas Newspaper Directory". Texas Press Association. Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
^ 2nd Quarter 2009
^ "About Us". Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
External links
Texas portalJournalism portal
Daily Sentinel.com
Mobile version
vteNacogdoches, TexasEducation
Nacogdoches ISD
Nacogdoches HS
Woden ISD
Stephen F. Austin State University
Angelina College Career and Technical Center
Landmarks
Mast Arboretum
Millard's Crossing Historic Village
Old Stone Fort Museum
Media
The Daily Sentinel
This list is incomplete.
vteSouthern Newspapers Inc.Newspapers
Bay City Tribune
Baytown Sun
Brazosport Facts
The Daily Sentinel
Del Rio News-Herald
Fort Payne Times-Journal
The Daily News (Galveston)
Kerrville Daily Times
The Lufkin Daily News
New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung
The Paris News
Sand Mountain Reporter
Scottsboro Daily Sentinel
Seguin Gazette
Walton TribuneClosed
Angleton Times
This article about a Texas newspaper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"The Daily Sentinel is a daily newspaper based in Nacogdoches, Texas, USA.","title":"The Daily Sentinel (Texas)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cox Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"East Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lufkin Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufkin_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Southern Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cox Newspapers bought the paper in 1989. They sold it, along with the nearby East Texas daily Lufkin Daily News, to Southern Newspapers in 2009.[2]It changed from afternoon to morning publication in 1996.[3]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"2023 Texas Newspaper Directory\". Texas Press Association. Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230503044946/https://publisher.etype.services/The-Texas-Newspaper-Directory/e-paper-regular-edition/EEA520B114811333","url_text":"\"2023 Texas Newspaper Directory\""},{"url":"https://publisher.etype.services/The-Texas-Newspaper-Directory/e-paper-regular-edition/EEA520B114811333","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100125064603/http://www.dailysentinel.com/services/content/services/aboutus.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.dailysentinel.com/services/content/services/aboutus.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Nordine
|
Ken Nordine
|
["1 Life and career","2 Films and television","3 Selected discography","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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American voice-over and recording artist (1920–2019)
Ken NordineBorn(1920-04-13)April 13, 1920Cherokee, Iowa, U.S.DiedFebruary 16, 2019(2019-02-16) (aged 98)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Occupation(s)Voice-over, radio host, musicianYears active1948–2019SpouseBeryl VaughnChildren3
Ken Nordine (April 13, 1920 – February 16, 2019) was an American voice-over and recording artist, best known for his series of word jazz albums. His deep, resonant voice has also been featured in many commercial advertisements and movie trailers. One critic wrote that "you may not know Ken Nordine by name or face, but you'll almost certainly recognize his voice."
Life and career
The son of Theresia (Danielson) and Nore S. Nordine, a contractor, Ken Nordine was born in Cherokee, Iowa. His parents were Swedish. The family later moved to Chicago, where he attended Lane Technical College Prep High School and the University of Chicago. During the 1940s, he was heard on The World's Great Novels and other radio programs broadcast from Chicago. One of which, Honore de Balzac's short story "Une passion dans le désert", was recorded for the 1955 album Passion in the Desert. In 1955, he provided the voiceover on Billy Vaughn's version of "Shifting Whispering Sands", which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. He subsequently attracted wider attention when he recorded the aural vignettes on Word Jazz (Dot, 1957). Love Words, Son of Word Jazz (Dot, 1958) and his other albums in this vein feature Nordine's narration over cool jazz by the Fred Katz Group featuring Chico Hamilton recording under an alias.
Nordine began performing and recording such albums at the peak of the beat era and was associated with the poetry-and-jazz movement. However, it has been observed that some of Nordine's writings "are more akin to Franz Kafka or Edgar Allan Poe" than to the beats. Many of his word jazz tracks feature critiques of societal norms. Some are lightweight and humorous, while others reveal dark, paranoid undercurrents and bizarre, dream-like scenarios. Nordine's DVD, The Eye Is Never Filled was released in 2007.
Nordine hosted the weekly Word Jazz program on WBEZ, also carried on other stations, from the 1970s for over forty years.
Nordine was in demand as a voiceover artist on commercials for several companies including the First Chicago Bank, Levi's, Gallo Wine and Magnavox amongst others.
In 1988, Nordine appeared on two selections from the album Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films:
"Hi Diddle Dee Dee (An Actor's Life For Me)" from Pinocchio, and "Desolation Theme", also from Pinocchio.
In 1990, Nordine was approached by Jerry Garcia of The Grateful Dead to be the anchor for their New Year's Eve radio broadcast from Oakland, California. For the broadcast he recorded some improvisations with Garcia, drummer Mickey Hart and Egyptian musician Hamza El-Din. This subsequently led to an album Devout Catalyst, released on the Grateful Dead's own label in 1991 and Upper Limbo in 1993 and an appearance with the band live at a show at Rosemont, Illinois, in March 1993.
In 2007, he was a performer at the High Line Festival in New York, curated by David Bowie.
With his wife, the former Beryl Vaughn, an actress whom he married in 1945, he had three sons. Beryl died April 26, 2016. Ken Nordine died February 16, 2019.
Films and television
Nordine appeared as the narrator, credited as "The Stranger", in Philip Kaufman's 1967 underground comedy Fearless Frank. He was also Linda Blair's vocal coach for her role in the 1973 film The Exorcist. Subsequently, Nordine filed a lawsuit, saying he was not properly compensated for his work, eventually settling in 1979.
Nordine narrated several films for classroom use, made by Coronet Instructional Films in the 1950s. In at least one, Developing Your Character, he appears on screen.
On television, Nordine did a series of readings on a show titled Faces in the Window on WNBQ, and Fred Astaire danced to Nordine's "My Baby" on a TV special. Nordine's past radio series were Now Nordine and Word Jazz. He also provided the opening narration for the music video of "Can You Feel It" by the Jacksons. In 1986, Nordine appeared on The Jay Leno Show (TV special) as the storyteller.
Nordine worked with author Maurice Sendak on Sesame Street, providing the narration for the animated segments "Bumble Ardy" and "Seven Monsters".
Nordine provided the voiceover for NewTek's Video Toaster demo reels, such as the 1991 "Revolution".
Selected discography
Main article: Ken Nordine discography
1955 – Passion in the Desert (FM)
1957 – Word Jazz (Dot)
1958 – Son of Word Jazz (Dot)
1958 – Love Words (Dot)
1959 – Next! (Dot)
1960 – Word Jazz Vol. II (Dot)
1967 – Colors (Philips)
1967 – Ken Nordine Does Robert Shure: Twink (Philips)
1979 – Stare with Your Ears (Snail)
1984 – Triple Talk (Snail)
1986 – Grandson of Word Jazz (Snail)
1991 – Devout Catalyst (Grateful Dead)
1993 – Upper Limbo (Grateful Dead)
2001 – Transparent Mask (Asphodel)
2007 – The Eye Is Never Filled (DVD, Snail)
References
^ Kogan, Rick (16 February 2019). "Ken Nordine, Chicago creator of 'word jazz' who had a voice that 'could give you the chills,' dies at 98". chicagotribune.com.
^ Kogan, Rick (16 February 2019). "Ken Nordine, Chicago creator of 'word jazz' who had a voice that 'could give you chills' dies at 98". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
^ Love, Bret. Review of A Transparent Mask at AllMusic
^ "Mother and Son – an exhibit at the Swedish American Museum Center – Edgewater Historical Society". www.edgewaterhistory.org.
^ a b "Album Chart of 1955". Thejukebox Rebel. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
^ Unterberger, Richie. Biography of Ken Nordine at AllMusic
^ Weber M., The CODA Interview with Fred Katz, CODA The Jazz Magazine, Issue 176 (1980)
^ a b "Ken Nordine the Word Jazz Impresario". Chicago Jazz Magazine. May 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
^ a b c "Ken Nordine (The voice of Chicago) visits Flashpoint academy to plan student workshop". Columbia College. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ "Ken Nordine, 'Word Jazz' Creator, Dies at 98". KQED. 16 February 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ a b "Ken Nordine dies at 98;radio announced and influential 'word jazz' artist". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ "Various – Stay Awake (Various Interpretations Of Music From Vintage Disney Films)". Discogs. 1988. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
^ a b c d "The New Word Jazz of Ken Nordine". LA Times. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
^ a b "Grateful Dead Hour No. 272". Dead.net. 17 August 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
^ "Dead of the Day:March 11 1993". gratefuldeadoftheday.com. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
^ Sisario, Ben (7 May 2007). "High Line Festival – David Bowie". New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
^ "Beryl Nordine obituary". Legacy.com. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ Kogan, Rick (February 16, 2019). "Ken Nordine, 98, dies. Chicago creator of word jazz, with a 'voice that could give you the chills'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ Fearless Frank (1967) at IMDb
^ Borrelli, Christopher (October 19, 2012). "'Word Jazz' pioneer Ken Nordine gets closer look". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
^ Smith, Ken (1999). Mental Hygiene: Classroom Films 1945-1970. New York: Blast Books. p. 137. ISBN 0-922233-21-7.
^ "Ken Nordine's "My Baby"". tuxjunction.net. Archived from the original (MP3) on April 23, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
^ "Will Ken Nordine Ever Grow Up?". Chicago Reader. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
^ "RIP Maurice Sendak". DJFood.com. 8 May 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
^ "Sesame Street was brought to you today". Cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
^ "Revolution" NEWTEK Video Toaster Demo Reel 1991 on YouTube
^ a b c "From the Crates:Ken Nordine". Treblezine.com. 7 May 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g "Jazz Profiles:Ken Nordine". Jazzprofiles.blogspot.com. 16 April 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
^ "Ken Nordine:Word Jazz: A Transparent Mask". Jazz Times. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
Bibliography
Marciniak, Vwadek P., Politics, Humor and the Counterculture: Laughter in the Age of Decay (New York etc., 2008).
Stephenson, Gregory, Speaking Volumes: Ken Nordine's Word Jazz. (Heidelberg: Ober Limbo Verlag, 2019.)
External links
Ken Nordine's Word Jazz site and podcast at the Wayback Machine (archived February 21, 2015)
Ken Nordine at Last.fm
Ken Nordine's channel on YouTube (official)
Ken Nordine (December 21, 2005). "How Do We Know When Now Is?". NPR.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
People
Trove
|
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One critic wrote that \"you may not know Ken Nordine by name or face, but you'll almost certainly recognize his voice.\"[3]","title":"Ken Nordine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Lane Technical College Prep High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Technical_College_Prep_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"The World's Great Novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Great_Novels"},{"link_name":"Honore de Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honore_de_Balzac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jukebox-5"},{"link_name":"Billy Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"Shifting Whispering Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifting_Whispering_Sands"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"cool jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazz"},{"link_name":"Fred Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Katz_(cellist)"},{"link_name":"Chico Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_generation"},{"link_name":"Franz Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagojazz-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flashpoint-9"},{"link_name":"paranoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flashpoint-9"},{"link_name":"WBEZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBEZ"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"First Chicago Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank"},{"link_name":"Levi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%27s"},{"link_name":"Gallo Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_Wine"},{"link_name":"Magnavox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSTObit-11"},{"link_name":"Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_Awake:_Various_Interpretations_of_Music_from_Vintage_Disney_Films"},{"link_name":"Hi Diddle Dee Dee (An Actor's Life For Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jerry Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia"},{"link_name":"The Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grateful-13"},{"link_name":"Mickey Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Hart"},{"link_name":"Hamza El-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_El-Din"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grateful-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grateful-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Limbo-14"},{"link_name":"Rosemont, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The son of Theresia (Danielson) and Nore S. Nordine, a contractor, Ken Nordine was born in Cherokee, Iowa. His parents were Swedish.[4] The family later moved to Chicago, where he attended Lane Technical College Prep High School and the University of Chicago. During the 1940s, he was heard on The World's Great Novels and other radio programs broadcast from Chicago. One of which, Honore de Balzac's short story \"Une passion dans le désert\", was recorded for the 1955 album Passion in the Desert.[5] In 1955, he provided the voiceover on Billy Vaughn's version of \"Shifting Whispering Sands\", which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. He subsequently attracted wider attention when he recorded the aural vignettes on Word Jazz (Dot, 1957). Love Words, Son of Word Jazz (Dot, 1958) and his other albums in this vein feature Nordine's narration over cool jazz by the Fred Katz Group featuring Chico Hamilton recording under an alias.[6][7]Nordine began performing and recording such albums at the peak of the beat era and was associated with the poetry-and-jazz movement. However, it has been observed that some of Nordine's writings \"are more akin to Franz Kafka or Edgar Allan Poe\" than to the beats.[8] Many of his word jazz tracks feature critiques of societal norms.[9] Some are lightweight and humorous, while others reveal dark, paranoid undercurrents and bizarre, dream-like scenarios. Nordine's DVD, The Eye Is Never Filled was released in 2007.[9]Nordine hosted the weekly Word Jazz program on WBEZ, also carried on other stations, from the 1970s for over forty years.[10]Nordine was in demand as a voiceover artist on commercials for several companies including the First Chicago Bank, Levi's, Gallo Wine and Magnavox amongst others.[11]In 1988, Nordine appeared on two selections from the album Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films:\n\"Hi Diddle Dee Dee (An Actor's Life For Me)\" from Pinocchio, and \"Desolation Theme\", also from Pinocchio.[12]In 1990, Nordine was approached by Jerry Garcia of The Grateful Dead to be the anchor for their New Year's Eve radio broadcast from Oakland, California.[13] For the broadcast he recorded some improvisations with Garcia, drummer Mickey Hart and Egyptian musician Hamza El-Din.[13] This subsequently led to an album Devout Catalyst, released on the Grateful Dead's own label in 1991[13] and Upper Limbo in 1993[14] and an appearance with the band live at a show at Rosemont, Illinois, in March 1993.[15]In 2007, he was a performer at the High Line Festival in New York, curated by David Bowie.[16]With his wife, the former Beryl Vaughn, an actress whom he married in 1945, he had three sons. Beryl died April 26, 2016.[17] Ken Nordine died February 16, 2019.[18]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Fearless Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearless_Frank"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Linda Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Blair"},{"link_name":"The Exorcist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagojazz-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSTObit-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Can You Feel It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_You_Feel_It_(The_Jacksons_song)"},{"link_name":"Jacksons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jackson_5"},{"link_name":"Maurice Sendak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Sendak"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"NewTek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewTek"},{"link_name":"Video Toaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Nordine appeared as the narrator, credited as \"The Stranger\", in Philip Kaufman's 1967 underground comedy Fearless Frank.[19][20] He was also Linda Blair's vocal coach for her role in the 1973 film The Exorcist.[8] Subsequently, Nordine filed a lawsuit, saying he was not properly compensated for his work, eventually settling in 1979.[11]Nordine narrated several films for classroom use, made by Coronet Instructional Films in the 1950s. In at least one, Developing Your Character, he appears on screen.[21]On television, Nordine did a series of readings on a show titled Faces in the Window on WNBQ, and Fred Astaire danced to Nordine's \"My Baby\" on a TV special.[22] Nordine's past radio series were Now Nordine and Word Jazz.[23] He also provided the opening narration for the music video of \"Can You Feel It\" by the Jacksons. In 1986, Nordine appeared on The Jay Leno Show (TV special) as the storyteller.Nordine worked with author Maurice Sendak on Sesame Street, providing the narration for the animated segments \"Bumble Ardy\"[24] and \"Seven Monsters\".[25]Nordine provided the voiceover for NewTek's Video Toaster demo reels, such as the 1991 \"Revolution\".[26]","title":"Films and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jukebox-5"},{"link_name":"Word Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treblezine-27"},{"link_name":"Son of Word Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Word_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treblezine-27"},{"link_name":"Love Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Words"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profiles-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profiles-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profiles-28"},{"link_name":"Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_(Ken_Nordine_album)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treblezine-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profiles-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profiles-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profiles-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profiles-28"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grateful-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Limbo-14"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flashpoint-9"}],"text":"1955 – Passion in the Desert[5] (FM)\n1957 – Word Jazz[27] (Dot)\n1958 – Son of Word Jazz[27] (Dot)\n1958 – Love Words[28] (Dot)\n1959 – Next![28] (Dot)\n1960 – Word Jazz Vol. II[28] (Dot)\n1967 – Colors[27] (Philips)\n1967 – Ken Nordine Does Robert Shure: Twink[28] (Philips)\n1979 – Stare with Your Ears[28] (Snail)\n1984 – Triple Talk[28] (Snail)\n1986 – Grandson of Word Jazz[28] (Snail)\n1991 – Devout Catalyst[13] (Grateful Dead)\n1993 – Upper Limbo[14] (Grateful Dead)\n2001 – Transparent Mask[29] (Asphodel)\n2007 – The Eye Is Never Filled (DVD, Snail)[9]","title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Marciniak, Vwadek P., Politics, Humor and the Counterculture: Laughter in the Age of Decay (New York etc., 2008).\nStephenson, Gregory, Speaking Volumes: Ken Nordine's Word Jazz. (Heidelberg: Ober Limbo Verlag, 2019.)","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Kogan, Rick (16 February 2019). \"Ken Nordine, Chicago creator of 'word jazz' who had a voice that 'could give you the chills,' dies at 98\". chicagotribune.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-ken-nordine-dead-0217-story.html","url_text":"\"Ken Nordine, Chicago creator of 'word jazz' who had a voice that 'could give you the chills,' dies at 98\""}]},{"reference":"Kogan, Rick (16 February 2019). \"Ken Nordine, Chicago creator of 'word jazz' who had a voice that 'could give you chills' dies at 98\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-ken-nordine-dead-0217-story.html","url_text":"\"Ken Nordine, Chicago creator of 'word jazz' who had a voice that 'could give you chills' dies at 98\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mother and Son – an exhibit at the Swedish American Museum Center – Edgewater Historical Society\". www.edgewaterhistory.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/ehs/articles/v18-1-4","url_text":"\"Mother and Son – an exhibit at the Swedish American Museum Center – Edgewater Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album Chart of 1955\". Thejukebox Rebel. Retrieved October 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejukeboxrebel.com/album-chart-of-1955","url_text":"\"Album Chart of 1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ken Nordine the Word Jazz Impresario\". Chicago Jazz Magazine. May 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613032619/http://www.chicagojazz.com/magazine/ken-nordine-the-word-jazz-impresario-693.html","url_text":"\"Ken Nordine the Word Jazz Impresario\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagojazz.com/magazine/ken-nordine-the-word-jazz-impresario-693.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ken Nordine (The voice of Chicago) visits Flashpoint academy to plan student workshop\". Columbia College. Retrieved February 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://flashpoint.columbiacollege.edu/blogs/ken-nordine-the-voice-of-chicago-visits-flashpoint-academy-to-plan-student-workshop/","url_text":"\"Ken Nordine (The voice of Chicago) visits Flashpoint academy to plan student workshop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ken Nordine, 'Word Jazz' Creator, Dies at 98\". KQED. 16 February 2019. 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Retrieved August 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150423123029/http://tuxjunction.net/media/mybaby.mp3","url_text":"\"Ken Nordine's \"My Baby\"\""},{"url":"http://www.tuxjunction.net/media/mybaby.mp3","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3","url_text":"MP3"}]},{"reference":"\"Will Ken Nordine Ever Grow Up?\". Chicago Reader. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/will-ken-nordine-ever-grow-up/Content?oid=875997","url_text":"\"Will Ken Nordine Ever Grow Up?\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIP Maurice Sendak\". DJFood.com. 8 May 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djfood.org/rip-maurice-sendak/","url_text":"\"RIP Maurice Sendak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sesame Street was brought to you today\". Cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/sesame-street-was-brought-to-you-today-by/","url_text":"\"Sesame Street was brought to you today\""}]},{"reference":"\"From the Crates:Ken Nordine\". Treblezine.com. 7 May 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treblezine.com/from-the-crates-ken-nordine/","url_text":"\"From the Crates:Ken Nordine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jazz Profiles:Ken Nordine\". Jazzprofiles.blogspot.com. 16 April 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://jazzprofiles.blogspot.com/2013/04/ken-nordine-word-jazz.html","url_text":"\"Jazz Profiles:Ken Nordine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ken Nordine:Word Jazz: A Transparent Mask\". Jazz Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Haiti
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Wildlife of Haiti
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["1 Geography","2 Protected areas","2.1 La Visite National Park","2.2 Pic Macaya National Park","3 Coral reefs","4 Flora","5 Fauna","5.1 Threatened species","5.2 Avifauna","5.3 Reptiles","5.4 Amphibians","5.5 Molluscs","6 See also","7 References"]
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Type of biodiversity in Hawaii
Labadee beach, Haïti, close to Cap-Haïtien
Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Caribbean reef squid). La Fague, Cap-Haitien
The wildlife of Haiti is important to the country because of its biodiversity. According to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Haiti is considered to be "one of the most biologically significant countries of the West Indies". With an estimated 5,600 plant species on the island of Hispaniola, some of which only occur in Haiti, 36% are considered as endemic to the island. A mountainous area country, it is situated in the western three-eighths of Hispaniola and shares a border with the Dominican Republic. There are nine life zones, from low desert to high cloud forests, as well as four mountain ranges, and hundreds of rivers and streams and the coral reefs in the seas that surround the islands. Issues of environmental damage, expanding population, deforesting and erosion are of concern; less than 2% of the original forest remains on account of deforestation. This degradation is traced from the 17th century to 19th century starting with the French colonization of the Haiti and population explosion during the 20th century and for the purpose of forestry and sugar-related industries, degraded the forests. and the environment.
Geography
The features of the island terrain (generally mountainous) varies from Caribbean Sea elevation of 0 metres (0 ft) to the highest point on the Chaine de la Selle mountain of 2,680 metres (8,790 ft). The land use distribution reported is of arable land 36.04%, permanent crops 10.09% and others 53.87%, with an irrigated area of 97,000 ha. The Massif de la Hotte (of 2.5 million years age) is part of the far-southwestern mountain range of the island, has a few vestiges of cloud forests (within Pic Macaya National Park) and are known for endemic plant and reptile species. The gray-crowned palm-tanager is one of the rare endemic bird species here.
Climate is tropical; mountains in the east cut off trade winds and cause semiarid conditions in some areas. The average annual precipitation is 1,461 millimetres (57.5 in) which varies with topography and wind direction. The island is in the center of the hurricane belt and hence experiences severe storms from June to October; occasional floods and earthquakes also take place, and in some years droughts are also experienced.
Protected areas
Pinus occidentalis
The regions of extreme biodiversity in Haiti have been brought under legal law (under legal enactment of June 23, 1983) of protection and preservation of the ecology and the biodiversity of the identified areas. These regions are declared as national parks, and specifically the two large gazetted national parks are the Morne La Visite National Park as part of the Massif de La Selle (mountain range) and Pic Macaya National Park in the Massif de la Hotte (hill massif) is also an integral part. Apart from the major aspect of conservation of plants and animals in general, the park administration are also entrusted with the task of preserving the endangered species of mammals such as Plagiodontia aedium and Solenodon paradoxus. In addition there are two other parks the Pine Forest National Park, in the eastern Massif de la Selle, and the Historic Citadel National Park in the Massif du Nord. In these four parks no hunting, illegal logging and transfer of land for any development activity are allowed; however, enforcement of the laws has not been stringent due inadequate funding for maintenance and security arrangements. However, visitors are allowed to see the wild life, the water falls and the general rain forest vistas in these parks.
While the four national parks protect an area of 25,000 hectares (62,000 acres), there are proposals on the anvil to bring 18 more areas of the country under protective cover which encompass an area of another 23,000 hectares (57,000 acres).
La Visite National Park
La Visite National Park covers an area of 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) (established in 1983) along the ridge of the Massif de la Selle range between the hill peaks of Morne d’Enfer (elevation 1,900 metres (6,200 ft)) and Morne Kadenau (2,155 metres (7,070 ft)) with the highest mountain of Pic Cabayo lying within the park rising to an elevation 2,130 metres (6,990 ft). It is at distance of 45 kilometres (28 mi) to the south of Port-au-Prince. According to the floristic survey carried out by Walter S. Judd of the University of Florida, the plants recorded in the park are 326 species of tracheophytes that includes 262 species of angiosperms, 76 species of mosses, 19 species of liverworts. In addition, the vascular plant species reported are 112 of which 32% are endemic species to Haiti. Reforestation programme has been undertaken since 2011 under which 300,000 seedlings were under planting in memory of the 300,000 people who perished in Haiti in the earthquake of 12 January 2010.
Pic Macaya National Park
The Pic Macaya National Park, on the southern peninsula, which is 198 kilometres (123 mi) from Port-au-Prince and 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the northwest of Les Cayes, has a designated area of 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) that includes a ravine formation located between the mountain peaks of Pic Formon (2,219 metres (7,280 ft)) and Pic Macaya (2,347 metres (7,700 ft)). The park receives an annual average rainfall of 4,000 millimetres (160 in). The Rivere Ravine Sud rises from these mountains and flows through the park. Karst limestone formations and agricultural areas are also part of the park. There are two major types of vegetation in the park – the wet forests on limestone formations (in an elevation range of 800-1200m), and the cloud forest combined with pine forest including endemic plant species. The largest broad leaf trees are of pine some of which are 45 metres (148 ft) in height. Detailed floristic surveys have recorded 470 species of tracheophytes, which include 367 species of anglosperms, 99 species of mosses, 63 species of liver worts. In addition, the vascular plant species reported are 136, of which 29% are endemic to Haiti. Orchids are also found in large numbers. Other wildlife consists of birds and amphibians which are mostly endemic. The most productive agricultural lands of the Plaine de Cayes are within the park area. The park has many trekking paths including to the mountain trek to peak Pic Macaya (2,347 metres (7,700 ft)).
Coral reefs
Left: Gorgonia ventalina (purple gorgonian seafan); right: Callyspongia plicifera (azure vase sponge)
Coral reefs in Haiti cover a stretch of 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) of coast. While it is assessed that the coral reefs are over exploited for fishing, with elkhorn coral put on the US Endangered Species List, the reef structure is stated to be stable and the living coral are generally occupy 10% of reefs, and algae and sponge cover about 50%. The fish habitat hosts Caribbean fish species and invertebrate species with the reef structure providing the needed habitat. Use of fish trap, fishing net, spear or line fisherman with their paddle or sailboats are a common sight along the coral reefs. In order to bring the fish yield from the coral reefs to the level of 35 tons per km2 noted in other coral reef regions of the world, the MacArthur Foundation has initiated a project in Haiti to enhance fish production, from its present meager level, through a network of marine protected areas. The project also envisages inculcating knowledge to the Haitians on the economic potential and the need to also monitor the reefs.
Some of the underwater species are 35 species of hard corals in the reefs, 55 species of sponges, 12 gorgonians.
Flora
Left: Zanglais, Haiti; right: Melocactus lemairei
The ecoregions of Haiti include the Hispaniolan moist forests (about 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) only of undisturbed rainforest), Hispaniolan dry forests, Hispaniolan pine forests (in parts of the two national parks), Enriquillo wetlands (remnants of an old marine channel), and Greater Antilles mangroves which cover an area of only 134 square kilometres (52 sq mi). Giant tree ferns, orchids, bayahondes (a variety of mesquite) on the hill slopes, cacti, acacias, and thorny woods on the dry plains, and mangrove forests on the coast line.
The nation has 300 orchids and 600 fern species. Mahogany, rose wood and cedar are some of the trees that still exist at higher altitudes.
Fauna
Threatened species
In the Massif de la Hotte alone there are 42 globally threatened mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The coastal zone ecosystem has been fairly well preserved and has coral reefs, mangrove forests and estuaries. Coral reefs are not part of the national parks. There are 38 species under the threatened and endangered list and some of them may have been extirpated too. Of these, nearly 50% are endemic and threatened with extinction and three are critically threatened. The critically endangered species are black-capped petrel, Ridgway's hawk (also endemic), stygian owl, and western chat-tanager and eastern chat-tanager, both endemic.
Avifauna
Main article: List of birds of Haiti
Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster), national bird of Haiti
Golden-winged warbler (NT)
Sketch of Hispaniolan parakeet (VU)
Etang Saumâtre has over 100 waterfowl species as well as flamingo. There are over 200 species of avifauna, including the palmchat, La Selle thrush, introduced guineafowl, and grey-crowned tanager which is unique to Haiti.
BirdLife International has identified 10 Important Bird Areas in Haiti, which cover about 23,200 hectares (57,000 acres) (1% of land area of Haiti). Of these, five are located in the four protected areas system while the other five are yet to be initiated. The prominent near threatened species is the grey-crowned palm-tanager (Phaenicophilus poliocephalus). As of 2013, the bird species identified are 266 of which globally threatened are 14, 2 are endemic. and nine introduced species. The species which are critically threatened, near threatened, endangered and vulnerable category are the following. Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster) is endemic, near threatened according to Red List IUCN and is the national bird of Haiti.
Critically endangered
Ridgway's hawk (Buteo ridgwayi)
Endangerered
Bay-breasted cuckoo (Coccyzus rufigularis)
La Selle thrush (Turdus swalesi)
Hispaniolan crossbill (Loxia megaplaga)
Near-threatened
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
Reddish egret (Egretta rufescens)
Piping plover (Charadrius melodus)
Semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris alba)
Buff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis)
White-crowned pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala)
Plain pigeon (Patagioenas inornata)
Least pauraque (Siphonorhis brewsteri)
Chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica)
Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster)
Palm crow (Corvus palmarum)
Golden-winged warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera)
Gray-crowned palm-tanager (Phaenicophilus poliocephalus)
Vulnerable
West Indian whistling-duck (Dendrocygna arborea)
Hispaniolan parakeet (Aratinga chloroptera)
Hispaniolan parrot (Amazona ventralis)
White-necked crow (Corvus leucognaphalus)
Golden swallow (Tachycineta euchrysea)
Bicknell's thrush (Catharus bicknelli)
White-winged warbler (Xenoligea montana)
Reptiles
Rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) on Limbe Island, northern Haiti
The American crocodile is reported at Etang Saumâtre. Caimans are also reported in the rivers in the southern part of the peninsula. Snake charming is an active trade in Haiti, and wild snakes are often hunted in the country.
Amphibians
Six species of amphibians (frogs) have been reported. These are: Hispaniolan ventriloquial frog, Macaya breast-spot frog, La Hotte glanded frog, Macaya burrowing frog, Mozart's frog and Hispaniolan crowned frog. However, La Selle grass frog, the reportedly extinct species, has not been traced. The endemic frogs species are found in the remote southern mountains of Haiti and are considered "a ‘barometer species’ for ecological health" of the island country.
Molluscs
A certain species of tree snail in Haiti can only survive on a specific type of tree in the country. Such snails, such as the candy-stripe tree snail, are "so admired for their beauty".
See also
Portals: Haiti Animals Ecology Environment
References
^ a b c World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1992). Nearctic and Neotropical. IUCN. pp. 384–. ISBN 978-2-8317-0093-9.
^ Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 9783319337456. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
^ Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). "Current Affairs November 2016 eBook". p. 93. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
^ a b Lonely Planet Haiti: Chapter from Caribbean Islands Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. 1 January 2012. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-74321-104-5.
^ "Haiti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ a b c d Riley, Laura; Riley, William (2005). Nature's Strongholds: The World's Greatest Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-0-691-12219-9.
^ a b "Wildlife: Amid the Ruins of Haiti, Conservationists Find Endangered Frogs". Science.time.com. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "Background". CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ a b c "Haiti: Solis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ a b c "Geography". CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "Hotspots E-news". Expedition to Pic Macaya uncovers Haitian treasures. Conservation International. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016.
^ a b "Haiti". Eoearth organization. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ ". Resolution Regarding the National Parks of Haiti". The American Society of Mammalogists.
^ a b c d e "Floristic study of Morne la Visite and Pic Macaya national parks, Haiti". University of Florida. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b c Margaret J. Goldstein (30 June 2005). Haiti In Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-8225-2670-4.
^ a b "ImportanBird Areas Americas Haiti" (PDF). BirdLife International Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ a b "Haiti – Environment : The reforestation of the National Park". Haiti news. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b c Paul Clammer; Michael Grosberg; Jens Porup (2008). Dominican Republic & Haiti. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. pp. 327–. ISBN 978-1-74104-292-4.
^ "Survey: Haiti's Coral Reefs Most Overfished In The World; 'No Food Fish Of Reproductive Age'". underwatertimes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "Marine life: Reef life includes elkhorn, brain and – Caribbean ..." (PDF). Haiti. Onecaribbean Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Steven Latta; Christopher Rimmer; Allan Keith; James Wiley; Herbert Raffaele; Kent McFarland; Eladio Fernandez (23 April 2010). Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Princeton University Press. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-4008-3410-5.
^ "Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World:Haiti". Avi Base Organization. 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "Haiti Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places". Sphereinfo.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Temnotrogon roseigaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22682751A131515698. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682751A131515698.en. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^ "Haiti Snake Charmer". The Australian. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
^ "Wildlife of Haiti". Frogs and the environment in Haiti. Iberianature.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Hanson, Michelle (2007). Ocean Oracle: What Seashells Reveal About Our True Nature. Simon and Schuster. pp. 53–. ISBN 9781416565437.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Labadee_Haiti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepioteuthis_sepioidea_(Caribbean_Reef_Squid).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sepioteuthis sepioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepioteuthis_sepioidea"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"World Conservation Monitoring Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centre1992-1"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Planet2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RileyRiley2005-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soil-9"}],"text":"Labadee beach, Haïti, close to Cap-HaïtienSepioteuthis sepioidea (Caribbean reef squid). La Fague, Cap-HaitienThe wildlife of Haiti is important to the country because of its biodiversity. According to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Haiti is considered to be \"one of the most biologically significant countries of the West Indies\". With an estimated 5,600 plant species on the island of Hispaniola, some of which only occur in Haiti, 36% are considered as endemic to the island.[1] A mountainous area country, it is situated in the western three-eighths of Hispaniola and shares a border with the Dominican Republic.[2][3] There are nine life zones, from low desert to high cloud forests, as well as four mountain ranges, and hundreds of rivers and streams and the coral reefs in the seas that surround the islands.[4][5] Issues of environmental damage, expanding population, deforesting and erosion are of concern;[6] less than 2% of the original forest remains on account of deforestation.[7] This degradation is traced from the 17th century to 19th century starting with the French colonization of the Haiti and population explosion during the 20th century and for the purpose of forestry and sugar-related industries, degraded the forests. and the environment.[8][9]","title":"Wildlife of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Chaine de la Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaine_de_la_Selle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-world-10"},{"link_name":"Pic Macaya National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_Macaya_National_Park"},{"link_name":"gray-crowned palm-tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-crowned_palm-tanager"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CI-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco-12"},{"link_name":"hurricane belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_belt"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"droughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-world-10"}],"text":"The features of the island terrain (generally mountainous) varies from Caribbean Sea elevation of 0 metres (0 ft) to the highest point on the Chaine de la Selle mountain of 2,680 metres (8,790 ft). The land use distribution reported is of arable land 36.04%, permanent crops 10.09% and others 53.87%, with an irrigated area of 97,000 ha.[10] The Massif de la Hotte (of 2.5 million years age) is part of the far-southwestern mountain range of the island, has a few vestiges of cloud forests (within Pic Macaya National Park) and are known for endemic plant and reptile species. The gray-crowned palm-tanager is one of the rare endemic bird species here.[11]Climate is tropical; mountains in the east cut off trade winds and cause semiarid conditions in some areas. The average annual precipitation is 1,461 millimetres (57.5 in) which varies with topography and wind direction.[12] The island is in the center of the hurricane belt and hence experiences severe storms from June to October; occasional floods and earthquakes also take place, and in some years droughts are also experienced.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_occidentalis_Jarabacoa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinus occidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_occidentalis"},{"link_name":"Morne La Visite National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Visite_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Massif de La Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_la_Selle"},{"link_name":"Pic Macaya National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_Macaya_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Massif de la Hotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_de_la_Hotte"},{"link_name":"Plagiodontia aedium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiodontia_aedium"},{"link_name":"Solenodon paradoxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon_paradoxus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Floristic-14"},{"link_name":"Pine Forest National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Forest_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Citadel National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citadel_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massif du Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_du_Nord"},{"link_name":"illegal logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstein2005-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bird-16"}],"text":"Pinus occidentalisThe regions of extreme biodiversity in Haiti have been brought under legal law (under legal enactment of June 23, 1983) of protection and preservation of the ecology and the biodiversity of the identified areas. These regions are declared as national parks, and specifically the two large gazetted national parks are the Morne La Visite National Park as part of the Massif de La Selle (mountain range) and Pic Macaya National Park in the Massif de la Hotte (hill massif) is also an integral part. Apart from the major aspect of conservation of plants and animals in general, the park administration are also entrusted with the task of preserving the endangered species of mammals such as Plagiodontia aedium and Solenodon paradoxus.[13][14] In addition there are two other parks the Pine Forest National Park, in the eastern Massif de la Selle, and the Historic Citadel National Park in the Massif du Nord. In these four parks no hunting, illegal logging and transfer of land for any development activity are allowed; however, enforcement of the laws has not been stringent due inadequate funding for maintenance and security arrangements. However, visitors are allowed to see the wild life, the water falls and the general rain forest vistas in these parks.[15]While the four national parks protect an area of 25,000 hectares (62,000 acres), there are proposals on the anvil to bring 18 more areas of the country under protective cover which encompass an area of another 23,000 hectares (57,000 acres).[16]","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Visite National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Visite_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstein2005-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reforest-17"},{"link_name":"Massif de la Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_de_la_Selle"},{"link_name":"Morne d’Enfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morne_d%E2%80%99Enfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morne Kadenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morne_Kadenau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pic Cabayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pic_Cabayo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port-au-Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"tracheophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheophytes"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosses"},{"link_name":"vascular plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Floristic-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reforest-17"}],"sub_title":"La Visite National Park","text":"La Visite National Park covers an area of 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) (established in 1983[15][17]) along the ridge of the Massif de la Selle range between the hill peaks of Morne d’Enfer (elevation 1,900 metres (6,200 ft)) and Morne Kadenau (2,155 metres (7,070 ft)) with the highest mountain of Pic Cabayo lying within the park rising to an elevation 2,130 metres (6,990 ft). It is at distance of 45 kilometres (28 mi) to the south of Port-au-Prince. According to the floristic survey carried out by Walter S. Judd of the University of Florida, the plants recorded in the park are 326 species of tracheophytes that includes 262 species of angiosperms, 76 species of mosses, 19 species of liverworts. In addition, the vascular plant species reported are 112 of which 32% are endemic species to Haiti.[14] Reforestation programme has been undertaken since 2011 under which 300,000 seedlings were under planting in memory of the 300,000 people who perished in Haiti in the earthquake of 12 January 2010.[17]","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pic Macaya National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_Macaya_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Floristic-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstein2005-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClammerGrosberg2008-18"},{"link_name":"Rivere Ravine Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivere_Ravine_Sud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Floristic-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClammerGrosberg2008-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Floristic-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClammerGrosberg2008-18"}],"sub_title":"Pic Macaya National Park","text":"The Pic Macaya National Park, on the southern peninsula, which is 198 kilometres (123 mi) from Port-au-Prince and 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the northwest of Les Cayes, has a designated area of 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) that includes a ravine formation located between the mountain peaks of Pic Formon (2,219 metres (7,280 ft)) and Pic Macaya (2,347 metres (7,700 ft)).[14][15][18] The park receives an annual average rainfall of 4,000 millimetres (160 in). The Rivere Ravine Sud rises from these mountains and flows through the park. Karst limestone formations and agricultural areas are also part of the park. There are two major types of vegetation in the park – the wet forests on limestone formations (in an elevation range of 800-1200m), and the cloud forest combined with pine forest including endemic plant species. The largest broad leaf trees are of pine some of which are 45 metres (148 ft) in height.[14][18] Detailed floristic surveys have recorded 470 species of tracheophytes, which include 367 species of anglosperms, 99 species of mosses, 63 species of liver worts. In addition, the vascular plant species reported are 136, of which 29% are endemic to Haiti.[14] Orchids are also found in large numbers. Other wildlife consists of birds and amphibians which are mostly endemic. The most productive agricultural lands of the Plaine de Cayes are within the park area. The park has many trekking paths including to the mountain trek to peak Pic Macaya (2,347 metres (7,700 ft)).[18]","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorgonia_ventalina_(Purple_Gorgonian_Seafan).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Callyspongia_plicifera_(Azure_vase_sponge).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gorgonia ventalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonia_ventalina"},{"link_name":"Callyspongia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callyspongia"},{"link_name":"elkhorn coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhorn_coral"},{"link_name":"marine protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Underwater-19"},{"link_name":"corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"gorgonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spong-20"}],"text":"Left: Gorgonia ventalina (purple gorgonian seafan); right: Callyspongia plicifera (azure vase sponge)Coral reefs in Haiti cover a stretch of 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) of coast. While it is assessed that the coral reefs are over exploited for fishing, with elkhorn coral put on the US Endangered Species List, the reef structure is stated to be stable and the living coral are generally occupy 10% of reefs, and algae and sponge cover about 50%. The fish habitat hosts Caribbean fish species and invertebrate species with the reef structure providing the needed habitat. Use of fish trap, fishing net, spear or line fisherman with their paddle or sailboats are a common sight along the coral reefs. In order to bring the fish yield from the coral reefs to the level of 35 tons per km2 noted in other coral reef regions of the world, the MacArthur Foundation has initiated a project in Haiti to enhance fish production, from its present meager level, through a network of marine protected areas. The project also envisages inculcating knowledge to the Haitians on the economic potential and the need to also monitor the reefs.[19]Some of the underwater species are 35 species of hard corals in the reefs, 55 species of sponges, 12 gorgonians.[20]","title":"Coral reefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanglais,_Saint-Louis-du-Sud.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melocactus_lemairei_The_Cactaceae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melocactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melocactus"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan moist forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_moist_forests"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan dry forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_dry_forests"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan pine forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_pine_forests"},{"link_name":"Enriquillo wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriquillo_wetlands"},{"link_name":"Greater Antilles mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles_mangroves"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eco-12"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchids"},{"link_name":"bayahondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayahonde"},{"link_name":"mesquite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soil-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RileyRiley2005-6"},{"link_name":"Mahogany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany"},{"link_name":"rose wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_wood"},{"link_name":"cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centre1992-1"}],"text":"Left: Zanglais, Haiti; right: Melocactus lemaireiThe ecoregions of Haiti include the Hispaniolan moist forests (about 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) only of undisturbed rainforest), Hispaniolan dry forests, Hispaniolan pine forests (in parts of the two national parks), Enriquillo wetlands (remnants of an old marine channel), and Greater Antilles mangroves which cover an area of only 134 square kilometres (52 sq mi).[12] Giant tree ferns, orchids, bayahondes (a variety of mesquite) on the hill slopes, cacti, acacias, and thorny woods on the dry plains, and mangrove forests on the coast line.[9]The nation has 300 orchids and 600 fern species.[6] Mahogany, rose wood and cedar are some of the trees that still exist at higher altitudes.[1]","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-world-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centre1992-1"},{"link_name":"black-capped petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-capped_petrel"},{"link_name":"Ridgway's hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgway%27s_hawk"},{"link_name":"stygian owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygian_owl"},{"link_name":"western chat-tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_chat-tanager"},{"link_name":"eastern chat-tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_chat-tanager"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LattaRimmer2010-21"}],"sub_title":"Threatened species","text":"In the Massif de la Hotte alone there are 42 globally threatened mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.[10] The coastal zone ecosystem has been fairly well preserved and has coral reefs, mangrove forests and estuaries. Coral reefs are not part of the national parks.[1] There are 38 species under the threatened and endangered list and some of them may have been extirpated too. Of these, nearly 50% are endemic and threatened with extinction and three are critically threatened. The critically endangered species are black-capped petrel, Ridgway's hawk (also endemic), stygian owl, and western chat-tanager and eastern chat-tanager, both endemic.[21]","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Priotelus_roseigaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan trogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_trogon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden-winged_Warbler_NGM-v31-p308-C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Golden-winged warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-winged_warbler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aratinga_chloroptera_maugei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_parakeet"},{"link_name":"Etang Saumâtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre"},{"link_name":"waterfowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfowl"},{"link_name":"flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RileyRiley2005-6"},{"link_name":"palmchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmchat"},{"link_name":"La Selle thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Selle_thrush"},{"link_name":"guineafowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineafowl"},{"link_name":"grey-crowned tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-crowned_tanager"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Planet2012-4"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"grey-crowned palm-tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-crowned_palm-tanager"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bird-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avi-22"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan trogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_trogon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ridgway's hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgway%27s_hawk"},{"link_name":"Bay-breasted cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay-breasted_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"La Selle thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Selle_thrush"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan crossbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_crossbill"},{"link_name":"Northern bobwhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_bobwhite"},{"link_name":"Reddish egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish_egret"},{"link_name":"Piping plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_plover"},{"link_name":"Semipalmated sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipalmated_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Buff-breasted sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-breasted_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"White-crowned pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-crowned_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Plain pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Least pauraque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_pauraque"},{"link_name":"Chimney swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_swift"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan trogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_trogon"},{"link_name":"Palm crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_crow"},{"link_name":"Golden-winged warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-winged_warbler"},{"link_name":"Gray-crowned palm-tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-crowned_palm-tanager"},{"link_name":"West Indian whistling-duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_whistling-duck"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_parakeet"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_parrot"},{"link_name":"White-necked crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-necked_crow"},{"link_name":"Golden swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_swallow_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Bicknell's thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicknell%27s_thrush"},{"link_name":"White-winged warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_warbler"}],"sub_title":"Avifauna","text":"Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster), national bird of HaitiGolden-winged warbler (NT)Sketch of Hispaniolan parakeet (VU)Etang Saumâtre has over 100 waterfowl species as well as flamingo.[6] There are over 200 species of avifauna, including the palmchat, La Selle thrush, introduced guineafowl, and grey-crowned tanager which is unique to Haiti.[4]BirdLife International has identified 10 Important Bird Areas in Haiti, which cover about 23,200 hectares (57,000 acres) (1% of land area of Haiti). Of these, five are located in the four protected areas system while the other five are yet to be initiated. The prominent near threatened species is the grey-crowned palm-tanager (Phaenicophilus poliocephalus).[16] As of 2013, the bird species identified are 266 of which globally threatened are 14, 2 are endemic. and nine introduced species. The species which are critically threatened, near threatened, endangered and vulnerable category are the following.[22] Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster) is endemic, near threatened according to Red List IUCN and is the national bird of Haiti.[23][24]Critically endangeredRidgway's hawk (Buteo ridgwayi)EndangereredBay-breasted cuckoo (Coccyzus rufigularis)\nLa Selle thrush (Turdus swalesi)\nHispaniolan crossbill (Loxia megaplaga)Near-threatenedNorthern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)\nReddish egret (Egretta rufescens)\nPiping plover (Charadrius melodus)\nSemipalmated sandpiper (Calidris alba)\nBuff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis)\nWhite-crowned pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala)\nPlain pigeon (Patagioenas inornata)\nLeast pauraque (Siphonorhis brewsteri)\nChimney swift (Chaetura pelagica)\nHispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster)\nPalm crow (Corvus palmarum)\nGolden-winged warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera)\nGray-crowned palm-tanager (Phaenicophilus poliocephalus)VulnerableWest Indian whistling-duck (Dendrocygna arborea)\nHispaniolan parakeet (Aratinga chloroptera)\nHispaniolan parrot (Amazona ventralis)\nWhite-necked crow (Corvus leucognaphalus)\nGolden swallow (Tachycineta euchrysea)\nBicknell's thrush (Catharus bicknelli)\nWhite-winged warbler (Xenoligea montana)","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cycluracornuta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rhinoceros iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_iguana"},{"link_name":"American crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crocodile"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RileyRiley2005-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soil-9"},{"link_name":"Snake charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charming"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Reptiles","text":"Rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) on Limbe Island, northern HaitiThe American crocodile is reported at Etang Saumâtre.[6] Caimans are also reported in the rivers in the southern part of the peninsula.[9] Snake charming is an active trade in Haiti, and wild snakes are often hunted in the country.[25]","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hispaniolan ventriloquial frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherodactylus_dolomedes"},{"link_name":"Macaya breast-spot frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaya_breast-spot_frog"},{"link_name":"La Hotte glanded frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherodactylus_glandulifer"},{"link_name":"Macaya burrowing frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaya_burrowing_frog"},{"link_name":"Mozart's frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherodactylus_amadeus"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan crowned frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_crowned_frog"},{"link_name":"La Selle grass frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Selle_grass_frog"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science-7"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iberia-26"}],"sub_title":"Amphibians","text":"Six species of amphibians (frogs) have been reported. These are: Hispaniolan ventriloquial frog, Macaya breast-spot frog, La Hotte glanded frog, Macaya burrowing frog, Mozart's frog and Hispaniolan crowned frog. However, La Selle grass frog, the reportedly extinct species, has not been traced.[7] The endemic frogs species are found in the remote southern mountains of Haiti and are considered \"a ‘barometer species’ for ecological health\" of the island country.[26]","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Molluscs","text":"A certain species of tree snail in Haiti can only survive on a specific type of tree in the country. Such snails, such as the candy-stripe tree snail, are \"so admired for their beauty\".[27]","title":"Fauna"}]
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[{"image_text":"Labadee beach, Haïti, close to Cap-Haïtien","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Labadee_Haiti.jpg/220px-Labadee_Haiti.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Caribbean reef squid). La Fague, Cap-Haitien","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sepioteuthis_sepioidea_%28Caribbean_Reef_Squid%29.jpg/220px-Sepioteuthis_sepioidea_%28Caribbean_Reef_Squid%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pinus occidentalis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pinus_occidentalis_Jarabacoa.jpg/220px-Pinus_occidentalis_Jarabacoa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster), national bird of Haiti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Priotelus_roseigaster.jpg/250px-Priotelus_roseigaster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Golden-winged warbler (NT)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Golden-winged_Warbler_NGM-v31-p308-C.jpg/220px-Golden-winged_Warbler_NGM-v31-p308-C.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sketch of Hispaniolan parakeet (VU)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aratinga_chloroptera_maugei.jpg/220px-Aratinga_chloroptera_maugei.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) on Limbe Island, northern Haiti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cycluracornuta.jpg/220px-Cycluracornuta.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Haiti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg"},{"title":"Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Animals"},{"title":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"}]
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[{"reference":"World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1992). Nearctic and Neotropical. IUCN. pp. 384–. ISBN 978-2-8317-0093-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PpFj275P1msC&pg=PT384","url_text":"Nearctic and Neotropical"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0093-9","url_text":"978-2-8317-0093-9"}]},{"reference":"Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 9783319337456. Retrieved 8 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=de9NDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319337456","url_text":"9783319337456"}]},{"reference":"Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). \"Current Affairs November 2016 eBook\". p. 93. Retrieved 8 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5wBsDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Current Affairs November 2016 eBook\""}]},{"reference":"Lonely Planet Haiti: Chapter from Caribbean Islands Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. 1 January 2012. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-74321-104-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iTQzwBCpg-MC&pg=PT36","url_text":"Lonely Planet Haiti: Chapter from Caribbean Islands Travel Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74321-104-5","url_text":"978-1-74321-104-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Haiti\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251961/Haiti","url_text":"\"Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"Riley, Laura; Riley, William (2005). Nature's Strongholds: The World's Greatest Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-0-691-12219-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icMuBQhW4vgC&pg=PA325","url_text":"Nature's Strongholds: The World's Greatest Wildlife Reserves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12219-9","url_text":"978-0-691-12219-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Wildlife: Amid the Ruins of Haiti, Conservationists Find Endangered Frogs\". Science.time.com. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.time.com/2011/01/11/wildlife-amid-the-ruins-of-haiti-conservationists-find-endangered-frogs/","url_text":"\"Wildlife: Amid the Ruins of Haiti, Conservationists Find Endangered Frogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Background\". CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/","url_text":"\"Background\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haiti: Solis\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251961/Haiti/285926/Soils","url_text":"\"Haiti: Solis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geography\". CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/","url_text":"\"Geography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hotspots E-news\". Expedition to Pic Macaya uncovers Haitian treasures. Conservation International. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maildogmanager.com/page.html?p=000001XDDtjAp69MYakQRcIrkw8+HrA9RjVa8=","url_text":"\"Hotspots E-news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haiti\". Eoearth organization. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Haiti","url_text":"\"Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"\". Resolution Regarding the National Parks of Haiti\". The American Society of Mammalogists.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mammalsociety.org/resolution-regarding-national-parks-haiti","url_text":"\". Resolution Regarding the National Parks of Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Floristic study of Morne la Visite and Pic Macaya national parks, Haiti\". University of Florida. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00065151/00001","url_text":"\"Floristic study of Morne la Visite and Pic Macaya national parks, Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"Margaret J. Goldstein (30 June 2005). Haiti In Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-8225-2670-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U84tmouLKYQC&pg=PA15","url_text":"Haiti In Pictures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2670-4","url_text":"978-0-8225-2670-4"}]},{"reference":"\"ImportanBird Areas Americas Haiti\" (PDF). BirdLife International Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AmCntryPDFs/Haiti.pdf","url_text":"\"ImportanBird Areas Americas Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haiti – Environment : The reforestation of the National Park\". Haiti news. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-3372-haiti-environment-the-reforestation-of-the-national-park-la-visite-continues.html","url_text":"\"Haiti – Environment : The reforestation of the National Park\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Clammer; Michael Grosberg; Jens Porup (2008). Dominican Republic & Haiti. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. pp. 327–. ISBN 978-1-74104-292-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kjde3Fmwb7IC&pg=PA327","url_text":"Dominican Republic & Haiti. Ediz. Inglese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-292-4","url_text":"978-1-74104-292-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Survey: Haiti's Coral Reefs Most Overfished In The World; 'No Food Fish Of Reproductive Age'\". underwatertimes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=82431079051","url_text":"\"Survey: Haiti's Coral Reefs Most Overfished In The World; 'No Food Fish Of Reproductive Age'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marine life: Reef life includes elkhorn, brain and – Caribbean ...\" (PDF). Haiti. Onecaribbean Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onecaribbean.org/content/files/Part2CTODiveGuide.pdf","url_text":"\"Marine life: Reef life includes elkhorn, brain and – Caribbean ...\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Latta; Christopher Rimmer; Allan Keith; James Wiley; Herbert Raffaele; Kent McFarland; Eladio Fernandez (23 April 2010). Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Princeton University Press. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-4008-3410-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yBV06QyxYqsC&pg=PA16","url_text":"Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3410-5","url_text":"978-1-4008-3410-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World:Haiti\". Avi Base Organization. 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN&list=clements&synlang=®ion=HT&version=text","url_text":"\"Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World:Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haiti Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places\". Sphereinfo.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sphereinfo.com/haiti-history-culture-religion.htm","url_text":"\"Haiti Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places\""}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Temnotrogon roseigaster\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22682751A131515698. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682751A131515698.en. Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22682751/131515698","url_text":"\"Temnotrogon roseigaster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682751A131515698.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682751A131515698.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Haiti Snake Charmer\". The Australian. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/gallery-e6frg6so-1226566661136?page=1","url_text":"\"Haiti Snake Charmer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"\"Wildlife of Haiti\". Frogs and the environment in Haiti. Iberianature.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-of-haiti/","url_text":"\"Wildlife of Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"Hanson, Michelle (2007). Ocean Oracle: What Seashells Reveal About Our True Nature. Simon and Schuster. pp. 53–. ISBN 9781416565437.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oIsjPnpS__0C&pg=PA5","url_text":"Ocean Oracle: What Seashells Reveal About Our True Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416565437","url_text":"9781416565437"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PpFj275P1msC&pg=PT384","external_links_name":"Nearctic and Neotropical"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=de9NDQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5wBsDQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Current Affairs November 2016 eBook\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iTQzwBCpg-MC&pg=PT36","external_links_name":"Lonely Planet Haiti: Chapter from Caribbean Islands Travel Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251961/Haiti","external_links_name":"\"Haiti\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icMuBQhW4vgC&pg=PA325","external_links_name":"Nature's Strongholds: The World's Greatest Wildlife Reserves"},{"Link":"http://science.time.com/2011/01/11/wildlife-amid-the-ruins-of-haiti-conservationists-find-endangered-frogs/","external_links_name":"\"Wildlife: Amid the Ruins of Haiti, Conservationists Find Endangered Frogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/","external_links_name":"\"Background\""},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251961/Haiti/285926/Soils","external_links_name":"\"Haiti: Solis\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/","external_links_name":"\"Geography\""},{"Link":"http://www.maildogmanager.com/page.html?p=000001XDDtjAp69MYakQRcIrkw8+HrA9RjVa8=","external_links_name":"\"Hotspots E-news\""},{"Link":"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Haiti","external_links_name":"\"Haiti\""},{"Link":"http://www.mammalsociety.org/resolution-regarding-national-parks-haiti","external_links_name":"\". Resolution Regarding the National Parks of Haiti\""},{"Link":"http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00065151/00001","external_links_name":"\"Floristic study of Morne la Visite and Pic Macaya national parks, Haiti\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U84tmouLKYQC&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"Haiti In Pictures"},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AmCntryPDFs/Haiti.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ImportanBird Areas Americas Haiti\""},{"Link":"http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-3372-haiti-environment-the-reforestation-of-the-national-park-la-visite-continues.html","external_links_name":"\"Haiti – Environment : The reforestation of the National Park\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kjde3Fmwb7IC&pg=PA327","external_links_name":"Dominican Republic & Haiti. Ediz. Inglese"},{"Link":"http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=82431079051","external_links_name":"\"Survey: Haiti's Coral Reefs Most Overfished In The World; 'No Food Fish Of Reproductive Age'\""},{"Link":"http://www.onecaribbean.org/content/files/Part2CTODiveGuide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Marine life: Reef life includes elkhorn, brain and – Caribbean ...\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yBV06QyxYqsC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti"},{"Link":"http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN&list=clements&synlang=®ion=HT&version=text","external_links_name":"\"Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World:Haiti\""},{"Link":"http://www.sphereinfo.com/haiti-history-culture-religion.htm","external_links_name":"\"Haiti Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22682751/131515698","external_links_name":"\"Temnotrogon roseigaster\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682751A131515698.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682751A131515698.en"},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/gallery-e6frg6so-1226566661136?page=1","external_links_name":"\"Haiti Snake Charmer\""},{"Link":"http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-of-haiti/","external_links_name":"\"Wildlife of Haiti\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oIsjPnpS__0C&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Ocean Oracle: What Seashells Reveal About Our True Nature"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimyzon_khonensis
|
Hemimyzon khonensis
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of fish
Hemimyzon khonensis
Conservation status
Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Balitoridae
Genus:
Hemimyzon
Species:
H. khonensis
Binomial name
Hemimyzon khonensisKottelat, 2000
Hemimyzon khonensis is a species of hillstream loach in the genus Hemimyzon. It is known from a single specimen collected in the Mekong at the Khone Falls in Laos, near the Cambodian border; it is named for the falls. The specimen was 51 mm (2.0 in) in standard length.
References
^ a b Kottelat, M. (2012). "Hemimyzon khonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T180661A1648746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180661A1648746.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ a b Kottelat, M. (2000). "Diagnoses of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Bagridae, Syngnathidae, Chaudhuriidae and Tetraodontidae)" (PDF). Journal of South Asian Natural History. 5: 37–82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Hemimyzon khonensis" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
Taxon identifiersHemimyzon khonensis
Wikidata: Q3766558
CoL: 6LP34
EoL: 209934
FishBase: 57705
GBIF: 2358782
iNaturalist: 187524
IRMNG: 10452749
ITIS: 687709
IUCN: 180661
Open Tree of Life: 3627849
Plazi: D49A16F9-63A3-BFEF-D514-BB80B8018F6A
WoRMS: 1010195
ZooBank: 8341EFF8-4F7B-4949-A216-75041A6901E5
This Balitoridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hillstream loach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillstream_loach"},{"link_name":"Hemimyzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimyzon"},{"link_name":"Mekong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong"},{"link_name":"Khone Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khone_Falls"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kottelat-2"},{"link_name":"standard length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_length"}],"text":"Hemimyzon khonensis is a species of hillstream loach in the genus Hemimyzon. It is known from a single specimen collected in the Mekong at the Khone Falls in Laos, near the Cambodian border;[1] it is named for the falls.[2] The specimen was 51 mm (2.0 in) in standard length.","title":"Hemimyzon khonensis"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kottelat, M. (2012). \"Hemimyzon khonensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T180661A1648746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180661A1648746.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/180661/1648746","url_text":"\"Hemimyzon khonensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180661A1648746.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180661A1648746.en"}]},{"reference":"Kottelat, M. (2000). \"Diagnoses of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Bagridae, Syngnathidae, Chaudhuriidae and Tetraodontidae)\" (PDF). Journal of South Asian Natural History. 5: 37–82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115743/http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-5-number-1/Maurice%20Kottelat-%20Diagnoses%20of%20a%20new%20genus%20and%2064%20new%20species%20of%20fishes%20from%20Laos%20Teleostei-%20Cyprinidae%20Balitoridae%20Bagridae%20Syngnathidae%20Chaudhuriidae%20and%20Tetraodontidae.pdf","url_text":"\"Diagnoses of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Bagridae, Syngnathidae, Chaudhuriidae and Tetraodontidae)\""},{"url":"http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-5-number-1/Maurice%20Kottelat-%20Diagnoses%20of%20a%20new%20genus%20and%2064%20new%20species%20of%20fishes%20from%20Laos%20Teleostei-%20Cyprinidae%20Balitoridae%20Bagridae%20Syngnathidae%20Chaudhuriidae%20and%20Tetraodontidae.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/180661/1648746","external_links_name":"\"Hemimyzon khonensis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180661A1648746.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180661A1648746.en"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115743/http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-5-number-1/Maurice%20Kottelat-%20Diagnoses%20of%20a%20new%20genus%20and%2064%20new%20species%20of%20fishes%20from%20Laos%20Teleostei-%20Cyprinidae%20Balitoridae%20Bagridae%20Syngnathidae%20Chaudhuriidae%20and%20Tetraodontidae.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Diagnoses of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Bagridae, Syngnathidae, Chaudhuriidae and Tetraodontidae)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-5-number-1/Maurice%20Kottelat-%20Diagnoses%20of%20a%20new%20genus%20and%2064%20new%20species%20of%20fishes%20from%20Laos%20Teleostei-%20Cyprinidae%20Balitoridae%20Bagridae%20Syngnathidae%20Chaudhuriidae%20and%20Tetraodontidae.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Hemimyzon&speciesname=khonensis","external_links_name":"\"Hemimyzon khonensis\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6LP34","external_links_name":"6LP34"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/209934","external_links_name":"209934"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/57705","external_links_name":"57705"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2358782","external_links_name":"2358782"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/187524","external_links_name":"187524"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10452749","external_links_name":"10452749"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=687709","external_links_name":"687709"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/180661","external_links_name":"180661"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3627849","external_links_name":"3627849"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D49A16F9-63A3-BFEF-D514-BB80B8018F6A","external_links_name":"D49A16F9-63A3-BFEF-D514-BB80B8018F6A"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1010195","external_links_name":"1010195"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/8341EFF8-4F7B-4949-A216-75041A6901E5","external_links_name":"8341EFF8-4F7B-4949-A216-75041A6901E5"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemimyzon_khonensis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Boggs
|
Brandon Boggs
|
["1 College","2 Professional career","2.1 Texas Rangers","2.2 Milwaukee Brewers","2.3 Pittsburgh Pirates","2.4 Minnesota Twins","2.5 Atlanta Braves","2.6 York Revolution","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American baseball player (born 1983)
For the American basketball player, see Brandon Boggs (basketball).
Baseball player
Brandon BoggsBoggs with the Milwaukee BrewersLeft fielderBorn: (1983-01-09) January 9, 1983 (age 41)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Batted: SwitchThrew: RightMLB debutApril 29, 2008, for the Texas RangersLast MLB appearanceMay 24, 2011, for the Milwaukee BrewersMLB statisticsBatting average.209Home runs10Runs batted in43
Teams
Texas Rangers (2008–2010)
Milwaukee Brewers (2011)
Brandon Kyle Boggs (born January 9, 1983) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) left fielder who played for the Texas Rangers and Milwaukee Brewers from 2008 to 2011. Currently, he is the head coach of the Alpharetta Aviators in the Sunbelt Baseball League.
College
Boggs attended Georgia Tech, where he majored in Science, Technology, and Culture. In 2002 and 2003, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League.
Professional career
Texas Rangers
Boggs was selected in the 4th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft by the Texas Rangers.
Milwaukee Brewers
On November 23, 2010, Boggs signed a major league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. Near the conclusion of spring training 2011, the Brewers sent him outright to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds. The Brewers purchased his contract on April 22. On May 26, he was outrighted to the minor leagues. Boggs declared for free agency on October 17.
Pittsburgh Pirates
The Pittsburgh Pirates signed Boggs to a minor league contract on November 22, 2011. In November 2012, Boggs became a free agent.
Minnesota Twins
In 2013, Boggs played for Rochester, the Twins AAA affiliate. He appeared in 21 games before being released.
Atlanta Braves
Boggs signed a minor league deal with the Braves during the 2013 season. Boggs re-signed to a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves on May 16, 2014.
York Revolution
Boggs signed with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball for the 2015 season. He became a free agent after the 2015 season.
References
^ "Aviators Coaching Staff". Official Site of the Alpharetta Aviators. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
^ "Georgia Tech Official Athletic Site". Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
^ "2002 Orleans Cardinals". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ "2003 Orleans Cardinals". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ McCalvy, Adam. "Boggs outrighted to Nashville." Brew Beat. 29 March 2011. Retrieved on 29 March 2011.
^ Brewers to put Nyjer Morgan on disabled list with thigh bruise, NBC Sports, April 22, 2011.
^ Outrighted To Triple-A: Boggs, Weinhardt, Nava, MLBTradeRumors.com, May 26, 2011.
^ Langosch, Jenifer (November 23, 2011). "Pirates sign six players to Minor League deals".
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Aviators Coaching Staff\". Official Site of the Alpharetta Aviators. Retrieved May 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alpharettaaviators.com/coaching%20staff.html","url_text":"\"Aviators Coaching Staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia Tech Official Athletic Site\". Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100820082547/http://ramblinwreck.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/boggs_brandon00.html","url_text":"\"Georgia Tech Official Athletic Site\""},{"url":"http://ramblinwreck.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/boggs_brandon00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2002 Orleans Cardinals\". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/college/summer/stats.asp?Y=2002&T=Orleans_Cardinals","url_text":"\"2002 Orleans Cardinals\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Orleans Cardinals\". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/college/summer/stats.asp?Y=2003&T=Orleans_Cardinals","url_text":"\"2003 Orleans Cardinals\""}]},{"reference":"Langosch, Jenifer (November 23, 2011). \"Pirates sign six players to Minor League deals\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20111123&content_id=26032808&vkey=news_pit&c_id=pit","url_text":"\"Pirates sign six players to Minor League deals\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamanrao_Sadolikar
|
Wamanrao Sadolikar
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Awards and recognition","4 References"]
|
Wamanrao SadolikarBorn(1907-09-16)16 September 1907Kolhapur, Bombay Presidency, British IndiaOriginKolhapur, IndiaDied25 March 1991(1991-03-25) (aged 83)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaGenresKhayal, Bhajans, ThumrisOccupation(s)Hindustani classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli GharanaInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1920–1980Musical artist
Pandit Wamanrao Sadolikar (16 September 1907 – 25 March 1991) was a Hindustani classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana founded by his guru, Utd. Alladiya Khan.
Early life
Pt. Wamanrao Sadolikar was born into a family of music lovers in Kolhapur. As a teenager, he studied classical music under Pt. V. D. Paluskar of the Gwalior Gharana.
Career
Sadolikar's career put him into many roles on the stages of Marathi Natya Sangeet, as a singer-actor, a music director and a director. He also had several film appearances. He studied music under Utd. Bhurji Khan and Utd. Alladiya Khan, and he instructed his brother, Madhukar Sadolikar, his daughter Smt. Shruti Sadolikar-Katkar, and Smt. Manjiri Kavre-Alegaonkar.
Awards and recognition
1938 – Sangeet Praveen by Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, Lahore.
ITC SRA Fellowship
Balgandharv Suvarna Padak by the Marathi Natya Parishad.
References
^ Dorian, Frederick; Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Trillo, Richard; Duane, Orla (2000). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 92. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
^ Tandon, Aditi (6 November 2000). "Three days of rich musical treat". The Tribune. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
^ a b "Wamanrao Sadolikar". Underscorerecords.com. 16 September 1907. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
^ "Music sammelan". The Hindu. 14 December 2004. Archived from the original on 24 December 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
^ "Profile". Manjirialegaonkar.com. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
Authority control databases International
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France
BnF data
This article about an Indian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindustani classical vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur-Atrauli_Gharana"},{"link_name":"Utd. Alladiya Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alladiya_Khan"}],"text":"Musical artistPandit Wamanrao Sadolikar (16 September 1907 – 25 March 1991) was a Hindustani classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana founded by his guru, Utd. Alladiya Khan.","title":"Wamanrao Sadolikar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rough-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI-2"},{"link_name":"Pt. V. D. Paluskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Digambar_Paluskar"},{"link_name":"Gwalior Gharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Gharana"}],"text":"Pt. Wamanrao Sadolikar was born into a family of music lovers in Kolhapur.[1][2] As a teenager, he studied classical music under Pt. V. D. Paluskar of the Gwalior Gharana.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_people"},{"link_name":"Natya Sangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natya_Sangeet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underscore-3"},{"link_name":"Utd. Bhurji Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurji_Khan"},{"link_name":"Utd. Alladiya Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alladiya_Khan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Smt. Shruti Sadolikar-Katkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shruti_Sadolikar"},{"link_name":"Smt. Manjiri Kavre-Alegaonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manjiri_Alegaonkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sadolikar's career put him into many roles on the stages of Marathi Natya Sangeet, as a singer-actor, a music director and a director. He also had several film appearances.[3] He studied music under Utd. Bhurji Khan and Utd. Alladiya Khan,[4] and he instructed his brother, Madhukar Sadolikar, his daughter Smt. Shruti Sadolikar-Katkar, and Smt. Manjiri Kavre-Alegaonkar.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangeet Praveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangeet_Praveen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gandharva Mahavidyalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandharva_Mahavidyalaya"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underscore-3"},{"link_name":"ITC SRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Sangeet_Research_Academy"},{"link_name":"Balgandharv Suvarna Padak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balgandharv_Suvarna_Padak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marathi Natya Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marathi_Natya_Parishad&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1938 – Sangeet Praveen by Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, Lahore.[3]\nITC SRA Fellowship\nBalgandharv Suvarna Padak by the Marathi Natya Parishad.","title":"Awards and recognition"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Dorian, Frederick; Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Trillo, Richard; Duane, Orla (2000). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 92. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA92","url_text":"World Music: The Rough Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0","url_text":"1-85828-636-0"}]},{"reference":"Tandon, Aditi (6 November 2000). \"Three days of rich musical treat\". The Tribune. Retrieved 5 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001107/cth2.htm","url_text":"\"Three days of rich musical treat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)","url_text":"The Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Wamanrao Sadolikar\". Underscorerecords.com. 16 September 1907. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.underscorerecords.com/artistes/detail/164/Wamanrao_Sadolikar","url_text":"\"Wamanrao Sadolikar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music sammelan\". The Hindu. 14 December 2004. Archived from the original on 24 December 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041224001834/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/14/stories/2004121400540300.htm","url_text":"\"Music sammelan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/14/stories/2004121400540300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile\". Manjirialegaonkar.com. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manjirialegaonkar.com/profile.html","url_text":"\"Profile\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA92","external_links_name":"World Music: The Rough Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001107/cth2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Three days of rich musical treat\""},{"Link":"http://www.underscorerecords.com/artistes/detail/164/Wamanrao_Sadolikar","external_links_name":"\"Wamanrao Sadolikar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041224001834/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/14/stories/2004121400540300.htm","external_links_name":"\"Music sammelan\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/14/stories/2004121400540300.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.manjirialegaonkar.com/profile.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000004788254","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/20012010","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15776347f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15776347f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wamanrao_Sadolikar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(film_editor)
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Peter Taylor (film editor)
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["1 Selected filmography","2 See also","3 References"]
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English film editor (1922–1997)
For other people named Peter Taylor, see Peter Taylor.
Peter TaylorBornPeter John Brough Taylor(1922-02-28)28 February 1922Portsmouth, EnglandDied17 December 1997(1997-12-17) (aged 75)Rome, ItalyOccupationFilm editorYears active1942–1991AwardsOscar Award (1957)
Peter Taylor (18 February 1922 – 17 December 1997) was an English film editor with more than 30 film credits. Perhaps his best remembered contribution is the editing of the 1957 film The Bridge on the River Kwai.
In his obituary for Taylor, Tony Sloman gives several examples to illustrate Taylor's editing. He writes:By 1963 the British New Wave had beached, and Peter Taylor edited the superb This Sporting Life, the debut feature of the cine-literate director Lindsay Anderson. It is a remarkable study of working-class angst, with a cutting style like no other British feature before it, an ever-underrated achievement by Taylor, as Anderson received all the credit, as directors do. This Sporting Life remains, with The Bridge on the River Kwai, the supreme testament to Peter Taylor's craft and talent.
Taylor won an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), which was placed as the 36th best American film ever made in the 2007 American Film Institute listing. David Lean directed the film, about whom Ken Dancyger has noted that, "Lean may have made few films, but his influence has far exceeded those numbers. The role of editing in his films may help explain that influence." Lean himself had begun his own career as a film editor. Sloman comments on the relationship of Lean, Taylor, and the film's editing: ...film industry wags may assert that the editing Oscar came with the letter of engagement on a David Lean film - and in later years it is certainly true that Lean, a former editor, would himself dictate the precise nature of the cutting - none the less, Peter Taylor had served a long apprenticeship with Lean. His Oscar for Kwai was an honest vindication of his talent, for Taylor physically edited the film into shape, working closely with Lean only on the final cut.
Taylor moved to Rome, Italy around 1966. He edited three films with Italian director Franco Zeffirelli; both La Traviata (1983) and Otello (1986) were nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film.
Selected filmography
The director of each film is indicated within the parentheses.
Hobson's Choice (1954-David Lean)
For Better, for Worse (1954-J. Lee Thompson). Thompson's third film as a director.
Summertime (1955-David Lean)
Portrait of Alison (1956-Guy Green)
The Man Who Never Was (1956-Ronald Neame)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957-David Lean)
Luna de Miel or Honeymoon (1959-Michael Powell)
The Mark (1961-Guy Green)
Waltz of the Toreadors (1962-John Guillermin)
This Sporting Life (1963-Lindsay Anderson)
One Way Pendulum (1963-Peter Yates)
Judith (1966-Daniel Mann)
The Taming of the Shrew (1967-Franco Zeffirelli)
Anzio (1968-Edward Dmytryk)
Fangio: Una vita a 300 all'ora (1971-Hugh Hudson)
La Traviata (1982-Franco Zeffirelli)
Otello (1986-Franco Zeffirelli)
The Penitent (1988-Cliff Osmond)
See also
List of film director and editor collaborations
References
^ Peter Taylor at IMDb
^ a b c d Sloman, Tony (1998). "Obituary: Peter Taylor", The Independent, 6 January 1998. Online version retrieved 13 February 2012.
^ Dancyger, Ken (2002). The Technique of Film and Video Editing: History, Theory, and Practice (Third Edition) (Focal Press), p. 91. ISBN 978-0-240-80420-0.
vteAcademy Award for Best Film Editing1934–1950
Conrad A. Nervig (1934)
Ralph Dawson (1935)
Ralph Dawson (1936)
Gene Havlick and Gene Milford (1937)
Ralph Dawson (1938)
Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom (1939)
Anne Bauchens (1940)
William Holmes (1941)
Daniel Mandell (1942)
George Amy (1943)
Barbara McLean (1944)
Robert J. Kern (1945)
Daniel Mandell (1946)
Francis Lyon and Robert Parrish (1947)
Paul Weatherwax (1948)
Harry W. Gerstad (1949)
Ralph E. Winters and Conrad A. Nervig (1950)
1951–1975
William Hornbeck (1951)
Elmo Williams and Harry W. Gerstad (1952)
William Lyon (1953)
Gene Milford (1954)
Charles Nelson and William Lyon (1955)
Gene Ruggiero and Paul Weatherwax (1956)
Peter Taylor (1957)
Adrienne Fazan (1958)
Ralph E. Winters and John D. Dunning (1959)
Daniel Mandell (1960)
Thomas Stanford (1961)
Anne V. Coates (1962)
Harold F. Kress (1963)
Cotton Warburton (1964)
William Reynolds (1965)
Fredric Steinkamp, Henry Berman, Stewart Linder and Frank Santillo (1966)
Hal Ashby (1967)
Frank P. Keller (1968)
Françoise Bonnot (1969)
Hugh S. Fowler (1970)
Gerald B. Greenberg (1971)
David Bretherton (1972)
William Reynolds (1973)
Harold F. Kress and Carl Kress (1974)
Verna Fields (1975)
1976–2000
Richard Halsey and Scott Conrad (1976)
Paul Hirsch, Marcia Lucas, and Richard Chew (1977)
Peter Zinner (1978)
Alan Heim (1979)
Thelma Schoonmaker (1980)
Michael Kahn (1981)
John Bloom (1982)
Glenn Farr, Lisa Fruchtman, Tom Rolf, Stephen A. Rotter, and Douglas Stewart (1983)
Jim Clark (1984)
Thom Noble (1985)
Claire Simpson (1986)
Gabriella Cristiani (1987)
Arthur Schmidt (1988)
David Brenner and Joe Hutshing (1989)
Neil Travis (1990)
Joe Hutshing and Pietro Scalia (1991)
Joel Cox (1992)
Michael Kahn (1993)
Arthur Schmidt (1994)
Mike Hill and Daniel P. Hanley (1995)
Walter Murch (1996)
Conrad Buff IV, James Cameron, and Richard A. Harris (1997)
Michael Kahn (1998)
Zach Staenberg (1999)
Stephen Mirrione (2000)
2001–present
Pietro Scalia (2001)
Martin Walsh (2002)
Jamie Selkirk (2003)
Thelma Schoonmaker (2004)
Hughes Winborne (2005)
Thelma Schoonmaker (2006)
Christopher Rouse (2007)
Chris Dickens (2008)
Chris Innis and Bob Murawski (2009)
Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter (2010)
Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter (2011)
William Goldenberg (2012)
Alfonso Cuarón and Mark Sanger (2013)
Tom Cross (2014)
Margaret Sixel (2015)
John Gilbert (2016)
Lee Smith (2017)
John Ottman (2018)
Andrew Buckland and Michael McCusker (2019)
Mikkel E. G. Nielsen (2020)
Joe Walker (2021)
Paul Rogers (2022)
Jennifer Lame (2023)
Best Film Editing became Best Editing in 1999
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"film editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-1"},{"link_name":"The Bridge on the River Kwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloman-2"},{"link_name":"Tony Sloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Sloman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloman-2"},{"link_name":"British New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"This Sporting Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Sporting_Life"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Film Editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Film_Editing"},{"link_name":"The Bridge on the River Kwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute listing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Movies"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dancyger-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloman-2"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"La Traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Traviata_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Otello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otello_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Film"}],"text":"For other people named Peter Taylor, see Peter Taylor.Peter Taylor (18 February 1922 – 17 December 1997) was an English film editor with more than 30 film credits.[1] Perhaps his best remembered contribution is the editing of the 1957 film The Bridge on the River Kwai.[2]In his obituary for Taylor, Tony Sloman gives several examples to illustrate Taylor's editing.[2] He writes:By 1963 the British New Wave had beached, and Peter Taylor edited the superb This Sporting Life, the debut feature of the cine-literate director Lindsay Anderson. It is a remarkable study of working-class angst, with a cutting style like no other British feature before it, an ever-underrated achievement by Taylor, as Anderson received all the credit, as directors do. This Sporting Life remains, with The Bridge on the River Kwai, the supreme testament to Peter Taylor's craft and talent.Taylor won an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), which was placed as the 36th best American film ever made in the 2007 American Film Institute listing. David Lean directed the film, about whom Ken Dancyger has noted that, \"Lean may have made few films, but his influence has far exceeded those numbers. The role of editing in his films may help explain that influence.\"[3] Lean himself had begun his own career as a film editor. Sloman comments on the relationship of Lean, Taylor, and the film's editing:[2]...film industry wags may assert that the editing Oscar came with the letter of engagement on a David Lean film - and in later years it is certainly true that Lean, a former editor, would himself dictate the precise nature of the cutting - none the less, Peter Taylor had served a long apprenticeship with Lean. His Oscar for Kwai was an honest vindication of his talent, for Taylor physically edited the film into shape, working closely with Lean only on the final cut.Taylor moved to Rome, Italy around 1966.[2] He edited three films with Italian director Franco Zeffirelli; both La Traviata (1983) and Otello (1986) were nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film.","title":"Peter Taylor (film editor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hobson's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson%27s_Choice_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"For Better, for Worse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Better,_for_Worse_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"J. Lee Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lee_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Summertime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertime_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Alison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Alison"},{"link_name":"Guy Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Green_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Never Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Never_Was"},{"link_name":"Ronald Neame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Neame"},{"link_name":"The Bridge on the River Kwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai"},{"link_name":"Luna de Miel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Powell"},{"link_name":"The Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Waltz of the Toreadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz_of_the_Toreadors_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Guillermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Guillermin"},{"link_name":"This Sporting Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Sporting_Life"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson"},{"link_name":"One Way Pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Way_Pendulum_(film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Yates"},{"link_name":"Judith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mann"},{"link_name":"The Taming of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzio_(film)"},{"link_name":"Edward Dmytryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dmytryk"},{"link_name":"Fangio: Una vita a 300 all'ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangio:_Una_vita_a_300_all%27ora"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hudson"},{"link_name":"La Traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Traviata_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Otello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otello_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"The Penitent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penitent_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cliff Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Osmond"}],"text":"The director of each film is indicated within the parentheses.Hobson's Choice (1954-David Lean)\nFor Better, for Worse (1954-J. Lee Thompson). Thompson's third film as a director.\nSummertime (1955-David Lean)\nPortrait of Alison (1956-Guy Green)\nThe Man Who Never Was (1956-Ronald Neame)\nThe Bridge on the River Kwai (1957-David Lean)\nLuna de Miel or Honeymoon (1959-Michael Powell)\nThe Mark (1961-Guy Green)\nWaltz of the Toreadors (1962-John Guillermin)\nThis Sporting Life (1963-Lindsay Anderson)\nOne Way Pendulum (1963-Peter Yates)\nJudith (1966-Daniel Mann)\nThe Taming of the Shrew (1967-Franco Zeffirelli)\nAnzio (1968-Edward Dmytryk)\nFangio: Una vita a 300 all'ora (1971-Hugh Hudson)\nLa Traviata (1982-Franco Zeffirelli)\nOtello (1986-Franco Zeffirelli)\nThe Penitent (1988-Cliff Osmond)","title":"Selected filmography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of film director and editor collaborations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_director_and_editor_collaborations"}]
|
[]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Blondell
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Gloria Blondell
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["1 Family","2 Stage","3 Radio","4 Film","5 Television","6 Voice-over","7 Personal life","8 Death","9 Filmography","10 References","11 External links"]
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American actress (1915–1986)
Gloria BlondellBlondell as Honeybee Gillis in the 1950s sitcom The Life of RileyBorn(1915-08-16)August 16, 1915New York City, U.S.DiedMarch 25, 1986(1986-03-25) (aged 70)Santa Monica, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1916–1962Spouses
Albert R. Broccoli
(m. 1940; div. 1945)
Victor Hunter
(m. 1946; died 1980)
RelativesJoan Blondell (sister)
Gloria Blondell (August 16, 1915 – March 25, 1986) was a stage, film, and television actress who was the younger sister of actress Joan Blondell.
Family
Blondell was born into a vaudeville family. Her parents and siblings, Edward Jr. and Joan, were all entertainers. She once said, "ome member of my family has been in the theater ever since the time of Richard the Lionhearted." Her father, Levi Blustine (or Bluestein), a vaudeville comedian known as Ed Blondell, was born in Poland to a Jewish family circa 1865 and died in Glendale, California, on March 27, 1943. He toured for many years starring in the Blondell/Fennessy stage version of The Katzenjammer Kids. Blondell's mother, Catherine (also known as Kathryn or Katie) Caine, was born in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, on April 13, 1884, of Irish descent. She died on October 5, 1952, in Glendale, California.
Stage
Gloria Blondell said that she first went on stage when she was 9 months old, and she was described as "a trouper at three ." Her family comprised a vaudeville troupe, the "Bouncing Blondells", whose members were her parents, her sister and her brother. In 1935, she appeared in the Broadway production of Three Men on a Horse at the Playhouse in New York City.
Radio
Gloria Blondell was a popular featured actress during the Golden Age of Radio. Blondell had the role of secretary Jerry Booker on I Love a Mystery.
Her appearances on radio include The Adventures of Philip Marlowe; Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar; Lux Radio Theatre; Arch Oboler's Plays; Richard Diamond, Private Detective; Screen Directors Playhouse, and The Great Gildersleeve.
Film
Blondell co-starred with Ronald Reagan in Accidents Will Happen (1938) and with Hans Conried in The Twonky (1953). She was also in Daredevil Drivers (1938) and Three Sappy People (1939).
Television
In her television performances, Blondell may be best remembered for her role as Honeybee Gillis in the 1950s sitcom starring William Bendix, The Life of Riley. She was cast in that series opposite Tom D'Andrea as her husband, Jim Gillis. She appeared in the I Love Lucy episode "The Anniversary Present" (1952).
She portrayed an aging prostitute who rescues a town from a trio of criminals in "The Looters", an episode of Wanted Dead or Alive.
Voice-over
For Daisy Duck's second appearance as a Disney cartoon character, she took over, marking the debut of Daisy's "normal" voice. Blondell would voice Daisy for six of her nine speaking appearances during the classic shorts era.
Personal life
She married film producer Albert R. Broccoli on July 26, 1940; they divorced August 7, 1945. The following year, on September 14, she married Victor Hunter in Monterey, California. They remained married until his death in 1980, just weeks after her sister's death. Gloria and Victor had one daughter, who was born prematurely and died at birth. During the child's delivery, Gloria also nearly died from blood loss, but her life was saved by an emergency hysterectomy.: 148
Death
Blondell died at age 70 in 1986 in Santa Monica, California from cancer. Her body was cremated.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1938
Daredevil Drivers
Lucy McAuliffe aka Lucy Mack
Accidents Will Happen
Patricia Carmody
Four's a Crowd
Lansford's 1st Secretary
Juvenile Court
Gary's Secretary
Uncredited
The Spider's Web
Chase's Secretary
Serial, Uncredited
The Lady Objects
Grace
Uncredited
1941
Model Wife
Gloria
Uncredited
1952
Don't Bother to Knock
Janie – Cafe Photographer
Uncredited
1953
White Lightning
Ann Garfield
The Twonky
Lady Bill Collector
1957
God Is My Partner
Tree Critic / Wife
Uncredited
References
^ a b Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3rd ed.). McFarland. ISBN 978-1476625997 – via Google Books.
^ "Joan Blondell's Sister in Film". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. April 30, 1938. p. 8. Retrieved October 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Belser, Emily (February 2, 1956). "Gloria Blondell Finding Sister's Shadow A Burden". Corsicana Daily Sun. p. 19.
^ "". The Republic. Columbus, Indiana. October 7, 1971. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. The Katzenjammer Kids will be presented in Franklin this evening, the company having passed through here this morning on the way to that place. "Eddie Blondell's true name is Levi Bluestein, and he was a resident of Columbus many years ago, living with his father at the foot of Washington Street
^ "". The Republic. Columbus, Indiana. January 29, 1906. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. No allowance was made for alimony, but Mrs. Blondell seemed to be satisfied. The Blondells, who in private life were Mr. and Mrs. Levi Bluestein, have been annoyed by a case of incompatibility of temper for a long time. They were formerly a member of Katzenjammer Kids' company...
^ "Blondell and Fennessy's hurricane of fun and frolic, The Katzenjammer Kids". loc.gov. United States Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
^ "". Variety. November 1916. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Rowland & Clifford, a western producing firm, have also a production in preparation under the title of 'The Katzenjammer Kids', securing the rights from Blondell & Fennessy. Both shows are scheduled to play over the International, with the Hill production to be ready by Jan. 1.
^ Kennedy, Matthew (2009). Joan Blondell: A Life Between Takes. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1628461817 – via Google Books.
^ "Grave Spotlight – Joan Blondell". cemeteryguide.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
^ The Republic. Columbus, Indiana. January 21, 1903. p. 8 Archived February 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
^ Rathbun, Joe (December 10, 1944). "Joe's Radio Parade". Sunday Times Signal. p. 23. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Three Men on a Horse – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB".
^ Clark, Ethel (April 5, 1942). "Ethel Clark's Radio Flashes". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. p. 35. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Theater Calendar". The Decatur Daily Review. April 24, 1938. p. 20. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Movie Reporter Speaks". The Hearne Democrat. October 16, 1953. p. 15. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Joan Blondell's Sister in Film". Harrisburg Telegraph. April 30, 1938. p. 8. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Gloria Blondell Granted Divorce". Kingsport News. August 8, 1945. p. 3. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Gloria Blondell Wed To Advertising Man". The San Bernardino County Sun. September 15, 1946. p. 17. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Kennedy, Matthew (2007). Joan Blondell, a life between takes. University Press of Mississippi. p. 144. ISBN 978-1578069613.
External links
Gloria Blondell at IMDb
Portals: Biography New York City Comedy Radio Film Television Theater
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan Blondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blondell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gloria Blondell (August 16, 1915 – March 25, 1986) was a stage, film, and television actress who was the younger sister of actress Joan Blondell.[2]","title":"Gloria Blondell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blondell"},{"link_name":"Richard the Lionhearted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Katzenjammer Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Katzenjammer_Kids"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-between-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Blondell was born into a vaudeville family. Her parents and siblings, Edward Jr. and Joan, were all entertainers. She once said, \"[S]ome member of my family has been in the theater ever since the time of Richard the Lionhearted.\"[3] Her father, Levi Blustine (or Bluestein), a vaudeville comedian known as Ed Blondell,[4][5] was born in Poland to a Jewish family circa 1865[citation needed] and died in Glendale, California, on March 27, 1943. He toured for many years starring in the Blondell/Fennessy stage version of The Katzenjammer Kids.[6][7][8][9] Blondell's mother, Catherine (also known as Kathryn or Katie) Caine, was born in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, on April 13, 1884, of Irish descent. She died on October 5, 1952, in Glendale, California.[10]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-3"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Three Men on a Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_on_a_Horse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Gloria Blondell said that she first went on stage when she was 9 months old, and she was described as \"a trouper at three [years of age].\"[3] Her family comprised a vaudeville troupe, the \"Bouncing Blondells\", whose members were her parents, her sister and her brother.[11] In 1935, she appeared in the Broadway production of Three Men on a Horse at the Playhouse in New York City.[12]","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Age of Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio"},{"link_name":"I Love a Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_a_Mystery"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Philip Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Philip_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yours_Truly,_Johnny_Dollar"},{"link_name":"Lux Radio Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Arch Oboler's Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Oboler%27s_Plays"},{"link_name":"Richard Diamond, Private Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Diamond,_Private_Detective"},{"link_name":"Screen Directors Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Directors_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"The Great Gildersleeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gildersleeve"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gloria Blondell was a popular featured actress during the Golden Age of Radio. Blondell had the role of secretary Jerry Booker on I Love a Mystery.[13]\nHer appearances on radio include The Adventures of Philip Marlowe; Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar; Lux Radio Theatre; Arch Oboler's Plays; Richard Diamond, Private Detective; Screen Directors Playhouse, and The Great Gildersleeve.[citation needed]","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Accidents Will Happen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidents_Will_Happen_(film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hans Conried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Conried"},{"link_name":"The Twonky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twonky"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Daredevil Drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_Drivers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Three Sappy People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sappy_People"}],"text":"Blondell co-starred with Ronald Reagan in Accidents Will Happen (1938)[14] and with Hans Conried in The Twonky (1953).[15] She was also in Daredevil Drivers (1938)[16] and Three Sappy People (1939).","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Bendix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bendix"},{"link_name":"The Life of Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Riley"},{"link_name":"Tom D'Andrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_D%27Andrea"},{"link_name":"I Love Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Wanted Dead or Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted:_Dead_or_Alive_(TV_series)"}],"text":"In her television performances, Blondell may be best remembered for her role as Honeybee Gillis in the 1950s sitcom starring William Bendix, The Life of Riley. She was cast in that series opposite Tom D'Andrea as her husband, Jim Gillis. She appeared in the I Love Lucy episode \"The Anniversary Present\" (1952).She portrayed an aging prostitute who rescues a town from a trio of criminals in \"The Looters\", an episode of Wanted Dead or Alive.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daisy Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Duck"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"}],"text":"For Daisy Duck's second appearance as a Disney cartoon character, she took over, marking the debut of Daisy's \"normal\" voice. Blondell would voice Daisy for six of her nine speaking appearances during the classic shorts era.","title":"Voice-over"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert R. Broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jb-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jb-19"}],"text":"She married film producer Albert R. Broccoli on July 26, 1940; they divorced August 7, 1945.[17] The following year, on September 14, she married Victor Hunter in Monterey, California.[18] They remained married until his death in 1980, just weeks after her sister's death.[19] Gloria and Victor had one daughter, who was born prematurely and died at birth. During the child's delivery, Gloria also nearly died from blood loss, but her life was saved by an emergency hysterectomy.[19]: 148","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Monica, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-1"}],"text":"Blondell died at age 70 in 1986 in Santa Monica, California from cancer. Her body was cremated.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Retrieved October 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2332669/the_daredevil_drivers/","url_text":"\"Joan Blondell's Sister in Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Belser, Emily (February 2, 1956). \"Gloria Blondell Finding Sister's Shadow A Burden\". Corsicana Daily Sun. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2332089/gloria_blondell_family/","url_text":"\"Gloria Blondell Finding Sister's Shadow A Burden\""}]},{"reference":"\"[Unknown]\". The Republic. Columbus, Indiana. October 7, 1971. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. The Katzenjammer Kids will be presented in Franklin this evening, the company having passed through here this morning on the way to that place. \"Eddie Blondell's true name is Levi Bluestein, and he was a resident of Columbus many years ago, living with his father at the foot of Washington Street","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204502/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/138693798/","url_text":"\"[Unknown]\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/138693798/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[Unknown]\". The Republic. Columbus, Indiana. January 29, 1906. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. No allowance was made for alimony, but Mrs. Blondell seemed to be satisfied. The Blondells, who in private life were Mr. and Mrs. Levi Bluestein, have been annoyed by a case of incompatibility of temper for a long time. They were formerly a member of Katzenjammer Kids' company...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204445/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/128802221/","url_text":"\"[Unknown]\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/128802221/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blondell and Fennessy's hurricane of fun and frolic, The Katzenjammer Kids\". loc.gov. United States Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/varspbk.brgo23/","url_text":"\"Blondell and Fennessy's hurricane of fun and frolic, The Katzenjammer Kids\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180216145442/https://www.loc.gov/item/varspbk.brgo23/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[Unknown]\". Variety. November 1916. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Rowland & Clifford, a western producing firm, have also a production in preparation under the title of 'The Katzenjammer Kids', securing the rights from Blondell & Fennessy. Both shows are scheduled to play over the International, with the Hill production to be ready by Jan. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170318013807/https://archive.org/details/variety44-1916-11","url_text":"\"[Unknown]\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety44-1916-11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Matthew (2009). Joan Blondell: A Life Between Takes. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1628461817 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LQgbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18","url_text":"Joan Blondell: A Life Between Takes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628461817","url_text":"978-1628461817"}]},{"reference":"\"Grave Spotlight – Joan Blondell\". cemeteryguide.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cemeteryguide.com/gotw-blondell.html","url_text":"\"Grave Spotlight – Joan Blondell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102001820/http://www.cemeteryguide.com/gotw-blondell.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rathbun, Joe (December 10, 1944). \"Joe's Radio Parade\". Sunday Times Signal. p. 23. 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Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2332023/the_decatur_daily_review/","url_text":"\"Theater Calendar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Movie Reporter Speaks\". The Hearne Democrat. October 16, 1953. p. 15. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2332592/the_twonky/","url_text":"\"The Movie Reporter Speaks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Joan Blondell's Sister in Film\". Harrisburg Telegraph. April 30, 1938. p. 8. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2332669/the_daredevil_drivers/","url_text":"\"Joan Blondell's Sister in Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Gloria Blondell Granted Divorce\". Kingsport News. August 8, 1945. p. 3. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2332429/blondell_broccoli_divorce","url_text":"\"Gloria Blondell Granted Divorce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gloria Blondell Wed To Advertising Man\". The San Bernardino County Sun. September 15, 1946. p. 17. Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2332208/blondell_marries_hunter","url_text":"\"Gloria Blondell Wed To Advertising Man\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Matthew (2007). Joan Blondell, a life between takes. University Press of Mississippi. p. 144. ISBN 978-1578069613.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/joanblondelllife00kenn","url_text":"Joan Blondell, a life between takes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/joanblondelllife00kenn/page/n156","url_text":"144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578069613","url_text":"978-1578069613"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C5%82a%C5%AD
|
Braslaw
|
["1 History","2 Population","3 Events","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°38′20.82″N 27°1′54.58″E / 55.6391167°N 27.0318278°E / 55.6391167; 27.0318278Town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus
Not to be confused with Breslau, the German name of Wrocław, or Bratslav.
Town in Vitebsk Region, BelarusBraslaw
Браслаў (Belarusian)Браслав (Russian)Town
FlagCoat of armsBraslawLocation in BelarusCoordinates: 55°38′20.82″N 27°1′54.58″E / 55.6391167°N 27.0318278°E / 55.6391167; 27.0318278CountryBelarusRegionVitebsk RegionDistrictBraslaw DistrictFounded1065Population (2024) • Total9,419Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)Postal code211969Area code+375 2153License plate2Websitebraslav.vitebsk-region.gov.by
Braslaw or Braslav (Belarusian: Браслаў, romanized: Braslaŭ; Russian: Браслав; Lithuanian: Breslauja, also known as Braslavas) is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Braslaw District. As of 2024, it has a population of 9,419.
History
The town was first mentioned in 1065 as a castle in the border of the Principality of Polotsk with the Lithuanian tribes. Archaeologists excavated a Viking settlement in the village of Maskachichy not far from the town. They think that Viking mercenaries were used as dependable border guards. In the 14th century, Braslaw was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, in fact, became an important fortification near the disturbing line with the Livonian Order in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1500, Alexander Jagiellon privileged the townsfolk with limited self-administration rights and a coat of arms. In 1506, the castle was presented to the widowed queen Yelena Ivanovna, the daughter of Ivan III of Russia and wife of Alexander Jagiellon, who founded an Orthodox Christian nunnery there. The town was much developed thanks to its praepostor Lew Sapieha and the king Stanisław August Poniatowski.
View of Braslaw from Braslawski Castle (1864) by Dmitry Strukov
From 1795 to 1919, Braslaw was part of Russian Empire. After Third Partition of Poland, Braslaw became an uyezd center (county seat) in Vilna Governorate in 1795, later in Kovno Governorate in 1843 except brief French occupation in 1812. It was occupied by the German Empire for 10 months in 1918. According to the Treaty of Riga, it became Polish. It was a powiat center (county seat) in Wilno Voivodeship. In the 1921 census, 56.8% people declared Jewish nationality, 34.9% declared Polish nationality, and 7.8% declared Belarusian nationality.
Around 3,000 Jews lived in Braslaw at the eve of World War II, more than the half of the inhabitants. In 1939, eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union and the town became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was occupied by Nazi Germany between 27 June 1941 and 6 June 1944 and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland. In April 1942, a ghetto was established. The liquidation of the ghetto began on 3 June 1942. Many Jews tried to escape but around 2,000 Jews were arrested and shot in ditches that had been prepared. In late 1942, the Jews from the nearby village of Opsa were gathered in Braslaw. They were killed in March 1943.
It was a raion center, first in Vileyka Region, then in Polotsk Region between 1944 and 1954 and finally in Molodechno Region between 1954 and 1960 before passing to Vitebsk. Since the 1920s, Braslaw has developed as a cheap summer resort. In 1995, it accommodated the main office of the National Park of the Braslaw Lakes.
Population
In 1948, Braslaw had a population in excess of 2000 people. In 2009, the total population of Braslaw was 9,516 people. In 2023, it had a population of 9,426.
Events
Viva Braslav is one of the most important and largest music weekends in the country. The event is held annually, traditionally in the last days of August. The main feature of the festival is famous music performers, the list of which is updated from year to year. It should be said that the event has become one of the most important events associated with the Belarusian city of Braslav.
Notes
^ Official transliteration.
References
^ a b c "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom VII. Część II (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1923. p. 3.
^ "Execution Sites of Jewish Victims Investigated by Yahad-In Unum". Yahad Interactive Map. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ "Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь. Численность населения на 1 января 2023 года" (PDF). belsat.gov.by. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Braslaw.
Official website
Photos on Radzima.org
Braslav at KehilaLinks
Braslaw, Belarus at JewishGen
vte Subdivisions of Vitebsk Region, BelarusDistricts(raiony)
Beshankovichy
Braslaw
Chashniki
Dokshytsy
Dubrowna
Haradok
Hlybokaye
Lyepyel
Lyozna
Miory
Orsha
Pastavy
Polotsk
Rasony
Sharkawshchyna
Shumilina
Syanno
Talachyn
Ushachy
Vitebsk
Vyerkhnyadzvinsk
Cities and towns
Baran
Beshankovichy
Braslaw
Chashniki
Dzisna
Dokshytsy
Dubrowna
Haradok
Hlybokaye
Lyepyel
Lyozna
Miory
Novolukoml
Novopolotsk
Orsha
Pastavy
Polotsk
Syanno
Talachyn
Vitebsk
Vyerkhnyadzvinsk
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Bratslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratslav"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk_Region"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Braslaw District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braslaw_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"}],"text":"Town in Vitebsk Region, BelarusNot to be confused with Breslau, the German name of Wrocław, or Bratslav.Town in Vitebsk Region, BelarusBraslaw or Braslav (Belarusian: Браслаў, romanized: Braslaŭ;[a] Russian: Браслав; Lithuanian: Breslauja, also known as Braslavas) is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Braslaw District.[1] As of 2024, it has a population of 9,419.[1]","title":"Braslaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principality of Polotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Livonian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order"},{"link_name":"Alexander Jagiellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"Ivan III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"praepostor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praepostor"},{"link_name":"Lew Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Sapieha"},{"link_name":"Stanisław August Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bras%C5%82a%C5%ADski_zamak._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_(D._Strukov,_1864).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Strukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Strukov"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Third Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"uyezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyezd"},{"link_name":"Vilna Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kovno Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovno_Governorate"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Riga"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"powiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat"},{"link_name":"Wilno Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"occupied by Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Generalbezirk Weißruthenien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalbezirk_Wei%C3%9Fruthenien"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ostland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"Vileyka Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vileyka_Region"},{"link_name":"Polotsk Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk_Region"},{"link_name":"Molodechno Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodechno_Region"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk_Region"},{"link_name":"Braslaw Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braslaw_Lakes"}],"text":"The town was first mentioned in 1065 as a castle in the border of the Principality of Polotsk with the Lithuanian tribes. Archaeologists excavated a Viking settlement in the village of Maskachichy not far from the town. They think that Viking mercenaries were used as dependable border guards. In the 14th century, Braslaw was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, in fact, became an important fortification near the disturbing line with the Livonian Order in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1500, Alexander Jagiellon privileged the townsfolk with limited self-administration rights and a coat of arms. In 1506, the castle was presented to the widowed queen Yelena Ivanovna, the daughter of Ivan III of Russia and wife of Alexander Jagiellon, who founded an Orthodox Christian nunnery there. The town was much developed thanks to its praepostor Lew Sapieha and the king Stanisław August Poniatowski.View of Braslaw from Braslawski Castle (1864) by Dmitry StrukovFrom 1795 to 1919, Braslaw was part of Russian Empire. After Third Partition of Poland, Braslaw became an uyezd center (county seat) in Vilna Governorate in 1795, later in Kovno Governorate in 1843 except brief French occupation in 1812. It was occupied by the German Empire for 10 months in 1918. According to the Treaty of Riga, it became Polish. It was a powiat center (county seat) in Wilno Voivodeship. In the 1921 census, 56.8% people declared Jewish nationality, 34.9% declared Polish nationality, and 7.8% declared Belarusian nationality.[2]Around 3,000 Jews lived in Braslaw at the eve of World War II, more than the half of the inhabitants. In 1939, eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union and the town became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was occupied by Nazi Germany between 27 June 1941 and 6 June 1944 and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland. In April 1942, a ghetto was established. The liquidation of the ghetto began on 3 June 1942. Many Jews tried to escape but around 2,000 Jews were arrested and shot in ditches that had been prepared. In late 1942, the Jews from the nearby village of Opsa were gathered in Braslaw. They were killed in March 1943.[3]It was a raion center, first in Vileyka Region, then in Polotsk Region between 1944 and 1954 and finally in Molodechno Region between 1954 and 1960 before passing to Vitebsk. Since the 1920s, Braslaw has developed as a cheap summer resort. In 1995, it accommodated the main office of the National Park of the Braslaw Lakes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1948, Braslaw had a population in excess of 2000 people. In 2009, the total population of Braslaw was 9,516 people. In 2023, it had a population of 9,426.[4]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viva Braslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vivabraslav.by/"}],"text":"Viva Braslav is one of the most important and largest music weekends in the country. The event is held annually, traditionally in the last days of August. The main feature of the festival is famous music performers, the list of which is updated from year to year. It should be said that the event has become one of the most important events associated with the Belarusian city of Braslav.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Official transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script"}],"text":"^ Official transliteration.","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovabazar_Raj
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Sovabazar Raj
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Zamindari estate
Part of a series onZamindars of Bengal
Central BengalPresent Divisions: Dhaka and Mymensingh
Baliati
Mohera
Bhawal
Dhaka
Karatia
Eastern BengalPresent Divisions: Chittagong and Sylhet
Baniachong
Barshala
Bohmong
Chakma
Homnabad-Pashchimgaon
Kanihati
Mong
Panchakhanda
Prithimpassa
Sandwip
Northern BengalPresent Divisions: Rangpur and Rajshahi
Dighapatia
Gunahar, Bogra
Tajhat, Rangpur
Mahipur, Rangpur
Natore
Dulai, Pabna
Puthia
Queen Bhabai Estate of Rajshahi (Natore)
Dinajpur
Singranatore
Southern BengalPresent Divisions: Barishal, Khulna and Faridpur
Chandradwip
Haturia
Padamdi
Western Bengal
Andul rajbari
Azimganj
Baruipur
Bawali
Burdwan
Dhanyakuria
Gobardanga
Hetampur
Jhargram
Karnagarh
Mahishadal
Murshidabad
Nadia
Narajole
Nashipur
Serampur
Shibpur
Sovabazar
Surul
Taki
Uttarpara
Mallick Bari
Cooch Behar
vte
The Sovabazar Raj family, seated at Sovabazar Palace in the Indian city of Kolkata, were the Zamindars of Shobhabazar. The clan begins with a Maharaja Naba Krishna Deb Bahadur left behind two sons, adopted son Raja Gopimohan Deb (1768) and his own son Raja Raj Krishna Deb. Raja Gopimohan Deb was founder director of Hindu College and founder of famous Dharma Sabha. He offered much precious gold and silver to Maa Kali of Kalighat. A very well known scholar in Hindi, Parsi, and English. His son was Radhakanta Deb, whereas Raja Rajkrishna Deb (1782–1823) had eight sons.
Shiv Krishna
Kali Krishna
Debi Krishna
Apurba Krishna
Kamal Krishna
Madhab Krishna
Narendra Krishna Deb
The Zamindari consisted more than half of Sutanuti and thousands of acres of lands in several districts of Bengal (now parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh).
References
^ "175 years later, West Bengal case goes on and on". The Economic Times. 9 November 2008.
^ "250 years of Raja Nabakrishna's 'dream' deity". The Telegraph, Kolkata. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
External links
The Sovabazar Zamindari family at Genealogical Gleanings of the Indian Princely States
vteBengal NobilityTopics
History of Bengal
Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 and 1888
East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950
Early Medieval Period
Gauda Kingdom (4th century CE–626 CE)
Pala Empire (8th century CE–12th century CE)
Sena dynasty (1070–1230)
Deva dynasty (12th century CE–13th century CE)
Mallabhum (694–1947)
Late Medieval Period
Sultanate of Bengal (1342–1576)
Mughal emperors (1576–1707)
Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1880)
Company rule in Bengal (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
Cooch Behar State (1586–1949)
Nawabs of Bengal
Murshid Quli Khan (1717–1727)
Sarfaraz Khan (1727–1727)
Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan (1727–1739)
Sarfaraz Khan (1739–1740)
Alivardi Khan (1740–1756)
Siraj ud-Daulah (1756–1757)
Mir Jafar Ali Khan (1757–1760)
Mir Qasim (1760–1763)
Mir Jafar Ali Khan (1763–1765)
Najmuddin Ali Khan (1765–1766)
Najabat Ali Khan (1766–1770)
Ashraf Ali Khan (1770)
Mubarak Ali Khan (1770–1793)
Baber Ali Khan (1793–1810)
Ali Jah (1810–1821)
Ahmad Ali Khan (1821–1824)
Mubarak Ali Khan II (1824–1838)
Mansur Ali Khan (1838–1880)
Zamindars of Bengal
Bhawal Estate
Burdwan Raj
Bohmong Circle
Chakma Circle
Rajas of Chandradwip
Nawabs of Dhaka
Nawabs of Dhanbari
Rajas of Dighapatia
Rajas of Dinajpur
Chowdhuries of Dulai
Gayen Estate of Dhanyakuria
Khans of Gunahar
Haturia Estate
Nawabs of Homnabad-Pashchimgaon
Jhargram Raj
Kandi Raj
Pannis of Karatia
Kirtipasha Raj
Lalgola Raj
Zamindars of Mahipur
Nawabs of Murshidabad (1882–1969)
Majumdars of Sylhet
Mong Circle
Muktagacha Raj
Nadia Raj
Nawabs of Padamdi
Pal family
Nawabs of Longla
Rajas of Puthia
Chowdhuries of Natore
Rajas of Natore
Rajas of Rajshahi
Rajas of Ramgopalpur
Ratanpur Nawab Estate
Zamindars of Sandwip
Rajas of Shobhabazar
Singranatore family
Susanga Raj (See: Surajit Chandra Sinha)
Bodra Zamindari (Ashok Kumar Roy Chowdhury)
Teota Estate (See: Parbati Sankar Roy Choudhury and Raja Shyama Sankar Roy Choudhury)
Rajas of Uttarpara
Establishments and Heirlooms
Hazarduari Palace
Uttara Ganabhaban
Ahsan Manzil
Israt Manzil Palace
Tajhat Palace
Natore Palace
Bhawal Estate
University of Dacca
Varendra Research Society
Varendra Research Museum
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Gole Afroz College
Rahmat Iqbal College
Rose Garden Palace
Ghughudanga Palace
Moyez Manzil Palace
Puthia Temple Complex
Wasif Manzil
vteState of West BengalCapital: KolkataState symbols
Emblem: Emblem of West Bengal
Anthem: Banglar Mati Banglar Jol
Animal: Fishing cat
Bird: White-throated kingfisher
Flower: Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)
Tree: Devil's tree (Saptaparni)
Fish: Ilish
History
Gauda Kingdom
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Geography
Bengal Basin
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Divisions and districtsBurdwan division
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Cities and towns
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List of cities in West Bengal by population
Cities and towns by district
Culture
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Bengali calendars
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Arts of West Bengal
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Demographics
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People
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Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"175 years later, West Bengal case goes on and on\". The Economic Times. 9 November 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"250 years of Raja Nabakrishna's 'dream' deity\". The Telegraph, Kolkata. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120522022257/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120503/jsp/calcutta/story_15438231.jsp#.UYpnhux4pKg","url_text":"\"250 years of Raja Nabakrishna's 'dream' deity\""},{"url":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120503/jsp/calcutta/story_15438231.jsp#.UYpnhux4pKg","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers-Wesley_United_Church
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Chalmers-Wesley United Church
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°48′36″N 71°12′32″W / 46.81006°N 71.20901°W / 46.81006; -71.20901Church in Quebec City, QuebecChalmers-Wesley United ChurchChalmers-Wesley United Church on rue Sainte-Ursule in the Upper Town of Old Quebec.Chalmers-Wesley United ChurchLocation of Chalmers-Wesley United Church in Quebec City46°48′36″N 71°12′32″W / 46.81006°N 71.20901°W / 46.81006; -71.20901Location78, rue Sainte-UrsuleQuebec City, QuebecG1R 4E8DenominationUnited Church of CanadaWebsitechalmerswesleyunited.caHistoryStatusChurchArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)John WellsGroundbreaking1851Completed1853
Chalmers-Wesley United Church is a Protestant church located within the walls of Old Quebec at 78, rue Sainte-Ursule in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Designed by architect John Wells for the Free Presbyterian Church of Canada, the church was built from 1851-1853 and opened for worship on March 6, 1853. It is particularly admired for its Gothic Revival design.
In 1925, the church became part of the newly formed United Church of Canada. Composer William Reed was notably the church's organist from 1900-1913. In 1931, the congregation of the nearby Wesleyan Methodist Church, which had also become part of The United Church of Canada, merged with Chalmers United Church and was renamed Chalmers-Wesley United Church.
References
^ Ulysses Travel Guides: Quebec City. London: Roundhouse Publishing. 2005. p. 61.
^ Helmut Kallmann. "William Reed". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 3, 2005.
^ "Remember All the Way: The History of Chalmers-Wesley United Church, Quebec City" by George W. Crawford
External links
Chalmers-Wesley United Church
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ulysses Travel Guides: Quebec City. London: Roundhouse Publishing. 2005. p. 61.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Helmut Kallmann. \"William Reed\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 3, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kallmann","url_text":"Helmut Kallmann"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050503002243/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002940","url_text":"\"William Reed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002940","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Skossyreff
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Boris Skossyreff
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["1 Early life","1.1 Political asylum","1.2 Supposed Dutch nobility","1.3 Other enterprises","2 First stay in Andorra","3 Exile","4 Andorran proposition","5 Detention","6 Visit to Olhão","7 Imprisonment and later life","7.1 Imprisonment","8 Legacy","9 References","10 Notes","10.1 Files located in the National Archives (Britain)","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]
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Russian adventurer and self-declared King of Andorra
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Mikhailovich and the family name is Skossyreff.
Boris Skossyreff"Borís I d'Andorra"Boris in 1934King of AndorraReign10 July 1934 – 23 July 1934BornBorís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev-Mavrusov(1896-06-12)12 June 1896Vilna, Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate, Russian Empire (now Vilnius, Lithuania)Died27 February 1989(1989-02-27) (aged 92)Boppard, Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany (now Germany) (possibly)SpouseMarie Louise Parat de Gassier (m. 21 March 1931)NamesBoris Mikhailovich SkossyreffFatherMicheal SkossyreffMotherElisabeth Mawrusow
Coat of arms of Boris I as self-declared King of Andorra
Boris Mikhailovich Skossyreff (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Ско́сырев, romanized: Boris Mikhailovich Skosyrev; Catalan: Borís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev pronounced ; 12 June 1896 – 27 February 1989) was a Belarusian adventurer, international swindler and pretender who attempted to seize the monarchy of the Principality of Andorra during the early 1930s, styling himself King Boris I of Andorra.
Skossyreff was born in Lithuania to a family of lower nobility from Belarus. Following the outbreak of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Skossyreff was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted in the British army for the end of World War I. This was followed by his work in the British Foreign Office. He moved to the Netherlands in the mid-1920s, where he was in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was noted as an international swindler. Despite this, Skossyreff falsely claimed to have been working in the Royal household of the Netherlands.
Through his visits to Andorra, a co-Principality in the Pyrenees co-princed by the Bishop of Urgell and President of France, in the early 1930s, Skossyreff worked on gaining power. During extensive conversations with local politicians in May 1934, Skossyreff presented the Government of Andorra a document in which he justified his intentions of rule.
Through falsely portraying himself as a member of the European aristocracy, Skossyreff proposed freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven to Andorra through his self-published constitution.
Early life
Skossyreff was born on 12 June 1896, in Vilnius, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. He later acquired a Dutch passport which elaborated that his supposed title was Monsieur le Baron Boris de Skossyreff - a possible title, but likely to be false, due to the rarity of Barons in Russia. He was likely from a family of lower nobility, corresponding to his serving as an Officer in World War I.
Skossyreff's educational background is quite ambiguous. In press interviews, he spoke about a childhood friendship with Edward VIII. He also stated that he attended the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, followed by Magdalen College, Oxford. While these claims allowed Skossyreff to build up his persona, both the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Magdalen College confirm that he was not a student.
Political asylum
Prior to his arrival in Andorra, little is known about Skossyreff. When the Russian Revolution of 1917 broke out, he was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted for around two years in the British Army for the end of World War I. He told The Times that he had served in the Royal Naval Air Service's Armoured Car Service, under Oliver Locker-Lampson, which was sent to Russia to fight against the Germans.
Following World War I, Skossyreff was mentioned in multiple newspapers for cheque fraud and swindling of a gold watch.
He was alleged to have served in the British Foreign Office, and partaken in several classified missions which took him to Siberia, Japan and the United States. He was noted by his superiors in his post-action report for his gift for languages, which gave him an ability to connect with foreigners.
Supposed Dutch nobility
Skossyreff's Dutch Passport
Skossyreff's Foreign Office documents show that he left the service in 1925 and moved to the Netherlands, where he later claimed to have worked in the Dutch Royal Household, and to have been rewarded by Wilhelmina of the Netherlands with the title of "Count of Orange" – a title normally reserved for members of the Royal Family. The Archives of the Dutch Government establish that Skossyreff did not serve the Royal Household, nor was rewarded with a title, instead being found in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was listed as an "international swindler".
Other enterprises
In 1932, Skossyreff registered "Boris de Skossyreff: import - export, representation" in Santa Marta, Colombia. During this period, he was said to have learned Spanish, which he later utilised in Andorra.
First stay in Andorra
On his first visit to Andorra, Skossyreff took up residence in the village of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, near Sant Julià de Lòria. During this visit, he was believed to have begun planning his 'coup', having had extensive conversations with peasants, artisans and politicians across Andorra.
On the 17 May 1934, Skossyreff presented the former court prosecutor and other advisers to the Council of the Valleys (former name of the Government of Andorra) a document laden with his suggestions, in which he justified his intentions of rule. His attempt was ridiculed by Council members, who were quoted as responding: "he should not meddle in political affairs in the Valleys ; and that, in the event of a repeat offence, this reserves the right to raise complaints to the competent Authority so that it applies the sanctions that will be deserved. recurrent".
Exile
Skossyreff wearing a monocle
Skossyreff saw himself as 'exiled' and settled in La Seu d'Urgell (just 5 km; 3 miles from Andorra) in the Hotel Mundial, where he began behaving like an authentic monarch; one which led to many interviews, some of them telephone calls, including those given to the newspapers The Times and The Daily Herald.
Through his attempts to gain power, Skossyreff came into contact with several Legitimist royalist groups in the south of France. In Perpignan, he managed to have his plans reach the representative of Prince Jean d'Orleáns, Duke of Guise, and pretender to the throne of France. His argument was based on the fact that the French heads of state continued to have the rights and functions of co-princes from Andorra, and as the Duke claimed to be the 'rightful' King of France, he had rights over Andorra.
During his 'exile', Skossyreff granted visits, made official receptions and organised numerous events, such as a mass for the late Catalan president Francesc Macià. He was seen walking around often with monocle and a baton, adopting the character and mannerisms of a monarch, despite his apparent lack of authority.
Skossyreff released an innovative constitution for Andorra that would have substantially modified the traditional Andorran political system. The Co-principality would have freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven; one which was argued would bring Andorra into the modern age. Skossyreff printed ten thousand copies of his Constitution, addressed to Spanish and French celebrities. One of them, which ended up in the hands of the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, caused uproar among his close circle, where he reaffirmed that the only co-princes of Andorra were the Bishop himself and the President of the French Republic.
Andorran proposition
Skossyreff proposed to make Andorra one of the most important business centers in the world, where banks, financial entities and international companies would not waste time installing their social domicile there, taking advantage of the tax regime. He asked for a reward in return for his gift to the Andorran people - for the General Council to proclaim him Prince of Andorra. According to later legends, Boris's proposal was almost entirely supported by the Chamber; with only one adviser against the remaining twenty-three who formed the council, the monarchy was instituted. Boris was accompanied by his young partner, the American millionaire Florence Marmon, who was the former wife of Howard Carpenter Marmon."We have conquered the country in the name of the King of France (the Duc de Guise) as his Lord Lieutenant, but not at his delegated representatives When we have taken possession of the country I will offer it to the Duke. My army is composed of 500 volunteers . They have pledged themselves to free Andorra from French control and hand it to us.— "Boris I" speaking to The Times.
Detention
The pretended reign of 'King Boris I' was only to last for a few days. Boris declared war on the Bishop of Urgell, who asked the Spanish authorities to act. The Spanish Civil Guard sent three constables and a sergeant to La Seu d'Urgell to apprehend Boris. The next day he was transferred to Barcelona, where he was placed before a judge.
Skossyreff in 1936
On the 23 July 1934, he was transferred to Madrid by train, accompanied by two agents. His arrival in the Spanish capital coincided with Spanish journalists, who tried to interview him. He was sent to the Modelo prison in Madrid, while acting as a monarch in exile. Historian Arnau González explained that during his stay at Modelo de Madrid, Boris and his collaborators continued to interpret the papers they had signed. Thus, they received several telegrams in their name, in which they guaranteed that "all documents were safe" and that they would receive a postal order of 200 pesetas. There was never an explanation on which documents or what happened to the money.
Spanish authorities noted that Skossyreff carried a Dutch passport, but declared himself to be a Russian white émigré. However, this background is somewhat contradicted by a report in the publication Spain Week by Week, which claimed on 25 July 1934, that Skossyreff was a Jew who resided for some years in Catalonia and Majorca. That account also contended that Skossyreff had made his proclamation on 11 July and that he had declared himself "Boris I, Prince of the Valleys of Andorra, Count of Orange and Baron of Skossyreff… Sovereign of Andorra and Defender of the Faith."
Visit to Olhão
In Olhão, Portugal, Skossyreff met Francisco Fernandes Lopes who wrote an article in 1935 about the "King of Andorra". It was at this stage that Skossyreff finally obtained a passport and left Olhão for Genoa, where he was denied disembarkation, only to proceed to Marseille where he finally disembarked to be reunited with his French wife.
In France, the police seized his passport on 7 January 1936. Skossyreff was later said to have called Francisco Fernandes Lopes in distress with a plea to contact the then Portuguese dictator - Oliveira Salazar - to have him diplomatically intercede for him; one which seems to have occurred. After 3 months in prison in Aix-en-Provence, the French authorities allowed him to return to Portugal, where he was again arrested for not having a residence permit.
Imprisonment and later life
In June 1936, he returned to Spain, coinciding with the start of the Spanish Civil War. He went on to France in 1936, where he was arrested again in Saint-Cannat. In 1938, the French authorities allowed him to return to Aix-en-Provence.
Imprisonment
In February 1939, Skossyreff was in a French prison camp with Spanish anti-Francoists, alongside Italian and Central European anti-fascists from the regions occupied by the Third Reich before World War II.
In October 1942, he was released by the occupying Germans. With the victory of the allies, Skossyreff was first arrested by the Americans, and after a brief period of freedom he was again arrested on 4 December 1946, by the French who occupied Berlin. He remained in the Coblence-Metternich prison until 17 December, and was harshly treated by the gendarmes because of his collaboration with the Nazis.
He took up residence in Boppard (West Germany); however, he went to an area controlled by the Soviets, leading to his arrest and sentencing to 25 years of forced labor in a Siberian camp. He was released in 1956, returned to Boppard and died there in 1989.
Legacy
A novel, titled Boris I, Rei d'Andorra (Boris I, King of Andorra) was written in 1984 by Catalan author Antoni Morell i Mora. The author dedicated the book to his grandmother, who he claimed had personally met Skossyreff. It was later adapted for the stage by Beth Escuda.
References
^ P L Kessler. "Boris Skossyreff". www.historyfiles.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Eccardt, Thomas M. (2005). Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1032-6. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ a b c "The Russian King of Andorra: Fantasies and Facts". Issuu. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ p2 (13 January 1919). "Russian Officer's Story. Relatives murdered by Bolshevists". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b https://www.pressreader.com/spain/historia-y-vida/20130802/282024734887631. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24 – via PressReader. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Boris I, Rey De Andorra (1st ed.). Ediciones Destino. 2007. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ "The Andorran Pretender," The Times, July 19, 1934.
^ p4 (6 January 1919). "Russian Interpreter's Cheques". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ p5 (18 January 1919). "Reticent Russian Officer. A Mysterious Woman Friend". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ p5 (20 January 1919). "Mysterious Russian's Cheques. Satisfactory explanations". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ p4 (20 January 1919). "Bolshevists in London. Secret Conference at Memorial Hall". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Office, Great Britain Foreign (1969). Index to the Correspondence of the Foreign Office for the Year. Kraus-Thomson. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ Leonardo, Ana Cristina, 1959- (2018). O centro do mundo (1st ed.). Lisboa. ISBN 978-989-722-515-4. OCLC 1039007007. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Baker, Tom (2015-06-11). "10 Regular People Who Declared Themselves Royalty". WhatCulture.com. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Miguel (2015-06-04). "Boris Skossyreff and monarchical Andorra". Medium. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ The Listener. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1934. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
^ Augustin, Byron (2009). Andorra. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-3122-0. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ "Борис I: правитель Андорры из Вильно". lrt.lt (in Lithuanian). 2018-07-09. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Diletant.media. "Блоги / Diletant.media: Борис I: правитель Андорры из Российской империи". Эхо Москвы (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Izu, Miguel. El Rey de Andorra (in Spanish). Editorial Almuzara. ISBN 978-84-17558-35-2. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ p11 (3 March 1934). "No King for Andorra. Offer from Chicago Declined". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Marsenyach, Albert Daina. "Boris I Rei d'Andorra". El Coprincipat d'Andorra ara fa molt de temps. (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Fontaine, Nicolas (2020-02-07). "Boris 1e, le mystérieux roi d'Andorre venu de Russie". Histoires Royales (in French). Archived from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Affinati, Riccardo (2015-11-27). Città fatali II (in Italian). Soldiershop Publishing. ISBN 978-88-99158-97-2.
^ d'auteurs, collectif (2018-05-17). Jeux Floraux des PyrŽnŽes - Anthologie 2018 (in French). Lulu.com. ISBN 979-10-90416-28-4. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ Hoy, Rusia; Pedrosa, Ramón (May 21, 2013). "Borís Skossyreff: el aventurero ruso que se proclamó Rey de Andorra". es.rbth.com (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ d'auteurs, collectif (2018-05-17). Jeux Floraux des PyrŽnŽes - Anthologie 2018 (in French). Lulu.com. ISBN 979-10-90416-28-4. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ Banks, William C. (1997-05-05). Political Handbook of the World 1997. CQ Press. ISBN 978-0-933199-12-5. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
^ d'auteurs, Collectif (2020-05-11). Jeux Floraux des Pyrénées - Anthologie 2020 (in French). BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN 979-10-90416-37-6. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ Eccardt, Thomas M. (2005). Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1032-6. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ Augustin, Byron (2009). Andorra. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-3122-0. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ Baldacchinoel, Godfrey; Wivel, Anders (2020-03-28). Handbook on the Politics of Small States. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78811-293-2.
^ Kelly, Christopher; Laycock, Stuart (2015-10-15). All the Countries the Americans Have Ever Invaded: Making Friends and Influencing People?. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-5177-4. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ Eccardt, Thomas M. (2005). Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1032-6. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ The Listener. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1934. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
^ Ginart, Belen (2006-12-07). "El impostor que logró ser rey". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
^ Tagliabue, John (2008-03-24). "Hard times fall in the valleys of Andorra". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ p14 (13 July 1934). "A Pretender in Andorra. 'War' declared on Bishop". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ p3 (21 July 1934). "Boris the First arrested". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Eccardt, Thomas M. (2005). Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1032-6. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ p12 (21 July 1934). "Andorran Pretender arrested. Ten days' 'reign'". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Nogueira, Adeilson (26 March 2018). Moedas De Andorra (in Portuguese). Clube de Autores (managed).
^ p11 (23 July 1934). "Andorran Pretender taken to Madrid. 'A militant Prince'". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ p4 (23 July 1934). "Spain Will Expel 'Boris of Andorra'". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Boris objected to being taken to Madrid by third class train ticket (24 July 1934). "Boris I arrived in Madrid". The New York Times.
^ Mundo hispánico (in Spanish). July 1934.
^ p11 (26 July 1934). "Andorran Pretender in Prison. Disowned by his 'Subjects'". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "1933: la República que quasi va ser". BonDia Diari digital d'Andorra. (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ "The Andorran Pretender". The Times. 7 November 1934.
^ "'Spain week by week". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 11 (44): 209–216. 1934. doi:10.1080/14753825012331364384.
^ barlavento (2008-05-26). "Rei de Andorra viveu em Olhão". Barlavento (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ p13 (23 November 1934). "'Prince Boris of Andorra'. Arrest in Portugal". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Izu, Miguel. El Rey de Andorra (in Spanish). Editorial Almuzara. ISBN 978-84-17558-35-2. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ p13 (28 November 1934). "News in Brief". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Postal 988". Issuu. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Eccardt, Thomas M. (2005). Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1032-6. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
^ p13 (18 May 1936). "'Prince of Andorra' under arrest". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b "Boris Skossyreff". www.olhaocubista.pt. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ p13 (9 June 1936). "Telegrams in Brief". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux (in French). 2002. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
^ "Boris I". www.andorrasite.com. Archived from the original on 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Leonardo, Ana Cristina, 1959- (2018). O centro do mundo (1a. edição ed.). Lisboa. ISBN 978-989-722-515-4. OCLC 1039007007. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2020-05-24.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Morell, Antoni (1984). Borís I, Rei D'andorra. La Magrana. ISBN 84-7410-157-3.
^ Official website of the play
Notes
Files located in the National Archives (Britain)
1918: Skossyref, Boris de, Baron Services rendered to Allied Embassies in Russia. N9531/9531/38
1919: W38 31867 Regarding the behaviour of Major Hoshimoto in regards to Skossyreff.
Skossyreff's Welfare file K562/562/236
1920: 201745/201745/38 A request for assistance by Irene Skossyreff regarding the processing of her reparation from Russia to England
1921 N3890/N4051/1226/38 Skossyreff-Cheshire, FC, Mrs Reparation Expenses of KL 10256/3764/295
L 16191/16191/238 (file) Docs on release of son, Vadim Skossyreff, from Russia
1932 Boris Skossyreff Activities: nationality L 4227/4227/ (file)
1933 Boris de Skossyreff Activities abroad K 13929/1329/241
1934 Skossyreff, Baron, Pretender to the Throne of Andorra, Activities C5139/5139/17
1935 Skossyreff, Baron de, alias Boris Count of Orange alias Rollo, Capt: Portuguese enquiry respecting L1821/1821/405 (file)
Bibliography
Barcelona's newspaper La Vanguardia reported interviews with Boris Skossyreff Conversación de los periodistas con Boris I de Andorra (Journalist interview with Boris I of Andorra) (in Spanish)
The Times has a number of articles about Boris Skossyreff - both the takeover and the 1919 incident mentioned above (6 January 1919 p 4, 13 January p 2, 18 January p 5, and 20 January p 5).
Regional Surveys of the World, Western Europe 2003, Fifth Edition 2003, Editors Juliet Love i Jilian O'Brien (in English)
Thomas Eccardt. Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe. Hippocrene Books, Inc. 171 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. ISBN 0-7818-1032-9. (in English)
Luis Capdevila. Nouvelle Découverte de l'Andorre. Nouvelles Editions Latines. Paris 1959, p. 180 i següents (in French)
Gerhard Lang-Valchs, Boris von Skossyreff: rey de los andorranos, agente de los alemanes, Círculo Rojo, Almería, 2018 ISBN 9788491947097 (in Spanish)
Miguel Izu, El rey de Andorra, Editorial Berenice, Córdobam 2018, ISBN 9788417418625 (in Spanish)
External links
Andorra portal
(in Spanish) Borís Skossyreff: el aventurero ruso que se proclamó Rey de Andorra
(in Russian) rg.ru
(in German) Boris I. King of Andorra
(in Portuguese) olhao.web.pt, with a photograph of his tombstone.
information on former files at The National Archives and other sources.
Collection of articles in Catalan, Spanish, and English
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_Boris_I.png"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[boˌɾis .mikˌaj.lo.vit͡ʃ ˈsko.si.ɾef]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"pretender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretender"},{"link_name":"Principality of Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"1917 Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"political asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_asylum"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"British army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"British Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Foreign_office"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"General Intelligence and Security Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service"},{"link_name":"Royal household of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_household"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"President of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorran_Constitution_of_1934"}],"text":"Russian adventurer and self-declared King of AndorraIn this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Mikhailovich and the family name is Skossyreff.Coat of arms of Boris I as self-declared King of AndorraBoris Mikhailovich Skossyreff (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Ско́сырев, romanized: Boris Mikhailovich Skosyrev; Catalan: Borís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev pronounced [boˌɾis .mikˌaj.lo.vit͡ʃ ˈsko.si.ɾef]; 12 June 1896 – 27 February 1989) was a Belarusian adventurer, international swindler and pretender who attempted to seize the monarchy of the Principality of Andorra during the early 1930s, styling himself King Boris I of Andorra.Skossyreff was born in Lithuania to a family of lower nobility from Belarus. Following the outbreak of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Skossyreff was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted in the British army for the end of World War I. This was followed by his work in the British Foreign Office. He moved to the Netherlands in the mid-1920s, where he was in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was noted as an international swindler. Despite this, Skossyreff falsely claimed to have been working in the Royal household of the Netherlands.Through his visits to Andorra, a co-Principality in the Pyrenees co-princed by the Bishop of Urgell and President of France, in the early 1930s, Skossyreff worked on gaining power. During extensive conversations with local politicians in May 1934, Skossyreff presented the Government of Andorra a document in which he justified his intentions of rule.Through falsely portraying himself as a member of the European aristocracy, Skossyreff proposed freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven to Andorra through his self-published constitution.","title":"Boris Skossyreff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_passport"},{"link_name":"Barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-issuu.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-issuu.com-3"},{"link_name":"Lycée Louis-le-Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressreader.com-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-issuu.com-3"}],"text":"Skossyreff was born on 12 June 1896, in Vilnius, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire.[1] He later acquired a Dutch passport which elaborated that his supposed title was Monsieur le Baron Boris de Skossyreff - a possible title, but likely to be false, due to the rarity of Barons in Russia.[2] He was likely from a family of lower nobility, corresponding to his serving as an Officer in World War I.[3][4]Skossyreff's educational background is quite ambiguous. In press interviews, he spoke about a childhood friendship with Edward VIII.[3] He also stated that he attended the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, followed by Magdalen College, Oxford.[5] While these claims allowed Skossyreff to build up his persona, both the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Magdalen College confirm that he was not a student.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Revolution of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"political asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_asylum"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service's Armoured Car Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service#RNAS_Armoured_Car_Section"},{"link_name":"Oliver Locker-Lampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Locker-Lampson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"cheque fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque_fraud"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"British Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Political asylum","text":"Prior to his arrival in Andorra, little is known about Skossyreff. When the Russian Revolution of 1917 broke out, he was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted for around two years in the British Army for the end of World War I.[6] He told The Times that he had served in the Royal Naval Air Service's Armoured Car Service, under Oliver Locker-Lampson, which was sent to Russia to fight against the Germans.[7]Following World War I, Skossyreff was mentioned in multiple newspapers for cheque fraud and swindling of a gold watch.[8][9][10][11]He was alleged to have served in the British Foreign Office, and partaken in several classified missions which took him to Siberia, Japan and the United States.[12] He was noted by his superiors in his post-action report for his gift for languages, which gave him an ability to connect with foreigners.[13]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Skossyreff_Dutch_Passport.png"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch Royal Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"General Intelligence and Security Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Supposed Dutch nobility","text":"Skossyreff's Dutch PassportSkossyreff's Foreign Office documents show that he left the service in 1925 and moved to the Netherlands, where he later claimed to have worked in the Dutch Royal Household, and to have been rewarded by Wilhelmina of the Netherlands with the title of \"Count of Orange\" – a title normally reserved for members of the Royal Family.[14][15] The Archives of the Dutch Government establish that Skossyreff did not serve the Royal Household, nor was rewarded with a title, instead being found in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was listed as an \"international swindler\".[16][17]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Marta, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marta"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Other enterprises","text":"In 1932, Skossyreff registered \"Boris de Skossyreff: import - export, representation\" in Santa Marta, Colombia. During this period, he was said to have learned Spanish, which he later utilised in Andorra.[18][19]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Santa Coloma d'Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Coloma_d%27Andorra"},{"link_name":"Sant Julià de Lòria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Juli%C3%A0_de_L%C3%B2ria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Council of the Valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_(Andorra)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"On his first visit to Andorra, Skossyreff took up residence in the village of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, near Sant Julià de Lòria.[20] During this visit, he was believed to have begun planning his 'coup', having had extensive conversations with peasants, artisans and politicians across Andorra.[21]On the 17 May 1934, Skossyreff presented the former court prosecutor and other advisers to the Council of the Valleys (former name of the Government of Andorra) a document laden with his suggestions, in which he justified his intentions of rule.[22] His attempt was ridiculed by Council members, who were quoted as responding: \"he should not meddle in political affairs in the Valleys [of Andorra]; and that, in the event of a repeat offence, this [Council] reserves the right to raise complaints to the competent Authority so that it applies the sanctions that will be deserved. recurrent\".[23]","title":"First stay in Andorra"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Skossyreff_Wearing_a_Monacle.png"},{"link_name":"La Seu d'Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Seu_d%27Urgell"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"The Daily Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan"},{"link_name":"Prince Jean d'Orleáns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"pretender to the throne of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_pretenders"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Francesc Macià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressreader.com-5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Justí Guitart i Vilardebó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%C3%AD_Guitart_i_Vilardeb%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"President of the French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Skossyreff wearing a monocleSkossyreff saw himself as 'exiled' and settled in La Seu d'Urgell (just 5 km; 3 miles from Andorra) in the Hotel Mundial,[24][25] where he began behaving like an authentic monarch; one which led to many interviews, some of them telephone calls, including those given to the newspapers The Times and The Daily Herald.[26]Through his attempts to gain power, Skossyreff came into contact with several Legitimist royalist groups in the south of France. In Perpignan, he managed to have his plans reach the representative of Prince Jean d'Orleáns, Duke of Guise, and pretender to the throne of France.[27] His argument was based on the fact that the French heads of state continued to have the rights and functions of co-princes from Andorra, and as the Duke claimed to be the 'rightful' King of France, he had rights over Andorra.[28]During his 'exile', Skossyreff granted visits, made official receptions and organised numerous events, such as a mass for the late Catalan president Francesc Macià.[5] He was seen walking around often with monocle and a baton, adopting the character and mannerisms of a monarch, despite his apparent lack of authority.[29][30]Skossyreff released an innovative constitution for Andorra that would have substantially modified the traditional Andorran political system. The Co-principality would have freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven; one which was argued would bring Andorra into the modern age.[31][32] Skossyreff printed ten thousand copies of his Constitution, addressed to Spanish and French celebrities. One of them, which ended up in the hands of the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, caused uproar among his close circle, where he reaffirmed that the only co-princes of Andorra were the Bishop himself and the President of the French Republic.[33]","title":"Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire"},{"link_name":"Howard Carpenter Marmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Carpenter_Marmon"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France"},{"link_name":"Duc de Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"}],"text":"Skossyreff proposed to make Andorra one of the most important business centers in the world, where banks, financial entities and international companies would not waste time installing their social domicile there, taking advantage of the tax regime. He asked for a reward in return for his gift to the Andorran people - for the General Council to proclaim him Prince of Andorra. According to later legends, Boris's proposal was almost entirely supported by the Chamber; with only one adviser against the remaining twenty-three who formed the council, the monarchy was instituted.[34] Boris was accompanied by his young partner, the American millionaire Florence Marmon, who was the former wife of Howard Carpenter Marmon.[35][36]\"We have conquered the country in the name of the King of France (the Duc de Guise) as his Lord Lieutenant, but not at his delegated representatives [...] When we have taken possession of the country I will offer it to the Duke. My army is composed of 500 volunteers [...]. They have pledged themselves to free Andorra from French control and hand it to us.— \"Boris I\" speaking to The Times.","title":"Andorran proposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"La Seu d'Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Seu_d%27Urgell"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skossyreff_Writing_Constitution.png"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Arnau González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_Ucelay-Da_Cal"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"white émigré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spainweek-50"},{"link_name":"Defender of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidei_defensor"}],"text":"The pretended reign of 'King Boris I' was only to last for a few days.[37] Boris declared war on the Bishop of Urgell, who asked the Spanish authorities to act.[38] The Spanish Civil Guard sent three constables and a sergeant to La Seu d'Urgell to apprehend Boris.[39] The next day he was transferred to Barcelona, where he was placed before a judge.[40][41]Skossyreff in 1936On the 23 July 1934, he was transferred to Madrid by train, accompanied by two agents.[42][43] His arrival in the Spanish capital coincided with Spanish journalists, who tried to interview him.[44][45] He was sent to the Modelo prison in Madrid, while acting as a monarch in exile.[46][47] Historian Arnau González explained that during his stay at Modelo de Madrid, Boris and his collaborators continued to interpret the papers they had signed. Thus, they received several telegrams in their name, in which they guaranteed that \"all documents were safe\" and that they would receive a postal order of 200 pesetas. There was never an explanation on which documents or what happened to the money.[48][49]Spanish authorities noted that Skossyreff carried a Dutch passport, but declared himself to be a Russian white émigré. However, this background is somewhat contradicted by a report in the publication Spain Week by Week, which claimed on 25 July 1934, that Skossyreff was a Jew who resided for some years in Catalonia and Majorca.[50] That account also contended that Skossyreff had made his proclamation on 11 July and that he had declared himself \"Boris I, Prince of the Valleys of Andorra, Count of Orange and Baron of Skossyreff… Sovereign of Andorra and Defender of the Faith.\"","title":"Detention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Francisco Fernandes Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fernandes_Lopes"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Francisco Fernandes Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fernandes_Lopes"},{"link_name":"Oliveira Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliveira_Salazar"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"In Olhão, Portugal, Skossyreff met Francisco Fernandes Lopes who wrote an article in 1935 about the \"King of Andorra\".[51][52] It was at this stage that Skossyreff finally obtained a passport and left Olhão for Genoa, where he was denied disembarkation, only to proceed to Marseille where he finally disembarked to be reunited with his French wife.[53][54]In France, the police seized his passport on 7 January 1936. Skossyreff was later said to have called Francisco Fernandes Lopes in distress with a plea to contact the then Portuguese dictator - Oliveira Salazar - to have him diplomatically intercede for him; one which seems to have occurred.[55] After 3 months in prison in Aix-en-Provence, the French authorities allowed him to return to Portugal, where he was again arrested for not having a residence permit.[56][57]","title":"Visit to Olhão"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Cannat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Cannat"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boris_Skossyreff-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"In June 1936, he returned to Spain, coinciding with the start of the Spanish Civil War. He went on to France in 1936, where he was arrested again in Saint-Cannat.[58][59] In 1938, the French authorities allowed him to return to Aix-en-Provence.[60]","title":"Imprisonment and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boris_I-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boris_Skossyreff-58"},{"link_name":"Boppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boppard"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"}],"sub_title":"Imprisonment","text":"In February 1939, Skossyreff was in a French prison camp with Spanish anti-Francoists, alongside Italian and Central European anti-fascists from the regions occupied by the Third Reich before World War II.[61]In October 1942, he was released by the occupying Germans. With the victory of the allies, Skossyreff was first arrested by the Americans, and after a brief period of freedom he was again arrested on 4 December 1946, by the French who occupied Berlin.[62] He remained in the Coblence-Metternich prison until 17 December, and was harshly treated by the gendarmes because of his collaboration with the Nazis.[58]He took up residence in Boppard (West Germany); however, he went to an area controlled by the Soviets, leading to his arrest and sentencing to 25 years of forced labor in a Siberian camp. He was released in 1956, returned to Boppard and died there in 1989.","title":"Imprisonment and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"A novel, titled Boris I, Rei d'Andorra (Boris I, King of Andorra) was written in 1984 by Catalan author Antoni Morell i Mora.[63] The author dedicated the book to his grandmother, who he claimed had personally met Skossyreff. It was later adapted for the stage by Beth Escuda.[64]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Files located in the National Archives (Britain)","text":"1918: Skossyref, Boris de, Baron Services rendered to Allied Embassies in Russia. N9531/9531/38\n1919: W38 31867 Regarding the behaviour of Major Hoshimoto in regards to Skossyreff.\nSkossyreff's Welfare file K562/562/236\n1920: 201745/201745/38 A request for assistance by Irene Skossyreff regarding the processing of her reparation from Russia to England\n1921 N3890/N4051/1226/38 Skossyreff-Cheshire, FC, Mrs Reparation Expenses of KL 10256/3764/295\nL 16191/16191/238 (file) Docs on release of son, Vadim Skossyreff, from Russia\n1932 Boris Skossyreff Activities: nationality L 4227/4227/ (file)\n1933 Boris de Skossyreff Activities abroad K 13929/1329/241\n1934 Skossyreff, Baron, Pretender to the Throne of Andorra, Activities C5139/5139/17\n1935 Skossyreff, Baron de, alias Boris Count of Orange alias Rollo, Capt: Portuguese enquiry respecting L1821/1821/405 (file)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Vanguardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia"},{"link_name":"Conversación de los periodistas con Boris I de Andorra (Journalist interview with Boris I of Andorra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1934/07/24/pagina-26/33155828/pdf.html"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Regional Surveys of the World, Western Europe 2003, Fifth Edition 2003, Editors Juliet Love i Jilian O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=M9QYndAPmuQC&dq=boris+I+d%27Andorra&pg=PA41"},{"link_name":"Thomas Eccardt. Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe. Hippocrene Books, Inc. 171 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gQFzO_v_uwwC&q=Boris+I&pg=PA155"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7818-1032-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-1032-9"},{"link_name":"Luis Capdevila. Nouvelle Découverte de l'Andorre. Nouvelles Editions Latines. Paris 1959, p. 180 i següents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XEYXibppmj4C&q=boris+I&pg=PA183"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788491947097","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788491947097"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788417418625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788417418625"}],"text":"Barcelona's newspaper La Vanguardia reported interviews with Boris Skossyreff Conversación de los periodistas con Boris I de Andorra (Journalist interview with Boris I of Andorra) (in Spanish)\nThe Times has a number of articles about Boris Skossyreff - both the takeover and the 1919 incident mentioned above (6 January 1919 p 4, 13 January p 2, 18 January p 5, and 20 January p 5).\nRegional Surveys of the World, Western Europe 2003, Fifth Edition 2003, Editors Juliet Love i Jilian O'Brien (in English)\nThomas Eccardt. Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe. Hippocrene Books, Inc. 171 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. ISBN 0-7818-1032-9. (in English)\nLuis Capdevila. Nouvelle Découverte de l'Andorre. Nouvelles Editions Latines. Paris 1959, p. 180 i següents (in French)\nGerhard Lang-Valchs, Boris von Skossyreff: rey de los andorranos, agente de los alemanes, Círculo Rojo, Almería, 2018 ISBN 9788491947097 (in Spanish)\nMiguel Izu, El rey de Andorra, Editorial Berenice, Córdobam 2018, ISBN 9788417418625 (in Spanish)","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Boris I as self-declared King of Andorra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_Boris_I.png/220px-Coat_of_Arms_Boris_I.png"},{"image_text":"Skossyreff's Dutch Passport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Boris_Skossyreff_Dutch_Passport.png/291px-Boris_Skossyreff_Dutch_Passport.png"},{"image_text":"Skossyreff wearing a monocle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Boris_Skossyreff_Wearing_a_Monacle.png/220px-Boris_Skossyreff_Wearing_a_Monacle.png"},{"image_text":"Skossyreff in 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skossyreff_Writing_Constitution.png/243px-Skossyreff_Writing_Constitution.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"P L Kessler. \"Boris Skossyreff\". www.historyfiles.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/EasternRussia_Skossyreff01.htm","url_text":"\"Boris Skossyreff\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803063421/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/EasternRussia_Skossyreff01.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eccardt, Thomas M. (2005). Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1032-6. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. 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King of Andorra"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090728094831/http://www.olhao.web.pt/Personalidades/TextosFFL/Boris_Skossyreff.htm","external_links_name":"olhao.web.pt, with a photograph of his tombstone."},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090217150116/http%3A//yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title%3DBoris_Skossyreff","external_links_name":"information on former files"},{"Link":"http://kingandorra.agilityhoster.com/publications.html","external_links_name":"Collection of articles in Catalan, Spanish, and English"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/110069/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000032877537","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22934589","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMjgYpGfJWk4vDp7VV4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118614894","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273957505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83035879","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118614894.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll:_A_Biography
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Lewis Carroll: A Biography
|
["1 References","2 Sources","3 Further reading"]
|
Lewis Carroll: A Biography The cover of the Knopf editionAuthorMorton N. CohenLanguageEnglishPublisherKnopfPublication date1995Media typePrint (hardcover)Pages557ISBN978-0-679-74562-4
Lewis Carroll: A Biography is a 1995 biography of author Lewis Carroll by Morton N. Cohen, first published by Knopf, later by Macmillan. It is generally considered to be the definitive scholarly work on Carroll's (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) life. Cohen's approach is mainly chronological, with some chapters grouped by theme, such as those on Carroll's religion, his love of little girls, and his guilty feelings. Cohen, a Carroll scholar for 30 years, opts to use Dodgson's first name, Charles, throughout the work, because it "seems most appropriate in a book dealing with the intimacy of his life".
The book generally assumes that Carroll's love of little girls was not just emotional but sexual—that he was a paedophile, albeit a suppressed one. In the book Cohen writes:
"We cannot know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference for drawing and photographing children in the nude. He contended that the preference was entirely aesthetic. But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself."
While attributing the source of Carroll's chaotic emotional life to his sexual urges, Cohen opined that they were also responsible for his creative works.
Karoline Leach in In the Shadow of the Dreamchild (1999) writes that Cohen and previous biographers misunderstood the norms and customs of the Victorian era, and that Carroll's adulation of children was not sexual but a reflection of the romanticisation of the child prevalent in that era. Contrariwise, a website set up by opponents (including Leach) of the traditional Carroll image, reports that while Cohen acknowledges the paedophilic nature of Carroll's image, he "Inexplicably he lists the numbers of intimate woman-friends that Dodgson had through his life, yet still concludes that his existence revolved exclusively around friendships with small girls!"
Jo Elwyn Jones and J. Francis Gladstone in The Alice Companion: A Guide to Lewis Carroll's Alice Books (1998) criticises the book for what they say is a poor treatment of Carroll's involvement in controversies at the University of Oxford. Megan Harlan in Entertainment Weekly writes that "This beautifully written bio never shies away from the house-of-mirrors complexity of its subject." An issue of Victorian Studies reported that there were issues with inconsistent references. Miles Edward Friend compares Cohen's handling of the material to Carroll's boat trips with the children, saying, "With Cohen at the tiller, we are deftly guided through the flow of Carroll's life." Ronald Warwick in Times Higher Education criticises Cohen's interpretation of Carroll's relationship with his archdeacon father; his "insecure grasp of 19th-century ecclesiastical history"; his prose, which Warwick called clichéd; and his choice to use Dodgson's first name, which Warwick said was not used even by Dodgson's most intimate male friends.
References
^ a b Bartlett, Rebecca Ann (1998). Choice's Outstanding Academic Books 1992–1997: Reviews of Scholarly Titles That Every Library Should Own. Association of College and Research Libraries (American Library Association). p. 128. ISBN 0838979297
^ a b Burt, Daniel S. (2001). The Biography Book: A Reader's Guide To Nonfiction, Fictional, and Film Biographies of More Than 500 of the Most Fascinating Individuals of all Time. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 61. ISBN 1573562564
^ Edinger, Monica (2001). Using Beloved Classics to Deepen Reading Comprehension: Rich Lessons and Literature Response Activities That Improve Kids' Reading Comprehension, Build Writing Skills, and Really Engage Each and Every Reader. Scholastic Inc. p. 138. ISBN 0439278600
^ Cohen, p. xv
^ Cohen, p. xv.
^ Cohen, p. 228.
^ Cohen, pp. 230–231.
^ Leach, p. .
^ Lewis Carroll, a Biography – 1995. carrollmyth.com (Contrariwise). Retrieved 9 September 2010. Archived by WebCite on 9 November 2010.
^ Ronald Warwick writing in Times Higher Education. "Through the microscope". Times Higher Education. 11 September 1998. Retrieved 9 September 2010. Archived by WebCite on 9 November 2010.
^ Harlan, Megan. Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Entertainment Weekly. 22 December 1995. Retrieved 9 September 2010. Archived by WebCite on 9 November 2010.
^ (Winter 1997). Review. Victorian Studies 40 (2): 347–350. Retrieved 9 November 2010. Hosted by JSTOR.
^ Friend, Miles Edward (Spring 1998). Review. Journal of Aesthetic Education 32 (1): 115–117. Retrieved 9 November 2010. Hosted by JSTOR.
^ Donald Warwick writing in Times Higher Education. "Reverend Dodgson and the dean's daughter". Times Higher Education. 7 February 1997. Retrieved 18 September 2010. Archived by WebCite on 9 November 2010.
Sources
Cohen, Morton N. (1995). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 0333629264
Leach, Karoline (1999). In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll. Peter Owen. ISBN 978-0720610444
Further reading
Dufreigne, Jean-Pierre (19 February 1998). "L'ébourniflant M. Carroll". L'Express. Retrieved 9 September 2010. (in French) Google Translates. Archived by WebCite on 9 November 2010.
|
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Cohen, first published by Knopf, later by Macmillan. It is generally considered to be the definitive scholarly work on Carroll's (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) life.[1][2][3] Cohen's approach is mainly chronological, with some chapters grouped by theme, such as those on Carroll's religion, his love of little girls, and his guilty feelings.[1][4] Cohen, a Carroll scholar for 30 years,[2] opts to use Dodgson's first name, Charles, throughout the work, because it \"seems most appropriate in a book dealing with the intimacy of his life\".[5]The book generally assumes that Carroll's love of little girls was not just emotional but sexual—that he was a paedophile, albeit a suppressed one. In the book Cohen writes:\"We cannot know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference for drawing and photographing children in the nude. He contended that the preference was entirely aesthetic. But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself.\"[6]While attributing the source of Carroll's chaotic emotional life to his sexual urges, Cohen opined that they were also responsible for his creative works.[7]Karoline Leach in In the Shadow of the Dreamchild (1999) writes that Cohen and previous biographers misunderstood the norms and customs of the Victorian era, and that Carroll's adulation of children was not sexual but a reflection of the romanticisation of the child prevalent in that era.[8] Contrariwise, a website set up by opponents (including Leach) of the traditional Carroll image, reports that while Cohen acknowledges the paedophilic nature of Carroll's image, he \"Inexplicably he lists the numbers of intimate woman-friends that Dodgson had through his life, yet still concludes that his existence revolved exclusively around friendships with small girls!\"[9]Jo Elwyn Jones and J. Francis Gladstone in The Alice Companion: A Guide to Lewis Carroll's Alice Books (1998) criticises the book for what they say is a poor treatment of Carroll's involvement in controversies at the University of Oxford.[10] Megan Harlan in Entertainment Weekly writes that \"This beautifully written bio never shies away from the house-of-mirrors complexity of its subject.\"[11] An issue of Victorian Studies reported that there were issues with inconsistent references.[12] Miles Edward Friend compares Cohen's handling of the material to Carroll's boat trips with the children, saying, \"With Cohen at the tiller, we are deftly guided through the flow of Carroll's life.\"[13] Ronald Warwick in Times Higher Education criticises Cohen's interpretation of Carroll's relationship with his archdeacon father; his \"insecure grasp of 19th-century ecclesiastical history\"; his prose, which Warwick called clichéd; and his choice to use Dodgson's first name, which Warwick said was not used even by Dodgson's most intimate male friends.[14]","title":"Lewis Carroll: A Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cohen, Morton N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_N._Cohen"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0333629264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333629264"},{"link_name":"Leach, Karoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline_Leach"},{"link_name":"In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Dreamchild"},{"link_name":"Peter Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Owen_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0720610444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0720610444"}],"text":"Cohen, Morton N. (1995). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 0333629264\nLeach, Karoline (1999). In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll. Peter Owen. ISBN 978-0720610444","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"L'ébourniflant M. 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(in French) Google Translates. Archived by WebCite on 9 November 2010.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Medical_Society
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Ulster Medical Society
|
["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]
|
The Ulster Medical Society was formed in Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, in 1862 through the amalgamation of two older societies, the Belfast Medical Society which was founded in 1806, and the Belfast Clinical and Pathological Society which was founded in 1853. The first meeting of the Ulster Medical Society was held in the library of the Belfast General Hospital on 3 May 1862, and was "largely and influentially attended".
A May 1862 article in the Belfast News Letter said the goal of the formation of the two entities was to provide:
central reading room for the accommodation of its members; to afford them increased facilities of consulting the best medical works and periodicals by means of their library and newsroom; of deriving mutual instruction and its pathological museum; and, as a collective body, protecting the interests of the medical profession, a duty heretofore devolving upon the Medical Protective Society, whose office and functions the new society has now assumed.
The UMS publishes a quarterly journal, Ulster Medical Journal, available free on the Society's website.
References
^ "Ulster Medical Society". The Lancet. 216 (5595): 1129–1130. 22 November 1930. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)90205-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
^ Strain, R. W. M. (1967). "The History of the Ulster Medical Society". The Ulster Medical Journal. 36 (2): 73–110. ISSN 0041-6193. PMC 2385130. PMID 20476451.
^ a b "Ulster Medical Society". Belfast News-Letter. Belfast, Antrim, Northern Ireland. 6 May 1862.
^ Hadden, DR (2006). "The editors of the Ulster Medical Journal". Ulster Med J. 75 (1): 5–10. PMC 1891800. PMID 16457399.
^ "Ulster Medical Journal". Ulster Medical Society. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
Further reading
Fraser, Ian (1978). "The Treasures of the Ulster Medical Society" (PDF). A talk delivered to the Ulster Medical Society in 1978 by Sir Ian Fraser. (Fraser attempted to get this into the UMJ in 1985, but it was rejected by the editor. The manuscript remains, however.)
External links
Society website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
This article about a UK medical organisation, hospital, or association is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c0/Ulster_Medical_Society_logo.png"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevington_cheese
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Chevington cheese
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Chevington is a cow's milk cheese, made in Northumberland, England, by the Northumberland Cheese Company. It was first developed by John W. Annett of Chevington West Farm, Northumberland in 1895 before being revived in 2003 as a slightly modified version of the original recipe that was found in public records. It is a semi-soft cheese, made from mould-ripened Jersey milk.
See also
List of British cheeses
References
^ a b c "After a century Chevington Cheese is back on sale". Northumberland Gazette. 29 January 2003. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
External links
Northumberland Cheese Company
Widdrington Farm
vteBritish cheesesEngland
Applewood
Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire
Beenleigh Blue
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Cheddar
Cheshire
Chevington
Coquetdale
Cornish Blue
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Lancashire
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Scotland
Bonchester
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Isle of Mull Cheddar
Lanark Blue
Teviotdale
Wales
Caerphilly
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Tintern
Y Fenni
Northern Ireland
Coleraine Cheddar
Manufacturers& brands
Cathedral City
Coleraine
Davidstow Cheddar
Davidstow Creamery
First Milk
Ilchester Cheese Company
Neal's Yard Dairy
Pilgrims Choice
Saputo Dairy UK
Yeo Valley
See also
List of English cheeses
This cheese-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This England-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chevington cheese"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of British cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_cheeses"}]
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[{"reference":"\"After a century Chevington Cheese is back on sale\". Northumberland Gazette. 29 January 2003. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082134/http://www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk/news/after-a-century-chevington-cheese-is-back-on-sale-1-1477568","url_text":"\"After a century Chevington Cheese is back on sale\""},{"url":"http://www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk/news/after-a-century-chevington-cheese-is-back-on-sale-1-1477568","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082134/http://www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk/news/after-a-century-chevington-cheese-is-back-on-sale-1-1477568","external_links_name":"\"After a century Chevington Cheese is back on sale\""},{"Link":"http://www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk/news/after-a-century-chevington-cheese-is-back-on-sale-1-1477568","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.northumberland-cheese.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Northumberland Cheese Company"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141218174405/http://thecountrybarn.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Widdrington Farm"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevington_cheese&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevington_cheese&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_%E2%80%93_Nagymaros_Dams
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Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams
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["1 Budapest Treaty","2 Limited project","3 Parts of the waterworks","3.1 Built parts","3.2 Nagymaros","4 Lawsuit","5 Technical parameters","6 Environmental consequences","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°52′48″N 17°32′21″E / 47.88000°N 17.53917°E / 47.88000; 17.53917Reservoir, dam and hydroelectric power station
For Gabčíkovo Dam and reservoir in particular, see Gabčíkovo Dam.
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Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams
Gabčíkovo: Aerial view
The Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams (more precisely Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Waterworks, Hungarian: Bős–nagymarosi vízlépcső, Slovak: Sústava vodných diel Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros) is a large barrage project on the Danube. It was initiated by the Budapest Treaty of 16 September 1977 between the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Hungarian People's Republic. The project aimed at preventing catastrophic floods, improving river navigability and producing clean electricity.
Only a part of the project has been finished in Slovakia, under the name Gabčíkovo Dam, because Hungary first suspended, then tried to terminate, the project due to environmental and economic concerns. Slovakia proceeded with an alternative solution, called "Variant C", which involved diverting the Danube, the border river. These caused a still unresolved international dispute between Slovakia and Hungary. Both parties turned to the International Court of Justice for a ruling.
Budapest Treaty
The joint Hungarian–Czechoslovak project was agreed upon on 16 September 1977 in the "Budapest Treaty". The treaty envisioned a cross-border barrage system between the towns of Gabčíkovo, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (now Slovak Republic) and Nagymaros, People's Republic of Hungary (now Hungary). The dams would eliminate regular flooding (like the disastrous ones of 1954 and 1965) and provide a clean source of electric power. They would also allow year-long navigability of the river and serve as a part of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal system of inland navigation.
The plan was to divert part of the river into an artificial canal at Dunakiliti (a village in Hungary) to the hydroelectric power plant near Gabčíkovo (eight turbines, 720 MW). The canal would return the water into a deepened original riverbed and at Nagymaros a smaller dam and power-plant (158 MW) would be constructed. The plant in Gabčíkovo was to be a peak-power plant and the dam in Nagymaros, about 100 km downstream, was to limit fluctuations of the water level.
Because most of the construction was planned to occur in Slovak territory, the Hungarian government was obligated to participate in some construction in Slovakia, to ensure equal investment by both sides. Electricity produced was to be shared equally between the two countries.
An important provision of the treaty was its Article 15.1, which stated: "the Contracting Parties shall ensure, by the means specified in the joint contractual plan, that the quality of the water in the Danube is not impaired as a result of the construction and operation of the System of Locks".
Limited project
In 1981 the two countries agreed to slow down the project because of their economic problems. In 1984 a movement protesting against the dam, the "Danube Circle" (Duna Kör), was founded in Hungary, which was later awarded the Right Livelihood Award and the Goldman Environmental Prize for protecting the Danube. The group objected to the withholding of information on the project from the public by the Communist government to avoid debate on its environmental impact. Biologists worried that the dams would damage both the treasured scenery of the Danube Bend and the underground water reserves on which more than a million Hungarians depend, especially around Budapest. After an intensive campaign the project became widely hated in Hungary as a symbol of the old regime. In Slovakia, construction continued and many people were involved in building the hydro-electric plant. The Hungarian government eventually decided to suspend work until the environmental effects of the project were fully assessed. Soon after, the Slovak authorities decided to unilaterally proceed with an alternative solution, called "Variant C". This effectively diverted the Danube into Slovak territory and kept the development entirely within its borders. This scheme dramatically reduced the amount of water flowing into Hungary and had a significant impact on that nation's water supply and environment. As a result, the Hungarian government attempted to terminate the 1977 Treaty.
The 7 proposals originally put forward by experts from Czechoslovakia in 1992 were as follows.
Proposal
Description
Comment
A
Complete the original plans from 1977 together with Hungary.
Slovak preference
B
Complete only the Czechoslovak part of the waterworks.
C
Reduce the reservoir, build the waterworks only on the territory of the Slovak Republic and postpone construction at Nagymaros in Hungary. Split the shared reservoir into two with a dam and instead of the dam in Dunakiliti build a dam in Čunovo. This variant is called temporal, as it is technically possible to build the Dunakiliti dam and flood the Čunovo dam in order to finish the waterworks according to the 1977 treaty.
winning project
D
Complete only the upper part of the dam and finish the Dunakiliti dam.
E
Use the waterworks only for flood prevention and ensure navigability.
F
Stop construction and retain the site in its current state.
G
Remove all buildings and return the river to its original state.
Hungarian preference
In the end it was decided to switch to an alternative solution on a smaller scale, Proposal C. The artificial canal would start at Čunovo, part of the Slovak capital city Bratislava, and the Gabčíkovo power plant would operate in run-of-the-river mode with no water level fluctuation. Construction started in November 1991. In October 1992 diversion of part of the water into the canal started and the Čunovo reservoir was filled; the secondary structures (such as the power-plant) were finished and made operational in 1996.
Parts of the waterworks
Built parts
Hydroelectric power station at Gabčíkovo Dam
Supply channel for Čunovo Dam conveys water from Bratislava about 10 km to Čunovo.
Čunovo Dam is the first level of the Waterworks, producing 24 MW of electricity, and there is an additional smaller power plant with 1 MW power output. Čunovo includes also the Čunovo Water Sports Centre, a site of world championships in water slalom and rafting.
Hrušov reservoir (replacing the joint Slovak-Hungarian Dunakiliti reservoir) accumulates water for the main power plant in Gabčíkovo and also regulates water level. It is 16 km long and from 1 to 4 km wide. Its capacity is 196 million cubic metres. As part of the Proposal C redesign, the reservoir was reduced in size and separated from Hungarian territory by a 10.5 km long embankment.
Gabčíkovo Dam is the main part of the waterworks. It consists of two main structures: a hydropower plant and two lock chambers. This level of the waterworks was designed to use differential water level to produce electricity, to allow ships to pass safely through locks and to divert flood water. The chambers are on the left bank of the Danube and the difference in water levels is about 20 metres. The power plant on the right riverbank was designed to produce 2650 GWh annually. A 10 m wide road bridge passes over the complex. Operation of the power plant is fully automated. In 2012, after 20 years of service, 300.000 ships have passed through the locks with totally 5.000.000 passengers.
Outlet channel leads water back to the old riverbed and also helps against floods. The channel is 185 m wide at the bottom and 8.2 km long and re-enters the Danube at Sap.
Regulations in the old Danube riverbed.
Nagymaros
The waterworks on the Danube were designed to have an additional level at Nagymaros, consisting of a reservoir 95 km long and the Nagymaros power plant. This level was to be located between the Hungarian towns of Visegrád and Nagymaros and its purpose was to use the gradient of the reservoir for production of electricity and also to allow ships to pass. The Gabčíkovo works were designed for control and peak running of the power plant, and the Nagymaros works as an equalising power plant to provide better conditions for shipping and to regulate peak outflow from Gabčíkovo. Because the Nagymaros works were not built, the Gabčíkovo power plant cannot work at peak efficiency, which causes appreciable economic damage.
Non-existence of Nagymaros dam also causes main obstacle of inland navigation on the 2400 km Danube Pan-European corridor due to low levels of water. Hungary requests Slovakia to manage regulation works on problematic stretch of Danube that were supposed to be solved by Nagymaros backwater. Transportation damages include also missing upgrade of river Váh waterway in Slovakia.
Lawsuit
After Czechoslovakia split up in 1993, the newly established Slovak Republic carried on with the project. In 1989 Hungary abandoned the site when scientists on both sides of the border expressed fears about the environmental consequences. After Hungary tried to terminate the 1977 treaty in May 1992, both
parties (Hungary and Slovakia) agreed to take their dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague.
In 1994, the Socialists came back into power in Hungary but could hardly back out of the court case, which was hailed as a landmark: for the first time, the court would rule over an environmental dispute. Hearings on the case were held between 3 March and 15 April 1997, and the Court paid a site visit (the first ever in its history). Besides other issues, the Hungarian representatives wanted the court to decide whether or not Czechoslovakia was entitled to embark on Proposal C, and to rule that the 1977 treaty was not binding on Slovakia and Hungary. The court handed down a decision in 1997:
The Court found that Hungary had breached their legal obligations in almost all points. It ordered Hungary to finish the Nagymaros part of waterworks. Per the Court decision, Czechoslovakia and later Slovakia was entitled to build alternative workaround after Hungary stopped work, but Slovakia breached on one point - it should not have started to operate an alternative temporary solution before the court handed down its ruling. It called on both States to negotiate in good faith to complete the objectives of the 1977 Budapest Treaty, which the Court declared was still in force, while taking account of the factual situation that had developed since 1989.
Each Party must compensate the other Party for the damage caused by its conduct.
Another four months of negotiations between Slovakia and Hungary led to a treaty between the two countries about the ICJ judgment. In March 1998 the government of Slovakia approved this treaty, but the government of Hungary, which was supposed to build Nagymaros or a Pilismarót waterworks, delayed approving the treaty and proclaimed a competition for the project. After elections in Hungary, the new government cancelled this competition. In 1998, after two appeals to Hungary, the Slovak government turned to the International Court, demanding the Nagymaros part be built.
The international dispute was not resolved for more than a decade. In June 2017, the Slovak Government requested that the International Court of Justice "place on record the discontinuance of the proceedings". In a letter dated 12 July 2017, the Agent of Hungary stated that his Government "did not oppose the discontinuance of the proceedings instituted by means of the Request of Slovakia of 3 September 1998 for an additional judgment".
Technical parameters
Control tower of the Gabčíkovo Dam
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Gabčíkovo sluice
The area of the Čunovo reservoir is 40 km2, exclusively on the Slovak side (the original Hrušov-Dunakiliti reservoir was to be 60 km2). The operational water level is 131.1 metres above sea level (minimal and maximum levels are 129 and 131.5 m respectively).
The power station has eight vertical Kaplan turbines with runners 9.3 m in diameter and a maximum capacity of 90 MW each. Total capacity is 720 MW at operational discharge of 4000 m3/s. Water level differences are 24 and 12.88 m.
The original river bed has a discharge of between 250 and 600 m3/s.
Two navigation locks were built. A bypass canal will handle floods.
In 1996, Europe's largest artificial whitewater slalom course, the Water Sports Centre Čunovo, was built on a river island at the head of the bypass canal. When operating at capacity, it diverts 22 m3/s into the bypass canal.
The Gabčíkovo Hydroelectric Power Station produces 2600 GWh of electricity annually, making it the largest hydroelectric plant in Slovakia. It supplies around 8% of the country's electricity consumption.
Environmental consequences
Regarding the environmental consequences of the dam, results of a 1996–2002 study by K. Holubová, Z. Capeková and J. Szolgay were:
Intensive degradation of the Danube River bed downstream (especially at the Old Danube river bed) caused by the absence of the Nagymaros waterworks.
Decreased water level,
Increased sediment supply,
Increased amounts of bedload and higher intensity of bedload movements,
Reduced flood capacity,
Decreased channel stability,
Annual joint studies of the Slovak-Hungarian governments claim:
Stabilization of groundwater levels, local improvement of groundwater quality,
Stabilization of the riverbed of the old Danube.
Improved living conditions of aquatic animals and forest animals in areas around old Danube.
Differences between 2002 study and newer works may be attributed to size of studied area. As 1996–2002 study was done on area from Vienna to end of Slovak-Hungarian Danube. Government studies are targeting only Gabčíkovo waterworks and immediate area around it.
Groundwater levels are dependent on big floods, like in 2002, which removed fine silt from river bottom and allowed increased filtration. After that groundwater levels on many places reached pre-reservoir filling levels, on some places reached even higher.
Damming of the Danube improved ground water quality at Rusovce and Čuňovo water supply which are on right side of Danube. It was due changed infiltration conditions and changed groundwater flow direction from NW-SE to N-S. The ground water quality at water supplies situated on the left side of the Danube were not influenced to the same extent as on the right side.
One of the same problems identified is increased sedimentation upstream and riverbed erosion downstream from reservoir, which is a typical problem of water reservoirs.
See also
List of crossings of the Danube River
References
^ Aaron Schwabach, Diverting the Danube: The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dispute and International Freshwater Law, 1996, p. 7
^ P. K. Rao: International Environmental Law and Economics, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 2002, page 230
^ "A bős-nagymarosi vízlépcsőrendszer és a hágai per története". www.szigetkoz.biz.
^ "Duna Kör / Janos Vargha (Hungary)". Right Livelihood Award. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
^ "Europe 1990. János Vargha. Hungary. Rivers & Dams". Goldman Environmental Prize. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
^ a b "New Scientist". New Science Publications. 3 February 1994 – via Google Books.
^ a b c d Owen McIntyre: Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros Project: A Test Case for International Water Law?, In: Anton Earle, Anders Jagerskog and Joakim Öjendal (editors): Transboundary Water Management: Principles and Practice, Stockholm International Water Institute, 2010, page 228
^ "Cez Gabčíkovo sa preplavilo viac ako päť miliónov ľudí". TERAZ.sk. 4 November 2012.
^ a b "SVD Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros | Vodohospodárska výstavba, š.p." www.vvb.sk.
^ "New Scientist". New Scientist. 143 (73–74): 28. 1994.
^ Report of the International Court of Justice, 1 August 2005 – 31 July 2006 (Report). United Nations Publications. 2006. p. 25.
^ Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice: 1972–2002 (Report). United Nations International Court of Justice.
^ a b "ROZSUDOK MEDZINÁRODNÉHO SÚDNEHO DVORA Z 25.SEPTEMBRA 1997". gabcikovo.gov.sk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
^ "Slovakia again discussing completion of Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros". The Slovak Spectator. 4 January 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
^ "The Court places on record the discontinuance by Slovakia of the procedure begun by means of its Request for an additional judgment" (PDF). International Court of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
^ a b c d e f g Massimo Greco, Armando Carravetta, Renata Della Morte, River Flow 2004, Volume 1, Taylor & Francis, 2004, pp. 138–141
^ "Environmental monitoring". Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
^ a b "Groundwater quality processes after the bank infiltration from the Danube at Čunovo". Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ a b "Monitoring prírodného prostredia - VR 2008". www.vvb.sk. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
^ a b Joint annual report on the environment monitoring in 2010
^ "Monitorovanie prírodného prostredia v oblasti vplyvu VD Gabčíkovo (Monitoring of the natural environment in the area of influence Gabčíkovo)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
^ Slovak – Hungarian Environmental Monitoring on the Danube, 2006
^ Ground water regime monitoring, page 5
Sources
Chmelár, V.: Dunaj energetický, vyd. Electra Žilina, 1992
External links
Treaty between the Hungarian People´s Republic and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic concerning the construction and operation of the Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros system of locks Archived 4 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Documents about the Gabčíkovo dam and its impact (alternative link)
Details of the conflict over the project Archived 14 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law, Peace Palace Library
Annual reports on environmental monitoring Archived 17 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Gabčíkovo Dam Virtual Tour
Historie Soustavy vodních děl Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros
Gabčíkovo: patálie bez konce
47°52′48″N 17°32′21″E / 47.88000°N 17.53917°E / 47.88000; 17.53917
vteHydroelectric dams on the Danube
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabčíkovo Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GabcikovoStauwerk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_-_Vodn%C3%A9_dielo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hungarian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"border river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border#Natural_borders"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"}],"text":"Reservoir, dam and hydroelectric power stationFor Gabčíkovo Dam and reservoir in particular, see Gabčíkovo Dam.Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros DamsGabčíkovo: Aerial viewThe Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams (more precisely Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Waterworks, Hungarian: Bős–nagymarosi vízlépcső, Slovak: Sústava vodných diel Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros) is a large barrage project on the Danube. It was initiated by the Budapest Treaty of 16 September 1977 between the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Hungarian People's Republic. The project aimed at preventing catastrophic floods, improving river navigability and producing clean electricity.Only a part of the project has been finished in Slovakia, under the name Gabčíkovo Dam, because Hungary first suspended, then tried to terminate, the project due to environmental and economic concerns.[1] Slovakia proceeded with an alternative solution, called \"Variant C\", which involved diverting the Danube, the border river. These caused a still unresolved international dispute between Slovakia and Hungary. Both parties turned to the International Court of Justice for a ruling.","title":"Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabčíkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo"},{"link_name":"Nagymaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagymaros"},{"link_name":"Rhine-Main-Danube Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Main-Danube_Canal"},{"link_name":"Dunakiliti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunakiliti"},{"link_name":"MW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"peak-power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_plant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The joint Hungarian–Czechoslovak project was agreed upon on 16 September 1977 in the \"Budapest Treaty\". The treaty envisioned a cross-border barrage system between the towns of Gabčíkovo, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (now Slovak Republic) and Nagymaros, People's Republic of Hungary (now Hungary). The dams would eliminate regular flooding (like the disastrous ones of 1954 and 1965) and provide a clean source of electric power. They would also allow year-long navigability of the river and serve as a part of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal system of inland navigation.The plan was to divert part of the river into an artificial canal at Dunakiliti (a village in Hungary) to the hydroelectric power plant near Gabčíkovo (eight turbines, 720 MW). The canal would return the water into a deepened original riverbed and at Nagymaros a smaller dam and power-plant (158 MW) would be constructed. The plant in Gabčíkovo was to be a peak-power plant and the dam in Nagymaros, about 100 km downstream, was to limit fluctuations of the water level.Because most of the construction was planned to occur in Slovak territory, the Hungarian government was obligated to participate in some construction in Slovakia, to ensure equal investment by both sides. Electricity produced was to be shared equally between the two countries.An important provision of the treaty was its Article 15.1, which stated: \"the Contracting Parties shall ensure, by the means specified in the joint contractual plan, that the quality of the water in the Danube is not impaired as a result of the construction and operation of the System of Locks\".[2]","title":"Budapest Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Duna Kör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duna_K%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"Right Livelihood Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Goldman Environmental Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Environmental_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldman-5"},{"link_name":"Danube Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Bend"},{"link_name":"underground water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_water"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com.au-6"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIntyre-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIntyre-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIntyre-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIntyre-7"},{"link_name":"Dunakiliti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunakiliti"},{"link_name":"Čunovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cunovo"},{"link_name":"Čunovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cunovo"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"}],"text":"In 1981 the two countries agreed to slow down the project because of their economic problems.[3][unreliable source?] In 1984 a movement protesting against the dam, the \"Danube Circle\" (Duna Kör), was founded in Hungary, which was later awarded the Right Livelihood Award[4] and the Goldman Environmental Prize[5] for protecting the Danube. The group objected to the withholding of information on the project from the public by the Communist government to avoid debate on its environmental impact. Biologists worried that the dams would damage both the treasured scenery of the Danube Bend and the underground water reserves on which more than a million Hungarians depend,[6] especially around Budapest. After an intensive campaign the project became widely hated in Hungary as a symbol of the old regime. In Slovakia, construction continued and many people were involved in building the hydro-electric plant. The Hungarian government eventually decided to suspend work until the environmental effects of the project were fully assessed.[7] Soon after, the Slovak authorities decided to unilaterally proceed with an alternative solution, called \"Variant C\".[7] This effectively diverted the Danube into Slovak territory and kept the development entirely within its borders.[7] This scheme dramatically reduced the amount of water flowing into Hungary and had a significant impact on that nation's water supply and environment.[7] As a result, the Hungarian government attempted to terminate the 1977 Treaty.The 7 proposals originally put forward by experts from Czechoslovakia in 1992 were as follows.Proposal\n\nDescription\n\nComment\n\n\nA\n\nComplete the original plans from 1977 together with Hungary.\n\nSlovak preference\n\n\nB\n\nComplete only the Czechoslovak part of the waterworks.\n\n\n\n\nC\n\nReduce the reservoir, build the waterworks only on the territory of the Slovak Republic and postpone construction at Nagymaros in Hungary. Split the shared reservoir into two with a dam and instead of the dam in Dunakiliti build a dam in Čunovo. This variant is called temporal, as it is technically possible to build the Dunakiliti dam and flood the Čunovo dam in order to finish the waterworks according to the 1977 treaty.\n\nwinning project\n\n\nD\n\nComplete only the upper part of the dam and finish the Dunakiliti dam.\n\n\n\n\nE\n\nUse the waterworks only for flood prevention and ensure navigability.\n\n\n\n\nF\n\nStop construction and retain the site in its current state.\n\n\n\n\nG\n\nRemove all buildings and return the river to its original state.\n\nHungarian preferenceIn the end it was decided to switch to an alternative solution on a smaller scale, Proposal C. The artificial canal would start at Čunovo, part of the Slovak capital city Bratislava, and the Gabčíkovo power plant would operate in run-of-the-river mode with no water level fluctuation. Construction started in November 1991. In October 1992 diversion of part of the water into the canal started and the Čunovo reservoir was filled; the secondary structures (such as the power-plant) were finished and made operational in 1996.","title":"Limited project"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parts of the waterworks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCN1028.JPG"},{"link_name":"Čunovo Water Sports Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cunovo_Water_Sports_Centre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap_(village)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vvb-9"}],"sub_title":"Built parts","text":"Hydroelectric power station at Gabčíkovo DamSupply channel for Čunovo Dam conveys water from Bratislava about 10 km to Čunovo.\nČunovo Dam is the first level of the Waterworks, producing 24 MW of electricity, and there is an additional smaller power plant with 1 MW power output. Čunovo includes also the Čunovo Water Sports Centre, a site of world championships in water slalom and rafting.\nHrušov reservoir (replacing the joint Slovak-Hungarian Dunakiliti reservoir) accumulates water for the main power plant in Gabčíkovo and also regulates water level. It is 16 km long and from 1 to 4 km wide. Its capacity is 196 million cubic metres. As part of the Proposal C redesign, the reservoir was reduced in size and separated from Hungarian territory by a 10.5 km long embankment.\nGabčíkovo Dam is the main part of the waterworks. It consists of two main structures: a hydropower plant and two lock chambers. This level of the waterworks was designed to use differential water level to produce electricity, to allow ships to pass safely through locks and to divert flood water. The chambers are on the left bank of the Danube and the difference in water levels is about 20 metres. The power plant on the right riverbank was designed to produce 2650 GWh annually. A 10 m wide road bridge passes over the complex. Operation of the power plant is fully automated. In 2012, after 20 years of service, 300.000 ships have passed through the locks with totally 5.000.000 passengers.[8]\nOutlet channel leads water back to the old riverbed and also helps against floods. The channel is 185 m wide at the bottom and 8.2 km long and re-enters the Danube at Sap.\nRegulations in the old Danube riverbed.[9]","title":"Parts of the waterworks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visegrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d"},{"link_name":"Nagymaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagymaros"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Váh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vvb-9"}],"sub_title":"Nagymaros","text":"The waterworks on the Danube were designed to have an additional level at Nagymaros, consisting of a reservoir 95 km long and the Nagymaros power plant. This level was to be located between the Hungarian towns of Visegrád and Nagymaros and its purpose was to use the gradient of the reservoir for production of electricity and also to allow ships to pass. The Gabčíkovo works were designed for control and peak running of the power plant, and the Nagymaros works as an equalising power plant to provide better conditions for shipping and to regulate peak outflow from Gabčíkovo. Because the Nagymaros works were not built, the Gabčíkovo power plant cannot work at peak efficiency, which causes appreciable economic damage.[citation needed]\nNon-existence of Nagymaros dam also causes main obstacle of inland navigation on the 2400 km Danube Pan-European corridor due to low levels of water. Hungary requests Slovakia to manage regulation works on problematic stretch of Danube that were supposed to be solved by Nagymaros backwater. Transportation damages include also missing upgrade of river Váh waterway in Slovakia.[9]","title":"Parts of the waterworks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia split up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com.au-6"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gabcikovo.gov.sk-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gabcikovo.gov.sk-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"After Czechoslovakia split up in 1993, the newly established Slovak Republic carried on with the project. In 1989 Hungary abandoned the site when scientists on both sides of the border expressed fears about the environmental consequences.[10] After Hungary tried to terminate the 1977 treaty in May 1992, both[6]\nparties (Hungary and Slovakia) agreed to take their dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague.\nIn 1994, the Socialists came back into power in Hungary but could hardly back out of the court case, which was hailed as a landmark: for the first time, the court would rule over an environmental dispute. Hearings on the case were held between 3 March and 15 April 1997, and the Court paid a site visit (the first ever in its history). Besides other issues, the Hungarian representatives wanted the court to decide whether or not Czechoslovakia was entitled to embark on Proposal C, and to rule that the 1977 treaty was not binding on Slovakia and Hungary. The court handed down a decision in 1997:The Court found that Hungary had breached their legal obligations in almost all points. It ordered Hungary to finish the Nagymaros part of waterworks. Per the Court decision, Czechoslovakia and later Slovakia was entitled to build alternative workaround after Hungary stopped work, but Slovakia breached on one point - it should not have started to operate an alternative temporary solution before the court handed down its ruling. It called on both States to negotiate in good faith to complete the objectives of the 1977 Budapest Treaty, which the Court declared was still in force, while taking account of the factual situation that had developed since 1989.[11]\nEach Party must compensate the other Party for the damage caused by its conduct.[12][13]Another four months of negotiations between Slovakia and Hungary led to a treaty between the two countries about the ICJ judgment. In March 1998 the government of Slovakia approved this treaty, but the government of Hungary, which was supposed to build Nagymaros or a Pilismarót waterworks, delayed approving the treaty and proclaimed a competition for the project. After elections in Hungary, the new government cancelled this competition.[13] In 1998, after two appeals to Hungary, the Slovak government turned to the International Court, demanding the Nagymaros part be built.The international dispute was not resolved for more than a decade.[14] In June 2017, the Slovak Government requested that the International Court of Justice \"place on record the discontinuance of the proceedings\". In a letter dated 12 July 2017, the Agent of Hungary stated that his Government \"did not oppose the discontinuance of the proceedings instituted by means of the Request of Slovakia of 3 September 1998 for an additional judgment\".[15]","title":"Lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C5%91si_v%C3%ADzier%C5%91m%C5%B1_-_ir%C3%A1ny%C3%ADt%C3%B3torony.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaplan turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine"},{"link_name":"artificial whitewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_whitewater"},{"link_name":"Water Sports Centre Čunovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Sports_Centre_%C4%8Cunovo"},{"link_name":"GWh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWh"}],"text":"Control tower of the Gabčíkovo DamGabčíkovo sluiceThe area of the Čunovo reservoir is 40 km2, exclusively on the Slovak side (the original Hrušov-Dunakiliti reservoir was to be 60 km2). The operational water level is 131.1 metres above sea level (minimal and maximum levels are 129 and 131.5 m respectively).\nThe power station has eight vertical Kaplan turbines with runners 9.3 m in diameter and a maximum capacity of 90 MW each. Total capacity is 720 MW at operational discharge of 4000 m3/s. Water level differences are 24 and 12.88 m.\nThe original river bed has a discharge of between 250 and 600 m3/s.\nTwo navigation locks were built. A bypass canal will handle floods.\nIn 1996, Europe's largest artificial whitewater slalom course, the Water Sports Centre Čunovo, was built on a river island at the head of the bypass canal. When operating at capacity, it diverts 22 m3/s into the bypass canal.\nThe Gabčíkovo Hydroelectric Power Station produces 2600 GWh of electricity annually, making it the largest hydroelectric plant in Slovakia. It supplies around 8% of the country's electricity consumption.","title":"Technical parameters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greco-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greco-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greco-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greco-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greco-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greco-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greco-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATO-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATO-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jar-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jar-20"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"silt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rusovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusovce"},{"link_name":"Čuňovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu%C5%88ovo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_reservoirs#Reservoir_sedimentation"}],"text":"Regarding the environmental consequences of the dam, results of a 1996–2002 study by K. Holubová, Z. Capeková and J. Szolgay[16] were:Intensive degradation of the Danube River bed downstream (especially at the Old Danube river bed) caused by the absence of the Nagymaros waterworks.[16]\nDecreased water level,[16]\nIncreased sediment supply,[16]\nIncreased amounts of bedload and higher intensity of bedload movements,[16]\nReduced flood capacity,[16]\nDecreased channel stability,[16]Annual joint studies of the Slovak-Hungarian governments claim:Stabilization of groundwater levels, local improvement of groundwater quality,[17][18][19]\nStabilization of the riverbed of the old Danube.[18][19][20]\nImproved living conditions of aquatic animals and forest animals in areas around old Danube.[20][verification needed]Differences between 2002 study and newer works may be attributed to size of studied area. As 1996–2002 study was done on area from Vienna to end of Slovak-Hungarian Danube. Government studies are targeting only Gabčíkovo waterworks and immediate area around it.Groundwater levels are dependent on big floods, like in 2002, which removed fine silt from river bottom and allowed increased filtration. After that groundwater levels on many places reached pre-reservoir filling levels, on some places reached even higher.[21]\nDamming of the Danube improved ground water quality at Rusovce and Čuňovo water supply[22] which are on right side of Danube. It was due changed infiltration conditions and changed groundwater flow direction from NW-SE to N-S.[23] The ground water quality at water supplies situated on the left side of the Danube were not influenced to the same extent as on the right side.One of the same problems identified is increased sedimentation upstream and riverbed erosion downstream from reservoir, which is a typical problem of water reservoirs.","title":"Environmental consequences"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chmelár, V.: Dunaj energetický, vyd. Electra Žilina, 1992","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GabcikovoStauwerk.jpg/220px-GabcikovoStauwerk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gabčíkovo: Aerial view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_-_Vodn%C3%A9_dielo.jpg/220px-Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_-_Vodn%C3%A9_dielo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hydroelectric power station at Gabčíkovo Dam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DSCN1028.JPG/220px-DSCN1028.JPG"},{"image_text":"Control tower of the Gabčíkovo Dam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/B%C5%91si_v%C3%ADzier%C5%91m%C5%B1_-_ir%C3%A1ny%C3%ADt%C3%B3torony.JPG/220px-B%C5%91si_v%C3%ADzier%C5%91m%C5%B1_-_ir%C3%A1ny%C3%ADt%C3%B3torony.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gabčíkovo sluice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg/220px-Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of crossings of the Danube River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Danube_River"}]
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[{"reference":"\"A bős-nagymarosi vízlépcsőrendszer és a hágai per története\". www.szigetkoz.biz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.szigetkoz.biz/tortenet/mainpage.htm","url_text":"\"A bős-nagymarosi vízlépcsőrendszer és a hágai per története\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duna Kör / Janos Vargha (Hungary)\". Right Livelihood Award. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130142121/http://rightlivelihood.org/duna-kor.html","url_text":"\"Duna Kör / Janos Vargha (Hungary)\""},{"url":"http://www.rightlivelihood.org/duna-kor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Europe 1990. János Vargha. Hungary. Rivers & Dams\". Goldman Environmental Prize. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123051028/http://goldmanprize.org/node/171","url_text":"\"Europe 1990. János Vargha. Hungary. Rivers & Dams\""},{"url":"http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/171","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Scientist\". New Science Publications. 3 February 1994 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VzweAQAAMAAJ&q=Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo+%E2%80%93+Nagymaros+Dams+%22International+Court+at+The+Hague%22","url_text":"\"New Scientist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cez Gabčíkovo sa preplavilo viac ako päť miliónov ľudí\". TERAZ.sk. 4 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/gabcikovom-sa-za-20-rokov-jeho-existen/27633-clanok.html","url_text":"\"Cez Gabčíkovo sa preplavilo viac ako päť miliónov ľudí\""}]},{"reference":"\"SVD Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros | Vodohospodárska výstavba, š.p.\" www.vvb.sk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vvb.sk/cms/index.php?page=svd-gabcikovo-nagymaros","url_text":"\"SVD Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros | Vodohospodárska výstavba, š.p.\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Scientist\". New Scientist. 143 (73–74): 28. 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VzweAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"New Scientist\""}]},{"reference":"Report of the International Court of Justice, 1 August 2005 – 31 July 2006 (Report). United Nations Publications. 2006. p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DSUFz5Rw5yYC&pg=PA25","url_text":"Report of the International Court of Justice, 1 August 2005 – 31 July 2006"}]},{"reference":"Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice: 1972–2002 (Report). United Nations International Court of Justice.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QhIhqVaIpawC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice: 1972–2002"}]},{"reference":"\"ROZSUDOK MEDZINÁRODNÉHO SÚDNEHO DVORA Z 25.SEPTEMBRA 1997\". gabcikovo.gov.sk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021204848/http://www.gabcikovo.gov.sk/rozsudok.htm","url_text":"\"ROZSUDOK MEDZINÁRODNÉHO SÚDNEHO DVORA Z 25.SEPTEMBRA 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.gabcikovo.gov.sk/rozsudok.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Slovakia again discussing completion of Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros\". The Slovak Spectator. 4 January 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattention
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Attention
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["1 Contemporary definition and research","2 Selective and visual","3 Neuropsychological model","4 Multitasking and divided attention","5 Simultaneous","6 Alternative topics and discussions","6.1 Overt and covert orienting","6.2 Exogenous and endogenous orienting","6.3 Influence of processing load","6.4 Clinical model","7 Other descriptors for types of attention","7.1 Neural correlates","7.2 Cultural variation","7.3 Modelling","7.4 Hemispatial neglect","7.5 Attention in social contexts","7.6 Distracting factors","7.7 Failure to attend","8 History of the study","8.1 Philosophical period","8.2 1860–1909","8.3 1910–1949","8.4 1950–1974","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading"]
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Psychological focus, perception and prioritising discrete information
This article is about the psychological concept of attention. For other uses, see Attention (disambiguation).
Cognitive psychology
Perception
Visual perception
Object recognition
Face recognition
Pattern recognition
Attention
Memory
Aging and memory
Emotional memory
Learning
Long-term memory
Metacognition
Language
Metalanguage
Thinking
Cognition
Concept
Reasoning
Decision making
Problem solving
Numerical cognition
Numerosity adaptation effect
Approximate number system
Parallel individuation system
vte
Focused attention
Attention or focus, is the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli. It is the selective concentration on discrete information, either subjectively or objectively. William James (1890) wrote that "Attention is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence." Attention has also been described as the allocation of limited cognitive processing resources. Attention is manifested by an attentional bottleneck, in terms of the amount of data the brain can process each second; for example, in human vision, less than 1% of the visual input data stream of 1MByte/sec can enter the bottleneck, leading to inattentional blindness.
Attention remains a crucial area of investigation within education, psychology, neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology. Areas of active investigation involve determining the source of the sensory cues and signals that generate attention, the effects of these sensory cues and signals on the tuning properties of sensory neurons, and the relationship between attention and other behavioral and cognitive processes, which may include working memory and psychological vigilance. A relatively new body of research, which expands upon earlier research within psychopathology, is investigating the diagnostic symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury and its effects on attention. Attention also varies across cultures.
The relationships between attention and consciousness are complex enough that they have warranted philosophical exploration. Such exploration is both ancient and continually relevant, as it can have effects in fields ranging from mental health and the study of disorders of consciousness to artificial intelligence and its domains of research.
Contemporary definition and research
Prior to the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline, attention was studied in the field of philosophy. Thus, many of the discoveries in the field of attention were made by philosophers. Psychologist John B. Watson calls Juan Luis Vives the father of modern psychology because, in his book De Anima et Vita (The Soul and Life), he was the first to recognize the importance of empirical investigation. In his work on memory, Vives found that the more closely one attends to stimuli, the better they will be retained.
By the 1990s, psychologists began using positron emission tomography (PET) and later functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image the brain while monitoring tasks involving attention. Considering this expensive equipment was generally only available in hospitals, psychologists sought cooperation with neurologists. Psychologist Michael Posner (then already renowned for his influential work on visual selective attention) and neurologist Marcus Raichle pioneered brain imaging studies of selective attention. Their results soon sparked interest from the neuroscience community, which until then had been focused on monkey brains. With the development of these technological innovations, neuroscientists became interested in this type of research that combines sophisticated experimental paradigms from cognitive psychology with these new brain imaging techniques. Although the older technique of electroencephalography (EEG) had long been used to study the brain activity underlying selective attention by cognitive psychophysiologists, the ability of the newer techniques to measure precisely localized activity inside the brain generated renewed interest by a wider community of researchers. A growing body of such neuroimaging research has identified a frontoparietal attention network which appears to be responsible for control of attention.
A definition of a psychological construct forms a research approach to its study. In scientific works, attention often coincides and substitutes the notion of intentionality due to the extent of semantic uncertainty in the linguistic explanations of these notions' definitions. Intentionality has in turn been defined as "the power of minds to be about something: to represent or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs". Although these two psychological constructs (attention and intentionality) appear to be defined by similar terms, they are different notions. To clarify the definition of attention, it would be correct to consider the origin of this notion to review the meaning of the term given to it when the experimental study on attention was initiated. It is thought that the experimental approach began with famous experiments with a 4 x 4 matrix of sixteen randomly chosen letters – the experimental paradigm that informed Wundt's theory of attention. Wundt interpreted the experimental outcome introducing the meaning of attention as "that psychical process, which is operative in the clear perception of the narrow region of the content of consciousness." These experiments showed the physical limits of attention threshold, which were 3-6 letters observing the matrix during 1/10 s of their exposition. "We shall call the entrance into the large region of consciousness - apprehension, and the elevation into the focus of attention - apperception." Wundt's theory of attention postulated one of the main features of this notion that attention is an active, voluntary process realized during a certain time. In contrast, neuroscience research shows that intentionality may emerge instantly, even unconsciously; research reported to register neuronal correlates of an intentional act that preceded this conscious act (also see shared intentionality). Therefore, while intentionality is a mental state (“the power of the mind to be about something”, arising even unconsciously), the description of the construct of attention should be understood in the dynamical sense as the ability to elevate the clear perception of the narrow region of the content of consciousness and to keep in mind this state for a time. The attention threshold would be the period of minimum time needed for employing perception to clearly apprehend the scope of intention. From this perspective, a scientific approach to attention is relevant when it considers the difference between these two concepts (first of all, between their statical and dynamical statuses).
The growing body of literature shows empirical evidence that attention is conditioned by the number of elements and the duration of exposition. Decades of research on subitizing have supported Wundt's findings about the limits of a human ability to concentrate awareness on a task. A significant inference from the Wundtian approach to the study of attention: the scope of attention is related to cognitive development. As the mind grasps more details about an event, it also increases the number of reasonable combinations within that event, enhancing the probability of better understanding its features and particularity. For example, three items in the focal point of consciousness have six possible combinations (3 factorial), and four items have 24 (4 factorial) combinations. This number of combinations becomes significantly prominent in the case of a focal point with six items with 720 possible combinations (6 factorial). Empirical evidence suggests that the scope of attention in young children develops from two items in the focal point at age up to six months to five or more items in the focal point at age about five years.
Selective and visual
See also: Selective auditory attention
In cognitive psychology there are at least two models which describe how visual attention operates. These models may be considered metaphors which are used to describe internal processes and to generate hypotheses that are falsifiable. Generally speaking, visual attention is thought to operate as a two-stage process. In the first stage, attention is distributed uniformly over the external visual scene and processing of information is performed in parallel. In the second stage, attention is concentrated to a specific area of the visual scene (i.e., it is focused), and processing is performed in a serial fashion.
The first of these models to appear in the literature is the spotlight model. The term "spotlight" was inspired by the work of William James, who described attention as having a focus, a margin, and a fringe. The focus is an area that extracts information from the visual scene with a high-resolution, the geometric center of which being where visual attention is directed. Surrounding the focus is the fringe of attention, which extracts information in a much more crude fashion (i.e., low-resolution). This fringe extends out to a specified area, and the cut-off is called the margin.
The second model is called the zoom-lens model and was first introduced in 1986. This model inherits all properties of the spotlight model (i.e., the focus, the fringe, and the margin), but it has the added property of changing in size. This size-change mechanism was inspired by the zoom lens one might find on a camera, and any change in size can be described by a trade-off in the efficiency of processing. The zoom-lens of attention can be described in terms of an inverse trade-off between the size of focus and the efficiency of processing: because attention resources are assumed to be fixed, then it follows that the larger the focus is, the slower processing will be of that region of the visual scene, since this fixed resource will be distributed over a larger area. It is thought that the focus of attention can subtend a minimum of 1° of visual angle, however the maximum size has not yet been determined.
A significant debate emerged in the last decade of the 20th century in which Treisman's 1993 Feature Integration Theory (FIT) was compared to Duncan and Humphrey's 1989 attentional engagement theory (AET).: 5–7 FIT posits that "objects are retrieved from scenes by means of selective spatial attention that picks out objects' features, forms feature maps, and integrates those features that are found at the same location into forming objects." Treismans's theory is based on a two-stage process to help solve the binding problem of attention. These two stages are the preattentive stage and the focused attention stage.
Preattentive Stage: The unconscious detection and separation of features of an item (color, shape, size). Treisman suggests that this happens early in cognitive processing and that individuals are not aware of the occurrence due to the counter intuitiveness of separating a whole into its part. Evidence shows that preattentive focuses are accurate due to illusory conjunctions.
Focused Attention Stage: The combining of all feature identifiers to perceive all parts as one whole. This is possible through prior knowledge and cognitive mapping. When an item is seen within a known location and has features that people have knowledge of, then prior knowledge will help bring features all together to make sense of what is perceived. The case of R.M's damage to his parietal lobe, also known as Balint's syndrome, shows the incorporation of focused attention and combination of features in the role of attention.
Through sequencing these steps, parallel and serial search is better exhibited through the formation of conjunctions of objects. Conjunctive searches, according to Treismans, are done through both stages in order to create selective and focused attention on an object, though Duncan and Humphrey would disagree. Duncan and Humphrey's AET understanding of attention maintained that "there is an initial pre-attentive parallel phase of perceptual segmentation and analysis that encompasses all of the visual items present in a scene. At this phase, descriptions of the objects in a visual scene are generated into structural units; the outcome of this parallel phase is a multiple-spatial-scale structured representation. Selective attention intervenes after this stage to select information that will be entered into visual short-term memory.": 5–7 The contrast of the two theories placed a new emphasis on the separation of visual attention tasks alone and those mediated by supplementary cognitive processes. As Rastophopoulos summarizes the debate: "Against Treisman's FIT, which posits spatial attention as a necessary condition for detection of objects, Humphreys argues that visual elements are encoded and bound together in an initial parallel phase without focal attention, and that attention serves to select among the objects that result from this initial grouping.": 8
Neuropsychological model
In the twentieth century, the pioneering research of Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria led to the three-part model of neuropsychology defining the working brain as being represented by three co-active processes listed as Attention, Memory, and Activation. A.R. Luria published his well-known book The Working Brain in 1973 as a concise adjunct volume to his previous 1962 book Higher Cortical Functions in Man. In this volume, Luria summarized his three-part global theory of the working brain as being composed of three constantly co-active processes which he described as the; (1) Attention system, (2) Mnestic (memory) system, and (3) Cortical activation system. The two books together are considered by Homskaya's account as "among Luria's major works in neuropsychology, most fully reflecting all the aspects (theoretical, clinical, experimental) of this new discipline." The product of the combined research of Vygotsky and Luria have determined a large part of the contemporary understanding and definition of attention as it is understood at the start of the 21st-century.
Multitasking and divided attention
See also: Human multitasking and Distracted driving
Multitasking can be defined as the attempt to perform two or more tasks simultaneously; however, research shows that when multitasking, people make more mistakes or perform their tasks more slowly. Attention must be divided among all of the component tasks to perform them. In divided attention, individuals attend or give attention to multiple sources of information at once or perform more than one task at the same time.
Older research involved looking at the limits of people performing simultaneous tasks like reading stories, while listening and writing something else, or listening to two separate messages through different ears (i.e., dichotic listening). Generally, classical research into attention investigated the ability of people to learn new information when there were multiple tasks to be performed, or to probe the limits of our perception (c.f. Donald Broadbent). There is also older literature on people's performance on multiple tasks performed simultaneously, such as driving a car while tuning a radio or driving while being on the phone.
The vast majority of current research on human multitasking is based on performance of doing two tasks simultaneously, usually that involves driving while performing another task, such as texting, eating, or even speaking to passengers in the vehicle, or with a friend over a cellphone. This research reveals that the human attentional system has limits for what it can process: driving performance is worse while engaged in other tasks; drivers make more mistakes, brake harder and later, get into more accidents, veer into other lanes, and/or are less aware of their surroundings when engaged in the previously discussed tasks.
There has been little difference found between speaking on a hands-free cell phone or a hand-held cell phone, which suggests that it is the strain of attentional system that causes problems, rather than what the driver is doing with his or her hands. While speaking with a passenger is as cognitively demanding as speaking with a friend over the phone, passengers are able to change the conversation based upon the needs of the driver. For example, if traffic intensifies, a passenger may stop talking to allow the driver to navigate the increasingly difficult roadway; a conversation partner over a phone would not be aware of the change in environment.
There have been multiple theories regarding divided attention. One, conceived by Kahneman, explains that there is a single pool of attentional resources that can be freely divided among multiple tasks. This model seems oversimplified, however, due to the different modalities (e.g., visual, auditory, verbal) that are perceived. When the two simultaneous tasks use the same modality, such as listening to a radio station and writing a paper, it is much more difficult to concentrate on both because the tasks are likely to interfere with each other. The specific modality model was theorized by Navon and Gopher in 1979. However, more recent research using well controlled dual-task paradigms points at the importance of tasks.
As an alternative, resource theory has been proposed as a more accurate metaphor for explaining divided attention on complex tasks. Resource theory states that as each complex task is automatized, performing that task requires less of the individual's limited-capacity attentional resources. Other variables play a part in our ability to pay attention to and concentrate on many tasks at once. These include, but are not limited to, anxiety, arousal, task difficulty, and skills.
Simultaneous
Simultaneous attention is a type of attention, classified by attending to multiple events at the same time. Simultaneous attention is demonstrated by children in Indigenous communities, who learn through this type of attention to their surroundings. Simultaneous attention is present in the ways in which children of indigenous backgrounds interact both with their surroundings and with other individuals. Simultaneous attention requires focus on multiple simultaneous activities or occurrences. This differs from multitasking, which is characterized by alternating attention and focus between multiple activities, or halting one activity before switching to the next.
Simultaneous attention involves uninterrupted attention to several activities occurring at the same time. Another cultural practice that may relate to simultaneous attention strategies is coordination within a group. Indigenous heritage toddlers and caregivers in San Pedro were observed to frequently coordinate their activities with other members of a group in ways parallel to a model of simultaneous attention, whereas middle-class European-descent families in the U.S. would move back and forth between events. Research concludes that children with close ties to Indigenous American roots have a high tendency to be especially wide, keen observers. This points to a strong cultural difference in attention management.
Alternative topics and discussions
Overt and covert orienting
Attention may be differentiated into "overt" versus "covert" orienting.
Overt orienting is the act of selectively attending to an item or location over others by moving the eyes to point in that direction. Overt orienting can be directly observed in the form of eye movements. Although overt eye movements are quite common, there is a distinction that can be made between two types of eye movements; reflexive and controlled. Reflexive movements are commanded by the superior colliculus of the midbrain. These movements are fast and are activated by the sudden appearance of stimuli. In contrast, controlled eye movements are commanded by areas in the frontal lobe. These movements are slow and voluntary.
Covert orienting is the act of mentally shifting one's focus without moving one's eyes. Simply, it is changes in attention that are not attributable to overt eye movements. Covert orienting has the potential to affect the output of perceptual processes by governing attention to particular items or locations (for example, the activity of a V4 neuron whose receptive field lies on an attended stimuli will be enhanced by covert attention) but does not influence the information that is processed by the senses. Researchers often use "filtering" tasks to study the role of covert attention of selecting information. These tasks often require participants to observe a number of stimuli, but attend to only one. The current view is that visual covert attention is a mechanism for quickly scanning the field of view for interesting locations. This shift in covert attention is linked to eye movement circuitry that sets up a slower saccade to that location.
There are studies that suggest the mechanisms of overt and covert orienting may not be controlled separately and independently as previously believed. Central mechanisms that may control covert orienting, such as the parietal lobe, also receive input from subcortical centres involved in overt orienting. In support of this, general theories of attention actively assume bottom-up (reflexive) processes and top-down (voluntary) processes converge on a common neural architecture, in that they control both covert and overt attentional systems. For example, if individuals attend to the right hand corner field of view, movement of the eyes in that direction may have to be actively suppressed.
Covert attention has been argued to reflect the existence of processes "programming explicit ocular movement". However, this has been questioned on the grounds that N2, "a neural measure of covert attentional allocation—does not always precede eye movements". However, the researchers acknowledge, "it may be impossible to definitively rule out the possibility that some kind of shift of covert attention precedes every shift of overt attention".
Exogenous and endogenous orienting
Orienting attention is vital and can be controlled through external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) processes. However, comparing these two processes is challenging because external signals do not operate completely exogenously, but will only summon attention and eye movements if they are important to the subject.
Exogenous (from Greek exo, meaning "outside", and genein, meaning "to produce") orienting is frequently described as being under control of a stimulus. Exogenous orienting is considered to be reflexive and automatic and is caused by a sudden change in the periphery. This often results in a reflexive saccade. Since exogenous cues are typically presented in the periphery, they are referred to as peripheral cues. Exogenous orienting can even be observed when individuals are aware that the cue will not relay reliable, accurate information about where a target is going to occur. This means that the mere presence of an exogenous cue will affect the response to other stimuli that are subsequently presented in the cue's previous location.
Several studies have investigated the influence of valid and invalid cues. They concluded that valid peripheral cues benefit performance, for instance when the peripheral cues are brief flashes at the relevant location before the onset of a visual stimulus. Posner and Cohen (1984) noted a reversal of this benefit takes place when the interval between the onset of the cue and the onset of the target is longer than about 300 ms. The phenomenon of valid cues producing longer reaction times than invalid cues is called inhibition of return.
Endogenous (from Greek endo, meaning "within" or "internally") orienting is the intentional allocation of attentional resources to a predetermined location or space. Simply stated, endogenous orienting occurs when attention is oriented according to an observer's goals or desires, allowing the focus of attention to be manipulated by the demands of a task. In order to have an effect, endogenous cues must be processed by the observer and acted upon purposefully. These cues are frequently referred to as central cues. This is because they are typically presented at the center of a display, where an observer's eyes are likely to be fixated. Central cues, such as an arrow or digit presented at fixation, tell observers to attend to a specific location.
When examining differences between exogenous and endogenous orienting, some researchers suggest that there are four differences between the two kinds of cues:
exogenous orienting is less affected by cognitive load than endogenous orienting;
observers are able to ignore endogenous cues but not exogenous cues;
exogenous cues have bigger effects than endogenous cues; and
expectancies about cue validity and predictive value affects endogenous orienting more than exogenous orienting.
There exist both overlaps and differences in the areas of the brain that are responsible for endogenous and exogenous orientating. Another approach to this discussion has been covered under the topic heading of "bottom-up" versus "top-down" orientations to attention. Researchers of this school have described two different aspects of how the mind focuses attention to items present in the environment. The first aspect is called bottom-up processing, also known as stimulus-driven attention or exogenous attention. These describe attentional processing which is driven by the properties of the objects themselves. Some processes, such as motion or a sudden loud noise, can attract our attention in a pre-conscious, or non-volitional way. We attend to them whether we want to or not. These aspects of attention are thought to involve parietal and temporal cortices, as well as the brainstem. More recent experimental evidence support the idea that the primary visual cortex creates a bottom-up saliency map, which is received by the superior colliculus in the midbrain area to guide attention or gaze shifts.
The second aspect is called top-down processing, also known as goal-driven, endogenous attention, attentional control or executive attention. This aspect of our attentional orienting is under the control of the person who is attending. It is mediated primarily by the frontal cortex and basal ganglia as one of the executive functions. Research has shown that it is related to other aspects of the executive functions, such as working memory, and conflict resolution and inhibition.
Influence of processing load
A "hugely influential" theory regarding selective attention is the perceptual load theory, which states that there are two mechanisms that affect attention: cognitive and perceptual. The perceptual mechanism considers the subject's ability to perceive or ignore stimuli, both task-related and non task-related. Studies show that if there are many stimuli present (especially if they are task-related), it is much easier to ignore the non-task related stimuli, but if there are few stimuli the mind will perceive the irrelevant stimuli as well as the relevant. The cognitive mechanism refers to the actual processing of the stimuli. Studies regarding this showed that the ability to process stimuli decreased with age, meaning that younger people were able to perceive more stimuli and fully process them, but were likely to process both relevant and irrelevant information, while older people could process fewer stimuli, but usually processed only relevant information.
Some people can process multiple stimuli, e.g. trained Morse code operators have been able to copy 100% of a message while carrying on a meaningful conversation. This relies on the reflexive response due to "overlearning" the skill of morse code reception/detection/transcription so that it is an autonomous function requiring no specific attention to perform. This overtraining of the brain comes as the "practice of a skill 100% accuracy," allowing the activity to become autonomic, while your mind has room to process other actions simultaneously.
Based on the primary role of the perceptual load theory, assumptions regarding its functionality surrounding that attentional resources are that of limited capacity which signify the need for all of the attentional resources to be used. This performance, however, is halted when put hand in hand with accuracy and reaction time (RT). This limitation arises through the measurement of literature when obtaining outcomes for scores. This affects both cognitive and perceptual attention because there is a lack of measurement surrounding distributions of temporal and spatial attention. Only a concentrated amount of attention on how effective one is completing the task and how long they take is being analyzed making a more redundant analysis on overall cognition of being able to process multiple stimuli through perception.
Clinical model
Attention is best described as the sustained focus of cognitive resources on information while filtering or ignoring extraneous information. Attention is a very basic function that often is a precursor to all other neurological/cognitive functions. As is frequently the case, clinical models of attention differ from investigation models. One of the most used models for the evaluation of attention in patients with very different neurologic pathologies is the model of Sohlberg and Mateer. This hierarchic model is based in the recovering of attention processes of brain damage patients after coma. Five different kinds of activities of growing difficulty are described in the model; connecting with the activities those patients could do as their recovering process advanced.
Focused attention: The ability to respond discretely to specific sensory stimuli.
Sustained attention (vigilance and concentration): The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity.
Selective attention: The ability to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or competing stimuli. Therefore, it incorporates the notion of "freedom from distractibility."
Alternating attention: The ability of mental flexibility that allows individuals to shift their focus of attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements.
Divided attention: This refers to the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.
This model has been shown to be very useful in evaluating attention in very different pathologies, correlates strongly with daily difficulties and is especially helpful in designing stimulation programs such as attention process training, a rehabilitation program for neurological patients of the same authors.
Other descriptors for types of attention
Mindfulness: Mindfulness has been conceptualized as a clinical model of attention. Mindfulness practices are clinical interventions that emphasize training attention functions.
Vigilant attention: Remaining focused on a non-arousing stimulus or uninteresting task for a sustained period is far more difficult than attending to arousing stimuli and interesting tasks, and requires a specific type of attention called 'vigilant attention'. Thereby, vigilant attention is the ability to give sustained attention to a stimulus or task that might ordinarily be insufficiently engaging to prevent our attention being distracted by other stimuli or tasks.
Neural correlates
Most experiments show that one neural correlate of attention is enhanced firing. If a neuron has a different response to a stimulus when an animal is not attending to a stimulus, versus when the animal does attend to the stimulus, then the neuron's response will be enhanced even if the physical characteristics of the stimulus remain the same.
In a 2007 review, Knudsen describes a more general model which identifies four core processes of attention, with working memory at the center:
Working memory temporarily stores information for detailed analysis.
Competitive selection is the process that determines which information gains access to working memory.
Through top-down sensitivity control, higher cognitive processes can regulate signal intensity in information channels that compete for access to working memory, and thus give them an advantage in the process of competitive selection. Through top-down sensitivity control, the momentary content of working memory can influence the selection of new information, and thus mediate voluntary control of attention in a recurrent loop (endogenous attention).
Bottom-up saliency filters automatically enhance the response to infrequent stimuli, or stimuli of instinctive or learned biological relevance (exogenous attention).
Neurally, at different hierarchical levels spatial maps can enhance or inhibit activity in sensory areas, and induce orienting behaviors like eye movement.
At the top of the hierarchy, the frontal eye fields (FEF) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contain a retinocentric spatial map. Microstimulation in the FEF induces monkeys to make a saccade to the relevant location. Stimulation at levels too low to induce a saccade will nonetheless enhance cortical responses to stimuli located in the relevant area.
At the next lower level, a variety of spatial maps are found in the parietal cortex. In particular, the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) contains a saliency map and is interconnected both with the FEF and with sensory areas.
Exogenous attentional guidance in humans and monkeys is by a bottom-up saliency map in the primary visual cortex. In lower vertebrates, this saliency map is more likely in the superior colliculus (optic tectum).
Certain automatic responses that influence attention, like orienting to a highly salient stimulus, are mediated subcortically by the superior colliculi.
At the neural network level, it is thought that processes like lateral inhibition mediate the process of competitive selection.
In many cases attention produces changes in the EEG. Many animals, including humans, produce gamma waves (40–60 Hz) when focusing attention on a particular object or activity.
Another commonly used model for the attention system has been put forth by researchers such as Michael Posner. He divides attention into three functional components: alerting, orienting, and executive attention that can also interact and influence each other.
Alerting is the process involved in becoming and staying attentive toward the surroundings. It appears to exist in the frontal and parietal lobes of the right hemisphere, and is modulated by norepinephrine.
Orienting is the directing of attention to a specific stimulus.
Executive attention is used when there is a conflict between multiple attention cues. It is essentially the same as the central executive in Baddeley's model of working memory. The Eriksen flanker task has shown that the executive control of attention may take place in the anterior cingulate cortex
Cultural variation
Children appear to develop patterns of attention related to the cultural practices of their families, communities, and the institutions in which they participate.
In 1955, Jules Henry suggested that there are societal differences in sensitivity to signals from many ongoing sources that call for the awareness of several levels of attention simultaneously. He tied his speculation to ethnographic observations of communities in which children are involved in a complex social community with multiple relationships.
Many Indigenous children in the Americas predominantly learn by observing and pitching in. There are several studies to support that the use of keen attention towards learning is much more common in Indigenous Communities of North and Central America than in a middle-class European-American setting. This is a direct result of the Learning by Observing and Pitching In model.
Keen attention is both a requirement and result of learning by observing and pitching-in. Incorporating the children in the community gives them the opportunity to keenly observe and contribute to activities that were not directed towards them. It can be seen from different Indigenous communities and cultures, such as the Mayans of San Pedro, that children can simultaneously attend to multiple events. Most Maya children have learned to pay attention to several events at once in order to make useful observations.
One example is simultaneous attention which involves uninterrupted attention to several activities occurring at the same time. Another cultural practice that may relate to simultaneous attention strategies is coordination within a group. San Pedro toddlers and caregivers frequently coordinated their activities with other members of a group in multiway engagements rather than in a dyadic fashion. Research concludes that children with close ties to Indigenous American roots have a high tendency to be especially keen observers.
This learning by observing and pitching-in model requires active levels of attention management. The child is present while caretakers engage in daily activities and responsibilities such as: weaving, farming, and other skills necessary for survival. Being present allows the child to focus their attention on the actions being performed by their parents, elders, and/or older siblings. In order to learn in this way, keen attention and focus is required. Eventually the child is expected to be able to perform these skills themselves.
Modelling
In the domain of computer vision, efforts have been made to model the mechanism of human attention, especially the bottom-up intentional mechanism and its semantic significance in classification of video contents. Both spatial attention and temporal attention have been incorporated in such classification efforts.
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of models to mimic the bottom-up salience mechanism in static images. One is based on the spatial contrast analysis. For example, a center–surround mechanism has been used to define salience across scales, inspired by the putative neural mechanism. It has also been hypothesized that some visual inputs are intrinsically salient in certain background contexts and that these are actually task-independent. This model has established itself as the exemplar for salience detection and consistently used for comparison in the literature; the other kind of model is based on the frequency domain analysis. This method was first proposed by Hou et al.. This method was called SR. Then, the PQFT method was also introduced. Both SR and PQFT only use the phase information. In 2012, the HFT method was introduced, and both the amplitude and the phase information are made use of. The Neural Abstraction Pyramid is a hierarchical recurrent convolutional model, which incorporates bottom-up and top-down flow of information to iteratively interpret images.
Hemispatial neglect
Main article: Hemispatial neglect
Hemispatial neglect, also called unilateral neglect, often occurs when people have damage to the right hemisphere of their brain. This damage often leads to a tendency to ignore the left side of one's body or even the left side of an object that can be seen. Damage to the left side of the brain (the left hemisphere) rarely yields significant neglect of the right side of the body or object in the person's local environments.
The effects of spatial neglect, however, may vary and differ depending on what area of the brain was damaged. Damage to different neural substrates can result in different types of neglect. Attention disorders (lateralized and nonlaterized) may also contribute to the symptoms and effects. Much research has asserted that damage to gray matter within the brain results in spatial neglect.
New technology has yielded more information, such that there is a large, distributed network of frontal, parietal, temporal, and subcortical brain areas that have been tied to neglect. This network can be related to other research as well; the dorsal attention network is tied to spatial orienting. The effect of damage to this network may result in patients neglecting their left side when distracted about their right side or an object on their right side.
Attention in social contexts
Social attention is one special form of attention that involves the allocation of limited processing resources in a social context. Previous studies on social attention often regard how attention is directed toward socially relevant stimuli such as faces and gaze directions of other individuals. In contrast to attending-to-others, a different line of researches has shown that self-related information such as own face and name automatically captures attention and is preferentially processed comparing to other-related information. These contrasting effects between attending-to-others and attending-to-self prompt a synthetic view in a recent Opinion article proposing that social attention operates at two polarizing states: In one extreme, individual tends to attend to the self and prioritize self-related information over others', and, in the other extreme, attention is allocated to other individuals to infer their intentions and desires. Attending-to-self and attending-to-others mark the two ends of an otherwise continuum spectrum of social attention. For a given behavioral context, the mechanisms underlying these two polarities might interact and compete with each other in order to determine a saliency map of social attention that guides our behaviors. An imbalanced competition between these two behavioral and cognitive processes will cause cognitive disorders and neurological symptoms such as autism spectrum disorders and Williams syndrome.
Distracting factors
According to Daniel Goleman's book, Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence, there are two types of distracting factors affecting focus – sensory and emotional.
A sensory distracting factor would be, for example, while a person is reading this article, they are neglecting the white field surrounding the text.
An emotional distracting factor would be when someone is focused on answering an email, and somebody shouts their name. It would be almost impossible to neglect the voice speaking it. Attention is immediately directed toward the source. Positive emotions have also been found to affect attention. Induction of happiness has led to increased response times and an increase in inaccurate responses in the face of irrelevant stimuli. Two possible theories as to why emotions might make one more susceptible to distracting stimuli is that emotions take up too much of one's cognitive resources and make it harder to control your focus of attention. The other theory is that emotions make it harder to filter out distractions, specifically with positive emotions due to a feeling of security.
Another distracting factor to attention processes is insufficient sleep. Sleep deprivation is found to impair cognition, specifically performance in divided attention. Divided attention is possibly linked with the circadian processes.
Failure to attend
Inattentional blindness was first introduced in 1998 by Arien Mack and Irvic Rock. Their studies show that when people are focused on specific stimuli, they often miss other stimuli that are clearly present. Though actual blindness is not occurring here, the blindness that happens is due to the perceptual load of what is being attended to. Based on the experiment performed by Mack and Rock, Ula Finch and Nilli Lavie tested participants with a perceptual task. They presented subjects with a cross, one arm being longer than the other, for 5 trials. On the sixth trial, a white square was added to the top left of the screen. The results conclude that out of 10 participants, only 2 (20%) actually saw the square. This would suggest that when a higher focus was attended to the length of the crossed arms, the more likely someone would altogether miss an object that was in plain sight.
Change blindness was first tested by Rensink and coworkers in 1997. Their studies show that people have difficulty detecting changes from scene to scene due to the intense focus on one thing, or lack of attention overall. This was tested by Rensink through a presentation of a picture, and then a blank field, and then the same picture but with an item missing. The results showed that the pictures had to be alternated back and forth a good number of times for participants to notice the difference. This idea is greatly portrayed in films that have continuity errors. Many people do not pick up on differences when in reality, the changes tend to be significant.
History of the study
Philosophical period
Psychologist Daniel E. Berlyne credits the first extended treatment of attention to philosopher Nicolas Malebranche in his work "The Search After Truth". "Malebranche held that we have access to ideas, or mental representations of the external world, but not direct access to the world itself." Thus in order to keep these ideas organized, attention is necessary. Otherwise we will confuse these ideas. Malebranche writes in "The Search After Truth", "because it often happens that the understanding has only confused and imperfect perceptions of things, it is truly a cause of our errors.... It is therefore necessary to look for means to keep our perceptions from being confused and imperfect. And, because, as everyone knows, there is nothing that makes them clearer and more distinct than attentiveness, we must try to find the means to become more attentive than we are". According to Malebranche, attention is crucial to understanding and keeping thoughts organized.
Philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduced the concept of apperception to this philosophical approach to attention. Apperception refers to "the process by which new experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole." Apperception is required for a perceived event to become a conscious event. Leibniz emphasized a reflexive involuntary view of attention known as exogenous orienting. However, there is also endogenous orienting which is voluntary and directed attention. Philosopher Johann Friedrich Herbart agreed with Leibniz's view of apperception; however, he expounded on it in by saying that new experiences had to be tied to ones already existing in the mind. Herbart was also the first person to stress the importance of applying mathematical modeling to the study of psychology.
Throughout the philosophical era, various thinkers made significant contributions to the field of attention studies, beginning with research on the extent of attention and how attention is directed. In the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that people were not able to attend to more than one stimulus at a time. However, with research contributions by Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet this view was changed. Hamilton proposed a view of attention that likened its capacity to holding marbles. You can only hold a certain number of marbles at a time before it starts to spill over. His view states that we can attend to more than one stimulus at once. William Stanley Jevons later expanded this view and stated that we can attend to up to four items at a time.
1860–1909
This period of attention research took the focus from conceptual findings to experimental testing. It also involved psychophysical methods that allowed measurement of the relation between physical stimulus properties and the psychological perceptions of them. This period covers the development of attentional research from the founding of psychology to 1909.
Wilhelm Wundt introduced the study of attention to the field of psychology. Wundt measured mental processing speed by likening it to differences in stargazing measurements. Astronomers in this time would measure the time it took for stars to travel. Among these measurements when astronomers recorded the times, there were personal differences in calculation. These different readings resulted in different reports from each astronomer. To correct for this, a personal equation was developed. Wundt applied this to mental processing speed. Wundt realized that the time it takes to see the stimulus of the star and write down the time was being called an "observation error" but actually was the time it takes to switch voluntarily one's attention from one stimulus to another. Wundt called his school of psychology voluntarism. It was his belief that psychological processes can only be understood in terms of goals and consequences.
Franciscus Donders used mental chronometry to study attention and it was considered a major field of intellectual inquiry by authors such as Sigmund Freud. Donders and his students conducted the first detailed investigations of the speed of mental processes. Donders measured the time required to identify a stimulus and to select a motor response. This was the time difference between stimulus discrimination and response initiation. Donders also formalized the subtractive method which states that the time for a particular process can be estimated by adding that process to a task and taking the difference in reaction time between the two tasks. He also differentiated between three types of reactions: simple reaction, choice reaction, and go/no-go reaction.
Hermann von Helmholtz also contributed to the field of attention relating to the extent of attention. Von Helmholtz stated that it is possible to focus on one stimulus and still perceive or ignore others. An example of this is being able to focus on the letter u in the word house and still perceiving the letters h, o, s, and e.
One major debate in this period was whether it was possible to attend to two things at once (split attention). Walter Benjamin described this experience as "reception in a state of distraction." This disagreement could only be resolved through experimentation.
In 1890, William James, in his textbook The Principles of Psychology, remarked:
Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state which in French is called distraction, and Zerstreutheit in German.
James differentiated between sensorial attention and intellectual attention. Sensorial attention is when attention is directed to objects of sense, stimuli that are physically present. Intellectual attention is attention directed to ideal or represented objects; stimuli that are not physically present. James also distinguished between immediate or derived attention: attention to the present versus to something not physically present. According to James, attention has five major effects. Attention works to make us perceive, conceive, distinguish, remember, and shorten reactions time.
1910–1949
During this period, research in attention waned and interest in behaviorism flourished, leading some to believe, like Ulric Neisser, that in this period, "There was no research on attention". However, Jersild published very important work on "Mental Set and Shift" in 1927. He stated, "The fact of mental set is primary in all conscious activity. The same stimulus may evoke any one of a large number of responses depending upon the contextual setting in which it is placed". This research found that the time to complete a list was longer for mixed lists than for pure lists. For example, if a list was names of animals versus a list of the same size with names of animals, books, makes and models of cars, and types of fruits, it takes longer to process the second list. This is task switching.
In 1931, Telford discovered the psychological refractory period. The stimulation of neurons is followed by a refractory phase during which neurons are less sensitive to stimulation. In 1935 John Ridley Stroop developed the Stroop Task which elicited the Stroop Effect. Stroop's task showed that irrelevant stimulus information can have a major impact on performance. In this task, subjects were to look at a list of colors. This list of colors had each color typed in a color different from the actual text. For example, the word Blue would be typed in Orange, Pink in Black, and so on.
Example: Blue Purple Red Green Purple Green
Subjects were then instructed to say the name of the ink color and ignore the text. It took 110 seconds to complete a list of this type compared to 63 seconds to name the colors when presented in the form of solid squares. The naming time nearly doubled in the presence of conflicting color words, an effect known as the Stroop Effect.
1950–1974
In the 1950s, research psychologists renewed their interest in attention when the dominant epistemology shifted from positivism (i.e., behaviorism) to realism during what has come to be known as the "cognitive revolution". The cognitive revolution admitted unobservable cognitive processes like attention as legitimate objects of scientific study.
Lecture by cognitive scientist Marie Postma (Tilburg University) on focused attention
Modern research on attention began with the analysis of the "cocktail party problem" by Colin Cherry in 1953. At a cocktail party how do people select the conversation that they are listening to and ignore the rest? This problem is at times called "focused attention", as opposed to "divided attention". Cherry performed a number of experiments which became known as dichotic listening and were extended by Donald Broadbent and others.: 112 In a typical experiment, subjects would use a set of headphones to listen to two streams of words in different ears and selectively attend to one stream. After the task, the experimenter would question the subjects about the content of the unattended stream.
Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention states that information is held in a pre-attentive temporary store, and only sensory events that have some physical feature in common are selected to pass into the limited capacity processing system. This implies that the meaning of unattended messages is not identified. Also, a significant amount of time is required to shift the filter from one channel to another. Experiments by Gray and Wedderburn and later Anne Treisman pointed out various problems in Broadbent's early model and eventually led to the Deutsch–Norman model in 1968. In this model, no signal is filtered out, but all are processed to the point of activating their stored representations in memory. The point at which attention becomes "selective" is when one of the memory representations is selected for further processing. At any time, only one can be selected, resulting in the attentional bottleneck.: 115–116
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This debate became known as the early-selection vs. late-selection models. In the early selection models (first proposed by Donald Broadbent), attention shuts down (in Broadbent's model) or attenuates (in Treisman's refinement) processing in the unattended ear before the mind can analyze its semantic content. In the late selection models (first proposed by J. Anthony Deutsch and Diana Deutsch), the content in both ears is analyzed semantically, but the words in the unattended ear cannot access consciousness. Lavie's perceptual load theory, however, "provided elegant solution to" what had once been a "heated debate".
See also
Alertness
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention restoration theory
Attention seeking
Attention span
Attention theft
Attentional control
Attentional shift
Binding problem
Cognitive inhibition
Consciousness
Crossmodal attention
Flow (psychology)
Focusing (psychotherapy)
Informal learning
Joint attention
Immanuel Kant
Meditation
Mindfulness
Motivation
Nonverbal communication
Observational Learning
Ovsiankina effect
Perceptual learning#The role of attention
Philosophy
Salience (also called saliency)
Self
Split attention effect
Vigilance
Visual search
Visual spatial attention
Visual temporal attention
Working memory
References
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Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Attention.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Attention.
"Attention" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 52.
Goleman D (2013). Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence. Harper. ISBN 978-0062114860.
Ward LM (2008). "PDF". Scholarpedia. 3 (10): 1538. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1538.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attention (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scout_Girl_in_Concentration.jpg"},{"link_name":"awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness"},{"link_name":"phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"subjectively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity"},{"link_name":"objectively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James"},{"link_name":"trains of thought.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_of_thought"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"allocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_economy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bottleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"human vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"inattentional blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"cognitive neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"neuropsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology"},{"link_name":"sensory cues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_cue"},{"link_name":"tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_tuning"},{"link_name":"neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurons"},{"link_name":"working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"},{"link_name":"psychological vigilance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilance_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"traumatic brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chavajay_1999_1079%E2%80%931090-6"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"disorders of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorders_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"}],"text":"This article is about the psychological concept of attention. For other uses, see Attention (disambiguation).Focused attentionAttention or focus, is the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli.[1] It is the selective concentration on discrete information, either subjectively or objectively. William James (1890) wrote that \"Attention is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence.\"[2] Attention has also been described as the allocation of limited cognitive processing resources.[3] Attention is manifested by an attentional bottleneck, in terms of the amount of data the brain can process each second; for example, in human vision, less than 1% of the visual input data stream of 1MByte/sec can enter the bottleneck,[4][5] leading to inattentional blindness.Attention remains a crucial area of investigation within education, psychology, neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology. Areas of active investigation involve determining the source of the sensory cues and signals that generate attention, the effects of these sensory cues and signals on the tuning properties of sensory neurons, and the relationship between attention and other behavioral and cognitive processes, which may include working memory and psychological vigilance. A relatively new body of research, which expands upon earlier research within psychopathology, is investigating the diagnostic symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury and its effects on attention. Attention also varies across cultures.[6]The relationships between attention and consciousness are complex enough that they have warranted philosophical exploration. Such exploration is both ancient and continually relevant, as it can have effects in fields ranging from mental health and the study of disorders of consciousness to artificial intelligence and its domains of research.","title":"Attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"John B. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson"},{"link_name":"Juan Luis Vives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_2004_1%E2%80%9324-7"},{"link_name":"positron emission tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"},{"link_name":"functional magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"Michael Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Raichle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Raichle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"neuroscientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientist"},{"link_name":"cognitive psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology"},{"link_name":"electroencephalography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"},{"link_name":"cognitive psychophysiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysiology"},{"link_name":"neuroimaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging"},{"link_name":"frontoparietal attention network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_frontoparietal_network"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition"},{"link_name":"psychological construct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_construct"},{"link_name":"intentionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionality"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leahey-11"},{"link_name":"Wundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leahey-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leahey-11"},{"link_name":"shared intentionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_intentionality"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"subitizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subitizing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ValDanilov_Mihailova_2023-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ValDanilov_Mihailova_2023-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ValDanilov_Mihailova_2023-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ValDanilov_Mihailova_2023-21"}],"text":"Prior to the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline, attention was studied in the field of philosophy. Thus, many of the discoveries in the field of attention were made by philosophers. Psychologist John B. Watson calls Juan Luis Vives the father of modern psychology because, in his book De Anima et Vita (The Soul and Life), he was the first to recognize the importance of empirical investigation.[7] In his work on memory, Vives found that the more closely one attends to stimuli, the better they will be retained.By the 1990s, psychologists began using positron emission tomography (PET) and later functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image the brain while monitoring tasks involving attention. Considering this expensive equipment was generally only available in hospitals, psychologists sought cooperation with neurologists. Psychologist Michael Posner (then already renowned for his influential work on visual selective attention) and neurologist Marcus Raichle pioneered brain imaging studies of selective attention.[8] Their results soon sparked interest from the neuroscience community, which until then had been focused on monkey brains. With the development of these technological innovations, neuroscientists became interested in this type of research that combines sophisticated experimental paradigms from cognitive psychology with these new brain imaging techniques. Although the older technique of electroencephalography (EEG) had long been used to study the brain activity underlying selective attention by cognitive psychophysiologists, the ability of the newer techniques to measure precisely localized activity inside the brain generated renewed interest by a wider community of researchers. A growing body of such neuroimaging research has identified a frontoparietal attention network which appears to be responsible for control of attention.[9]A definition of a psychological construct forms a research approach to its study. In scientific works, attention often coincides and substitutes the notion of intentionality due to the extent of semantic uncertainty in the linguistic explanations of these notions' definitions. Intentionality has in turn been defined as \"the power of minds to be about something: to represent or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs\".[10] Although these two psychological constructs (attention and intentionality) appear to be defined by similar terms, they are different notions. To clarify the definition of attention, it would be correct to consider the origin of this notion to review the meaning of the term given to it when the experimental study on attention was initiated. It is thought that the experimental approach began with famous experiments with a 4 x 4 matrix of sixteen randomly chosen letters – the experimental paradigm that informed Wundt's theory of attention.[11] Wundt interpreted the experimental outcome introducing the meaning of attention as \"that psychical process, which is operative in the clear perception of the narrow region of the content of consciousness.\"[12] These experiments showed the physical limits of attention threshold, which were 3-6 letters observing the matrix during 1/10 s of their exposition.[11] \"We shall call the entrance into the large region of consciousness - apprehension, and the elevation into the focus of attention - apperception.\"[13] Wundt's theory of attention postulated one of the main features of this notion that attention is an active, voluntary process realized during a certain time.[11] In contrast, neuroscience research shows that intentionality may emerge instantly, even unconsciously; research reported to register neuronal correlates of an intentional act that preceded this conscious act (also see shared intentionality).[14][15] Therefore, while intentionality is a mental state (“the power of the mind to be about something”, arising even unconsciously), the description of the construct of attention should be understood in the dynamical sense as the ability to elevate the clear perception of the narrow region of the content of consciousness and to keep in mind this state for a time. The attention threshold would be the period of minimum time needed for employing perception to clearly apprehend the scope of intention. From this perspective, a scientific approach to attention is relevant when it considers the difference between these two concepts (first of all, between their statical and dynamical statuses).The growing body of literature shows empirical evidence that attention is conditioned by the number of elements and the duration of exposition. Decades of research on subitizing have supported Wundt's findings about the limits of a human ability to concentrate awareness on a task.[16][17][18][19][20] A significant inference from the Wundtian approach to the study of attention: the scope of attention is related to cognitive development.[21] As the mind grasps more details about an event, it also increases the number of reasonable combinations within that event, enhancing the probability of better understanding its features and particularity.[21] For example, three items in the focal point of consciousness have six possible combinations (3 factorial), and four items have 24 (4 factorial) combinations. This number of combinations becomes significantly prominent in the case of a focal point with six items with 720 possible combinations (6 factorial).[21] Empirical evidence suggests that the scope of attention in young children develops from two items in the focal point at age up to six months to five or more items in the focal point at age about five years.[21]","title":"Contemporary definition and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selective auditory attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_auditory_attention"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg"},{"link_name":"cognitive psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology"},{"link_name":"falsifiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiable"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jonides-22"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eriksen-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"zoom lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"visual angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_angle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eriksen-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raftopoulos_2007-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raftopoulos_2007-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raftopoulos_2007-27"}],"text":"See also: Selective auditory attentionIn cognitive psychology there are at least two models which describe how visual attention operates. These models may be considered metaphors which are used to describe internal processes and to generate hypotheses that are falsifiable. Generally speaking, visual attention is thought to operate as a two-stage process.[22] In the first stage, attention is distributed uniformly over the external visual scene and processing of information is performed in parallel. In the second stage, attention is concentrated to a specific area of the visual scene (i.e., it is focused), and processing is performed in a serial fashion.The first of these models to appear in the literature is the spotlight model. The term \"spotlight\" was inspired by the work of William James, who described attention as having a focus, a margin, and a fringe.[23] The focus is an area that extracts information from the visual scene with a high-resolution, the geometric center of which being where visual attention is directed. Surrounding the focus is the fringe of attention, which extracts information in a much more crude fashion (i.e., low-resolution). This fringe extends out to a specified area, and the cut-off is called the margin.The second model is called the zoom-lens model and was first introduced in 1986.[24] This model inherits all properties of the spotlight model (i.e., the focus, the fringe, and the margin), but it has the added property of changing in size. This size-change mechanism was inspired by the zoom lens one might find on a camera, and any change in size can be described by a trade-off in the efficiency of processing.[25] The zoom-lens of attention can be described in terms of an inverse trade-off between the size of focus and the efficiency of processing: because attention resources are assumed to be fixed, then it follows that the larger the focus is, the slower processing will be of that region of the visual scene, since this fixed resource will be distributed over a larger area. It is thought that the focus of attention can subtend a minimum of 1° of visual angle,[23][26] however the maximum size has not yet been determined.A significant debate emerged in the last decade of the 20th century in which Treisman's 1993 Feature Integration Theory (FIT) was compared to Duncan and Humphrey's 1989 attentional engagement theory (AET).[27]: 5–7 FIT posits that \"objects are retrieved from scenes by means of selective spatial attention that picks out objects' features, forms feature maps, and integrates those features that are found at the same location into forming objects.\" Treismans's theory is based on a two-stage process to help solve the binding problem of attention. These two stages are the preattentive stage and the focused attention stage.Preattentive Stage: The unconscious detection and separation of features of an item (color, shape, size). Treisman suggests that this happens early in cognitive processing and that individuals are not aware of the occurrence due to the counter intuitiveness of separating a whole into its part. Evidence shows that preattentive focuses are accurate due to illusory conjunctions.[28]\nFocused Attention Stage: The combining of all feature identifiers to perceive all parts as one whole. This is possible through prior knowledge and cognitive mapping. When an item is seen within a known location and has features that people have knowledge of, then prior knowledge will help bring features all together to make sense of what is perceived. The case of R.M's damage to his parietal lobe, also known as Balint's syndrome, shows the incorporation of focused attention and combination of features in the role of attention.[29]Through sequencing these steps, parallel and serial search is better exhibited through the formation of conjunctions of objects. Conjunctive searches, according to Treismans, are done through both stages[30] in order to create selective and focused attention on an object, though Duncan and Humphrey would disagree. Duncan and Humphrey's AET understanding of attention maintained that \"there is an initial pre-attentive parallel phase of perceptual segmentation and analysis that encompasses all of the visual items present in a scene. At this phase, descriptions of the objects in a visual scene are generated into structural units; the outcome of this parallel phase is a multiple-spatial-scale structured representation. Selective attention intervenes after this stage to select information that will be entered into visual short-term memory.\"[27]: 5–7 The contrast of the two theories placed a new emphasis on the separation of visual attention tasks alone and those mediated by supplementary cognitive processes. As Rastophopoulos summarizes the debate: \"Against Treisman's FIT, which posits spatial attention as a necessary condition for detection of objects, Humphreys argues that visual elements are encoded and bound together in an initial parallel phase without focal attention, and that attention serves to select among the objects that result from this initial grouping.\"[27]: 8","title":"Selective and visual"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In the twentieth century, the pioneering research of Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria led to the three-part model of neuropsychology defining the working brain as being represented by three co-active processes listed as Attention, Memory, and Activation. A.R. Luria published his well-known book The Working Brain in 1973 as a concise adjunct volume to his previous 1962 book Higher Cortical Functions in Man. In this volume, Luria summarized his three-part global theory of the working brain as being composed of three constantly co-active processes which he described as the; (1) Attention system, (2) Mnestic (memory) system, and (3) Cortical activation system. The two books together are considered by Homskaya's account as \"among Luria's major works in neuropsychology, most fully reflecting all the aspects (theoretical, clinical, experimental) of this new discipline.\"[31] The product of the combined research of Vygotsky and Luria have determined a large part of the contemporary understanding and definition of attention as it is understood at the start of the 21st-century.","title":"Neuropsychological model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human multitasking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_multitasking"},{"link_name":"Distracted driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distracted_driving"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matlin-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"dichotic listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotic_listening"},{"link_name":"Donald Broadbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matlin-32"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strahhh_&_Drews_2007-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salvucci_&_Taatgen_2008-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collet_et_al_2009-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabris_&_Simmons,_2010-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folks,_2010-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strayer_et_al._2012-42"},{"link_name":"Kahneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attention_&_Effort-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg_&_Sternberg,_2012-44"},{"link_name":"Gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gopher"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wahn_&_K%C3%B6nig_2017-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg_&_Sternberg,_2012-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg_&_Sternberg,_2012-44"}],"text":"See also: Human multitasking and Distracted drivingMultitasking can be defined as the attempt to perform two or more tasks simultaneously; however, research shows that when multitasking, people make more mistakes or perform their tasks more slowly.[32] Attention must be divided among all of the component tasks to perform them. In divided attention, individuals attend or give attention to multiple sources of information at once or perform more than one task at the same time.[33]Older research involved looking at the limits of people performing simultaneous tasks like reading stories, while listening and writing something else,[34] or listening to two separate messages through different ears (i.e., dichotic listening). Generally, classical research into attention investigated the ability of people to learn new information when there were multiple tasks to be performed, or to probe the limits of our perception (c.f. Donald Broadbent). There is also older literature on people's performance on multiple tasks performed simultaneously, such as driving a car while tuning a radio[35] or driving while being on the phone.[36]The vast majority of current research on human multitasking is based on performance of doing two tasks simultaneously,[32] usually that involves driving while performing another task, such as texting, eating, or even speaking to passengers in the vehicle, or with a friend over a cellphone. This research reveals that the human attentional system has limits for what it can process: driving performance is worse while engaged in other tasks; drivers make more mistakes, brake harder and later, get into more accidents, veer into other lanes, and/or are less aware of their surroundings when engaged in the previously discussed tasks.[37][38][39]There has been little difference found between speaking on a hands-free cell phone or a hand-held cell phone,[40][41] which suggests that it is the strain of attentional system that causes problems, rather than what the driver is doing with his or her hands. While speaking with a passenger is as cognitively demanding as speaking with a friend over the phone,[42] passengers are able to change the conversation based upon the needs of the driver. For example, if traffic intensifies, a passenger may stop talking to allow the driver to navigate the increasingly difficult roadway; a conversation partner over a phone would not be aware of the change in environment.There have been multiple theories regarding divided attention. One, conceived by Kahneman,[43] explains that there is a single pool of attentional resources that can be freely divided among multiple tasks. This model seems oversimplified, however, due to the different modalities (e.g., visual, auditory, verbal) that are perceived.[44] When the two simultaneous tasks use the same modality, such as listening to a radio station and writing a paper, it is much more difficult to concentrate on both because the tasks are likely to interfere with each other. The specific modality model was theorized by Navon and Gopher in 1979. However, more recent research using well controlled dual-task paradigms points at the importance of tasks.[45]As an alternative, resource theory has been proposed as a more accurate metaphor for explaining divided attention on complex tasks. Resource theory states that as each complex task is automatized, performing that task requires less of the individual's limited-capacity attentional resources.[44] Other variables play a part in our ability to pay attention to and concentrate on many tasks at once. These include, but are not limited to, anxiety, arousal, task difficulty, and skills.[44]","title":"Multitasking and divided attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"learn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_Learning#Indigenous_communities_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_La_Laguna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chavajay_1999_1079%E2%80%931090-6"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morelli-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva_2010_898%E2%80%93912-48"}],"text":"Simultaneous attention is a type of attention, classified by attending to multiple events at the same time. Simultaneous attention is demonstrated by children in Indigenous communities, who learn through this type of attention to their surroundings.[46] Simultaneous attention is present in the ways in which children of indigenous backgrounds interact both with their surroundings and with other individuals. Simultaneous attention requires focus on multiple simultaneous activities or occurrences. This differs from multitasking, which is characterized by alternating attention and focus between multiple activities, or halting one activity before switching to the next.Simultaneous attention involves uninterrupted attention to several activities occurring at the same time. Another cultural practice that may relate to simultaneous attention strategies is coordination within a group. Indigenous heritage toddlers and caregivers in San Pedro were observed to frequently coordinate their activities with other members of a group in ways parallel to a model of simultaneous attention, whereas middle-class European-descent families in the U.S. would move back and forth between events.[6][47] Research concludes that children with close ties to Indigenous American roots have a high tendency to be especially wide, keen observers.[48] This points to a strong cultural difference in attention management.","title":"Simultaneous"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alternative topics and discussions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner,_M._I._1980-50"},{"link_name":"superior colliculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_colliculus"},{"link_name":"midbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain"},{"link_name":"frontal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eriksen-23"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner,_M._I._1980-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"},{"link_name":"saccade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"parietal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner,_M._I._1980-50"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rizzolatti_Riggio_Dascola_Umilt%C3%A1_1987_pp._31%E2%80%9340-55"},{"link_name":"N2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N200_(neuroscience)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Talcott_Kiat_Luck_Gaspelin_2023_p.-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Talcott_Kiat_Luck_Gaspelin_2023_p.-56"}],"sub_title":"Overt and covert orienting","text":"Attention may be differentiated into \"overt\" versus \"covert\" orienting.[49]Overt orienting is the act of selectively attending to an item or location over others by moving the eyes to point in that direction.[50] Overt orienting can be directly observed in the form of eye movements. Although overt eye movements are quite common, there is a distinction that can be made between two types of eye movements; reflexive and controlled. Reflexive movements are commanded by the superior colliculus of the midbrain. These movements are fast and are activated by the sudden appearance of stimuli. In contrast, controlled eye movements are commanded by areas in the frontal lobe. These movements are slow and voluntary.Covert orienting is the act of mentally shifting one's focus without moving one's eyes.[23][50][51] Simply, it is changes in attention that are not attributable to overt eye movements. Covert orienting has the potential to affect the output of perceptual processes by governing attention to particular items or locations (for example, the activity of a V4 neuron whose receptive field lies on an attended stimuli will be enhanced by covert attention)[52] but does not influence the information that is processed by the senses. Researchers often use \"filtering\" tasks to study the role of covert attention of selecting information. These tasks often require participants to observe a number of stimuli, but attend to only one. The current view is that visual covert attention is a mechanism for quickly scanning the field of view for interesting locations. This shift in covert attention is linked to eye movement circuitry that sets up a slower saccade to that location.[53]There are studies that suggest the mechanisms of overt and covert orienting may not be controlled separately and independently as previously believed. Central mechanisms that may control covert orienting, such as the parietal lobe, also receive input from subcortical centres involved in overt orienting.[50] In support of this, general theories of attention actively assume bottom-up (reflexive) processes and top-down (voluntary) processes converge on a common neural architecture, in that they control both covert and overt attentional systems.[54] For example, if individuals attend to the right hand corner field of view, movement of the eyes in that direction may have to be actively suppressed.Covert attention has been argued to reflect the existence of processes \"programming explicit ocular movement\".[55] However, this has been questioned on the grounds that N2, \"a neural measure of covert attentional allocation—does not always precede eye movements\".[56] However, the researchers acknowledge, \"it may be impossible to definitively rule out the possibility that some kind of shift of covert attention precedes every shift of overt attention\".[56]","title":"Alternative topics and discussions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner,_M._I._1980-50"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayer,_A._R._2004-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner,_M._I._1980-50"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"inhibition of return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibition_of_return"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"cognitive load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_load"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"exogenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogeny"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"parietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe"},{"link_name":"temporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"brainstem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"primary visual cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scholarpedia.org/article/Area_V1"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-71"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"superior colliculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_colliculus"},{"link_name":"midbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain"},{"link_name":"endogenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogeny"},{"link_name":"attentional control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentional_Control"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions"},{"link_name":"frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner-67"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"executive functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner,_M._I._1980-50"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner-67"},{"link_name":"working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Exogenous and endogenous orienting","text":"Orienting attention is vital and can be controlled through external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) processes. However, comparing these two processes is challenging because external signals do not operate completely exogenously, but will only summon attention and eye movements if they are important to the subject.[50]Exogenous (from Greek exo, meaning \"outside\", and genein, meaning \"to produce\") orienting is frequently described as being under control of a stimulus.[57] Exogenous orienting is considered to be reflexive and automatic and is caused by a sudden change in the periphery. This often results in a reflexive saccade. Since exogenous cues are typically presented in the periphery, they are referred to as peripheral cues. Exogenous orienting can even be observed when individuals are aware that the cue will not relay reliable, accurate information about where a target is going to occur. This means that the mere presence of an exogenous cue will affect the response to other stimuli that are subsequently presented in the cue's previous location.[58]Several studies have investigated the influence of valid and invalid cues.[50][59][60][61] They concluded that valid peripheral cues benefit performance, for instance when the peripheral cues are brief flashes at the relevant location before the onset of a visual stimulus. Posner and Cohen (1984) noted a reversal of this benefit takes place when the interval between the onset of the cue and the onset of the target is longer than about 300 ms.[62] The phenomenon of valid cues producing longer reaction times than invalid cues is called inhibition of return.Endogenous (from Greek endo, meaning \"within\" or \"internally\") orienting is the intentional allocation of attentional resources to a predetermined location or space. Simply stated, endogenous orienting occurs when attention is oriented according to an observer's goals or desires, allowing the focus of attention to be manipulated by the demands of a task. In order to have an effect, endogenous cues must be processed by the observer and acted upon purposefully. These cues are frequently referred to as central cues. This is because they are typically presented at the center of a display, where an observer's eyes are likely to be fixated. Central cues, such as an arrow or digit presented at fixation, tell observers to attend to a specific location.[63]When examining differences between exogenous and endogenous orienting, some researchers suggest that there are four differences between the two kinds of cues:exogenous orienting is less affected by cognitive load than endogenous orienting;\nobservers are able to ignore endogenous cues but not exogenous cues;\nexogenous cues have bigger effects than endogenous cues; and\nexpectancies about cue validity and predictive value affects endogenous orienting more than exogenous orienting.[64]There exist both overlaps and differences in the areas of the brain that are responsible for endogenous and exogenous orientating.[65] Another approach to this discussion has been covered under the topic heading of \"bottom-up\" versus \"top-down\" orientations to attention. Researchers of this school have described two different aspects of how the mind focuses attention to items present in the environment. The first aspect is called bottom-up processing, also known as stimulus-driven attention or exogenous attention. These describe attentional processing which is driven by the properties of the objects themselves. Some processes, such as motion or a sudden loud noise, can attract our attention in a pre-conscious, or non-volitional way. We attend to them whether we want to or not.[66] These aspects of attention are thought to involve parietal and temporal cortices, as well as the brainstem.[67] More recent experimental evidence[68][69][70] support the idea that the primary visual cortex creates a bottom-up saliency map,[71][4] which is received by the superior colliculus in the midbrain area to guide attention or gaze shifts.The second aspect is called top-down processing, also known as goal-driven, endogenous attention, attentional control or executive attention. This aspect of our attentional orienting is under the control of the person who is attending. It is mediated primarily by the frontal cortex and basal ganglia[67][72] as one of the executive functions.[50][67] Research has shown that it is related to other aspects of the executive functions, such as working memory,[73] and conflict resolution and inhibition.[74]","title":"Alternative topics and discussions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"perceptual load theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_load_theory#Perceptual_load_theory"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Influence of processing load","text":"A \"hugely influential\"[75] theory regarding selective attention is the perceptual load theory, which states that there are two mechanisms that affect attention: cognitive and perceptual. The perceptual mechanism considers the subject's ability to perceive or ignore stimuli, both task-related and non task-related. Studies show that if there are many stimuli present (especially if they are task-related), it is much easier to ignore the non-task related stimuli, but if there are few stimuli the mind will perceive the irrelevant stimuli as well as the relevant. The cognitive mechanism refers to the actual processing of the stimuli. Studies regarding this showed that the ability to process stimuli decreased with age, meaning that younger people were able to perceive more stimuli and fully process them, but were likely to process both relevant and irrelevant information, while older people could process fewer stimuli, but usually processed only relevant information.[76]Some people can process multiple stimuli, e.g. trained Morse code operators have been able to copy 100% of a message while carrying on a meaningful conversation. This relies on the reflexive response due to \"overlearning\" the skill of morse code reception/detection/transcription so that it is an autonomous function requiring no specific attention to perform. This overtraining of the brain comes as the \"practice of a skill [surpasses] 100% accuracy,\" allowing the activity to become autonomic, while your mind has room to process other actions simultaneously.[77]Based on the primary role of the perceptual load theory, assumptions regarding its functionality surrounding that attentional resources are that of limited capacity which signify the need for all of the attentional resources to be used.[78] This performance, however, is halted when put hand in hand with accuracy and reaction time (RT). This limitation arises through the measurement of literature when obtaining outcomes for scores. This affects both cognitive and perceptual attention because there is a lack of measurement surrounding distributions of temporal and spatial attention. Only a concentrated amount of attention on how effective one is completing the task and how long they take is being analyzed making a more redundant analysis on overall cognition of being able to process multiple stimuli through perception.[79]","title":"Alternative topics and discussions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurologic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologic"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"brain damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_damage"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"sensory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense"},{"link_name":"vigilance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilance_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentional_control"}],"sub_title":"Clinical model","text":"Attention is best described as the sustained focus of cognitive resources on information while filtering or ignoring extraneous information. Attention is a very basic function that often is a precursor to all other neurological/cognitive functions. As is frequently the case, clinical models of attention differ from investigation models. One of the most used models for the evaluation of attention in patients with very different neurologic pathologies is the model of Sohlberg and Mateer.[80] This hierarchic model is based in the recovering of attention processes of brain damage patients after coma. Five different kinds of activities of growing difficulty are described in the model; connecting with the activities those patients could do as their recovering process advanced.Focused attention: The ability to respond discretely to specific sensory stimuli.\nSustained attention (vigilance and concentration): The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity.\nSelective attention: The ability to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or competing stimuli. Therefore, it incorporates the notion of \"freedom from distractibility.\"\nAlternating attention: The ability of mental flexibility that allows individuals to shift their focus of attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements.\nDivided attention: This refers to the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.This model has been shown to be very useful in evaluating attention in very different pathologies, correlates strongly with daily difficulties and is especially helpful in designing stimulation programs such as attention process training, a rehabilitation program for neurological patients of the same authors.","title":"Alternative topics and discussions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Mindfulness: Mindfulness has been conceptualized as a clinical model of attention.[81] Mindfulness practices are clinical interventions that emphasize training attention functions.[82]\nVigilant attention: Remaining focused on a non-arousing stimulus or uninteresting task for a sustained period is far more difficult than attending to arousing stimuli and interesting tasks, and requires a specific type of attention called 'vigilant attention'.[83] Thereby, vigilant attention is the ability to give sustained attention to a stimulus or task that might ordinarily be insufficiently engaging to prevent our attention being distracted by other stimuli or tasks.[84]","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neural correlate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_correlate"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knudsen-85"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_model"},{"link_name":"working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"},{"link_name":"Working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pattyn-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pattyn-86"},{"link_name":"frontal eye fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields"},{"link_name":"dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"Microstimulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstimulation"},{"link_name":"saccade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade"},{"link_name":"parietal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cortex"},{"link_name":"saliency map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliency_map"},{"link_name":"primary visual cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scholarpedia.org/article/Area_V1"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-71"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"superior colliculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_colliculus"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"superior colliculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_colliculi"},{"link_name":"lateral inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_inhibition"},{"link_name":"EEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEG"},{"link_name":"gamma waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_wave"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Michael Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"executive attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_system"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posner-67"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"parietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe"},{"link_name":"right hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hemisphere"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"central executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddeley%27s_model_of_working_memory#Central_executive"},{"link_name":"Baddeley's model of working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddeley%27s_model_of_working_memory"},{"link_name":"Eriksen flanker task","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriksen_flanker_task"},{"link_name":"anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Neural correlates","text":"Most experiments show that one neural correlate of attention is enhanced firing. If a neuron has a different response to a stimulus when an animal is not attending to a stimulus, versus when the animal does attend to the stimulus, then the neuron's response will be enhanced even if the physical characteristics of the stimulus remain the same.In a 2007 review, Knudsen[85] describes a more general model which identifies four core processes of attention, with working memory at the center:Working memory temporarily stores information for detailed analysis.\nCompetitive selection is the process that determines which information gains access to working memory.\nThrough top-down sensitivity control, higher cognitive processes can regulate signal intensity in information channels that compete for access to working memory, and thus give them an advantage in the process of competitive selection. Through top-down sensitivity control, the momentary content of working memory can influence the selection of new information, and thus mediate voluntary control of attention in a recurrent loop (endogenous attention).[86]\nBottom-up saliency filters automatically enhance the response to infrequent stimuli, or stimuli of instinctive or learned biological relevance (exogenous attention).[86]Neurally, at different hierarchical levels spatial maps can enhance or inhibit activity in sensory areas, and induce orienting behaviors like eye movement.At the top of the hierarchy, the frontal eye fields (FEF) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contain a retinocentric spatial map. Microstimulation in the FEF induces monkeys to make a saccade to the relevant location. Stimulation at levels too low to induce a saccade will nonetheless enhance cortical responses to stimuli located in the relevant area.\nAt the next lower level, a variety of spatial maps are found in the parietal cortex. In particular, the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) contains a saliency map and is interconnected both with the FEF and with sensory areas.\nExogenous attentional guidance in humans and monkeys is by a bottom-up saliency map in the primary visual cortex.[71][4] In lower vertebrates, this saliency map is more likely in the superior colliculus (optic tectum).[87]\nCertain automatic responses that influence attention, like orienting to a highly salient stimulus, are mediated subcortically by the superior colliculi.\nAt the neural network level, it is thought that processes like lateral inhibition mediate the process of competitive selection.In many cases attention produces changes in the EEG. Many animals, including humans, produce gamma waves (40–60 Hz) when focusing attention on a particular object or activity.[88][89][52][90]Another commonly used model for the attention system has been put forth by researchers such as Michael Posner. He divides attention into three functional components: alerting, orienting, and executive attention[67][91] that can also interact and influence each other.[92][93][94]Alerting is the process involved in becoming and staying attentive toward the surroundings. It appears to exist in the frontal and parietal lobes of the right hemisphere, and is modulated by norepinephrine.[95][96]\nOrienting is the directing of attention to a specific stimulus.\nExecutive attention is used when there is a conflict between multiple attention cues. It is essentially the same as the central executive in Baddeley's model of working memory. The Eriksen flanker task has shown that the executive control of attention may take place in the anterior cingulate cortex[97]","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Jules Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Henry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chavajay_1999_1079%E2%80%931090-6"},{"link_name":"Indigenous children in the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"observing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_Learning"},{"link_name":"Learning by Observing and Pitching In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learning_by_Observing_and_Pitching_In&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayans"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_La_Laguna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chavajay_1999_1079%E2%80%931090-6"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_peoples"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chavajay_1999_1079%E2%80%931090-6"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morelli-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva_2010_898%E2%80%93912-48"}],"sub_title":"Cultural variation","text":"Children appear to develop patterns of attention related to the cultural practices of their families, communities, and the institutions in which they participate.[98]In 1955, Jules Henry suggested that there are societal differences in sensitivity to signals from many ongoing sources that call for the awareness of several levels of attention simultaneously. He tied his speculation to ethnographic observations of communities in which children are involved in a complex social community with multiple relationships.[6]Many Indigenous children in the Americas predominantly learn by observing and pitching in. There are several studies to support that the use of keen attention towards learning is much more common in Indigenous Communities of North and Central America than in a middle-class European-American setting. This is a direct result of the Learning by Observing and Pitching In model.Keen attention is both a requirement and result of learning by observing and pitching-in. Incorporating the children in the community gives them the opportunity to keenly observe and contribute to activities that were not directed towards them. It can be seen from different Indigenous communities and cultures, such as the Mayans of San Pedro, that children can simultaneously attend to multiple events.[6] Most Maya children have learned to pay attention to several events at once in order to make useful observations.[99]One example is simultaneous attention which involves uninterrupted attention to several activities occurring at the same time. Another cultural practice that may relate to simultaneous attention strategies is coordination within a group. San Pedro toddlers and caregivers frequently coordinated their activities with other members of a group in multiway engagements rather than in a dyadic fashion.[6][47] Research concludes that children with close ties to Indigenous American roots have a high tendency to be especially keen observers.[48]This learning by observing and pitching-in model requires active levels of attention management. The child is present while caretakers engage in daily activities and responsibilities such as: weaving, farming, and other skills necessary for survival. Being present allows the child to focus their attention on the actions being performed by their parents, elders, and/or older siblings. In order to learn in this way, keen attention and focus is required. Eventually the child is expected to be able to perform these skills themselves.","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li_J,_Levine_MD,_An_X,_Xu_X,_He_H_2012-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zang_Wang_Liu_Zhang_2018_pp._97%E2%80%93108-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_Zang_Zhang_Niu_p=1979-102"},{"link_name":"spatial attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_spatial_attention"},{"link_name":"temporal attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_temporal_attention"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li_J,_Levine_MD,_An_X,_Xu_X,_He_H_2012-100"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li_J,_Levine_MD,_An_X,_Xu_X,_He_H_2012-100"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"Modelling","text":"In the domain of computer vision, efforts have been made to model the mechanism of human attention, especially the bottom-up intentional mechanism[100] and its semantic significance in classification of video contents.[101][102] Both spatial attention and temporal attention have been incorporated in such classification efforts.Generally speaking, there are two kinds of models to mimic the bottom-up salience mechanism in static images. One is based on the spatial contrast analysis. For example, a center–surround mechanism has been used to define salience across scales, inspired by the putative neural mechanism.[103] It has also been hypothesized that some visual inputs are intrinsically salient in certain background contexts and that these are actually task-independent. This model has established itself as the exemplar for salience detection and consistently used for comparison in the literature;[100] the other kind of model is based on the frequency domain analysis. This method was first proposed by Hou et al..[104] This method was called SR. Then, the PQFT method was also introduced. Both SR and PQFT only use the phase information.[100] In 2012, the HFT method was introduced, and both the amplitude and the phase information are made use of.[105] The Neural Abstraction Pyramid[106] is a hierarchical recurrent convolutional model, which incorporates bottom-up and top-down flow of information to iteratively interpret images.","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kalat,_J._W._2013-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silveri,_M._2011-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silveri,_M._2011-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"dorsal attention network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_attention_network"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kalat,_J._W._2013-107"}],"sub_title":"Hemispatial neglect","text":"Hemispatial neglect, also called unilateral neglect, often occurs when people have damage to the right hemisphere of their brain.[107] This damage often leads to a tendency to ignore the left side of one's body or even the left side of an object that can be seen. Damage to the left side of the brain (the left hemisphere) rarely yields significant neglect of the right side of the body or object in the person's local environments.[108]The effects of spatial neglect, however, may vary and differ depending on what area of the brain was damaged. Damage to different neural substrates can result in different types of neglect. Attention disorders (lateralized and nonlaterized) may also contribute to the symptoms and effects.[108] Much research has asserted that damage to gray matter within the brain results in spatial neglect.[109]New technology has yielded more information, such that there is a large, distributed network of frontal, parietal, temporal, and subcortical brain areas that have been tied to neglect.[110] This network can be related to other research as well; the dorsal attention network is tied to spatial orienting.[111] The effect of damage to this network may result in patients neglecting their left side when distracted about their right side or an object on their right side.[107]","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal.frontiersin.org-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal.frontiersin.org-114"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"Williams syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_syndrome"}],"sub_title":"Attention in social contexts","text":"Social attention is one special form of attention that involves the allocation of limited processing resources in a social context. Previous studies on social attention often regard how attention is directed toward socially relevant stimuli such as faces and gaze directions of other individuals.[112] In contrast to attending-to-others, a different line of researches has shown that self-related information such as own face and name automatically captures attention and is preferentially processed comparing to other-related information.[113] These contrasting effects between attending-to-others and attending-to-self prompt a synthetic view in a recent Opinion article[114] proposing that social attention operates at two polarizing states: In one extreme, individual tends to attend to the self and prioritize self-related information over others', and, in the other extreme, attention is allocated to other individuals to infer their intentions and desires. Attending-to-self and attending-to-others mark the two ends of an otherwise continuum spectrum of social attention. For a given behavioral context, the mechanisms underlying these two polarities might interact and compete with each other in order to determine a saliency map of social attention that guides our behaviors.[114] An imbalanced competition between these two behavioral and cognitive processes will cause cognitive disorders and neurological symptoms such as autism spectrum disorders and Williams syndrome.","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Distracting factors","text":"According to Daniel Goleman's book, Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence, there are two types of distracting factors affecting focus – sensory and emotional.A sensory distracting factor would be, for example, while a person is reading this article, they are neglecting the white field surrounding the text.An emotional distracting factor would be when someone is focused on answering an email, and somebody shouts their name. It would be almost impossible to neglect the voice speaking it. Attention is immediately directed toward the source. Positive emotions have also been found to affect attention. Induction of happiness has led to increased response times and an increase in inaccurate responses in the face of irrelevant stimuli. Two possible theories as to why emotions might make one more susceptible to distracting stimuli is that emotions take up too much of one's cognitive resources and make it harder to control your focus of attention. The other theory is that emotions make it harder to filter out distractions, specifically with positive emotions due to a feeling of security.[115]Another distracting factor to attention processes is insufficient sleep. Sleep deprivation is found to impair cognition, specifically performance in divided attention. Divided attention is possibly linked with the circadian processes.[116]","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inattentional blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Change blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_blindness"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Failure to attend","text":"Inattentional blindness was first introduced in 1998 by Arien Mack and Irvic Rock. Their studies show that when people are focused on specific stimuli, they often miss other stimuli that are clearly present. Though actual blindness is not occurring here, the blindness that happens is due to the perceptual load of what is being attended to.[117] Based on the experiment performed by Mack and Rock, Ula Finch and Nilli Lavie tested participants with a perceptual task. They presented subjects with a cross, one arm being longer than the other, for 5 trials. On the sixth trial, a white square was added to the top left of the screen. The results conclude that out of 10 participants, only 2 (20%) actually saw the square. This would suggest that when a higher focus was attended to the length of the crossed arms, the more likely someone would altogether miss an object that was in plain sight.[118]Change blindness was first tested by Rensink and coworkers in 1997. Their studies show that people have difficulty detecting changes from scene to scene due to the intense focus on one thing, or lack of attention overall. This was tested by Rensink through a presentation of a picture, and then a blank field, and then the same picture but with an item missing. The results showed that the pictures had to be alternated back and forth a good number of times for participants to notice the difference. This idea is greatly portrayed in films that have continuity errors. Many people do not pick up on differences when in reality, the changes tend to be significant.[119]","title":"Other descriptors for types of attention"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of the study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel E. Berlyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Berlyne"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Malebranche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_2004_1%E2%80%9324-7"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"apperception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apperception"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Herbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_2004_1%E2%80%9324-7"},{"link_name":"Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Hamilton,_9th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"William Stanley Jevons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Philosophical period","text":"Psychologist Daniel E. Berlyne credits the first extended treatment of attention to philosopher Nicolas Malebranche in his work \"The Search After Truth\". \"Malebranche held that we have access to ideas, or mental representations of the external world, but not direct access to the world itself.\"[7] Thus in order to keep these ideas organized, attention is necessary.[120] Otherwise we will confuse these ideas. Malebranche writes in \"The Search After Truth\", \"because it often happens that the understanding has only confused and imperfect perceptions of things, it is truly a cause of our errors.... It is therefore necessary to look for means to keep our perceptions from being confused and imperfect. And, because, as everyone knows, there is nothing that makes them clearer and more distinct than attentiveness, we must try to find the means to become more attentive than we are\".[121] According to Malebranche, attention is crucial to understanding and keeping thoughts organized.Philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduced the concept of apperception to this philosophical approach to attention. Apperception refers to \"the process by which new experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole.\"[122] Apperception is required for a perceived event to become a conscious event. Leibniz emphasized a reflexive involuntary view of attention known as exogenous orienting. However, there is also endogenous orienting which is voluntary and directed attention. Philosopher Johann Friedrich Herbart agreed with Leibniz's view of apperception; however, he expounded on it in by saying that new experiences had to be tied to ones already existing in the mind. Herbart was also the first person to stress the importance of applying mathematical modeling to the study of psychology.[7]Throughout the philosophical era, various thinkers made significant contributions to the field of attention studies, beginning with research on the extent of attention and how attention is directed. In the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that people were not able to attend to more than one stimulus at a time. However, with research contributions by Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet this view was changed. Hamilton proposed a view of attention that likened its capacity to holding marbles. You can only hold a certain number of marbles at a time before it starts to spill over. His view states that we can attend to more than one stimulus at once. William Stanley Jevons later expanded this view and stated that we can attend to up to four items at a time.[123]","title":"History of the study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm Wundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt"},{"link_name":"personal equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_equation"},{"link_name":"voluntarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voluntarism_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franciscus Donders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Donders"},{"link_name":"mental chronometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_chronometry"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"three types of reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_chronometry"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Helmholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz"},{"link_name":"Walter Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"distraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distraction"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James"},{"link_name":"The Principles of Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Psychology"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"1860–1909","text":"This period of attention research took the focus from conceptual findings to experimental testing. It also involved psychophysical methods that allowed measurement of the relation between physical stimulus properties and the psychological perceptions of them. This period covers the development of attentional research from the founding of psychology to 1909.Wilhelm Wundt introduced the study of attention to the field of psychology. Wundt measured mental processing speed by likening it to differences in stargazing measurements. Astronomers in this time would measure the time it took for stars to travel. Among these measurements when astronomers recorded the times, there were personal differences in calculation. These different readings resulted in different reports from each astronomer. To correct for this, a personal equation was developed. Wundt applied this to mental processing speed. Wundt realized that the time it takes to see the stimulus of the star and write down the time was being called an \"observation error\" but actually was the time it takes to switch voluntarily one's attention from one stimulus to another. Wundt called his school of psychology voluntarism. It was his belief that psychological processes can only be understood in terms of goals and consequences.Franciscus Donders used mental chronometry to study attention and it was considered a major field of intellectual inquiry by authors such as Sigmund Freud. Donders and his students conducted the first detailed investigations of the speed of mental processes. Donders measured the time required to identify a stimulus and to select a motor response. This was the time difference between stimulus discrimination and response initiation. Donders also formalized the subtractive method which states that the time for a particular process can be estimated by adding that process to a task and taking the difference in reaction time between the two tasks. He also differentiated between three types of reactions: simple reaction, choice reaction, and go/no-go reaction.Hermann von Helmholtz also contributed to the field of attention relating to the extent of attention. Von Helmholtz stated that it is possible to focus on one stimulus and still perceive or ignore others. An example of this is being able to focus on the letter u in the word house and still perceiving the letters h, o, s, and e.One major debate in this period was whether it was possible to attend to two things at once (split attention). Walter Benjamin described this experience as \"reception in a state of distraction.\" This disagreement could only be resolved through experimentation.In 1890, William James, in his textbook The Principles of Psychology, remarked:Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state which in French is called distraction, and Zerstreutheit in German.[124]James differentiated between sensorial attention and intellectual attention. Sensorial attention is when attention is directed to objects of sense, stimuli that are physically present. Intellectual attention is attention directed to ideal or represented objects; stimuli that are not physically present. James also distinguished between immediate or derived attention: attention to the present versus to something not physically present. According to James, attention has five major effects. Attention works to make us perceive, conceive, distinguish, remember, and shorten reactions time.","title":"History of the study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulric Neisser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulric_Neisser"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"task switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_switching_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"psychological refractory period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_refractory_period"},{"link_name":"John Ridley Stroop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridley_Stroop"},{"link_name":"Stroop Effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_Effect"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_2004_1%E2%80%9324-7"}],"sub_title":"1910–1949","text":"During this period, research in attention waned and interest in behaviorism flourished, leading some to believe, like Ulric Neisser, that in this period, \"There was no research on attention\". However, Jersild published very important work on \"Mental Set and Shift\" in 1927. He stated, \"The fact of mental set is primary in all conscious activity. The same stimulus may evoke any one of a large number of responses depending upon the contextual setting in which it is placed\".[125] This research found that the time to complete a list was longer for mixed lists than for pure lists. For example, if a list was names of animals versus a list of the same size with names of animals, books, makes and models of cars, and types of fruits, it takes longer to process the second list. This is task switching.In 1931, Telford discovered the psychological refractory period. The stimulation of neurons is followed by a refractory phase during which neurons are less sensitive to stimulation. In 1935 John Ridley Stroop developed the Stroop Task which elicited the Stroop Effect. Stroop's task showed that irrelevant stimulus information can have a major impact on performance. In this task, subjects were to look at a list of colors. This list of colors had each color typed in a color different from the actual text. For example, the word Blue would be typed in Orange, Pink in Black, and so on.Example: Blue Purple Red Green Purple GreenSubjects were then instructed to say the name of the ink color and ignore the text. It took 110 seconds to complete a list of this type compared to 63 seconds to name the colors when presented in the form of solid squares.[7] The naming time nearly doubled in the presence of conflicting color words, an effect known as the Stroop Effect.","title":"History of the study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research psychologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist#Research_Psychologists"},{"link_name":"behaviorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism"},{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism"},{"link_name":"cognitive revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_revolution"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Tilburg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburg_University"},{"link_name":"cocktail party problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_party_effect"},{"link_name":"Colin Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Cherry"},{"link_name":"dichotic listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotic_listening"},{"link_name":"Donald Broadbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hampson_1996-127"},{"link_name":"headphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones"},{"link_name":"ears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ears"},{"link_name":"Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbent%27s_Filter_Model_of_Attention"},{"link_name":"Anne Treisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Treisman"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hampson_1996-127"},{"link_name":"https://pastebin.com/tGzR1ahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pastebin.com/tGzR1ahy"},{"link_name":"https://pastebin.com/B9aAfRkT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pastebin.com/B9aAfRkT"},{"link_name":"Donald Broadbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"Broadbent's model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbent%27s_Filter_Model_of_Attention"},{"link_name":"Treisman's refinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbent%27s_Filter_Model_of_Attention#Attenuation_model_of_attention"},{"link_name":"Diana Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"perceptual load theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_load_theory"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15581120-129"}],"sub_title":"1950–1974","text":"In the 1950s, research psychologists renewed their interest in attention when the dominant epistemology shifted from positivism (i.e., behaviorism) to realism during what has come to be known as the \"cognitive revolution\".[126] The cognitive revolution admitted unobservable cognitive processes like attention as legitimate objects of scientific study.Lecture by cognitive scientist Marie Postma (Tilburg University) on focused attentionModern research on attention began with the analysis of the \"cocktail party problem\" by Colin Cherry in 1953. At a cocktail party how do people select the conversation that they are listening to and ignore the rest? This problem is at times called \"focused attention\", as opposed to \"divided attention\". Cherry performed a number of experiments which became known as dichotic listening and were extended by Donald Broadbent and others.[127]: 112 In a typical experiment, subjects would use a set of headphones to listen to two streams of words in different ears and selectively attend to one stream. After the task, the experimenter would question the subjects about the content of the unattended stream.Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention states that information is held in a pre-attentive temporary store, and only sensory events that have some physical feature in common are selected to pass into the limited capacity processing system. This implies that the meaning of unattended messages is not identified. Also, a significant amount of time is required to shift the filter from one channel to another. Experiments by Gray and Wedderburn and later Anne Treisman pointed out various problems in Broadbent's early model and eventually led to the Deutsch–Norman model in 1968. In this model, no signal is filtered out, but all are processed to the point of activating their stored representations in memory. The point at which attention becomes \"selective\" is when one of the memory representations is selected for further processing. At any time, only one can be selected, resulting in the attentional bottleneck.[127]: 115–116 \nhttps://pastebin.com/tGzR1ahy\nhttps://pastebin.com/B9aAfRkTThis debate became known as the early-selection vs. late-selection models. In the early selection models (first proposed by Donald Broadbent), attention shuts down (in Broadbent's model) or attenuates (in Treisman's refinement) processing in the unattended ear before the mind can analyze its semantic content. In the late selection models (first proposed by J. Anthony Deutsch and Diana Deutsch), the content in both ears is analyzed semantically, but the words in the unattended ear cannot access consciousness.[128] Lavie's perceptual load theory, however, \"provided elegant solution to\" what had once been a \"heated debate\".[129]","title":"History of the study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Attention"},{"link_name":"Attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Attention"},{"link_name":"\"Attention\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Attention"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Goleman D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Goleman"},{"link_name":"Focus: The Hidden Driver of 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Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 52.\nGoleman D (2013). Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence. Harper. ISBN 978-0062114860.\nWard LM (2008). \"PDF\". Scholarpedia. 3 (10): 1538. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1538.vteMental processesCognition\nAwareness\nCognitive liberty\nComprehension\nConsciousness\nCritical thinking\nDecision-making\nImagination\nIntuition\nProblem solving\nPerception\nAmodal\nColor\nRGB model\nDepth\nForm\nHaptic (Touch)\nPerception as interpretation\nPeripheral\nSocial\nSound\nHarmonics\nPitch\nSpeech\nVisual\nMemory\nConsolidation\nEncoding\nStorage\nRecall\nOther\nAttention\nHigher nervous activity\nIntention\nLearning\nMental fatigue\nMental set\nThinking\nVolitionvteHuman memoryBasic concepts\nEncoding\nStorage\nRecall\nAttention\nConsolidation\nNeuroanatomy\nTypesSensory\nEchoic\nEidetic\nEyewitness\nHaptic\nIconic\nMotor learning\nVisual\nShort-term\n\"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two\"\nWorking memory\nLong-term\nActive recall\nAutobiographical\nExplicit\nDeclarative\nEpisodic\nSemantic\nFlashbulb\nHyperthymesia\nImplicit\nMeaningful learning\nPersonal-event\nProcedural\nRote learning\nSelective retention\nTip of the tongue\nForgetting\nAmnesia\nanterograde\nchildhood\npost-traumatic\npsychogenic\nretrograde\nselective\ntransient global\nDecay theory\nForgetting curve\nInterference theory\nMemory inhibition\nMotivated forgetting\nRepressed memory\nRetrieval-induced forgetting\nWeapon focus\nMemory errors\nConfabulation\nCryptomnesia\nHindsight bias\nImagination inflation\nMemory biases\nMemory conformity\nMisattribution of memory\nMisinformation effect\nSource-monitoring error\nFalse memory\nDeese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm\nFalse memory syndrome\nMemory implantation\nLost in the mall technique\nRecovered-memory therapy\nResearch methods\nExceptional memory\nIndirect tests of memory\nMemory disorder\nIn groups\nCollective memory\nPolitics of memory\nCultural memory\nMemory and social interactions\nMemory conformity\nTransactive memory\nOther topics\nAging\nArt of memory\nchunking\nmnemonic\nEffects of alcohol\nEffects of exercise\nEmotion\nMemory improvement\nNutrition\nSleep\nTrauma\nIn society\nMemory sport\nWorld Memory Championships\nShas Pollak\nRelated\nAbsent-mindedness\nAtkinson–Shiffrin memory model\nContext-dependent and state-dependent memory\nChildhood memory\nExosomatic memory\nFree recall\nIntermediate-term memory\nInvoluntary memory\nflashbacks\nLevels of Processing model\nMetamemory\nMuscle memory\nPriming\nintertrial\nProspective and retrospective memory\nThe Seven Sins of Memory\nPeopleResearchers\nRichard C. Atkinson\nRobert A. Bjork\nStephen J. Ceci\nSusan Clancy\nHermann Ebbinghaus\nSigmund Freud\nPatricia Goldman-Rakic\nIvan Izquierdo\nMarcia K. Johnson\nEric Kandel\nElizabeth Loftus\nGeoffrey Loftus\nJames McGaugh\nEleanor Maguire\nGeorge Armitage Miller\nBrenda Milner\nLynn Nadel\nHenry L. Roediger III\nDaniel Schacter\nRichard Shiffrin\nArthur P. Shimamura\nLarry Squire\nSusumu Tonegawa\nAnne Treisman\nEndel Tulving\nRobert Stickgold\nPatients\nHM\nKC\nNA\nClive Wearing\nOther\nJonathan Hancock\nPaul R. McHugh\nDominic O'Brien\nBen Pridmore\nCosmos Rossellius\nAndriy Slyusarchuk\n\n Psychology portal\n Philosophy portalvteConsciousnessFiguresPhilosophy\nAlfred North Whitehead\nArthur Schopenhauer\nBaruch Spinoza\nBertrand Russell\nBrian O'Shaughnessy\nCharles Augustus Strong\nChristopher Peacocke\nColin McGinn\nDaniel Dennett\nDavid Chalmers\nDavid Hume\nDavid Papineau\nDavid Pearce\nDonald Davidson\nDouglas Hofstadter\nEdmund Husserl\nFrank Jackson\nFred Dretske\nGalen Strawson\nGeorge Berkeley\nGeorge Henry Lewes\nGeorges Rey\nGottfried Leibniz\nImmanuel Kant\nJohn Eccles\nJohn Locke\nJohn Polkinghorne\nJohn Searle\nJoseph Levine\nKarl Popper\nKeith Frankish\nKenneth M. Sayre\nMaurice Merleau-Ponty\nMax Velmans\nMichael Tye\nMartin Heidegger\nNed Block\nPatricia Churchland\nPaul Churchland\nPhilip Goff\nRené Descartes\nThomas Metzinger\nThomas Nagel\nWilliam Kingdon Clifford\nWilliam Lycan\nWilliam Seager\nPsychology\nCarl Gustav Jung\nDonald D. Hoffman\nFranz Brentano\nGustav Fechner\nJulian Jaynes\nKurt Koffka\nMax Wertheimer\nSigmund Freud\nWilhelm Wundt\nWilliam James\nWolfgang Köhler\nNeuroscience\nAnil Seth\nAntonio Damasio\nBenjamin Libet\nBernard Baars\nChristof Koch\nFrancis Crick\nFrancisco Varela\nGerald Edelman\nGiulio Tononi\nKarl Pribram\nLawrence Weiskrantz\nMichael Gazzaniga\nMichael Graziano\nPatrick Wilken\nRoger Sperry\nStanislas Dehaene\nSteven Laureys\nStuart Hameroff\nWolf Singer\nOthers\nAnnaka Harris\nDavid Bohm\nEugene Wigner\nErwin Schrödinger\nMarvin Minsky\nMax Planck\nRoger Penrose\nSusan Blackmore\nVictor J. Stenger\nWolfgang Pauli\nTheoriesPhilosophy of mind\nAnomalous monism\nComputationalism\nDouble-aspect theory\nEliminative materialism\nEmergentism\nEpiphenomenalism\nFunctionalism\nIdealism\nInteractionism\nMaterialism\nMind–body dualism\nMonism\nNeutral monism\nNew mysterianism\nNondualism\nPanpsychism\nParallelism\nPhysicalism\nProperty dualism\nReflexive monism\nRevisionary materialism\nSolipsism\nType physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)\nScience\nAttention schema theory\nDynamic core hypothesis\nDamasio's theory of consciousness\nElectromagnetic theories of consciousness\nGlobal workspace theory\nHigher-order theories of consciousness\nHolonomic brain theory\nIntegrated information theory\nLamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis\nMultiple drafts model\nOrchestrated objective reduction\nTopics\nAgnosia\nAltered state of consciousness\nAnimal consciousness\nArtificial consciousness\nAttention\nAwareness\nBinding problem\nBinocular rivalry\nBlindsight\nBrain\nCartesian theater\nConsciousness after death\nDisorders of consciousness\nDivided consciousness\nDual consciousness (split-brain)\nExperience\nExplanatory gap\nFree will\nFlash suppression\nHallucination\nHard problem of consciousness\nHeterophenomenology\nHigher consciousness\nIllusion\nIntrospection illusion\nKnowledge argument\nLocked-in syndrome\nMind\nMind–body problem\nMinimally conscious state\nNeural correlates of consciousness\nNeurophenomenology\nOntology\nPhenomenology\nPhilosophical zombie\nPhilosophy of mind\nPrimary consciousness\nProblem of other minds\nQualia\nQuantum mind\nReentry\nSakshi\nPurusha\nSecondary consciousness\nSentience\nSentiocentrism\nSociology of human consciousness\nSoul\nStream of consciousness\nSubconscious\nSubjective character of experience\nSubjectivity and objectivity\nUnconscious mind\nUnconsciousness\nUpanishads\nVisual masking\nVon Neumann–Wigner interpretation\nYogachara\nWorks\nA Universe of Consciousness\nAssociation for the Scientific Study of Consciousness\nConsciousness and Cognition\nConsciousness Explained\nCosmic Consciousness\nHow the Self Controls Its Brain\nJournal of Consciousness Studies\nOnline Consciousness Conference\nPsyche\nThe Astonishing Hypothesis\nThe Conscious Mind\nThe Emperor's New Mind\nThe Science of Consciousness\nUnderstanding Consciousness\n\"What Is It Like to Be a Bat?\"\nWider than the Sky\n\n Category\n CommonsvteMedia and human factors\nCognitive psychology\nExternality\nEvolutionary psychology\nBehavioral modernity\nCognition\nMismatch\nMedia psychology\nMedia studies\nSocial psychology\nMedia practices\nBetteridge's law of headlines\nGatekeeping\n\"If it bleeds, it leads\"\nInfotainment\nHuman-interest story\nJunk food news\nLeast objectionable program\nSoft media\nMedia bias\nMedia manipulation\nPink-slime journalism\nPropaganda\nPublic relations\nMissing white woman syndrome\nNews values\nSensationalism\nHot take\nSpiking\nTabloid television\nYellow journalism\nAttention\nAttention economy\nAttention inequality\nAttention management\nAttention span\nChumbox\nClickbait\nCognitive miser\nLow information voter\nDigital zombie\nPhubbing\nDoomscrolling\nHuman multitasking\nMedia multitasking\nMobile phones and driving safety\nSmartphones and pedestrian safety\nTexting while driving\nInfluence-for-hire\nInfodemic\nInformation explosion\nInformation overload\nInformation pollution\nInformation–action ratio\nOne weird trick\nRage farming\nScreen time\nBinge-watching\nTelevision consumption\nSticky content\nCognitive bias/Conformity\nAvailability cascade\nAvailability heuristic\nBandwagon effect\nConfirmation bias\nCrowd psychology\nMobbing\nMoral panic\nMean world syndrome\nNegativity bias\nPeer pressure\nSocial-desirability bias\nSocial influence bias\nSpiral of silence\nDigital divide/Political polarization\nAlgorithmic radicalization\nYouth\nEcho chamber\nFake news website\nPost-truth politics\nUnited States\nFilter bubble\nKnowledge divide\nKnowledge gap hypothesis\nPolitical polarization in the United States\nSocial media use in politics\nUnited States\n2016 U.S. presidential election\n2020 U.S. presidential election\nRelated topics\nComputer rage\nCriticism of Facebook\n2021 Facebook company files leak\nFacebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal\nCriticism of Netflix\nCultural impact of TikTok\nDigital media use and mental health\nEffects of violence in mass media\nFascination with death\nGriefer\nMass shooting contagion\nPsychological effects of Internet use\nSealioning\nSocial aspects of television\nSocial bot\nSocial impact of YouTube\nTechnophilia\nNeophile\nTechnophobia\nViolence and video gamesAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\n2\nOther\nIdRef\n2","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Focused attention","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Scout_Girl_in_Concentration.jpg/220px-Scout_Girl_in_Concentration.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg/200px-Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lecture by cognitive scientist Marie Postma (Tilburg University) on focused attention"}]
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[{"title":"Alertness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alertness"},{"title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"title":"Attention restoration theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_restoration_theory"},{"title":"Attention seeking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_seeking"},{"title":"Attention span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_span"},{"title":"Attention theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_theft"},{"title":"Attentional control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentional_control"},{"title":"Attentional shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentional_shift"},{"title":"Binding problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem"},{"title":"Cognitive inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_inhibition"},{"title":"Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"title":"Crossmodal attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmodal_attention"},{"title":"Flow (psychology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology)"},{"title":"Focusing (psychotherapy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)"},{"title":"Informal learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_learning"},{"title":"Joint attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_attention"},{"title":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"title":"Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"title":"Mindfulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness"},{"title":"Motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation"},{"title":"Nonverbal communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication"},{"title":"Observational Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_Learning"},{"title":"Ovsiankina effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovsiankina_effect"},{"title":"Perceptual learning#The role of attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_learning#The_role_of_attention"},{"title":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"title":"Salience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience_(neuroscience)"},{"title":"Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self"},{"title":"Split attention effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_attention_effect"},{"title":"Vigilance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilance_(psychology)"},{"title":"Visual search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_search"},{"title":"Visual spatial attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_spatial_attention"},{"title":"Visual temporal attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_temporal_attention"},{"title":"Working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Attention | Definition, Theories, Aspects, & Facts | Britannica\". Encyclopædia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/attention","url_text":"\"Attention | Definition, Theories, Aspects, & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"James W (1890). The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 1. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 403–404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Psychology","url_text":"The Principles of Psychology"}]},{"reference":"Anderson JR (2004). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (6th ed.). Worth Publishers. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-7167-0110-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)","url_text":"Anderson JR"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9P4p6eAULMoC","url_text":"Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0110-1","url_text":"978-0-7167-0110-1"}]},{"reference":"Zhaoping L (2014). Understanding vision: theory, models, and data. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199564668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199564668","url_text":"9780199564668"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein EB (2011). Cognitive Psychology: connecting mind, research, and everyday experience. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-76388-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-76388-0","url_text":"978-1-285-76388-0"}]},{"reference":"Chavajay P, Rogoff B (July 1999). \"Cultural variation in management of attention by children and their caregivers\". Developmental Psychology. 35 (4): 1079–90. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.1079. PMID 10442876.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0012-1649.35.4.1079","url_text":"10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.1079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10442876","url_text":"10442876"}]},{"reference":"Johnson A (2004). Attention: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 1–24. ISBN 978-0-7619-2760-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2760-0","url_text":"978-0-7619-2760-0"}]},{"reference":"Raichle M (1999). \"Positron Emission Tomography\". The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. MIT Press. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150117235910/http://ai.ato.ms/MITECS/Entry/raichle.html","url_text":"\"Positron Emission Tomography\""},{"url":"http://ai.ato.ms/MITECS/Entry/raichle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scolari M, Seidl-Rathkopf KN, Kastner S (February 2015). \"Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging\". Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 1: 32–39. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.003. PMC 4936532. 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Attending-to-Self\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00063","external_links_name":"10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00063"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734343","external_links_name":"4734343"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26869965","external_links_name":"26869965"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12148","external_links_name":"\"Happiness increases distraction by auditory deviant stimuli\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjop.12148","external_links_name":"10.1111/bjop.12148"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1269","external_links_name":"0007-1269"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26302716","external_links_name":"26302716"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435504","external_links_name":"\"The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation and Recovery Sleep on Cognitive Performance and Brain Function\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.21236%2Fada435504","external_links_name":"10.21236/ada435504"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.01256","external_links_name":"10.1111/1467-8721.01256"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0963-7214","external_links_name":"0963-7214"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20182872","external_links_name":"20182872"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15230550","external_links_name":"15230550"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965161","external_links_name":"\"Blinded by the load: attention, awareness and the role of perceptual load\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0205","external_links_name":"10.1098/rstb.2013.0205"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24500065","external_links_name":"24500065"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965161","external_links_name":"3965161"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24639578","external_links_name":"24639578"},{"Link":"https://philarchive.org/rec/RENTSO","external_links_name":"\"To See or Not to See: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-7976","external_links_name":"0956-7976"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40063214","external_links_name":"40063214"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1945079","external_links_name":"1945079"},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-mind/","external_links_name":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-mind/"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/paper-doi-10_1038_003281a0/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"The Power of Numerical Discrimination\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mentalsetshift00jers","external_links_name":"\"Mental set and shift\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/understandingcog0000hamp","external_links_name":"Understanding cognition"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0039515","external_links_name":"10.1037/h0039515"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14027390","external_links_name":"14027390"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3758%2FBF03196622","external_links_name":"\"Attentional set interacts with perceptual load in visual search\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3758%2FBF03196622","external_links_name":"10.3758/BF03196622"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15581120","external_links_name":"15581120"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Attention","external_links_name":"\"Attention\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/focushiddendrive0000gole","external_links_name":"Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1538","external_links_name":"\"PDF\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1538","external_links_name":"10.4249/scholarpedia.1538"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/820788/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528143","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930987v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930987v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068943-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295871305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009391","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000073315&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573900","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115852&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph705705&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027220419","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/040667081","external_links_name":"2"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIX_(telephony)
|
BIX (telephony)
|
["1 Mounts","2 Connectors","3 GigaBIX","4 History","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Telephony system
This article is about the telephony system. For the BBS, see Byte Information Exchange. For other uses, see Bix (disambiguation).
BIX (building industry cross-connect) is part of a telephony cross-connect system (integrated building distribution network – IBDN) created in the 1970s by Nortel Networks. As a system, it consists of various sizes of punch-down blocks, cable distribution accessories (such as moulded rings and strips), and a punch-down tool to terminate wires at the punch-down block. The BIX cross-connect system as a whole is certified for Category-5e. The BIX cross-connect system is primarily composed of two parts: the mounts, and the connectors.
Mounts
BIX mounts are wall-mounted frames, generally built from 16 gauge steel. The frames feature a rectangular plastic backplate, and two plastic brackets that extend from either side of the backplate to fit between two and ten BIX connectors. The connectors are oriented horizontally on the mount. The BIX mounts are referred to as either '12E','10A' or '10C'. The 12E frames will mount up to 12 connectors; The 10A frames will mount up to 10 connectors; the 10C frames will mount 2 connectors.
Connectors
BIX connectors are rectangular punch-down blocks used to terminate up to 25 pairs. The connectors have a slip-in fitting which automatically strips the wire as it is punched down, eliminating the need for pre-stripping. BIX connectors also have a pair-splitter to facilitate fast arranging of wires on the punch-down block.
There are many types of BIX connectors, the most popular kinds being the 1A and the 1A4.
1A: Distribution connector, 5-pair markings
1A4: Distribution connector, 4-pair markings
2A: Bridging connector, 12 2-pair clips
5A: Multiplying connector, 5-pair markings
7A: Key apparatus connector
9A: Diode connector, 24 diodes
36B, 36C, 36D: Modular RJ-11 jack connector
GigaBIX
NORDX/CDT developed the GigaBIX IDC–based system with a transmission performance that
goes beyond the Category-6 standard and is available in two topologies: the Patch Cord topology and the Cross-Connect Wire topology. It is based on the mature BIX technology, which is over 25 years old and well-established in the telecommunications industry. The termination and installation procedures have been improved, allowing the quality of the system to surpass Category-6. The system guarantees channel bandwidths up to 300 MHz, and can transmit data up to 4.8 Gbit/s.
The GigaBIX system is primarily made up of mounts and connectors. The Patch Cord topology utilizes GigaBIX PS6+ patch cords which are 4 pair 23-AWG UTP cords with a channel bandwidth of 250 MHz or 300 MHz, depending on how they are employed. The Cross-Connect topology utilizes GigaBIX cross-connect wire. Both topologies utilize the same mounts, connectors, distribution frames, and other accessories (such as designation strips, wire guards, covers, distribution rings, and many other accessories).
History
Since the 1970s, Northern Telecom (Nortel), who designed the BIX system, had been manufacturing BIX mounts, connectors and tools in house. Northern Telecom's manufacturing division was called Nortel Cable Group. In February 1996, Nortel Cable Group was sold to Cable Design Technologies Corporation and was renamed to NORDX/CDT. NORDX/CDT subsequently merged with Belden Inc in July 2004, becoming Belden CDT Inc. In May 2007, Belden CDT officially changed its name to Belden.
Belden now sells all BIX products including mounts, connectors, tools and accessories previously sold by NORDX/CDT, and before that, Nortel Cable Group.
See also
Insulation-displacement connector
Punch-down block
References
^ a b c d e f g "Bix blocks accessories". Archived from the original on 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
^ "GigaBIX". ITWorldCanada website. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "NORDX/CDT, Our First 100 Years". Belden CDT Networking (NORDX) website. Archived from the original on 20 March 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-30.
^ "Company History". Belden CDT Inc. website. Archived from the original on 2006-03-21. Retrieved 2006-03-30.
^ "Belden Investor Relations". Belden Inc. Web Site. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byte Information Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_Information_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Bix (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bix_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"telephony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony"},{"link_name":"Nortel Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel_Networks"},{"link_name":"punch-down blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_block"}],"text":"This article is about the telephony system. For the BBS, see Byte Information Exchange. For other uses, see Bix (disambiguation).BIX (building industry cross-connect) is part of a telephony cross-connect system (integrated building distribution network – IBDN) created in the 1970s by Nortel Networks. As a system, it consists of various sizes of punch-down blocks, cable distribution accessories (such as moulded rings and strips), and a punch-down tool to terminate wires at the punch-down block. The BIX cross-connect system as a whole is certified for Category-5e. The BIX cross-connect system is primarily composed of two parts: the mounts, and the connectors.","title":"BIX (telephony)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"BIX mounts are wall-mounted frames, generally built from 16 gauge steel. The frames feature a rectangular plastic backplate, and two plastic brackets that extend from either side of the backplate to fit between two and ten BIX connectors. The connectors are oriented horizontally on the mount. The BIX mounts are referred to as either '12E','10A' or '10C'. The 12E frames will mount up to 12 connectors; The 10A frames will mount up to 10 connectors; the 10C frames will mount 2 connectors.","title":"Mounts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIX_Blocks_Accessories-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIX_Blocks_Accessories-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIX_Blocks_Accessories-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIX_Blocks_Accessories-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIX_Blocks_Accessories-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIX_Blocks_Accessories-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIX_Blocks_Accessories-1"}],"text":"BIX connectors are rectangular punch-down blocks used to terminate up to 25 pairs. The connectors have a slip-in fitting which automatically strips the wire as it is punched down, eliminating the need for pre-stripping. BIX connectors also have a pair-splitter to facilitate fast arranging of wires on the punch-down block.There are many types of BIX connectors, the most popular kinds being the 1A and the 1A4.1A: Distribution connector, 5-pair markings[1]1A4: Distribution connector, 4-pair markings[1]2A: Bridging connector, 12 2-pair clips[1]5A: Multiplying connector, 5-pair markings[1]7A: Key apparatus connector[1]9A: Diode connector, 24 diodes[1]36B, 36C, 36D: Modular RJ-11 jack connector[1]","title":"Connectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"IDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation-displacement_connector"},{"link_name":"Category-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_6_cable"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bix-evolved1-2"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"NORDX/CDT[clarification needed] developed the GigaBIX IDC–based system with a transmission performance that\ngoes beyond the Category-6 standard and is available in two topologies: the Patch Cord topology and the Cross-Connect Wire topology. It is based on the mature BIX technology, which is over 25 years old and well-established in the telecommunications industry. The termination and installation procedures have been improved, allowing the quality of the system to surpass Category-6. The system guarantees channel bandwidths up to 300 MHz, and can transmit data up to 4.8 Gbit/s.[2]The GigaBIX system is primarily made up of mounts and connectors. The Patch Cord topology utilizes GigaBIX PS6+ patch cords which are 4 pair 23-AWG UTP cords with a channel bandwidth of 250 MHz or 300 MHz, depending on how they are employed. The Cross-Connect topology utilizes GigaBIX cross-connect wire.[clarification needed] Both topologies utilize the same mounts, connectors, distribution frames, and other accessories (such as designation strips, wire guards, covers, distribution rings, and many other accessories).","title":"GigaBIX"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nordx-cdt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belden-cdt-4"},{"link_name":"Belden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belden_(electronics_company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belden-inc-5"}],"text":"Since the 1970s, Northern Telecom (Nortel), who designed the BIX system, had been manufacturing BIX mounts, connectors and tools in house. Northern Telecom's manufacturing division was called Nortel Cable Group. In February 1996, Nortel Cable Group was sold to Cable Design Technologies Corporation and was renamed to NORDX/CDT.[3] NORDX/CDT subsequently merged with Belden Inc in July 2004, becoming Belden CDT Inc.[4] In May 2007, Belden CDT officially changed its name to Belden.[5]\nBelden now sells all BIX products including mounts, connectors, tools and accessories previously sold by NORDX/CDT, and before that, Nortel Cable Group.","title":"History"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Insulation-displacement connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation-displacement_connector"},{"title":"Punch-down block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch-down_block"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_FC
|
List of National Premier Soccer League teams
|
["1 References"]
|
Below is a list of all the teams that ever have ever played, or will play, in the Men's Premier Soccer League (MPSL) or National Premier Soccer League (NPSL).
(Current as of 2023 season)
865 Alliance (2023–present)
AC Crusaders (2011–2012)
Academica SC (2018–2022)
AFC Ann Arbor (2016–2019)
AFC Cleveland (2012–2017)
AFC Mobile (2020–2022)
Akron City FC (2021–present)
Alabama Spirit (2008) (Provisional)
Alexandria Reds (2022–present)
Annapolis Blues FC (2023–present)
Appalachian FC (2021–present)
Apotheos FC (2022–Present)
Arkansas Wolves FC (2021–present)
A.S. Los Angeles (2019–2020)
Albion SC Pros/ASC San Diego (2016–2021)
Asheville City SC (2016–2019)
Albuquerque Asylum (2004–2008)
Arizona Sahuaros (2003–2004, 2008)
ASA Charge (2014–2016)
Atlanta FC/Atlanta Silverbacks Reserves/Atlanta Silverbacks FC/Atlanta SC (2008–2019)
Atlantic City Diablos (2007–2008)
Atlantic City FC (2018–present)
Austin United FC (2020, 2022–present)
Bay Area Ambassadors (2009–2012)
BCS Clash (2014)
Beaches FC/Palm Beach United (2017–2018)
Birmingham Hammers (2016–2017)
Boca Raton FC (2017–2018, 2020–2021)
Boston Aztec (2007–2009)
Boston City FC (2016–2021)
Boston Tea Men (2010)
Brooklyn Italians (2010–2019)
Buffalo City FC (2009)
Buxmont Torch FC/Torch FC (2011–present)
California Odyssey SC (2023–present)
Cape Coral Hurricanes (2013–2014)
Carolina RailHawks U23s/Carolina RailHawks NPSL (2014–2016)
Carpathia FC (2020–present)
CASL Elite (2013)
CD Aguiluchos USA (2013–2018)
Cedar Stars FC (2022)
Central Florida Panthers SC (2019–2022)
Charlottesville Alliance FC (2018–2020)
Charlottetowne Hops FC (2023–present)
Chattanooga FC (2009–2019)
Chesterfield United FC (2013)
Chicago Mustangs (2016) (Provisional)
Chico Rooks (2003–2006)
Cincinnati Saints/Dayton Dynamo (2014–2017)
City of Angels FC (2017, 2019)
Cleveland SC (2018–present)
Colorado Crimson (2007)
Contra Costa FC (2021–2022)
Corinthians FC of San Antonio (2014–2016, 2022–present)
Coyotes FC/ Central Texas Coyotes FC (2020–present)
Crossfire Redmond, Crossfire Red, Crossfire White (2019–present)
Club Atletico St. Louis (2022–present)
Dakota Fusion FC (2017–present)
Dallas City FC (2014–2017, 2019–2021)
D.C. United U-23 (2013–2014)
Del Rey City SC (2014)
Denton Diablos FC (2019–present)
Denver Kickers (2006–2007)
Deportivo Coras USA/Club Xolos USA U-23 (2015–2020)
Des Moines United FC (2023–present)
Detroit Arsenal (2005–2006)
Detroit City FC (2012–2019)
Duluth FC (2017–present)
Dutch Lions FC/Miami Dutch Lions FC (2016–present)
Eau Claire Aris/LaCrosse Aris FC (2009–2014, 2016–present)
El Farolito Soccer Club (2018–present)
Electric City Shock SC (2014–present)
Elm City Express (2017–2018)
Erie Admirals SC/Erie Commodores FC (2009–present)
Ehtar Belleville FC (2023–present)
FC Arizona (2017–present)
FC Baltimore/FC Baltimore Christos (2018–2021)
FC Bordo Saint Louis (2014–present)
FC Brownsville/ Brownsville NPSL (2018, 2020–present)
FC Buffalo (2010–2022)
FC Carolina Discoveries/FC Carolina United (2014–2017)
FC Columbus (2018–present)
FC Davis (2018–present)
FC Frederick (2015–present)
FC Golden State (2018–2021)
FC Hasental (2011–2015)
F.C. Indiana (2007, 2009, 2015–2021)
FC Force (2014–2015)
FC Monmouth (2018–present)
F.C. New York (2012)
FC Sparta Michigan/Michigan Stars FC (2013–2017, 2019)
Michigan Rangers FC (2023–present)
FC Reading Revolution (2009–2011, 2013)
FC Tacoma 253/OSA FC/OSA Seattle FC (2015–present)
FC Tulsa (2010)
FC Wichita (2015–2019)
First State FC (2020–present)
Florida Roots Futbol Club (2021–present)
Fort Lauderdale Strikers U-23 (2016)
Fort Pitt Regiment (2014–2015, 2017–2018)
Fort Wayne FC (2020)
Fort Worth Vaqueros FC (2014–present)
Fullerton Rangers (2012)
Gate City FC (2014)
Georgia Revolution FC (2011–present)
Georgia Storm FC (2021–present)
Gorge FC (2014)
Grand Rapids Alliance (2005–2006)
Grand Rapids FC (2016–2019)
Greater Binghamton FC (2012–2014)
Greater Lowell United FC (2014–2016)
Greater Lowell NPSL FC (2017–2018)
Greater Lowell Rough Diamonds (2019–2021)
Greenville FC (2018–2019)
Greenville United FC (2023–present)
Grove Soccer United/ Grove United (2022–present)
Gulf Coast Texans/Pensacola FC (2013–2014, 2020–present)
Hartford City FC (2017–present)
Hershey FC (2013–present)
High Desert Elite FC (2019–2020)
Hollywood United Hitmen (2011)
Houston Hurricanes FC (2013)
Idaho Wolves (2004)
Indianapolis Braves (2007)
Indios USA (2007–2008)
Inter Nashville FC (2017–2020)
Inter United FC (2014)
Iowa Raptors FC (2023–present)
Irving FC/ Gallos FC (2021–2023)
Jackson Lions FC (2022–Present)
Jacksonville Armada FC (2018)
Jacksonville United FC/Jacksonville Armada U-23 (2011–2017, 2019–present)
Jersey City Eagles/Clarkstown SC Eagles/FC Motown (2012–present)
Joplin Demize/Demize NPSL (2014–present)
Joy St. Louis Park (2021–present)
Junior Lone Star FC/Philadelphia Lone Star FC (2012–2014, 2016–2022)
Philadelphia Union Development Squad (2023–present)
Kalamazoo FC (2016–2020)
Kansas City Sol (2023–present)
Katy 1895 FC/CF10 Houston FC (2018–2019, 2021–present)
Kingston Stockade FC (2016–present)
Kitsap Pumas (2017–2018)
Knoxville Force/Emerald Force SC (2011–2018)
Kraze United (2015–2017)
Lancaster Inferno (2008)
Lancaster Rattlers/FC Santa Clarita (2011–2013)
Lansing United (2014–2017)
Laredo Heat (2018–present)
Las Vegas Legends (2020–present)
Las Vegas Stallions (2013)
Las Vegas Strikers (2003–2006)
Legacy 76 (2014–2018)
Little Rock Rangers (2016–2020)
Liverpool Warriors (2013–2016)
Long Island Academy (2007–2010)
LSA Athletico Lanier (2020–2022)
Lubbock Matadors (2022–present)
Magia FC (2022)
Maine Sting (2008–2009)
Maryland Bobcats FC (2020)
Maryland United FC/Charm City FC (2008–2009)
Mass United FC (2011–2012)
Med City FC (2017–present)
Memphis City FC (2016–2017)
Metro Louisville FC (2020–2021)
Miami Beach CF/ Atletico De Miami Beach (2022–present)
Miami FC 2/ Miami FC (2018–2019)
Miami Fusion FC (2015–2017)
Miami United FC (2013–2022)
Milwaukee Bavarian SC (2005–2008, 2010–2013)
Milwaukee Torrent (2016–2018, 2020–present)
Minnesota Blast/NSC United (2005–2006)
Minneapolis City SC (2017–2022)
Minnesota Kings (2010–2011)
Minnesota Twin Stars (2005–2017, 2019, 2022–present)
Minnesota United FC Reserves (2014–2015)
Mississippi Storm (2012–2013)
Morris County Colonials/Jersey Blues FC (2008–2013, 2015)
Muskegon Risers SC (2020, 2022)
Myrtle Beach Mutiny (2012–2018)
Napa Valley 1839 FC (2017–present)
Naples United FC (2017–present)
Nashville Atlas FC/Nashville FC (2014–2016)
Nashville United (2020)
New Hampshire Mountaineers (2010)
New Jersey Blaze (2010–2011)
New Jersey Copa FC (2016–2019)
New Orleans Jesters (2013–2018, 2020–present)
New York Athletic Club S.C. (2008–2020)
New York Cosmos B (2015–2019)
New York Red Bull NPSL (2010–2014)
New York Shockers (2021–present)
NorCal Lamorinda United SC (2009)
North Alabama SC (2020–2022)
North Coast Tsunami (2012)
Northern Virginia United FC (2018–present)
North County Battalion (2016)
Northern Nevada Aces (2003–2004)
Oakland SC (2022–present)
OKC 1889 FC (2021–present)
Oklahoma City FC (2014)
Orange County FC (2017–2019)
Orange County Pateadores FC (2013)
Oxnard Guerreros FC (2017–2020)
Ozark FC (2017–2020)
Panathinaikos Chicago (2021–2022)
PDX FC (2017–2021)
Pennsylvania Classics (2022–present)
Pennsylvania Stoners (2008–2009)
Performance FC Phoenix (2008)
Philadelphia Ukrainian Nationals (2022–present)
Phoenix Banat Storm (2006)
Phoenix Monsoon (2012)
Pierce County FC (2017)
Pittsburgh Hotspurs/ Steel City FC (2019–present)
Pocono Snow (2009–2013)
Port City FC (2020–2021)
Princeton 56ers/Madison 56ers (2005–2015)
Project 510 (2020)
Pumas FC (2009–2010)
Quad City Eagles (2011–2014)
Queen City FC (2007–2008)
Real San Jose (2007–2016)
Real Shore F.C. (2007)
Redwood City Ruckus (2006)
Regals SCA/Houston Regals (2013, 2015–2018)
Reign FK (2021–2023)
Rhode Island Reds F.C. (2012–2020)
Rochester River Dogz FC/Rochester Lancers (2016–2021)
Rocket City United (2008–2013)
Rockford Raptors/ Chicago Fire NPSL/ Indiana Fire/ Indy Eleven NPSL (2007–2012, 2014–2016)
RVA FC/ Fredericksburg FC (2013–2017)
Sacramento Gold (2010–present)
Sacramento Knights (2004–2007)
Saint Louis Club Atletico (2018–2020, 2022–present)
Salinas Valley Samba (2004–2009)
San Diego Boca F.C./ FC Force (2010–2014)
San Diego Flash (2011–2015)
San Diego Pumitas (2005–2007)
San Diego United (2008–2009)
San Francisco Stompers FC/ East Bay FC Stompers/Oakland Stompers (2012–2019, 2021–present)
San Ramon FC (2019, 2023–present)
Santa Ana Winds FC (2011)
Santa Cruz County Breakers (2007–2008)
Saturn FC (2009)
SC Brave Lions/Lions United FC (2022–present)
Seacoast United Mariners (2012–2013)
Seacoast United Phantoms (2011–2013)
Seattle Sporting FC (2014)
Shreveport Rafters FC (2016–2018)
Sioux Falls Thunder FC (2017–2019, 2021–present)
Sonoma County Sol (2004–present)
SoCal SC (2016–2017)
Southern California Fusion (2006–2007)
Southern Oregon Starphire FC (2009–2010)
Southern States SC (2021–present)
Spartans Futbol Club/FC Mulhouse Portland/International Portland Select FC (2014–present)
Spokane Shadow (2017–2021)
Sport Club Corinthians USA (2016–2017)
Storm FC (2014–2016, 2018–2021)
Sunflower State FC (2017–2019, 2022–present)
Syracuse FC (2017–present)
Tacoma Stars (2020–2021)
Tallahassee SC (2020–present)
Tampa Bay Rowdies 2 (2016)
Tampa Marauders (2013–2014)
Temecula FC (2014–2021)
Tobacco Road FC (2016)
Toledo Villa FC (2019–2020)
TSC Maryland Red Devils (2010)
TSF FC (2017–2018)
Tucson Tiburons (2003)
Tulsa Athletic (2013–present)
Tyler FC (2017–2019)
Upward Stars (2014–2015)
Utah Salt Ratz (2003–2004)
Valeo FC (2020–present)
Virginia Beach City FC (2014–present)
Virginia Dream FC (2023–present)
VSLT FC (2017)
West Chester United SC (2017–present)
Midland-Odessa Sockers FC]/West Texas FC (2017–2021, 2022–present)
Weston FC (2015–2016)
Zanesville Athletic FC (2013)
References
^ @ReignFC (April 12, 2024). "Official Club Statement" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
vteNational Premier Soccer LeagueEastRegionKeystone East
Atlantic City FC
FC Monmouth
FC Motown
Jackson Lions FC
Philadelphia Union Development Squad
WC Predators
Keystone West
Electric City Shock SC
First State FC
Hershey FC
Pennsylvania Classics AC
Philadelphia Ukrainians Nationals SC
West Chester United SC
Mid-Atlantic
Alexandria Reds
Alexandria Rough Diamonds
Annapolis Blues FC
DMV Elite FC
FC Frederick
Grove United
Virginia Beach City FC
Virginia Dream FC
North Atlantic
Hartford City FC
Kingston Stockade FC
New Jersey United AC
New York Shockers
Syracuse FC
Valeo FC
SouthRegionGulf Coast Sunshine
Jacksonville Armada U-23
Miami Dutch Lions FC
Naples United FC
New Orleans Jesters
Pensacola FC
Tallahassee SC
Lone Star
Austin United FC
CF10 Houston FC
Denton Diablos FC
FC Brownsville
Fort Worth Vaqueros FC
Laredo Heat SC
Lubbock Matadors SC
West Texas FC
Southeast
865 Alliance
Apotheos FC
Appalachian FC
Bristol Rhythm AFC
Charlottetowne Hops FC
Greenville United
Hickory FC
Port City FC
MidwestRegionGateway
Des Moines United FC
Ehtar Belleville FC
Gio's Lions SC Chicago
Kansas City Sol
Club Atletico Saint Louis
Sunflower State FC
FC Milwaukee Torrent
Wisconsin Conquerors FC
Great Lakes
Akron City FC
Cleveland SC
Erie Commodores FC
Flower City Union
Michigan Rangers FC
Niagara 1812
Southern Indiana Guardians FC
Steel City FC
Heartland
Arkansas Wolves FC
Demize NPSL
OKC 1889 FC
Tulsa Athletic
North
Dakota Fusion FC
Duluth FC
Joy St. Louis Park
Minnesota Blizzard FC
Minnesota Twin Stars FC
Sioux Falls Thunder FC
Siouxland United FC
WestRegionGolden Gate
California Odyssey SC
El Farolito SC
Napa Valley 1839 FC
Oakland SC
Oakland Stompers
Sacramento Gold FC
San Ramon FC
Southwest
FC Arizona
FCAZ Tucson
Glendale Lions FC
Las Vegas Knights FC
Las Vegas Legends
Lions United FC
Other topics
Historical membership
Records and statistics
|
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SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Bavarian_SC"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Torrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Torrent"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Blast/NSC United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSC_United"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis City SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_SC"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Kings"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twin Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twin_Stars"},{"link_name":"Minnesota United FC Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_United_FC_Reserves"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Storm"},{"link_name":"Morris County Colonials/Jersey Blues FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Blues_FC"},{"link_name":"Muskegon Risers SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_Risers_SC"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Napa Valley 1839 FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_1839_FC"},{"link_name":"Naples United FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_United_FC"},{"link_name":"Nashville Atlas FC/Nashville FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_FC"},{"link_name":"Nashville United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_United"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Mountaineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Mountaineers"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Blaze"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Copa FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Copa_FC"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Jesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Jesters"},{"link_name":"New York Athletic Club S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club_S.C."},{"link_name":"New York Cosmos B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_B"},{"link_name":"New York Red Bull NPSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls_U-23"},{"link_name":"NorCal Lamorinda United SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorCal_Lamorinda_United_SC"},{"link_name":"North Alabama SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Alabama_SC"},{"link_name":"North Coast Tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_Tsunami"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia United FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia_United_FC"},{"link_name":"North County Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoCal_Surf"},{"link_name":"Northern Nevada Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nevada_Aces"},{"link_name":"OKC 1889 FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKC_1889_FC"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_FC_(NPSL)"},{"link_name":"Orange County FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_FC"},{"link_name":"Oxnard Guerreros FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_Guerreros_FC"},{"link_name":"Ozark FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_FC"},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_Chicago"},{"link_name":"PDX FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDX_FC"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Stoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Stoners"},{"link_name":"Performance FC Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_FC_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Ukrainian Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Banat Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Banat_Storm"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Hotspurs/ Steel City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_City_FC_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Pocono Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Snow"},{"link_name":"Port City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Princeton 56ers/Madison 56ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_56ers"},{"link_name":"Project 510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_510"},{"link_name":"Pumas FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumas_FC"},{"link_name":"Quad City Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Queen City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Real San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Real Shore F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Shore_F.C."},{"link_name":"Redwood City Ruckus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City_Ruckus"},{"link_name":"Regals SCA/Houston Regals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regals_SCA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Reds F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RI_Reds"},{"link_name":"Rochester River Dogz FC/Rochester Lancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Lancers_(2015)"},{"link_name":"Rocket City United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_City_United"},{"link_name":"Rockford Raptors/ Chicago Fire NPSL/ Indiana Fire/ Indy Eleven NPSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Eleven_NPSL"},{"link_name":"RVA FC/ Fredericksburg FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg_FC"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Gold_FC"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Knights_(2003%E2%80%9307)"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Club Atletico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Club_Atletico"},{"link_name":"Salinas Valley Samba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas_Valley_Samba"},{"link_name":"San Diego Boca F.C./ FC Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Boca_F.C."},{"link_name":"San Diego Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Flash"},{"link_name":"San Diego Pumitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Pumitas"},{"link_name":"San Diego United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_United"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Stompers FC/ East Bay FC Stompers/Oakland Stompers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_FC_Stompers"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana Winds FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Winds_FC"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz County Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakers_FC"},{"link_name":"Saturn FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_FC"},{"link_name":"Seacoast United Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacoast_United_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Seacoast United Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacoast_United_Phantoms_(NPSL)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Sporting FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Sporting_FC"},{"link_name":"Shreveport Rafters FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport_Rafters_FC"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls Thunder FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Thunder_FC"},{"link_name":"Sonoma County Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County_Sol"},{"link_name":"SoCal SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoCal_SC"},{"link_name":"Southern California Fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Fusion"},{"link_name":"Southern Oregon Starphire FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Oregon_Starphire_FC"},{"link_name":"Spartans Futbol Club/FC Mulhouse Portland/International Portland Select FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Portland_Select_FC"},{"link_name":"Spokane Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Sport Club Corinthians USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_USA"},{"link_name":"Storm FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_FC"},{"link_name":"Sunflower State FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_State_FC"},{"link_name":"Syracuse FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_FC"},{"link_name":"Tacoma Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Stars"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee_SC"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rowdies 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rowdies#Rowdies_2"},{"link_name":"Tampa Marauders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Marauders"},{"link_name":"Temecula FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula_FC"},{"link_name":"Tobacco Road FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Road_FC"},{"link_name":"Toledo Villa FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Villa_FC"},{"link_name":"TSC Maryland Red Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC_Maryland_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Tucson Tiburons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_Tiburons"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Tyler FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_FC"},{"link_name":"Upward Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upward_Stars"},{"link_name":"Utah Salt Ratz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Salt_Ratz"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Virginia Dream FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dream_FC"},{"link_name":"West Chester United SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester_United_SC"},{"link_name":"Midland-Odessa Sockers FC]/West Texas FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas_FC"},{"link_name":"Weston FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_FC"}],"text":"(Current as of 2023 season)865 Alliance (2023–present)\nAC Crusaders (2011–2012)\nAcademica SC (2018–2022)\nAFC Ann Arbor (2016–2019)\nAFC Cleveland (2012–2017)\nAFC Mobile (2020–2022)\nAkron City FC (2021–present)\nAlabama Spirit (2008) (Provisional)\nAlexandria Reds (2022–present)\nAnnapolis Blues FC (2023–present)\nAppalachian FC (2021–present)\nApotheos FC (2022–Present)\nArkansas Wolves FC (2021–present)\nA.S. Los Angeles (2019–2020)\nAlbion SC Pros/ASC San Diego (2016–2021)\nAsheville City SC (2016–2019)\nAlbuquerque Asylum (2004–2008)\nArizona Sahuaros (2003–2004, 2008)\nASA Charge (2014–2016)\nAtlanta FC/Atlanta Silverbacks Reserves/Atlanta Silverbacks FC/Atlanta SC (2008–2019)\nAtlantic City Diablos (2007–2008)\nAtlantic City FC (2018–present)\nAustin United FC (2020, 2022–present)\nBay Area Ambassadors (2009–2012)\nBCS Clash (2014)\nBeaches FC/Palm Beach United (2017–2018)\nBirmingham Hammers (2016–2017)\nBoca Raton FC (2017–2018, 2020–2021)\nBoston Aztec (2007–2009)\nBoston City FC (2016–2021)\nBoston Tea Men (2010)\nBrooklyn Italians (2010–2019)\nBuffalo City FC (2009)\nBuxmont Torch FC/Torch FC (2011–present)\nCalifornia Odyssey SC (2023–present)\nCape Coral Hurricanes (2013–2014)\nCarolina RailHawks U23s/Carolina RailHawks NPSL (2014–2016)\nCarpathia FC (2020–present)\nCASL Elite (2013)\nCD Aguiluchos USA (2013–2018)\nCedar Stars FC (2022)\nCentral Florida Panthers SC (2019–2022)\nCharlottesville Alliance FC (2018–2020)\nCharlottetowne Hops FC (2023–present)\nChattanooga FC (2009–2019)\nChesterfield United FC (2013)\nChicago Mustangs (2016) (Provisional)\nChico Rooks (2003–2006)\nCincinnati Saints/Dayton Dynamo (2014–2017)\nCity of Angels FC (2017, 2019)\nCleveland SC (2018–present)\nColorado Crimson (2007)\nContra Costa FC (2021–2022)\nCorinthians FC of San Antonio (2014–2016, 2022–present)\nCoyotes FC/ Central Texas Coyotes FC (2020–present)\nCrossfire Redmond, Crossfire Red, Crossfire White (2019–present)\nClub Atletico St. Louis (2022–present)\nDakota Fusion FC (2017–present)\nDallas City FC (2014–2017, 2019–2021)\nD.C. United U-23 (2013–2014)\nDel Rey City SC (2014)\nDenton Diablos FC (2019–present)\nDenver Kickers (2006–2007)\nDeportivo Coras USA/Club Xolos USA U-23 (2015–2020)\nDes Moines United FC (2023–present)\nDetroit Arsenal (2005–2006)\nDetroit City FC (2012–2019)\nDuluth FC (2017–present)\nDutch Lions FC/Miami Dutch Lions FC (2016–present)\nEau Claire Aris/LaCrosse Aris FC (2009–2014, 2016–present)\nEl Farolito Soccer Club (2018–present)\nElectric City Shock SC (2014–present)\nElm City Express (2017–2018)\nErie Admirals SC/Erie Commodores FC (2009–present)\nEhtar Belleville FC (2023–present)\nFC Arizona (2017–present)\nFC Baltimore/FC Baltimore Christos (2018–2021)\nFC Bordo Saint Louis (2014–present)\nFC Brownsville/ Brownsville NPSL (2018, 2020–present)\nFC Buffalo (2010–2022)\nFC Carolina Discoveries/FC Carolina United (2014–2017)\nFC Columbus (2018–present)\nFC Davis (2018–present)\nFC Frederick (2015–present)\nFC Golden State (2018–2021)\nFC Hasental (2011–2015)\nF.C. Indiana (2007, 2009, 2015–2021)\nFC Force (2014–2015)\nFC Monmouth (2018–present)\nF.C. New York (2012)\nFC Sparta Michigan/Michigan Stars FC (2013–2017, 2019)\nMichigan Rangers FC (2023–present)\nFC Reading Revolution (2009–2011, 2013)\nFC Tacoma 253/OSA FC/OSA Seattle FC (2015–present)\nFC Tulsa (2010)\nFC Wichita (2015–2019)\nFirst State FC (2020–present)\nFlorida Roots Futbol Club (2021–present)\nFort Lauderdale Strikers U-23 (2016)\nFort Pitt Regiment (2014–2015, 2017–2018)\nFort Wayne FC (2020)\nFort Worth Vaqueros FC (2014–present)\nFullerton Rangers (2012)\nGate City FC (2014)\nGeorgia Revolution FC (2011–present)\nGeorgia Storm FC (2021–present)\nGorge FC (2014)\nGrand Rapids Alliance (2005–2006)\nGrand Rapids FC (2016–2019)\nGreater Binghamton FC (2012–2014)\nGreater Lowell United FC (2014–2016)\nGreater Lowell NPSL FC (2017–2018)\nGreater Lowell Rough Diamonds (2019–2021)\nGreenville FC (2018–2019)\nGreenville United FC (2023–present)\nGrove Soccer United/ Grove United (2022–present)\nGulf Coast Texans/Pensacola FC (2013–2014, 2020–present)\nHartford City FC (2017–present)\nHershey FC (2013–present)\nHigh Desert Elite FC (2019–2020)\nHollywood United Hitmen (2011)\nHouston Hurricanes FC (2013)\nIdaho Wolves (2004)\nIndianapolis Braves (2007)\nIndios USA (2007–2008)\nInter Nashville FC (2017–2020)\nInter United FC (2014)\nIowa Raptors FC (2023–present)\nIrving FC/ Gallos FC (2021–2023)\nJackson Lions FC (2022–Present)\nJacksonville Armada FC (2018)\nJacksonville United FC/Jacksonville Armada U-23 (2011–2017, 2019–present)\nJersey City Eagles/Clarkstown SC Eagles/FC Motown (2012–present)\nJoplin Demize/Demize NPSL (2014–present)\nJoy St. Louis Park (2021–present)\nJunior Lone Star FC/Philadelphia Lone Star FC (2012–2014, 2016–2022)\nPhiladelphia Union Development Squad (2023–present)\nKalamazoo FC (2016–2020)\nKansas City Sol (2023–present)\nKaty 1895 FC/CF10 Houston FC (2018–2019, 2021–present)\nKingston Stockade FC (2016–present)\nKitsap Pumas (2017–2018)\nKnoxville Force/Emerald Force SC (2011–2018)\nKraze United (2015–2017)\nLancaster Inferno (2008)\nLancaster Rattlers/FC Santa Clarita (2011–2013)\nLansing United (2014–2017)\nLaredo Heat (2018–present)\nLas Vegas Legends (2020–present)\nLas Vegas Stallions (2013)\nLas Vegas Strikers (2003–2006)\nLegacy 76 (2014–2018)\nLittle Rock Rangers (2016–2020)\nLiverpool Warriors (2013–2016)\nLong Island Academy (2007–2010)\nLSA Athletico Lanier (2020–2022)\nLubbock Matadors (2022–present)\nMagia FC (2022)\nMaine Sting (2008–2009)\nMaryland Bobcats FC (2020)\nMaryland United FC/Charm City FC (2008–2009)\nMass United FC (2011–2012)\nMed City FC (2017–present)\nMemphis City FC (2016–2017)\nMetro Louisville FC (2020–2021)\nMiami Beach CF/ Atletico De Miami Beach (2022–present)\nMiami FC 2/ Miami FC (2018–2019)\nMiami Fusion FC (2015–2017)\nMiami United FC (2013–2022)\nMilwaukee Bavarian SC (2005–2008, 2010–2013)\nMilwaukee Torrent (2016–2018, 2020–present)\nMinnesota Blast/NSC United (2005–2006)\nMinneapolis City SC (2017–2022)\nMinnesota Kings (2010–2011)\nMinnesota Twin Stars (2005–2017, 2019, 2022–present)\nMinnesota United FC Reserves (2014–2015)\nMississippi Storm (2012–2013)\nMorris County Colonials/Jersey Blues FC (2008–2013, 2015)\nMuskegon Risers SC (2020, 2022)\nMyrtle Beach Mutiny (2012–2018)\nNapa Valley 1839 FC (2017–present)\nNaples United FC (2017–present)\nNashville Atlas FC/Nashville FC (2014–2016)\nNashville United (2020)\nNew Hampshire Mountaineers (2010)\nNew Jersey Blaze (2010–2011)\nNew Jersey Copa FC (2016–2019)\nNew Orleans Jesters (2013–2018, 2020–present)\nNew York Athletic Club S.C. (2008–2020)\nNew York Cosmos B (2015–2019)\nNew York Red Bull NPSL (2010–2014)\nNew York Shockers (2021–present)\nNorCal Lamorinda United SC (2009)\nNorth Alabama SC (2020–2022)\nNorth Coast Tsunami (2012)\nNorthern Virginia United FC (2018–present)\nNorth County Battalion (2016)\nNorthern Nevada Aces (2003–2004)\nOakland SC (2022–present)\nOKC 1889 FC (2021–present)\nOklahoma City FC (2014)\nOrange County FC (2017–2019)\nOrange County Pateadores FC (2013)\nOxnard Guerreros FC (2017–2020)\nOzark FC (2017–2020)\nPanathinaikos Chicago (2021–2022)\nPDX FC (2017–2021)\nPennsylvania Classics (2022–present)\nPennsylvania Stoners (2008–2009)\nPerformance FC Phoenix (2008)\nPhiladelphia Ukrainian Nationals (2022–present)\nPhoenix Banat Storm (2006)\nPhoenix Monsoon (2012)\nPierce County FC (2017)\nPittsburgh Hotspurs/ Steel City FC (2019–present)\nPocono Snow (2009–2013)\nPort City FC (2020–2021)\nPrinceton 56ers/Madison 56ers (2005–2015)\nProject 510 (2020)\nPumas FC (2009–2010)\nQuad City Eagles (2011–2014)\nQueen City FC (2007–2008)\nReal San Jose (2007–2016)\nReal Shore F.C. (2007)\nRedwood City Ruckus (2006)\nRegals SCA/Houston Regals (2013, 2015–2018)\nReign FK (2021–2023)[1]\nRhode Island Reds F.C. (2012–2020)\nRochester River Dogz FC/Rochester Lancers (2016–2021)\nRocket City United (2008–2013)\nRockford Raptors/ Chicago Fire NPSL/ Indiana Fire/ Indy Eleven NPSL (2007–2012, 2014–2016)\nRVA FC/ Fredericksburg FC (2013–2017)\nSacramento Gold (2010–present)\nSacramento Knights (2004–2007)\nSaint Louis Club Atletico (2018–2020, 2022–present)\nSalinas Valley Samba (2004–2009)\nSan Diego Boca F.C./ FC Force (2010–2014)\nSan Diego Flash (2011–2015)\nSan Diego Pumitas (2005–2007)\nSan Diego United (2008–2009)\nSan Francisco Stompers FC/ East Bay FC Stompers/Oakland Stompers (2012–2019, 2021–present)\nSan Ramon FC (2019, 2023–present)\nSanta Ana Winds FC (2011)\nSanta Cruz County Breakers (2007–2008)\nSaturn FC (2009)\nSC Brave Lions/Lions United FC (2022–present)\nSeacoast United Mariners (2012–2013)\nSeacoast United Phantoms (2011–2013)\nSeattle Sporting FC (2014)\nShreveport Rafters FC (2016–2018)\nSioux Falls Thunder FC (2017–2019, 2021–present)\nSonoma County Sol (2004–present)\nSoCal SC (2016–2017)\nSouthern California Fusion (2006–2007)\nSouthern Oregon Starphire FC (2009–2010)\nSouthern States SC (2021–present)\nSpartans Futbol Club/FC Mulhouse Portland/International Portland Select FC (2014–present)\nSpokane Shadow (2017–2021)\nSport Club Corinthians USA (2016–2017)\nStorm FC (2014–2016, 2018–2021)\nSunflower State FC (2017–2019, 2022–present)\nSyracuse FC (2017–present)\nTacoma Stars (2020–2021)\nTallahassee SC (2020–present)\nTampa Bay Rowdies 2 (2016)\nTampa Marauders (2013–2014)\nTemecula FC (2014–2021)\nTobacco Road FC (2016)\nToledo Villa FC (2019–2020)\nTSC Maryland Red Devils (2010)\nTSF FC (2017–2018)\nTucson Tiburons (2003)\nTulsa Athletic (2013–present)\nTyler FC (2017–2019)\nUpward Stars (2014–2015)\nUtah Salt Ratz (2003–2004)\nValeo FC (2020–present)\nVirginia Beach City FC (2014–present)\nVirginia Dream FC (2023–present)\nVSLT FC (2017)\nWest Chester United SC (2017–present)\nMidland-Odessa Sockers FC]/West Texas FC (2017–2021, 2022–present)\nWeston FC (2015–2016)\nZanesville Athletic FC (2013)","title":"List of National Premier Soccer League teams"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"@ReignFC (April 12, 2024). \"Official Club Statement\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/ReignFC/status/1778897998895874346","url_text":"\"Official Club Statement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://x.com/ReignFC/status/1778897998895874346","external_links_name":"\"Official Club Statement\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH_8_(Albania)
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SH 8 (Albania)
|
["1 Route","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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National highway in Albania
National Road SH8Rruga shtetërore SH8Map of the Rruga Shtetërore 8 (SH8) mainline denoted in blue in AlbaniaRoute informationMaintained by the Autoriteti Rrugor ShqiptarLength126 km (78 mi)Major junctionsNorth end Fier, Fier CountySouth end Sarandë, Vlorë County
LocationCountryAlbaniaCountiesFierVlorëMajor citiesFierSarandëVlorë
Highway system
Highways in Albania
The SH8 highway (Albanian: Rruga Shtetërore 8) is a national highway in Albania spanning 126 kilometres (78.29 miles) across the counties of Fier and Vlorë. It connects the cities of Fier and Vlorë to the city of Sarandë on the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast. The highest point of the SH8 is the Llogara Pass, 1,043 m (3,422 ft) above sea level. The road was built in 1920.
Route
The National Road SH8 branches off from the National Road SH4 in Fier and leads the city of Vlorë. From Vlorë, the road crosses the Llogara Pass, to the Albanian Riviera near Dhërmi and through Himarë to Sarandë. It ends at the city center of Sarandë.
Gallery
SH8 near Kakomë
Roads seen from Dhërmi
Llogara Pass
Llogara "Heart" platform from above
See also
Transport in Albania
A2 (Albania)
References
^ "SH8".
External links
Media related to Rruga Shtetërore 8 at Wikimedia Commons
vteHighways of AlbaniaMotorways (Autostrada)
A1
A2
A3
Expressways (Rruga Shtetërore)
SH1
SH2
SH3
SH4
SH5
SH6
SH7
SH8
SH9
SH24
SH27
SH32
SH41
SH52
SH56
SH64
Commons category
Category
This article about transport in Albania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This European road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Fier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier_County"},{"link_name":"Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County"},{"link_name":"Fier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier"},{"link_name":"Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Sarandë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Albanian Ionian Sea Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast"},{"link_name":"Llogara Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llogara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The SH8 highway (Albanian: Rruga Shtetërore 8) is a national highway in Albania spanning 126 kilometres (78.29 miles) across the counties of Fier and Vlorë. It connects the cities of Fier and Vlorë to the city of Sarandë on the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast. The highest point of the SH8 is the Llogara Pass, 1,043 m (3,422 ft) above sea level. The road was built in 1920.[1]","title":"SH 8 (Albania)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier"},{"link_name":"Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Llogara Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llogara_Pass"},{"link_name":"Albanian Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Riviera"},{"link_name":"Dhërmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%C3%ABrmi"},{"link_name":"Himarë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himar%C3%AB_(town)"},{"link_name":"Sarandë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Sarandë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB"}],"text":"The National Road SH8 branches off from the National Road SH4 in Fier and leads the city of Vlorë. From Vlorë, the road crosses the Llogara Pass, to the Albanian Riviera near Dhërmi and through Himarë to Sarandë. It ends at the city center of Sarandë.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3Road_To_Kakome_Near_Saranda_2017.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albanian_Riviera_bunkers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dhërmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%C3%ABrmi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Llogara_pass_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Llogara Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llogara_Pass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Llogara_Viewing_platform_from_above.JPG"}],"text":"SH8 near Kakomë\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoads seen from Dhërmi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLlogara Pass\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLlogara \"Heart\" platform from above","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Transport in Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Albania"},{"title":"A2 (Albania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_(Albania)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"SH8\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dangerousroads.org/eastern-europe/albania/4804-sh8.html","url_text":"\"SH8\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dangerousroads.org/eastern-europe/albania/4804-sh8.html","external_links_name":"\"SH8\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SH_8_(Albania)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SH_8_(Albania)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incapital
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Incapital
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
IncapitalCompany typePrivately heldIndustryFinancial servicesFounded1999; 25 years ago (1999)FounderThomas S. RickettsHeadquartersChicago, IllinoisNumber of employees150
Founded in 1999 by Chairman Thomas S. Ricketts(also Executive Chairman of the Chicago Cubs), Incapital LLC is a distributor, underwriter and educator of securities and risk management investments. Since its inception, the firm has represented over 300 issuing entities and currently serves more than 800 distribution partners including broker-dealers, banks, wealth managers and institutional investors.
Incapital was founded to provide securities firms and individual investors more efficient access to corporate bonds. While Incapital's expertise in underwriting and distributing investment-grade corporate bonds remains a core competency, the firm now originates and/or distributes offerings across multiple asset classes including corporate retail notes (InterNotes) market-linked products, agencies, mortgage-backed securities, certificates of deposit, preferred stock and baby bonds.
Incapital is a privately held firm with roughly 150 employees. It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois and has a primary office in Boca Raton, Florida.
References
^ Ryan, Kate (2005-12-05). "Investment house banks on charity; Incapital selling bonds on behalf of non-profit". Crain Communications Inc. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
^ "Incapital Reaches $400 Million Milestone in Distribution of Calvert Impact Capital Community Investment Notes®". www.businesswire.com. 25 January 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ https://www.incapital.com/About/About_Incapital.aspx January 25, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ https://www.fa-mag.com/news/paul-mottola-joins-incapital-37982.html April 4, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
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