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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Legislative_District_25	Maryland Legislative District 25	["1 Demographic characteristics","2 Political representation","3 References"]	American legislative district Maryland's legislative district 25Representspart of Prince George's CountySenatorNick Charles (D)Delegate(s) Karen Toles (D) Kent Roberson (D) Denise Roberts (D) Registration84.7% Democratic3.6% Republican9.9% unaffiliatedDemographics5.3% White81.8% Black/African American0.5% Native American1.5% Asian0.0% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander6.0% Other race4.9% Two or more races9.1% HispanicPopulation (2020)125,974Voting-age population98,881Registered voters90,179 Maryland's Legislative District 25 is one of 47 districts in the state for the Maryland General Assembly. It covers part of Prince George's County. Demographic characteristics As of the 2020 United States census, the district had a population of 125,974, of whom 98,881 (78.5%) were of voting age. The racial makeup of the district was 6,635 (5.3%) White, 103,109 (81.8%) African American, 572 (0.5%) Native American, 1,878 (1.5%) Asian, 13 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 7,548 (6.0%) from some other race, and 6,188 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,485 (9.1%) of the population. The district had 90,179 registered voters as of October 17, 2020, of whom 8,920 (9.9%) were registered as unaffiliated, 3,213 (3.6%) were registered as Republicans, 76,365 (84.7%) were registered as Democrats, and 1,408 (1.6%) were registered to other parties. Political representation The district is represented for the 2023–2027 legislative term in the State Senate by Nick Charles (D) and in the House of Delegates by Karen Toles (D), Kent Roberson (D), and Denise Roberts (D). References ^ "LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTING PLAN OF 2012 - LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT 25". Maryland State Archives. March 29, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2021. ^ "RACE". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 17, 2021. ^ "RACE FOR THE POPULATION 18 YEARS AND OVER". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 17, 2021. ^ "HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 17, 2021. ^ "2020 Presidential General Voter Registration Counts as of Close of Registration, By Legislative". Maryland State Archives. October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2021. ^ "Maryland Senators By District". Maryland State Archives. January 28, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023. ^ "Maryland Delegates By District". Maryland State Archives. May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023. vteMaryland General Assembly districtsSenate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 District locations House 1A 1B 1C 2A 2B 3A 3B 4 5 6 7 8 9A 9B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23A 23B 24 25 26 27A 27B 27C 28 29A 29B 29C 30A 30B 31A 31B 32 33 34A 34B 35A 35B 36 37A 37B 38A 38B 38C 39 40 41 42A 42B 42C 43A 43B 44A 44B 45 46 47A 47B Delegations Anne Arundel County Baltimore City Baltimore County Eastern Shore Howard County Montgomery County Prince George's County Southern Maryland Delegation Western Maryland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maryland's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Prince George's County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districting2012-1"}],"text":"Maryland's Legislative District 25 is one of 47 districts in the state for the Maryland General Assembly. It covers part of Prince George's County.[1]","title":"Maryland Legislative District 25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"some other race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, the district had a population of 125,974, of whom 98,881 (78.5%) were of voting age. The racial makeup of the district was 6,635 (5.3%) White, 103,109 (81.8%) African American, 572 (0.5%) Native American, 1,878 (1.5%) Asian, 13 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 7,548 (6.0%) from some other race, and 6,188 (4.9%) from two or more races.[2][3] Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,485 (9.1%) of the population.[4]The district had 90,179 registered voters as of October 17, 2020, of whom 8,920 (9.9%) were registered as unaffiliated, 3,213 (3.6%) were registered as Republicans, 76,365 (84.7%) were registered as Democrats, and 1,408 (1.6%) were registered to other parties.[5]","title":"Demographic characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Senate"},{"link_name":"Nick Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Charles_(politician)"},{"link_name":"House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"Karen Toles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Toles"},{"link_name":"Kent Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Roberson"},{"link_name":"Denise Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Roberts_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The district is represented for the 2023–2027 legislative term in the State Senate by Nick Charles (D) and in the House of Delegates by Karen Toles (D), Kent Roberson (D), and Denise Roberts (D).[6][7]","title":"Political representation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTING PLAN OF 2012 - LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT 25\". Maryland State Archives. March 29, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/dist/html/2012.html#dist25","url_text":"\"LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTING PLAN OF 2012 - LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT 25\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Archives","url_text":"Maryland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"RACE\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US24%246200000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"RACE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"RACE FOR THE POPULATION 18 YEARS AND OVER\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US24%246200000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P3","url_text":"\"RACE FOR THE POPULATION 18 YEARS AND OVER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US24%246200000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Presidential General Voter Registration Counts as of Close of Registration, By Legislative\". Maryland State Archives. October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.maryland.gov/press_room/2020_stats/Eligible%20Active%20Voters%20by%20Legislative%20-%20PG20.xlsx","url_text":"\"2020 Presidential General Voter Registration Counts as of Close of Registration, By Legislative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Archives","url_text":"Maryland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland Senators By District\". Maryland State Archives. January 28, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/05sen/html/sendist.html","url_text":"\"Maryland Senators By District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Archives","url_text":"Maryland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland Delegates By District\". Maryland State Archives. May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/hsedist.html","url_text":"\"Maryland Delegates By District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Archives","url_text":"Maryland State Archives"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/dist/html/2012.html#dist25","external_links_name":"\"LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTING PLAN OF 2012 - LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT 25\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US24%246200000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"RACE\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US24%246200000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P3","external_links_name":"\"RACE FOR THE POPULATION 18 YEARS AND OVER\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US24%246200000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\""},{"Link":"https://elections.maryland.gov/press_room/2020_stats/Eligible%20Active%20Voters%20by%20Legislative%20-%20PG20.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"2020 Presidential General Voter Registration Counts as of Close of Registration, By Legislative\""},{"Link":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/05sen/html/sendist.html","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Senators By District\""},{"Link":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/hsedist.html","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Delegates By District\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_(album)	Protestant (album)	["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]	1993 studio album by RorschachProtestantStudio album by RorschachReleased1993RecordedAugust–November, 1992StudioPlatinum Sound (Boston, Massachusetts)GenreHardcore punkmetalcorepowerviolenceLength37:41LabelWardance, Gern BlandstenProducerDavid Locke, Peter NusbaumRorschach chronology Remain Sedate(1991) Protestant(1993) Autopsy(1995) Protestant is the second and final studio album by American hardcore punk band Rorschach. It was released in 1993 through Wardance Records and Gern Blandsten. The majority of the songs were written during the band's Europe tour. The band's complex combination of metal and hardcore influenced many artists in the metalcore genre, including Converge guitarist Kurt Ballou. The tracks on the album were featured on the 1995 compilation album, Autopsy. The track "Traditional" was covered by Krallice. Critical reception The album was inducted to Decibel's Hall of Fame. Decibel wrote: "Protestant's incendiary nature and bleach-into-open-wound sound—a metaphor for cramming Voivod angularity and the Jesus Lizard skronk into Judge hardcore and Melvins’ noise-doom—belies the fact that the album was created and recorded under less-than-ideal conditions." Track listing No.TitleLength1."Mandible"2:402."In Ruins"2:283."Traditional"3:154."Drawn and Quartered"3:215."Shanks"3:236."Recurring Nightmare #105"3:447."Blinders"3:308."Hemlock"2:239."Raw Nerve"1:2510."Skin Culture"4:4111."Cut the Wheel"2:3712."Ornaments"4:14 Personnel Rorschach Tom Rusnak — bass Andrew Gormley — drums Keith Huckins — guitars Nick Forté — guitars Charles Maggio — vocals Other staff Justine DeMetrick — cover art Cynthia MacAdams — cover art David Locke — engineering Peter Nusbaum — engineering OM-IS — layout Rick Essig — mastering References ^ a b c "Rorschach - Protestant". Decibel. August 4, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2016. ^ a b D'Angelo, Peter J. "Rorschach - Autopsy". Allmusic. Retrieved January 20, 2016. ^ "Rorschach - Live at Italy 6/18/92". Maximumrocknroll. 239. 2003. ^ Breihan, Tom (January 7, 2010). "5-10-15-20: Converge's Kurt Ballou". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 20, 2016. ^ BONAZELLI, Andrew (2011-08-04). "Fear, Emptiness, Decibel: Rorschach's Protestant Gets A Tongue Bath". metalsucks.net. MetalSucks. Retrieved 2017-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) External links Protestant at Discogs (list of releases) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Rorschach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschach_(band)"},{"link_name":"Gern Blandsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gern_Blandsten"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decibel-protestant-1"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decibel-protestant-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autopsy-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Converge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converge_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Ballou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Ballou"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Autopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy_(Rorschach_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autopsy-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS-5"}],"text":"Protestant is the second and final studio album by American hardcore punk band Rorschach. It was released in 1993 through Wardance Records and Gern Blandsten. The majority of the songs were written during the band's Europe tour.[1]The band's complex combination of metal and hardcore[1][2] influenced many artists in the metalcore genre,[3] including Converge guitarist Kurt Ballou.[4]The tracks on the album were featured on the 1995 compilation album, Autopsy.[2] The track \"Traditional\" was covered by Krallice.[5]","title":"Protestant (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decibel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Voivod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivod_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Jesus Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Lizard"},{"link_name":"Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_(band)"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decibel-protestant-1"}],"text":"The album was inducted to Decibel's Hall of Fame. Decibel wrote: \"Protestant's incendiary nature and bleach-into-open-wound sound—a metaphor for cramming Voivod angularity and the Jesus Lizard skronk into Judge hardcore and Melvins’ noise-doom—belies the fact that the album was created and recorded under less-than-ideal conditions.\"[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Mandible\"2:402.\"In Ruins\"2:283.\"Traditional\"3:154.\"Drawn and Quartered\"3:215.\"Shanks\"3:236.\"Recurring Nightmare #105\"3:447.\"Blinders\"3:308.\"Hemlock\"2:239.\"Raw Nerve\"1:2510.\"Skin Culture\"4:4111.\"Cut the Wheel\"2:3712.\"Ornaments\"4:14","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Gormley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gormley"},{"link_name":"Cynthia MacAdams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_MacAdams"}],"text":"RorschachTom Rusnak — bass\nAndrew Gormley — drums\nKeith Huckins — guitars\nNick Forté — guitars\nCharles Maggio — vocalsOther staffJustine DeMetrick — cover art\nCynthia MacAdams — cover art\nDavid Locke — engineering\nPeter Nusbaum — engineering\nOM-IS — layout\nRick Essig — mastering","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rorschach - Protestant\". Decibel. August 4, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://decibelmagazine.com/hall-of-fame/2015/3/13/rorschach-protestant","url_text":"\"Rorschach - Protestant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel_(magazine)","url_text":"Decibel"}]},{"reference":"D'Angelo, Peter J. \"Rorschach - Autopsy\". Allmusic. Retrieved January 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/autopsy-mw0000614517","url_text":"\"Rorschach - Autopsy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Rorschach - Live at Italy 6/18/92\". Maximumrocknroll. 239. 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximumrocknroll","url_text":"Maximumrocknroll"}]},{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (January 7, 2010). \"5-10-15-20: Converge's Kurt Ballou\". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/37497-5-10-15-20-converges-kurt-ballou/","url_text":"\"5-10-15-20: Converge's Kurt Ballou\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"BONAZELLI, Andrew (2011-08-04). \"Fear, Emptiness, Decibel: Rorschach's Protestant Gets A Tongue Bath\". metalsucks.net. MetalSucks. Retrieved 2017-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalsucks.net/2011/08/04/fear-emptiness-decibel-rorschachs-protestant-gets-a-tongue-bath/","url_text":"\"Fear, Emptiness, Decibel: Rorschach's Protestant Gets A Tongue Bath\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://decibelmagazine.com/hall-of-fame/2015/3/13/rorschach-protestant","external_links_name":"\"Rorschach - Protestant\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/autopsy-mw0000614517","external_links_name":"\"Rorschach - Autopsy\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/news/37497-5-10-15-20-converges-kurt-ballou/","external_links_name":"\"5-10-15-20: Converge's Kurt Ballou\""},{"Link":"http://www.metalsucks.net/2011/08/04/fear-emptiness-decibel-rorschachs-protestant-gets-a-tongue-bath/","external_links_name":"\"Fear, Emptiness, Decibel: Rorschach's Protestant Gets A Tongue Bath\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/182181","external_links_name":"Protestant"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/03387729-2dc3-482b-8861-4b34eac46b07","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Scottish_Heavyweight_Championship	Scottish Heavyweight Championship	["1 Title history","1.1 Reigns","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Professional wrestling championship Scottish Heavyweight ChampionshipDetailsPromotionNWA UK Hammerlock (2004–2013)Scottish Wrestling Alliance (2004–present)Current champion(s)VacatedDate won19 June 2019Other name(s) NWA Scottish Heavyweight Championship (2004–2013)StatisticsFirst champion(s)ConscienceMost reignsAdam Shame, Eric Canyon and Lionheart (3 reigns)Longest reignMikey Whiplash (673 days)Shortest reignMajik and Raging Bull (<1 day) The Scottish Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling singles title in BOP Wrasslin (formerly the Scottish Wrestling Alliance). Title history It was first won by Conscience who defeated Eric Canyon, Adam Shane, and Hatred in Scotland on 17 July 2004. The title has generally been defended in Scotland, particularly in Bellshill, Bellahouston, Clydebank and Glasgow. It was originally created for British National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)-affiliated promotion NWA UK Hammerlock. The title was first defended outside of Scotland at the NWA 56th Anniversary Show in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 2004. Following the closure of NWA UK Hammerlock, the title was taken on by the Scottish Wrestling Alliance and the "NWA" was dropped from the name, resulting in the title simply being called the Scottish Heavyweight Championship. On June 19 2019, the Scottish Heavyweight Championship was vacated along with the ICW World Heavyweight Championship and UEWA European Heavyweight Championship due to the death of Lionheart, the holder of these titles. The reactivated championship was won by Jack Jester on 4 August 2023. Reigns Key No. Overall reign number Reign Reign number for the specific champion Days Number of days held <1 Reign lasted less than a day + Current reign is changing daily No. Champion Championship change Reign statistics Notes Ref. Date Event Location Reign Days 1 Conscience 17 July 2004 Rebirth Bellshill 1 259 Defeated Eric Canyon, Adam Shane, and Hatred to become first champion. — Vacated 2 April 2005 — — — — 2 Eric Canyon 2 April 2005 Last Rites Bellshill 1 140 Defeated Majik in a steel cage match to win the vacant title. 3 Majik 20 August 2005 Rebirth 2: Battlezone Bellshill 1 <1 4 Eric Canyon 20 August 2005 Rebirth 2: Battlezone Bellshill 2 462 This was a Battlezone match. 5 Adam Shame 25 November 2006 November 2 Remember Bellshill 1 175 — Vacated 19 May 2007 — — — — Title vacated after Shame suffers an ankle injury. 6 Falcon 19 May 2007 Rebirth IV: The Battlezone Returns! Bellshill 1 84 Won a Battlezone match to win the vacant title. 7 Johnny Moss 11 August 2007 Laird of the Ring Clydebank 1 49 8 Jack Jester 29 September 2007 The Gathering Glasgow 1 112 9 Adam Shame 19 January 2008 New Year's Retribution Bellshill 2 119 — Vacated 17 May 2008 — — — — 10 Wolfgang 17 May 2008 Battlezone IV: Interesting Times Bellshill 1 119 Won a Battlezone match that was also for the SWA Tag Team Championship and SWA Laird of the Ring Championship to win the vacant title. 11 Raging Bull 13 September 2008 N/A Bellshill 1 <1 12 Wolfgang 13 September 2008 N/A Bellshill 2 7 13 Lionheart 20 September 2008 The Gathering II: A Call to Arms Glasgow 1 127 14 Adam Shame 25 January 2009 After Hours Glasgow 3 41 This was a last man standing match. 15 B.T. Gunn 7 March 2009 N/A Glasgow 1 84 This was a three-way match also involving Lionheart. 16 Lionheart 30 May 2009 Battlezone 2009 Glasgow 2 112 17 Scott Renwick 19 September 2009 The Gathering III Glasgow 1 525 This was a three-way match also involving Wolfgang. 18 Eric Canyon February 26, 2011 The Gathering IV Glasgow 3 181 19 Andy Anderson 26 August 2011 Clan Wars 2011 Motherwell 1 280 20 Mikey Whiplash 1 June 2012 New Testament – Night 1 Govan 1 673 During Whiplash's reign, the title is withdrawn from the NWA and is renamed the Scottish Heavyweight Championship on 12 January 2013. 21 Joe Coffey 5 April 2014 Clan Wars 2014 – 10th Anniversary Motherwell 1 196 22 Doug Williams 18 October 2014 SWA/Zero-1 Battlezone 2014 Motherwell 1 188 23 Drew Galloway 24 April 2015 Rebirth 2015 – Night 1 Paisley 1 217 24 Mark Coffey 27 November 2015 Autumn Tour – Night 1 Paisley 1 365 25 Joe Coffey 26 November 2016 N/A N/A 2 462 26 Timm Wylie 3 March 2018 Live in Paisley Paisley 1 398 27 Lionheart 5 April 2019 Motherwell Mania Motherwell 2 75 — 19 June 2019 — — Vacated after Lionheart's death on 19 June. See also List of National Wrestling Alliance championships References ^ "BOP Wrasslin". March 22, 2023. ^ "Scottish Wrestling Alliance - Scottish Heavyweight Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. 2003. Retrieved 2023-09-11. ^ "NWA 56th Anniversary Show (night one) results" (in German). Cagematch.de. Retrieved 2008-07-16. ^ "NWA 56th Anniversary Show (night two) results" (in German). Cagematch.de. Retrieved 2008-07-16. ^ Waldman, Jon. "NWA heading to Winnipeg for convention". Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2008-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Pollock, John (June 20, 2019). "Adrian 'Lionheart' McCallum passes away at age 36". ^ "Breaking News ICW World Heavyweight Champion Lionheart verstorben! - Wrestling-Infos.de". June 19, 2019. ^ Morrison, Adam (June 20, 2019). "ICW Champion Lionheart Passes Away, Aged 36". ^ "Full Results: BOP Wrasslin 'Live In Paisley' (4 Aug 2023)". August 4, 2023. ^ "This Day In History: ECW Cyberslam, Bagwell Injured and More". PWInsider.com. 2009-04-22. ^ McAlinden, Mona (2006-01-21). "Wrestlers grapple for limelight". BBC Scotland. ^ Ashfield, Stephen (2008-09-18). "The Gathering Approaches". Piledriver-Online.co.uk. ^ Jones, Phil (September 2008). "Weekend Results: C/W, ASW, SWA, SAS, IPW:UK + More!". Newsboard. BritWres.com. ^ Behrens, Bill (2009-02-09). "Bill Behrens' NWA Notes for 2-9-2009". IndyWrestlingNews.com. ^ "Battlezone 2009: Scottish Wrestling Alliance". Bellahouston Leisure Centre Event details. Ents24.com. May 2009. ^ Behrens, Bill (2009-03-30). "Bill Behrens' NWA News & Notes for 3-30-09". WrestleZone.com. ^ Philip Kreikenbohm. "SWA". ^ Philip Kreikenbohm. "Title Reigns « Scottish Heavyweight Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database". ^ Philip Kreikenbohm. "SWA Autumn Tour - Tag 1". External links Official NWA Scottish Heavyweight Championship History NWA Scottish Heavyweight Championship History vteBritish professional wrestling championshipsMountevans TitlesBritish Heavyweight (1930–present) Mid-Heavyweight (1952–1981, 2002–present) Light Heavyweight (1920s–2004, 2014–present) Heavy Middleweight (1953–1990s) Middleweight (1930s–2005) Welterweight (1938–present) Lightweight (1933–present) Tag Team (1933–2002) Women's Tag Team (1933–2002) Women's (1933–2002) European European Heavyweight Championship (1932–present) European Mid Heavyweight Championship (1939–1981) European Middlweight Championship (1936–1995) European Welterweight Championship (1938–1994) European Lightweight Championship (1932–1994) British Empire/Commonwealth British Empire/Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship (1936-1938, 1959–1986) British Empire/Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship (1964–1981) British Empire/Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Championship(1926–1966) British Empire/Commonwealth Middleweight Championship (1923–1984) British Empire/Commonwealth Welterweight Championship (1954–1966) British Empire/Commonwealth Lightweight Championship (1971–1976, 1991) World World Heavyweight Championship (1947-1950, 1979–1989, 1991) World Mid Heavyweight Championship (1952–1999) World Heavy Middleweight Championship (1981-2004, 2008–present) World Middleweight Championship (1948-1975, 1976-1981, 1991-1996) World Lightweight Championship (1950–2001) Other Titles(non-Mountevans) British Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Championship Grand Prix belt (1980s) People's Championship (2004-2006) Brand Titles(non-Mountevans) CWA British Commonwealth Championship IPW:UK All-England Championship IPW:UK Junior Heavyweight Championship NXT Heritage Cup NXT United Kingdom Championship NXT UK Women's Championship NXT UK Tag Team Championship Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship PWP Heavyweight Championship Progress Wrestling Atlas Championship PROGRESS World Championship PROGRESS Tag Team Championship RevPro British Cruiserweight Championship RevPro British Heavyweight Championship RevPro British Tag Team Championship RevPro British Women's Championship Scottish Heavyweight Championship TNT World Championship XWA British Flyweight Championship XWA Frontier Sports Championship	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Scottish Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling singles title in BOP Wrasslin (formerly the Scottish Wrestling Alliance).[1]","title":"Scottish Heavyweight Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bellshill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellshill"},{"link_name":"Bellahouston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellahouston"},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"NWA 56th Anniversary Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Anniversary_Show#2004"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWA56one-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWA56two-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canoe-5"},{"link_name":"ICW World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICW_World_Heavyweight_Championship_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Lionheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionheart_(UK_wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jack Jester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Jester"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"It was first won by Conscience who defeated Eric Canyon, Adam Shane, and Hatred in Scotland on 17 July 2004. The title has generally been defended in Scotland, particularly in Bellshill, Bellahouston, Clydebank and Glasgow.[2] It was originally created for British National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)-affiliated promotion NWA UK Hammerlock. The title was first defended outside of Scotland at the NWA 56th Anniversary Show in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 2004.[3][4][5] Following the closure of NWA UK Hammerlock, the title was taken on by the Scottish Wrestling Alliance and the \"NWA\" was dropped from the name, resulting in the title simply being called the Scottish Heavyweight Championship.On June 19 2019, the Scottish Heavyweight Championship was vacated along with the ICW World Heavyweight Championship and UEWA European Heavyweight Championship due to the death of Lionheart, the holder of these titles.[6][7][8]The reactivated championship was won by Jack Jester on 4 August 2023.[9]","title":"Title history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reigns","title":"Title history"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of National Wrestling Alliance championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Wrestling_Alliance_championships"}]	[{"reference":"\"BOP Wrasslin\". 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BritWres.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britwres.com/news/223872011.shtml","url_text":"\"Weekend Results: C/W, ASW, SWA, SAS, IPW:UK + More!\""}]},{"reference":"Behrens, Bill (2009-02-09). \"Bill Behrens' NWA Notes for 2-9-2009\". IndyWrestlingNews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indywrestlingnews.com/columns/4896-bill-behrens-nwa-notes-for-2-9-2009.html","url_text":"\"Bill Behrens' NWA Notes for 2-9-2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battlezone 2009: Scottish Wrestling Alliance\". Bellahouston Leisure Centre Event details. Ents24.com. May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ents24.com/web/event/1705655/Battlezone_2009.html","url_text":"\"Battlezone 2009: Scottish Wrestling Alliance\""}]},{"reference":"Behrens, Bill (2009-03-30). \"Bill Behrens' NWA News & Notes for 3-30-09\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_%26_Rhinestones	Cocaine & Rhinestones	["1 Episodes","1.1 Season One","1.2 Season Two","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Country music podcast PodcastCocaine & RhinestonesPresentationHosted byTyler Mahan CoeGenreHistory of country music, Music podcastLanguageEnglishProductionEnding theme"Cocaine", performed by Dick Justice (season 1) "When The Roses Bloom Again", performed by Vernon Dalhart (season 2)No. of episodes33PublicationOriginal releaseOctober 24, 2017 Cocaine & Rhinestones is a podcast about country music history by Tyler Mahan Coe. The 14-episode first season debuted in October 2017. The show received acclaim, and in early 2018 was the top music podcast on iTunes. Each episode focuses on some mystery about country music; first season topics included the controversy over Loretta Lynn's recording of "The Pill", the meaning of Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee", and the musical relationship of the Louvin Brothers. The show's exhaustively researched episodes present a glimpse inside the machinery of country music, tell colorful stories about recording artists, songs, and songwriters, and evaluate competing versions of the truth. While the show is not overtly political, sexism in the country music industry is a recurring theme. Episodes can be longer than 90 minutes, and each features a "liner notes" commentary segment at the end, with Coe providing "clarifications and corrections" as well as bibliographical information. In addition to hosting, Coe is the sole researcher, writer and producer, without outside sponsorship. Coe said each episode in Season 1 took "about 100 hours" to complete. Coe is the son of country musician David Allan Coe and grew up in the industry. He was the rhythm guitarist for his father's band from the age of 15 until 2013, when the elder Coe fired the entire band "in a fit of pique". In 2018, while working on the second season of the show, Coe was granted access to the archives of the Country Music Hall of Fame. Season two, which focuses on George Jones, debuted in April 2021, with episodes being released every two weeks. Coe also hosts the Your Favorite Band Sucks podcast alongside Mark Mosley. Episodes Season One Ep. number Title Length Release date 1 Ernest Tubb: The Texas Defense 48:57 October 24, 2017 2 The Pill: Why Was Loretta Lynn Banned? 52:08 October 31, 2017 3 The Murder Ballad of Spade Cooley 1 hour November 7, 2017 4 Bobbie Gentry: Exit Stage Left 1 hour and 44 minutes November 14, 2017 5 Breaking Down Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee" 1 hour and 4 minutes November 21, 2017 6 The Louvin Brothers: Running Wild 1 hour and 37 minutes November 28, 2017 7 "Harper Valley PTA," Part 1: Shelby S. Singleton 1 hour and 11 minutes December 5, 2017 8 "Harper Valley PTA," Part 2: Jeannie C. Riley 1 hour and 15 minutes December 12, 2017 9 "Harper Valley PTA," Part 3: Tom T. Hall 1 hour and 32 minutes December 19, 2017 10 Buck Owens & Don Rich, Part 1: Open Up Your Heart 1 hour and 31 minutes December 26, 2017 11 Don Rich & Buck Owens, Part 2: Together Again 1 hour and 58 minutes January 2, 2018 12 Wynonna 1 hour and 57 minutes January 9, 2018 13 Rusty and Doug Kershaw: The Cajun Way 2 hours and 1 minute January 16, 2018 14 Ralph Mooney: The Sound of Country Music 1 hour and 25 minutes January 23, 2018 15 Season One Q&A 1 hour and 22 minutes February 6, 2018 Season Two Ep. number Title Length Release date 1 Starday Records: The Anti-Nashville Sound 2 hours and 13 minutes April 20, 2021 2 Owen Bradley's Nashville Sound 2 hours and 17 minutes May 4, 2021 3 The Nashville A-Team 2 hours and 16 minutes May 18, 2021 4 White Lightning 1 hour and 39 minutes June 1, 2021 5 Wandering Soul: George Jones, Starday Recording Artist 1 hour and 30 minutes June 15, 2021 6 All to Pieces: George Jones, Phase II 1 hour and 41 minutes June 29, 2021 7 Pappy Daily, Gene Pitney and How George Jones Came to Be on Musicor 2 hours and 16 minutes July 13, 2021 8 Dallas Frazier: Can't Get There From Here 2 hours and 1 minute July 27, 2021 9 Loneliness Surrounds: Virginia Wynette Pugh 1 hour and 43 minutes August 10, 2021 10 Stand by Your Man: The Anti-Feminist Manifesto 1 hour and 54 minutes October 26, 2021 11 Being Together: The George Jones & Tammy Wynette Story 1 hour and 50 minutes November 9, 2021 12 Loved It Away: Tammy Wynette, On Her Own 1 hour and 35 minutes November 23, 2021 13 Billy Sherrill’s Nashville Sound 2 hours and 48 minutes December 7, 2021 14 Divorce/Death: He Stopped Loving Her Today, The Grand Tour & A Good Year for the Roses 2 hours and 14 minutes December 21, 2021 15 Hell Stays Open All Night Long: George Jones, Phase III 1 hour and 47 minutes January 4, 2022 16 Another Lonely Song: The Tammy Wynette & George Richey Story 2 hours and 20 minutes January 18, 2022 17 Choices: George Jones' Last Run 2 hours and 43 minutes February 1, 2022 18 Glenn 1 hour and 36 minutes February 15, 2022 See also Music podcast List of history podcasts References ^ a b c d Danton, Eric R. (5 April 2018). "A Son of Country Music Is Exposing Its Hidden History One Amazing Story at a Time". Paste. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ Slaney, Rowan; Verdier, Hannah (2 February 2018). "Cocaine & Rhinestones: a country history lesson – podcasts of the week". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ Freeman, Jon (28 May 2018). "Hear 'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on 'Walking the Floor'". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ a b c d Deusner, Stephen M. (12 March 2018). ""Cocaine & Rhinestones" Is the Country Podcast You Need to Hear to Believe". Pitchfork. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ Freeman, Jon (4 April 2018). "'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on Hit Country Podcast". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ a b Larson, Sarah (7 March 2018). ""Cocaine & Rhinestones," an Addictive, Sparkling Podcast About Country Music". NewYorker.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ Machkovech, Sam (2018-12-23). "A few of our favorite podcasts in 2018, from new to new-to-us". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-12-24. ^ Roberts, Randall (2021-04-22). "Music's best podcast stars a self-taught know-it-all talking about George Jones. For 30 hours". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-05-26. ^ Kornelis, Chris (25 September 2018). "They Specialize in Cutting Your Favorite Music Down to Size". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2023-05-04. External links Official website External podcast links (?) Google Podcasts Pocket Casts	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paste_Danton_5Apr18-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_Slaney-Verdier_2Feb18-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Freeman_28May18-3"},{"link_name":"music podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_podcast"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork_Deusner_12Mar18-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork_Deusner_12Mar18-4"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynn"},{"link_name":"The Pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pill_(song)"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Okie from Muskogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okie_from_Muskogee_(song)"},{"link_name":"Louvin Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvin_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paste_Danton_5Apr18-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork_Deusner_12Mar18-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paste_Danton_5Apr18-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork_Deusner_12Mar18-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Freeman_4Apr18-5"},{"link_name":"David Allan Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Allan_Coe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYer_Larson_7Mar18-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paste_Danton_5Apr18-1"},{"link_name":"Country Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYer_Larson_7Mar18-6"},{"link_name":"George Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jones"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"PodcastCocaine & Rhinestones is a podcast about country music history by Tyler Mahan Coe. The 14-episode first season debuted in October 2017.[1] The show received acclaim,[2][3] and in early 2018 was the top music podcast on iTunes.[4]Each episode focuses on some mystery about country music;[4] first season topics included the controversy over Loretta Lynn's recording of \"The Pill\", the meaning of Merle Haggard's \"Okie from Muskogee\", and the musical relationship of the Louvin Brothers. The show's exhaustively researched episodes present a glimpse inside the machinery of country music, tell colorful stories about recording artists, songs, and songwriters, and evaluate competing versions of the truth.[1] While the show is not overtly political, sexism in the country music industry is a recurring theme.[4]Episodes can be longer than 90 minutes, and each features a \"liner notes\" commentary segment at the end, with Coe providing \"clarifications and corrections\" as well as bibliographical information.[1] In addition to hosting, Coe is the sole researcher, writer and producer, without outside sponsorship.[4] Coe said each episode in Season 1 took \"about 100 hours\" to complete.[5]Coe is the son of country musician David Allan Coe and grew up in the industry.[6][7] He was the rhythm guitarist for his father's band from the age of 15 until 2013, when the elder Coe fired the entire band \"in a fit of pique\".[1] In 2018, while working on the second season of the show, Coe was granted access to the archives of the Country Music Hall of Fame.[6] Season two, which focuses on George Jones,[8] debuted in April 2021, with episodes being released every two weeks. Coe also hosts the Your Favorite Band Sucks podcast alongside Mark Mosley.[9]","title":"Cocaine & Rhinestones"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season One","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season Two","title":"Episodes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Music podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_podcast"},{"title":"List of history podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_history_podcasts"}]	[{"reference":"Danton, Eric R. (5 April 2018). \"A Son of Country Music Is Exposing Its Hidden History One Amazing Story at a Time\". Paste. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/04/cocaine-rhinestones.html","url_text":"\"A Son of Country Music Is Exposing Its Hidden History One Amazing Story at a Time\""}]},{"reference":"Slaney, Rowan; Verdier, Hannah (2 February 2018). \"Cocaine & Rhinestones: a country history lesson – podcasts of the week\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/feb/02/cocaine-rhinestones-a-country-history-lesson-podcasts-of-the-week","url_text":"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones: a country history lesson – podcasts of the week\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jon (28 May 2018). \"Hear 'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on 'Walking the Floor'\". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/country/news/hear-cocaine-and-rhinestones-host-on-chris-shiflett-podcast-w520822","url_text":"\"Hear 'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on 'Walking the Floor'\""}]},{"reference":"Deusner, Stephen M. (12 March 2018). \"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones\" Is the Country Podcast You Need to Hear to Believe\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/cocaine-and-rhinestones-is-the-country-podcast-you-need-to-hear-to-believe/","url_text":"\"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones\" Is the Country Podcast You Need to Hear to Believe\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jon (4 April 2018). \"'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on Hit Country Podcast\". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/country/features/cocaine-and-rhinestones-host-tyler-mahan-coe-on-hit-podcast-w518748","url_text":"\"'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on Hit Country Podcast\""}]},{"reference":"Larson, Sarah (7 March 2018). \"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones,\" an Addictive, Sparkling Podcast About Country Music\". NewYorker.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/podcast-dept/cocaine-and-rhinestones-an-addictive-sparkling-podcast-about-country-music","url_text":"\"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones,\" an Addictive, Sparkling Podcast About Country Music\""}]},{"reference":"Machkovech, Sam (2018-12-23). \"A few of our favorite podcasts in 2018, from new to new-to-us\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/12/a-few-of-our-favorite-podcasts-in-2018-from-new-to-new-to-us/","url_text":"\"A few of our favorite podcasts in 2018, from new to new-to-us\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Randall (2021-04-22). \"Music's best podcast stars a self-taught know-it-all talking about George Jones. For 30 hours\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-04-22/cocaine-and-rhinestones-george-jones-tyler-mahan-coe-country-music-podcast","url_text":"\"Music's best podcast stars a self-taught know-it-all talking about George Jones. For 30 hours\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422204203/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-04-22/cocaine-and-rhinestones-george-jones-tyler-mahan-coe-country-music-podcast","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kornelis, Chris (25 September 2018). \"They Specialize in Cutting Your Favorite Music Down to Size\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2023-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/they-specialize-in-cutting-your-favorite-music-down-to-size-1537892058","url_text":"\"They Specialize in Cutting Your Favorite Music Down to Size\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/04/cocaine-rhinestones.html","external_links_name":"\"A Son of Country Music Is Exposing Its Hidden History One Amazing Story at a Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/feb/02/cocaine-rhinestones-a-country-history-lesson-podcasts-of-the-week","external_links_name":"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones: a country history lesson – podcasts of the week\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/country/news/hear-cocaine-and-rhinestones-host-on-chris-shiflett-podcast-w520822","external_links_name":"\"Hear 'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on 'Walking the Floor'\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/cocaine-and-rhinestones-is-the-country-podcast-you-need-to-hear-to-believe/","external_links_name":"\"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones\" Is the Country Podcast You Need to Hear to Believe\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/country/features/cocaine-and-rhinestones-host-tyler-mahan-coe-on-hit-podcast-w518748","external_links_name":"\"'Cocaine and Rhinestones' Host Tyler Mahan Coe on Hit Country Podcast\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/podcast-dept/cocaine-and-rhinestones-an-addictive-sparkling-podcast-about-country-music","external_links_name":"\"\"Cocaine & Rhinestones,\" an Addictive, Sparkling Podcast About Country Music\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/12/a-few-of-our-favorite-podcasts-in-2018-from-new-to-new-to-us/","external_links_name":"\"A few of our favorite podcasts in 2018, from new to new-to-us\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-04-22/cocaine-and-rhinestones-george-jones-tyler-mahan-coe-country-music-podcast","external_links_name":"\"Music's best podcast stars a self-taught know-it-all talking about George Jones. For 30 hours\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422204203/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-04-22/cocaine-and-rhinestones-george-jones-tyler-mahan-coe-country-music-podcast","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/they-specialize-in-cutting-your-favorite-music-down-to-size-1537892058","external_links_name":"\"They Specialize in Cutting Your Favorite Music Down to Size\""},{"Link":"https://cocaineandrhinestones.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2NhaW5lYW5kcmhpbmVzdG9uZXMuY29tL2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","external_links_name":"Google Podcasts"},{"Link":"https://pca.st/2Zug","external_links_name":"Pocket Casts"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8dselsstiftelsen	Fødselsstiftelsen	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°41′08″N 12°35′39″E / 55.6856°N 12.5943°E / 55.6856; 12.5943Recent photo of the old maternity house in Amaliegade Fødselsstiftelsen, also referred to as Fødsels- og Plejestiftelsen (antiquated spelling: Fødsels- og Pleiestiftelsen; Literal translation: Maternity and Caring Institution), was a Danish maternity institution in Amaliegade in Copenhagen, Denmark. The institution was created for women to give birth anonymously and receiving free medical care. The purpose was to avoid infanticide. The woman was offered eternal anonymity, however this ruling was changed in 2007, and the archive is now accessible, mostly for genealogy purposes. History Frederiks Hospital, early seat of Fødsels- og Plejestiftelsen, likely in 1752 or shortly thereafter. A primitive maternity house in Gothersgade was established by Frederick V in 1750. It was in 1759 moved to Frederiks Hospital. The Royal Maternity House was founded by Queen Juliane Marie on 9 April 1785 by moving it to a new building next to a new building next to the hospital. Its new building was the former home of the architect Lauritz de Thurah. Fødselsstiftelsen was part of Rigshospitalet from 1910. It gradually developed into a department for complicated births. In 1994, it became part of Rigshospitalet's Juliane Marie Center. See also Carl Edvard Marius Levy References ^ "Fødselsstiftelsen - en vejledning". Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2008-05-27. ^ "Fødselsstiftelsen" (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 11 October 2016. External links Fødselsstiftelsensen's archives at the National Archives of Denmark Source Source 55°41′08″N 12°35′39″E / 55.6856°N 12.5943°E / 55.6856; 12.5943	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thurahs_house_01_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"maternity institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_hospital"},{"link_name":"Amaliegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaliegade"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"infanticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide"},{"link_name":"anonymity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymity"},{"link_name":"genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Recent photo of the old maternity house in AmaliegadeFødselsstiftelsen, also referred to as Fødsels- og Plejestiftelsen (antiquated spelling: Fødsels- og Pleiestiftelsen; Literal translation: Maternity and Caring Institution), was a Danish maternity institution in Amaliegade in Copenhagen, Denmark.The institution was created for women to give birth anonymously and receiving free medical care. The purpose was to avoid infanticide. The woman was offered eternal anonymity, however this ruling was changed in 2007, and the archive is now accessible, mostly for genealogy purposes.[1]","title":"Fødselsstiftelsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederiks_Hospital_perhaps_1752.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederiks Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiks_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Gothersgade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothersgade"},{"link_name":"Frederick V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederiks Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiks_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Queen Juliane Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Maria_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lauritz de Thurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_de_Thurah"},{"link_name":"Rigshospitalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigshospitalet"}],"text":"Frederiks Hospital, early seat of Fødsels- og Plejestiftelsen, likely in 1752 or shortly thereafter.A primitive maternity house in Gothersgade was established by Frederick V in 1750. It was in 1759 moved to Frederiks Hospital. The Royal Maternity House was founded by Queen Juliane Marie on 9 April 1785 by moving it to a new building next to a new building next to the hospital.[2] Its new building was the former home of the architect Lauritz de Thurah.Fødselsstiftelsen was part of Rigshospitalet from 1910. It gradually developed into a department for complicated births. In 1994, it became part of Rigshospitalet's Juliane Marie Center.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Recent photo of the old maternity house in Amaliegade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Thurahs_house_01_2006.jpg/200px-Thurahs_house_01_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frederiks Hospital, early seat of Fødsels- og Plejestiftelsen, likely in 1752 or shortly thereafter.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Frederiks_Hospital_perhaps_1752.jpg/200px-Frederiks_Hospital_perhaps_1752.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Carl Edvard Marius Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Edvard_Marius_Levy"}]	[{"reference":"\"Fødselsstiftelsen - en vejledning\". Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2008-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234215/http://www.sa.dk/content/dk/mest_brugte_arkivalier/sadan_bruger_du_de_mest_brugte_arkivalier/fodselsstiftelsen_-_en_vejledning","url_text":"\"Fødselsstiftelsen - en vejledning\""},{"url":"http://www.sa.dk/content/dk/mest_brugte_arkivalier/sadan_bruger_du_de_mest_brugte_arkivalier/fodselsstiftelsen_-_en_vejledning","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fødselsstiftelsen\" (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://denstoredanske.dk/Krop,_psyke_og_sundhed/Sundhedsvidenskab/Sygehuse/F%C3%B8dselsstiftelsen","url_text":"\"Fødselsstiftelsen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=F%C3%B8dselsstiftelsen&params=55.6856_N_12.5943_E_source:kolossus-dawiki","external_links_name":"55°41′08″N 12°35′39″E / 55.6856°N 12.5943°E / 55.6856; 12.5943"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234215/http://www.sa.dk/content/dk/mest_brugte_arkivalier/sadan_bruger_du_de_mest_brugte_arkivalier/fodselsstiftelsen_-_en_vejledning","external_links_name":"\"Fødselsstiftelsen - en vejledning\""},{"Link":"http://www.sa.dk/content/dk/mest_brugte_arkivalier/sadan_bruger_du_de_mest_brugte_arkivalier/fodselsstiftelsen_-_en_vejledning","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://denstoredanske.dk/Krop,_psyke_og_sundhed/Sundhedsvidenskab/Sygehuse/F%C3%B8dselsstiftelsen","external_links_name":"\"Fødselsstiftelsen\""},{"Link":"https://www.sa.dk/brug-arkivet/laer/intro-foedselsstiftelsen","external_links_name":"Fødselsstiftelsensen's archives"},{"Link":"https://www.mestertidende.dk/article/view/285256/kobenhavnske_palaeer_ombygges_til_liebhaverlejligheder","external_links_name":"Source"},{"Link":"https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/910430.pdf","external_links_name":"Source"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=F%C3%B8dselsstiftelsen&params=55.6856_N_12.5943_E_source:kolossus-dawiki","external_links_name":"55°41′08″N 12°35′39″E / 55.6856°N 12.5943°E / 55.6856; 12.5943"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF-like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain-containing_family	CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family	["1 References"]	The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM), previously termed the chemokine-like factor superfamily (CKLFSF), consists of 9 proteins, some of which have various isoforms due to alternative splicing of their respective genes. These proteins along with their isoforms are: Chemokine-like factor (CKLF), the founding member of this family, has 4 known isoforms, CKLF1 to CKLF4. CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 1 (CMTM1) has 23 known isoforms, CMTM1-v1 to CMTM1-v23. CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2) has no known isoforms. CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 3 (CMTM3) has no known isoforms. CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 4 (CMTM4) has 3 known isoforms, CMTM4-v1 to CMTM4-v3. CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 5 (CMTM5) has 6 known isoforms, CMTM5-v1 to CMTM5-v6. CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6 (CMTM6) has no known isoforms. CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 7 (CMTM7) has 2 isoforms, CMTM7-v1 and CMTM7-v2. CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8 (CMTM8) has two isoforms, CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 (Little is known about the CMTM8-v2 isoform and the CMTM8 isoform is referred to as CMTM8 rather than CMTM8-v1.). All of these proteins have domains (i.e. regions) similar to analogous domains in the chemokine proteins; tetraspanin proteins (also termed transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins); myelin and lymphocyte protein (also termed MAR protein); proteins that direct membrane vesicle trafficking; and other proteins that are embedded in cell membranes. The genes encoding (i.e. directing the production of) these proteins, CKLF, CMTM1, CMTM2, CMTM3, CMTM4, CMTM5, CMTM6, CMTM7, and CMTM8, respectively, also share similar regions that encode the domains just cited for their proteins. (The 8 CMTM genes were formerly termed CKLFSF1, CKLFSF2, CKLFSF3, CKLFSF4, CKLFSF5, CKLFSF6, CKLFSF7, and CKLFSF8.) The CKLF, CMTM1, CMTM2, CTMT3, and CMTM4 genes cluster together in band 22 on the long (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 16; the CMTM6, CMTM7, and CMTM8 genes form a second cluster in band 22 on the short (i.e. "p") of chromosome 3; and the CMTM5 gene, located in band 11.2 on the q arm of chromosome 14, is not clustered with the other CMTM genes. These structural similarities and clusterings reflect the close relationships of these proteins and genes. Studies suggest that the members of this family may be involved in the development of various cancers autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, the male reproductive system, and angiogenesis (i.e. development of new blood vessels from pre-existing blood vessels). In most of these cases, however, further studies are needed to determine if these CMTM proteins and/or their corresponding genes and mRNAs will be promising targets to help in the diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment of these disorders. References ^ Han W, Ding P, Xu M, Wang L, Rui M, Shi S, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Yang T, Ma D (June 2003). "Identification of eight genes encoding chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8) by in silico cloning and experimental validation". Genomics. 81 (6): 609–17. doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8. PMID 12782130. ^ Li M, Luo F, Tian X, Yin S, Zhou L, Zheng S (2020). "Chemokine-Like Factor-Like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Latest Advances". Frontiers in Oncology. 10: 595973. doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.595973. PMC 7691587. PMID 33282744. ^ Zhang W, Qi H, Mo X, Sun Q, Li T, Song Q, Xu K, Hu H, Ma D, Wang Y (February 2017). "CMTM8 is Frequently Downregulated in Multiple Solid Tumors". Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 25 (2): 122–128. doi:10.1097/PAI.0000000000000274. PMID 26574634. S2CID 205912507. ^ a b c Wu J, Li L, Wu S, Xu B (August 2020). "CMTM family proteins 1-8: roles in cancer biological processes and potential clinical value". Cancer Biology & Medicine. 17 (3): 528–542. doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0032. PMC 7476098. PMID 32944388. ^ a b c Duan HJ, Li XY, Liu C, Deng XL (April 2020). "Chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family in autoimmune diseases". Chinese Medical Journal. 133 (8): 951–958. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000747. PMC 7176445. PMID 32195671. ^ Zhang JW, Liu TF, Chen XH, Liang WY, Feng XR, Wang L, Fu SW, McCaffrey TA, Liu ML (August 2017). "Validation of aspirin response-related transcripts in patients with coronary artery disease and preliminary investigation on CMTM5 function". Gene. 624: 56–65. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.041. PMID 28457985. ^ Liu F, Liu X, Liu X, Li T, Zhu P, Liu Z, Xue H, Wang W, Yang X, Liu J, Han W (June 2019). "Integrated Analyses of Phenotype and Quantitative Proteome of CMTM4 Deficient Mice Reveal Its Association with Male Fertility". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 18 (6): 1070–1084. doi:10.1074/mcp.RA119.001416. PMC 6553932. PMID 30867229. ^ Chrifi I, Louzao-Martinez L, Brandt MM, van Dijk CG, Bürgisser PE, Zhu C, Kros JM, Verhaar MC, Duncker DJ, Cheng C (February 2019). "CMTM4 regulates angiogenesis by promoting cell surface recycling of VE-cadherin to endothelial adherens junctions". Angiogenesis. 22 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1007/s10456-018-9638-1. PMC 6510885. PMID 30097810. ^ Cai X, Deng J, Ming Q, Cai H, Chen Z (October 2020). "Chemokine-like factor 1: A promising therapeutic target in human diseases". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 245 (16): 1518–1528. doi:10.1177/1535370220945225. PMC 7553088. PMID 32715782. ^ Liang Z, Xie J, Huang L, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Ma R, Zheng Z, Wang Q, Li X (April 2021). "Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value of the chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family in gastric cancer". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 12 (2): 388–406. doi:10.21037/jgo-21-78. PMC 8107618. PMID 34012634.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemokine-like factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF_(gene)"},{"link_name":"CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF_like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain-containing_1"},{"link_name":"CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMTM2"},{"link_name":"CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMTM3"},{"link_name":"CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF_like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain-containing_4"},{"link_name":"CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF-like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain-containing_5"},{"link_name":"CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF_like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain_containing_6"},{"link_name":"CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF_like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain_containing_7"},{"link_name":"CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF_like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain-containing_8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26574634-3"},{"link_name":"domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"chemokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine"},{"link_name":"tetraspanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraspanin"},{"link_name":"myelin and lymphocyte protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_and_lymphocyte_protein"},{"link_name":"membrane vesicle trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_vesicle_trafficking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32944388-4"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_cluster"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype#Types_of_banding"},{"link_name":"long (i.e. \"q\") arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)#Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"chromosome 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16"},{"link_name":"chromosome 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3"},{"link_name":"chromosome 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32195671-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32944388-4"},{"link_name":"autoimmune diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32195671-5"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28457985-6"},{"link_name":"male reproductive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_reproductive_system"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid30867229-7"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid30097810-8"},{"link_name":"mRNAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32944388-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32195671-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32715782-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid34012634-10"}],"text":"Chemokine-like factor (CKLF), the founding member of this family, has 4 known isoforms, CKLF1 to CKLF4.\nCKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 1 (CMTM1) has 23 known isoforms, CMTM1-v1 to CMTM1-v23.\nCKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2) has no known isoforms.\nCKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 3 (CMTM3) has no known isoforms.\nCKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 4 (CMTM4) has 3 known isoforms, CMTM4-v1 to CMTM4-v3.\nCKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 5 (CMTM5) has 6 known isoforms, CMTM5-v1 to CMTM5-v6.\nCKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6 (CMTM6) has no known isoforms.\nCKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 7 (CMTM7) has 2 isoforms, CMTM7-v1 and CMTM7-v2.\nCKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8 (CMTM8) has two isoforms, CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 (Little is known about the CMTM8-v2 isoform and the CMTM8 isoform is referred to as CMTM8 rather than CMTM8-v1.[3]).All of these proteins have domains (i.e. regions) similar to analogous domains in the chemokine proteins; tetraspanin proteins (also termed transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins); myelin and lymphocyte protein (also termed MAR protein); proteins that direct membrane vesicle trafficking; and other proteins that are embedded in cell membranes.[4] The genes encoding (i.e. directing the production of) these proteins, CKLF, CMTM1, CMTM2, CMTM3, CMTM4, CMTM5, CMTM6, CMTM7, and CMTM8, respectively, also share similar regions that encode the domains just cited for their proteins. (The 8 CMTM genes were formerly termed CKLFSF1, CKLFSF2, CKLFSF3, CKLFSF4, CKLFSF5, CKLFSF6, CKLFSF7, and CKLFSF8.) The CKLF, CMTM1, CMTM2, CTMT3, and CMTM4 genes cluster together in band 22 on the long (i.e. \"q\") arm of chromosome 16; the CMTM6, CMTM7, and CMTM8 genes form a second cluster in band 22 on the short (i.e. \"p\") of chromosome 3; and the CMTM5 gene, located in band 11.2 on the q arm of chromosome 14, is not clustered with the other CMTM genes. These structural similarities and clusterings reflect the close relationships of these proteins and genes.[5] Studies suggest that the members of this family may be involved in the development of various cancers[4] autoimmune diseases,[5] cardiovascular diseases,[6] the male reproductive system,[7] and angiogenesis (i.e. development of new blood vessels from pre-existing blood vessels).[8] In most of these cases, however, further studies are needed to determine if these CMTM proteins and/or their corresponding genes and mRNAs will be promising targets to help in the diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment of these disorders.[4][5][9][10]","title":"CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Han W, Ding P, Xu M, Wang L, Rui M, Shi S, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Yang T, Ma D (June 2003). \"Identification of eight genes encoding chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8) by in silico cloning and experimental validation\". Genomics. 81 (6): 609–17. doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8. PMID 12782130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0888-7543%2803%2900095-8","url_text":"10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12782130","url_text":"12782130"}]},{"reference":"Li M, Luo F, Tian X, Yin S, Zhou L, Zheng S (2020). \"Chemokine-Like Factor-Like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Latest Advances\". Frontiers in Oncology. 10: 595973. doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.595973. PMC 7691587. PMID 33282744.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7691587","url_text":"\"Chemokine-Like Factor-Like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Latest Advances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffonc.2020.595973","url_text":"10.3389/fonc.2020.595973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7691587","url_text":"7691587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33282744","url_text":"33282744"}]},{"reference":"Zhang W, Qi H, Mo X, Sun Q, Li T, Song Q, Xu K, Hu H, Ma D, Wang Y (February 2017). \"CMTM8 is Frequently Downregulated in Multiple Solid Tumors\". Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 25 (2): 122–128. doi:10.1097/PAI.0000000000000274. PMID 26574634. S2CID 205912507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPAI.0000000000000274","url_text":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26574634","url_text":"26574634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205912507","url_text":"205912507"}]},{"reference":"Wu J, Li L, Wu S, Xu B (August 2020). \"CMTM family proteins 1-8: roles in cancer biological processes and potential clinical value\". Cancer Biology & Medicine. 17 (3): 528–542. doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0032. PMC 7476098. PMID 32944388.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7476098","url_text":"\"CMTM family proteins 1-8: roles in cancer biological processes and potential clinical value\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.20892%2Fj.issn.2095-3941.2020.0032","url_text":"10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7476098","url_text":"7476098"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32944388","url_text":"32944388"}]},{"reference":"Duan HJ, Li XY, Liu C, Deng XL (April 2020). \"Chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family in autoimmune diseases\". Chinese Medical Journal. 133 (8): 951–958. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000747. PMC 7176445. PMID 32195671.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176445","url_text":"\"Chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family in autoimmune diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCM9.0000000000000747","url_text":"10.1097/CM9.0000000000000747"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176445","url_text":"7176445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32195671","url_text":"32195671"}]},{"reference":"Zhang JW, Liu TF, Chen XH, Liang WY, Feng XR, Wang L, Fu SW, McCaffrey TA, Liu ML (August 2017). \"Validation of aspirin response-related transcripts in patients with coronary artery disease and preliminary investigation on CMTM5 function\". Gene. 624: 56–65. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.041. PMID 28457985.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2017.04.041","url_text":"10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28457985","url_text":"28457985"}]},{"reference":"Liu F, Liu X, Liu X, Li T, Zhu P, Liu Z, Xue H, Wang W, Yang X, Liu J, Han W (June 2019). \"Integrated Analyses of Phenotype and Quantitative Proteome of CMTM4 Deficient Mice Reveal Its Association with Male Fertility\". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 18 (6): 1070–1084. doi:10.1074/mcp.RA119.001416. PMC 6553932. PMID 30867229.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6553932","url_text":"\"Integrated Analyses of Phenotype and Quantitative Proteome of CMTM4 Deficient Mice Reveal Its Association with Male Fertility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.RA119.001416","url_text":"10.1074/mcp.RA119.001416"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6553932","url_text":"6553932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30867229","url_text":"30867229"}]},{"reference":"Chrifi I, Louzao-Martinez L, Brandt MM, van Dijk CG, Bürgisser PE, Zhu C, Kros JM, Verhaar MC, Duncker DJ, Cheng C (February 2019). \"CMTM4 regulates angiogenesis by promoting cell surface recycling of VE-cadherin to endothelial adherens junctions\". Angiogenesis. 22 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1007/s10456-018-9638-1. PMC 6510885. PMID 30097810.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6510885","url_text":"\"CMTM4 regulates angiogenesis by promoting cell surface recycling of VE-cadherin to endothelial adherens junctions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10456-018-9638-1","url_text":"10.1007/s10456-018-9638-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6510885","url_text":"6510885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30097810","url_text":"30097810"}]},{"reference":"Cai X, Deng J, Ming Q, Cai H, Chen Z (October 2020). \"Chemokine-like factor 1: A promising therapeutic target in human diseases\". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 245 (16): 1518–1528. doi:10.1177/1535370220945225. PMC 7553088. PMID 32715782.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7553088","url_text":"\"Chemokine-like factor 1: A promising therapeutic target in human diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1535370220945225","url_text":"10.1177/1535370220945225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7553088","url_text":"7553088"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32715782","url_text":"32715782"}]},{"reference":"Liang Z, Xie J, Huang L, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Ma R, Zheng Z, Wang Q, Li X (April 2021). \"Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value of the chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family in gastric cancer\". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 12 (2): 388–406. doi:10.21037/jgo-21-78. PMC 8107618. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinley_National_Memorial	McKinley National Memorial	["1 Memorial Association, contributions","2 Designs, construction","3 Ceremony","4 Maintenance, re-dedication","5 See also","6 Notes","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°48′24″N 81°23′33″W / 40.80667°N 81.39250°W / 40.80667; -81.39250Mausoleum of 25th U.S. President William McKinley in Canton, Ohio For McKinley's birthplace, see National McKinley Birthplace Memorial. United States historic placeMcKinley National MemorialU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark Interactive map showing McKinley National Memorial’s locationLocation7th St., N.W., Canton, OhioCoordinates40°48′24″N 81°23′33″W / 40.80667°N 81.39250°W / 40.80667; -81.39250Area22 acres (8.9 ha)Built1907 (1907)ArchitectHarold Van Buren MagonigleArchitectural styleRenaissanceNRHP reference No.70000516 Significant datesAdded to NRHPNovember 10, 1970Designated NHLMay 15, 1975 The McKinley National Memorial in Canton, Ohio, United States, is the final resting place of William McKinley, who served as the 25th president of the United States from 1897 to his assassination in 1901. Canton was a significant place in McKinley's life; he lived there, practiced as an attorney, and conducted his political campaigns from the town. Memorial Association, contributions Sarcophagi of William and Ida McKinley "The Long Water" which was removed in 1951 Following McKinley's funeral, several of his closest advisors, including George B. Cortelyou, William R. Day of Canton and Ohio Senator Mark Hanna, met to discuss the location of a proper memorial to serve as a final resting place for the former president. It was from this meeting that the McKinley National Memorial Association was formed and Theodore Roosevelt chose the first Board of Trustees, with recommendations from the President's widow, Ida Saxton McKinley. The Association chose a site often visited by President McKinley which he once suggested that a monument be erected on the site to honor soldiers and sailors from Stark County killed in American wars. By October 10, 1901, the Association issued a public appeal for $600,000 in contributions for the construction project. Ohio Governor George Nash supported the effort by proclaiming McKinley's birthday in 1902 as a special day of observance by the state's schools. On that day school children contributed to the memorial fund in large numbers by bringing in their pennies. In June 1903 contributions reached $500,000, and the Association invited people to submit design ideas for the proposed memorial. Contributions arrived from foreign nations, notably Great Britain. Designs, construction Over sixty designs were submitted, and Harold Van Buren Magonigle of New York City was selected as the winner of the competition. Magonigle envisioned a cross-hilted sword with a mausoleum located at the junction of the blade, guard, and hilt. The Long Water (a five-tiered reflecting pool which was 575 feet long) and main steps would form the handle of the sword. This design combined the cross of a martyr with the sword of a President who had acted as commander-in-chief during wartime. Construction of the memorial began on June 6, 1905, when Magonigle removed the first shovel of soil from the site. By November 16 the cornerstone was laid in an official ceremony attended by the former First Lady, Ida Saxton McKinley, and other family members. More than 35,000 cubic yards (27,000 m³) of soil were added to create four terraces coinciding in height and pitch with the four runs of steps in the main staircase. The steps are 50 feet (15 m) wide and arranged in four flights of 24. Another 12 steps take visitors into the monument. In total, there are 108 steps from ground level to the top of the monument. The interior walls consist of Tennessee marble. The 9-1/2 foot tall bronze statue depicting President McKinley delivering his final public address at Buffalo, New York, on September 5, 1901 was created by sculptor Charles Henry Niehaus. It is based on a photograph of the President taken by White House photographer Frances B. Johnston at the Pan-American Exposition the day before his assassination. Ceremony The McKinley National Memorial dedication on September 30, 1907 was one of the most memorable events in Canton's history. President Theodore Roosevelt joined other dignitaries to observe a grand parade from the review stand at Public Square in downtown Canton. In the dedication ceremony, Supreme Court Justice William R. Day, President of the McKinley National Memorial Association and a former member of McKinley's cabinet, delivered a narrative of events leading to the dedication. United States Poet Laureate James Whitcomb Riley read a memorial poem he wrote in honor of the fallen president. Finally, President Roosevelt, the principal speaker of the day, addressed the crowd, highlighting McKinley's career. Mayor of Canton at the time, Arthur Richard Turnbull, also attended along with Ohio Governor Harris. The coffins of the President and First Lady are entombed above ground in double sarcophagi of green granite. Maintenance, re-dedication After the dedication the McKinley National Memorial Association continued to exercise administrative control of the monument, but it eventually became difficult for the Association to maintain the structure and the grounds. On October 20, 1943 the property was transferred to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, which is now the Ohio History Connection. In 1951 the State of Ohio completed a major rehabilitation to the site, including filling in the Long Water. The work was completed in time for a commemoration of the 50th anniversary of President McKinley's death. A re-dedication of the Memorial was held on September 16, 1951. The McKinley National Memorial returned to local control in 1973 when the property was transferred to the Stark County Historical Society. After five years of restoration work and enhancement of the grounds the McKinley National Memorial was rededicated on September 29, 1992. The William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum, also operated by the Stark County Historical Society, is located adjacent to the memorial. See also William McKinley Monument, Columbus, Ohio Presidential memorials in the United States List of sculptures of presidents of the United States Notes ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008. ^ Christopher Kenney, The McKinley Monument (The History Press, 2006), p. 54. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to William McKinley tomb. Ohio Historical Society "Life Portrait of William McKinley", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, broadcast from the McKinley National Memorial, August 23, 1999 vteWilliam McKinley 25th President of the United States (1897–1901) 39th Governor of Ohio (1892–1896) Life 23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment Battle of South Mountain Coal miners' strike of 1873 1888 Republican National Convention McKinley Tariff 1896 United States presidential election William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign 1896 Republican National Convention Front porch campaign Presidency(timeline) First inauguration of William McKinley Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Treaty of Paris (1898) Newlands Resolution Open Door Policy China Relief Expedition Hay–Pauncefote Treaty Dingley Act Erdman Act Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897 Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 Refuse Act Lacey Act of 1900 Gold Standard Act 1900 United States presidential election 1900 Republican National Convention Second inauguration of William McKinley Pan-American Exposition Assassination of William McKinley Public image McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio McKinley National Memorial William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum National McKinley Birthplace Memorial McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center William McKinley Memorial McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar William McKinley Monument Statues Canton, Ohio Chicago Family Ida Saxton McKinley (wife) William McKinley Sr. (father) ← Grover Cleveland Theodore Roosevelt → Category vteCharles Henry NiehausSculptures James A. Garfield (1885, Cincinnati) James A. Garfield (1886, U.S. Capitol) William Allen (1887) Samuel Hahnemann Monument (1900) Oliver P. Morton (1900) Apotheosis of St. Louis (1904) John James Ingalls (1905) William McKinley (1907) John Paul Jones Memorial (1912) Zachariah Chandler (1913) George W. Glick (1914) Orpheus with the Awkward Foot (1922) Henry Clay (1929) Ephraim McDowell (1929) Related Hackley Park vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National McKinley Birthplace Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_McKinley_Birthplace_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Canton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Mausoleum of 25th U.S. President William McKinley in Canton, OhioFor McKinley's birthplace, see National McKinley Birthplace Memorial.United States historic placeThe McKinley National Memorial in Canton, Ohio, United States, is the final resting place of William McKinley, who served as the 25th president of the United States from 1897 to his assassination in 1901. Canton was a significant place in McKinley's life; he lived there, practiced as an attorney, and conducted his political campaigns from the town.","title":"McKinley National Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcophagi_-_McKinley_Tomb_(36218718824).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MCK004.jpg"},{"link_name":"George B. Cortelyou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou"},{"link_name":"William R. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Day"},{"link_name":"Mark Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hanna"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Ida Saxton McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Saxton_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Stark County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"George Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_K._Nash"}],"text":"Sarcophagi of William and Ida McKinley\"The Long Water\" which was removed in 1951Following McKinley's funeral, several of his closest advisors, including George B. Cortelyou, William R. Day of Canton and Ohio Senator Mark Hanna, met to discuss the location of a proper memorial to serve as a final resting place for the former president. It was from this meeting that the McKinley National Memorial Association was formed and Theodore Roosevelt chose the first Board of Trustees, with recommendations from the President's widow, Ida Saxton McKinley. The Association chose a site often visited by President McKinley which he once suggested that a monument be erected on the site to honor soldiers and sailors from Stark County killed in American wars.By October 10, 1901, the Association issued a public appeal for $600,000 in contributions for the construction project. Ohio Governor George Nash supported the effort by proclaiming McKinley's birthday in 1902 as a special day of observance by the state's schools. On that day school children contributed to the memorial fund in large numbers by bringing in their pennies. In June 1903 contributions reached $500,000, and the Association invited people to submit design ideas for the proposed memorial. Contributions arrived from foreign nations, notably Great Britain.","title":"Memorial Association, contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Van Buren Magonigle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Van_Buren_Magonigle"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Ida Saxton McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Saxton_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Tennessee marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_marble"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Henry Niehaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Niehaus"}],"text":"Over sixty designs were submitted, and Harold Van Buren Magonigle of New York City was selected as the winner of the competition. Magonigle envisioned a cross-hilted sword with a mausoleum located at the junction of the blade, guard, and hilt. The Long Water (a five-tiered reflecting pool which was 575 feet long) and main steps would form the handle of the sword. This design combined the cross of a martyr with the sword of a President who had acted as commander-in-chief during wartime.Construction of the memorial began on June 6, 1905, when Magonigle removed the first shovel of soil from the site. By November 16 the cornerstone was laid in an official ceremony attended by the former First Lady, Ida Saxton McKinley, and other family members. More than 35,000 cubic yards (27,000 m³) of soil were added to create four terraces coinciding in height and pitch with the four runs of steps in the main staircase. The steps are 50 feet (15 m) wide and arranged in four flights of 24. Another 12 steps take visitors into the monument. In total, there are 108 steps from ground level to the top of the monument. The interior walls consist of Tennessee marble.[2]The 9-1/2 foot tall bronze statue depicting President McKinley delivering his final public address at Buffalo, New York, on September 5, 1901 was created by sculptor Charles Henry Niehaus. It is based on a photograph of the President taken by White House photographer Frances B. Johnston at the Pan-American Exposition the day before his assassination.","title":"Designs, construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William R. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Day"},{"link_name":"United States Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate"},{"link_name":"James Whitcomb Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitcomb_Riley"}],"text":"The McKinley National Memorial dedication on September 30, 1907 was one of the most memorable events in Canton's history. President Theodore Roosevelt joined other dignitaries to observe a grand parade from the review stand at Public Square in downtown Canton. In the dedication ceremony, Supreme Court Justice William R. Day, President of the McKinley National Memorial Association and a former member of McKinley's cabinet, delivered a narrative of events leading to the dedication. United States Poet Laureate James Whitcomb Riley read a memorial poem he wrote in honor of the fallen president. Finally, President Roosevelt, the principal speaker of the day, addressed the crowd, highlighting McKinley's career. Mayor of Canton at the time, Arthur Richard Turnbull, also attended along with Ohio Governor Harris. The coffins of the President and First Lady are entombed above ground in double sarcophagi of green granite.","title":"Ceremony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio History Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_History_Connection"},{"link_name":"William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"}],"text":"After the dedication the McKinley National Memorial Association continued to exercise administrative control of the monument, but it eventually became difficult for the Association to maintain the structure and the grounds. On October 20, 1943 the property was transferred to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, which is now the Ohio History Connection. In 1951 the State of Ohio completed a major rehabilitation to the site, including filling in the Long Water. The work was completed in time for a commemoration of the 50th anniversary of President McKinley's death. A re-dedication of the Memorial was held on September 16, 1951.The McKinley National Memorial returned to local control in 1973 when the property was transferred to the Stark County Historical Society. After five years of restoration work and enhancement of the grounds the McKinley National Memorial was rededicated on September 29, 1992. The William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum, also operated by the Stark County Historical Society, is located adjacent to the memorial.","title":"Maintenance, re-dedication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The McKinley Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tEDT_a8c0twC&q=mckinley+monument+interior+tennessee+marble"}],"text":"^ \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.\n\n^ Christopher Kenney, The McKinley Monument (The History Press, 2006), p. 54.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Sarcophagi of William and Ida McKinley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sarcophagi_-_McKinley_Tomb_%2836218718824%29.jpg/170px-Sarcophagi_-_McKinley_Tomb_%2836218718824%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Long Water\" which was removed in 1951","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MCK004.jpg/170px-MCK004.jpg"}]	[{"title":"William McKinley Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley_Monument"},{"title":"Presidential memorials in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of sculptures of presidents of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sculptures_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McKinley_National_Memorial&params=40_48_24_N_81_23_33_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"40°48′24″N 81°23′33″W / 40.80667°N 81.39250°W / 40.80667; -81.39250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McKinley_National_Memorial&params=40_48_24_N_81_23_33_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"40°48′24″N 81°23′33″W / 40.80667°N 81.39250°W / 40.80667; -81.39250"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/70000516","external_links_name":"70000516"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tEDT_a8c0twC&q=mckinley+monument+interior+tennessee+marble","external_links_name":"The McKinley Monument"},{"Link":"http://www.ohiohistory.org/","external_links_name":"Ohio Historical Society"},{"Link":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?151617-1/life-portrait-william-mckinley","external_links_name":"\"Life Portrait of William McKinley\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_band_(anatomy)	Sarcomere	["1 Bands","2 Contraction","3 Rest","4 Storage","5 Comparative structure","6 References","7 External links"]	Repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell SarcomereImage of sarcomereDetailsPart ofStriated muscleIdentifiersLatinsarcomerumMeSHD012518THH2.00.05.0.00008 FMA67895Anatomical terms of microanatomy A sarcomere (Greek σάρξ sarx "flesh", μέρος meros "part") is the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue. It is the repeating unit between two Z-lines. Skeletal muscles are composed of tubular muscle cells (called muscle fibers or myofibers) which are formed during embryonic myogenesis. Muscle fibers contain numerous tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under the microscope as alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes. The costamere is a different component that connects the sarcomere to the sarcolemma. Two of the important proteins are myosin, which forms the thick filament, and actin, which forms the thin filament. Myosin has a long, fibrous tail and a globular head, which binds to actin. The myosin head also binds to ATP, which is the source of energy for muscle movement. Myosin can only bind to actin when the binding sites on actin are exposed by calcium ions. Actin molecules are bound to the Z-line, which forms the borders of the sarcomere. Other bands appear when the sarcomere is relaxed. The myofibrils of smooth muscle cells are not arranged into sarcomeres. Bands Muscle contraction based on sliding filament theory The sarcomeres give skeletal and cardiac muscle their striated appearance, which was first described by Van Leeuwenhoek. A sarcomere is defined as the segment between two neighbouring Z-lines (or Z-discs). In electron micrographs of cross-striated muscle, the Z-line (from the German "zwischen" meaning between) appears in between the I-bands as a dark line that anchors the actin myofilaments. Surrounding the Z-line is the region of the I-band (for isotropic). I-band is the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments (myosin). Following the I-band is the A-band (for anisotropic). Named for their properties under a polarized light microscope. An A-band contains the entire length of a single thick filament. The anisotropic band contains both thick and thin filaments. Within the A-band is a paler region called the H-zone (from the German "heller", brighter). Named for their lighter appearance under a polarization microscope. H-band is the zone of the thick filaments that has no actin. Within the H-zone is a thin M-line (from the German "mittel" meaning middle), appears in the middle of the sarcomere formed of cross-connecting elements of the cytoskeleton. Cardiac sarcomere structure The relationship between the proteins and the regions of the sarcomere are as follows: Actin filaments, the thin filaments, are the major component of the I-band and extend into the A-band. Myosin filaments, the thick filaments, are bipolar and extend throughout the A-band. They are cross-linked at the centre by the M-band. The giant protein titin (connectin) extends from the Z-line of the sarcomere, where it binds to the thick filament (myosin) system, to the M-band, where it is thought to interact with the thick filaments. Titin (and its splice isoforms) is the biggest single highly elasticated protein found in nature. It provides binding sites for numerous proteins and is thought to play an important role as sarcomeric ruler and as blueprint for the assembly of the sarcomere. Another giant protein, nebulin, is hypothesised to extend along the thin filaments and the entire I-Band. Similar to titin, it is thought to act as a molecular ruler along for thin filament assembly. Several proteins important for the stability of the sarcomeric structure are found in the Z-line as well as in the M-band of the sarcomere. Actin filaments and titin molecules are cross-linked in the Z-disc via the Z-line protein alpha-actinin. The M-band proteins myomesin as well as C-protein crosslink the thick filament system (myosins) and the M-band part of titin (the elastic filaments). The M-line also binds creatine kinase, which facilitates the reaction of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine. The interaction between actin and myosin filaments in the A-band of the sarcomere is responsible for the muscle contraction (based on the sliding filament model). Contraction Main article: Muscle contraction The protein tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites of the actin molecules in the muscle cell. For a muscle cell to contract, tropomyosin must be moved to uncover the binding sites on the actin. Calcium ions bind with troponin C molecules (which are dispersed throughout the tropomyosin protein) and alter the structure of the tropomyosin, forcing it to reveal the cross-bridge binding site on the actin. The concentration of calcium within muscle cells is controlled by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, a unique form of endoplasmic reticulum in the sarcoplasm. Muscle cells are stimulated when a motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which travels across the neuromuscular junction (the synapse between the terminal button of the neuron and the muscle cell). Acetylcholine binds to a post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. A change in the receptor conformation allows an influx of sodium ions and initiation of a post-synaptic action potential. The action potential then travels along T-tubules (transverse tubules) until it reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, the depolarized membrane activates voltage-gated L-type calcium channels, present in the plasma membrane. The L-type calcium channels are in close association with ryanodine receptors present on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The inward flow of calcium from the L-type calcium channels activates ryanodine receptors to release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This mechanism is called calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). It is not understood whether the physical opening of the L-type calcium channels or the presence of calcium causes the ryanodine receptors to open. The outflow of calcium allows the myosin heads access to the actin cross-bridge binding sites, permitting muscle contraction. Muscle contraction ends when calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing the contractile apparatus and, thus, muscle cell to relax. Upon muscle contraction, the A-bands do not change their length (1.85 micrometer in mammalian skeletal muscle), whereas the I-bands and the H-zone shorten. This causes the Z-lines to come closer together. Rest At rest, the myosin head is bound to an ATP molecule in a low-energy configuration and is unable to access the cross-bridge binding sites on the actin. However, the myosin head can hydrolyze ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate ion. A portion of the energy released in this reaction changes the shape of the myosin head and promotes it to a high-energy configuration. Through the process of binding to the actin, the myosin head releases ADP and an inorganic phosphate ion, changing its configuration back to one of low energy. The myosin remains attached to actin in a state known as rigor, until a new ATP binds the myosin head. This binding of ATP to myosin releases the actin by cross-bridge dissociation. The ATP-associated myosin is ready for another cycle, beginning with hydrolysis of the ATP. The A-band is visible as dark transverse lines across myofibers; the I-band is visible as lightly staining transverse lines, and the Z-line is visible as dark lines separating sarcomeres at the light-microscope level. Storage Most muscle cells can only store enough ATP for a small number of muscle contractions. While muscle cells also store glycogen, most of the energy required for contraction is derived from phosphagens. One such phosphagen, creatine phosphate, is used to provide ADP with a phosphate group for ATP synthesis in vertebrates. Comparative structure The structure of the sarcomere affects its function in several ways. The overlap of actin and myosin gives rise to the length-tension curve, which shows how sarcomere force output decreases if the muscle is stretched so that fewer cross-bridges can form or compressed until actin filaments interfere with each other. Length of the actin and myosin filaments (taken together as sarcomere length) affects force and velocity – longer sarcomeres have more cross-bridges and thus more force, but have a reduced range of shortening. Vertebrates display a very limited range of sarcomere lengths, with roughly the same optimal length (length at peak length-tension) in all muscles of an individual as well as between species. Arthropods, however, show tremendous variation (over seven-fold) in sarcomere length, both between species and between muscles in a single individual. The reasons for the lack of substantial sarcomere variability in vertebrates is not fully known. References ^ Biga, Lindsay M.; Dawson, Sierra; Harwell, Amy (2019). "10.2 Skeletal Muscle". Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax/Oregon State University. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ a b c Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5. ^ Martonosi, A. N. (2000-01-01). "Animal electricity, Ca2+ and muscle contraction. A brief history of muscle research". Acta Biochimica Polonica. 47 (3): 493–516. doi:10.18388/abp.2000_3974. ISSN 0001-527X. PMID 11310955. ^ a b c Lieber (2002). Skeletal Muscle Structure, Function & Plasticity : The Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781730617. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarcomeres. MBInfo: Sarcomere MBInfo: Contractile Fiber Muscular Tissues Videos Histology image: 21601ooa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Ultrastructure of the Cell: sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle" MedicalMnemonics.com: 50 379 107 Images created by antibody to striations Muscle Contraction for dummies Model representation of the sarcomere vteMuscle tissueSmooth muscle Calmodulin Vascular smooth muscle Striated muscleSkeletal muscleCostamere/DAPCMembrane/extracellularDAP: Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan Sarcospan Laminin, alpha 2 Intracellular Dystrophin Dystrobrevin A B Syntrophin A B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin/desmuslin related: NOS1 Caveolin 3 Sarcomere/(a, i, and h bands;z and m lines) Myofilament thin filament/actin thick filament/myosin elastic filament/titin nebulin Tropomyosin Troponin T C I Connective tissue Epimysium Fascicle Perimysium Endomysium Connective tissue in skeletal muscle General Neuromuscular junction Motor unit Muscle spindle Excitation–contraction coupling Sliding filament mechanism Cardiac muscle Myocardium Intercalated disc Nebulette BothFiber Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament/Myofilament Sarcomere Cells Myoblast/Muscle cell Myosatellite cell Other Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T-tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Other/ungrouped Myotilin Telethonin Dysferlin Fukutin Fukutin-related protein	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"striated muscle tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-1"},{"link_name":"Skeletal muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle"},{"link_name":"embryonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_development"},{"link_name":"myogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenesis"},{"link_name":"myofibrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibrils"},{"link_name":"costamere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costamere"},{"link_name":"sarcolemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcolemma"},{"link_name":"myosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"myosin head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin_head"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-2"},{"link_name":"smooth muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle"}],"text":"A sarcomere (Greek σάρξ sarx \"flesh\", μέρος meros \"part\") is the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue.[1] It is the repeating unit between two Z-lines. Skeletal muscles are composed of tubular muscle cells (called muscle fibers or myofibers) which are formed during embryonic myogenesis. Muscle fibers contain numerous tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under the microscope as alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes. The costamere is a different component that connects the sarcomere to the sarcolemma.Two of the important proteins are myosin, which forms the thick filament, and actin, which forms the thin filament. Myosin has a long, fibrous tail and a globular head, which binds to actin. The myosin head also binds to ATP, which is the source of energy for muscle movement. Myosin can only bind to actin when the binding sites on actin are exposed by calcium ions.Actin molecules are bound to the Z-line, which forms the borders of the sarcomere. Other bands appear when the sarcomere is relaxed.[2]The myofibrils of smooth muscle cells are not arranged into sarcomeres.","title":"Sarcomere"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.svg"},{"link_name":"sliding filament theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_filament_theory"},{"link_name":"skeletal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"cardiac muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_muscle"},{"link_name":"striated appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-2"},{"link_name":"Van Leeuwenhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"isotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic"},{"link_name":"anisotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotropic"},{"link_name":"polarized light microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized_light_microscopy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiac_sarcomere_structure.png"},{"link_name":"titin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titin"},{"link_name":"nebulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulin"},{"link_name":"myomesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomesin"},{"link_name":"muscle contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction"},{"link_name":"sliding filament model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_filament_model"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-2"}],"text":"Muscle contraction based on sliding filament theoryThe sarcomeres give skeletal and cardiac muscle their striated appearance,[2] which was first described by Van Leeuwenhoek.[3]A sarcomere is defined as the segment between two neighbouring Z-lines (or Z-discs). In electron micrographs of cross-striated muscle, the Z-line (from the German \"zwischen\" meaning between) appears in between the I-bands as a dark line that anchors the actin myofilaments.\nSurrounding the Z-line is the region of the I-band (for isotropic). I-band is the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments (myosin).\nFollowing the I-band is the A-band (for anisotropic). Named for their properties under a polarized light microscope. An A-band contains the entire length of a single thick filament. The anisotropic band contains both thick and thin filaments.\nWithin the A-band is a paler region called the H-zone (from the German \"heller\", brighter). Named for their lighter appearance under a polarization microscope. H-band is the zone of the thick filaments that has no actin.\nWithin the H-zone is a thin M-line (from the German \"mittel\" meaning middle), appears in the middle of the sarcomere formed of cross-connecting elements of the cytoskeleton.Cardiac sarcomere structureThe relationship between the proteins and the regions of the sarcomere are as follows:Actin filaments, the thin filaments, are the major component of the I-band and extend into the A-band.\nMyosin filaments, the thick filaments, are bipolar and extend throughout the A-band. They are cross-linked at the centre by the M-band.\nThe giant protein titin (connectin) extends from the Z-line of the sarcomere, where it binds to the thick filament (myosin) system, to the M-band, where it is thought to interact with the thick filaments. Titin (and its splice isoforms) is the biggest single highly elasticated protein found in nature. It provides binding sites for numerous proteins and is thought to play an important role as sarcomeric ruler and as blueprint for the assembly of the sarcomere.\nAnother giant protein, nebulin, is hypothesised to extend along the thin filaments and the entire I-Band. Similar to titin, it is thought to act as a molecular ruler along for thin filament assembly.\nSeveral proteins important for the stability of the sarcomeric structure are found in the Z-line as well as in the M-band of the sarcomere.\nActin filaments and titin molecules are cross-linked in the Z-disc via the Z-line protein alpha-actinin.\nThe M-band proteins myomesin as well as C-protein crosslink the thick filament system (myosins) and the M-band part of titin (the elastic filaments).\nThe M-line also binds creatine kinase, which facilitates the reaction of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine.\nThe interaction between actin and myosin filaments in the A-band of the sarcomere is responsible for the muscle contraction (based on the sliding filament model).[2]","title":"Bands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropomyosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin"},{"link_name":"troponin C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin_C"},{"link_name":"sarcoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"sarcoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasm"},{"link_name":"motor neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuron"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction"},{"link_name":"Acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"action potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential"},{"link_name":"T-tubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules"},{"link_name":"L-type calcium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel"},{"link_name":"ryanodine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor"},{"link_name":"calcium-induced calcium release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-induced_calcium_release"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieber-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieber-4"}],"text":"The protein tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites of the actin molecules in the muscle cell. For a muscle cell to contract, tropomyosin must be moved to uncover the binding sites on the actin. Calcium ions bind with troponin C molecules (which are dispersed throughout the tropomyosin protein) and alter the structure of the tropomyosin, forcing it to reveal the cross-bridge binding site on the actin.The concentration of calcium within muscle cells is controlled by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, a unique form of endoplasmic reticulum in the sarcoplasm.Muscle cells are stimulated when a motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which travels across the neuromuscular junction (the synapse between the terminal button of the neuron and the muscle cell). Acetylcholine binds to a post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. A change in the receptor conformation allows an influx of sodium ions and initiation of a post-synaptic action potential. The action potential then travels along T-tubules (transverse tubules) until it reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, the depolarized membrane activates voltage-gated L-type calcium channels, present in the plasma membrane. The L-type calcium channels are in close association with ryanodine receptors present on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The inward flow of calcium from the L-type calcium channels activates ryanodine receptors to release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This mechanism is called calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). It is not understood whether the physical opening of the L-type calcium channels or the presence of calcium causes the ryanodine receptors to open. The outflow of calcium allows the myosin heads access to the actin cross-bridge binding sites, permitting muscle contraction.[4]Muscle contraction ends when calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing the contractile apparatus and, thus, muscle cell to relax.Upon muscle contraction, the A-bands do not change their length (1.85 micrometer in mammalian skeletal muscle),[4] whereas the I-bands and the H-zone shorten. This causes the Z-lines to come closer together.","title":"Contraction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myosin head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin_head"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"adenosine diphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate"}],"text":"At rest, the myosin head is bound to an ATP molecule in a low-energy configuration and is unable to access the cross-bridge binding sites on the actin. However, the myosin head can hydrolyze ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate ion. A portion of the energy released in this reaction changes the shape of the myosin head and promotes it to a high-energy configuration. Through the process of binding to the actin, the myosin head releases ADP and an inorganic phosphate ion, changing its configuration back to one of low energy. The myosin remains attached to actin in a state known as rigor, until a new ATP binds the myosin head. This binding of ATP to myosin releases the actin by cross-bridge dissociation. The ATP-associated myosin is ready for another cycle, beginning with hydrolysis of the ATP.The A-band is visible as dark transverse lines across myofibers; the I-band is visible as lightly staining transverse lines, and the Z-line is visible as dark lines separating sarcomeres at the light-microscope level.","title":"Rest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glycogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen"},{"link_name":"phosphagens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphagen"},{"link_name":"creatine phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_phosphate"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieber-4"}],"text":"Most muscle cells can only store enough ATP for a small number of muscle contractions. While muscle cells also store glycogen, most of the energy required for contraction is derived from phosphagens. One such phosphagen, creatine phosphate, is used to provide ADP with a phosphate group for ATP synthesis in vertebrates.[4]","title":"Storage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"length-tension curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction#Length-tension_relationship"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropods"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The structure of the sarcomere affects its function in several ways. The overlap of actin and myosin gives rise to the length-tension curve, which shows how sarcomere force output decreases if the muscle is stretched so that fewer cross-bridges can form or compressed until actin filaments interfere with each other. Length of the actin and myosin filaments (taken together as sarcomere length) affects force and velocity – longer sarcomeres have more cross-bridges and thus more force, but have a reduced range of shortening. Vertebrates display a very limited range of sarcomere lengths, with roughly the same optimal length (length at peak length-tension) in all muscles of an individual as well as between species. Arthropods, however, show tremendous variation (over seven-fold) in sarcomere length, both between species and between muscles in a single individual. The reasons for the lack of substantial sarcomere variability in vertebrates is not fully known.[citation needed]","title":"Comparative structure"}]	[{"image_text":"Muscle contraction based on sliding filament theory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sarcomere.svg/301px-Sarcomere.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cardiac sarcomere structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cardiac_sarcomere_structure.png/301px-Cardiac_sarcomere_structure.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Biga, Lindsay M.; Dawson, Sierra; Harwell, Amy (2019). \"10.2 Skeletal Muscle\". Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax/Oregon State University. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/10-2-skeletal-muscle/","url_text":"\"10.2 Skeletal Muscle\""}]},{"reference":"Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Duffin	Richard Duffin	["1 Education and career","2 Selected publications","3 See also","4 References"]	American physicist Richard DuffinBorn1909Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedOctober 29, 1996(1996-10-29) (aged 87)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignKnown forWork on electrical network theoryDKP algebraDuffin–Schaeffer conjectureBott–Duffin synthesisAwardsJohn von Neumann Theory Prize (1982)Scientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsCarnegie Mellon UniversityPurdue UniversityDoctoral advisorHarold Mott-SmithDavid BourginDoctoral studentsRaoul BottHans Weinberger Richard James Duffin (1909 – October 29, 1996) was an American physicist, known for his contributions to electrical transmission theory and to the development of geometric programming and other areas within operations research. Education and career Duffin obtained a BSc in physics at the University of Illinois, where he was elected to Sigma Xi in 1932. He stayed at Illinois for his PhD, which was advised by Harold Mott-Smith and David Bourgin, producing a thesis entitled Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Phenomena (1935). Duffin lectured at Purdue University and Illinois before joining the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C. during World War II. His wartime work was devoted to the development of navigational equipment and mine detectors. In 1946, he became professor of mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University. He wrote a letter of recommendation to Princeton University for John Forbes Nash, Jr., later a Nobel laureate. In 1949, Duffin and his student Raoul Bott developed a generalized method of synthesising networks without transformers which were required in earlier methods. In 1941, Duffin and A. C. Schaeffer put forward a conjecture in metric diophantine approximation which was resolved in 2020 by James Maynard and Dimitris Koukoulopoulos. In 1967 Duffin joined with Clarence Zener and Elmor Peterson to write Geometric Programming which developed a branch of mathematical programming by introducing a generalization of polynomials to posynomials for engineering applications. Impressed with its innovations, a reviewer wrote, "common sense, ingenuity and originality in applying first principles are still competitive with other creative forms of the intellect." The methods of geometric programming are sometimes adapted for convex optimization. Duffin would remain at Carnegie Mellon until his retirement in 1988. Duffin was also a consultant to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Duffin was inducted to the National Academy of Sciences in 1972 and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974. He was joint winner of the 1982 John von Neumann Theory Prize, and winner of Sigma Xi's Monie A. Ferst Award for 1984 in recognition of his ability as a teacher and communicator. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. Selected publications 1949: (with Raoul Bott) "Impedance synthesis without the use of transformers", Journal of Applied Physics 20:816. 1952: (with A. C. Schaeffer) Duffin, R. J.; Schaeffer, A. C. (1952). "A class of nonharmonic Fourier series". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (2): 341–366. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1952-0047179-6. MR 0047179. 1953: (with R. Bott) Bott, R.; Duffin, R. J. (1953). "On the algebra of networks". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 74: 99–109. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1953-0056573-x. MR 0056573. 1956: Duffin, R. J. (1956). "Exponential decays in nonlinear networks". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 7 (6): 1094–1106. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1956-0083366-8. MR 0083366. 1959: Duffin, R. J. (1959). "An analysis of the Wang algebra of networks". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 93: 114–131. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1959-0109161-6. MR 0109161. 1962: Duffin, R. J. (1962). "The reciprocal of a Fourier series". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 13 (6): 965–970. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1962-0145259-x. MR 0145259. 1967: (with Elmor Peterson and Clarence M. Zener) Geometric Programming, John Wiley & Sons 1974: Duffin, R. J. (1974). "Some problems of mathematics and science". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 80 (6): 1053–1070. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1974-13618-9. MR 0359436. See also Frame (linear algebra) Parallel addition Signomial Wang algebra References ^ a b c C.I.J (1984). "Sigma Xi News". American Scientist. 72 (2): 124. JSTOR 27852522. ^ Richard Duffin at the Mathematics Genealogy Project. ^ a b c Richard J. Duffin from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) ^ John H. Hubbard (2010) "The Bott-Duffin Synthesis of Electrical Circuits", pages 33–40 in A Celebration of the Mathematical Legacy of Raoul Bott, P. Robert Kotiuga editor, CRM Proceedings and Lecture Notes #50, American Mathematical Society ^ Duffin, R. J.; Schaeffer, A. C. (1941-06-01). "Khinchin's problem in metric Diophantine approximation". Duke Mathematical Journal. 8 (2): 243–255. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00818-9. JFM 67.0145.03. Zbl 0025.11002. Retrieved 2023-12-28. ^ Koukoulopoulos, Dimitris; Maynard, James (2020). "On the Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture". Annals of Mathematics. 192 (1): 251. arXiv:1907.04593. doi:10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5. JSTOR 10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5. S2CID 195874052. ^ Ben–Israel, Adi (1968). "Review of Geometric Programming—Theory and Applications. By R. J. Duffin, E. L. Peterson and C. Zener". SIAM Review. 10 (2): 235–236. doi:10.1137/1010047. ^ Dicke, William (November 10, 1996). "Richard Duffin, 87, Researcher In Many Areas of Mathematics". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2015. ^ https://www.amacad.org/person/richard-james-duffin ^ "New Members Elected May 8, 1974". Records of the Academy. 1973–1974 (1973/1974): 69–72. 1973. JSTOR 3785536. ^ Assad, Arjang A.; Gass, Saul I., eds. (2011). Profiles in Operations Research: Pioneers and Innovators. New York, NY: Springer. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-441-96280-5. ^ Fellows: Alphabetical List, Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, retrieved 2019-10-09 vteJohn von Neumann Theory Prize1975–1999 George Dantzig (1975) Richard Bellman (1976) Felix Pollaczek (1977) John F. Nash / Carlton E. Lemke (1978) David Blackwell (1979) David Gale / Harold W. Kuhn / Albert W. Tucker (1980) Lloyd Shapley (1981) Abraham Charnes / William W. Cooper / Richard J. Duffin (1982) Herbert Scarf (1983) Ralph Gomory (1984) Jack Edmonds (1985) Kenneth Arrow (1986) Samuel Karlin (1987) Herbert A. Simon (1988) Harry Markowitz (1989) Richard Karp (1990) Richard E. Barlow / Frank Proschan (1991) Alan J. Hoffman / Philip Wolfe (1992) Robert Herman (1993) Lajos Takacs (1994) Egon Balas (1995) Peter C. Fishburn (1996) Peter Whittle (1997) Fred W. Glover (1998) R. Tyrrell Rockafellar (1999) 2000–present Ellis L. Johnson / Manfred W. Padberg (2000) Ward Whitt (2001) Donald L. Iglehart / Cyrus Derman (2002) Arkadi Nemirovski / Michael J. Todd (2003) J. Michael Harrison (2004) Robert Aumann (2005) Martin Grötschel / László Lovász / Alexander Schrijver (2006) Arthur F. Veinott, Jr. (2007) Frank Kelly (2008) Yurii Nesterov / Yinyu Ye (2009) Søren Asmussen / Peter W. Glynn (2010) Gérard Cornuéjols (2011) George Nemhauser / Laurence Wolsey (2012) Michel Balinski (2013) Nimrod Megiddo (2014) Vašek Chvátal / Jean Bernard Lasserre (2015) Martin I. Reiman / Ruth J. Williams (2016) Donald Goldfarb / Jorge Nocedal (2017) Dimitri Bertsekas / John Tsitsiklis (2018) Dimitris Bertsimas / Jong-Shi Pang (2019) Adrian Lewis (2020) Alexander Shapiro (2021) Vijay Vazirani (2022) Christos Papadimitriou / Mihalis Yannakakis (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometric programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_programming"},{"link_name":"operations research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research"}],"text":"Richard James Duffin (1909 – October 29, 1996) was an American physicist, known for his contributions to electrical transmission theory and to the development of geometric programming and other areas within operations research.","title":"Richard Duffin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Sigma Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigma_Xi-1"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Harold Mott-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Mott-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Bourgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bourgin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS-3"},{"link_name":"navigational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"mine detectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_detector"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigma_Xi-1"},{"link_name":"John Forbes Nash, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Raoul Bott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Bott"},{"link_name":"generalized method of synthesising networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_synthesis#Bott-Duffin_synthesis"},{"link_name":"transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"A. C. Schaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Charles_Schaeffer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"James Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maynard_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Dimitris Koukoulopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris_Koukoulopoulos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Clarence Zener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Zener"},{"link_name":"mathematical programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_programming"},{"link_name":"polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"posynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posynomial"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"geometric programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_programming"},{"link_name":"convex optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_optimization"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS-3"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS-3"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-8"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann Theory Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sigma Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigma_Xi-1"},{"link_name":"Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Operations_Research_and_the_Management_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Duffin obtained a BSc in physics at the University of Illinois, where he was elected to Sigma Xi in 1932.[1] He stayed at Illinois for his PhD, which was advised by Harold Mott-Smith and David Bourgin, producing a thesis entitled Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Phenomena (1935).[2]Duffin lectured at Purdue University and Illinois before joining the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C. during World War II.[3] His wartime work was devoted to the development of navigational equipment and mine detectors. In 1946, he became professor of mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University.[1] He wrote a letter of recommendation \nto Princeton University for John Forbes Nash, Jr., later a Nobel laureate. In 1949, Duffin and his student Raoul Bott developed a generalized method of synthesising networks without transformers which were required in earlier methods.[4]In 1941, Duffin and A. C. Schaeffer put forward[5] a conjecture in metric diophantine approximation which was resolved in 2020 by James Maynard and Dimitris Koukoulopoulos.[6]In 1967 Duffin joined with Clarence Zener and Elmor Peterson to write Geometric Programming which developed a branch of mathematical programming by introducing a generalization of polynomials to posynomials for engineering applications. Impressed with its innovations, a reviewer wrote, \"common sense, ingenuity and originality in applying first principles are still competitive with other creative forms of the intellect.\"[7] The methods of geometric programming are sometimes adapted for convex optimization.Duffin would remain at Carnegie Mellon until his retirement in 1988.[3] Duffin was also a consultant to Westinghouse Electric Corporation.[3]Duffin was inducted to the National Academy of Sciences in 1972[8] and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974[9].[10] He was joint winner of the 1982 John von Neumann Theory Prize,[11] and winner of Sigma Xi's Monie A. Ferst Award for 1984 in recognition of his ability as a teacher and communicator.[1]\nHe was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.[12]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raoul Bott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Bott"},{"link_name":"Journal of Applied Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Physics"},{"link_name":"\"A class of nonharmonic Fourier series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1952-0047179-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1952-0047179-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1952-0047179-6"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0047179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0047179"},{"link_name":"\"On the algebra of networks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1953-0056573-x"},{"link_name":"Transactions of the American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1953-0056573-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1953-0056573-x"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0056573","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0056573"},{"link_name":"\"Exponential decays in nonlinear networks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1956-0083366-8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9939-1956-0083366-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1956-0083366-8"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0083366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0083366"},{"link_name":"\"An analysis of the Wang algebra of networks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1959-0109161-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1959-0109161-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1959-0109161-6"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0109161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0109161"},{"link_name":"\"The reciprocal of a Fourier series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1962-0145259-x"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9939-1962-0145259-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1962-0145259-x"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0145259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0145259"},{"link_name":"Clarence M. Zener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_M._Zener"},{"link_name":"John Wiley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"\"Some problems of mathematics and science\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1974-13618-9"},{"link_name":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9904-1974-13618-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1974-13618-9"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0359436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0359436"}],"text":"1949: (with Raoul Bott) \"Impedance synthesis without the use of transformers\", Journal of Applied Physics 20:816.\n1952: (with A. C. Schaeffer) Duffin, R. J.; Schaeffer, A. C. (1952). \"A class of nonharmonic Fourier series\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (2): 341–366. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1952-0047179-6. MR 0047179.\n1953: (with R. Bott) Bott, R.; Duffin, R. J. (1953). \"On the algebra of networks\". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 74: 99–109. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1953-0056573-x. MR 0056573.\n1956: Duffin, R. J. (1956). \"Exponential decays in nonlinear networks\". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 7 (6): 1094–1106. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1956-0083366-8. MR 0083366.\n1959: Duffin, R. J. (1959). \"An analysis of the Wang algebra of networks\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 93: 114–131. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1959-0109161-6. MR 0109161.\n1962: Duffin, R. J. (1962). \"The reciprocal of a Fourier series\". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 13 (6): 965–970. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1962-0145259-x. MR 0145259.\n1967: (with Elmor Peterson and Clarence M. Zener) Geometric Programming, John Wiley & Sons\n1974: Duffin, R. J. (1974). \"Some problems of mathematics and science\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 80 (6): 1053–1070. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1974-13618-9. MR 0359436.","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Frame (linear algebra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(linear_algebra)"},{"title":"Parallel addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_addition_(operator)"},{"title":"Signomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signomial"},{"title":"Wang algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_algebra"}]	[{"reference":"Duffin, R. J.; Schaeffer, A. C. (1952). \"A class of nonharmonic Fourier series\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (2): 341–366. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1952-0047179-6. MR 0047179.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1952-0047179-6","url_text":"\"A class of nonharmonic Fourier series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1952-0047179-6","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1952-0047179-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0047179","url_text":"0047179"}]},{"reference":"Bott, R.; Duffin, R. J. (1953). \"On the algebra of networks\". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 74: 99–109. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1953-0056573-x. MR 0056573.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1953-0056573-x","url_text":"\"On the algebra of networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Transactions of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1953-0056573-x","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1953-0056573-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0056573","url_text":"0056573"}]},{"reference":"Duffin, R. J. (1956). \"Exponential decays in nonlinear networks\". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 7 (6): 1094–1106. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1956-0083366-8. MR 0083366.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1956-0083366-8","url_text":"\"Exponential decays in nonlinear networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1956-0083366-8","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9939-1956-0083366-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0083366","url_text":"0083366"}]},{"reference":"Duffin, R. J. (1959). \"An analysis of the Wang algebra of networks\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 93: 114–131. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1959-0109161-6. MR 0109161.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1959-0109161-6","url_text":"\"An analysis of the Wang algebra of networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1959-0109161-6","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1959-0109161-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0109161","url_text":"0109161"}]},{"reference":"Duffin, R. J. (1962). \"The reciprocal of a Fourier series\". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 13 (6): 965–970. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1962-0145259-x. MR 0145259.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1962-0145259-x","url_text":"\"The reciprocal of a Fourier series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1962-0145259-x","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9939-1962-0145259-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0145259","url_text":"0145259"}]},{"reference":"Duffin, R. J. (1974). \"Some problems of mathematics and science\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 80 (6): 1053–1070. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1974-13618-9. MR 0359436.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1974-13618-9","url_text":"\"Some problems of mathematics and science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1974-13618-9","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9904-1974-13618-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0359436","url_text":"0359436"}]},{"reference":"C.I.J (1984). \"Sigma Xi News\". American Scientist. 72 (2): 124. JSTOR 27852522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist","url_text":"American Scientist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27852522","url_text":"27852522"}]},{"reference":"Duffin, R. J.; Schaeffer, A. C. (1941-06-01). \"Khinchin's problem in metric Diophantine approximation\". Duke Mathematical Journal. 8 (2): 243–255. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00818-9. JFM 67.0145.03. Zbl 0025.11002. Retrieved 2023-12-28.","urls":[{"url_text":"Duffin, R. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Charles_Schaeffer","url_text":"Schaeffer, A. C."},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122007220","url_text":"\"Khinchin's problem in metric Diophantine approximation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2FS0012-7094-41-00818-9","url_text":"10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00818-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:67.0145.03","url_text":"67.0145.03"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0025.11002","url_text":"0025.11002"}]},{"reference":"Koukoulopoulos, Dimitris; Maynard, James (2020). \"On the Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture\". Annals of Mathematics. 192 (1): 251. arXiv:1907.04593. doi:10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5. JSTOR 10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5. S2CID 195874052.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5","url_text":"\"On the Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04593","url_text":"1907.04593"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4007%2Fannals.2020.192.1.5","url_text":"10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5","url_text":"10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195874052","url_text":"195874052"}]},{"reference":"Ben–Israel, Adi (1968). \"Review of Geometric Programming—Theory and Applications. By R. J. Duffin, E. L. Peterson and C. Zener\". SIAM Review. 10 (2): 235–236. doi:10.1137/1010047.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Ben-Israel","url_text":"Ben–Israel, Adi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIAM_Review","url_text":"SIAM Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1137%2F1010047","url_text":"10.1137/1010047"}]},{"reference":"Dicke, William (November 10, 1996). \"Richard Duffin, 87, Researcher In Many Areas of Mathematics\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/10/us/richard-duffin-87-researcher-in-many-areas-of-mathematics.html","url_text":"\"Richard Duffin, 87, Researcher In Many Areas of Mathematics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"New Members Elected May 8, 1974\". Records of the Academy. 1973–1974 (1973/1974): 69–72. 1973. JSTOR 3785536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3785536","url_text":"3785536"}]},{"reference":"Assad, Arjang A.; Gass, Saul I., eds. (2011). Profiles in Operations Research: Pioneers and Innovators. New York, NY: Springer. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-441-96280-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6OdkTmpvE8C&dq=%22Richard+J.+Duffin%22&pg=PA213","url_text":"213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-96280-5","url_text":"978-1-441-96280-5"}]},{"reference":"Fellows: Alphabetical List, Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, retrieved 2019-10-09","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informs.org/Recognizing-Excellence/Fellows/Fellows-Alphabetical-List","url_text":"Fellows: Alphabetical List"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Operations_Research_and_the_Management_Sciences","url_text":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1952-0047179-6","external_links_name":"\"A class of nonharmonic Fourier series\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1952-0047179-6","external_links_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1952-0047179-6"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0047179","external_links_name":"0047179"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1953-0056573-x","external_links_name":"\"On the algebra of networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1953-0056573-x","external_links_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1953-0056573-x"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0056573","external_links_name":"0056573"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1956-0083366-8","external_links_name":"\"Exponential decays in nonlinear networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1956-0083366-8","external_links_name":"10.1090/s0002-9939-1956-0083366-8"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0083366","external_links_name":"0083366"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1959-0109161-6","external_links_name":"\"An analysis of the Wang algebra of networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1959-0109161-6","external_links_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1959-0109161-6"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0109161","external_links_name":"0109161"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1962-0145259-x","external_links_name":"\"The reciprocal of a Fourier series\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9939-1962-0145259-x","external_links_name":"10.1090/s0002-9939-1962-0145259-x"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0145259","external_links_name":"0145259"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1974-13618-9","external_links_name":"\"Some problems of mathematics and science\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1974-13618-9","external_links_name":"10.1090/s0002-9904-1974-13618-9"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0359436","external_links_name":"0359436"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27852522","external_links_name":"27852522"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=13113","external_links_name":"Richard Duffin"},{"Link":"https://www.informs.org/content/view/full/272598","external_links_name":"Richard J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Z._Whitehead	O. Z. Whitehead	["1 Film, TV and theatre actor","2 Personal life","3 Death","4 Partial filmography","5 Publications","6 References","7 External links"]	American actor O. Z. WhiteheadO.Z. Whitehead as Al Joad in The Grapes of WrathBornOothout Zabriskie Whitehead(1911-03-01)March 1, 1911Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.DiedJuly 29, 1998(1998-07-29) (aged 87)Dublin, IrelandYears active1935–1997 Oothout Zabriskie Whitehead (March 1, 1911 – July 29, 1998) was an American stage and film character actor. He was born in New York City and attended Harvard University. Called "O.Z." or "Zebby", he also authored several volumes of biographical sketches of early members of the Baháʼí Faith especially in the West after he moved ("pioneered" as a Baháʼí) to Dublin, Ireland in 1963. Film, TV and theatre actor Whitehead first appeared on Broadway in Martin Beck Theatre performing in The Lake (1933) in 55 performances from December 1933 to February 1934 (which was Katharine Hepburn's first Broadway leading role) and 11 other plays by 1939. Hepburn encouraged his early career. O. Z. Whitehead was one of the last surviving members of John Ford's "stock company" of character actors. Along with John Carradine, Donald Meek, Ward Bond, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr. et al., Whitehead was one of the many actors regularly employed by Ford to breathe life into even the smallest roles in his films. His best-known part was that of Al in Ford's 1940 adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath. Whitehead's film debut was in The Scoundrel (1935) by Ben Hecht, and Charles MacArthur which won a 1936 Oscar for Best Original Story Whitehead most famously played Al Joad (Henry Fonda's younger brother) in John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath (1940) which was nominated for, and won, several Oscars. Whitehead starred as Clarence in a stage production of Life with Father with Lillian Gish among a total of more than 50 films and TV series episodes performances. Whitehead's first TV episode was The Arrow and the Bow in Cavalcade of America in 1953 and continued in other shows like Gunsmoke (1958’s “Lynching Man” where he is lynched), Bonanza (1960), and two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960–61). In 1961 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as murderer Harry Beacom in "The Case of the Cowardly Lion." Shortly thereafter Whitehead moved to Ireland and participated in theatre arts there. In 1966 he won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Dublin Theatre Festival for his performance in Eugene O'Neill's Hughie, a part he was to reprise at the Peacock until 1989. In 1983 he played the role of American Ambassador David Gray in the RTÉ television drama Caught in a Free State, set in neutral Ireland during World War II. His final role was as the narrator/Voice in the Irish horror film Biological Maintenance Department (1997). Following his move to Ireland he established the "O. Z. Whitehead Award" supporting theatre in 1966, the first year including Dr. Michael McDonnell, for his play All Gods Die on Friday. Other winners have been Ivy Bannister, Aodhan Madden, and Francis Harvey. Personal life As a child, Whitehead was fascinated by films and the theatre. He decided to make acting his career after his father took him to see Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in The Kid in 1921. After years on the stage, in film and on television, Whitehead struggled in the Hollywood studio system and became dissatisfied with the roles he was given. A pacifist during World War II, Whitehead first heard of the Baháʼí Faith in 1949. At his first informational meeting on the religion, Whitehead heard well-known researcher Marzieh Gail. Whitehead joined the religion in late 1950 and gave public talks on the religion throughout that decade, such as at World Religion Day observances and other occasions. Whitehead went on a pilgrimage to Baháʼí's spiritual and administrative center in Haifa in 1955, and attended the first Baháʼí World Congress in London in 1963. That same year, Whitehead pioneered to Dublin, while also taking on theatrical opportunities in the city. He was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Dublin and the National Spiritual Assembly of Ireland following its formation in 1972, and served in that role for 15 years. From about 1973 through the end of his life, Whitehead devoted much of his time to the concerns of the religion. The results of this work included the authoring of three books collecting biographies of early Baháʼí adherents, which were published during his 60s. Whitehead also supported the Irish Actors' Equity and the Screen Actors' Guild, and served on the executive committee of the Irish branch of the international writers' club, PEN. Death Whitehead died of cancer in Dublin in 1998, at the age of 87. Partial filmography The Scoundrel (1935) - Calhoun M'Liss (1936) - Sheriff (uncredited) The Grapes of Wrath (1940) - Al Joad To the Shores of Tripoli (1942) - Marine Recruit (uncredited) My Brother Talks to Horses (1947) - Mr. Puddy The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947) - Ninny Nat The Pirate (1948) - Hurtada (uncredited) A Song Is Born (1948) - Professor Oddly Road House (1948) - Arthur Family Honeymoon (1948) - Jess (uncredited) Ma and Pa Kettle (1949) - Mr. Billings One Way Street (1950) - Gas Station Proprietor (uncredited) Dallas (1950) - Settler (uncredited) The Scarf (1951) - Whoopie (uncredited) The Hoodlum (1951) - Breckenridge Comin' Round the Mountain (1951) - Zeke Journey Into Light (1951) - Lippy FBI Girl (1951) - Chauncey - Undertaker For Men Only (1952) - Professor Bixby The San Francisco Story (1952) - Alfey We're Not Married! (1952) - Jeff's Postman (uncredited) Beware, My Lovely (1952) - Mr. Franks Feudin' Fools (1952) - Yancy Smith The Body Beautiful (1953) - Oscar Blunt The Last Hurrah (1958) - Norman Cass Jr. Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1958) - Isaac Goodpasture The Horse Soldiers (1959) - Hoppy Hopkins Chartroose Caboose (1960) - J.B. King Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 19: "Not the Running Type") - Mr. Newton Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 36: "Final Arrangements") - Simms Two Rode Together (1961) - Lieutenant Chase The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) - Herbert Carruthers Panic in Year Zero! (1962) - Hogan, Grocery Store Owner Summer Magic (1963) - Mr. Perkins Ulysses (1967) - Alexander J. Dowie The Lion in Winter (1968) - Bishop of Durham Philadelphia, Here I Come (1977) - Ben Burton Diary of a Madman (1990) - Lunatic Hello Stranger (1992) - Head Waiter Ailsa (1994) - American tourist Publications Whitehead, O.Z. (1976). Some Early Baháʼís of the West. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-065-0. Whitehead, O.Z. (1983). Some Baháʼís to Remember. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-148-0. Whitehead, O.Z. (1996). Portraits of some Baháʼí Women. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-403-0. He also wrote an autobiographical 35 page chapter in O.Z. Whitehead (1994). Honnold, Annamarie (ed.). Why they became Baha'is - First Generation Baha'is By 1963. New Delhi, India: Baha'i Publishing Trust of India. pp. 204–239. ISBN 978-81-85091-72-3. References ^ a b c d e Weinberg, Robert (1998). "Obituary O. Z. Whitehead Actor and writer". Baháʼí Studies Review. Vol. 8. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. ^ a b c anonymous. "Theatrical performances of O.Z. Whitehead". Theatre. IMDb. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ Ruane, Medb (31 July 1998). "O.Z. 'Zebby' Whitehead to be buried in Dublin today". Irish Times. Ireland. Retrieved 12 April 2016. ^ anonymous. "The Scoundrel". Movies. IMDb. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ anonymous. "Grapes of Wrath". Movies. IMDb. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ "Oscar Serlin presents Clarence Day's Life with Father" (Press release). Oscar Serlin. 15 February 1940. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ * "University Women plan reception". The Bridgeport Post. Bridgeport, Connecticut. 29 September 1976. p. 34. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ "Michael F. McDonnell". Asbury Park Press. Asbury Park, New Jersey. 6 April 2003. p. 21. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ Donovan, Katie; Alexander Norman Jeffares; Kennelly, Brendan (1994). Ireland's Women: Writings Past and Present. Norton. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-393-31360-4. ^ McGarry, Patsy (2 January 2015). "Death of playwright Aodhan Madden Dublin-born author was twice a winner of the Oz Whitehead Award for drama". Irish Times. Ireland. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ Warnock, Gabrielle; O'Connell, Jeff W. (2000). Face to Face. Trident Press Ltd. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-900724-46-3. ^ "You Have Been Chosen The story of Carrie and Edward Kinney". Baháʼí News. No. 512. November 1973. pp. 10–15. ^ * "World Religion Observance set". Reno Gazette-Journal. Reno, Nevada. 16 January 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 13 April 2016. "Baha'is meet Sunday". The Sun and the Erie County Independent. Hamburg, New York. 14 January 1954. p. 7. Retrieved 13 April 2016. "Baha'i schools ending sessions". The New York Age. New York, New York. 4 September 1954. p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2016. Sawyer, Frank (16 February 1957). "The Baha'i religion reflects a new era". The New York Age. New York, New York. p. 11. Retrieved 13 April 2016. External links O. Z. Whitehead at IMDb O. Z. Whitehead at the Internet Broadway Database Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Ireland Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"\"pioneered\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneering_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"}],"text":"Oothout Zabriskie Whitehead (March 1, 1911 – July 29, 1998)[1] was an American stage and film character actor. He was born in New York City and attended Harvard University. 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Z. Whitehead was one of the last surviving members of John Ford's \"stock company\" of character actors. Along with John Carradine, Donald Meek, Ward Bond, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr. et al., Whitehead was one of the many actors regularly employed by Ford to breathe life into even the smallest roles in his films. His best-known part was that of Al in Ford's 1940 adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath.Whitehead's film debut was in The Scoundrel (1935) by Ben Hecht, and Charles MacArthur which won a 1936 Oscar for Best Original Story[4] Whitehead most famously played Al Joad (Henry Fonda's younger brother) in John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath (1940) which was nominated for, and won, several Oscars.[5] Whitehead starred as Clarence in a stage production of Life with Father with Lillian Gish[6] among a total of more than 50 films and TV series episodes performances. Whitehead's first TV episode was The Arrow and the Bow in Cavalcade of America in 1953 and continued in other shows like Gunsmoke (1958’s “Lynching Man” where he is lynched), Bonanza (1960), and two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960–61). In 1961 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as murderer Harry Beacom in \"The Case of the Cowardly Lion.\" Shortly thereafter Whitehead moved to Ireland and participated in theatre arts there.In 1966 he won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Dublin Theatre Festival for his performance in Eugene O'Neill's Hughie, a part he was to reprise at the Peacock until 1989. In 1983 he played the role of American Ambassador David Gray in the RTÉ television drama Caught in a Free State, set in neutral Ireland during World War II. His final role was as the narrator/Voice in the Irish horror film Biological Maintenance Department (1997).[1]Following his move to Ireland he established the \"O. Z. Whitehead Award\" supporting theatre in 1966,[1] the first year including Dr. Michael McDonnell,[7] for his play All Gods Die on Friday.[8] Other winners have been Ivy Bannister,[9] Aodhan Madden,[10] and Francis Harvey.[11]","title":"Film, TV and theatre actor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Jackie Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Coogan"},{"link_name":"The Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kid_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesobit-2"},{"link_name":"Hollywood studio system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesobit-2"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Marzieh Gail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzieh_Gail"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"World Religion Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Religion_Day"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí World Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Congress"},{"link_name":"pioneered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneering_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Local Spiritual Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Irish Actors' Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Actors%27_Equity_Association"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors' Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors%27_Guild"},{"link_name":"PEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_PEN"}],"text":"As a child, Whitehead was fascinated by films and the theatre. He decided to make acting his career after his father took him to see Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in The Kid in 1921.[2] After years on the stage, in film and on television, Whitehead struggled in the Hollywood studio system and became dissatisfied with the roles he was given.A pacifist during World War II,[2] Whitehead first heard of the Baháʼí Faith in 1949.[1] At his first informational meeting on the religion, Whitehead heard well-known researcher Marzieh Gail. Whitehead joined the religion in late 1950[12] and gave public talks on the religion throughout that decade, such as at World Religion Day observances and other occasions.[13]Whitehead went on a pilgrimage to Baháʼí's spiritual and administrative center in Haifa in 1955,[1] and attended the first Baháʼí World Congress in London in 1963. That same year, Whitehead pioneered to Dublin, while also taking on theatrical opportunities in the city. He was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Dublin and the National Spiritual Assembly of Ireland following its formation in 1972, and served in that role for 15 years.From about 1973 through the end of his life, Whitehead devoted much of his time to the concerns of the religion. The results of this work included the authoring of three books collecting biographies of early Baháʼí adherents, which were published during his 60s. Whitehead also supported the Irish Actors' Equity and the Screen Actors' Guild, and served on the executive committee of the Irish branch of the international writers' club, PEN.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Whitehead died of cancer in Dublin in 1998, at the age of 87.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Scoundrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scoundrel_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"M'Liss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Liss_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"The Grapes of Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(film)"},{"link_name":"To the Shores of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Shores_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"My Brother Talks to Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Brother_Talks_to_Horses"},{"link_name":"The Romance of Rosy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Romance_of_Rosy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"The Pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"A Song Is Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_Is_Born"},{"link_name":"Road House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_House_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Family Honeymoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Honeymoon"},{"link_name":"Ma and Pa Kettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_and_Pa_Kettle_(film)"},{"link_name":"One Way Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Way_Street"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Scarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarf_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Hoodlum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoodlum_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Comin' Round the Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comin%27_Round_the_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Journey Into Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Into_Light"},{"link_name":"FBI Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Girl"},{"link_name":"For Men Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Men_Only_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"The San Francisco Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Story"},{"link_name":"We're Not Married!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_Not_Married!"},{"link_name":"Beware, My Lovely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beware,_My_Lovely"},{"link_name":"Feudin' Fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudin%27_Fools"},{"link_name":"The Last Hurrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Hurrah_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Rally Round the Flag, Boys!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Round_the_Flag,_Boys!"},{"link_name":"The Horse Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horse_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"Chartroose Caboose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartroose_Caboose"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"Two Rode Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Rode_Together"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Shot_Liberty_Valance"},{"link_name":"Panic in Year Zero!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_in_Year_Zero!"},{"link_name":"Summer Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Magic_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lion in Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_in_Winter_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Ailsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailsa_(film)"}],"text":"The Scoundrel (1935) - Calhoun\nM'Liss (1936) - Sheriff (uncredited)\nThe Grapes of Wrath (1940) - Al Joad\nTo the Shores of Tripoli (1942) - Marine Recruit (uncredited)\nMy Brother Talks to Horses (1947) - Mr. Puddy\nThe Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947) - Ninny Nat\nThe Pirate (1948) - Hurtada (uncredited)\nA Song Is Born (1948) - Professor Oddly\nRoad House (1948) - Arthur\nFamily Honeymoon (1948) - Jess (uncredited)\nMa and Pa Kettle (1949) - Mr. Billings\nOne Way Street (1950) - Gas Station Proprietor (uncredited)\nDallas (1950) - Settler (uncredited)\nThe Scarf (1951) - Whoopie (uncredited)\nThe Hoodlum (1951) - Breckenridge\nComin' Round the Mountain (1951) - Zeke\nJourney Into Light (1951) - Lippy\nFBI Girl (1951) - Chauncey - Undertaker\nFor Men Only (1952) - Professor Bixby\nThe San Francisco Story (1952) - Alfey\nWe're Not Married! (1952) - Jeff's Postman (uncredited)\nBeware, My Lovely (1952) - Mr. Franks\nFeudin' Fools (1952) - Yancy Smith\nThe Body Beautiful (1953) - Oscar Blunt\nThe Last Hurrah (1958) - Norman Cass Jr.\nRally Round the Flag, Boys! (1958) - Isaac Goodpasture\nThe Horse Soldiers (1959) - Hoppy Hopkins\nChartroose Caboose (1960) - J.B. King\nAlfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 19: \"Not the Running Type\") - Mr. Newton\nAlfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 36: \"Final Arrangements\") - Simms\nTwo Rode Together (1961) - Lieutenant Chase\nThe Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) - Herbert Carruthers\nPanic in Year Zero! (1962) - Hogan, Grocery Store Owner\nSummer Magic (1963) - Mr. Perkins\nUlysses (1967) - Alexander J. Dowie\nThe Lion in Winter (1968) - Bishop of Durham\nPhiladelphia, Here I Come (1977) - Ben Burton\nDiary of a Madman (1990) - Lunatic\nHello Stranger (1992) - Head Waiter\nAilsa (1994) - American tourist","title":"Partial filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitehead, O.Z.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Z._Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Some Early Baháʼís of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/some-early-bahais-of-the-west-1317293703"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85398-065-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-065-0"},{"link_name":"Whitehead, O.Z.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Z._Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Some Baháʼís to Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/some-bahais-to-remember-1317293329"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85398-148-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-148-0"},{"link_name":"Whitehead, O.Z.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Z._Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Portraits of some Baháʼí Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/portraits-of-some-bahai-women-1317292238"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85398-403-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-403-0"},{"link_name":"Why they became Baha'is - First Generation Baha'is By 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=17929700585&clickid=TszyFlxrASVYSlQ06JxHvzCcUkSRQiUn80Va1g0&cm_mmc=aff-_-ir-_-59718-_-77797&ref=imprad59718&afn_sr=impact"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-85091-72-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85091-72-3"}],"text":"Whitehead, O.Z. (1976). Some Early Baháʼís of the West. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-065-0.\nWhitehead, O.Z. (1983). Some Baháʼís to Remember. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-148-0.\nWhitehead, O.Z. (1996). Portraits of some Baháʼí Women. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-403-0.\nHe also wrote an autobiographical 35 page chapter in O.Z. Whitehead (1994). Honnold, Annamarie (ed.). Why they became Baha'is - First Generation Baha'is By 1963. New Delhi, India: Baha'i Publishing Trust of India. pp. 204–239. ISBN 978-81-85091-72-3.","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Whitehead, O.Z. (1976). Some Early Baháʼís of the West. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-065-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Z._Whitehead","url_text":"Whitehead, O.Z."},{"url":"http://grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/some-early-bahais-of-the-west-1317293703","url_text":"Some Early Baháʼís of the West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-065-0","url_text":"978-0-85398-065-0"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, O.Z. (1983). Some Baháʼís to Remember. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-148-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Z._Whitehead","url_text":"Whitehead, O.Z."},{"url":"http://grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/some-bahais-to-remember-1317293329","url_text":"Some Baháʼís to Remember"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-148-0","url_text":"978-0-85398-148-0"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, O.Z. (1996). Portraits of some Baháʼí Women. Oaklands, Welwyn, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-403-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Z._Whitehead","url_text":"Whitehead, O.Z."},{"url":"http://grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/portraits-of-some-bahai-women-1317292238","url_text":"Portraits of some Baháʼí Women"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-403-0","url_text":"978-0-85398-403-0"}]},{"reference":"O.Z. Whitehead (1994). Honnold, Annamarie (ed.). Why they became Baha'is - First Generation Baha'is By 1963. New Delhi, India: Baha'i Publishing Trust of India. pp. 204–239. ISBN 978-81-85091-72-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=17929700585&clickid=TszyFlxrASVYSlQ06JxHvzCcUkSRQiUn80Va1g0&cm_mmc=aff-_-ir-_-59718-_-77797&ref=imprad59718&afn_sr=impact","url_text":"Why they became Baha'is - First Generation Baha'is By 1963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85091-72-3","url_text":"978-81-85091-72-3"}]},{"reference":"Weinberg, Robert (1998). \"Obituary O. Z. Whitehead Actor and writer\". Baháʼí Studies Review. Vol. 8. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502143937/http://www.breacais.demon.co.uk/abs/bsr08/851_weinberg_whitehead.htm","url_text":"\"Obituary O. Z. Whitehead Actor and writer\""},{"url":"http://www.breacais.demon.co.uk/abs/bsr08/851_weinberg_whitehead.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"anonymous. \"Theatrical performances of O.Z. Whitehead\". Theatre. IMDb. Retrieved 26 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0925713/otherworks","url_text":"\"Theatrical performances of O.Z. Whitehead\""}]},{"reference":"Ruane, Medb (31 July 1998). \"O.Z. 'Zebby' Whitehead to be buried in Dublin today\". Irish Times. Ireland. Retrieved 12 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/o-z-zebby-whitehead-to-be-buried-in-dublin-today-1.178529","url_text":"\"O.Z. 'Zebby' Whitehead to be buried in Dublin today\""}]},{"reference":"anonymous. \"The Scoundrel\". Movies. IMDb. Retrieved 26 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026970/","url_text":"\"The Scoundrel\""}]},{"reference":"anonymous. \"Grapes of Wrath\". Movies. IMDb. Retrieved 26 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032551/","url_text":"\"Grapes of Wrath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oscar Serlin presents Clarence Day's Life with Father\" (Press release). Oscar Serlin. 15 February 1940. Retrieved 26 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andreaking.com/LifeWithFatherPage.htm","url_text":"\"Oscar Serlin presents Clarence Day's Life with Father\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Serlin","url_text":"Oscar Serlin"}]},{"reference":"\"University Women plan reception\". The Bridgeport Post. Bridgeport, Connecticut. 29 September 1976. p. 34. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4929892/playwright_receives_oz_whitehead_award/","url_text":"\"University Women plan reception\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael F. McDonnell\". Asbury Park Press. Asbury Park, New Jersey. 6 April 2003. p. 21. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4929960/playwright_winner_of_oz_whitehead_prize/","url_text":"\"Michael F. McDonnell\""}]},{"reference":"Donovan, Katie; Alexander Norman Jeffares; Kennelly, Brendan (1994). Ireland's Women: Writings Past and Present. Norton. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-393-31360-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irelandswomen00kati","url_text":"Ireland's Women: Writings Past and Present"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irelandswomen00kati/page/509","url_text":"509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31360-4","url_text":"978-0-393-31360-4"}]},{"reference":"McGarry, Patsy (2 January 2015). \"Death of playwright Aodhan Madden Dublin-born author was twice a winner of the Oz Whitehead Award for drama\". Irish Times. Ireland. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/death-of-playwright-aodhan-madden-1.2053158","url_text":"\"Death of playwright Aodhan Madden Dublin-born author was twice a winner of the Oz Whitehead Award for drama\""}]},{"reference":"Warnock, Gabrielle; O'Connell, Jeff W. (2000). Face to Face. Trident Press Ltd. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-900724-46-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kG0pzzLYTXEC&pg=PA242","url_text":"Face to Face"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900724-46-3","url_text":"978-1-900724-46-3"}]},{"reference":"\"You Have Been Chosen The story of Carrie and Edward Kinney\". Baháʼí News. No. 512. November 1973. pp. 10–15.","urls":[{"url":"http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=08&page=515","url_text":"\"You Have Been Chosen The story of Carrie and Edward Kinney\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Religion Observance set\". Reno Gazette-Journal. Reno, Nevada. 16 January 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4930114/bahai_oz_whitehead_talks_at_world/","url_text":"\"World Religion Observance set\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baha'is meet Sunday\". The Sun and the Erie County Independent. Hamburg, New York. 14 January 1954. p. 7. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1754279/bahais_observe_world_religion_day_with/","url_text":"\"Baha'is meet Sunday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baha'i schools ending sessions\". The New York Age. New York, New York. 4 September 1954. p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/286898/the_new_york_age/","url_text":"\"Baha'i schools ending sessions\""}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Frank (16 February 1957). \"The Baha'i religion reflects a new era\". The New York Age. New York, New York. p. 11. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/286977/the_new_york_age/","url_text":"\"The Baha'i religion reflects a new era\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/some-early-bahais-of-the-west-1317293703","external_links_name":"Some Early Baháʼís of the West"},{"Link":"http://grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/some-bahais-to-remember-1317293329","external_links_name":"Some Baháʼís to Remember"},{"Link":"http://grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/heritage-books/portraits-of-some-bahai-women-1317292238","external_links_name":"Portraits of some Baháʼí Women"},{"Link":"http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=17929700585&clickid=TszyFlxrASVYSlQ06JxHvzCcUkSRQiUn80Va1g0&cm_mmc=aff-_-ir-_-59718-_-77797&ref=imprad59718&afn_sr=impact","external_links_name":"Why they became Baha'is - First Generation Baha'is By 1963"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502143937/http://www.breacais.demon.co.uk/abs/bsr08/851_weinberg_whitehead.htm","external_links_name":"\"Obituary O. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Yves_Bigras	Jean-Yves Bigras	["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Canadian film director and screenwriter Jean-Yves BigrasPortrait of Jean-Yves Bigras by François CharbonnierBorn(1919-05-19)May 19, 1919Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaDied17 August 1966(1966-08-17) (aged 47)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaOccupation(s)Film directorFilm editorScreenwriterFilm producerYears active1943 – 1962 Jean-Yves Bigras (May 19, 1919 – August 17, 1966) was a Canadian film director and film editor, considered a pioneer in Quebec cinema. Bigras studied first at the University of Ottawa and then at Queen's University. From 1939 to 1942, he served in World War II as part of the RCAF. When he returned to Canada, he became one of the first French Canadians to be hired by the NFB and worked there as an editor until 1948. He was then hired to work in Renaissance Éducationnel, the children's education film section of Renaissance Films Distribution. It was here that he got to work on his first feature film, Le gros Bill (1949), co-directing with René Delacroix. Bigras moved on to direct three feature films himself, including La petite Aurore l’enfant martyre (1951), a big hit with audiences and a staple of Quebec Cinema. In 1953, he began working for Radio-Canada where he became one of its principal directors until his death in 1966. Selected filmography The Grand Bill (Le gros Bill) - 1949, co-directed with René Delacroix Lights of My City (Les lumières de ma ville) - 1950 Little Aurore's Tragedy (La petite Aurore, l’enfant martyre) - 1951 The Spirit of Evil (L'esprit du mal) - 1954 References ^ "Jean-Yves Bigras - Cinema in Quebec". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2011-02-10. ^ "Canadian Film Encyclopedia - Jean-Yves Bigras". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. External links Jean-Yves Bigras at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"film editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editor"},{"link_name":"Quebec cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"RCAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"NFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"René Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Radio-Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jean-Yves Bigras (May 19, 1919 – August 17, 1966) was a Canadian film director and film editor, considered a pioneer in Quebec cinema.[1] Bigras studied first at the University of Ottawa and then at Queen's University. From 1939 to 1942, he served in World War II as part of the RCAF. When he returned to Canada, he became one of the first French Canadians to be hired by the NFB and worked there as an editor until 1948. He was then hired to work in Renaissance Éducationnel, the children's education film section of Renaissance Films Distribution. It was here that he got to work on his first feature film, Le gros Bill (1949), co-directing with René Delacroix. Bigras moved on to direct three feature films himself, including La petite Aurore l’enfant martyre (1951), a big hit with audiences and a staple of Quebec Cinema. In 1953, he began working for Radio-Canada where he became one of its principal directors until his death in 1966.[2]","title":"Jean-Yves Bigras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Grand Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Bill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lights of My City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lights_of_My_City&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Little Aurore's Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Aurore%27s_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"The Spirit of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spirit_of_Evil&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Grand Bill (Le gros Bill) - 1949, co-directed with René Delacroix\nLights of My City (Les lumières de ma ville) - 1950\nLittle Aurore's Tragedy (La petite Aurore, l’enfant martyre) - 1951\nThe Spirit of Evil (L'esprit du mal) - 1954","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jean-Yves Bigras - Cinema in Quebec\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2011-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706172440/http://www.cinemaparlantquebec.ca/Cinema1930-52/pages/textbio/Textbio.jsp?textBioId=18&lang=en","url_text":"\"Jean-Yves Bigras - Cinema in Quebec\""},{"url":"http://www.cinemaparlantquebec.ca/Cinema1930-52/pages/textbio/Textbio.jsp?textBioId=18&lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Film Encyclopedia - Jean-Yves Bigras\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724104252/http://tiff.net/CANADIANFILMENCYCLOPEDIA/content/bios/jean-yves-bigras","url_text":"\"Canadian Film Encyclopedia - Jean-Yves Bigras\""},{"url":"http://tiff.net/CANADIANFILMENCYCLOPEDIA/content/bios/jean-yves-bigras","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706172440/http://www.cinemaparlantquebec.ca/Cinema1930-52/pages/textbio/Textbio.jsp?textBioId=18&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Jean-Yves Bigras - Cinema in Quebec\""},{"Link":"http://www.cinemaparlantquebec.ca/Cinema1930-52/pages/textbio/Textbio.jsp?textBioId=18&lang=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724104252/http://tiff.net/CANADIANFILMENCYCLOPEDIA/content/bios/jean-yves-bigras","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Film Encyclopedia - Jean-Yves Bigras\""},{"Link":"http://tiff.net/CANADIANFILMENCYCLOPEDIA/content/bios/jean-yves-bigras","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0081948/","external_links_name":"Jean-Yves Bigras"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_(surname)	Dyson (surname)	["1 See also"]	Dyson is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ambrose Dyson (1876–1913), Australian political cartoonist Andre Dyson (born 1979), American football player Anthony Edward Dyson (1928–2002), British literary critic Brian Dyson (born 1935), American businessman Charles Wilson Dyson (1861–1930), American naval officer Chris Dyson (born 1978), American racing driver David Dyson (naturalist), (1823-1856) British naturalist, scientific collector, curator and weaver Edward Dyson (1865–1931), Australian writer and journalist Edward Ambrose Dyson (1908–1952), Australian illustrator and political cartoonist Esther Dyson (born 1951), Swiss-born American journalist, author, businesswoman, investor, commentator, and philanthropist Frank Dyson (1931–1979), British rugby league footballer Frank Watson Dyson (1868–1939), English astronomer Freeman Dyson (1923–2020), British-American physicist Geoff Dyson (1923–1989), English footballer George Dyson (composer) (1883–1964), English musical composer George Dyson (science historian) (born 1953), American-Canadian author and science historian H. Kempton Dyson (1880–1944), English structural engineer and architect Hugo Dyson (1896–1975), English academic Humfrey Dyson (1582–1633), English scrivener, notary, and book collector Jack Dyson (1934–2000), English cricketer and footballer James Dyson (born 1947), British inventor and engineer Jeremy Dyson (born 1966), English author, musician, and screenwriter Jerome Dyson (born 1987), American basketball player in Israel John Dyson (rugby) (1866–1909), English rugby union player John Barry Dyson (1942–1995), English footballer John Dyson, Lord Dyson (born 1943), British judge John Dyson (Australian cricketer) (born 1954), Australian cricketer John S. Dyson (fl. 1960s–2020s), American businessman John Dyson (fl. 1980s), English musician Kevin Dyson (born 1975), American football player Kina Malpartida Dyson (born 1980), Peruvian boxer Marianne J. Dyson (fl. 1990s–2010s), American author Mia Dyson (born 1981), Australian musician Michael Eric Dyson (born 1958), American author, preacher, radio host, and professor Rob Dyson (born 1946), American racing driver Ronnie Dyson (1950–1990), American singer and actor Ruth Dyson (born 1957), New Zealand politician Ruth Dyson (keyboardist) (1917–1997), English keyboardist Terry Dyson (born 1934), English footballer Thomas A. Dyson (1851–1898), American politician Tony Dyson (1947–2016), British special effects designer Torkwase Dyson (fl. 2000s–2010s), American contemporary artist Will Dyson (1880–1938), Australian artist, cartoonist, and caricaturist William Dyson (1857–1936), English cricketer See also Dyson, other uses Miles Bennett Dyson, fictional character from the film Terminator 2 who was the most directly responsible for "Judgement Day" Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Dyson. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	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Kempton Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Kempton_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Hugo Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Humfrey Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humfrey_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Jack Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dyson"},{"link_name":"James Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Jerome Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Dyson"},{"link_name":"John Dyson (rugby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dyson_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Barry Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Dyson"},{"link_name":"John Dyson, Lord Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dyson,_Lord_Dyson"},{"link_name":"John Dyson (Australian cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dyson_(Australian_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"John S. Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Dyson"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"John Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavestar"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl."},{"link_name":"Kevin Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Kina Malpartida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_Malpartida"},{"link_name":"Marianne J. Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_J._Dyson"},{"link_name":"Mia Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Michael Eric Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Rob Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Ruth Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Ruth Dyson (keyboardist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Dyson_(keyboardist)"},{"link_name":"Terry Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Thomas A. Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Dyson"},{"link_name":"Tony Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Torkwase Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkwase_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Will Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Dyson"},{"link_name":"William Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dyson"}],"text":"Ambrose Dyson (1876–1913), Australian political cartoonist\nAndre Dyson (born 1979), American football player\nAnthony Edward Dyson (1928–2002), British literary critic\nBrian Dyson (born 1935), American businessman\nCharles Wilson Dyson (1861–1930), American naval officer\nChris Dyson (born 1978), American racing driver\nDavid Dyson (naturalist), (1823-1856) British naturalist, scientific collector, curator and weaver\nEdward Dyson (1865–1931), Australian writer and journalist\nEdward Ambrose Dyson (1908–1952), Australian illustrator and political cartoonist\nEsther Dyson (born 1951), Swiss-born American journalist, author, businesswoman, investor, commentator, and philanthropist\nFrank Dyson (1931–1979), British rugby league footballer\nFrank Watson Dyson (1868–1939), English astronomer\nFreeman Dyson (1923–2020), British-American physicist\nGeoff Dyson (1923–1989), English footballer\nGeorge Dyson (composer) (1883–1964), English musical composer\nGeorge Dyson (science historian) (born 1953), American-Canadian author and science historian\nH. Kempton Dyson (1880–1944), English structural engineer and architect\nHugo Dyson (1896–1975), English academic\nHumfrey Dyson (1582–1633), English scrivener, notary, and book collector\nJack Dyson (1934–2000), English cricketer and footballer\nJames Dyson (born 1947), British inventor and engineer\nJeremy Dyson (born 1966), English author, musician, and screenwriter\nJerome Dyson (born 1987), American basketball player in Israel\nJohn Dyson (rugby) (1866–1909), English rugby union player\nJohn Barry Dyson (1942–1995), English footballer\nJohn Dyson, Lord Dyson (born 1943), British judge\nJohn Dyson (Australian cricketer) (born 1954), Australian cricketer\nJohn S. Dyson (fl. 1960s–2020s), American businessman\nJohn Dyson (fl. 1980s), English musician\nKevin Dyson (born 1975), American football player\nKina Malpartida Dyson (born 1980), Peruvian boxer\nMarianne J. Dyson (fl. 1990s–2010s), American author\nMia Dyson (born 1981), Australian musician\nMichael Eric Dyson (born 1958), American author, preacher, radio host, and professor\nRob Dyson (born 1946), American racing driver\nRonnie Dyson (1950–1990), American singer and actor\nRuth Dyson (born 1957), New Zealand politician\nRuth Dyson (keyboardist) (1917–1997), English keyboardist\nTerry Dyson (born 1934), English footballer\nThomas A. Dyson (1851–1898), American politician\nTony Dyson (1947–2016), British special effects designer\nTorkwase Dyson (fl. 2000s–2010s), American contemporary artist\nWill Dyson (1880–1938), Australian artist, cartoonist, and caricaturist\nWilliam Dyson (1857–1936), English cricketer","title":"Dyson (surname)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Miles Bennett Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Bennett_Dyson"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Dyson_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Dyson_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinium_brunonianum	Delphinium brunonianum	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Habitat","4 References"]	Species of flowering plant Delphinium brunonianum Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Ranunculales Family: Ranunculaceae Genus: Delphinium Species: D. brunonianum Binomial name Delphinium brunonianumRoyle Synonyms Delphinium brunonianum var. aitchisonii Huth Delphinium brunonianum var. jacquemontianum (Cambess.) Huth Delphinium brunonianum var. schlagintweitii Huth Delphinium jacquemontianum Cambess. Delphinium minjanense Rech.f. Delphinium moschatum Munro ex Hook.f. & Thomson Delphinium brunonianum, common name musk larkspur, is a species of larkspur belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. Description Delphinium brunonianum can reach a height of 10–25 centimetres (3.9–9.8 in). It has a strong musky smell (hence the common name). The leaves are palmately lobed, petiolate and alternate. This plant produces racemes with 5 - 10 blue to purple cup-shaped flowers. Tepals have slender white hairs on both sides and spurs are short. They bloom from July to September. Distribution This species is native to Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet and the Himalaya. Habitat It can be found in stony mountain slopes and screes at elevation of 4,300–5,500 metres (14,100–18,000 ft) above sea level. References ^ Hassler, M. (2020-09-02). "Delphinium brunonianum Royle". Catalogue of Life. Hortipedia Plants for a future Flowers of India Taxon identifiersDelphinium brunonianum Wikidata: Q10924488 Wikispecies: Delphinium brunonianum CoL: 34J4M EoL: 2873662 FNA: 200007793 FoC: 200007793 GBIF: 7276933 GRIN: 13413 iNaturalist: 706638 IPNI: 710451-1 NCBI: 2777021 Observation.org: 117083 Open Tree of Life: 259375 PfaF: Delphinium brunonianum Plant List: kew-2759517 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:710451-1 Tropicos: 27100373 WFO: wfo-0000639809 This Ranunculaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"larkspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinium"},{"link_name":"Ranunculaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculaceae"}],"text":"Delphinium brunonianum, common name musk larkspur, is a species of larkspur belonging to the family Ranunculaceae.","title":"Delphinium brunonianum"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Delphinium brunonianum can reach a height of 10–25 centimetres (3.9–9.8 in). It has a strong musky smell (hence the common name). The leaves are palmately lobed, petiolate and alternate. This plant produces racemes with 5 - 10 blue to purple cup-shaped flowers. Tepals have slender white hairs on both sides and spurs are short. They bloom from July to September.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This species is native to Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet and the Himalaya.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It can be found in stony mountain slopes and screes at elevation of 4,300–5,500 metres (14,100–18,000 ft) above sea level.","title":"Habitat"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hassler, M. (2020-09-02). \"Delphinium brunonianum Royle\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg-Wittenberge_railway	Magdeburg-Wittenberge railway	["1 Route","2 History","2.1 Private railway era","2.2 Prussian state railways era","3 Current situation","4 References","4.1 Footnotes","4.2 Sources","5 External links"]	Magdeburg–Wittenberge railwayRoute of the Magdeburg–Wittenberge railwayOverviewNative nameBahnstrecke Magdeburg–WittenbergeLine number 6401 (Wittenberge–Stendal) 6402 (Stendal–Magdeburg) LocaleBrandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, GermanyServiceRoute number305TechnicalLine length112.5 km (69.9 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeMinimum radius1,130 m (3,710 ft)Electrification15 kV/16.7 Hz ACOverhead catenary Route map Legend from Hamburg from Dömitz from Perleberg 53.8 Wittenberge to Berlin Elbe bridge BrandenburgSaxony-Anhalt 48.0 Geestgottberg to Salzwedel 40.2 Seehausen (Altm) 35.4 Behrend 28.9 Osterburg to Pretzier 24.5 Düsedau from Werben 17.6 Goldbeck (Kr Osterburg) 13.0 Eichstedt (Altm) from Niedergörne from Arendsee 8.7 Borstel (Kr Stendal) (main line until 1900) Stendal Fachhochschule(planned) 4.9 Stendal-Stadtsee from Arneburg (5.0) Stendal Ost (Keilbahnhof) Stendal MWE (until 1870) to Stendal Vorbf Alstom (formerly AW) from Uelzen from Lehrte 0.058.7 Stendal (curve since 1870) to Berlin to Tangermünde and Stendal Ost (old course until 1870) Hanover–Berlin HSL 49.4 Demker Tangermünde–Lüderitz 39.8 Tangerhütte 34.8 Mahlwinkel to Mahlwinkel military airfield 28.3 Angern-Rogätz Loitsche 20.6 Zielitz 19.9 Zielitz (old station) 19.7 Zielitz Ort from Colbitz 14.6 Wolmirstedt Mittelland Canal 10.6 Barleber See seasonal 9.1 Glindenburg junctionfrom Oebisfelde 7.5 Magdeburg-Rothensee Hp Rbf Magdeburg-Rothensee(marshalling yard) Magdeburg-Eichenweiler 5.1 Magdeburger Hafen (port) siding from and to Berlin Magdeburg Nord 2.3 Magdeburg-Neustadt 0.0 Magdeburg Hbf from Biederitz Magdeburg Elbbahnhof(Elbe station) from and to Brunswick Magdeburg-Buckau Pbf to Halberstadt to Halle Source: German railway atlas The Magdeburg-Wittenberge railway is a two-track, electrified main line in the east of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It is one of the oldest lines in Germany, opened in 1849 by the Magdeburg-Wittenberge Railway Company, which operated it until 1863, when it was taken over by the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company. It was nationalised in 1879. Route Regionalbahn train crossing the Elbe bridge at Wittenberge The line starts at Magdeburg Hauptbahnhof and then runs to the north, mostly between the Elbe and the B 189 highway. The line is used by regional trains and as far as Zielitz by S-Bahn Mittelelbe trains. In the middle of the line is Stendal, where it connects with lines to Berlin, Hanover, Tangermünde and Salzwedel. Leaving Stendal, the line turns north. The line crosses the Elbe just before its end in Wittenberge. The Elbe bridge is the longest railway bridge constructed in East Germany during its existence. In Wittenberge station the line connects to the Berlin–Hamburg trunk line. The station was originally designed as a wedge station between the two lines, but was rebuilt during the upgrading of the Berlin–Hamburg line between 2000 and 2004. History Planning of the line began in 1838 with the opening of the Berlin-Potsdam Railway, which initiated the railway age in the Kingdom of Prussia. A continuation of the line to the west was already planned, but without a precise route. The town of Stendal, which had no rail connection, sought a continuation of the line from Potsdam via Genthin and Stendal to Hamburg. From Genthin there would also be a branch line to Magdeburg. This plan was rejected in favour of a direct link between Berlin and Hamburg. At the same time, plans for a continuation of the Berlin-Potsdam Railway developed into a direct link to Magdeburg. Magdeburg was developing into one of the first major railway junctions and by September 1846 there were already three lines: the Magdeburg-Leipzig railway (German: Magdeburg-Leipziger Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, MLE) from Leipzig, the Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway (Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburger Eisenbahngesellschaft, BPME) from Berlin and the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway (Magdeburg-Halberstädter Eisenbahngesellschaft, MHE) from Halberstadt. However, the city was not connected to Hamburg, which was especially important for foreign trade. Then, at the initiative of the mayor of Magdeburg, August Wilhelm Francke, a route was defined. This route was adopted by the Prussian government on 29 September 1843 as the shortest and most economic line between Magdeburg and Wittenberg, connecting to the line to Hamburg. The Magdeburg-Wittenberg Magdeburg Railway Company was constituted as the designated operator in the following month. Approval for the construction of the line depended mainly on minimising its impact on the Elbe levees in Altmark. In order for the company to obtain a concession it had to develop concrete plans for the Elbe crossing and to make preparations for work to be carried out on the levees. On 6 July 1845 the Prussian king Frederick William IV made a decree authorising the construction by the joint stock company with a capital of 4,500,000 thalers. The estimated construction costs totalled 4,483,000 thalers as follows: 3 million thalers for the section from Magdeburg to Seehausen, 83,000 thalers for the section from Seehausen to the Elbe levee, 1.4 million thalers for the Elbe bridge and connection in Wittenberge. Construction, when it started in 1846, was found to be relatively straightforward. The chosen route had a maximum gradient of 1 in 210 and its sharpest curve had a radius of 300 Prussian rods (equivalent to about 1,130 metres). About 55 ½ percent of the line was level. Only at each end of the line did construction prove to be problematic. In Wittenberge the construction of the bridge over the Elbe led to postponement of the opening of the entire line. In Magdeburg, the problem was integration with other lines. It was necessary for the line to connect to the west and the south, that is with the MHE and MLE lines. To achieve this, there were two possibilities: the first was for the line to cross the slopes of the fortifications on the western edge of Magdeburg to the MHE station. This was a difficult route that had to cross a ring of hills around the fortifications. This route did not appear feasible as the military authorities prohibited cutting through the ridge. The alternative was to cut through the fortifications and build a station within the city. The line ran from the north along the Elbe and through the city walls. Since there was insufficient room for the line to make a curve to return to the edge of the river, which was to the east, the riverbank had to be excavated to make room for the railway. A terminal station and associated facilities was built inside the city. A line was built to connect with the Magdeburg–Leipzig line. Private railway era Wolmirstedt station in 1880 The line was opened in three phases. On 7 July 1849, the 99 km-long section from Magdeburg to Seehausen was opened. On 5 August 1849 this was followed by the eight km-long section to the Elbe levee. Since the Elbe bridge was under construction, passengers had to cross to Wittenberge by ferry. On 25 October 1851, a wooden, single-track bridge was opened to traffic. To avoid this low-level structure obstructing shipping, part of it was built as a swing bridge. During the construction of the Berlin–Hamburg line, the terminus had been designed to integrate with the line from Magdeburg. The station building was originally located between the junction of the two lines. As well as a direct line from Magdeburg to Hamburg, the route was initially seen as a route between the coast and central and southern Germany. This service did not prove as profitable as initially suggested to shareholders. In addition, in 1855 a large part of the line had to be rebuilt as a result of several floods in Altmark. In 1863, the company was bought by the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company. A direct connection did not exist between the two companies' lines and trains had to use a short piece of the Leipzig line. In 1867, the MHE received a concession to build the Berlin–Lehrte railway (also known as the Lehrter Railway or Lehrter Bahn). A direct line already existed via Magdeburg, but the new route via Stendal was more direct and thus services would be quicker. The railway facilities in Stendal had to be rebuilt to make it easy for passengers to change trains. The Lehrter Railway runs south of the old town of Wittenberg from east to west, while the old line ran on the eastern edge of the town. The new Lehrter Railway has a connection with a relocated line from Wittenberge to the west of Stendal. This allowed two routes to share the new Stendal station. The diverted line to Wittenberge passes around the town along the north western boundary and then returns to its old route to the north. In addition to the Lehrter Railway, which opened through Stendal in 1871, the so-called America Line opened in 1873 from Stendal via Uelzen to Bremen. In subsequent years operations in Magdeburg became increasingly unsatisfactory. The transfer of trains to the Leipzig railway was difficult and the Elbe river prevented the expansion of the rail facilities. Hence the old idea of a common route through the ring of forts was taken up again. As the urban area was growing and the areas outside the walls were being settled, the fortifications were increasingly seen as a nuisance. There still had to be lengthy negotiations with the Prussian military before the railways were offered a suitable site along the northern and western moat. The line was built jointly by the MHE, BPME and MLE. The new Magdeburg Central station was built as an island station (with the main station building between the tracks) because the three railway companies were still working separately. The eastern station tracks were built and operated by the MLE and the western tracks by the BPME and the MHE. The first train ran on 15 May 1873 to Burg; work continued, however, until 1893. During this period, in 1876, the MLE was taken over by the MHE. Three years later the MHE was nationalised. Prussian state railways era Facade of Magdeburg Hauptbahnhof Osterburg station A class 425 (left) waits in Magdeburg on its way to Wittenberge After the takeover of the MHE, the Prussian state railways acquired other companies. The state railways established royal railway divisions, each called a Königlichen Eisenbahndirektion (KED). The Magdeburg-Wittenberge Railway came under the new Magdeburg KED. North of Stendal the line came under the Hanover KED. A new Wittenberge Elbe bridge was built between 1883 and 1884. Most of the old wooden bridge was dilapidated and was replaced by a wrought iron truss bridge. The swing bridge was retained, but was replaced in a second reconstruction by a steel structure between 1905 and 1910. At this time, the bridge was widened to include a second track on its northern or eastern side. The southern track also adapted to permit road vehicles to cross, as there was no road bridge in Wittenberge. After the founding of Deutsche Reichsbahn (German State Railways) in 1920, the divisions were rearranged. The Magdeburg–Stendal section was assigned to the newly established Hanover railway division (Reichsbahndirektion, RBD); the Stendal–Wittenberge section was assigned to the Hamburg RBD. In addition to local rail services in the Prussian Province of Saxony, the line was also used by mainline services connecting Dresden, Leipzig, Magdeburg, Wittenberge and Hamburg. Towards the end of the Second World War, the Wittenberg Elbe bridge was blown up. By the autumn of 1945 Soviet pioneers had temporarily restored the southern track of the bridge. The bridge was reduced to a single track line as, as during the Soviet occupation the second track was removed as reparations to the Soviet Union. The northern track of the bridge was restored temporarily in 1947. Due to the lack of a rail track, however, only road traffic ran along this track. In 1950, the second track was re-commissioned and road traffic returned to the southern track. The route was developed in the coming years as the most important north–south link in East German, bypassing Berlin. The second track was quickly restored. Because operations over the bridge, despite its two tracks, was restricted to a speed of 30 km/h, it became a bottleneck. In 1957, the superstructure of the bridge was replaced using its old pillars. In 1969 the Magdeburg S-Bahn was established. This involved adapting all the lines' infrastructure as far as Zielitz, which was selected as the northern terminus, to support a mixed operation of S-Bahn, regional, long-distance and freight traffic. Similarly, overhead lines were installed to support electric operations. North of the village of Zielitz, a four-track Zielitz station was built, letting S-Bahn trains reverse and freight trains continue without obstruction. Continuing towards Magdeburg a pair of tracks was built for the S-Bahn from the junction with the line from Oebisfelde, bypassing the Magdeburg-Rothensee marshalling yard. From Magdeburg-Neustadt the S-Bahn shared the common line with other train traffic. S-Bahn operations commenced on 29 September 1974. Further electrification was carried out in the 1980s. Electric operations were extended to Stendal in 1982 and to Wittenberge in 1987. The East Germany Railways built a new bridge over the Elbe without obstructing operations. The new bridge was the longest railway bridge built during the existence of East Germany. Current situation Today the line is served by line S1, the only service of the S-Bahn Mittelelbe, between Magdeburg and Wittenberge. In the summer it is served by an InterCity pair of trains called Warnow (2238/2239) from Leipzig via Magdeburg, Wittenberge, Schwerin and Rostock to Warnemünde. Between Magdeburg and Stendal there is also the Regional-Express service RE20 from/to Uelzen via Salzwedel. In 2012, a new electronic interlocking was put into operation in Wolmirstedt, this is connected to the sub-centre in Biederitz. The new railway tunnel under the Mittelland Canal was completed at the end of 2013. References Footnotes ^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas). Schweers + Wall. 2009. pp. 24, 34, 45, 123. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0. ^ "Neuer Bahntunnel unter Mittellandkanal bei Magdeburg fertig gestellt" (Press release) (in German). Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2017. Sources Janikowski, Andreas; Ott, Jörg (2002). Deutschlands S-Bahnen (in German). Stuttgart: transpress. ISBN 3-613-71195-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn. "Die "Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft". Geschichte" (in German). Retrieved 12 October 2010. "Die "Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft". Entwicklung" (in German). Retrieved 12 October 2010. "Die "Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft". Zeittafel" (in German). Retrieved 12 October 2010. "Allgemeiner Geschäftsbericht des Directoriums der Magdeburg-Wittenbergeschen Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft über den Zeitraum vom Oktober 1843 bis Mai 1847" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF (1.50 MB)) on 9 June 2004. Retrieved 12 October 2010. "Geschäftsbericht des Directorii der Magdeburg-Wittenbergeschen Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft für die General-Versammlung am 10. Juni 1856 über das Kalender-Jahr 1855" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF (2.76 MB)) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2010. Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_state"},{"link_name":"Saxony-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"oldest lines in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_first_German_railways_to_1870"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg-Halberstadt_Railway_Company"}],"text":"The Magdeburg-Wittenberge railway is a two-track, electrified main line in the east of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It is one of the oldest lines in Germany, opened in 1849 by the Magdeburg-Wittenberge Railway Company, which operated it until 1863, when it was taken over by the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company. It was nationalised in 1879.","title":"Magdeburg-Wittenberge railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eisenbahnbruecke_Wittenberge_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Regionalbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalbahn"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Wittenberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberge"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"B 189 highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_189&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zielitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielitz"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn Mittelelbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn_Mittelelbe"},{"link_name":"Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendal_station"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Tangermünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerm%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Salzwedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzwedel"},{"link_name":"Wittenberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberge"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wittenberge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberge_station"},{"link_name":"Berlin–Hamburg trunk line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Hamburg_Railway"},{"link_name":"wedge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keilbahnhof"}],"text":"Regionalbahn train crossing the Elbe bridge at WittenbergeThe line starts at Magdeburg Hauptbahnhof and then runs to the north, mostly between the Elbe and the B 189 highway. The line is used by regional trains and as far as Zielitz by S-Bahn Mittelelbe trains. In the middle of the line is Stendal, where it connects with lines to Berlin, Hanover, Tangermünde and Salzwedel. Leaving Stendal, the line turns north. The line crosses the Elbe just before its end in Wittenberge. The Elbe bridge is the longest railway bridge constructed in East Germany during its existence. In Wittenberge station the line connects to the Berlin–Hamburg trunk line. The station was originally designed as a wedge station between the two lines, but was rebuilt during the upgrading of the Berlin–Hamburg line between 2000 and 2004.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin-Potsdam Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendal"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"Genthin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genthin"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"direct link between Berlin and Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Hamburg_Railway"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg-Leipzig railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg-Leipzig_railway"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg_Railway"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg-Halberstadt_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Halberstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberstadt"},{"link_name":"August Wilhelm Francke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_Francke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"levees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"Altmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"thalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_thaler"},{"link_name":"Seehausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seehausen,_Altmark"},{"link_name":"Prussian rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(unit)"},{"link_name":"slopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacis"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg–Leipzig line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg-Leipzig_railway"}],"text":"Planning of the line began in 1838 with the opening of the Berlin-Potsdam Railway, which initiated the railway age in the Kingdom of Prussia. A continuation of the line to the west was already planned, but without a precise route. The town of Stendal, which had no rail connection, sought a continuation of the line from Potsdam via Genthin and Stendal to Hamburg. From Genthin there would also be a branch line to Magdeburg. This plan was rejected in favour of a direct link between Berlin and Hamburg. At the same time, plans for a continuation of the Berlin-Potsdam Railway developed into a direct link to Magdeburg.Magdeburg was developing into one of the first major railway junctions and by September 1846 there were already three lines: the Magdeburg-Leipzig railway (German: Magdeburg-Leipziger Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, MLE) from Leipzig, the Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway (Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburger Eisenbahngesellschaft, BPME) from Berlin and the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway (Magdeburg-Halberstädter Eisenbahngesellschaft, MHE) from Halberstadt. However, the city was not connected to Hamburg, which was especially important for foreign trade. Then, at the initiative of the mayor of Magdeburg, August Wilhelm Francke, a route was defined. This route was adopted by the Prussian government on 29 September 1843 as the shortest and most economic line between Magdeburg and Wittenberg, connecting to the line to Hamburg. The Magdeburg-Wittenberg Magdeburg Railway Company was constituted as the designated operator in the following month. Approval for the construction of the line depended mainly on minimising its impact on the Elbe levees in Altmark. In order for the company to obtain a concession it had to develop concrete plans for the Elbe crossing and to make preparations for work to be carried out on the levees.On 6 July 1845 the Prussian king Frederick William IV made a decree authorising the construction by the joint stock company with a capital of 4,500,000 thalers. The estimated construction costs totalled 4,483,000 thalers as follows:3 million thalers for the section from Magdeburg to Seehausen,\n83,000 thalers for the section from Seehausen to the Elbe levee,\n1.4 million thalers for the Elbe bridge and connection in Wittenberge.Construction, when it started in 1846, was found to be relatively straightforward. The chosen route had a maximum gradient of 1 in 210 and its sharpest curve had a radius of 300 Prussian rods (equivalent to about 1,130 metres). About 55 ½ percent of the line was level.Only at each end of the line did construction prove to be problematic. In Wittenberge the construction of the bridge over the Elbe led to postponement of the opening of the entire line. In Magdeburg, the problem was integration with other lines. It was necessary for the line to connect to the west and the south, that is with the MHE and MLE lines. To achieve this, there were two possibilities: the first was for the line to cross the slopes of the fortifications on the western edge of Magdeburg to the MHE station. This was a difficult route that had to cross a ring of hills around the fortifications. This route did not appear feasible as the military authorities prohibited cutting through the ridge. The alternative was to cut through the fortifications and build a station within the city.The line ran from the north along the Elbe and through the city walls. Since there was insufficient room for the line to make a curve to return to the edge of the river, which was to the east, the riverbank had to be excavated to make room for the railway. A terminal station and associated facilities was built inside the city. A line was built to connect with the Magdeburg–Leipzig line.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Wolmirstedt_1880.jpg"},{"link_name":"swing bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_bridge"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg-Halberstadt_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Berlin–Lehrte railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Lehrte_railway"},{"link_name":"America Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Line"},{"link_name":"Uelzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uelzen"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Burg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_bei_Magdeburg"}],"sub_title":"Private railway era","text":"Wolmirstedt station in 1880The line was opened in three phases. On 7 July 1849, the 99 km-long section from Magdeburg to Seehausen was opened. On 5 August 1849 this was followed by the eight km-long section to the Elbe levee. Since the Elbe bridge was under construction, passengers had to cross to Wittenberge by ferry. On 25 October 1851, a wooden, single-track bridge was opened to traffic. To avoid this low-level structure obstructing shipping, part of it was built as a swing bridge. During the construction of the Berlin–Hamburg line, the terminus had been designed to integrate with the line from Magdeburg. The station building was originally located between the junction of the two lines.As well as a direct line from Magdeburg to Hamburg, the route was initially seen as a route between the coast and central and southern Germany. This service did not prove as profitable as initially suggested to shareholders. In addition, in 1855 a large part of the line had to be rebuilt as a result of several floods in Altmark. In 1863, the company was bought by the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company. A direct connection did not exist between the two companies' lines and trains had to use a short piece of the Leipzig line.In 1867, the MHE received a concession to build the Berlin–Lehrte railway (also known as the Lehrter Railway or Lehrter Bahn). A direct line already existed via Magdeburg, but the new route via Stendal was more direct and thus services would be quicker. The railway facilities in Stendal had to be rebuilt to make it easy for passengers to change trains. The Lehrter Railway runs south of the old town of Wittenberg from east to west, while the old line ran on the eastern edge of the town. The new Lehrter Railway has a connection with a relocated line from Wittenberge to the west of Stendal. This allowed two routes to share the new Stendal station. The diverted line to Wittenberge passes around the town along the north western boundary and then returns to its old route to the north. In addition to the Lehrter Railway, which opened through Stendal in 1871, the so-called America Line opened in 1873 from Stendal via Uelzen to Bremen.In subsequent years operations in Magdeburg became increasingly unsatisfactory. The transfer of trains to the Leipzig railway was difficult and the Elbe river prevented the expansion of the rail facilities. Hence the old idea of a common route through the ring of forts was taken up again. As the urban area was growing and the areas outside the walls were being settled, the fortifications were increasingly seen as a nuisance. There still had to be lengthy negotiations with the Prussian military before the railways were offered a suitable site along the northern and western moat. The line was built jointly by the MHE, BPME and MLE. The new Magdeburg Central station was built as an island station (with the main station building between the tracks) because the three railway companies were still working separately. The eastern station tracks were built and operated by the MLE and the western tracks by the BPME and the MHE. The first train ran on 15 May 1873 to Burg; work continued, however, until 1893. During this period, in 1876, the MLE was taken over by the MHE. Three years later the MHE was nationalised.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magdeburger_Bahnhof.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Hauptbahnhof"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Osterburg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magdeburg_Hauptbahnhof_1629.jpg"},{"link_name":"class 425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_425"},{"link_name":"Prussian state railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_state_railways"},{"link_name":"royal railway divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_divisions_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"truss bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn"},{"link_name":"Province of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(military)"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Zielitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielitz"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"line from Oebisfelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oebisfelde%E2%80%93Magdeburg_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Germany Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)"}],"sub_title":"Prussian state railways era","text":"Facade of Magdeburg HauptbahnhofOsterburg stationA class 425 (left) waits in Magdeburg on its way to WittenbergeAfter the takeover of the MHE, the Prussian state railways acquired other companies. The state railways established royal railway divisions, each called a Königlichen Eisenbahndirektion (KED). The Magdeburg-Wittenberge Railway came under the new Magdeburg KED. North of Stendal the line came under the Hanover KED.A new Wittenberge Elbe bridge was built between 1883 and 1884. Most of the old wooden bridge was dilapidated and was replaced by a wrought iron truss bridge. The swing bridge was retained, but was replaced in a second reconstruction by a steel structure between 1905 and 1910. At this time, the bridge was widened to include a second track on its northern or eastern side. The southern track also adapted to permit road vehicles to cross, as there was no road bridge in Wittenberge.After the founding of Deutsche Reichsbahn (German State Railways) in 1920, the divisions were rearranged. The Magdeburg–Stendal section was assigned to the newly established Hanover railway division (Reichsbahndirektion, RBD); the Stendal–Wittenberge section was assigned to the Hamburg RBD. In addition to local rail services in the Prussian Province of Saxony, the line was also used by mainline services connecting Dresden, Leipzig, Magdeburg, Wittenberge and Hamburg.Towards the end of the Second World War, the Wittenberg Elbe bridge was blown up. By the autumn of 1945 Soviet pioneers had temporarily restored the southern track of the bridge. The bridge was reduced to a single track line as, as during the Soviet occupation the second track was removed as reparations to the Soviet Union. The northern track of the bridge was restored temporarily in 1947. Due to the lack of a rail track, however, only road traffic ran along this track. In 1950, the second track was re-commissioned and road traffic returned to the southern track.The route was developed in the coming years as the most important north–south link in East German, bypassing Berlin. The second track was quickly restored. Because operations over the bridge, despite its two tracks, was restricted to a speed of 30 km/h, it became a bottleneck. In 1957, the superstructure of the bridge was replaced using its old pillars.In 1969 the Magdeburg S-Bahn was established. This involved adapting all the lines' infrastructure as far as Zielitz, which was selected as the northern terminus, to support a mixed operation of S-Bahn, regional, long-distance and freight traffic. Similarly, overhead lines were installed to support electric operations. North of the village of Zielitz, a four-track Zielitz station was built, letting S-Bahn trains reverse and freight trains continue without obstruction. Continuing towards Magdeburg a pair of tracks was built for the S-Bahn from the junction with the line from Oebisfelde, bypassing the Magdeburg-Rothensee marshalling yard. From Magdeburg-Neustadt the S-Bahn shared the common line with other train traffic. S-Bahn operations commenced on 29 September 1974.Further electrification was carried out in the 1980s. Electric operations were extended to Stendal in 1982 and to Wittenberge in 1987. The East Germany Railways built a new bridge over the Elbe without obstructing operations. The new bridge was the longest railway bridge built during the existence of East Germany.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S-Bahn Mittelelbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn_Mittelelbe"},{"link_name":"InterCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Warnemünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnem%C3%BCnde_station"},{"link_name":"Regional-Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional-Express"},{"link_name":"Uelzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uelzen_station"},{"link_name":"Salzwedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzwedel_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Today the line is served by line S1, the only service of the S-Bahn Mittelelbe, between Magdeburg and Wittenberge. In the summer it is served by an InterCity pair of trains called Warnow (2238/2239) from Leipzig via Magdeburg, Wittenberge, Schwerin and Rostock to Warnemünde. Between Magdeburg and Stendal there is also the Regional-Express service RE20 from/to Uelzen via Salzwedel.In 2012, a new electronic interlocking was put into operation in Wolmirstedt, this is connected to the sub-centre in Biederitz. The new railway tunnel under the Mittelland Canal was completed at the end of 2013.[2]","title":"Current situation"}]	[{"image_text":"Regionalbahn train crossing the Elbe bridge at Wittenberge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Eisenbahnbruecke_Wittenberge_1.jpg/170px-Eisenbahnbruecke_Wittenberge_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wolmirstedt station in 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bahnhof_Wolmirstedt_1880.jpg/220px-Bahnhof_Wolmirstedt_1880.jpg"},{"image_text":"Facade of Magdeburg Hauptbahnhof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Magdeburger_Bahnhof.jpg/220px-Magdeburger_Bahnhof.jpg"},{"image_text":"Osterburg station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bahnhof_Osterburg.jpg/220px-Bahnhof_Osterburg.jpg"},{"image_text":"A class 425 (left) waits in Magdeburg on its way to Wittenberge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Magdeburg_Hauptbahnhof_1629.jpg/220px-Magdeburg_Hauptbahnhof_1629.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas). Schweers + Wall. 2009. pp. 24, 34, 45, 123. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-139-0","url_text":"978-3-89494-139-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Neuer Bahntunnel unter Mittellandkanal bei Magdeburg fertig gestellt\" (Press release) (in German). Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131118032106/http://www.bmvbs.de/SharedDocs/DE/Pressemitteilungen/2013/235-ferlemann-kanalueberfuehrung-elbeu.html","url_text":"\"Neuer Bahntunnel unter Mittellandkanal bei Magdeburg fertig gestellt\""},{"url":"http://www.bmvbs.de/SharedDocs/DE/Pressemitteilungen/2013/235-ferlemann-kanalueberfuehrung-elbeu.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Janikowski, Andreas; Ott, Jörg (2002). Deutschlands S-Bahnen (in German). Stuttgart: transpress. ISBN 3-613-71195-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-613-71195-8","url_text":"3-613-71195-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Die \"Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft\". Geschichte\" (in German). Retrieved 12 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altmarkschiene.de/Hauptbahnen/Magdeburg_-_Wittenbergesche_EB/index.html","url_text":"\"Die \"Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft\". Geschichte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die \"Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft\". Entwicklung\" (in German). Retrieved 12 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altmarkschiene.de/Hauptbahnen/Magdeburg_-_Wittenbergesche_EB/mweEntwicklung.html","url_text":"\"Die \"Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft\". Entwicklung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die \"Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft\". Zeittafel\" (in German). Retrieved 12 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altmarkschiene.de/Hauptbahnen/Magdeburg_-_Wittenbergesche_EB/mweZeittafel.html","url_text":"\"Die \"Magdeburg-Wittenbergesche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft\". Zeittafel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allgemeiner Geschäftsbericht des Directoriums der Magdeburg-Wittenbergeschen Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft über den Zeitraum vom Oktober 1843 bis Mai 1847\" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF (1.50 MB)) on 9 June 2004. Retrieved 12 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040609072531/http://commerce01.doshisha.ac.jp/statuten/pdfdata2/1845-47MWEG_A.pdf","url_text":"\"Allgemeiner Geschäftsbericht des Directoriums der Magdeburg-Wittenbergeschen Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft über den Zeitraum vom Oktober 1843 bis Mai 1847\""},{"url":"http://commerce01.doshisha.ac.jp/statuten/pdfdata2/1845-47MWEG_A.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geschäftsbericht des Directorii der Magdeburg-Wittenbergeschen Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft für die General-Versammlung am 10. Juni 1856 über das Kalender-Jahr 1855\" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF (2.76 MB)) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930075440/http://commerce01.doshisha.ac.jp/statuten/pdfdata2/1855MWEG_A.pdf","url_text":"\"Geschäftsbericht des Directorii der Magdeburg-Wittenbergeschen Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft für die General-Versammlung am 10. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Alon	Chen Alon	["1 Childhood","2 Military service","2.1 Courage to Refuse","3 Combatants for Peace","3.1 Theatrical work","3.2 Theatre of the Oppressed","3.3 Legislative Theatre at Holot and other theatrical work","4 References","5 External links"]	Israeli lecturer and activist Chen Alon is an Israeli lecturer, activist, and cofounder of Combatants for Peace. Alon is the Theater Director of the movement. He was nominated, along with Palestinian Combatants for Peace co-founder, Sulaiman Khatib, for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017. Alon served for four years as an officer in the Israeli Defense Force, upon his release he served 11 years as an operations officer in the reserves. Later he became a "refusenik," and co-founded the group "Courage to Refuse," a group of former IDF officers and combat soldiers refusing to serve in the occupied territories. As a result, he served time in jail. Alon currently works as Theater Director and lecturer at Tel Aviv University. Childhood Alon's grandfather immigrated to Palestine at the turn of the century because of his Zionist ideals. He was the only member of his family who was not killed in the Holocaust. As a result, Alon grew up with the understanding that Zionism literally saved his family from destruction. He was raised to believe that the Jewish State was surrounded by enemies whose goal, like the Nazis, was to massacre the Jewish people and destroy the State. He was taught that men like his father, who served in both the 1967 war and the 1973 war, were heroes for defending the people and the land. In spite of this, his father came back from the wars deeply psychologically damaged and permanently traumatized; as a result, Alon was exposed to the effects of war at a young age. Military service Drafted in 1978, Alon calls himself an "Occupation Scholar" for his participation in IDF activities in the West Bank and Gaza. He said he was "sent everywhere and did everything. The most difficult thing were the arrests." Alon talks about having to arrest children as young as ten years old for being "wanted terrorists". In 2001, he was again drafted into military service during the second Intifada. He describes a particular moment that transformation took place for him: The Palestinian villages became like prisons, with one exit in and out. On one occasion when I was stationed at a roadblock, I was asked to allow a taxi full of sick Palestinian children (who didn’t have a permit) through to the hospital in Bethlehem. At the same time, I got a phone call from my wife telling me she was having problems picking up our three-year-old daughter from kindergarten. So there I was, standing on a sand blockade talking to my wife, while sick Palestinian children were waiting in the car. I couldn’t bear it any more: on the one hand I was a kind, devoted father, and on the other hand I was being so callous with these people. Were these children nothing more than potential terrorists? My children were human, and yet we had dehumanized the Palestinian children entirely. I began to realize that in the de-humanizing of the other, you begin to de-humanize yourself. That night we got the order to demolish a Palestinian house. I presumed it must belong to a terrorist, but I found out later we were demolishing it because the owner had built an “illegal” balcony. Hence a civil legal mission became a military operation. We came with two platoons, a bulldozer and three tanks. Not surprisingly the operation deteriorated into a fierce battle, with the local Mosque calling people in to defend the house and to rise up against the Israeli invasion. I knew from then on that this was the last time I could do such a thing. At this point he signed a petition of IDF soldiers and officers refusing to serve in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Courage to Refuse The Courage to Refuse letter was an open letter initiated by soldiers and officers stating that they would no longer serve in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza. As of February 2003, Alon was one of 520 Israeli reservists who had put their names to this petition. At that time he described his position: "We are all front-line combat soldiers, Zionist patriots and willing to defend their country and fight against any real aggression against the state of Israel, but we are not willing to humiliate and starve and expel and repress three million people." Alon said that he had realized, after some incidents during his military service in Bethlehem at the beginning of the second intifada, "that our presence was only to get a few more people killed or wounded, to keep the war going on. The occupation for me is many, many horrible details, of curfews and sieges and children who can't go to school - all these things that make the big picture in the occupied territories 24 hours a day." Combatants for Peace In 2005, he and other IDF "refuseniks" were approached by a group of Palestinian former fighters. Together they formed the group, Combatants for Peace, a joint, grassroots nonviolence movement, dedicated to ending the Occupation and bringing peace and security to both Israelis and Palestinians. The movement has grown and today has hundreds of members and thousands of supporters. The Combatants speak to nearly 3,000 people per year, hold a joint annual Memorial Day ceremony, which attracts over 4,000 people and is live-screened across the world, run tours in the West Bank, and hold dialogue and reconciliation groups. They also have a theater group, which Alon directs, that uses theater to build bonds and overcome trauma. The documentary film Disturbing the Peace depicts the founding of Combatants for Peace, and profiles several of its founding members including Alon. This film, directed by Stephen Apkon and Andrew Young, was awarded the first ever Roger Ebert Humanitarian Award in 2016, a recognition for films that exemplify humanity and empathy. Theatrical work Alon began to study theatre at an acting school after his army service, and was subsequently professionally involved in repertory theatre. An important theatrical influence was the playwright Hanoch Levin. He studied theatre at Tel Aviv University after his release from jail, and heard about Augusto Boal and the Theatre of the Oppressed in his first year there. Theatre of the Oppressed Alon works with the techniques of the Theatre of the Oppressed of Augusto Boal and co-developed the Polarized model of the Theatre of the Oppressed. He has introduced his model into Combatants for Peace, which often use theater as a means of nonviolent protest and reconciliation work. This theater often takes place at road blocks within the West Bank, in villages and in public spaces; it allows audiences to view the aggression and violence of the military occupation and struggle in a nonviolent way. For example, the Theatre of the Oppressed has acted out the common scene of a sick Palestinian grandfather trying to get back to his home in the village who is stopped by Israeli soldiers, and has performed the scene of a home demolition. Alon has described how the actors confront the guards in this kind of situation by "mirroring how they look" in order to "shoot embarrassment on them". Theatre of the Oppressed techniques allows actors from both sides of the conflict to view and understand the pain of the other. Augusto Boal has described the objective of Theatre of the Oppressed as "to encourage autonomous activity ... to set a process in motion, to stimulate transformative creativity, to change spectators into protagonists". Alon has taught Theatre of the Oppressed techniques in many countries throughout the world. About the Theatre of the Oppressed, Alon has said, "I think it’s a form of knowledge, which is able to avoid, bypass or subvert obstacles such as the resistance to new ideas, the resistance to feeling for the other or identifying with the other. They are all things that prevent us from being transformed. The Theatre allows us to take an action and to observe ourselves at the same time, to put ourselves in the shoes of the other or to embody another person: I truly believe that these qualities of the Theatre are transformative." Legislative Theatre at Holot and other theatrical work Alon has also worked together with Avi Mograbi to found the Legislative Theatre at the Holot detention center, a troupe composed of six asylum seekers who have been detained there, along with four Israelis. Their first play was performed in 2015, and a film was made documenting the theatrical process. The play consists of images explaining the reasons the asylum seekers left their homelands, and moves between situations familiar to every asylum seeker in Israel: crossing the border; sleeping on the grass in south Tel Aviv's Levinsky Park; exploitative working conditions; the inability to establish a family and build a stable life; to their imprisonment in Holot. Alon has also worked with groups of prisoners inside jails and addicts on detox programs. Alon considers expansion of one's acting ability to be politically empowering and has said that "to learn to expand your ability for expression is a political act". References ^ a b "Dr. Chen Alon, IL". Spot on Israel. 1969-04-20. Archived from the original on 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize Watch". Nobelwill.org. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ a b c d e "Combatants for Peace \| Chen Alon". Cfpeace.org. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ "Soldiers who won't occupy". Theage.com.au. 2003-02-08. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ "Chen Alon". The Forgiveness Project. Retrieved 2018-02-12. ^ "Courage to Refuse - Press". www.seruv.org.il. Retrieved 2018-02-12. ^ "Dr. Chen Alon \| Tel Aviv University". English.tau.ac.il. 1980-01-01. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ a b "Chen Alon (Israel)". Forgiveness Project. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ "Who are the Israeli refuseniks picking jail over the Gaza war?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-01-15. ^ "Soldiers who won't occupy - theage.com.au". www.theage.com.au. 8 February 2003. Retrieved 2018-02-11. ^ "About » Disturbing the Peace". disturbingthepeacefilm.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11. ^ Allen, Nick. "Ebertfest 2016". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11. ^ a b c "… about radical intimacy and missing visions". Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig. Retrieved 2018-02-11. ^ a b c "Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig". Theater-rote-ruebe.de. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ a b c ""Rehearsing the revolution": theatre in Israel-Palestine". openDemocracy. 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2018-02-11. ^ SocialTV (2013-01-16). "The Oppressed Theatre". YouTube. Retrieved 2018-02-11. ^ "Chen Alon & The Polarised Theatre of the Oppressed". Cardboard Citizens. 2014-01-25. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ Lee, Vered (2015-06-13). "All the Desert's a Stage for These Asylum Seekers". Haaretz. Retrieved 2018-02-11. External links "Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig". Theater-rote-ruebe.de. Retrieved 2017-04-17. "Between the lines". En.qantara.de. Retrieved 2017-04-17.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combatants for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatants_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spotonisrael.com-1"},{"link_name":"Sulaiman Khatib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Khatib"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfpeace.org-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Chen Alon is an Israeli lecturer, activist, and cofounder of Combatants for Peace.[1] Alon is the Theater Director of the movement. He was nominated, along with Palestinian Combatants for Peace co-founder, Sulaiman Khatib, for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017.[2] Alon served for four years as an officer in the Israeli Defense Force, upon his release he served 11 years as an operations officer in the reserves.[3] Later he became a \"refusenik,\" and co-founded the group \"Courage to Refuse,\" a group of former IDF officers and combat soldiers refusing to serve in the occupied territories.[4] As a result, he served time in jail.[5][6] Alon currently works as Theater Director and lecturer at Tel Aviv University.[7]","title":"Chen Alon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfpeace.org-3"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfpeace.org-3"}],"text":"Alon's grandfather immigrated to Palestine at the turn of the century because of his Zionist ideals. He was the only member of his family who was not killed in the Holocaust. As a result, Alon grew up with the understanding that Zionism literally saved his family from destruction.[3] He was raised to believe that the Jewish State was surrounded by enemies whose goal, like the Nazis, was to massacre the Jewish people and destroy the State. He was taught that men like his father, who served in both the 1967 war and the 1973 war, were heroes for defending the people and the land. In spite of this, his father came back from the wars deeply psychologically damaged and permanently traumatized;[3] as a result, Alon was exposed to the effects of war at a young age.","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theforgivenessproject.com-8"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfpeace.org-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfpeace.org-3"},{"link_name":"second Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theforgivenessproject.com-8"}],"text":"Drafted in 1978, Alon calls himself an \"Occupation Scholar\"[8] for his participation in IDF activities in the West Bank and Gaza. He said he was \"sent everywhere and did everything. The most difficult thing were the arrests.\"[3] Alon talks about having to arrest children as young as ten years old for being \"wanted terrorists\".[3] In 2001, he was again drafted into military service during the second Intifada. He describes a particular moment that transformation took place for him:The Palestinian villages became like prisons, with one exit in and out. On one occasion when I was stationed at a roadblock, I was asked to allow a taxi full of sick Palestinian children (who didn’t have a permit) through to the hospital in Bethlehem. At the same time, I got a phone call from my wife telling me she was having problems picking up our three-year-old daughter from kindergarten. So there I was, standing on a sand blockade talking to my wife, while sick Palestinian children were waiting in the car. I couldn’t bear it any more: on the one hand I was a kind, devoted father, and on the other hand I was being so callous with these people. Were these children nothing more than potential terrorists? My children were human, and yet we had dehumanized the Palestinian children entirely. I began to realize that in the de-humanizing of the other, you begin to de-humanize yourself. That night we got the order to demolish a Palestinian house. I presumed it must belong to a terrorist, but I found out later we were demolishing it because the owner had built an “illegal” balcony. Hence a civil legal mission became a military operation. We came with two platoons, a bulldozer and three tanks. Not surprisingly the operation deteriorated into a fierce battle, with the local Mosque calling people in to defend the house and to rise up against the Israeli invasion. I knew from then on that this was the last time I could do such a thing.[8]At this point he signed a petition of IDF soldiers and officers refusing to serve in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Courage to Refuse","text":"The Courage to Refuse letter was an open letter initiated by soldiers and officers stating that they would no longer serve in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza. As of February 2003, Alon was one of 520 Israeli reservists who had put their names to this petition.[9] At that time he described his position: \"We are all front-line combat soldiers, Zionist patriots and willing to defend their country and fight against any real aggression against the state of Israel, but we are not willing to humiliate and starve and expel and repress three million people.\" Alon said that he had realized, after some incidents during his military service in Bethlehem at the beginning of the second intifada, \"that our presence was only to get a few more people killed or wounded, to keep the war going on. The occupation for me is many, many horrible details, of curfews and sieges and children who can't go to school - all these things that make the big picture in the occupied territories 24 hours a day.\"[10]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combatants for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatants_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert Humanitarian Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebertfest:_Roger_Ebert%27s_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2005, he and other IDF \"refuseniks\" were approached by a group of Palestinian former fighters. Together they formed the group, Combatants for Peace, a joint, grassroots nonviolence movement, dedicated to ending the Occupation and bringing peace and security to both Israelis and Palestinians. The movement has grown and today has hundreds of members and thousands of supporters. The Combatants speak to nearly 3,000 people per year, hold a joint annual Memorial Day ceremony, which attracts over 4,000 people and is live-screened across the world, run tours in the West Bank, and hold dialogue and reconciliation groups. They also have a theater group, which Alon directs, that uses theater to build bonds and overcome trauma.The documentary film Disturbing the Peace depicts the founding of Combatants for Peace, and profiles several of its founding members including Alon.[11] This film, directed by Stephen Apkon and Andrew Young, was awarded the first ever Roger Ebert Humanitarian Award in 2016, a recognition for films that exemplify humanity and empathy.[12]","title":"Combatants for Peace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Hanoch Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoch_Levin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical work","text":"Alon began to study theatre at an acting school after his army service, and was subsequently professionally involved in repertory theatre.[13] An important theatrical influence was the playwright Hanoch Levin.[13] He studied theatre at Tel Aviv University after his release from jail, and heard about Augusto Boal and the Theatre of the Oppressed in his first year there.[13]","title":"Combatants for Peace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theatre of the Oppressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Oppressed"},{"link_name":"Augusto Boal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Boal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theater-rote-ruebe.de-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theater-rote-ruebe.de-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spotonisrael.com-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cardboardcitizens.org.uk-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theater-rote-ruebe.de-14"}],"sub_title":"Theatre of the Oppressed","text":"Alon works with the techniques of the Theatre of the Oppressed of Augusto Boal and co-developed the Polarized model of the Theatre of the Oppressed.[14] He has introduced his model into Combatants for Peace, which often use theater as a means of nonviolent protest and reconciliation work.[14] This theater often takes place at road blocks within the West Bank, in villages and in public spaces; it allows audiences to view the aggression and violence of the military occupation and struggle in a nonviolent way.[1] For example, the Theatre of the Oppressed has acted out the common scene of a sick Palestinian grandfather trying to get back to his home in the village who is stopped by Israeli soldiers, and has performed the scene of a home demolition.[15][16] Alon has described how the actors confront the guards in this kind of situation by \"mirroring how they look\" in order to \"shoot embarrassment on them\".[15] Theatre of the Oppressed techniques allows actors from both sides of the conflict to view and understand the pain of the other. Augusto Boal has described the objective of Theatre of the Oppressed as \"to encourage autonomous activity ... to set a process in motion, to stimulate transformative creativity, to change spectators into protagonists\".[15] Alon has taught Theatre of the Oppressed techniques in many countries throughout the world.[17]About the Theatre of the Oppressed, Alon has said, \"I think it’s a form of knowledge, which is able to avoid, bypass or subvert obstacles such as the resistance to new ideas, the resistance to feeling for the other or identifying with the other. They are all things that prevent us from being transformed. The Theatre allows us to take an action and to observe ourselves at the same time, to put ourselves in the shoes of the other or to embody another person: I truly believe that these qualities of the Theatre are transformative.\"[14]","title":"Combatants for Peace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holot detention center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holot"},{"link_name":"Holot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holot"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Legislative Theatre at Holot and other theatrical work","text":"Alon has also worked together with Avi Mograbi to found the Legislative Theatre at the Holot detention center, a troupe composed of six asylum seekers who have been detained there, along with four Israelis. Their first play was performed in 2015, and a film was made documenting the theatrical process. The play consists of images explaining the reasons the asylum seekers left their homelands, and moves between situations familiar to every asylum seeker in Israel: crossing the border; sleeping on the grass in south Tel Aviv's Levinsky Park; exploitative working conditions; the inability to establish a family and build a stable life; to their imprisonment in Holot. Alon has also worked with groups of prisoners inside jails and addicts on detox programs. Alon considers expansion of one's acting ability to be politically empowering and has said that \"to learn to expand your ability for expression is a political act\".[18]","title":"Combatants for Peace"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dr. Chen Alon, IL\". Spot on Israel. 1969-04-20. Archived from the original on 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235515/http://spotonisrael.com/dr-chen-alon-il/#","url_text":"\"Dr. Chen Alon, IL\""},{"url":"http://spotonisrael.com/dr-chen-alon-il/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nobel Peace Prize Watch\". Nobelwill.org. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nobelwill.org/?tab=8#combatants","url_text":"\"The Nobel Peace Prize Watch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Combatants for Peace \| Chen Alon\". Cfpeace.org. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://cfpeace.org/personal-stories/chen-alon/","url_text":"\"Combatants for Peace \| Chen Alon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soldiers who won't occupy\". Theage.com.au. 2003-02-08. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/07/1044579932354.html","url_text":"\"Soldiers who won't occupy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Alon\". The Forgiveness Project. Retrieved 2018-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theforgivenessproject.com/chen-alon","url_text":"\"Chen Alon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Courage to Refuse - Press\". www.seruv.org.il. Retrieved 2018-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seruv.org.il/English/article.asp?msgid=116","url_text":"\"Courage to Refuse - Press\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Chen Alon \| Tel Aviv University\". English.tau.ac.il. 1980-01-01. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.tau.ac.il/profile/alonchen","url_text":"\"Dr. Chen Alon \| Tel Aviv University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Alon (Israel)\". Forgiveness Project. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theforgivenessproject.com/stories/chen-alon-israel/","url_text":"\"Chen Alon (Israel)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who are the Israeli refuseniks picking jail over the Gaza war?\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/27/who-are-the-israeli-refuseniks-picking-jail-over-the-gaza-war","url_text":"\"Who are the Israeli refuseniks picking jail over the Gaza war?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soldiers who won't occupy - theage.com.au\". www.theage.com.au. 8 February 2003. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/07/1044579932354.html","url_text":"\"Soldiers who won't occupy - theage.com.au\""}]},{"reference":"\"About » Disturbing the Peace\". disturbingthepeacefilm.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://disturbingthepeacefilm.com/about/","url_text":"\"About » Disturbing the Peace\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Nick. \"Ebertfest 2016\". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals-and-awards/ebertfest-2016-disturbing-the-peace-wins-first-ebert-humanitarian-award","url_text":"\"Ebertfest 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"… about radical intimacy and missing visions\". Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theater-rote-ruebe.de/lesenswertes/chen-alon/","url_text":"\"… about radical intimacy and missing visions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig\". Theater-rote-ruebe.de. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theater-rote-ruebe.de/lesenswertes/chen-alon/","url_text":"\"Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Rehearsing the revolution\": theatre in Israel-Palestine\". openDemocracy. 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/niki-seth-smith/rehearsing-revolution-theatre-in-israel-palestine","url_text":"\"\"Rehearsing the revolution\": theatre in Israel-Palestine\""}]},{"reference":"SocialTV (2013-01-16). \"The Oppressed Theatre\". YouTube. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3FJAireLwM","url_text":"\"The Oppressed Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Alon & The Polarised Theatre of the Oppressed\". Cardboard Citizens. 2014-01-25. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cardboardcitizens.org.uk/chen-alon-polarised-theatre-oppressed","url_text":"\"Chen Alon & The Polarised Theatre of the Oppressed\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Vered (2015-06-13). \"All the Desert's a Stage for These Asylum Seekers\". Haaretz. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-all-the-deserts-a-stage-for-these-asylum-seekers-1.5371404","url_text":"\"All the Desert's a Stage for These Asylum Seekers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig\". Theater-rote-ruebe.de. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theater-rote-ruebe.de/lesenswertes/chen-alon/","url_text":"\"Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Between the lines\". En.qantara.de. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-chen-alon-between-the-lines","url_text":"\"Between the lines\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235515/http://spotonisrael.com/dr-chen-alon-il/#","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Chen Alon, IL\""},{"Link":"http://spotonisrael.com/dr-chen-alon-il/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nobelwill.org/?tab=8#combatants","external_links_name":"\"The Nobel Peace Prize Watch\""},{"Link":"http://cfpeace.org/personal-stories/chen-alon/","external_links_name":"\"Combatants for Peace \| Chen Alon\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/07/1044579932354.html","external_links_name":"\"Soldiers who won't occupy\""},{"Link":"https://www.theforgivenessproject.com/chen-alon","external_links_name":"\"Chen Alon\""},{"Link":"http://www.seruv.org.il/English/article.asp?msgid=116","external_links_name":"\"Courage to Refuse - Press\""},{"Link":"https://english.tau.ac.il/profile/alonchen","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Chen Alon \| Tel Aviv University\""},{"Link":"http://www.theforgivenessproject.com/stories/chen-alon-israel/","external_links_name":"\"Chen Alon (Israel)\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/27/who-are-the-israeli-refuseniks-picking-jail-over-the-gaza-war","external_links_name":"\"Who are the Israeli refuseniks picking jail over the Gaza war?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/07/1044579932354.html","external_links_name":"\"Soldiers who won't occupy - theage.com.au\""},{"Link":"http://disturbingthepeacefilm.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About » Disturbing the Peace\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals-and-awards/ebertfest-2016-disturbing-the-peace-wins-first-ebert-humanitarian-award","external_links_name":"\"Ebertfest 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.theater-rote-ruebe.de/lesenswertes/chen-alon/","external_links_name":"\"… about radical intimacy and missing visions\""},{"Link":"https://www.theater-rote-ruebe.de/lesenswertes/chen-alon/","external_links_name":"\"Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig\""},{"Link":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/niki-seth-smith/rehearsing-revolution-theatre-in-israel-palestine","external_links_name":"\"\"Rehearsing the revolution\": theatre in Israel-Palestine\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3FJAireLwM","external_links_name":"\"The Oppressed Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://www.cardboardcitizens.org.uk/chen-alon-polarised-theatre-oppressed","external_links_name":"\"Chen Alon & The Polarised Theatre of the Oppressed\""},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-all-the-deserts-a-stage-for-these-asylum-seekers-1.5371404","external_links_name":"\"All the Desert's a Stage for These Asylum Seekers\""},{"Link":"https://www.theater-rote-ruebe.de/lesenswertes/chen-alon/","external_links_name":"\"Chen Alon - Theater Rote Rübe Leipzig\""},{"Link":"https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-chen-alon-between-the-lines","external_links_name":"\"Between the lines\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowra_Waters	Berowra Waters, New South Wales	["1 History","2 Transport","3 Landmarks","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°36′03″S 151°07′35″E / 33.60086°S 151.12626°E / -33.60086; 151.12626 Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaBerowra WatersSydney, New South WalesBerowra WatersPopulation169 (2021 Census)Postcode(s)2082Elevation7 m (23 ft)Location 40 km (25 mi) north of Sydney CBD 43 km (27 mi) south-west of Gosford LGA(s)Hornsby ShireState electorate(s)HornsbyFederal division(s)Berowra Suburbs around Berowra Waters: Canoelands Canoelands Milsons Passage Fiddletown Berowra Waters Cowan Berrilee Berowra Heights Cowan Berowra Waters is an outer suburb of Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Berowra is located 40 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Hornsby Shire. Berowra Waters is north-west of the suburbs of Berowra Heights and west of Berowra. Berowra Waters is located on Berowra Creek, a tributary of the Hawkesbury River. The Berowra Waters Ferry, a toll-free car ferry, connects the east bank to the west bank with winding roads ascending uphill on both sides. Notable residents include Australian actress Cate Blanchett and her husband Andrew Upton. History It was thought that Berowra was an Aboriginal word that means place of many winds. However, it actually means 'place of many shells' referring to the many shell middens on Berowra Creek. Transport A free three-lane punt, which operates 24/7, connects the two sides of Berowra Waters. The road on the eastern side has several hairpin bends. Landmarks Berowra Waters Inn was designed by architect Glenn Murcutt. Waterview Restaurant and Berowra Waters Marina. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Berowra Waters". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ The Book of Sydney Suburbs, Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia ISBN 0-207-14495-8, page 27 External links Joan Rowland (2008). "Berowra Waters". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 33°36′03″S 151°07′35″E / 33.60086°S 151.12626°E / -33.60086; 151.12626 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berowra Waters, New South Wales. vteHawkesbury River region, New South Wales, AustraliaIslands Dangar Lion Long Milson Peat Spectacle National parks and nature reserves Bouddi Brisbane Water Cattai Dharug Ku-ring-gai Chase Marramarra Muogamarra Popran European explorers of the region Arthur Phillip Watkin Tench Bridges and ferriesBridges Brooklyn Bridge Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge Hawkesbury River railway station Mooney Mooney Bridge Peats Ferry Bridge Windsor Bridge Ferries Berowra Waters Hawkesbury River Ferries Lower Portland Sackville Webbs Creek Wisemans Adjoining rivers, bays,reservoirs, and creeksRivers Colo Grose Macdonald Nepean Warragamba Wolgan Wollangambe Bays Brisbane Water Broken Bay Pittwater Reservoirs Mangrove Creek Dam Warragamba Dam Creeks Badgerys Bells Berowra Blaxland Breakfast Coal and Candle Cowan Eastern Mangrove Mooney Mooney Reedy Ropes South Webbs Wollemi Local government areas Central Coast Hawkesbury Hornsby Penrith Northern Beaches The Hills Education Colo High Richmond High Windsor High Major attractions Hawkesbury Canoe Classic RAAF Base Richmond Category vteSuburbs within Hornsby Shire, North Shore, Northern Suburbs, Hills District, Sydney Arcadia Asquith Beecroft Berowra Berowra Heights Berowra Waters Berrilee Brooklyn Canoelands Castle Hill Cheltenham Cherrybrook Cowan Dangar Island Dural Fiddletown Forest Glen Galston Glenhaven Glenorie Hornsby Hornsby Heights Laughtondale Maroota Middle Dural Milsons Passage Mount Colah Mount Ku-ring-gai Normanhurst North Epping Pennant Hills Round Corner Singletons Mill Thornleigh Wahroonga Waitara Westleigh West Pennant Hills Wisemans Ferry List of Sydney suburbs This article related to the geography of Sydney is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Northern Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hornsby Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsby_Shire"},{"link_name":"Berowra Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowra_Heights,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Berowra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowra,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Berowra Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowra_Creek"},{"link_name":"Hawkesbury River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkesbury_River"},{"link_name":"Berowra Waters Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowra_Waters_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Cate Blanchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Blanchett"},{"link_name":"Andrew Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Upton"}],"text":"Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaBerowra Waters is an outer suburb of Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Berowra is located 40 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Hornsby Shire. Berowra Waters is north-west of the suburbs of Berowra Heights and west of Berowra.Berowra Waters is located on Berowra Creek, a tributary of the Hawkesbury River. The Berowra Waters Ferry, a toll-free car ferry, connects the east bank to the west bank with winding roads ascending uphill on both sides.Notable residents include Australian actress Cate Blanchett and her husband Andrew Upton.","title":"Berowra Waters, New South Wales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"It was thought that Berowra was an Aboriginal word that means place of many winds.[2] However, it actually means 'place of many shells' referring to the many shell middens on Berowra Creek.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"punt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_ferry"},{"link_name":"24/7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7"},{"link_name":"Berowra Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowra_Waters"},{"link_name":"hairpin bends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairpin_bends"}],"text":"A free three-lane punt, which operates 24/7, connects the two sides of Berowra Waters. The road on the eastern side has several hairpin bends.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berowra Waters Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowra_Waters_Inn"},{"link_name":"Glenn Murcutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Murcutt"},{"link_name":"Waterview Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110815104904/http://www.berowrawaters.net/waterview.asp"}],"text":"Berowra Waters Inn was designed by architect Glenn Murcutt.\nWaterview Restaurant and Berowra Waters Marina.","title":"Landmarks"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Berowra Waters\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL10310","url_text":"\"Berowra Waters\""}]},{"reference":"Joan Rowland (2008). \"Berowra Waters\". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/berowra_waters","url_text":"\"Berowra Waters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Sydney","url_text":"Dictionary of Sydney"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berowra_Waters,_New_South_Wales&params=33.60086_S_151.12626_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"33°36′03″S 151°07′35″E / 33.60086°S 151.12626°E / -33.60086; 151.12626"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815104904/http://www.berowrawaters.net/waterview.asp","external_links_name":"Waterview Restaurant"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL10310","external_links_name":"\"Berowra Waters\""},{"Link":"https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/berowra_waters","external_links_name":"\"Berowra Waters\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berowra_Waters,_New_South_Wales&params=33.60086_S_151.12626_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"33°36′03″S 151°07′35″E / 33.60086°S 151.12626°E / -33.60086; 151.12626"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berowra_Waters,_New_South_Wales&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC_(women)	Le Havre AC (women)	["1 History","2 Training ground","3 Current squad","4 References","5 External links"]	Women's association football club in France Football clubLe HavreFull nameHavre Athletic ClubNickname(s)Les Havraises Les Ciel et Marine (The Sky-and-Navy)Founded2015; 9 years ago (2015)GroundStade OcéaneCapacity25,181PresidentVincent VolpeHead coachRomain DjoubriLeagueDivision 1 Féminine2022–23Division 1 Féminine, 8th of 12WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Le Havre Athletic Club, commonly known simply as Le Havre (French pronunciation: ), is a French women's football club based in Le Havre, Normandy. Founded in 2015, the club plays its home matches at the Stade Océane in the city. It competes in the Division 1 Féminine as of the 2023–24 season. History At the instigation of the president of the association of Le Havre AC, Jean-Michel Kociszewski, and his management committee, HAC created its own female section in 2010. First, it trained young beginners for a few years, before in 2014 opening its doors to licensed players and registering U11 and U13 teams in formal competition. By 2015, the female section of HAC had 90 players, forming teams in all age categories from U8 to seniors. On 27 September 2015, the senior women's team from Le Havre AC played its first match in official competition on the ground of Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont. On 5 May 2016, Le Havre won the Coupe de Normandie at the expense of ESM Gonfreville l'Orcher. Against the same opponent, the Le Havre team also won the DMF Cup (Maritime Football District). At the beginning of the 2017–18 season, under the leadership of American club president Vincent Volpe, the women's team was reinforced by eight American college players. With these reinforcements, Le Havre achieved an almost perfect Regional 1 championship with 22 wins with one a draw (against AG Caen), with 146 goals scored and only seven conceded. In February 2018, Le Havre AC managed to qualify for the quarter-finals of the French Women's Cup. At the end of the season, the HAC played two rounds of play-offs, during which they defeated Amien SC (women) (1–0, 4–0) then Nice (2–2, 1–0) to secure promotion into Division 2 for the first time. For the 2018–19 D2 season, due to a limit of three non-EU players in the match day squad, the American contingent was reduced to five, with only three being able to play any one game. Le Havre then turned to the British market, signing Martha Thomas (British-American), Courtney Brosnan (Irish-American), Lois Heuchan (Scottish), Ellie Leek and Rhian Cleverly (both Welsh). Added to these were French players Aurélie Gagnet, Margaux Huaumé, Élodie Policarpo, Ikram Adjabi and Léa Kergal. Due in part to several injuries sustained during preparations, Le Havre began its championship in indifferent form with two wins, three draws and three defeats after eight days. An upturn saw four consecutive wins before the Christmas break. After 15 match days, the club was fourth in the table with eight wins, three draws and four defeats, already trailing table-toppers Reims by 14 points. Nevertheless, "Les Havraises" ended the season in an encouraging second place. The 2019–20 season was suspended on 12 March 2020, by the French Football Federation, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. The competition was then cancelled on 16 April 2020, with the final classification made according to average points-per-match played. As a result Le Havre finished at the top of its group and was promoted to Division 1 at the expense of the Stéphanoises, who led until the last match day but saw their final game postponed. This final classification was ratified on 15 May 2020. At the outset of its first season in D1, the women's and girls' section of Le Havre comprised 150 licensed players of all ages. While coach Thierry Uvenard's contract was extended until 2022, the club kept only twelve players from the squad which gained promotion to the top flight of French football, including the majority of its American players. The team was bolstered by several French players who signed for two years: Lina Boussaha, from PSG, Élise Legrout who was at college in the United States, right-back Santana Sarhaoui (US Orléans) and goalkeeper Olesya Arsenieva. Several foreign internationals also signed: Cameroonian Luce Ndolo Ewelé, Chilean Francisca Lara, Russian Ekaterina Tyryshkina and Icelandic Berglind Björg Þorvaldsdóttir. Despite the squad being decimated by enforced absences, HAC began its D1 season perfectly with a 4–0 victory against the other promoted team GPSO 92 Issy. After a defeat by Fleury, HAC's absent players returned and helped secure a point against Paris FC. Le Havre also rounded out a busy transfer window by signing its ninth and 10th recruits: Turkey's Melike Pekel and the Icelandic Anna Björk Kristjánsdóttir. In September 2020, Laure Lepailleur was appointed manager of the HAC women's and girls' section. Her mission was to continue the development and structuring of women's football within the Le Havre club. A disappointing 2020–21 Division 1 Féminine campaign saw Le Havre win only two matches and finish at the foot of the 12-team table, resulting in their relegation back to D2 after a single season at France's top level. Training ground Initially the HAC women's team trained at Stade de la Cavée Verte. During the renovation of the Cavée Verte surface in 2016, they trained in Sanvic, on the grounds of the GASEG players, an agreement having been signed between the HAC and the company clubs. Later the club wanted to separate boys and girls, declaring the Cavée Verte was too busy to support both. Therefore, the female players began training once a week at the nearby Yuri-Gagarin stadium, on hybrid terrain. In 2020 they were moved there permanently, with improvements including changing rooms and a weight room constructed. Current squad As of 31 December 2023 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK FIN Katriina Talaslahti 4 DF CAN Élisabeth Tsé 5 MF FRA Laurie Cance 6 MF BEL Silke Demeyere 7 FW FRA Zoé Stievenart 8 MF FRA Salomé Elisor 9 FW HAI Roselord Borgella 10 MF FRA Eva Sumo 11 MF FRA Mélinda Mendy 12 FW FRA Mickaëla Cardia 13 DF FRA Héloïse Mansuy 14 DF FRA Romane Enguehard 15 FW ALG Laura Muller No. Pos. Nation Player 16 GK FRA Laëtitia Philippe 17 FW CMR Chanel Tchaptchet 18 DF FRA Éva Kouache 19 FW FRA Nadjma Ali Nadjim 21 FW FRA Chancelle Effa Effa 22 MF FRA Christy Gavory 24 MF FRA Maureen Bigot 25 MF FRA Inès Benyahia (on loan from Lyon) 29 DF USA Deja Davis — GK FRA Aïssatou Liberge — DF FRA Louise Kleczewski — MF FRA Alice Mallard Ventura — FW FRA Ananée Yeboah References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "La séction féminine du HAC". hac-foot.com. Retrieved 16 April 2020. ^ "Football - DH féminines : le Havre AC se met au féminin". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2020. ^ a b "Football - DH féminine : le HAC et Gonfreville ont des ambitions". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 28 September 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2020. ^ "Le Havre AC, une section féminine à la sauce américaine". CôtéFoot. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020. ^ "Face au coronavirus, la FFF place tout le football amateur à l'arrêt". Le Parisien.fr. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ "Coronavirus : la FFF confirme l'arrêt définitif des Championnats amateurs". L'Équipe (in French). 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ "Issy-les-Moulineaux et Le Havre promus en D1 féminine". L'Équipe (in French). 16 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020. ^ Duret, Sebastien (15 May 2020). "FFF - Les classements définitifs publiés, accessions et relégations : ISSY et LE HAVRE promus". Footofeminin.fr (in French). Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ "Football – D1 féminine : Uvenard désormais lié au HAC jusqu'en 2022". Paris-Normandie.fr (in French). 11 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ "Football – D1 féminine : quel visage pour le HAC ?". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 21 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ "Football - D1 Arkema : deux nouvelles recrues au HAC". Paris-Normandie.fr (in French). 23 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020. ^ "Football - D1 Arkema : le HAC en ordre de marche avant de défier Issy". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020. ^ "Football - D1 Arkema : Anna Björk Kristjánsdóttir débarque au HAC". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 23 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020. ^ "#D1FArkema #HAC - Laure Lepailleur prend le poste de manager de la section féminine". Les Féminines (in French). 19 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020. ^ "Football - D1 Féminine : les filles du Havre AC retournent en D2" (in French). Paris-Normandie. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ "Football - D1 Arkema : Vincent Volpe affiche sa confiance avant ce " grand défi " pour les Havraises". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 3 September 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020. ^ "Effectif Saison 2023-2024" (in French). Le Havre AC. Retrieved 17 September 2021. External links Official site (in French) vteDivision 1 Féminine teams2023–24 clubs Bordeaux Dijon Fleury Guingamp Le Havre Lille Lyon Montpellier Paris FC Paris Saint-Germain Reims Saint-Étienne Former clubs Albi Arras Hénin-Beaumont CNFE Clairefontaine La Roche-sur-Yon Issy Marseille Metz Montigny-le-Bretonneux Muret Nîmes Rodez Rouen Saint-Maur Soyaux Toulouse Vendenheim Yzeure Allier Auvergne	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lə ɑvʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Stade Océane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Oc%C3%A9ane"},{"link_name":"Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"}],"text":"Football clubLe Havre Athletic Club, commonly known simply as Le Havre (French pronunciation: [lə ɑvʁ]), is a French women's football club based in Le Havre, Normandy. Founded in 2015, the club plays its home matches at the Stade Océane in the city. It competes in the Division 1 Féminine as of the 2023–24 season.","title":"Le Havre AC (women)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Havre AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-d%27Aliermont"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambitions-4"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Amien SC (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_SC"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OGC_Nice_(women)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_2_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Martha Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Thomas_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Courtney Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"Rhian Cleverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhian_Cleverly"},{"link_name":"Aurélie Gagnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lie_Gagnet"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_Reims_F%C3%A9minines"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Thierry Uvenard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Uvenard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lina Boussaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Boussaha"},{"link_name":"PSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"US Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Cameroonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Francisca Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisca_Lara"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Tyryshkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Tyryshkina"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Berglind Björg Þorvaldsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berglind_Bj%C3%B6rg_%C3%9Eorvaldsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"GPSO 92 Issy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPSO_92_Issy"},{"link_name":"Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Fleury_91_(women)"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Melike Pekel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melike_Pekel"},{"link_name":"Anna Björk Kristjánsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bj%C3%B6rk_Kristj%C3%A1nsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Laure Lepailleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_Lepailleur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2020–21 Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"At the instigation of the president of the association of Le Havre AC, Jean-Michel Kociszewski, and his management committee, HAC created its own female section in 2010. First, it trained young beginners for a few years, before in 2014 opening its doors to licensed players and registering U11 and U13 teams in formal competition.[2] By 2015, the female section of HAC had 90 players, forming teams in all age categories from U8 to seniors.[3]On 27 September 2015, the senior women's team from Le Havre AC played its first match in official competition on the ground of Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont. On 5 May 2016, Le Havre won the Coupe de Normandie at the expense of ESM Gonfreville l'Orcher. Against the same opponent, the Le Havre team also won the DMF Cup (Maritime Football District).[4]At the beginning of the 2017–18 season, under the leadership of American club president Vincent Volpe, the women's team was reinforced by eight American college players. With these reinforcements, Le Havre achieved an almost perfect Regional 1 championship with 22 wins with one a draw (against AG Caen), with 146 goals scored and only seven conceded. In February 2018, Le Havre AC managed to qualify for the quarter-finals of the French Women's Cup. At the end of the season, the HAC played two rounds of play-offs, during which they defeated Amien SC (women) (1–0, 4–0) then Nice (2–2, 1–0) to secure promotion into Division 2 for the first time.[5]For the 2018–19 D2 season, due to a limit of three non-EU players in the match day squad, the American contingent was reduced to five, with only three being able to play any one game. Le Havre then turned to the British market, signing Martha Thomas (British-American), Courtney Brosnan (Irish-American), Lois Heuchan (Scottish), Ellie Leek and Rhian Cleverly (both Welsh). Added to these were French players Aurélie Gagnet, Margaux Huaumé, Élodie Policarpo, Ikram Adjabi and Léa Kergal. Due in part to several injuries sustained during preparations, Le Havre began its championship in indifferent form with two wins, three draws and three defeats after eight days. An upturn saw four consecutive wins before the Christmas break. After 15 match days, the club was fourth in the table with eight wins, three draws and four defeats, already trailing table-toppers Reims by 14 points. Nevertheless, \"Les Havraises\" ended the season in an encouraging second place.The 2019–20 season was suspended on 12 March 2020, by the French Football Federation, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France.[6] The competition was then cancelled on 16 April 2020, with the final classification made according to average points-per-match played.[7] As a result Le Havre finished at the top of its group and was promoted to Division 1 at the expense of the Stéphanoises, who led until the last match day but saw their final game postponed.[8] This final classification was ratified on 15 May 2020.[9]At the outset of its first season in D1, the women's and girls' section of Le Havre comprised 150 licensed players of all ages. While coach Thierry Uvenard's contract was extended until 2022,[10] the club kept only twelve players from the squad which gained promotion to the top flight of French football, including the majority of its American players.[11] The team was bolstered by several French players who signed for two years: Lina Boussaha, from PSG, Élise Legrout who was at college in the United States, right-back Santana Sarhaoui (US Orléans) and goalkeeper Olesya Arsenieva. Several foreign internationals also signed: Cameroonian Luce Ndolo Ewelé,[12] Chilean Francisca Lara, Russian Ekaterina Tyryshkina and Icelandic Berglind Björg Þorvaldsdóttir.[13] Despite the squad being decimated by enforced absences, HAC began its D1 season perfectly with a 4–0 victory against the other promoted team GPSO 92 Issy. After a defeat by Fleury, HAC's absent players returned and helped secure a point against Paris FC. Le Havre also rounded out a busy transfer window by signing its ninth and 10th recruits: Turkey's Melike Pekel and the Icelandic Anna Björk Kristjánsdóttir.[14]In September 2020, Laure Lepailleur was appointed manager of the HAC women's and girls' section. Her mission was to continue the development and structuring of women's football within the Le Havre club.[15] A disappointing 2020–21 Division 1 Féminine campaign saw Le Havre win only two matches and finish at the foot of the 12-team table, resulting in their relegation back to D2 after a single season at France's top level.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade de la Cavée Verte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_la_Cav%C3%A9e_Verte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambitions-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Initially the HAC women's team trained at Stade de la Cavée Verte. During the renovation of the Cavée Verte surface in 2016, they trained in Sanvic, on the grounds of the GASEG players, an agreement having been signed between the HAC and the company clubs.[4]Later the club wanted to separate boys and girls, declaring the Cavée Verte was too busy to support both. Therefore, the female players began training once a week at the nearby Yuri-Gagarin stadium, on hybrid terrain. In 2020 they were moved there permanently, with improvements including changing rooms and a weight room constructed.[17]","title":"Training ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 31 December 2023[18]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072245/http://www.hac-foot.com/news/stade-oceane.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.hac-foot.com/news/stade-oceane.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La séction féminine du HAC\". hac-foot.com. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hac-foot.com/news/la-section-feminine-du-hac.html","url_text":"\"La séction féminine du HAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - DH féminines : le Havre AC se met au féminin\". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-dh-feminines--le-havre-ac-se-met-au-feminin-EH4018350","url_text":"\"Football - DH féminines : le Havre AC se met au féminin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - DH féminine : le HAC et Gonfreville ont des ambitions\". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 28 September 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-dh-feminine--le-hac-et-gonfreville-ont-des-ambitions-EJ6964170","url_text":"\"Football - DH féminine : le HAC et Gonfreville ont des ambitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Havre AC, une section féminine à la sauce américaine\". CôtéFoot. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onatousuncotefoot.fr/le-mag/coupes/le-havre-ac-une-section-feminine-a-la-sauce-americaine","url_text":"\"Le Havre AC, une section féminine à la sauce américaine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Face au coronavirus, la FFF place tout le football amateur à l'arrêt\". Le Parisien.fr. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/face-au-coronavirus-la-fff-place-tout-le-football-amateur-a-l-arret-12-03-2020-8278926.php","url_text":"\"Face au coronavirus, la FFF place tout le football amateur à l'arrêt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus : la FFF confirme l'arrêt définitif des Championnats amateurs\". L'Équipe (in French). 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Coronavirus-la-fff-confirme-l-arret-definitif-des-championnats-amateurs/1127670","url_text":"\"Coronavirus : la FFF confirme l'arrêt définitif des Championnats amateurs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Issy-les-Moulineaux et Le Havre promus en D1 féminine\". L'Équipe (in French). 16 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Issy-les-moulineaux-et-le-havre-promus-en-d1-feminine/1127736","url_text":"\"Issy-les-Moulineaux et Le Havre promus en D1 féminine\""}]},{"reference":"Duret, Sebastien (15 May 2020). \"FFF - Les classements définitifs publiés, accessions et relégations : ISSY et LE HAVRE promus\". Footofeminin.fr (in French). Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footofeminin.fr/FFF-Les-classements-definitifs-publies-accessions-et-relegations-ISSY-et-LE-HAVRE-promus_a16609.html","url_text":"\"FFF - Les classements définitifs publiés, accessions et relégations : ISSY et LE HAVRE promus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football – D1 féminine : Uvenard désormais lié au HAC jusqu'en 2022\". Paris-Normandie.fr (in French). 11 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-feminine-uvenard-desormais-lie-au-hac-jusqu-en-2022-EG16769409","url_text":"\"Football – D1 féminine : Uvenard désormais lié au HAC jusqu'en 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football – D1 féminine : quel visage pour le HAC ?\". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 21 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-feminine-quel-visage-pour-le-hac-CP16804305","url_text":"\"Football – D1 féminine : quel visage pour le HAC ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : deux nouvelles recrues au HAC\". Paris-Normandie.fr (in French). 23 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-deux-nouvelles-recrues-au-hac-IK16949405","url_text":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : deux nouvelles recrues au HAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : le HAC en ordre de marche avant de défier Issy\". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-le-hac-en-ordre-de-marche-avant-de-defier-issy-FE17209396","url_text":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : le HAC en ordre de marche avant de défier Issy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : Anna Björk Kristjánsdóttir débarque au HAC\". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 23 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-anna-bjork-kristjansdottir-debarque-au-hac-AC17268769","url_text":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : Anna Björk Kristjánsdóttir débarque au HAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"#D1FArkema #HAC - Laure Lepailleur prend le poste de manager de la section féminine\". Les Féminines (in French). 19 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesfeminines.fr/wordpress/2020/09/19/d1farkema-hac-laure-lepailleur-prend-le-poste-de-manager-de-la-section-feminine/","url_text":"\"#D1FArkema #HAC - Laure Lepailleur prend le poste de manager de la section féminine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - D1 Féminine : les filles du Havre AC retournent en D2\" (in French). Paris-Normandie. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/id212427/article/2021-07-13/football-d1-feminine-les-filles-du-hac-retournent-en-d2","url_text":"\"Football - D1 Féminine : les filles du Havre AC retournent en D2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : Vincent Volpe affiche sa confiance avant ce \" grand défi \" pour les Havraises\". Paris-normandie.fr (in French). 3 September 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-vincent-volpe-affiche-sa-confiance-avant-ce-grand-defi-pour-les-havraises-JE17204397","url_text":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : Vincent Volpe affiche sa confiance avant ce \" grand défi \" pour les Havraises\""}]},{"reference":"\"Effectif Saison 2023-2024\" (in French). Le Havre AC. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hac-foot.com/equipe-feminines.html","url_text":"\"Effectif Saison 2023-2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC","url_text":"Le Havre AC"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.hac-foot.com/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072245/http://www.hac-foot.com/news/stade-oceane.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.hac-foot.com/news/stade-oceane.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hac-foot.com/news/la-section-feminine-du-hac.html","external_links_name":"\"La séction féminine du HAC\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-dh-feminines--le-havre-ac-se-met-au-feminin-EH4018350","external_links_name":"\"Football - DH féminines : le Havre AC se met au féminin\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-dh-feminine--le-hac-et-gonfreville-ont-des-ambitions-EJ6964170","external_links_name":"\"Football - DH féminine : le HAC et Gonfreville ont des ambitions\""},{"Link":"https://www.onatousuncotefoot.fr/le-mag/coupes/le-havre-ac-une-section-feminine-a-la-sauce-americaine","external_links_name":"\"Le Havre AC, une section féminine à la sauce américaine\""},{"Link":"http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/face-au-coronavirus-la-fff-place-tout-le-football-amateur-a-l-arret-12-03-2020-8278926.php","external_links_name":"\"Face au coronavirus, la FFF place tout le football amateur à l'arrêt\""},{"Link":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Coronavirus-la-fff-confirme-l-arret-definitif-des-championnats-amateurs/1127670","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus : la FFF confirme l'arrêt définitif des Championnats amateurs\""},{"Link":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Issy-les-moulineaux-et-le-havre-promus-en-d1-feminine/1127736","external_links_name":"\"Issy-les-Moulineaux et Le Havre promus en D1 féminine\""},{"Link":"https://www.footofeminin.fr/FFF-Les-classements-definitifs-publies-accessions-et-relegations-ISSY-et-LE-HAVRE-promus_a16609.html","external_links_name":"\"FFF - Les classements définitifs publiés, accessions et relégations : ISSY et LE HAVRE promus\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-feminine-uvenard-desormais-lie-au-hac-jusqu-en-2022-EG16769409","external_links_name":"\"Football – D1 féminine : Uvenard désormais lié au HAC jusqu'en 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-feminine-quel-visage-pour-le-hac-CP16804305","external_links_name":"\"Football – D1 féminine : quel visage pour le HAC ?\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-deux-nouvelles-recrues-au-hac-IK16949405","external_links_name":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : deux nouvelles recrues au HAC\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-le-hac-en-ordre-de-marche-avant-de-defier-issy-FE17209396","external_links_name":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : le HAC en ordre de marche avant de défier Issy\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-anna-bjork-kristjansdottir-debarque-au-hac-AC17268769","external_links_name":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : Anna Björk Kristjánsdóttir débarque au HAC\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesfeminines.fr/wordpress/2020/09/19/d1farkema-hac-laure-lepailleur-prend-le-poste-de-manager-de-la-section-feminine/","external_links_name":"\"#D1FArkema #HAC - Laure Lepailleur prend le poste de manager de la section féminine\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/id212427/article/2021-07-13/football-d1-feminine-les-filles-du-hac-retournent-en-d2","external_links_name":"\"Football - D1 Féminine : les filles du Havre AC retournent en D2\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/sport/football-d1-arkema-vincent-volpe-affiche-sa-confiance-avant-ce-grand-defi-pour-les-havraises-JE17204397","external_links_name":"\"Football - D1 Arkema : Vincent Volpe affiche sa confiance avant ce \" grand défi \" pour les Havraises\""},{"Link":"http://www.hac-foot.com/equipe-feminines.html","external_links_name":"\"Effectif Saison 2023-2024\""},{"Link":"http://www.hac-foot.com/news/la-section-feminine-du-hac.html","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Herter_Kendall	Christine Herter Kendall	["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading"]	American painter Christine Herter Kendall Garth Newel in 2016 Christine Herter Kendall (August 25, 1890 – June 22, 1981) was an American painter. Biography The daughter of physician Christian Archibald Herter and Susan Dows Herter, she was born in Irvington-on-Hudson, New York. She had an older and a younger sister, and they grew up in a musical and artistic family in New York City. Her grandfather and great uncle had founded the interior design firm Herter Brothers, and her uncle was the noted painter Albert Herter. Her first cousin was the politician and diplomat Christian Herter. Christine Herter studied art in New York and in Paris before enrolling at Yale University, from which she earned a BA in 1915. Among her Yale instructors was painter William Sergeant Kendall, with whom she began a romantic relationship. In 1921, Kendall divorced his wife, painter Margaret Weston Stickney, and left his three daughters. He resigned his position at Yale, and married Herter in 1922. In 1923, the couple purchased a 114-acre mountainside property in Bath County, Virginia. There they built a large house (completed 1924), with an artist's studio at each end, and named it Garth Newel ("New Hearth"). They raised Arabian horses on the farm, and hosted concerts and art events. Her husband died in 1938, and she remained active in the local community, cofounding the Bath County Regional Art Show in 1964. With members of the Rowe String Quartet she established the Garth Newel Music Center in 1973. She bequeathed the house to the music center upon her death. Christine Herter Kendall won a number of awards during her career. These included the popular vote prize from the Newport Art Association in 1915; the Second Hallgarten Prize from the National Academy of Design in 1916; and a prize from the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors in 1922. She belonged to the latter association and the Newport Art Association, as well as to the New York Watercolor Club, and the American Federation of Arts. She was named one of the Virginia Women in History for 2014. Garth Newel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. References ^ a b Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (19 December 2013). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-63882-5. ^ "Garth Newel Music Center - Garth Newel History". Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ a b "An Interlude by William Sergeant Kendall / American Art". Americanart.si.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-25. ^ "Prof. Kendall Weds His One-Time Pupil," The New York Times, August 3, 1922, p. 11. ^ Garth Newel, from National Park Service. ^ a b "Virginia Women in History 2014 Christine Herter Kendall". Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 6/17/13 through 6/21/13. National Park Service. 2013-06-28. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Further reading Exhibition of portraits and paintings by Christine Herter. New York: Kingore Galleries. 1921. vteVirginia Women in History2000–20092000 Ella Graham Agnew Mary Julia Baldwin Margaret Brent Willa Cather Jennie Dean Sarah Lee Fain Ellen Glasgow Dolley Madison Pocahontas Clementina Rind Lila Meade Valentine Maggie L. Walker 2001 Rosa Dixon Bowser Elizabeth Campbell Thomasina Jordan Elizabeth Keckley Theresa Pollak Sally Louisa Tompkins Elizabeth Van Lew Edith Wilson 2002 Rebecca Adamson Janie Porter Barrett Patsy Cline Hannah Lee Corbin Christine Darden Lillian Ward McDaniel Mary-Cooke Branch Munford Jessie M. Rattley 2003 Nancy Astor Pearl Bailey Anna Whitehead Bodeker Mary Ann Elliott Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins Frances Benjamin Johnston Anne Dobie Peebles Annie Bannister Spencer 2004 Grace Arents Cockacoeske Katie Couric Anne Makemie Holden Mary Draper Ingles Sarah Garland Boyd Jones Annie Snyder Martha Washington 2005 Clara Leach Adams-Ender Caitlyn Day Bessie Blount Griffin Mary Johnston Barbara Johns Powell Lee Smith Mary Belvin Wade 2006 Kate Waller Barrett Marie Majella Berg John-Geline MacDonald Bowman Benita Fitzgerald-Brown Grace Hopper Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan G. Anne Richardson Mary Virginia Terhune 2007 Mary Willing Byrd Maybelle Carter Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell Mary Jeffery Galt Sheila Crump Johnson Opossunoquonuske Camilla Williams 2008 Frances Culpeper Berkeley Lucy Goode Brooks Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez Elizabeth B. Lacy Sharyn McCrumb P. Buckley Moss Isabel Wood Rogers Edith Turner 2009 Pauline Adams Caroline Bradby Cook Claudia Emerson Drew Gilpin Faust Joann Hess Grayson Mary Randolph Virginia Randolph Mary Sue Terry 2010–20192010 Mollie Holmes Adams Ethel Furman Edythe C. Harrison Janis Martin Kate Mason Rowland Jean Miller Skipwith Queena Stovall Marian Van Landingham 2011 Lucy Addison Eleanor Bontecou Emily White Fleming Pearl Fu Lillian Lincoln Bessie Niemeyer Marshall Felicia Warburg Rogan Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell 2012 Susie May Ames Monica Beltran Christiana Burdett Campbell Betty Sams Christian Elizabeth Peet McIntosh Orelena Hawks Puckett Judith Shatin Alice Jackson Stuart 2013 Mary C. Alexander Louise Archer Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington Ann Compton JoAnn Falletta Cleo Powell Inez Pruitt Eva Mae Fleming Scott 2014 Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford Naomi Silverman Cohn Elizabeth Ashburn Duke Rachel Findlay Christine Herter Kendall Mildred Loving Debbie Ryan Stoner Winslett 2015 Nancy Melvina Caldwell Nikki Giovanni Ruth Coles Harris Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin Vivian Pinn Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith Karenne Wood 2016 Flora D. Crittenden Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day Sarah A. Gray Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac Katherine Johnson Ana Ines Barragan King Betty Masters Meyera Oberndorf 2017 Doris Crouse-Mays Corazon Sandoval Foley Nora Houston Cynthia Eppes Hudson Mary Virginia Jones Louise Harrison McCraw Undine Smith Moore Martha Rollins 2018 Gaye Todd Adegbalola Rita Dove Isabella Gibbons Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa Kay Coles James Barbara Kingsolver Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley 2019 Sharifa Alkhateeb Queen Ann Claudia Lane Dodson India Hamilton Georgeanna Seegar Jones Ona Maria Judge Lucy Randolph Mason Kate Peters Sturgill 2020–20292020 Pauline Adams Fannie Bayly King Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis Sophie G. Meredith Josephine Mathes Norcom Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon Ora Brown Stokes Lila Meade Valentine Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker 2021 Krista N. Jones Lerla G. Joseph Lillie Louise Boone Lucas Evelyn Reid Syphax Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christine_Herter_Kendall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garth_Newel_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"}],"text":"Christine Herter KendallGarth Newel in 2016Christine Herter Kendall (August 25, 1890 – June 22, 1981) was an American painter.","title":"Christine Herter Kendall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Archibald Herter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Archibald_Herter_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Irvington-on-Hudson, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvington-on-Hudson,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HellerHeller2013-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Herter Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herter_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Albert Herter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Herter"},{"link_name":"Christian Herter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Herter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"William Sergeant Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sergeant_Kendall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americanart1-3"},{"link_name":"Margaret Weston Stickney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Stickney_Kendall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americanart1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bath County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Garth Newel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Newel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virginia.gov-6"},{"link_name":"Newport Art Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Art_Association"},{"link_name":"Hallgarten Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallgarten_Prize"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"},{"link_name":"National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_Painters_and_Sculptors"},{"link_name":"New York Watercolor Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Watercolor_Club"},{"link_name":"American Federation of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HellerHeller2013-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia Women in History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Women_in_History"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virginia.gov-6"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-7"}],"text":"The daughter of physician Christian Archibald Herter and Susan Dows Herter, she was born in Irvington-on-Hudson, New York.[1] She had an older and a younger sister, and they grew up in a musical and artistic family in New York City. Her grandfather and great uncle had founded the interior design firm Herter Brothers, and her uncle was the noted painter Albert Herter. Her first cousin was the politician and diplomat Christian Herter.[2]Christine Herter studied art in New York and in Paris before enrolling at Yale University, from which she earned a BA in 1915. Among her Yale instructors was painter William Sergeant Kendall, with whom she began a romantic relationship.[3] In 1921, Kendall divorced his wife, painter Margaret Weston Stickney, and left his three daughters.[3] He resigned his position at Yale, and married Herter in 1922.[4] In 1923, the couple purchased a 114-acre mountainside property in Bath County, Virginia. There they built a large house (completed 1924), with an artist's studio at each end, and named it Garth Newel (\"New Hearth\"). They raised Arabian horses on the farm, and hosted concerts and art events.[5]Her husband died in 1938, and she remained active in the local community, cofounding the Bath County Regional Art Show in 1964. With members of the Rowe String Quartet she established the Garth Newel Music Center in 1973. She bequeathed the house to the music center upon her death.[6]Christine Herter Kendall won a number of awards during her career. These included the popular vote prize from the Newport Art Association in 1915; the Second Hallgarten Prize from the National Academy of Design in 1916; and a prize from the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors in 1922. She belonged to the latter association and the Newport Art Association, as well as to the New York Watercolor Club, and the American Federation of Arts.[1] She was named one of the Virginia Women in History for 2014.[6]Garth Newel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exhibition of portraits and paintings by Christine Herter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/frick-31072001463738/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees"},{"link_name":"Virginia Women in History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Women_in_History"},{"link_name":"Ella Graham Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Graham_Agnew"},{"link_name":"Mary Julia Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Julia_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Margaret Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brent"},{"link_name":"Willa Cather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willa_Cather"},{"link_name":"Jennie Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Dean"},{"link_name":"Sarah Lee Fain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lee_Fain"},{"link_name":"Ellen Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Dolley Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolley_Madison"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas"},{"link_name":"Clementina Rind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementina_Rind"},{"link_name":"Lila Meade Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Meade_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Maggie L. 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Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_C._Alexander"},{"link_name":"Louise Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Archer"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Jaquelin_Ambler_Brent_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Ann Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Compton"},{"link_name":"JoAnn Falletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnn_Falletta"},{"link_name":"Cleo Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleo_Powell"},{"link_name":"Inez Pruitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inez_Pruitt"},{"link_name":"Eva Mae Fleming Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Mae_Fleming_Scott"},{"link_name":"Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Berkeley_Minor_Blackford"},{"link_name":"Naomi Silverman Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Silverman_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Ashburn Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ashburn_Duke"},{"link_name":"Rachel Findlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Findlay"},{"link_name":"Christine Herter Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mildred Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_and_Richard_Loving"},{"link_name":"Debbie Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Stoner Winslett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_Winslett"},{"link_name":"Nancy Melvina Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Melvina_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Nikki Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Ruth Coles Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Coles_Harris"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Shoemaker_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebekah_Dulaney_Peterkin"},{"link_name":"Vivian Pinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Pinn"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bray_Allen"},{"link_name":"Karenne Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karenne_Wood"},{"link_name":"Flora D. Crittenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_D._Crittenden"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Nottingham_Day"},{"link_name":"Sarah A. Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_A._Gray"},{"link_name":"Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwilda_Gustava_Allen_Isaac"},{"link_name":"Katherine Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ana Ines Barragan King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Ines_Barragan_King"},{"link_name":"Betty Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betty_Masters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meyera Oberndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyera_Oberndorf"},{"link_name":"Doris Crouse-Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Crouse-Mays"},{"link_name":"Corazon Sandoval Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corazon_Sandoval_Foley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nora Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Houston"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Eppes Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Eppes_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Mary Virginia Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Virginia_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louise Harrison McCraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Harrison_McCraw"},{"link_name":"Undine Smith Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undine_Smith_Moore"},{"link_name":"Martha Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Rollins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaye Todd Adegbalola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaye_Adegbalola"},{"link_name":"Rita Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Dove"},{"link_name":"Isabella Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marii_Hasegawa"},{"link_name":"Kay Coles James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Coles_James"},{"link_name":"Barbara Kingsolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver"},{"link_name":"Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_A._R._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Flowerdew"},{"link_name":"Sharifa Alkhateeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifa_Alkhateeb"},{"link_name":"Queen Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Ann_(Pamunkey_chief)"},{"link_name":"Claudia Lane Dodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Lane_Dodson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"India Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Georgeanna Seegar Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgeanna_Seegar_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ona Maria Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oney_Judge"},{"link_name":"Lucy Randolph Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Randolph_Mason"},{"link_name":"Kate Peters Sturgill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Peters_Sturgill"},{"link_name":"Pauline Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Adams"},{"link_name":"Fannie Bayly King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Bayly_King"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Dabney_Langhorne_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Sophie G. Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_G._Meredith"},{"link_name":"Josephine Mathes Norcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Mathes_Norcom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Pidgeon"},{"link_name":"Ora Brown Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_Brown_Stokes_Perry"},{"link_name":"Lila Meade Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Meade_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Lena_Mitchell_Walker"},{"link_name":"Krista N. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krista_N._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lerla G. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lerla_G._Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lillie Louise Boone Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lillie_Louise_Boone_Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Reid Syphax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Reid_Syphax"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28837370#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96042581"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500054284"}],"text":"Exhibition of portraits and paintings by Christine Herter. New York: Kingore Galleries. 1921.vteVirginia Women in History2000–20092000\nElla Graham Agnew\nMary Julia Baldwin\nMargaret Brent\nWilla Cather\nJennie Dean\nSarah Lee Fain\nEllen Glasgow\nDolley Madison\nPocahontas\nClementina Rind\nLila Meade Valentine\nMaggie L. Walker\n2001\nRosa Dixon Bowser\nElizabeth Campbell\nThomasina Jordan\nElizabeth Keckley\nTheresa Pollak\nSally Louisa Tompkins\nElizabeth Van Lew\nEdith Wilson\n2002\nRebecca Adamson\nJanie Porter Barrett\nPatsy Cline\nHannah Lee Corbin\nChristine Darden\nLillian Ward McDaniel\nMary-Cooke Branch Munford\nJessie M. Rattley\n2003\nNancy Astor\nPearl Bailey\nAnna Whitehead Bodeker\nMary Ann Elliott\nAnnabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins\nFrances Benjamin Johnston\nAnne Dobie Peebles\nAnnie Bannister Spencer\n2004\nGrace Arents\nCockacoeske\nKatie Couric\nAnne Makemie Holden\nMary Draper Ingles\nSarah Garland Boyd Jones\nAnnie Snyder\nMartha Washington\n2005\nClara Leach Adams-Ender\nCaitlyn Day\nBessie Blount Griffin\nMary Johnston\nBarbara Johns Powell\nLee Smith\nMary Belvin Wade\n2006\nKate Waller Barrett\nMarie Majella Berg\nJohn-Geline MacDonald Bowman\nBenita Fitzgerald-Brown\nGrace Hopper\nMary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan\nG. Anne Richardson\nMary Virginia Terhune\n2007\nMary Willing Byrd\nMaybelle Carter\nLaura Lu Scherer Copenhaver\nMary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell\nMary Jeffery Galt\nSheila Crump Johnson\nOpossunoquonuske\nCamilla Williams\n2008\nFrances Culpeper Berkeley\nLucy Goode Brooks\nProvidencia Velazquez Gonzalez\nElizabeth B. Lacy\nSharyn McCrumb\nP. Buckley Moss\nIsabel Wood Rogers\nEdith Turner\n2009\nPauline Adams\nCaroline Bradby Cook\nClaudia Emerson\nDrew Gilpin Faust\nJoann Hess Grayson\nMary Randolph\nVirginia Randolph\nMary Sue Terry\n2010–20192010\nMollie Holmes Adams\nEthel Furman\nEdythe C. Harrison\nJanis Martin\nKate Mason Rowland\nJean Miller Skipwith\nQueena Stovall\nMarian Van Landingham\n2011\nLucy Addison\nEleanor Bontecou\nEmily White Fleming\nPearl Fu\nLillian Lincoln\nBessie Niemeyer Marshall\nFelicia Warburg Rogan\nElizabeth Henry Campbell Russell\n2012\nSusie May Ames\nMonica Beltran\nChristiana Burdett Campbell\nBetty Sams Christian\nElizabeth Peet McIntosh\nOrelena Hawks Puckett\nJudith Shatin\nAlice Jackson Stuart\n2013\nMary C. Alexander\nLouise Archer\nElizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington\nAnn Compton\nJoAnn Falletta\nCleo Powell\nInez Pruitt\nEva Mae Fleming Scott\n2014\nMary Berkeley Minor Blackford\nNaomi Silverman Cohn\nElizabeth Ashburn Duke\nRachel Findlay\nChristine Herter Kendall\nMildred Loving\nDebbie Ryan\nStoner Winslett\n2015\nNancy Melvina Caldwell\nNikki Giovanni\nRuth Coles Harris\nDorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid\nRebekah Dulaney Peterkin\nVivian Pinn\nElizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith\nKarenne Wood\n2016\nFlora D. Crittenden\nMary Elizabeth Nottingham Day\nSarah A. Gray\nEdwilda Gustava Allen Isaac\nKatherine Johnson\nAna Ines Barragan King\nBetty Masters\nMeyera Oberndorf\n2017\nDoris Crouse-Mays\nCorazon Sandoval Foley\nNora Houston\nCynthia Eppes Hudson\nMary Virginia Jones\nLouise Harrison McCraw\nUndine Smith Moore\nMartha Rollins\n2018\nGaye Todd Adegbalola\nRita Dove\nIsabella Gibbons\nMarii Kyogoku Hasegawa\nKay Coles James\nBarbara Kingsolver\nMary Aydelotte Rice Marshall\nTemperance Flowerdew Yeardley\n2019\nSharifa Alkhateeb\nQueen Ann\nClaudia Lane Dodson\nIndia Hamilton\nGeorgeanna Seegar Jones\nOna Maria Judge\nLucy Randolph Mason\nKate Peters Sturgill\n2020–20292020\nPauline Adams\nFannie Bayly King\nElizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis\nSophie G. Meredith\nJosephine Mathes Norcom\nMary Elizabeth Pidgeon\nOra Brown Stokes\nLila Meade Valentine\nMaggie Lena Mitchell Walker\n2021\nKrista N. Jones\nLerla G. Joseph\nLillie Louise Boone Lucas\nEvelyn Reid SyphaxAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nArtists\nULAN","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Christine Herter Kendall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Christine_Herter_Kendall.jpg/220px-Christine_Herter_Kendall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garth Newel in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Garth_Newel_2016.jpg/220px-Garth_Newel_2016.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (19 December 2013). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-63882-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AYxmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11","url_text":"North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63882-5","url_text":"978-1-135-63882-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Garth Newel Music Center - Garth Newel History\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170303110406/http://garthnewel.org/About/Garth-Newel-History.aspx","url_text":"\"Garth Newel Music Center - Garth Newel History\""},{"url":"http://www.garthnewel.org/About/Garth-Newel-History.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An Interlude by William Sergeant Kendall / American Art\". Americanart.si.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=13569","url_text":"\"An Interlude by William Sergeant Kendall / American Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Women in History 2014 Christine Herter Kendall\". Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/vawomen/2014/honoree.htm?bio=Kendall","url_text":"\"Virginia Women in History 2014 Christine Herter Kendall\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 6/17/13 through 6/21/13. National Park Service. 2013-06-28. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2017-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221211404/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20130628.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""},{"url":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20130628.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Exhibition of portraits and paintings by Christine Herter. New York: Kingore Galleries. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/frick-31072001463738/","url_text":"Exhibition of portraits and paintings by Christine Herter"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AYxmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11","external_links_name":"North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170303110406/http://garthnewel.org/About/Garth-Newel-History.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Garth Newel Music Center - Garth Newel History\""},{"Link":"http://www.garthnewel.org/About/Garth-Newel-History.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=13569","external_links_name":"\"An Interlude by William Sergeant Kendall / American Art\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/08/03/99050025.html?pageNumber=11","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/13000402.htm","external_links_name":"Garth Newel"},{"Link":"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/vawomen/2014/honoree.htm?bio=Kendall","external_links_name":"\"Virginia Women in History 2014 Christine Herter Kendall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221211404/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20130628.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""},{"Link":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20130628.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/frick-31072001463738/","external_links_name":"Exhibition of portraits and paintings by Christine Herter"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96042581","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500054284","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-ups	Cuff	["1 History","2 Shirt cuffs","3 Trouser cuffs","4 Jacket cuffs","5 References","6 External links"]	Layer of fabric at the lower edge of the sleeve of a garment For other uses, see Cuff (disambiguation). 17th century cuff Cuffs were a site of visible ornamentation in male dress. Roman Catholic Canon with ornamented cuff A cuff is a layer of fabric at the lower edge of the sleeve of a garment (shirt, coat, jacket, etc.) at the wrist, or at the ankle end of a trouser leg. The function of turned-back cuffs is to protect the cloth of the garment from fraying, and, when frayed, to allow the cuffs to be readily repaired or replaced, without changing the garment. Cuffs are made by turning back (folding) the material, or a separate band of material can be sewn on, or worn separately, attached either by buttons or studs. A cuff may display an ornamental border or have lace or some other trimming. In US usage, the word trouser cuffs refers to the folded, finished bottoms of the legs of a pair of trousers. In the UK, while this usage is now sometimes followed, the traditional term for the turned up trouser hem is 'turnup'. History Between the 15th and 18th centuries, rich men often wore sleeve cuffs ornamented with fine lace. Still today, Catholic clergy have the cuffs of their choir dress ornamented with fine lace. Shirt cuffs Except on casual attire, shirt cuffs are generally divided down one edge and then fastened together, so they can let a hand through and then fit more snugly around the wrist. Some sweaters and athletic garments (both tops and pants) have cuffs that either contain elastic or are woven so as to stretch around a hand or foot and still fit snugly, accomplishing the same purpose. Divided shirt cuffs are of three kinds, depending on how they fasten: Button cuffs, also called barrel cuffs, have buttonholes on the one side and buttons on the other (sometimes more than one, so that the fit can be adjusted). Link cuffs, which have buttonholes on both sides and are meant to be closed with cufflinks or silk knots. They are most commonly fastened in either the "kissing" style, where the insides of both sides are pressed together, or very unusually with the outer face touching the inner face, as with a button cuff (though this is unorthodox). Link cuffs come in two kinds: Single cuffs, the original linked cuff, are required for white tie and are the more traditional choice for black tie. Also, some traditionalists may wear this style with lounge suits as well. French, or double, cuffs, are twice as long and worn folded back on themselves. French cuffs were once considered to be more formal than button cuffs, although they are seeing a resurgence in business wear, particularly in Europe. Even though traditionally French cuffs could only be worn with a lounge suit or more formal clothing (and not a sports jacket), this is now not followed by most, while some even wear these cuffs without a tie or jacket. They remain the preferred choice for formal and semi-formal occasions. French cuffs should generally be paired with cufflinks. Convertible cuffs may be closed with buttons or with cufflinks. Anatomy of the single or double cuff: The fabric is folded back onto itself, thus the inside of the shirt sleeve becomes the outside of the cuff and the outside of the shirt sleeve becomes the inside of the cuff. Trouser cuffs Tight-rolled jeans cuffs Most trouser legs are finished by hemming the bottom to prevent fraying. Trousers with turn-ups ("cuffs" in American English and elsewhere), after hemming, are rolled outward and sometimes pressed or stitched into place. The functional reason for the cuffs is to add weight to the bottom of the leg, to help the drape of the trousers. Parents may also use cuffs to extend the life of children's clothes by buying pants that are too long, cuffing the leg and then unrolling it as the child grows. Originally, however, it started as men rolling up their trousers to avoid getting mud splashed on them when roads were still unpaved. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, young people in some countries would tightly fold the pant leg longitudinally along the leg, then roll the bottom of the pant leg to "lock" the long pleat in place at the bottom. This was done to slim the appearance of the legs. Reportedly, this "tight-rolled pants" or "pegged pants" fad made a comeback in the 2010s, beginning in London. This was followed by a trend in tailored trousers for younger wearers no longer being made long enough drape and 'break' over the wearer's instep, but to stop at the top of the shoe, avoiding a break. Jacket cuffs Main article: Suit (clothing) § Sleeves The buttons and buttonholes at the end of suit jacket sleeves are generally decorative and non-functional. "Surgeon’s cuffs" can be opened at the wrist, and are traditionally associated with bespoke tailoring. References ^ "Baroque fashion – Styles". study.com. Retrieved 22 June 2023. ^ "How to Wear French Cuffs". Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-03. ^ Evi (2011). "Hot or not: Boys met opgerolde broekspijpen - Girlscene" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ Rosenbloom, Stephanie (February 13, 2009). "For Fine Recession Wear, $7,000 Suits From Saks (Off the Rack)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-14. External links Media related to Cuffs at Wikimedia Commons vteClothing materials and partsGarment structures Armscye Collar Clerical collar Collar stays Detachable collar Cuff Dart Facing Fly Lapel Gore Hem Lining Placket Pleat Pocket Revers Ruffle Shoulder pad Strap Sleeve Train Waistband Yoke TextilesNatural Cotton Fur Linen Silk Wool Synthetic Artificial leather Elastic Nylon Polyester Rayon Spandex Animal hides / leather Calf Deer Goat Kangaroo Ostrich Seal Sheep Snake Stingray Fasteners Back closure Belt hook Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Shank Hook-and-eye Hook-and-loop Velcro Snap Zipper Seams Neckline Bustline Waistline Hemline Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuff (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuff_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_van_Dyck_-_The_Cardinal-Infante_Fernando_de_Austria.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_33_years_old_man,_by_Jan_Albertsz_Rotius.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superior-college.JPG"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"sleeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeve"},{"link_name":"garment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment"},{"link_name":"fraying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fray"},{"link_name":"lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace"},{"link_name":"trousers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trousers"}],"text":"For other uses, see Cuff (disambiguation).17th century cuffCuffs were a site of visible ornamentation in male dress.Roman Catholic Canon with ornamented cuffA cuff is a layer of fabric at the lower edge of the sleeve of a garment (shirt, coat, jacket, etc.) at the wrist, or at the ankle end of a trouser leg. The function of turned-back cuffs is to protect the cloth of the garment from fraying, and, when frayed, to allow the cuffs to be readily repaired or replaced, without changing the garment. Cuffs are made by turning back (folding) the material, or a separate band of material can be sewn on, or worn separately, attached either by buttons or studs. A cuff may display an ornamental border or have lace or some other trimming. In US usage, the word trouser cuffs refers to the folded, finished bottoms of the legs of a pair of trousers. In the UK, while this usage is now sometimes followed, the traditional term for the turned up trouser hem is 'turnup'.","title":"Cuff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Catholic clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_clergy"},{"link_name":"choir dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_dress"}],"text":"Between the 15th and 18th centuries, rich men often wore sleeve cuffs ornamented with fine lace.[1] Still today, Catholic clergy have the cuffs of their choir dress ornamented with fine lace.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cufflinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cufflink"},{"link_name":"silk knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_knot"},{"link_name":"white tie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tie"},{"link_name":"black tie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tie"},{"link_name":"lounge suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_suit"},{"link_name":"business wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_wear"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"lounge suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_suit"},{"link_name":"sports jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_jacket"},{"link_name":"formal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_wear"},{"link_name":"semi-formal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-formal"},{"link_name":"cufflinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cufflinks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Except on casual attire, shirt cuffs are generally divided down one edge and then fastened together, so they can let a hand through and then fit more snugly around the wrist. Some sweaters and athletic garments (both tops and pants) have cuffs that either contain elastic or are woven so as to stretch around a hand or foot and still fit snugly, accomplishing the same purpose.Divided shirt cuffs are of three kinds, depending on how they fasten:Button cuffs, also called barrel cuffs, have buttonholes on the one side and buttons on the other (sometimes more than one, so that the fit can be adjusted).\nLink cuffs, which have buttonholes on both sides and are meant to be closed with cufflinks or silk knots. They are most commonly fastened in either the \"kissing\" style, where the insides of both sides are pressed together, or very unusually with the outer face touching the inner face, as with a button cuff (though this is unorthodox). Link cuffs come in two kinds:\nSingle cuffs, the original linked cuff, are required for white tie and are the more traditional choice for black tie. Also, some traditionalists may wear this style with lounge suits as well.\nFrench, or double, cuffs, are twice as long and worn folded back on themselves. French cuffs were once considered to be more formal than button cuffs, although they are seeing a resurgence in business wear, particularly in Europe. Even though traditionally French cuffs could only be worn with a lounge suit or more formal clothing (and not a sports jacket), this is now not followed by most, while some even wear these cuffs without a tie or jacket. They remain the preferred choice for formal and semi-formal occasions. French cuffs should generally be paired with cufflinks.[2]\nConvertible cuffs may be closed with buttons or with cufflinks.Anatomy of the single or double cuff: The fabric is folded back onto itself, thus the inside of the shirt sleeve becomes the outside of the cuff and the outside of the shirt sleeve becomes the inside of the cuff.","title":"Shirt cuffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_perfect_tight_roll.jpg"},{"link_name":"hemming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"fad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad"},{"link_name":"2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_(decade)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tight-rolled jeans cuffsMost trouser legs are finished by hemming the bottom to prevent fraying. Trousers with turn-ups (\"cuffs\" in American English and elsewhere), after hemming, are rolled outward and sometimes pressed or stitched into place. The functional reason for the cuffs is to add weight to the bottom of the leg, to help the drape of the trousers. Parents may also use cuffs to extend the life of children's clothes by buying pants that are too long, cuffing the leg and then unrolling it as the child grows. Originally, however, it started as men rolling up their trousers to avoid getting mud splashed on them when roads were still unpaved.In the late 1980s and early 1990s, young people in some countries would tightly fold the pant leg longitudinally along the leg, then roll the bottom of the pant leg to \"lock\" the long pleat in place at the bottom. This was done to slim the appearance of the legs. Reportedly, this \"tight-rolled pants\" or \"pegged pants\" fad made a comeback in the 2010s, beginning in London.[3] This was followed by a trend in tailored trousers for younger wearers no longer being made long enough drape and 'break' over the wearer's instep, but to stop at the top of the shoe, avoiding a break.","title":"Trouser cuffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suit jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit_jacket"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bespoke tailoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespoke_tailoring"}],"text":"The buttons and buttonholes at the end of suit jacket sleeves are generally decorative and non-functional. \"Surgeon’s cuffs\" can be opened at the wrist,[4] and are traditionally associated with bespoke tailoring.","title":"Jacket cuffs"}]	[{"image_text":"17th century cuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anton_van_Dyck_-_The_Cardinal-Infante_Fernando_de_Austria.jpg/220px-Anton_van_Dyck_-_The_Cardinal-Infante_Fernando_de_Austria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cuffs were a site of visible ornamentation in male dress.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portrait_of_a_33_years_old_man%2C_by_Jan_Albertsz_Rotius.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_33_years_old_man%2C_by_Jan_Albertsz_Rotius.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman Catholic Canon with ornamented cuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Superior-college.JPG/220px-Superior-college.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tight-rolled jeans cuffs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_perfect_tight_roll.jpg/220px-The_perfect_tight_roll.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Baroque fashion – Styles\". study.com. Retrieved 22 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://study.com/learn/lesson/baroque-fashion-history-style-characteristics.html","url_text":"\"Baroque fashion – Styles\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Wear French Cuffs\". Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143157/https://theidleman.com/manual/advice/wear-french-cuffs/","url_text":"\"How to Wear French Cuffs\""},{"url":"https://theidleman.com/manual/advice/wear-french-cuffs/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evi (2011). \"Hot or not: Boys met opgerolde broekspijpen - Girlscene\" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101114002/http://www.girlscene.nl/p/86/hot_or_not_boys_met_opgerolde_broekspijpen","url_text":"\"Hot or not: Boys met opgerolde broekspijpen - Girlscene\""},{"url":"http://www.girlscene.nl/p/86/hot_or_not_boys_met_opgerolde_broekspijpen","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosenbloom, Stephanie (February 13, 2009). \"For Fine Recession Wear, $7,000 Suits From Saks (Off the Rack)\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/14/business/14saks.html","url_text":"\"For Fine Recession Wear, $7,000 Suits From Saks (Off the Rack)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://study.com/learn/lesson/baroque-fashion-history-style-characteristics.html","external_links_name":"\"Baroque fashion – Styles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143157/https://theidleman.com/manual/advice/wear-french-cuffs/","external_links_name":"\"How to Wear French Cuffs\""},{"Link":"https://theidleman.com/manual/advice/wear-french-cuffs/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101114002/http://www.girlscene.nl/p/86/hot_or_not_boys_met_opgerolde_broekspijpen","external_links_name":"\"Hot or not: Boys met opgerolde broekspijpen - Girlscene\""},{"Link":"http://www.girlscene.nl/p/86/hot_or_not_boys_met_opgerolde_broekspijpen","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/14/business/14saks.html","external_links_name":"\"For Fine Recession Wear, $7,000 Suits From Saks (Off the Rack)\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536074905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034687","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:3	Matthew 5:3	["1 Content","2 Interpretation","3 See also","4 References"]	"Blessed are the poor" beatitude Matthew 5:3← 5:25:4 →Matthew 5:3 depicted in the window of a Trittenheim churchBookGospel of MatthewChristian Bible partNew Testament Matthew 5:3 is the third verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is the opening verse of the Sermon on the Mount, and the section of the sermon known as the Beatitudes. Content Text of Matthew 5:3 in the Beatitudes at Our Lady of Peace Shrine, along I-80 in Pine Bluffs, Wyoming (2016). Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. (KJV) Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν beati pauperes spiritu quoniam ipsorum est regnum caelorum (Vulgate) For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 5:3. Interpretation This verse opens the first of nine statements of who is blessed. Each, except for the last, follows the same pattern of naming a group of people and the reward they will receive. Hans Dieter Betz notes that in Jesus' time blessed was a common way of describing someone who is wealthy. In his discussion of Croesus in Herodotus, for instance, the link between being blessed and being wealthy is assumed . Similarly, Albright and Mann prefer the word "fortunate" to "blessed" for makarios. They argue that the term has none of the religious implications that the word blessed today has in the English language. Kodjak believes that this opening of the sermon was meant to shock the audience, it was a deliberate inversion of standard values. Today the text is so common that its shock value has been lost. While not a mainstream view, Betz feels this Beatitude has important pre-Christian precedents. He traces it back to Socrates' notion of enkrateia, which explained that the philosopher was one who had no interest in wealth. This idea was adopted by the Cynics, who rejected wealth and saw poverty as the only route to freedom. This group, while small, had a wide influence and some of their ideas were embraced by some Jewish communities at the time of Christ. Luke 6:20 simply has "blessed are the poor"; that Matthew adds "in spirit" is seen to be of great consequence. The phrase does not appear in the Old Testament, but Psalm 34:18 comes close. The phrase "poor in spirit" occurs in the Dead Sea Scrolls, and seems to have been an important notion to the Qumran community. Scholars agree that "poor in spirit" does not mean lacking in spirit, be it courage, the Holy Spirit, or religious awareness. Rather it is that poverty is not only a physical condition, but also a spiritual one. In fact, the more self aware a person is of his or her spiritual poverty caused by the innate human condition of the sinful nature, the more one is humbly aware that they are "poor in spirit" left to his or her own ways without Jesus Christ as Savior. Without Jesus the Christ alive and active in one's soul, it remains in a completely impoverished spiritual state; once a person declares Jesus as Lord and Savior of his or her life, Jesus sustains them through a daily renewing of their poor spirit: "Then Jesus declared, 'I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me will never go hungry, and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty.'" (John 6:35). The important phrase Kingdom of Heaven is generally understood as referring to the Messianic age after the Second Coming. For a full discussion of Matthew's use of this phrase see Matthew 3:2. See also Related Bible parts: Psalm 34, Matthew 11, Luke 6 References ^ The World English Bible has the same, literal, translation as KJV. For a collection of other versions, see BibleGateway Matthew 5:3 (click on the arrow next to "American Standard Version"). ^ Betz, Hans Dieter. Essays on the Sermon on the Mount. translations by Laurence Welborn. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985. ^ Albright, W.F. and C.S. Mann. "Matthew." The Anchor Bible Series. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971. ^ Kodjak, Andrej (1986). A Structural Analysis of the Sermon on the Mount. New York: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110108330. ^ Betz, Hans Dieter. Essays on the Sermon on the Mount. translations by Raphael Clemente. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985. ^ Nolland, John. The Gospel of Matthew: a commentary on the Greek text. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005 pg. 199 Preceded byMatthew 5:2 Gospel of MatthewChapter 5 Succeeded byMatthew 5:4 vteGospel of Matthew chapter 5Verse Matthew 5:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Phrases Beatitudes Salt and light Salt in the Bible Sermon on the Mount Turning the other cheek Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery ← chapter 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 → vteGospel of MatthewBible(New Testament)Chapters Matthew 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verses Matthew 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13:1–3 14 15 16:2b–3,19 27:1–12; 52–66 28 Eventsand phrases Jesus' birth Star of Bethlehem Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Return to Nazareth Kingdom of heaven Baptism Temptation Galilean ministry Fishers of men Behold the bridegroom Sermon on the Mount Beatitudes Lord's Prayer Golden rule Jesus preaches in a ship Calming the storm Feeding the multitude Walking on water Transfiguration Great Commandment Olivet Discourse Ten Virgins Anointing Passion of Jesus Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Burial Empty tomb Resurrection Great Commission People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee Related Q source M source Gospel of Mark Textual variants Augustinian hypothesis Two-gospel hypothesis Matthean Posteriority Genealogy of Jesus Five Discourses of Matthew Calling of Matthew Kingdom of heaven Immanuel Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew Rabbinical translations Shem Tob Joseph Smith–Matthew In culture St Matthew Passion (Bach, 1727/29) Structure The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964 film) Godspell (1971 musical) Godspell (1973 film) The Visual Bible: Matthew (1993 film) Manuscripts Papyrus 1 4 19 21 25 35 37 44 45 53 62 70 71 73 77 83 86 96 101 102 103 104 105 110 Magdalen papyrus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi (chapter 4) Bible portal Christianity portal Gospel of Mark (chapter 1) →	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the fifth chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"Beatitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatitudes"}],"text":"Matthew 5:3 is the third verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is the opening verse of the Sermon on the Mount, and the section of the sermon known as the Beatitudes.","title":"Matthew 5:3"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beatitudes_(Spirit)_2016-10-15_2826.jpg"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Peace Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Peace_Shrine"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Pine Bluffs, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Bluffs,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneuma"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God"},{"link_name":"KJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"BibleHub Matthew 5:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biblehub.com/matthew/5-3.htm"}],"text":"Text of Matthew 5:3 in the Beatitudes at Our Lady of Peace Shrine, along I-80 in Pine Bluffs, Wyoming (2016).Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. (KJV)[1]\nΜακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν \n\nbeati pauperes spiritu quoniam ipsorum est regnum caelorum (Vulgate)For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 5:3.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Dieter Betz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Betz"},{"link_name":"Croesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates"},{"link_name":"enkrateia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkrateia"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"Cynics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Luke 6:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#6:20"},{"link_name":"Psalm 34:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#34:18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"Qumran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_God"},{"link_name":"Second Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming"},{"link_name":"Matthew 3:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_3:2"}],"text":"This verse opens the first of nine statements of who is blessed. Each, except for the last, follows the same pattern of naming a group of people and the reward they will receive.Hans Dieter Betz notes that in Jesus' time blessed was a common way of describing someone who is wealthy. In his discussion of Croesus in Herodotus, for instance, the link between being blessed and being wealthy is assumed [vague] .[2] \nSimilarly, Albright and Mann prefer the word \"fortunate\" to \"blessed\" for makarios. \nThey argue that the term has none of the religious implications that the word blessed today has in the English language.[3] \nKodjak believes that this opening of the sermon was meant to shock the audience, it was a deliberate inversion of standard values. Today the text is so common that its shock value has been lost.[4] While not a mainstream view, Betz feels this Beatitude has important pre-Christian precedents. He traces it back to Socrates' notion of enkrateia, which explained that the philosopher was one who had no interest in wealth. This idea was adopted by the Cynics, who rejected wealth and saw poverty as the only route to freedom. This group, while small, had a wide influence and some of their ideas were embraced by some Jewish communities at the time of Christ.[5]Luke 6:20 simply has \"blessed are the poor\"; that Matthew adds \"in spirit\" is seen to be of great consequence. The phrase does not appear in the Old Testament, but Psalm 34:18 comes close.[6] \nThe phrase \"poor in spirit\" occurs in the Dead Sea Scrolls, and seems to have been an important notion to the Qumran community. Scholars agree that \"poor in spirit\" does not mean lacking in spirit, be it courage, the Holy Spirit, or religious awareness. Rather it is that poverty is not only a physical condition, but also a spiritual one. In fact, the more self aware a person is of his or her spiritual poverty caused by the innate human condition of the sinful nature, the more one is humbly aware that they are \"poor in spirit\" left to his or her own ways without Jesus Christ as Savior. Without Jesus the Christ alive and active in one's soul, it remains in a completely impoverished spiritual state; once a person declares Jesus as Lord and Savior of his or her life, Jesus sustains them through a daily renewing of their poor spirit: \"Then Jesus declared, 'I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me will never go hungry, and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty.'\" (John 6:35).The important phrase Kingdom of Heaven is generally understood as referring to the Messianic age after the Second Coming. For a full discussion of Matthew's use of this phrase see Matthew 3:2.","title":"Interpretation"}]	[{"image_text":"Text of Matthew 5:3 in the Beatitudes at Our Lady of Peace Shrine, along I-80 in Pine Bluffs, Wyoming (2016).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beatitudes_%28Spirit%29_2016-10-15_2826.jpg/200px-Beatitudes_%28Spirit%29_2016-10-15_2826.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"title":"Psalm 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_34"},{"title":"Matthew 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_11"},{"title":"Luke 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_6"}]	[{"reference":"Kodjak, Andrej (1986). A Structural Analysis of the Sermon on the Mount. New York: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110108330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110108330","url_text":"978-3110108330"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/matthew/5-3.htm","external_links_name":"BibleHub Matthew 5:3"},{"Link":"http://mobile.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+5%3A3&version=ASV","external_links_name":"BibleGateway Matthew 5:3"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Star_(Washington_D.C.)	The Washington Star	["1 History","1.1 19th century","1.2 20th century","2 Washington Star Syndicate","2.1 Washington Star Syndicate strips and panels","3 Pulitzer Prizes","4 See also","5 References","5.1 General","5.2 Citations","6 External links","6.1 Archives, curated collections, and reproductions"]	Washington, D.C. newspaper (1852–1981) Washington StarTypeDaily afternoon newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)William Douglas Wallach (1853–1867)Crosby Stuart Noyes, Samuel H. Kauffmann and George W. Adams (1867–1938)Joe Allbritton (1975–1978)Time, Inc. (1978–1981)Founder(s)Captain Joseph Borrows TateEditorJim Bellows (1975–1978)Staff writersMary McGrory, Clifford K. BerrymanFoundedDecember 16, 1852; 171 years ago (1852-12-16)Political alignmentConservativeCeased publicationAugust 7, 1981; 42 years ago (1981-08-07)Headquarters1101 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C., U.S.CityWashington, D.C.CountryUnited StatesMedia of the United StatesList of newspapers The Washington Star, previously known as the Washington Star-News and the Washington Evening Star, was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., between 1852 and 1981. The Sunday edition was known as the Sunday Star. The paper was renamed several times before becoming Washington Star by the late 1970s. For most of the time it was publishing, The Washington Star was the city's newspaper of record and the longtime home to columnist Mary McGrory and cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman. On August 7, 1981, after 128 years, The Washington Star ceased publication and filed for bankruptcy. In the bankruptcy sale, The Washington Post purchased the land and buildings owned by The Washington Star, including its printing presses. History 19th century A young boy sells The Evening Star to a man in 1917; the headline, published as the U.S. was entering World War I, reads: "U.S. at War with Germany" The Washington Star was founded on December 16, 1852, by Captain Joseph Borrows Tate. It was originally headquartered on "Newspaper Row" on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. Tate initially named the paper The Daily Evening Star. In 1853, Texas surveyor and newspaper entrepreneur William Douglas Wallach purchased the paper, and in 1854 shortened the name to The Evening Star and introduced The Sunday Star edition. As the sole owner of the paper for 14 years, Wallach built up the paper by capitalizing on reporting of the American Civil War, among other things. In 1867, a three-man consortium of Crosby Stuart Noyes, Samuel H. Kauffmann and George W. Adams acquired the paper, with each of the investors putting up $33,333.33. The Noyes-Kauffmann-Adams interests would own the paper for the next four generations. 20th century The Evening Star Building at 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in Washington, D.C., now part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site In 1907, subsequent Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman joined the Star. Berryman was most famous for his 1902 cartoon of President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt, "Drawing the Line in Mississippi," which spurred the creation of the teddy bear. During his career, Berryman drew thousands of cartoons commenting on American Presidents and politics. Presidential figures included former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Harry S. Truman. The cartoons satirized both Democrats and Republicans and covered topics such as drought, farm relief, and food prices; representation of the District of Columbia in Congress; labor strikes and legislation; campaigning and elections; political patronage; European coronations; the America's Cup; and the atomic bomb. Berryman's career continued at the Star until he collapsed on the lobby floor one morning in 1949 and died shortly after of a heart ailment. The next major change to the newspaper came in 1938, when the three owning families diversified their interests. On May 1, the Star purchased the M. A. Leese Radio Corporation and acquired Washington's oldest radio station, WMAL, in the process. Renamed the Evening Star Broadcasting Company, the 1938 acquisition would figure later in the 1981 demise of the newspaper. The Star's influence and circulation peaked in the 1950s; it constructed a new printing plant in Southeast Washington capable of printing millions of copies, but found itself unable to cope with changing times. Nearly all top editorial and business staff jobs were held by members of the owning families, including a Kauffmann general manager who had gained a reputation for anti-Semitism, driving away advertisers. Suburbanization and competition with television news were other factors for declining circulation and staffing; Carl Bernstein reflected in his 2021 memoir that the Star "couldn't get the paper out to the newer postwar suburbs until late in the afternoon" because "delivery trucks got tied up in rush hour traffic." Meanwhile, The Washington Post acquired and merged with its morning rival, the Washington Times-Herald, in 1954 and steadily drew readers and advertisers away from the falling Star. By the 1960s, the Post was Washington's leading newspaper. In 1972, the Star purchased and absorbed one of Washington's few remaining competing newspapers, The Washington Daily News. For a short period of time after the merger, both "The Evening Star" and "The Washington Daily News" mastheads appeared on the front page. The paper soon was retitled "Washington Star News" and finally, "The Washington Star" by the late 1970s. In 1973, the Star was targeted for clandestine purchase by interests close to the South African Apartheid government in its propaganda war, in what became known as the Muldergate Scandal. The Star, whose editorial policy had always been conservative, was seen as favorable to South Africa at the time. In 1974, pro-apartheid Michigan newspaper publisher John P. McGoff attempted to purchase The Washington Star for $25 million, but he and his family received death threats, and the sale did not go through. In early 1975, the Noyes-Kauffmann-Adams group sold its interests in the paper to Joe Allbritton, a Texas multimillionaire who was known as a corporate turnaround artist. Allbritton, who also owned Riggs Bank, then the most prestigious bank in the capital, planned to use profits from WMAL-AM-FM-TV to shore up the newspaper's finances. The Federal Communications Commission stymied him with rules on media cross-ownership, however. The FCC had recently banned common ownership of newspapers and broadcast outlets, while grandfathering existing clusters. Due to the manner in which Allbritton's takeover was structured, the FCC considered it to be an ownership change, and stripped the WMAL stations of their grandfathered protection. Allbritton sold off all of the Star Company's radio stations in 1977, and channel 7 was renamed WJLA-TV. On October 1, 1975, press operators at the Post went on strike, severely damaging all printing presses before leaving the building. Allbritton would not assist Katharine Graham, the owner of the Post, in any way, refusing to print his rival's papers on the Star's presses, since that likely would have caused the Star to be struck by the press operators as well. Allbritton also had major disagreements with editor Jim Bellows over editorial policy; Bellows left the Star for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner. Unable to make the Star profitable, Allbritton explored other options, including a joint operating agreement with the Post. On February 2, 1978, Allbritton sold the Star to Time Inc. for $20 million. Their flagship magazine, Time, was the arch-rival to Newsweek, which The Washington Post Company had owned since 1961. Time Inc.'s president, James R. Shepley, convinced Time's board of directors that owning a daily newspaper in the national capital would bring a unique sense of prestige and political access. The paper's labor unions agreed to work concessions that Shepley demanded. An effort to draw readers with localized special "zonal" metro news sections, however, did little to help circulation. The Star lacked the resources to produce the sort of ultra-local coverage zonal editions demanded and ended up running many of the same regional stories in all of its local sections. An economic downturn resulted in monthly losses of over $1 million. Overall, the Star lost some $85 million following the acquisition before Time's board decided to give up. On August 7, 1981, after 128 years, The Washington Star ceased publication. In the bankruptcy sale, the Post purchased the land and buildings owned by the Star, including its printing presses. Many of the people who worked for the Star went to work for the newly formed Washington Times, which began operations in May 1982, almost a year after the Star went out of business. Writers who worked at the Star in its last days included Michael Isikoff, Howard Kurtz, Fred Hiatt, Jane Mayer, Chris Hanson, Jeremiah O'Leary, Chuck Conconi, Crispin Sartwell, Maureen Dowd, novelist Randy Sue Coburn, Michael DeMond Davis, Lance Gay, Jules Witcover, Jack Germond, Judy Bachrach, Lyle Denniston, Fred Barnes, Gloria Borger, Kate Sylvester, and Mary McGrory. The paper's staff also included editorial cartoonist Pat Oliphant from 1976 to 1981. Washington Star Syndicate The Washington Star SyndicateIndustryPrint syndicationFoundedMay 1965; 59 years ago (1965-05)DefunctMay 1979; 45 years ago (1979-05)Fateacquired by Universal Press SyndicateHeadquarters444 Madison Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S., U.S.Key peopleHarry E. ElmlarkServicesColumns, comic stripsOwnerThe Washington Star Company (1965–1978)Time Inc. (1978–1979) The Washington Star Syndicate operated from 1965 to 1979. The newspaper had sporadically syndicated material over the years — for instance, Gibson "Gib" Crockett, a Washington Star editorial cartoonist, was syndicated from 1947 to 1967 — but didn't become official until May 1965, when it purchased the remaining comic strips, columns, and features of the George Matthew Adams Service (Adams had died in 1962). The Washington Star Syndicate distributed the columns of James Beard, William F. Buckley Jr., James J. Kilpatrick, and Mary McGrory, among others. It began by syndicating a few strips — including Edwina Dumm's strips Alec the Great and Cap Stubbs and Tippie — it had inherited from the Adams Service; one successful strip the syndicate launched was Morrie Brickman's The Small Society, which was published in over 300 papers, including 35 foreign publications. Otherwise, from about 1971 onward, the syndicate no longer distributed comic strips. In February 1978, the Washington Star Syndicate was sold (along with its parent company) to Time Inc. In May 1979, the Universal Press Syndicate acquired the Star Syndicate from the remaining assets of the Washington Star Company. As a result of this merger, beginning in June 1979, popular existing Universal Press strips like Doonesbury, Cathy, and Tank McNamara left the pages of The Washington Post and began appearing in The Washington Star. (When the Star folded in August 1981, those strips returned to the Post.) Washington Star Syndicate strips and panels Alec the Great by Edwina Dumm (May 1965–1969)—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service Buenos Dias by Ed Nofziger (May 1965 – 1967)—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service Cap Stubbs and Tippie by Edwina Dumm (May 30, 1965 – September 3, 1966)—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service The Small Society by Morrie Brickman (1966–1979)—continued by Universal Press Syndicate until 1984 and then King Features Syndicate The Smith Family by George and Virginia Smith (1951–1994)—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service, syndication continued by Universal Press Syndicate. Stoker the Broker by Henry Boltinoff—acquired from Columbia Features Uncle Charlie by Peter Laing (1965–1978)—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service Pulitzer Prizes 1944: Clifford K. Berryman, for Editorial Cartooning, "But Where Is the Boat Going?" 1950: James T. Berryman, Editorial Cartooning, for "All Set for a Super-Secret Session in Washington." 1958: George Beveridge, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, for "Metro, City of Tomorrow." 1959: Mary Lou Werner, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, "For her comprehensive year-long coverage of the (school) integration crisis." 1960: Miriam Ottenberg, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, "For a series of seven articles exposing a used-car racket in Washington, D.C., that victimized many unwary buyers." 1966: Haynes Johnson, for National Reporting, for his distinguished coverage of the civil rights conflict centered about Selma, Alabama, and particularly his reporting of its aftermath. 1974: James R. Polk, National Reporting, for his disclosure of alleged irregularities in the financing of the campaign to re-elect President Nixon in 1972. 1975: Mary McGrory, Commentary, for her commentary on public affairs during 1974. 1979: Edwin M. Yoder Jr., Editorial Writing. 1981: Jonathan Yardley, Criticism, for book reviews. See also Pauline Frederick Harry Post Godwin, City Editor from 1881 to 1897 Bob Rae, former Ontario NDP Leader and interim Liberal of Party of Canada leader was a paperboy in Washington, D.C. from the late 1950s to 1961. His most prominent customers were Estes Kefauver and Richard Nixon Muldergate, South African scandal involving planned purchase of the paper References General Bellows, Jim. The Last Editor: Ben Bradlee and "The Ear", excerpted from The Last Editor (2002, Andrews McMeel Publishing, Kansas City, Missouri).Castro, Janice. "Washington Loses a Newspaper", Time, August 3, 1981.Haskins, Faye. The Evening Star: The Rise and Fall of a Great Washington Newspaper. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.Graham, Katharine, Personal History, 1997.Klaidman, Stephen. "A Tale of Two Families," The Washington Post, May 9, 1976.Yoder, Edwin M. "Star Wars: Adventures in Attempting to Save a Failing Newspaper," Virginia Quarterly Review. Citations ^ "About Washington Star. (Washington, D.C.) 1975–1981". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-19. ^ Hailey, Jean R. "John Kauffmann, 54, Former President of The Star, Dies," The Washington Post (March 22, 1979). ^ a b "Guide to the Clifford K. Berryman Cartoon Collection, 1899–1949," Gelman Library, George Washington University (MS2024); OCLC 663479510 (retrieved April 21, 2013) ^ Bernstein, Carl (2021). Chasing History: A Kid in the Newsroom. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 48, 335–336. ISBN 978-1-627-79150-2. OCLC 1296179175. ^ "Newspaper Mogul John McGoff Dies". The Times Herald. Port Huron, Michigan. January 22, 1998. p. 13. Retrieved March 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Lynton, Stephen J. (February 4, 1978). "Washington Star Sold To Time for $20 Million". The Washington Post. ^ a b c Barnes, Bart (November 3, 1988). "Ex-Time Inc., Washington Star Executive James Shepley Dies". The Washington Post. ^ Weber, Bruce (December 3, 2012). "James R. Whelan, First Editor of The Washington Times, Dies at 79". The New York Times. ^ a b Boyd, Crosby N., President. "The Washington Star Has Purchased the George Matthew Adams Service, a Newspaper Feature Syndicate," The Washington Star (May 9, 1965) (accessible via CIA.gov). ^ a b "Washington Star Syndicate Sold To Kansas City's Universal Press," New York Times (May 20, 1979), p. 37. ^ Kenan Heise (March 17, 1994). "Morrie Brickman, Creator Of 'Small Society' Cartoon". Chicago Tribune. ^ "Doonesday: Capital Deprived of Doonesbury," The Milwaukee Journal (June 15, 1979). ^ a b Edwina entry, Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928–1999. Accessed Dec. 4, 2017. ^ Ed Nofziger entry, Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928–1999. Accessed Dec. 4, 2017. ^ Jay, Alex. "Ink-Slinger Profiles by Alex Jay: Edwina Dumm", Stripper's Guide (August 16, 2016). ^ Byrne, Terry (May 30, 2007). "A Comics Perspective". Boston Globe. Retrieved 29 September 2019. ^ Peter Laing entry, Lambiek's Comiclopedia. Retrieved Aug. 11, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Washington Star. Clifford K. Berryman Digital Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University Daily Evening Star (1852–1854) at the Library of Congress Evening Star (1854–1972) at the Library of Congress Archives, curated collections, and reproductions Daily Evening Star WorldCat (OCLC) 9574197 (1852–1854) digital-online862972903 (1852–1854) digital-online6563967 microform, reels, 35mm International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) 2328-5907 (1852–1854); digital (Chronicling America)2328-5915 (1852–1854); digital (Chronicling America) Library of Congress Control Number LCCN sn83-45461 (1852–1854) (digital versions, searchable online via Chronicling America database) Evening Star and The Sunday Star WorldCat (OCLC) 751634136; microform974435782; (1854–1972) digital13754744; microform; "Published during the trial of James J. Titus for the murder of Tillie Smith at Hackettstown, New Jersey"4990317; microform994456220 (1854–1972) digital-online2260929 (1854–1972); digital-online International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) 2331-9968 (1854–1971); digital-online Library of Congress Control Number LCCN sn83-45462 (1854–1972) (digital versions, searchable online via Chronicling America database) The Morning Star WorldCat (OCLC) 39363680 (1914– ) "The Morning Star is delivered by carrier only at the annual midwinter dinner of The Evening Star Club of Washington, D.C." The Washington Daily News WorldCat (OCLC) 9186073 (1921–1972) International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) (1921–1972) Library of Congress Control Number LCCN sn82-16181 (1921–1972) The Evening Star and the Washington Daily News WorldCat (OCLC) 9567065 (1972–1973) The Washington Star WorldCat (OCLC) 26559268 (1975–1981); microform, 35mm International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) 0191-1406 (1975–1981); microform, 35mm	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCCN_sn79002331-1"},{"link_name":"newspaper of record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_of_record"},{"link_name":"Mary McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McGrory"},{"link_name":"Clifford K. Berryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_K._Berryman"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"}],"text":"The Washington Star, previously known as the Washington Star-News and the Washington Evening Star, was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., between 1852 and 1981. The Sunday edition was known as the Sunday Star.[1] The paper was renamed several times before becoming Washington Star by the late 1970s.For most of the time it was publishing, The Washington Star was the city's newspaper of record and the longtime home to columnist Mary McGrory and cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman. On August 7, 1981, after 128 years, The Washington Star ceased publication and filed for bankruptcy. In the bankruptcy sale, The Washington Post purchased the land and buildings owned by The Washington Star, including its printing presses.","title":"The Washington Star"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_buying_The_Evening_Star_from_newsboy,_Washington,_D.C._-_headline_reads_%22U.S._at_War_with_Germany%22_LCCN2001706358.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"William Douglas Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas_Wallach"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Crosby Stuart Noyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_Stuart_Noyes"},{"link_name":"Samuel H. Kauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Kauffmann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"A young boy sells The Evening Star to a man in 1917; the headline, published as the U.S. was entering World War I, reads: \"U.S. at War with Germany\"The Washington Star was founded on December 16, 1852, by Captain Joseph Borrows Tate. It was originally headquartered on \"Newspaper Row\" on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. Tate initially named the paper The Daily Evening Star.In 1853, Texas surveyor and newspaper entrepreneur William Douglas Wallach purchased the paper, and in 1854 shortened the name to The Evening Star and introduced The Sunday Star edition. As the sole owner of the paper for 14 years, Wallach built up the paper by capitalizing on reporting of the American Civil War, among other things. In 1867, a three-man consortium of Crosby Stuart Noyes, Samuel H. Kauffmann and George W. Adams acquired the paper, with each of the investors putting up $33,333.33. The Noyes-Kauffmann-Adams interests would own the paper for the next four generations.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evening_Star_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Clifford K. Berryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_K._Berryman"},{"link_name":"Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"teddy bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_bear"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifford-K-Berryman_Collection_1899-1949-3"},{"link_name":"food prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_prices"},{"link_name":"America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifford-K-Berryman_Collection_1899-1949-3"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"WMAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSBN"},{"link_name":"Southeast Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC_(southeast)"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"Carl Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Washington Times-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald"},{"link_name":"The Washington Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Muldergate Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muldergate_Scandal"},{"link_name":"John P. McGoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._McGoff"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-Herald_1998_Jan_22-5"},{"link_name":"Joe Allbritton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Allbritton"},{"link_name":"Riggs Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riggs_Bank"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"media cross-ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership"},{"link_name":"WJLA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJLA-TV"},{"link_name":"strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"Katharine Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Graham"},{"link_name":"Jim Bellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bellows"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Herald-Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald-Examiner"},{"link_name":"joint operating agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_operating_agreement"},{"link_name":"Time Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynton-6"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post_Company"},{"link_name":"James R. Shepley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Shepley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-obit-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-obit-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-obit-7"},{"link_name":"Washington Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Michael Isikoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Isikoff"},{"link_name":"Howard Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"Fred Hiatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hiatt"},{"link_name":"Jane Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_O%27Leary"},{"link_name":"Crispin Sartwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_Sartwell"},{"link_name":"Maureen Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Dowd"},{"link_name":"Michael DeMond Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_DeMond_Davis"},{"link_name":"Jules Witcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Witcover"},{"link_name":"Jack Germond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Germond"},{"link_name":"Lyle Denniston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Denniston"},{"link_name":"Fred Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Barnes_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Gloria Borger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Borger"},{"link_name":"Mary McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McGrory"},{"link_name":"Pat Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Oliphant"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"The Evening Star Building at 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in Washington, D.C., now part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic SiteIn 1907, subsequent Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman joined the Star. Berryman was most famous for his 1902 cartoon of President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt, \"Drawing the Line in Mississippi,\" which spurred the creation of the teddy bear.[3] During his career, Berryman drew thousands of cartoons commenting on American Presidents and politics. Presidential figures included former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Harry S. Truman. The cartoons satirized both Democrats and Republicans and covered topics such as drought, farm relief, and food prices; representation of the District of Columbia in Congress; labor strikes and legislation; campaigning and elections; political patronage; European coronations; the America's Cup; and the atomic bomb. Berryman's career continued at the Star until he collapsed on the lobby floor one morning in 1949 and died shortly after of a heart ailment.[3]The next major change to the newspaper came in 1938, when the three owning families diversified their interests. On May 1, the Star purchased the M. A. Leese Radio Corporation and acquired Washington's oldest radio station, WMAL, in the process. Renamed the Evening Star Broadcasting Company, the 1938 acquisition would figure later in the 1981 demise of the newspaper.The Star's influence and circulation peaked in the 1950s; it constructed a new printing plant in Southeast Washington capable of printing millions of copies, but found itself unable to cope with changing times. Nearly all top editorial and business staff jobs were held by members of the owning families, including a Kauffmann general manager who had gained a reputation for anti-Semitism, driving away advertisers. Suburbanization and competition with television news were other factors for declining circulation and staffing; Carl Bernstein reflected in his 2021 memoir that the Star \"couldn't get the paper out to the newer postwar suburbs until late in the afternoon\" because \"delivery trucks got tied up in rush hour traffic.\"[4]Meanwhile, The Washington Post acquired and merged with its morning rival, the Washington Times-Herald, in 1954 and steadily drew readers and advertisers away from the falling Star. By the 1960s, the Post was Washington's leading newspaper.In 1972, the Star purchased and absorbed one of Washington's few remaining competing newspapers, The Washington Daily News. For a short period of time after the merger, both \"The Evening Star\" and \"The Washington Daily News\" mastheads appeared on the front page. The paper soon was retitled \"Washington Star News\" and finally, \"The Washington Star\" by the late 1970s.In 1973, the Star was targeted for clandestine purchase by interests close to the South African Apartheid government in its propaganda war, in what became known as the Muldergate Scandal. The Star, whose editorial policy had always been conservative, was seen as favorable to South Africa at the time. In 1974, pro-apartheid Michigan newspaper publisher John P. McGoff attempted to purchase The Washington Star for $25 million, but he and his family received death threats, and the sale did not go through.[5]In early 1975, the Noyes-Kauffmann-Adams group sold its interests in the paper to Joe Allbritton, a Texas multimillionaire who was known as a corporate turnaround artist. Allbritton, who also owned Riggs Bank, then the most prestigious bank in the capital, planned to use profits from WMAL-AM-FM-TV to shore up the newspaper's finances. The Federal Communications Commission stymied him with rules on media cross-ownership, however. The FCC had recently banned common ownership of newspapers and broadcast outlets, while grandfathering existing clusters. Due to the manner in which Allbritton's takeover was structured, the FCC considered it to be an ownership change, and stripped the WMAL stations of their grandfathered protection. Allbritton sold off all of the Star Company's radio stations in 1977, and channel 7 was renamed WJLA-TV.On October 1, 1975, press operators at the Post went on strike, severely damaging all printing presses before leaving the building. Allbritton would not assist Katharine Graham, the owner of the Post, in any way, refusing to print his rival's papers on the Star's presses, since that likely would have caused the Star to be struck by the press operators as well. Allbritton also had major disagreements with editor Jim Bellows over editorial policy; Bellows left the Star for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner. Unable to make the Star profitable, Allbritton explored other options, including a joint operating agreement with the Post.On February 2, 1978, Allbritton sold the Star to Time Inc. for $20 million.[6] Their flagship magazine, Time, was the arch-rival to Newsweek, which The Washington Post Company had owned since 1961. Time Inc.'s president, James R. Shepley, convinced Time's board of directors that owning a daily newspaper in the national capital would bring a unique sense of prestige and political access.[7] The paper's labor unions agreed to work concessions that Shepley demanded.[7]An effort to draw readers with localized special \"zonal\" metro news sections, however, did little to help circulation. The Star lacked the resources to produce the sort of ultra-local coverage zonal editions demanded and ended up running many of the same regional stories in all of its local sections. An economic downturn resulted in monthly losses of over $1 million. Overall, the Star lost some $85 million following the acquisition before Time's board decided to give up.[7] On August 7, 1981, after 128 years, The Washington Star ceased publication. In the bankruptcy sale, the Post purchased the land and buildings owned by the Star, including its printing presses.Many of the people who worked for the Star went to work for the newly formed Washington Times, which began operations in May 1982, almost a year after the Star went out of business.[8]Writers who worked at the Star in its last days included Michael Isikoff, Howard Kurtz, Fred Hiatt, Jane Mayer, Chris Hanson, Jeremiah O'Leary, Chuck Conconi, Crispin Sartwell, Maureen Dowd, novelist Randy Sue Coburn, Michael DeMond Davis, Lance Gay, Jules Witcover, Jack Germond, Judy Bachrach, Lyle Denniston, Fred Barnes, Gloria Borger, Kate Sylvester, and Mary McGrory. The paper's staff also included editorial cartoonist Pat Oliphant from 1976 to 1981.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_syndication"},{"link_name":"comic strips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strips"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(periodical)"},{"link_name":"George Matthew Adams Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Matthew_Adams_Service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington-Star_1965_May_9-9"},{"link_name":"James Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beard"},{"link_name":"William F. Buckley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr."},{"link_name":"James J. Kilpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Kilpatrick"},{"link_name":"Mary McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McGrory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPS-sale-10"},{"link_name":"Alec the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Cap Stubbs and Tippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Stubbs_and_Tippie"},{"link_name":"Morrie Brickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrie_Brickman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trib-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Time Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynton-6"},{"link_name":"Universal Press Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Press_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPS-sale-10"},{"link_name":"Doonesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonesbury"},{"link_name":"Cathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"Tank McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_McNamara"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Washington Star Syndicate operated from 1965 to 1979. The newspaper had sporadically syndicated material over the years — for instance, Gibson \"Gib\" Crockett, a Washington Star editorial cartoonist, was syndicated from 1947 to 1967 — but didn't become official until May 1965, when it purchased the remaining comic strips, columns, and features of the George Matthew Adams Service (Adams had died in 1962).[9]The Washington Star Syndicate distributed the columns of James Beard, William F. Buckley Jr., James J. Kilpatrick, and Mary McGrory, among others.[10] It began by syndicating a few strips — including Edwina Dumm's strips Alec the Great and Cap Stubbs and Tippie — it had inherited from the Adams Service; one successful strip the syndicate launched was Morrie Brickman's The Small Society, which was published in over 300 papers, including 35 foreign publications.[11] Otherwise, from about 1971 onward, the syndicate no longer distributed comic strips.[citation needed]In February 1978, the Washington Star Syndicate was sold (along with its parent company) to Time Inc.[6] In May 1979, the Universal Press Syndicate acquired the Star Syndicate from the remaining assets of the Washington Star Company.[10] As a result of this merger, beginning in June 1979, popular existing Universal Press strips like Doonesbury, Cathy, and Tank McNamara left the pages of The Washington Post and began appearing in The Washington Star.[12] (When the Star folded in August 1981, those strips returned to the Post.)","title":"Washington Star Syndicate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alec the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Edwina Dumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwina_Dumm"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwina-13"},{"link_name":"George Matthew Adams Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Matthew_Adams_Service"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cap Stubbs and Tippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Stubbs_and_Tippie"},{"link_name":"Edwina Dumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwina_Dumm"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwina-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Morrie Brickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrie_Brickman"},{"link_name":"Universal Press Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Press_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"King Features Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston-Globe_2007_May_30-16"},{"link_name":"George Matthew Adams Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Matthew_Adams_Service"},{"link_name":"Stoker the Broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoker_the_Broker"},{"link_name":"Henry Boltinoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Boltinoff"},{"link_name":"Columbia Features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Features"},{"link_name":"Peter Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Laing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Washington Star Syndicate strips and panels","text":"Alec the Great by Edwina Dumm (May 1965[13]–1969)—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service\nBuenos Dias by Ed Nofziger (May 1965 – 1967)[14]—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service\nCap Stubbs and Tippie by Edwina Dumm[13] (May 30, 1965 – September 3, 1966)[15]—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service\nThe Small Society by Morrie Brickman (1966–1979)—continued by Universal Press Syndicate until 1984 and then King Features Syndicate\nThe Smith Family by George and Virginia Smith (1951–1994)[16]—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service, syndication continued by Universal Press Syndicate.\nStoker the Broker by Henry Boltinoff—acquired from Columbia Features\nUncle Charlie by Peter Laing (1965–1978)—inherited from the George Matthew Adams Service[17]","title":"Washington Star Syndicate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifford K. Berryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_K._Berryman"},{"link_name":"Editorial Cartooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Cartooning"},{"link_name":"But Where Is the Boat Going?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:But_Where_Is_the_Boat_Going%3F.jpg"},{"link_name":"James T. Berryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Berryman"},{"link_name":"Editorial Cartooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Cartooning"},{"link_name":"All Set for a Super-Secret Session in Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Set_for_a_Super-Secret_Session_in_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Beveridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_D._Beveridge"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Local_Reporting"},{"link_name":"Mary Lou Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Local_Reporting"},{"link_name":"Miriam Ottenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Ottenberg"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Local_Reporting"},{"link_name":"Haynes Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynes_Johnson"},{"link_name":"National Reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_National_Reporting"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"Selma, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"James R. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"National Reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_National_Reporting"},{"link_name":"Mary McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McGrory"},{"link_name":"Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Commentary"},{"link_name":"Edwin M. Yoder Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Yoder"},{"link_name":"Editorial Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Writing"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Yardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Yardley"},{"link_name":"Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Criticism"}],"text":"1944: Clifford K. Berryman, for Editorial Cartooning, \"But Where Is the Boat Going?\"\n1950: James T. Berryman, Editorial Cartooning, for \"All Set for a Super-Secret Session in Washington.\"\n1958: George Beveridge, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, for \"Metro, City of Tomorrow.\"\n1959: Mary Lou Werner, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, \"For her comprehensive year-long coverage of the (school) integration crisis.\"\n1960: Miriam Ottenberg, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, \"For a series of seven articles exposing a used-car racket in Washington, D.C., that victimized many unwary buyers.\"\n1966: Haynes Johnson, for National Reporting, for his distinguished coverage of the civil rights conflict centered about Selma, Alabama, and particularly his reporting of its aftermath.\n1974: James R. Polk, National Reporting, for his disclosure of alleged irregularities in the financing of the campaign to re-elect President Nixon in 1972.\n1975: Mary McGrory, Commentary, for her commentary on public affairs during 1974.\n1979: Edwin M. Yoder Jr., Editorial Writing.\n1981: Jonathan Yardley, Criticism, for book reviews.","title":"Pulitzer Prizes"}]	[{"image_text":"A young boy sells The Evening Star to a man in 1917; the headline, published as the U.S. was entering World War I, reads: \"U.S. at War with Germany\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Man_buying_The_Evening_Star_from_newsboy%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_headline_reads_%22U.S._at_War_with_Germany%22_LCCN2001706358.jpg/220px-Man_buying_The_Evening_Star_from_newsboy%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_headline_reads_%22U.S._at_War_with_Germany%22_LCCN2001706358.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Evening Star Building at 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in Washington, D.C., now part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Evening_Star_Building.jpg/220px-Evening_Star_Building.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Pauline Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Frederick_(journalist)"},{"title":"Harry Post Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Post_Godwin"},{"title":"Bob Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rae"},{"title":"Estes Kefauver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver"},{"title":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"title":"Muldergate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muldergate"}]	[{"reference":"\"About Washington Star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1975–1981\". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn79002331/","url_text":"\"About Washington Star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1975–1981\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicling_America","url_text":"Chronicling America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Carl (2021). Chasing History: A Kid in the Newsroom. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 48, 335–336. ISBN 978-1-627-79150-2. OCLC 1296179175.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bernstein","url_text":"Bernstein, Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-627-79150-2","url_text":"978-1-627-79150-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1296179175","url_text":"1296179175"}]},{"reference":"\"Newspaper Mogul John McGoff Dies\". The Times Herald. Port Huron, Michigan. January 22, 1998. p. 13. Retrieved March 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/210927049/?terms=%22John%2BP.%2BMcGoff%22","url_text":"\"Newspaper Mogul John McGoff Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Herald","url_text":"The Times Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Lynton, Stephen J. (February 4, 1978). \"Washington Star Sold To Time for $20 Million\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/02/04/washington-star-sold-to-time-for-20-million/75deb2de-c053-48e6-9ab3-e4f817bcc7f7/","url_text":"\"Washington Star Sold To Time for $20 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Bart (November 3, 1988). \"Ex-Time Inc., Washington Star Executive James Shepley Dies\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/11/03/ex-time-inc-washington-star-executive-james-shepley-dies/8978c3f0-0883-4a9c-9466-65e79037330f/","url_text":"\"Ex-Time Inc., Washington Star Executive James Shepley Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, Bruce (December 3, 2012). \"James R. Whelan, First Editor of The Washington Times, Dies at 79\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/business/james-r-whelan-first-editor-of-the-washington-times-dies-at-79.html","url_text":"\"James R. Whelan, First Editor of The Washington Times, Dies at 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kenan Heise (March 17, 1994). \"Morrie Brickman, Creator Of 'Small Society' Cartoon\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-03-17/news/9403170009_1_mensch-comic-strip-evanston-hospital","url_text":"\"Morrie Brickman, Creator Of 'Small Society' Cartoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Byrne, Terry (May 30, 2007). \"A Comics Perspective\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 29 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2007/05/30/a_comics_perspective/","url_text":"\"A Comics Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/books/04/17/excerpt.bellows.3/","external_links_name":"The Last Editor: Ben Bradlee and \"The Ear\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050129070208/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,949290,00.html","external_links_name":"Washington Loses a Newspaper"},{"Link":"http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1993/autumn/yoder-star-wars-adventures/","external_links_name":"Star Wars: Adventures in Attempting to Save a Failing Newspaper"},{"Link":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn79002331/","external_links_name":"\"About Washington Star. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Stancaro	Francesco Stancaro	["1 Life","2 Works","3 References"]	Francesco Stancaro (also Latin: Franciscus Stancarus) (1501 in Mantua – 1574 in Stopnica) was an Italian Catholic priest, theologian, Protestant convert, and Protestant reformer who became professor of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg. A scholar in theology and Lutheranism, conciliarist, and a trained physician, he was an opponent of antitrinitarianism, but his views on Christ's mediatorship were actually used by antitrinitarians to popularize their views in Poland and Hungary. His teachings never achieved widespread credibility amongst Calvinists, but he received a considerable following, particularly amongst the Polish and Hungarian aristocracy, and is considered one of the most successful Reformists in Poland. He was imprisoned on numerous occasions and much of his life was spent as an itinerant theologian, traveling extensively across eastern Europe. From 1551 he was involved in the Osiandrian controversy, an extensive Lutheran debate in Germany and Prussia which extended into the mid-1560s. While acknowledging both natures, human and divine, of Christ, Stancaro claimed that Jesus Christ was a mediator not as God but as a man: this doctrine was challenged by the theologian Andreas Musculus in a public discussion held in Berlin on October 10, 1552. Stancaro authored De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis a decade later in which he offered his views on the issue, mainly in response to Peter Martyr Vermigli, a strong critic of Stancaro. In 1562 he settled in Stopnica, where he led a comparatively quiet life in retirement. He died on November 12, 1574. Life Stancaro was born in Mantua in 1501. He devoted himself to the humanities and scholarly learning, and was ordained as a priest in Padua. He published De modo legendi Hebraice institutio brevissima in 1530. Brought up a Roman Catholic, he became a Protestant in 1540, while teaching Hebrew at the University of Padua. He left for Venice, where he was arrested and imprisoned for sometime, joining another Protestant Italian, Francesco Negri. He left Venice in 1541, and arrived in Vienna by 1544. He was professor of Greek and Hebrew there, but lost his post in 1546. Bernardino Ochino, companion of Stancaro from March 1546. In March 1546 he reached Regensburg, where he met Bernardino Ochino, with whom he went, via Ratisbon, to Augsburg to teach Greek and Hebrew. With the defeat of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League by the troops of Charles V, in 1547 Stancaro and Ochino fled Augsburg. They spent time in Strasbourg, where Ochino met up with old friend Peter Martyr and they received an invitation by Archbishop Cranmer to visit London. They also visited Constance and Zurich during this period, before finding refuge in Basel. At Basel he found the time to produce four theological works, Suae ebraee grammaticae compendium, nunc primum excussum, In epistolam canonicam D. Jacobi Heriolymitani expositio pia, Miscellanea theologica. Nempe gradus beneficiorum dei, de templis Judaeorum, bibliorum scriptroes, deprophetis, Israeliticus ordo, de synagogis, modus legendas prophetas, linguae ebrae inclinatio, ebrei unde dicti, lectionis in synagoga. Noviter excussa, and Opera nuova di F. S. Mantovano della Riformatione, si della dottrina Christiana, come della vera intelligentia dei sacramenti. con maturi consideratione et fondamento della scrittura santa, et consoglio de Santi Padri. non solamente utile, ma necessaria a ogni stato et conditione di Persone. In 1546 he was said to have published a "false opinion" in that there were "supposed to be two different Messiahs, one of a host of unusual notions entertained by Anabaptists." After fruitlessly searching in vain for a job as a teacher of theology, he returned to Chiavenna. Stancaro moved on to the Grisons and reached Transylvania by the end of 1548, where he had support from Isabella Jagiellon, who provided introductions for him. In 1549 he obtained work as a teacher of theology at the University of Cracow, a position which he was forced to abandon when in March 1550 he was denounced as a Protestant for denying the Catholic doctrine of the intercession of saints. While at the University of Cracow, he is said to have argued that the Eucharist was a promise of a gift to be bestowed in heaven, and not the real flesh and blood of Christ. The small school of theologians who came to agree with this position were labelled Arrhabonarii after the Greek word Ἀρραβων, Arrha, meaning "earnest". In Poland his oratorical talents and scholarship was recognized, particularly amongst the aristocracy. Barbara Sher Tinsley says of him, "Stancaro pursued a line of reasoning that actually encouraged some orthodox colleagues to defend Antitrinitarian positions in Poland and accidentally caused the downfall of Reform in that country. Still, , Stancaro was one of the most successful people who had worked to established the Reformed faith in Poland." Although Stancaro believed in the co-equality of the Son and the Father and acknowledged both natures, human and divine, of Christ, he believed that "Christ was mediator by virtue of his humanity, not by virtue of his divinity, in order not to subordinate the Son to the Father." He was imprisoned in Lipowitz but obtained the protection of some Polish nobles and his escape was arranged, and, with help from Calvinist nobleman Mikołaj Oleśnicki, was able to set up the Helvetic-Italian Reformed Church of Poland in Pińczów. He engaged in debate with a small circle of Protestants in the town such as Jan Laski, Piotr of Goniądz and Peter Martyr Vermigli; his contemporaries considered Stancaro to be hot-tempered and arrogant, tendentious in his beliefs. Yet he was considered to be a "highly cultivated man, a refined student of Hebrew." According to Pierre Bayle and others, Stancaro convinced Oleśnicki to banish all of the monks from Pińczów. Stancaro led the first Protestant service at the church on 25 November 1550, but his term as pastor was to prove short-lived; a royal decree of December 12, 1550 imposed the dissolution of the church and Stancaro had to leave Poland to Germany. He was criticized by Stanislas Orzechowski, who had turned against Protestantism, and authored a popular work denouncing his beliefs. Andreas Musculus who debated the Osiandrian controversy with Stancaro in 1552. Stancaro moved on to Königsberg, where he obtained the chair of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg in May 1551, before moving on to Frankfurt (Oder). At this point he was involved in the Osiandrian controversy. Stancaro's views on the trinity were challenged and contradicted by the theologian Andreas Musculus in a public discussion held in Berlin on October 10, 1552. Stancaro's writing Apologia contra Osiandrum rendered the dispute so violent that the Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg summoned Melanchthon and Bugenhagen from Wittenberg to Frankfurt in the autumn of 1552 in order to investigate the dispute. They did not travel, but Melanchthon stated in opposition to Stancaro that Christ, like a priest, was a mediator in two natures. Melanchthon published Responsio de controversiis Stancari scripta in June 1552, and Stancaro was forced to leave Frankfurt. Around this time he published Canones Reformationis (also Canones reformationis ecclesiarum Polonicarum or Riformatione), although some give the date of publication as earlier and state 1548 or 1550; the truth though appears to be that he drafted the work in Pińczów in 1650 and published it two years later while in Frankfurt-on-the-Oder in 1552. The work of 50 theological propositions received considerable attention amongst Polish noblemen and their wives in the 1550s. He continued an itinerant existence in Eastern Europe; indeed Stephen Edmondson refers to him as the "wandering Italian theologian". Stancaro authored De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis a decade later in 1562 in which he offered his views on the issue, mainly in response to the letters of Peter Martyr Vermigli, a strong critic of Stancero. In November 1554 he settled in Transylvania, enjoying the protection of the Hungarian lord Péter Petrovics, who he served as a personal physician to at his castle. During his time with Petrovics he influenced numerous people in Hungary such as the Debrecen clergyman Tamás Arany, who became involved in a heated debate with Calvinist bishop Péter Melius Juhász over Antitrinitarian issues. After the death of his patron in May 1559, he returned to Poland where he published his Collatio doctrinae Arrii et Melanchthonis Philippi, in which Philip Melanchthon accused him of Arianism. For this reason he came into conflict with Francesco Lismanini and Jan Laski, leading to imprisonment on 28 June 1559 at Wlodzislaw. Stancaro was released and moved to Dubiecko. Here he was involved in the Synod of Książ, held in September 1560, and a year later he founded a Reformed church, an existence which was to be short-lived. During his time in Dubiecko he authored Collatio doctrinae Arrii, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et sequacium Arrii et Philippi Melanchthonis et Francisci Davidis et reliquorum Saxonum doctrina de Filio Dei, Domino Jesu Christo, vna est et eadem and De officiis mediatoris domini Jesu Christi et secundum quam naturam haec officia exhibuerit et executusd fuerit. In 1562 he settled in Stopnica, where he led a comparatively quiet life in retirement. He died on November 12, 1574. Works De modo legendi Hebraice institutio brevissima, Venedig (1530) Suae ebraee grammaticae compendium, nunc primum excussum, Basel (1547) In epistolam canonicam D. Jacobi Heriolymitani expositio pia, Basel (1547) Miscellanea theologica. Nempe gradus beneficiorum dei, de templis Judaeorum, bibliorum scriptroes, deprophetis, Israeliticus ordo, de synagogis, modus legendas prophetas, linguae ebrae inclinatio, ebrei unde dicti, lectionis in synagoga. Noviter excussa, (1547) Opera nuova di F. S. Mantovano della Riformatione, si della dottrina Christiana, come della vera intelligentia dei sacramenti. con maturi consideratione et fondamento della scrittura santa, et consoglio de Santi Padri. non solamente utile, ma necessaria a ogni stato et conditione di Persone, Basel (1547) Canones Reformationis, Frankfurt/Oder (1552) Collatio doctrinae Arrii, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et sequacium Arrii et Philippi Melanchthonis et Francisci Davidis et reliquorum Saxonum doctrina de Filio Dei, Domino Jesu Christo, vna est et eadem, (1559) De officiis mediatoris domini Jesu Christi et secundum quam naturam haec officia exhibuerit et executusd fuerit, (1559) De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis, Kraków (1562) Summa confessionis fidei F: S. Matvani, et quorundam discipulorum suorum, triginta octo articulis comprehensa, (1570) References ^ a b c d e f Vermigli, Pietro Martire; Donnelly, John Patrick; James, Frank A.; McLelland, Joseph C. (1999). The Peter Martyr Reader. Truman State Univ Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-943549-75-0. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b c d e f Friedrich, Karin; Pendzich, Barbara M. (2009). Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772. BRILL. p. 183. ISBN 978-90-04-16983-8. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i Barbara Sher Tinsley (2001). Pierre Bayle's Reformation: Conscience and Criticism on the Eve of the Enlightenment. Susquehanna University Press. pp. 286–8. ISBN 978-1-57591-043-7. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ a b Williams, George Huntston (1962). The Radical Reformation. Westminster Press. pp. 570, 999. ISBN 9780664203726. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario. Forgotten Books. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-4510-0334-5. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ "History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences - Arboreus - artery". digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-06. ^ Between Scylla and Charybdis: Learned Letter Writers Navigating the Reefs of Religious and Political Controversy in Early Modern Europe. BRILL. 19 November 2010. p. 177. ISBN 978-90-04-18573-9. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Blissett, Luther (21 June 2004). Q. Random House UK. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-09-943983-7. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b c Artikel „Stancarus, Franciscus“ von Paul Tschackert in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 35 (1893), S. 436–439, (in German), Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource ^ Vajta, Vilmos (1961). Luther und Melanchthon. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 174. ISBN 978-3-525-55323-7. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b Campbell, Gordon (1 May 2003). The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-860175-3. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Friedrich Bente (30 January 2009). Historical Introductions to the Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Echo Library. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-4068-9245-1. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ Edmondson, Stephen (1 July 2004). Calvin's Christology. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-54154-1. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b Hsia, R. Po-chia (31 March 2006). A Companion to the Reformation World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4051-4962-4. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Schmidt, Christoph (2000). Auf Felsen gesät: die Reformation in Polen und Livland (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 88. ISBN 978-3-525-01387-8. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Kyrios: Vierteljahresschrift fr̈ Kirchen- und Geistesgeschichte Osteuropas (in German). Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. 1967. p. 162. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b Lubieniecki, Stanisław; Williams, George Huntston (1995). History of the Polish Reformation: and nine related documents. Fortress Press. p. 526. ISBN 978-0-8006-7085-6. Retrieved 11 September 2012. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Calvinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Reformists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_churches"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VermigliDonnelly1999-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedrichPendzich2009-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"Osiandrian controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiandrian_controversy"},{"link_name":"Andreas Musculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Musculus"},{"link_name":"Peter Martyr Vermigli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VermigliDonnelly1999-1"},{"link_name":"Stopnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopnica"}],"text":"A scholar in theology and Lutheranism, conciliarist, and a trained physician, he was an opponent of antitrinitarianism, but his views on Christ's mediatorship were actually used by antitrinitarians to popularize their views in Poland and Hungary. His teachings never achieved widespread credibility amongst Calvinists, but he received a considerable following, particularly amongst the Polish and Hungarian aristocracy, and is considered one of the most successful Reformists in Poland.[1][2][3] He was imprisoned on numerous occasions and much of his life was spent as an itinerant theologian, traveling extensively across eastern Europe. From 1551 he was involved in the Osiandrian controversy, an extensive Lutheran debate in Germany and Prussia which extended into the mid-1560s. While acknowledging both natures, human and divine, of Christ, Stancaro claimed that Jesus Christ was a mediator not as God but as a man: this doctrine was challenged by the theologian Andreas Musculus in a public discussion held in Berlin on October 10, 1552. Stancaro authored De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis a decade later in which he offered his views on the issue, mainly in response to Peter Martyr Vermigli, a strong critic of Stancaro.[1] In 1562 he settled in Stopnica, where he led a comparatively quiet life in retirement. He died on November 12, 1574.","title":"Francesco Stancaro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VermigliDonnelly1999-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams1962-4"},{"link_name":"University of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VermigliDonnelly1999-1"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Francesco Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Negri_(Antitrinitarian)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedrichPendzich2009-2"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedrichPendzich2009-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernardino_Ochino.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Ochino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Ochino"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Ochino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Ochino"},{"link_name":"Ratisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratisbon"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedrichPendzich2009-2"},{"link_name":"Schmalkaldic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Life_and_Times_of_Aonio_Paleario-5"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Peter Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Cranmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Cranmer"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Life_and_Times_of_Aonio_Paleario-5"},{"link_name":"Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanz"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"Chiavenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiavenna"},{"link_name":"Grisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisons"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Isabella Jagiellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"University of Cracow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cracow"},{"link_name":"Arrhabonarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhabonarii"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedrichPendzich2009-2"},{"link_name":"Barbara Sher Tinsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Sher_Tinsley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"Lipowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipowitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Oleśnicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Ole%C5%9Bnicki"},{"link_name":"Pińczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"Jan Laski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Laski"},{"link_name":"Piotr of Goniądz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_of_Goni%C4%85dz"},{"link_name":"Peter Martyr Vermigli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis:_Learned_Letter_Writers_Navigating_the_Reefs_of_Religious_and_Political_Controversy_in_Early_Modern_Europe-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blissett2004-8"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"link_name":"Stanislas Orzechowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Orzechowski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinsley2001-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andreas_Musculus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andreas Musculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Musculus"},{"link_name":"Osiandrian controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiandrian_controversy"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"University of Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt (Oder)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)"},{"link_name":"Osiandrian controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiandrian_controversy"},{"link_name":"Andreas Musculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Musculus"},{"link_name":"Joachim II of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_II_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"Bugenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugenhagen"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-9"},{"link_name":"Canones Reformationis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canones_Reformationis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vajta1961-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell2003-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams1962-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedrichPendzich2009-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell2003-11"},{"link_name":"Stephen Edmondson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Edmondson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edmondson2004-13"},{"link_name":"Peter Martyr Vermigli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VermigliDonnelly1999-1"},{"link_name":"Péter Petrovics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Petrovics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsia2006-14"},{"link_name":"Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrecen"},{"link_name":"Tamás Arany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tam%C3%A1s_Arany&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Péter Melius Juhász","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Melius_Juh%C3%A1sz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsia2006-14"},{"link_name":"Philip Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"Arianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"Francesco Lismanini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Lismanini"},{"link_name":"Jan Laski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Laski"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidt2000-15"},{"link_name":"Wlodzislaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wlodzislaw"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyrios:_Vierteljahresschrift_fr%CC%88_Kirchen-_und_Geistesgeschichte_Osteuropas-16"},{"link_name":"Dubiecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubiecko"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LubienieckiWilliams1995-17"},{"link_name":"Synod of Książ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LubienieckiWilliams1995-17"},{"link_name":"Stopnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopnica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VermigliDonnelly1999-1"}],"text":"Stancaro was born in Mantua in 1501. He devoted himself to the humanities and scholarly learning, and was ordained as a priest in Padua.[1] He published De modo legendi Hebraice institutio brevissima in 1530.[4] Brought up a Roman Catholic, he became a Protestant in 1540, while teaching Hebrew at the University of Padua.[1] He left for Venice, where he was arrested and imprisoned for sometime, joining another Protestant Italian, Francesco Negri. He left Venice in 1541,[2] and arrived in Vienna by 1544. He was professor of Greek and Hebrew there, but lost his post in 1546.[2]Bernardino Ochino, companion of Stancaro from March 1546.In March 1546 he reached Regensburg, where he met Bernardino Ochino, with whom he went, via Ratisbon, to Augsburg to teach Greek and Hebrew.[2] With the defeat of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League by the troops of Charles V, in 1547 Stancaro and Ochino fled Augsburg.[5] They spent time in Strasbourg, where Ochino met up with old friend Peter Martyr and they received an invitation by Archbishop Cranmer to visit London.[5] They also visited Constance and Zurich during this period, before finding refuge in Basel.[3] At Basel he found the time to produce four theological works, Suae ebraee grammaticae compendium, nunc primum excussum, In epistolam canonicam D. Jacobi Heriolymitani expositio pia, Miscellanea theologica. Nempe gradus beneficiorum dei, de templis Judaeorum, bibliorum scriptroes, deprophetis, Israeliticus ordo, de synagogis, modus legendas prophetas, linguae ebrae inclinatio, ebrei unde dicti, lectionis in synagoga. Noviter excussa, and Opera nuova di F. S. Mantovano della Riformatione, si della dottrina Christiana, come della vera intelligentia dei sacramenti. con maturi consideratione et fondamento della scrittura santa, et consoglio de Santi Padri. non solamente utile, ma necessaria a ogni stato et conditione di Persone. In 1546 he was said to have published a \"false opinion\" in that there were \"supposed to be two different Messiahs, one of a host of unusual notions entertained by Anabaptists.\"[3] After fruitlessly searching in vain for a job as a teacher of theology, he returned to Chiavenna.Stancaro moved on to the Grisons and reached Transylvania by the end of 1548, where he had support from Isabella Jagiellon, who provided introductions for him. In 1549 he obtained work as a teacher of theology at the University of Cracow, a position which he was forced to abandon when in March 1550 he was denounced as a Protestant for denying the Catholic doctrine of the intercession of saints. While at the University of Cracow, he is said to have argued that the Eucharist was a promise of a gift to be bestowed in heaven, and not the real flesh and blood of Christ. The small school of theologians who came to agree with this position were labelled Arrhabonarii after the Greek word Ἀρραβων, Arrha, meaning \"earnest\".[6]In Poland his oratorical talents and scholarship was recognized, particularly amongst the aristocracy.[2] Barbara Sher Tinsley says of him, \"Stancaro pursued a line of reasoning that actually encouraged some orthodox colleagues to defend Antitrinitarian positions in Poland and accidentally caused the downfall of Reform in that country. Still, [as Pierre Bayle admitted], Stancaro was one of the most successful people who had worked to established the Reformed faith in Poland.\"[3] Although Stancaro believed in the co-equality of the Son and the Father and acknowledged both natures, human and divine, of Christ, he believed that \"Christ was mediator by virtue of his humanity, not by virtue of his divinity, in order not to subordinate the Son to the Father.\"[3] He was imprisoned in Lipowitz but obtained the protection of some Polish nobles and his escape was arranged, and, with help from Calvinist nobleman Mikołaj Oleśnicki, was able to set up the Helvetic-Italian Reformed Church of Poland in Pińczów.[3] He engaged in debate with a small circle of Protestants in the town such as Jan Laski, Piotr of Goniądz and Peter Martyr Vermigli; his contemporaries considered Stancaro to be hot-tempered and arrogant, tendentious in his beliefs.[3][7] Yet he was considered to be a \"highly cultivated man, a refined student of Hebrew.\"[8] According to Pierre Bayle and others, Stancaro convinced Oleśnicki to banish all of the monks from Pińczów.[3] Stancaro led the first Protestant service at the church on 25 November 1550, but his term as pastor was to prove short-lived; a royal decree of December 12, 1550 imposed the dissolution of the church and Stancaro had to leave Poland to Germany. He was criticized by Stanislas Orzechowski, who had turned against Protestantism, and authored a popular work denouncing his beliefs.[3]Andreas Musculus who debated the Osiandrian controversy with Stancaro in 1552.Stancaro moved on to Königsberg, where he obtained the chair of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg in May 1551, before moving on to Frankfurt (Oder). At this point he was involved in the Osiandrian controversy. Stancaro's views on the trinity were challenged and contradicted by the theologian Andreas Musculus in a public discussion held in Berlin on October 10, 1552. Stancaro's writing Apologia contra Osiandrum rendered the dispute so violent that the Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg summoned Melanchthon and Bugenhagen from Wittenberg to Frankfurt in the autumn of 1552 in order to investigate the dispute.[9] They did not travel, but Melanchthon stated in opposition to Stancaro that Christ, like a priest, was a mediator in two natures.[9] Melanchthon published Responsio de controversiis Stancari scripta in June 1552, and Stancaro was forced to leave Frankfurt.[9] Around this time he published Canones Reformationis (also Canones reformationis ecclesiarum Polonicarum or Riformatione),[10] although some give the date of publication as earlier and state 1548 or 1550;[11] the truth though appears to be that he drafted the work in Pińczów in 1650 and published it two years later while in Frankfurt-on-the-Oder in 1552.[4] The work of 50 theological propositions received considerable attention amongst Polish noblemen and their wives in the 1550s.[2][11]He continued an itinerant existence in Eastern Europe; indeed Stephen Edmondson refers to him as the \"wandering Italian theologian\".[12][13] Stancaro authored De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis a decade later in 1562 in which he offered his views on the issue, mainly in response to the letters of Peter Martyr Vermigli, a strong critic of Stancero.[1]In November 1554 he settled in Transylvania, enjoying the protection of the Hungarian lord Péter Petrovics, who he served as a personal physician to at his castle.[14] During his time with Petrovics he influenced numerous people in Hungary such as the Debrecen clergyman Tamás Arany, who became involved in a heated debate with Calvinist bishop Péter Melius Juhász over Antitrinitarian issues.[14] After the death of his patron in May 1559, he returned to Poland where he published his Collatio doctrinae Arrii et Melanchthonis Philippi, in which Philip Melanchthon accused him of Arianism. For this reason he came into conflict with Francesco Lismanini and Jan Laski,[15] leading to imprisonment on 28 June 1559 at Wlodzislaw.[16] Stancaro was released and moved to Dubiecko.[17] Here he was involved in the Synod of Książ, held in September 1560, and a year later he founded a Reformed church, an existence which was to be short-lived.[17] During his time in Dubiecko he authored Collatio doctrinae Arrii, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et sequacium Arrii et Philippi Melanchthonis et Francisci Davidis et reliquorum Saxonum doctrina de Filio Dei, Domino Jesu Christo, vna est et eadem and De officiis mediatoris domini Jesu Christi et secundum quam naturam haec officia exhibuerit et executusd fuerit. In 1562 he settled in Stopnica, where he led a comparatively quiet life in retirement.[1] He died on November 12, 1574.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"De modo legendi Hebraice institutio brevissima, Venedig (1530)\nSuae ebraee grammaticae compendium, nunc primum excussum, Basel (1547)\nIn epistolam canonicam D. Jacobi Heriolymitani expositio pia, Basel (1547)\nMiscellanea theologica. Nempe gradus beneficiorum dei, de templis Judaeorum, bibliorum scriptroes, deprophetis, Israeliticus ordo, de synagogis, modus legendas prophetas, linguae ebrae inclinatio, ebrei unde dicti, lectionis in synagoga. Noviter excussa, (1547)\nOpera nuova di F. S. Mantovano della Riformatione, si della dottrina Christiana, come della vera intelligentia dei sacramenti. con maturi consideratione et fondamento della scrittura santa, et consoglio de Santi Padri. non solamente utile, ma necessaria a ogni stato et conditione di Persone, Basel (1547)\nCanones Reformationis, Frankfurt/Oder (1552)\nCollatio doctrinae Arrii, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et sequacium Arrii et Philippi Melanchthonis et Francisci Davidis et reliquorum Saxonum doctrina de Filio Dei, Domino Jesu Christo, vna est et eadem, (1559)\nDe officiis mediatoris domini Jesu Christi et secundum quam naturam haec officia exhibuerit et executusd fuerit, (1559)\nDe Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis, Kraków (1562)\nSumma confessionis fidei F: S. Matvani, et quorundam discipulorum suorum, triginta octo articulis comprehensa, (1570)","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Bernardino Ochino, companion of Stancaro from March 1546.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bernardino_Ochino.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andreas Musculus who debated the Osiandrian controversy with Stancaro in 1552.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Andreas_Musculus.jpg/220px-Andreas_Musculus.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Vermigli, Pietro Martire; Donnelly, John Patrick; James, Frank A.; McLelland, Joseph C. (1999). The Peter Martyr Reader. Truman State Univ Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-943549-75-0. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=klqL6RU6jtUC&pg=PA128","url_text":"The Peter Martyr Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943549-75-0","url_text":"978-0-943549-75-0"}]},{"reference":"Friedrich, Karin; Pendzich, Barbara M. (2009). Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772. BRILL. p. 183. ISBN 978-90-04-16983-8. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SLYaVwxqRsEC&pg=PA183","url_text":"Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16983-8","url_text":"978-90-04-16983-8"}]},{"reference":"Barbara Sher Tinsley (2001). Pierre Bayle's Reformation: Conscience and Criticism on the Eve of the Enlightenment. Susquehanna University Press. pp. 286–8. ISBN 978-1-57591-043-7. Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lYN6jzP0pocC&pg=PA286","url_text":"Pierre Bayle's Reformation: Conscience and Criticism on the Eve of the Enlightenment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57591-043-7","url_text":"978-1-57591-043-7"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George Huntston (1962). The Radical Reformation. Westminster Press. pp. 570, 999. ISBN 9780664203726. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=apwIAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Radical Reformation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664203726","url_text":"9780664203726"}]},{"reference":"The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario. Forgotten Books. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-4510-0334-5. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JfSNwBUT1rMC&pg=PA390","url_text":"The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4510-0334-5","url_text":"978-1-4510-0334-5"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences - Arboreus - artery\". digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0187&q1=Arrhabonarii","url_text":"\"History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences - Arboreus - artery\""}]},{"reference":"Between Scylla and Charybdis: Learned Letter Writers Navigating the Reefs of Religious and Political Controversy in Early Modern Europe. BRILL. 19 November 2010. p. 177. ISBN 978-90-04-18573-9. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpUqMoSV7EUC&pg=PA177","url_text":"Between Scylla and Charybdis: Learned Letter Writers Navigating the Reefs of Religious and Political Controversy in Early Modern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18573-9","url_text":"978-90-04-18573-9"}]},{"reference":"Blissett, Luther (21 June 2004). Q. Random House UK. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-09-943983-7. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4_17NLxDOFYC&pg=PA393","url_text":"Q"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-943983-7","url_text":"978-0-09-943983-7"}]},{"reference":"Vajta, Vilmos (1961). Luther und Melanchthon. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 174. ISBN 978-3-525-55323-7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Beckert	Glenn Beckert	["1 Baseball career","2 Career statistics","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American baseball player (1940–2020) Baseball player Glenn BeckertBeckert in 1973Second basemanBorn: (1940-10-12)October 12, 1940Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Died: April 12, 2020(2020-04-12) (aged 79)Englewood, Florida, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 12, 1965, for the Chicago CubsLast MLB appearanceApril 27, 1975, for the San Diego PadresMLB statisticsBatting average.283Home runs22Runs batted in360 Teams Chicago Cubs (1965–1973) San Diego Padres (1974–1975) Career highlights and awards 4× All-Star (1969–1972) Gold Glove Award (1968) Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame Glenn Alfred Beckert (October 12, 1940 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a second baseman for the Chicago Cubs for nine seasons from 1965 to 1973, before ending his career with the San Diego Padres in 1975. He was a four-time All-Star and a Gold Glove Award winner. Baseball career Beckert attended Perry Traditional Academy in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, graduating in 1958. He was named All-City in baseball and basketball. He attended Allegheny College, where he played college baseball, graduating with a bachelor's degree in political science in 1962. Beckert, circa 1967 The Boston Red Sox signed Beckert as an amateur free agent in 1962. He was selected later that year by the Chicago Cubs from the Red Sox in the First-Year Player Draft on November 26. He spent three years in the minors as a shortstop, where he led the Pacific Coast League in putouts and assists in 1964. Following the sudden death of Cubs second baseman Ken Hubbs in 1964, the Cubs brought Beckert to the major leagues as their second baseman for the 1965 season. Beckert played nine seasons as the Cubs' second baseman. During his entire Cub tenure, he played alongside shortstop Don Kessinger and third baseman Ron Santo. Beckert led the National League in assists during his rookie year. He was a tough batter, leading the league five times in fewest strikeouts per at bats. In 1968, Beckert led the league in runs scored. He also won the National League's Gold Glove Award for second basemen, ending Bill Mazeroski's run of five consecutive Gold Glove Awards. In 1969, he was chosen for his first of four consecutive All-Star Games. He had his best offensive season in 1971 when he hit for a career-high .342 batting average to finish third in the National League batting championship behind Joe Torre and Ralph Garr. After the 1973 season, the Cubs traded Beckert, along with Bobby Fenwick, to the San Diego Padres for Jerry Morales. Beckert was a utility infielder and pinch hitter with the Padres before being released in May 1975. He is an inductee in the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame. Career statistics In an 11-year career, Beckert played in 1,320 games, accumulating 1,473 hits in 5,208 at bats for a .283 career batting average along with 22 home runs and 360 runs batted in. He posted a .973 career fielding percentage. Personal life Beckert married Mary Marshall, a flight attendant, in November 1967. Beckert died on April 12, 2020. See also List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders References ^ a b c d "Glenn Beckert Stats - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ Inc., Baseball Almanac. "Glenn Beckert Baseball Stats by Baseball Almanac". www.baseball-almanac.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2009. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ a b Sternman, Mark. "Glenn Beckert". Society of American Baseball Research. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020. ^ "Willwerth, Six Other Midwest Stars Drafted," The Telegraph-Herald (Dubuque, IA), Tuesday, November 27, 1962. Archived February 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ a b c d "Home". BASEBALL LIBRARY. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. ^ "1968 National League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ "MLB National League Gold Glove Award Winners - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ "Pittsburgh native, 4-time MLB All-Star second baseman Glenn Beckert dies at 79 \| TribLIVE.com". triblive.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020. ^ "Who was the greatest Cubs second baseman?". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2020. ^ "1971 National League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ Inc., Baseball Almanac. "Glenn Beckert Trades and Transactions by Baseball Almanac". www.baseball-almanac.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2009. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ "Padres Release Vetern Beckert". The Pittsburgh Press. May 2, 1975. p. 26. Retrieved April 12, 2020. ^ "Hall of Fame". Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2010. ^ Sullivan, Paul (April 12, 2020). "Glenn Beckert, an All-Star second baseman and Gold Glove winner for the Chicago Cubs, dies". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Glenn Beckert Archived April 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine at SABR (Baseball BioProject) vteNational League Second Baseman Gold Glove Award 1958: Mazeroski 1959: Neal 1960: Mazeroski 1961: Mazeroski 1962: Hubbs 1963: Mazeroski 1964: Mazeroski 1965: Mazeroski 1966: Mazeroski 1967: Mazeroski 1968: Beckert 1969: Millán 1970: Helms 1971: Helms 1972: Millán 1973: Morgan 1974: Morgan 1975: Morgan 1976: Morgan 1977: Morgan 1978: Lopes 1979: Trillo 1980: Flynn 1981: Trillo 1982: Trillo 1983: Sandberg 1984: Sandberg 1985: Sandberg 1986: Sandberg 1987: Sandberg 1988: Sandberg 1989: Sandberg 1990: Sandberg 1991: Sandberg 1992: Lind 1993: Thompson 1994: Biggio 1995: Biggio 1996: Biggio 1997: Biggio 1998: Boone 1999: Reese 2000: Reese 2001: Viña 2002: Viña 2003: Castillo 2004: Castillo 2005: Castillo 2006: Hudson 2007: Hudson 2008: Phillips 2009: Hudson 2010: Phillips 2011: Phillips 2012: Barney 2013: Phillips 2014: LeMahieu 2015: Gordon 2016: Panik 2017: LeMahieu 2018: LeMahieu 2019: Wong 2020: Wong 2021: Edman 2022: Rodgers 2023: Hoerner vteMembers of the Chicago Cubs Hall of FamePitchers Alexander M. Brown Clarkson Griffith Holtzman Jenkins Maddux Overall Root Reulbach Reuschel Smith Sutcliffe Sutter Vaughn Catchers Grimm Hartnett Hundley Kelly Infielders Banks Beckert Buckner Chance Dunston Evers Grace Herman Kessinger Sandberg Santo Tinker Zimmerman Outfielders Cardenal Cuyler Dawson Lange Pafko Ryan Sauer Schulte Stephenson Williams Wilson Managers Boudreau Cavarretta Durocher Hack Hornsby McCarthy Yosh Kawano(1) Executives Donahue Hulbert Spalding PK Wrigley Wrigley Jr. Wrigley III Broadcasters Brickhouse Caray Hughes Pieper(2) (1) Clubhouse Manager (2) Public Address Announcer	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glenn_Beckert_at_Baseball_Reference-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Gold Glove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award"}],"text":"Baseball playerGlenn Alfred Beckert (October 12, 1940 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. 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He was named All-City in baseball and basketball. He attended Allegheny College, where he played college baseball, graduating with a bachelor's degree in political science in 1962.[3]Beckert, circa 1967The Boston Red Sox signed Beckert as an amateur free agent in 1962. He was selected later that year by the Chicago Cubs from the Red Sox in the First-Year Player Draft on November 26.[4] He spent three years in the minors as a shortstop, where he led the Pacific Coast League in putouts and assists in 1964.[5]Following the sudden death of Cubs second baseman Ken Hubbs in 1964, the Cubs brought Beckert to the major leagues as their second baseman for the 1965 season.[5] Beckert played nine seasons as the Cubs' second baseman.[1] During his entire Cub tenure, he played alongside shortstop Don Kessinger and third baseman Ron Santo.[5] Beckert led the National League in assists during his rookie year.[1] He was a tough batter, leading the league five times in fewest strikeouts per at bats.[5]In 1968, Beckert led the league in runs scored. He also won the National League's Gold Glove Award for second basemen,[6][7] ending Bill Mazeroski's run of five consecutive Gold Glove Awards. In 1969, he was chosen for his first of four consecutive All-Star Games.[8] He had his best offensive season in 1971 when he hit for a career-high .342 batting average[9] to finish third in the National League batting championship behind Joe Torre and Ralph Garr.[10]After the 1973 season, the Cubs traded Beckert, along with Bobby Fenwick, to the San Diego Padres for Jerry Morales.[11] Beckert was a utility infielder and pinch hitter with the Padres before being released in May 1975.[12] He is an inductee in the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame.[13]","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"at bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_bats"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glenn_Beckert_at_Baseball_Reference-1"}],"text":"In an 11-year career, Beckert played in 1,320 games, accumulating 1,473 hits in 5,208 at bats for a .283 career batting average along with 22 home runs and 360 runs batted in. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Sheikh_Sa%27id	El Sheikh Sa'id	["1 Overview","2 References"]	Coordinates: 27°43′N 30°53′E / 27.717°N 30.883°E / 27.717; 30.883Ancient village and burial site in El Minya, Egypt Place in Minya, EgyptEl Sheikh Sa'idEl Sheikh Sa'idLocation in EgyptCoordinates: 27°43′N 30°53′E / 27.717°N 30.883°E / 27.717; 30.883Country EgyptGovernorateMinyaTime zoneUTC+2 (EST) • Summer (DST)+3 El Sheikh Sa'id is a small village in the Minya Governorate in Upper Egypt. Situated on the east bank of the Nile, it is named after a local Muslim saint buried in the area. Overview El Sheikh Sa'id comprises the rock-cut tombs of the nomarchs of the Hare nome (the 15th Upper Egyptian nome) from the 6th Dynasty. These tombs are cut in steep cliffs. The use of this necropolis declined during the First Intermediate Period, when the nomarchial necropolis was transferred slightly northward to Deir El Bersha. References ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, New York, Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 0-7607-0649-2, p. 134 ^ Wolfram Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt: history, archaeology and society. London, Duckworth Egyptology, 2006, pp. 109–111 27°43′N 30°53′E / 27.717°N 30.883°E / 27.717; 30.883	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minya Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"}],"text":"Ancient village and burial site in El Minya, EgyptPlace in Minya, EgyptEl Sheikh Sa'id is a small village in the Minya Governorate in Upper Egypt. Situated on the east bank of the Nile, it is named after a local Muslim saint buried in the area.","title":"El Sheikh Sa'id"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock-cut tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs"},{"link_name":"nomarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomarch"},{"link_name":"Hare nome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_nome"},{"link_name":"Upper Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"nome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"6th Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"First Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period"},{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Deir El Bersha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_El_Bersha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"El Sheikh Sa'id comprises the rock-cut tombs of the nomarchs of the Hare nome (the 15th Upper Egyptian nome) from the 6th Dynasty. These tombs are cut in steep cliffs.[1] The use of this necropolis declined during the First Intermediate Period, when the nomarchial necropolis was transferred slightly northward to Deir El Bersha.[2]","title":"Overview"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Sheikh_Sa%27id&params=27_43_N_30_53_E_","external_links_name":"27°43′N 30°53′E / 27.717°N 30.883°E / 27.717; 30.883"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Sheikh_Sa%27id&params=27_43_N_30_53_E_region:EG_type:city","external_links_name":"27°43′N 30°53′E / 27.717°N 30.883°E / 27.717; 30.883"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Sheikh_Sa%27id&params=27_43_N_30_53_E_","external_links_name":"27°43′N 30°53′E / 27.717°N 30.883°E / 27.717; 30.883"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Ronnie_Scott%27s_(Jamie_Cullum_album)	Live at Ronnie Scott's (Jamie Cullum album)	["1 Track listing"]	2006 live album by Jamie CullumLive at Ronnie Scott'sLive album by Jamie CullumReleased27 June 2006GenrePop, jazz-popLength57:02LabelVerve ForecastJamie Cullum chronology Catching Tales(2005) Live at Ronnie Scott's(2006) In the Mind of Jamie Cullum(2007) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicNot rated link Live at Ronnie Scott's is a live album by British jazz singer Jamie Cullum. It consists of songs from the albums Catching Tales and Twentysomething. It is exclusive to iTunes. Track listing "Photograph" (Jamie Cullum) – 6:52 "Introduction to Nothing I Do" – 1:03 "Nothing I Do" (Jamie Cullum) – 5:01 "Introduction to 21st Century Kid" – 0:24 "21st Century Kid" (Jamie Cullum) – 4:16 "What a Difference a Day Makes" (María Grever) – 7:07 "Introduction to Get Your Way" – 1:15 "Get Your Way" (Allen Toussaint, Jamie Cullum, Dan Nakamura) – 4:00 "Introduction to London Skies" – 1:07 "London Skies" (Jamie Cullum) – 7:12 "Introduction to Mind Trick" – 0:34 "Mind Trick" (Jamie Cullum, Ben Cullum) – 4:45 "Introduction to Back to the Ground" – 1:15 "Back to the Ground" (Jamie Cullum, Ed Harcourt) – 5:37 "All at Sea" (Jamie Cullum) – 6:34 vteJamie CullumAlbums Heard It All Before (1999) Pointless Nostalgic (2002) Twentysomething (2003) Catching Tales (2005) The Pursuit (2009) Momentum (2013) Interlude (2014) Taller (2019) The Pianoman at Christmas (2020) Live albums Live at Ronnie Scott's (2006) Compilation albums In the Mind of Jamie Cullum (2007) Singles "High and Dry" "These Are the Days"/"Frontin'" "The Wind Cries Mary" "Everlasting Love" "I'm All Over It" "Don't Stop the Music" "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" "Good Morning Heartache" "The Man" "In the Bleak Midwinter" Related articles Discography Sophie Dahl Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Jamie Cullum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Cullum"},{"link_name":"Catching Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catching_Tales"},{"link_name":"Twentysomething","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentysomething_(album)"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"2006 live album by Jamie CullumLive at Ronnie Scott's is a live album by British jazz singer Jamie Cullum. 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databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6656364#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/8e5645cc-643a-3d1f-8451-e1978ac95981"}],"text":"\"Photograph\" (Jamie Cullum) – 6:52\n\"Introduction to Nothing I Do\" – 1:03\n\"Nothing I Do\" (Jamie Cullum) – 5:01\n\"Introduction to 21st Century Kid\" – 0:24\n\"21st Century Kid\" (Jamie Cullum) – 4:16\n\"What a Difference a Day Makes\" (María Grever) – 7:07\n\"Introduction to Get Your Way\" – 1:15\n\"Get Your Way\" (Allen Toussaint, Jamie Cullum, Dan Nakamura) – 4:00\n\"Introduction to London Skies\" – 1:07\n\"London Skies\" (Jamie Cullum) – 7:12\n\"Introduction to Mind Trick\" – 0:34\n\"Mind Trick\" (Jamie Cullum, Ben Cullum) – 4:45\n\"Introduction to Back to the Ground\" – 1:15\n\"Back to the Ground\" (Jamie Cullum, Ed Harcourt) – 5:37\n\"All at Sea\" (Jamie Cullum) – 6:34vteJamie CullumAlbums\nHeard It All Before (1999)\nPointless Nostalgic (2002)\nTwentysomething (2003)\nCatching Tales (2005)\nThe Pursuit (2009)\nMomentum (2013)\nInterlude (2014)\nTaller (2019)\nThe Pianoman at Christmas (2020)\nLive albums\nLive at Ronnie Scott's (2006)\nCompilation albums\nIn the Mind of Jamie Cullum (2007)\nSingles\n\"High and Dry\"\n\"These Are the Days\"/\"Frontin'\"\n\"The Wind Cries Mary\"\n\"Everlasting Love\"\n\"I'm All Over It\"\n\"Don't Stop the Music\"\n\"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood\"\n\"Good Morning Heartache\"\n\"The Man\"\n\"In the Bleak Midwinter\"\nRelated articles\nDiscography\nSophie DahlAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1479135","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/8e5645cc-643a-3d1f-8451-e1978ac95981","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Apulia	Elections in Apulia	["1 Regional elections","1.1 Latest regional election","1.2 List of previous regional elections","2 References"]	Politics of Apulia Statute Regional Government President: Michele Emiliano Vice President: Raffaele Piemontese Regional Council President: Loredana Capone Elections Political parties Provinces Regions of Italy Politics of Italy Politics of the European Union Other countries vte This page gathers the results of elections in Apulia. Regional elections Latest regional election Main article: 2020 Apulian regional election In the latest regional election, which took place on 20–21 September 2020, Michele Emiliano of the Democratic Party was re-elected President with 46.8% of the vote. 20–21 September 2020 Apulian regional election results Candidates Votes % Seats Parties Votes % Seats Michele Emiliano 871,028 46.78 1 Democratic Party 289,188 17.25 16 With Emiliano 110,559 6.59 6 Populars with Emiliano 99,621 5.94 5 Civic Sense – A New Olive Tree for Apulia 69,780 4.16 – Italia in Comune 64,886 3.87 – Solidary and Green Apulia 63,725 3.80 – Emiliano Mayor of Apulia 43,404 2.59 – Animalist Party 5,573 0.33 – Alternative Left 4,192 0.25 – Pensioners and Disabled 3,119 0.19 – Party of the South 1,410 0.08 – Thought and Action Party 1,243 0.07 – Independent South 1,179 0.07 – Christian Democracy 1,047 0.06 – Open Society Association – The Liberals 806 0.05 – Total 759,732 45.32 27 Raffaele Fitto 724,928 38.93 1 Brothers of Italy 211,693 12.63 6 League 160,507 9.57 4 Forza Italia 149,399 8.91 4 Apulia Tomorrow 141,201 8.42 3 Union of the Centre – New PSI 31,736 1.89 – Total 694,536 41.43 17 Antonella Laricchia 207,038 11.12 – Five Star Movement 165,243 9.86 5 Future Apulia 9,897 0.59 – Total 175,140 10.45 5 Ivan Scalfarotto 29,808 1.60 – Italia Viva 18,025 1.08 – Scalfarotto for President 5,062 0.30 – Green Future 1,888 0.11 – Total 24,975 1.49 – Mario Conca 16,531 0.89 – Apulian Citizens 12,162 0.73 – Nicola Cesaria 7,222 0.39 – Work Environment Constitution 5,880 0.35 – Pierfranco Bruni 3,115 0.17 – Tricolour Flame 2,362 0.14 – Andrea D'Agosto 2,353 0.13 – Reconquer Italy 1,712 0.10 – Blank and invalid votes 149,658 7.44 Total candidates 1,862,023 100.00 2 Total parties 1,676,499 100.00 49 Registered voters/turnout 3,565,013 56.43 Source: Ministry of the Interior – Results Archived 2020-09-23 at the Wayback Machine List of previous regional elections 1970 Apulian regional election 1975 Apulian regional election 1980 Apulian regional election 1985 Apulian regional election 1990 Apulian regional election 1995 Apulian regional election 2000 Apulian regional election 2005 Apulian regional election 2010 Apulian regional election 2015 Apulian regional election References vte Regional elections in Apulia 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 vte Elections in Italian regions Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia LazioLiguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Apulia"}],"text":"This page gathers the results of elections in Apulia.","title":"Elections in Apulia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regional elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michele Emiliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Emiliano"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"}],"sub_title":"Latest regional election","text":"In the latest regional election, which took place on 20–21 September 2020, Michele Emiliano of the Democratic Party was re-elected President with 46.8% of the vote.","title":"Regional elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1970 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1975 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1980 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1985 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1990 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1995 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2000 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2005 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2010 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Apulian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2015 Apulian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Apulian_regional_election"}],"sub_title":"List of previous regional elections","text":"1970 Apulian regional election\n1975 Apulian regional election\n1980 Apulian regional election\n1985 Apulian regional election\n1990 Apulian regional election\n1995 Apulian regional election\n2000 Apulian regional election\n2005 Apulian regional election\n2010 Apulian regional election\n2015 Apulian regional election","title":"Regional elections"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://elezioni.interno.gov.it/regionali/scrutini/20200920/scrutiniRI160000000000","external_links_name":"Ministry of the Interior – Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923074038/https://elezioni.interno.gov.it/regionali/scrutini/20200920/scrutiniRI160000000000","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzongpon	Dzongpen	["1 History","2 Punakha Dzongpens","3 Thimphu Dzongpens","4 Wangdue Dzongpens","5 See also","6 References"]	Bhutanese royal title Politics of Bhutan Constitution Law Human rights LGBT rights Monarchy King (list) Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Heir Apparent Crown Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck Wangchuck dynasty State religion Dratshang Lhentshog(state religious commission) Chairman: The Je Khenpo GovernmentExecutive Prime Minister Lotay Tshering Lhengye Zhungtshog(council of ministers) Parliament National Council National Assembly Judiciary Royal Court of Justice Supreme Court High Court Dzongkhag Courts Dungkhag Courts Elections Recent elections Assembly: 20182023–24 Council: 20182023 Local: 2011 Political parties Administrative divisions Districts of Bhutan GewogsDungkhags ThromdesChiwogs Villages Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Tandi Dorji Diplomatic missions of / in Bhutan Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Other countries vte Dzongpen (Dzongkha: རྗོང་དཔོན་; Wylie: rjong-dpon; also spelled "Dzongpon," "Dzongpön," "Jongpen," "Jongpon," "Jongpön") is a Dzongkha term roughly translated as governor or dzong lord. Bhutanese dzongpens, prior to unification, controlled certain areas of the country, but now hold no administrative office. Rather, dzongpens are now entirely subservient to the House of Wangchuck. Traditionally, Bhutan comprised nine provinces: Trongsa, Paro, Punakha, Wangdue Phodrang, Daga (also Taka, Tarka, or Taga), Bumthang, Thimphu, Kurtoed (also Kurtoi, Kuru-tod), and Kurmaed (or Kurme, Kuru-mad). The Provinces of Kurtoed and Kurmaed were combined into one local administration, leaving the traditional number of governors at eight. While some lords ruled from dzongs (dzongpens), others held the title of penlop (Dzongkha: དཔོན་སློབ་; Wylie: dpon-slob; also "Ponlop"), a title also translated as "governor," though penlops tended to be more powerful. Dzongpens ruled in Byagha, Dalay, Dalingkote, Ha, Kham, Punakha (the "Punab"), Singhi, Tashichho Dzong, Thimphu (the "Thimphub"), Tuwa, and Wangdue Phodrang (the "Wangzob"). Under the dual system of government, penlops and dzongpens were theoretically masters of their own realms but servants of the Druk Desi. In practice, however, they were under minimal central government control, and the Penlop of Trongsa and Penlop of Paro dominated the rest of the local lords. And while all governor posts were officially appointed by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, later the Druk Desi, some offices such as the Penlop of Trongsa were de facto hereditary and appointed within certain families. Penlops and dzongpens often held other government offices such as Druk Desi, governor of other provinces, or a second or third term in the same office. History Main articles: Dual system of government, History of Bhutan, and Ugyen Wangchuck Under Bhutan's early theocratic dual system of government, decreasingly effective central government control resulted in the de facto disintegration of the office of Shabdrung after the death of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1651. Under this system, the Shabdrung reigned over the temporal Druk Desi and religious Je Khenpo. Two successor Shabdrungs – the son (1651) and stepbrother (1680) of Ngawang Namgyal – were effectively controlled by the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo until power was further splintered through the innovation of multiple Shabdrung incarnations, reflecting speech, mind, and body. Increasingly secular regional lords (penlops and dzongpens) competed for power amid a backdrop of civil war over the Shabdrung and invasions from Tibet, and the Mongol Empire. The penlops of Trongsa and Paro, and the dzongpons of Punakha, Thimphu, and Wangdue Phodrang were particularly notable figures in the competition for regional dominance. Ugyen Wangchuck surrounded by his councillors at Punakha, Bhutan, 1905. Front Row: son of Thimphu Jongpen, Punakha Jongpen, Thimphu Jongpen, Trongsa Penlop, Zung Donyer , Deb Zimpon, and elder son of Thimphu Jongpen. Within this political landscape, the Wangchuck family originated in the Bumthang region of central Bhutan. The family belongs to the Nyö clan, and is descended from Pema Lingpa, a Bhutanese Nyingmapa saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy, supplanting many older aristocratic families of Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy the hereditary position of Penlop of Trongsa, as well as significant national and local government positions. The Penlop of Trongsa controlled central and Bhutan; the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan; and dzongpons controlled areas surrounding their respective dzongs. Eastern dzongpens were generally under the control of the Penlop of Trongsa, who was officially endowed with the power to appoint them in 1853.: 106, 251 The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the Druk Desi's central government. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families. Punakha Dzongpens Punakha Dzong, administrative fortress of the Punabs Punakha Dzong Below are the Dzongpens of Punakha, also called "Punab." Punakha Dzongpens: 154 Number Name 1 Punab Pekar Rubgye 2 Punab Tenzin Drukda 3 Punab Druk Pelzang 4 Punab Tenpa Wangchuck 5 Punab Dalub Tobgye 6 Punab Dang Tashi 7 Punab Damchho Rinchhen 8 Punab Ngodub 9 Punab Phuntsho Dorji 10 Punab Thonglay 11 Punab Wangchuck 12 Punab Wangsha Thimphu Dzongpens Below are the Dzongpens of Thimphu, also called "Thimphub." Simtokha Dzong, historical administrative center of Thimphu Tashichho Dzong, administrative center of Thimphu Thimphu Dzongpens: 205 Number Name 1 Thimphub Awu Tshering 2 Thimphub Norbu 3 Thimphub Ngwang Gyeltshen 4 Thimphub Tashi Dorji 5 Thimphub Druk Rubgye 6 Thimphub Sonam Drugyel 7 Thimphub Dondub 8 Thimphub Druk Phuntsho 9 Thimphub Druk Tenzin 10 Thimphub Chhoki Gyeltshen (Tshewang Rinchhen): 135, 251 11 Thimphub Uma Dewa (Sherub Tharchhin): 252 12 Thimphub Kasha 13 Thimphub Karma Drugyel 14 Thimphub Khasab Tobgye 15 Thimphub Kawang Manghkhel 16 Thimphub Lama Thewang 17 Thimphub Alu Dorji 18 Thimphub Kunzang Thinley 19 Thimphub Pema 20 Thimphub Kunzang Thinley Notes: ^ Tshewang Rinchhen assassinated Druk Desi Wangchuck Gyalpo in 1851; the same year, Wangzob Chaap had Tshewang Rinchhen assassinated. ^ Uma Dewa (Sherub Tharchhin) was assassinated by Zimpon Dachung in 1857. ^ Second tenure. Father of First Queen Tsundue Pema Lhamo Wangdue Dzongpens Wangdue Phodrang Dzong Wangdue Phodrang Dzong Below are the Dzongpens of Wangdue Phodrang, also called "Wangzob.": 132, 141 : 86 Wangdue Dzongpens: 207 Number Name 1 Wangzob Chhoje Namkha Rinchhen 2 Wangzob Gedun Chhophel 3 Wangzob Ngwang Tshering 4 Wangzob Druk Tenzin 5 Wangzob Sangye Tenzin 6 Wangzob Lepi Sherub 7 Wangzob Sonam Lhundup 8 Wangzob Sangay 9 Wangzob Kunga Gyeltshen 10 Wangzob Phuntsho Namgyel 11 Wangzob Dalub Tobgye 12 Wangzob Sigay 13 Wangzob Tenzin Namgyel 14 Wangzob Kawang Sangay 15 Wangzob Angdu 16 Wangzob Jigme Namgyel 17 Wangzob Thinley Tobgye 18 Wangzob Ashang Jampa 19 Wangzob Kodu 20 Wangzob Domchu Notes: ^ Father of First King Ugyen Wangchuck See also Penlop Penlop of Trongsa House of Wangchuck History of Bhutan References ^ Madan, P. L. (2004). Tibet, Saga of Indian Explorers (1864–1894). Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-7304-567-7. Retrieved 2011-08-14. ^ a b This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: White, J. Claude (1909). "Appendix I – The Laws of Bhutan". Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-One Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887–1908. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 11, 272–3, 301–10. ISBN 9780598739278. Retrieved 2010-12-25. ^ Zetland (Marquis of), Lawrence John Lumley Dundas; Ronaldsha, E.; Asian Educational Services (2000). Lands of the thunderbolt: Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan. Asian Educational Services. p. 204. ISBN 978-81-206-1504-5. Retrieved 2011-08-10. ^ a b c d e f g Dorji, C. T. (1994). "Appendix III". History of Bhutan based on Buddhism. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers. p. 200. ISBN 978-81-86239-01-8. Retrieved 2011-08-12. ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Civil Conflict, 1728–72. ^ Crossette, Barbara (2011). So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. Vintage Departures. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-80190-6. Retrieved 2011-08-10. ^ a b Gter-ston, Padma-gliṅ-pa; Harding, Sarah (2003). Harding, Sarah (ed.). The life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa. Snow Lion Publications. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-55939-194-8. Retrieved 2011-08-10. ^ Dorji, C. T. (1995). A political & religious history of Bhutan, 1651-1906. Delhi, India: Sangay Xam; Prominent Publishers. Retrieved 2011-08-15. vteHistory of BhutanGovernment Druk Desi (list) Dual system of government Dzongpens Penlops (Penlop of Trongsa) Zhabdrung Rinpoche The Tshogdu Kingdoms Bumthang Kurtö Lhuentse Trashigang Zhemgang Provinces Bumthang Daga Kurmaed Kurtoed Paro Punakha Thimphu Trongsa Wangdue Phodrang Families Dorji family (Bhutan House) Wangchuck dynasty Historical figures Ngawang Namgyal Pema Lingpa Jigme Namgyal Druk Gyalpo (King of Bhutan) Ugyen Wangchuck Druk Gyalpo Jigme Wangchuck Druk Gyalpo Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Dorji PM Jigme Palden Dorji PM Sonam Topgay Dorji PM Lhendup Dorji Historical events Battle of Five Lamas Bhutan War Military history	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dzongkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzongkha"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"Dzongkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzongkha"},{"link_name":"dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong"},{"link_name":"Bhutanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"House of Wangchuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wangchuck"},{"link_name":"Trongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trongsa_Province"},{"link_name":"Paro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paro_Province"},{"link_name":"Punakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punakha_Province"},{"link_name":"Wangdue Phodrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_Province"},{"link_name":"Daga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daga_Province"},{"link_name":"Bumthang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumthang_Province"},{"link_name":"Thimphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimphu_Province"},{"link_name":"Kurtoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtoed_Province"},{"link_name":"Kurmaed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmaed_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"dzongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong"},{"link_name":"penlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop"},{"link_name":"Dzongkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzongkha"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"Byagha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byagha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dalingkote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalingkote"},{"link_name":"Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha,_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Kham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham"},{"link_name":"Punakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punakha"},{"link_name":"Singhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhi"},{"link_name":"Tashichho Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashichho_Dzong"},{"link_name":"Thimphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimphu"},{"link_name":"Tuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwa"},{"link_name":"Wangdue Phodrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-2"},{"link_name":"dual system of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_system_of_government"},{"link_name":"penlops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop"},{"link_name":"Druk Desi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_Desi"},{"link_name":"Penlop of Trongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shabdrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhabdrung_Rinpoche"},{"link_name":"Ngawang Namgyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal"},{"link_name":"Druk Desi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_Desi"},{"link_name":"Penlop of Trongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa"},{"link_name":"Druk Desi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_Desi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBB-4"}],"text":"Dzongpen (Dzongkha: རྗོང་དཔོན་; Wylie: rjong-dpon; also spelled \"Dzongpon,\" \"Dzongpön,\" \"Jongpen,\" \"Jongpon,\" \"Jongpön\") is a Dzongkha term roughly translated as governor or dzong lord. Bhutanese dzongpens, prior to unification, controlled certain areas of the country, but now hold no administrative office. Rather, dzongpens are now entirely subservient to the House of Wangchuck.Traditionally, Bhutan comprised nine provinces: Trongsa, Paro, Punakha, Wangdue Phodrang, Daga (also Taka, Tarka, or Taga), Bumthang, Thimphu, Kurtoed (also Kurtoi, Kuru-tod), and Kurmaed (or Kurme, Kuru-mad).[1] The Provinces of Kurtoed and Kurmaed were combined into one local administration, leaving the traditional number of governors at eight. While some lords ruled from dzongs (dzongpens), others held the title of penlop (Dzongkha: དཔོན་སློབ་; Wylie: dpon-slob; also \"Ponlop\"), a title also translated as \"governor,\" though penlops tended to be more powerful.Dzongpens ruled in Byagha, Dalay, Dalingkote, Ha, Kham, Punakha (the \"Punab\"), Singhi, Tashichho Dzong, Thimphu (the \"Thimphub\"), Tuwa, and Wangdue Phodrang (the \"Wangzob\").[2]Under the dual system of government, penlops and dzongpens were theoretically masters of their own realms but servants of the Druk Desi. In practice, however, they were under minimal central government control, and the Penlop of Trongsa and Penlop of Paro dominated the rest of the local lords.[3] And while all governor posts were officially appointed by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, later the Druk Desi, some offices such as the Penlop of Trongsa were de facto hereditary and appointed within certain families. Penlops and dzongpens often held other government offices such as Druk Desi, governor of other provinces, or a second or third term in the same office.[4]","title":"Dzongpen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dual system of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_system_of_government"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Shabdrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhabdrung_Rinpoche"},{"link_name":"Ngawang Namgyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal"},{"link_name":"Druk Desi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_Desi"},{"link_name":"Je Khenpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_Khenpo"},{"link_name":"penlops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS1-5"},{"link_name":"Trongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trongsa_Province"},{"link_name":"Paro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paro_Province"},{"link_name":"Punakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punakha_Province"},{"link_name":"Thimphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimphu_Province"},{"link_name":"Wangdue Phodrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_Province"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS2-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck_and_his_councillors_at_Punakha,_Bhutan,_1905.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ugyen Wangchuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugyen_Wangchuck"},{"link_name":"Trongsa Penlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trongsa_Penlop"},{"link_name":"Wangchuck family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wangchuck"},{"link_name":"Bumthang region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumthang_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heaven-7"},{"link_name":"Pema Lingpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pema_Lingpa"},{"link_name":"Nyingmapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma"},{"link_name":"Penlop of Trongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harding-8"},{"link_name":"Penlop of Trongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa"},{"link_name":"dzongpons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzongpon"},{"link_name":"dzongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBB-4"},{"link_name":"Druk Desi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_Desi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harding-8"}],"text":"Under Bhutan's early theocratic dual system of government, decreasingly effective central government control resulted in the de facto disintegration of the office of Shabdrung after the death of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1651. Under this system, the Shabdrung reigned over the temporal Druk Desi and religious Je Khenpo. Two successor Shabdrungs – the son (1651) and stepbrother (1680) of Ngawang Namgyal – were effectively controlled by the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo until power was further splintered through the innovation of multiple Shabdrung incarnations, reflecting speech, mind, and body. Increasingly secular regional lords (penlops and dzongpens) competed for power amid a backdrop of civil war over the Shabdrung and invasions from Tibet, and the Mongol Empire.[5] The penlops of Trongsa and Paro, and the dzongpons of Punakha, Thimphu, and Wangdue Phodrang were particularly notable figures in the competition for regional dominance.[5][6]Ugyen Wangchuck surrounded by his councillors at Punakha, Bhutan, 1905. Front Row: son of Thimphu Jongpen, Punakha Jongpen, Thimphu Jongpen, Trongsa Penlop, Zung Donyer [dronyer], Deb Zimpon, and elder son of Thimphu Jongpen.Within this political landscape, the Wangchuck family originated in the Bumthang region of central Bhutan.[7] The family belongs to the Nyö clan, and is descended from Pema Lingpa, a Bhutanese Nyingmapa saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy, supplanting many older aristocratic families of Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy the hereditary position of Penlop of Trongsa, as well as significant national and local government positions.[8]The Penlop of Trongsa controlled central and Bhutan; the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan; and dzongpons controlled areas surrounding their respective dzongs. Eastern dzongpens were generally under the control of the Penlop of Trongsa, who was officially endowed with the power to appoint them in 1853.[4]: 106, 251 The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the Druk Desi's central government. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punakha_Dzong,_Bhutan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Punakha Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punakha_Dzong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punakha_Dzong_Where_festival_is_held.jpg"},{"link_name":"Punakha Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punakha_Dzong"},{"link_name":"Punakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punakha_Province"}],"text":"Punakha Dzong, administrative fortress of the PunabsPunakha DzongBelow are the Dzongpens of Punakha, also called \"Punab.\"","title":"Punakha Dzongpens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thimphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimphu_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simtokha_Dzong_20080907.jpg"},{"link_name":"Simtokha Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simtokha_Dzong"},{"link_name":"Thimphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimphu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King%27s_office_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tashichho Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashichho_Dzong"},{"link_name":"Thimphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimphu"}],"text":"Below are the Dzongpens of Thimphu, also called \"Thimphub.\"Simtokha Dzong, historical administrative center of ThimphuTashichho Dzong, administrative center of Thimphu","title":"Thimphu Dzongpens"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wangdue_Phodrang_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wangdue Phodrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang"},{"link_name":"Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wangdue_Phodrang_Dzong.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wangdue Phodrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang"},{"link_name":"Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong"},{"link_name":"Wangdue Phodrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBB-4"}],"text":"Wangdue Phodrang DzongWangdue Phodrang DzongBelow are the Dzongpens of Wangdue Phodrang, also called \"Wangzob.\"[2]: 132, 141 [4]: 86","title":"Wangdue Dzongpens"}]	[{"image_text":"Ugyen Wangchuck surrounded by his councillors at Punakha, Bhutan, 1905. Front Row: son of Thimphu Jongpen, Punakha Jongpen, Thimphu Jongpen, Trongsa Penlop, Zung Donyer [dronyer], Deb Zimpon, and elder son of Thimphu Jongpen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck_and_his_councillors_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg/250px-Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck_and_his_councillors_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg"},{"image_text":"Punakha Dzong, administrative fortress of the Punabs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punakha_Dzong%2C_Bhutan.jpg/250px-Punakha_Dzong%2C_Bhutan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Punakha Dzong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Punakha_Dzong_Where_festival_is_held.jpg/250px-Punakha_Dzong_Where_festival_is_held.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simtokha Dzong, historical administrative center of Thimphu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Simtokha_Dzong_20080907.jpg/250px-Simtokha_Dzong_20080907.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tashichho Dzong, administrative center of Thimphu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/King%27s_office_02.jpg/250px-King%27s_office_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wangdue Phodrang Dzong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wangdue_Phodrang_3.jpg/250px-Wangdue_Phodrang_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wangdue Phodrang Dzong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wangdue_Phodrang_Dzong.jpg/250px-Wangdue_Phodrang_Dzong.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Penlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop"},{"title":"Penlop of Trongsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa"},{"title":"House of Wangchuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wangchuck"},{"title":"History of Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bhutan"}]	[{"reference":"Madan, P. L. (2004). Tibet, Saga of Indian Explorers (1864–1894). Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-7304-567-7. Retrieved 2011-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x8xxAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Tibet, Saga of Indian Explorers (1864–1894)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-567-7","url_text":"978-81-7304-567-7"}]},{"reference":"White, J. Claude (1909). \"Appendix I – The Laws of Bhutan\". Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-One Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887–1908. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 11, 272–3, 301–10. ISBN 9780598739278. Retrieved 2010-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ADxuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-One Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887–1908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598739278","url_text":"9780598739278"}]},{"reference":"Zetland (Marquis of), Lawrence John Lumley Dundas; Ronaldsha, E.; Asian Educational Services (2000). Lands of the thunderbolt: Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan. Asian Educational Services. p. 204. ISBN 978-81-206-1504-5. Retrieved 2011-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CgoHInuX6lMC","url_text":"Lands of the thunderbolt: Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1504-5","url_text":"978-81-206-1504-5"}]},{"reference":"Dorji, C. T. (1994). \"Appendix III\". History of Bhutan based on Buddhism. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers. p. 200. ISBN 978-81-86239-01-8. Retrieved 2011-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Appendix III\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86239-01-8","url_text":"978-81-86239-01-8"}]},{"reference":"Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt","url_text":"Bhutan: A Country Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division","url_text":"Federal Research Division"}]},{"reference":"Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Civil Conflict, 1728–72.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt","url_text":"Bhutan: A Country Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division","url_text":"Federal Research Division"}]},{"reference":"Crossette, Barbara (2011). So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. Vintage Departures. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-80190-6. Retrieved 2011-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bOfwJvGAMtAC&pg=PT331","url_text":"So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80190-6","url_text":"978-0-307-80190-6"}]},{"reference":"Gter-ston, Padma-gliṅ-pa; Harding, Sarah (2003). Harding, Sarah (ed.). The life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa. Snow Lion Publications. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-55939-194-8. Retrieved 2011-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rlxdncBwpbgC","url_text":"The life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-194-8","url_text":"978-1-55939-194-8"}]},{"reference":"Dorji, C. T. (1995). A political & religious history of Bhutan, 1651-1906. Delhi, India: Sangay Xam; Prominent Publishers. Retrieved 2011-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?ei=CiVITqqWE4nt0gG9zdyNCA","url_text":"A political & religious history of Bhutan, 1651-1906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi","url_text":"Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India","url_text":"India"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x8xxAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Tibet, Saga of Indian Explorers (1864–1894)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ADxuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-One Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887–1908"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CgoHInuX6lMC","external_links_name":"Lands of the thunderbolt: Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Appendix III\""},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt","external_links_name":"Bhutan: A Country Study"},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt","external_links_name":"Bhutan: A Country Study"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bOfwJvGAMtAC&pg=PT331","external_links_name":"So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rlxdncBwpbgC","external_links_name":"The life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?ei=CiVITqqWE4nt0gG9zdyNCA","external_links_name":"A political & religious history of Bhutan, 1651-1906"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Moon_Books	Bad Moon Books	["1 Awards and honors","2 Publications","2.1 Novels","2.2 Eclipse Series","2.3 Novellas","2.4 Promo chapbooks","2.5 Collections","3 External links and references"]	Bad Moon BooksCompany typePublishingIndustryBooks, PublishingFounded1992FounderRoy K. RobbinsHeadquarters Garden Grove, California, USAProductsBooksWebsitewww.badmoonbooks.com Bad Moon Books is a publishing company owned by Roy K. Robbins in Garden Grove, California. In the middle of 1986, they began as a bookseller only, but in 2007 they began publishing. Their works include many Black Quill Award and Bram Stoker Award winners and nominees. Bad Moon Books' publications include limited edition paperbacks and hardcovers (including lettered editions, signed limited editions, and the occasional trade edition). Recently, internationally known bestselling author Clive Barker chose Bad Moon Books to publish his never before published 1974 book, The Adventures of Mr. Maximillian Bacchus and His Travelling Circus which came out in April 2009. Awards and honors 2009 Bram Stoker Award Winner "Superior Achievement in Long Fiction" for The Lucid Dreaming by Lisa Morton 2009 Bram Stoker Award nomination "Superior Achievement in Long Fiction" for The Hunger of Empty Vessels by Scott Edelman 2009 Bram Stoker Award nomination "Superior Achievement in Long Fiction" for Doc Good's Traveling Show by Gene O'Neill 2009 Black Quill Award for "Best Small Press Chill: Readers' Choice" for As Fate Would Have It by Michael Louis Calvillo 2009 Black Quill Award for "Best Cover Art and Design: Editors' Choice and Reader's Choice" for As Fate Would Have It by Michael Louis Calvillo(Artwork: Peter Mahaichuk; Cover Design: César Puch) 2008 Bram Stoker Award Winner "Superior Achievement in Long Fiction" for Miranda by John R. Little 2008 Bram Stoker Award nomination "Superior Achievement in Long Fiction" for The Confessions of St. Zach by Gene O'Neill 2008 Bram Stoker Award nomination "Superior Achievement in a Novel" for Johnny Gruesome by Greg Lamberson. 2008 Black Quill Award for Best Small Press Chill Editors' Choice for Miranda by John R. Little 2008 Black Quill Award for Best Small Press Chill Readers' Choice for Johnny Gruesome by Gregory Lamberson 2008 Black Quill Award nomination for Best Small Press Chill for The Confessions of St. Zach by Gene O'Neill Brian Keene's list of top 10 books of 2007 - Restore From Backup by J.F. Gonzalez & Mike Oliveri Publications Novels Johnny Gruesome by Greg Lamberson (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound lettered hardcover and 250-copy limited hardcover. Introduction by Jeff Strand. Cover art by Zach McCain. As Fate Would Have It (A Prolonged Love Letter) by Michael Louis Calvillo (March 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound lettered hardcover and 150-copy limited hardcover. Introduction by John R. Little. Afterword by Lisa Morton. Cover art by Peter Mihaichuk. The Adventures of Mr. Maximillian Bacchus and His Travelling Circus by Clive Barker (May 2009): Published as an ultra edition of 10 handmade hardcovers, traycased lettered edition of 26 lettered copies, slipcased limited edition of 300 numbered copies, and a trade edition of 1500 hardcover copies Illustrated by Richard A. Kirk. Black & Orange by Benjamin Kane Ethridge (2010 in literature):Published as a 67 copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Zach McCain. Rough Cut by Brian Pinkerton (2011 in literature): Published as a 75 copy limited hardcover. Cover art by John Everson. Maelstoem by David Niall Wilson (2011 in literature): Published as a 41 copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Alex McVey Eclipse Series Book 1 - The Not Quite Right Reverend Cletus J. Diggs & the Currently Accepted Habits of Nature by David Niall Wilson (November 2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover - 100-copy limited hardcover - 10 Loyalty Editions Introduction by Elizabeth Massie. Cover art by Zach McCain. Book 2 - Little Graveyard on the Prairie by Steven E. Wedel (February 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover. Introduction by Steve Vernon. Cover art by Paul Groendes. Book 3 - Lost Tribe by Gene O'Neill (February 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Zach McCain. Book 4 - Shadow of the Dark Angel by Gene O'Neill (August 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by John Pierro. Book 5 - Crimson by Gord Rollo (February 2010): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Zach McCain. Book 6 - Vintage Soul by David Niall Wilson (April 2010): Published as a single copy ultra edition, 26-copy leather-bound hardcover, and 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Don Paresi. Book 7 - Sparrow Rock by Nate Kenyon (2010 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Zach McCain. Book 8 - Siren by John Everson (2010 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Anthony Soumis Book 9 - The Dead Parade by James Roy Daley (2010 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover. Foreword by David Dunwoody. Cover art by Eerie Von. Book 10 - Deathflash by Gene O'Neill (2011 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Steven Gilbert. Book 11 - A View From The Lake by Greg Gifune (2011 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover and a trade paperback. Introduction by T.M. Wright. Cover art by Erin Wells. Book 12 - Not Fade Away by Gene O'Neill (2011 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover. Cover art by Steven Gilbert. Novellas Alice on the Shelf by Bill Gauthier (2011): Published as a trade paperback Cover art by Frank Walls. The Samhanach by Lisa Morton (2010): Published as a trade paperback Cover art by Frank Walls. Jade by Gene O'Neill (2010): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 150-copy limited softcover. Introduction by Michael McBride and illustrated by Steve Gilberts. Blood Spring by Erik Williams: Published as a trade paperback. Cover art by Jill Bauman. Monster Town / The Butcher of Box Hill by Logan Savile (a pseudonym for Steven Savile and Brian M. Logan): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover tête-bêche bound double novella. Illustrated by Darryl Elliott. Lord of the Lash and Our Lady of the Boogaloo (Vampire Outlaw Part II) by Weston Ochse (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover. Cover art by Zach McCain. The Day Before by John Skipp and Cody Goodfellow: Published as a 300-copy trade paperback. Cover art by Cody Goodfellow. The Watching by Paul Melniczek (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 150-copy limited softcover. Cover art by Jill Bauman. This Ghosting Tide by Simon Clark (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover. Cover art by Zach McCain. The Lucid Dreaming by Lisa Morton (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 150-copy limited softcover. Cover art by Zach McCain. Doc Good's Travelling Show by Gene O'Neill (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover. Illustrated by GAK. 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The Confessions of St. Zach by Gene O'Neill (2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover. Introduction by Gord Rollo. Afterword by Brian Keene. Cover art by Steve Gilberts. The Bitchfight by Michael Arnzen (2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover. Introduction by Brian Hodge. Cover art by Caroline O'Neal. The Scrubs by Simon Janus (AKA Simon Wood) (July 2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover. Introduction by Weston Ochse. Cover art by Alan M. Clark. Plague Monkey Spam by Steve Vernon (2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover chapbook. Introduction by Tim Waggoner. Cover art by Alan M. Clark. Restore From Backup by J. F. Gonzalez & Mike Oliveri (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover. Cover art by John Everson. You In? by Kealan Patrick Burke (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover. Cover art by Steve Gilberts. Vampire Outlaw of the Milky Way by Wes Ochse (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover. Introduction by Brian Keene. Cover art by Chad Savage. Wings of the Butterfly by John Urbancik (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover. Introduction by Weston Ochse. House of Shadow and Ash by John Urbancik (2007): Published as a 150-copy limited softcover. Cover art by John Pierro. Promo chapbooks Heart of Glass by David Winnick (2011). Promo chapbook for World Horror Con in Austin Texas. Bad Candy by Al Sarrantonio and Paul Melniczek (2009). Promo chapbook that came with the purchase of the signed limited edition of The Watching by Paul Melniczek. Featuring the short stories "Pumpkin Head," "Softly the Night Whispers," and "The Fabric of Memories." Cover art by Michael Cypher. A Pair of Little Things by John R. Little (2009). Promo chapbook featuring the short stories "Climbing Mount Turnpike" and "Ever After." Cover art by Alex McVey. Collections Blood & Gristle by Michael Louis Calvillo(2010): A short story collection published as a trade paperback. Cover art by Daniele Serra 51 Fiendish Ways to Leave Your Lover by Lisa Mannetti (2010): A dark humor book, heavily illustrated with cartoons published as a trade paperback. Cover art and illustrations by Glenn Chadbourne Dark Matter by Bruce Boston (2010): A collection of Poems published as a trade paperback. Cover art by Daniele Serra. Little Things by John R. Little(2010 in literature): A short story collection published as a trade paperback. Introduction by Mort Castle. Cover art by Alex McVey. Cumberland Furnace & other Fear-Forged Fables by Ronald Kelly (2011): A short story collection published as a trade paperback. Cover art by Zach McCain. Monsters of L.A. by Lisa Morton (2011): A short story collection published as a trade paperback. Cover photo by Lisa Morton. External links and references Bad Moon Books homepage	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garden Grove, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Grove,_California"},{"link_name":"Black Quill Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_Award"},{"link_name":"Bram Stoker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award"},{"link_name":"limited edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_edition_books"},{"link_name":"paperbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"hardcovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcover"},{"link_name":"Clive Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Mr. Maximillian Bacchus and His Travelling Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mr._Maximillian_Bacchus_and_His_Travelling_Circus"}],"text":"Bad Moon Books is a publishing company owned by Roy K. Robbins in Garden Grove, California. In the middle of 1986, they began as a bookseller only, but in 2007 they began publishing. Their works include many Black Quill Award and Bram Stoker Award winners and nominees. Bad Moon Books' publications include limited edition paperbacks and hardcovers (including lettered editions, signed limited editions, and the occasional trade edition).Recently, internationally known bestselling author Clive Barker chose Bad Moon Books to publish his never before published 1974 book, The Adventures of Mr. Maximillian Bacchus and His Travelling Circus which came out in April 2009.","title":"Bad Moon Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bram Stoker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award"},{"link_name":"Superior Achievement in Long Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award_for_Best_Long_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Lisa Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Morton"},{"link_name":"Scott Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Edelman"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Michael Louis Calvillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Louis_Calvillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Louis Calvillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Louis_Calvillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Mahaichuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mahaichuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"César Puch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_Puch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John R. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Little"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Superior Achievement in a Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award_for_Novel"},{"link_name":"Greg Lamberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Lamberson"},{"link_name":"John R. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Little"},{"link_name":"Gregory Lamberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Lamberson"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Brian Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Keene"},{"link_name":"J.F. Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.F._Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"Mike Oliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Oliveri&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"2009 Bram Stoker Award Winner \"Superior Achievement in Long Fiction\" for The Lucid Dreaming by Lisa Morton\n2009 Bram Stoker Award nomination \"Superior Achievement in Long Fiction\" for The Hunger of Empty Vessels by Scott Edelman\n2009 Bram Stoker Award nomination \"Superior Achievement in Long Fiction\" for Doc Good's Traveling Show by Gene O'Neill\n2009 Black Quill Award for \"Best Small Press Chill: Readers' Choice\" for As Fate Would Have It by Michael Louis Calvillo\n2009 Black Quill Award for \"Best Cover Art and Design: Editors' Choice and Reader's Choice\" for As Fate Would Have It by Michael Louis Calvillo(Artwork: Peter Mahaichuk; Cover Design: César Puch)\n2008 Bram Stoker Award Winner \"Superior Achievement in Long Fiction\" for Miranda by John R. Little\n2008 Bram Stoker Award nomination \"Superior Achievement in Long Fiction\" for The Confessions of St. Zach by Gene O'Neill\n2008 Bram Stoker Award nomination \"Superior Achievement in a Novel\" for Johnny Gruesome by Greg Lamberson.\n2008 Black Quill Award for Best Small Press Chill Editors' Choice for Miranda by John R. Little\n2008 Black Quill Award for Best Small Press Chill Readers' Choice for Johnny Gruesome by Gregory Lamberson\n2008 Black Quill Award nomination for Best Small Press Chill for The Confessions of St. Zach by Gene O'Neill\nBrian Keene's list of top 10 books of 2007 - Restore From Backup by J.F. Gonzalez & Mike Oliveri","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Lamberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Lamberson"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Jeff Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Strand"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Louis Calvillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Louis_Calvillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"March 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"John R. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Little"},{"link_name":"Lisa Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Morton"},{"link_name":"Peter Mihaichuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mihaichuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Mr. Maximillian Bacchus and His Travelling Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mr._Maximillian_Bacchus_and_His_Travelling_Circus"},{"link_name":"Clive Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker"},{"link_name":"May 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_A._Kirk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Kane Ethridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Kane_Ethridge"},{"link_name":"2010 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brian Pinkerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Pinkerton"},{"link_name":"2011 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_literature"},{"link_name":"John Everson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Everson"},{"link_name":"David Niall Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niall_Wilson"},{"link_name":"2011 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Alex McVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McVey"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Johnny Gruesome by Greg Lamberson (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound lettered hardcover and 250-copy limited hardcover.\nIntroduction by Jeff Strand. Cover art by Zach McCain.\nAs Fate Would Have It (A Prolonged Love Letter) by Michael Louis Calvillo (March 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound lettered hardcover and 150-copy limited hardcover.\nIntroduction by John R. Little. Afterword by Lisa Morton. Cover art by Peter Mihaichuk.\nThe Adventures of Mr. Maximillian Bacchus and His Travelling Circus by Clive Barker (May 2009): Published as an ultra edition of 10 handmade hardcovers, traycased lettered edition of 26 lettered copies, slipcased limited edition of 300 numbered copies, and a trade edition of 1500 hardcover copies\nIllustrated by Richard A. Kirk.\nBlack & Orange by Benjamin Kane Ethridge (2010 in literature):Published as a 67 copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nRough Cut by Brian Pinkerton (2011 in literature): Published as a 75 copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by John Everson.\nMaelstoem by David Niall Wilson (2011 in literature): Published as a 41 copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Alex McVey","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Niall Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niall_Wilson"},{"link_name":"November 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Massie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Massie"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"February 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Steve Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Vernon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Groendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Groendes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"February 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"August 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"John Pierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pierro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gord Rollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gord_Rollo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"February 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Niall Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niall_Wilson"},{"link_name":"April 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Don Paresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Paresi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nate Kenyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Kenyon"},{"link_name":"2010 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Everson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Everson"},{"link_name":"2010 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Anthony Soumis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Soumis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Roy Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Roy_Daley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2010 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"David Dunwoody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Dunwoody&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eerie Von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerie_Von"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"2011 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Steven Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Gilbert_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greg Gifune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Gifune"},{"link_name":"2011 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_literature"},{"link_name":"T.M. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.M._Wright"},{"link_name":"Erin Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Wells&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"2011 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Steven Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Gilbert_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Eclipse Series","text":"Book 1 - The Not Quite Right Reverend Cletus J. Diggs & the Currently Accepted Habits of Nature by David Niall Wilson (November 2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover - 100-copy limited hardcover - 10 Loyalty Editions\nIntroduction by Elizabeth Massie. Cover art by Zach McCain.\nBook 2 - Little Graveyard on the Prairie by Steven E. Wedel (February 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover.\nIntroduction by Steve Vernon. Cover art by Paul Groendes.\nBook 3 - Lost Tribe by Gene O'Neill (February 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nBook 4 - Shadow of the Dark Angel by Gene O'Neill (August 2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by John Pierro.\nBook 5 - Crimson by Gord Rollo (February 2010): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nBook 6 - Vintage Soul by David Niall Wilson (April 2010): Published as a single copy ultra edition, 26-copy leather-bound hardcover, and 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Don Paresi.\nBook 7 - Sparrow Rock by Nate Kenyon (2010 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nBook 8 - Siren by John Everson (2010 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Anthony Soumis\nBook 9 - The Dead Parade by James Roy Daley (2010 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover.\nForeword by David Dunwoody. Cover art by Eerie Von.\nBook 10 - Deathflash by Gene O'Neill (2011 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Steven Gilbert.\nBook 11 - A View From The Lake by Greg Gifune (2011 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover and a trade paperback.\nIntroduction by T.M. Wright. Cover art by Erin Wells.\nBook 12 - Not Fade Away by Gene O'Neill (2011 in literature): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover.\nCover art by Steven Gilbert.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Gauthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Gauthier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Frank Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Walls_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Morton"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Frank Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Walls_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Michael McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McBride_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Gilberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Gilberts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erik Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Williams"},{"link_name":"Jill Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Bauman"},{"link_name":"Steven Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Savile"},{"link_name":"Brian M. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_M._Logan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tête-bêche bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos-%C3%A0-dos_binding#T.C3.AAte-b.C3.AAche"},{"link_name":"Darryl Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darryl_Elliott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Weston Ochse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Ochse"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Skipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skipp"},{"link_name":"Cody Goodfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cody_Goodfellow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cody Goodfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cody_Goodfellow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Melniczek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Melniczek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Jill Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Bauman"},{"link_name":"Simon Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Clark_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisa Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Morton"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"GAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GAK_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Urbancik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Urbancik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"John Urbancik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Urbancik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bridget Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget_Morrow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Erin Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Wells&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scott Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Edelman"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Dominic Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Harman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John R. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Little"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Alan M. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_M._Clark"},{"link_name":"John R. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Little"},{"link_name":"October 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Gary A. Braunbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_A._Braunbeck"},{"link_name":"Alan M. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_M._Clark"},{"link_name":"Gene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Gord Rollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gord_Rollo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brian Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Keene"},{"link_name":"Steve Gilberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Gilberts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Arnzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Arnzen"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Brian Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Caroline O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caroline_O%27Neal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon Janus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Janus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"July 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Weston Ochse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Ochse"},{"link_name":"Alan M. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_M._Clark"},{"link_name":"Steve Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Vernon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Tim Waggoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Waggoner"},{"link_name":"Alan M. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_M._Clark"},{"link_name":"J. F. Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"Mike Oliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Oliveri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_literature"},{"link_name":"John Everson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Everson"},{"link_name":"Kealan Patrick Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kealan_Patrick_Burke"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Steve Gilberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Gilberts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wes Ochse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wes_Ochse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Brian Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Keene"},{"link_name":"Chad Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad_Savage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Urbancik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Urbancik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Weston Ochse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Ochse"},{"link_name":"John Urbancik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Urbancik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_literature"},{"link_name":"John Pierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pierro&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Novellas","text":"Alice on the Shelf by Bill Gauthier (2011): Published as a trade paperback\nCover art by Frank Walls.\nThe Samhanach by Lisa Morton (2010): Published as a trade paperback\nCover art by Frank Walls.\nJade by Gene O'Neill (2010): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 150-copy limited softcover.\nIntroduction by Michael McBride and illustrated by Steve Gilberts.\nBlood Spring by Erik Williams: Published as a trade paperback.\nCover art by Jill Bauman.\nMonster Town / The Butcher of Box Hill by Logan Savile (a pseudonym for Steven Savile and Brian M. Logan): Published as a 100-copy limited hardcover tête-bêche bound double novella.\nIllustrated by Darryl Elliott.\nLord of the Lash and Our Lady of the Boogaloo (Vampire Outlaw Part II) by Weston Ochse (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nThe Day Before by John Skipp and Cody Goodfellow: Published as a 300-copy trade paperback.\nCover art by Cody Goodfellow.\nThe Watching by Paul Melniczek (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 150-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by Jill Bauman.\nThis Ghosting Tide by Simon Clark (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nThe Lucid Dreaming by Lisa Morton (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 150-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nDoc Good's Travelling Show by Gene O'Neill (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover.\nIllustrated by GAK.\nNecropolis by John Urbancik (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited softcover.\nFeaturing photography by John Urbancik.\nThe Better Year by Bridget Morrow (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by Erin Wells.\nThe Hunger of Empty Vessels by Scott Edelman (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 150-copy limited softcover.\nIntroduction by Gene O'Neill. Cover art by Dominic Harman.\nThe Gray Zone by John R. Little (2009): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 100-copy limited softcover.\nCover art and inner illustrations by Alan M. Clark.\nMiranda (AKA adnariM) by John R. Little (October 2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover, 250-copy limited softcover, and a trade paperback.\nIntroduction by Gary A. Braunbeck. Cover art by Alan M. Clark.\nThe Confessions of St. Zach by Gene O'Neill (2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover.\nIntroduction by Gord Rollo. Afterword by Brian Keene. Cover art by Steve Gilberts.\nThe Bitchfight by Michael Arnzen (2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover.\nIntroduction by Brian Hodge. Cover art by Caroline O'Neal.\nThe Scrubs by Simon Janus (AKA Simon Wood) (July 2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover.\nIntroduction by Weston Ochse. Cover art by Alan M. Clark.\nPlague Monkey Spam by Steve Vernon (2008): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 200-copy limited softcover chapbook.\nIntroduction by Tim Waggoner. Cover art by Alan M. Clark.\nRestore From Backup by J. F. Gonzalez & Mike Oliveri (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by John Everson.\nYou In? by Kealan Patrick Burke (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by Steve Gilberts.\nVampire Outlaw of the Milky Way by Wes Ochse (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover.\nIntroduction by Brian Keene. Cover art by Chad Savage.\nWings of the Butterfly by John Urbancik (2007): Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited softcover.\nIntroduction by Weston Ochse.\nHouse of Shadow and Ash by John Urbancik (2007): Published as a 150-copy limited softcover.\nCover art by John Pierro.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Sarrantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sarrantonio"},{"link_name":"Paul Melniczek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Melniczek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cypher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Cypher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John R. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Little"},{"link_name":"Alex McVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McVey"}],"sub_title":"Promo chapbooks","text":"Heart of Glass by David Winnick (2011). Promo chapbook for World Horror Con in Austin Texas.\nBad Candy by Al Sarrantonio and Paul Melniczek (2009). Promo chapbook that came with the purchase of the signed limited edition of The Watching by Paul Melniczek. Featuring the short stories \"Pumpkin Head,\" \"Softly the Night Whispers,\" and \"The Fabric of Memories.\"\nCover art by Michael Cypher.\nA Pair of Little Things by John R. Little (2009). Promo chapbook featuring the short stories \"Climbing Mount Turnpike\" and \"Ever After.\"\nCover art by Alex McVey.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Louis Calvillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Louis_Calvillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Daniele Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Serra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisa Mannetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Mannetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glenn Chadbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Chadbourne"},{"link_name":"Bruce Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Boston"},{"link_name":"Daniele Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Serra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John R. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Little"},{"link_name":"2010 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Mort Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Castle"},{"link_name":"Alex McVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McVey"},{"link_name":"Ronald Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Zach McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zach_McCain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisa Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Morton"},{"link_name":"Lisa Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Morton"}],"sub_title":"Collections","text":"Blood & Gristle by Michael Louis Calvillo(2010): A short story collection published as a trade paperback.\nCover art by Daniele Serra\n51 Fiendish Ways to Leave Your Lover by Lisa Mannetti (2010): A dark humor book, heavily illustrated with cartoons published as a trade paperback.\nCover art and illustrations by Glenn Chadbourne\nDark Matter by Bruce Boston (2010): A collection of Poems published as a trade paperback.\nCover art by Daniele Serra.\nLittle Things by John R. Little(2010 in literature): A short story collection published as a trade paperback.\nIntroduction by Mort Castle. Cover art by Alex McVey.\nCumberland Furnace & other Fear-Forged Fables by Ronald Kelly (2011): A short story collection published as a trade paperback.\nCover art by Zach McCain.\nMonsters of L.A. by Lisa Morton (2011): A short story collection published as a trade paperback.\nCover photo by Lisa Morton.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad Moon Books homepage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.badmoonbooks.com/home.php"}],"text":"Bad Moon Books homepage","title":"External links and references"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.badmoonbooks.com/","external_links_name":"www.badmoonbooks.com"},{"Link":"http://www.badmoonbooks.com/home.php","external_links_name":"Bad Moon Books homepage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_class_cruiser	Monmouth-class cruiser	["1 Design","2 Ships","3 Service","4 Notes","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]	Suffolk Class overview NameMonmouth class Operators Royal Navy Preceded byDrake class Succeeded byDevonshire class Built1899–1904 In commission1903–1921 Completed10 Lost2 Scrapped8 General characteristics TypeArmoured cruiser Displacement9,800 long tons (10,000 t) (normal) Length463 ft 6 in (141.3 m) (o/a) Beam66 ft (20.1 m) Draught25 ft (7.6 m) Installed power 31 water-tube boilers 22,000 ihp (16,000 kW) Propulsion2 × shafts; 2 × triple-expansion steam engines Speed23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) Complement678 Armament 2 × twin, 10 × single 6 in (152 mm) guns 10 × single 12-pdr (3 in (76 mm)) guns 3 × single 3-pdr (1.9 in (47 mm)) guns 2 × 18 in (450 mm) torpedo tubes Armour Belt: 2–4 in (51–102 mm) Decks: 0.75–2 in (19–51 mm) Barbettes: 4 in (102 mm) Turrets: 4 in (102 mm) Conning tower: 10 in (254 mm) The Monmouth class was a ten-ship class of 10,000-ton armoured cruisers built around 1901 to 1903 for the Royal Navy and designed specifically for commerce protection. The ships were also referred to as County class cruisers as they carried the names of British counties. Design Left elevation and deck plan as depicted in Jane's Fighting Ships 1914 Aft port casemate guns on Berwick, illustrating the unfortunate positioning Expected only to fight light cruisers and armed merchant ships, the class was armed with fourteen 6-inch guns at a time when most British armoured cruisers also carried at least a pair of 9.2-inch guns: Four of the guns were mounted in two twin turrets at a good height, the remaining ten were installed in hull-mounted casemates, five on each side. The lower casemate guns were just a few feet above water, making them impossible to use in heavy seas. Sir John Fisher commented that "Sir William White designed the County class but forgot the guns." On the other hand, they were relatively fast ships for their time. Ships The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Monmouth class. Standard British practice at that time was for these costs to exclude armament and stores. The compilers of The Naval Annual revised costs quoted for British ships between the 1905 and 1906 editions. The reasons for the differences are unclear. Construction data Ship Builder Date of Cost according to Laid down Launch Completion (BNA 1905) (BNA 1906) Monmouth London & Glasgow Shipbuilding, Govan 29 Aug 1899 13 Nov 1901 2 Dec 1903 £709,085 £979,591 Bedford Fairfield Shipping and Engineering, Govan 19 Feb 1900 31 Aug 1901 11 Nov 1903 £734,330 £706,020 Essex HM Dockyard, Pembroke 1 Jan 1900 29 Aug 1901 22 Mar 1903 £770,325 £736,557 Kent HM Dockyard, Portsmouth 12 Feb 1900 6 Mar 1901 1 Oct 1903 £733,940 £700,283 Berwick William Beardmore and Company 19 Apr 1901 20 Sep 1902 9 Dec 1903 £776,868 £750,984 Cornwall HM Dockyard, Pembroke 11 Mar 1901 29 Oct 1902 1 Dec 1904 £789,421 £756,274 Cumberland London & Glasgow Shipbuilding, Govan 19 Feb 1901 16 Dec 1902 1 Dec 1904 £751,508 £718,168 Donegal Fairfield Shipping and Engineering, Govan 14 Feb 1901 4 Sep 1902 5 Nov 1903 £752,964 £715,947 Lancaster Armstrong-Whitworth, Elswick 4 Mar 1901 22 Mar 1903 5 Apr 1904 £763,084 £732,858 Suffolk HM Dockyard, Portsmouth 25 Mar 1901 15 Jan 1903 21 May 1904 £783,054 £722,681 Service HMS Donegal at the Royal Naval Dockyard in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda circa 1918. HMS Cornwall at the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda circa 1918 Upon completion, the ships served briefly in home waters before being assigned to various oversea stations (the China Station and the North America and West Indies Station). During this time HMS Bedford was wrecked in the East China Sea in 1910 and scrapped. Following the outbreak of World War I, the ships were primarily tasked with combating German commerce raiders, patrolling in both the North and South Atlantic. HMS Monmouth was assigned to Rear Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock's squadron, and was sunk at the Battle of Coronel in November 1914. HMS Kent was also assigned to Cradock's squadron, but failed to join in time; she remained at the Falkland Islands and joined Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee's squadron, which also included HMS Cornwall. In the ensuing Battle of the Falklands in December 1914, HMS Kent pursued and sank the light cruiser Nürnberg, while HMS Cornwall pursued and sank the light cruiser Leipzig. HMS Kent continued the pursuit of the light cruiser Dresden, eventually locating her and forcing her to be scuttled at the Battle of Más a Tierra. In 1915, HMS Cornwall participated in the blockade of the light cruiser Königsberg in the Rufiji River. After World War I, several of the ships served briefly as training ships. All soon were withdrawn from service and scrapped in 1920 and 1921. Notes References ^ Massie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel. Balantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40878-0. ^ The 1906 figure for Monmouth is particularly high. but is as quoted in the original. The 1914 edition also quotes £979,591 as the cost of Monmouth. ^ Brassey's Naval Annual 1905, p234-243 ^ Brassey's Naval Annual 1906, p208-215 Bibliography Brassey, T.A. (ed) The Naval Annual 1905 Corbett, Julian (1997) . Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X. Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9. Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7. Leyland, J. and Brassey, T.A. (ed) The Naval Annual 1906 Massie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-45671-6. McBride, K. D. (1998). "Re: HMS Kent (1914–1915)". Warship International. XXXV (4): 334–341. ISSN 0043-0374. Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monmouth class cruiser. The Dreadnought Project Technical details of the ships. vteMonmouth-class cruisers Bedford Berwick Cornwall Cumberland Donegal Essex Kent Lancaster Monmouth Suffolk Preceded by: Drake class Followed by: Devonshire class List of cruisers of the Royal Navy vteBritish naval ship classes of the First World WarAircraft/Seaplane carriers EmpressSV RivieraSV EngadineSV Ark RoyalS Ben-my-ChreeSV CampaniaSV Raven IISV AnneSV VindexSV ManxmanSV FuriousM PegasusSV NairanaSV ArgusSV VindictiveSV Dreadnought battleships DreadnoughtS Bellerophon St Vincent NeptuneS Colossus Orion King George V ErinS AgincourtS Iron Duke CanadaS Queen Elizabeth Revenge Pre-dreadnought battleships Royal Sovereign Majestic Canopus Formidable London Duncan King Edward VII Swiftsure Lord Nelson Battlecruisers Invincible Indefatigable Lion Queen MaryS TigerS Renown Courageous AdmiralSA Armoured cruisers Cressy Drake Monmouth Devonshire Duke of Edinburgh Warrior Minotaur Heavy cruisers HawkinsA Light cruisers TownG Arethusa CGC DanaeC EmeraldA Protected cruisers Apollo Astraea Eclipse Blake Pearl Edgar Powerful Diadem Arrogant Pelorus Highflyer Challenger Topaze Scout cruisers Adventure Forward Pathfinder Sentinel Boadicea Blonde Active Destroyer flotilla leaders SwiftS Faulknor Marksman Parker Thornycroft (or Shakespeare)C Admiralty (or Scott)C Destroyers AG BG CG DG EG F G H I K L Admiralty M Hawthorn M Thornycroft M Yarrow M Yarrow Later M Medea ArnoS RG SGC Talisman V and WGC Torpedo boats TB 81S TB 98 TB 109 TB 114 CricketG Monitors Marshal Ney Abercrombie Lord Clive Humber Gorgon M15 M29 Erebus Minesweepers Racecourse Hunt Dance Gunboats Fly Insect Submarines A B C D E F G HC J K LC MC RC SwordfishS V Sloops P Cadmus Flower Acacia Azalea Arabis Anchusa Aubrietia 24C naval trawlers Castle Mersey A All completed after the war C One or more completed after the war G Grouping of several classes M converted from Courageous class S Single ship of class V Conversions X Cancelled	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_class"},{"link_name":"armoured cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"}],"text":"The Monmouth class was a ten-ship class of 10,000-ton armoured cruisers built around 1901 to 1903 for the Royal Navy and designed specifically for commerce protection. The ships were also referred to as County class cruisers as they carried the names of British counties.","title":"Monmouth-class cruiser"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monmouth_class_cruiser_diagrams_Janes_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jane's Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Berwick_aft_port_6_inch_gun_casemates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Berwick_(1902)"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"Sir John Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Sir William White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_White"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castles-1"}],"text":"Left elevation and deck plan as depicted in Jane's Fighting Ships 1914Aft port casemate guns on Berwick, illustrating the unfortunate positioningExpected only to fight light cruisers and armed merchant ships, the class was armed with fourteen 6-inch guns at a time when most British armoured cruisers also carried at least a pair of 9.2-inch guns: Four of the guns were mounted in two twin turrets at a good height, the remaining ten were installed in hull-mounted casemates, five on each side. The lower casemate guns were just a few feet above water, making them impossible to use in heavy seas. Sir John Fisher commented that \"Sir William White designed the County class but forgot the guns.\"[1] On the other hand, they were relatively fast ships for their time.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Naval Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassey%27s_Naval_Annual"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Monmouth class. Standard British practice at that time was for these costs to exclude armament and stores. The compilers of The Naval Annual revised costs quoted for British ships between the 1905 and 1906 editions. The reasons for the differences are unclear.[2]","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Donegal_at_HM_Dockyard_Bermuda_circa_1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Imperial fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_fortress"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Cornwall_at_the_Royal_Naval_Dockyard_in_Bermuda_circa_1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"China Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Station"},{"link_name":"North America and West Indies Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rear-admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Cradock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Cradock"},{"link_name":"Battle of Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Doveton Sturdee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doveton_Sturdee"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Falklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falklands"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Leipzig_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Dresden_(1907)"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling"},{"link_name":"Battle of Más a Tierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1s_a_Tierra"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Rufiji River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River"},{"link_name":"training ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ship"}],"text":"HMS Donegal at the Royal Naval Dockyard in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda circa 1918.HMS Cornwall at the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda circa 1918Upon completion, the ships served briefly in home waters before being assigned to various oversea stations (the China Station and the North America and West Indies Station). During this time HMS Bedford was wrecked in the East China Sea in 1910 and scrapped.Following the outbreak of World War I, the ships were primarily tasked with combating German commerce raiders, patrolling in both the North and South Atlantic. HMS Monmouth was assigned to Rear Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock's squadron, and was sunk at the Battle of Coronel in November 1914. HMS Kent was also assigned to Cradock's squadron, but failed to join in time; she remained at the Falkland Islands and joined Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee's squadron, which also included HMS Cornwall. In the ensuing Battle of the Falklands in December 1914, HMS Kent pursued and sank the light cruiser Nürnberg, while HMS Cornwall pursued and sank the light cruiser Leipzig. HMS Kent continued the pursuit of the light cruiser Dresden, eventually locating her and forcing her to be scuttled at the Battle of Más a Tierra. In 1915, HMS Cornwall participated in the blockade of the light cruiser Königsberg in the Rufiji River.After World War I, several of the ships served briefly as training ships. All soon were withdrawn from service and scrapped in 1920 and 1921.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brassey, T.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_2nd_Earl_Brassey"},{"link_name":"The Naval Annual 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassey%27s_Naval_Annual"},{"link_name":"Corbett, Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Corbett"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89839-256-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-256-X"},{"link_name":"Friedman, Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59114-068-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-068-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84832-100-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7"},{"link_name":"The Naval Annual 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassey%27s_Naval_Annual"},{"link_name":"Massie, Robert K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Massie"},{"link_name":"Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_of_Steel:_Britain,_Germany,_and_the_Winning_of_the_Great_War_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-45671-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45671-6"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"},{"link_name":"Preston, Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Preston"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-245-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88254-979-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-979-0"}],"text":"Brassey, T.A. (ed) The Naval Annual 1905\nCorbett, Julian (1997) [1938]. Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X.\nFriedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9.\nFriedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.\nLeyland, J. and Brassey, T.A. (ed) The Naval Annual 1906\nMassie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-45671-6.\nMcBride, K. D. (1998). \"Re: HMS Kent (1914–1915)\". Warship International. XXXV (4): 334–341. ISSN 0043-0374.\nPreston, Antony (1985). \"Great Britain and Empire Forces\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.\nSilverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Left elevation and deck plan as depicted in Jane's Fighting Ships 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Monmouth_class_cruiser_diagrams_Janes_1914.jpg/220px-Monmouth_class_cruiser_diagrams_Janes_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aft port casemate guns on Berwick, illustrating the unfortunate positioning","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/HMS_Berwick_aft_port_6_inch_gun_casemates.jpg/220px-HMS_Berwick_aft_port_6_inch_gun_casemates.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMS Donegal at the Royal Naval Dockyard in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda circa 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HMS_Donegal_at_HM_Dockyard_Bermuda_circa_1918.jpg/220px-HMS_Donegal_at_HM_Dockyard_Bermuda_circa_1918.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMS Cornwall at the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda circa 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/HMS_Cornwall_at_the_Royal_Naval_Dockyard_in_Bermuda_circa_1918.jpg/220px-HMS_Cornwall_at_the_Royal_Naval_Dockyard_in_Bermuda_circa_1918.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Massie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel. Balantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40878-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-40878-0","url_text":"0-345-40878-0"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Julian (1997) [1938]. Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Corbett","url_text":"Corbett, Julian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-256-X","url_text":"0-89839-256-X"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-068-9","url_text":"978-1-59114-068-9"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7","url_text":"978-1-84832-100-7"}]},{"reference":"Massie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-45671-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Massie","url_text":"Massie, Robert K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_of_Steel:_Britain,_Germany,_and_the_Winning_of_the_Great_War_at_Sea","url_text":"Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45671-6","url_text":"0-679-45671-6"}]},{"reference":"McBride, K. D. (1998). \"Re: HMS Kent (1914–1915)\". Warship International. XXXV (4): 334–341. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Antony (1985). \"Great Britain and Empire Forces\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Preston","url_text":"Preston, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-979-0","url_text":"0-88254-979-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Monmouth_Class_Cruiser_(1901)","external_links_name":"The Dreadnought Project"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_researchers_on_intersex	List of researchers on intersex	["1 Noted researchers on intersex","1.1 B","1.2 C","1.3 D","1.4 F","1.5 G","1.6 H","1.7 J","1.8 K","1.9 M","1.10 N","2 See also","3 References"]	See also: List of intersex people Intersex topics Human rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal term) Yogyakarta Principles Medicine and biology Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Definitions Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation more... Society and culture Endosex (antonym) Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature People Religion Military US Researchers Sex verification in sports Television History and events History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Uganda United Kingdom United States See also Hermaphrodite Children's rights Genital modification and mutilation Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Anti-gender movement Non-binary Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Medical ethics Rights Sex Sex differences vte Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns, "that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". This list consists of notable researchers on intersex issues, including human rights, legal recognition and medical issues. The individual listings note the subject's main occupation or source of notability. Noted researchers on intersex B Janik Bastien-Charlebois, Quebecois professor of sociology and advocate on intersex human rights. C Morgan Carpenter, an Australian activist, researcher and bioethics graduate. Cary Gabriel Costello, U.S. associate professor of sociology and advocate for transgender and intersex rights. D Georgiann Davis, U.S. associate professor of sociology and researcher on intersex issues. Milton Diamond, U.S. professor of neurology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, and director of The Pacific Center for Sex and Society located at the University of Hawaii. Alice Dreger, U.S bioethicist, author and former chair of the Intersex Society of North America. F Anne Fausto-Sterling, U.S. Professor Emerita and author of numerous books on intersex, including Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality, 2000. G Richard Goldschmidt (1878–1958), U.S. geneticist who coined the word intersex. H Morgan Holmes, Canadian sociology professor, author of books including Intersex: A Perilous Difference (2007), and editor of Critical Intersex, 2009. Ieuan Hughes, paediatric endocrinologist and a emeritus professor of paediatrics at the University of Cambridge. J Tiffany Jones, Australian Associate Professor and author of books, policy works and articles on intersex, including Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia, 2015. K Katrina Karkazis, U.S. bioethicist, author of Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience, a 2008 book on intersex that is regarded as meticulous, authoritative and thoughtful. Suzanne Kessler, U.S. social psychologist and author of Lessons from the Intersexed, which inspired creation of the Phall-O-Meter phallus measurement tool. M Heino Meyer-Bahlburg, U.S. psychologist best known for his work on biology of sexual orientation, gender identity, intersexuality, and HIV. John Money (1921–2006), New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author, controversial due to the David Reimer case. Iain Morland, British author on gender, sexuality, medical ethics and science. N Maria New, U.S. pediatrician and geneticist. See also Intersex List of intersex people References ^ United Nations; Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (2018). "Intersex variations, human rights, and the International Classification of Diseases". Health and Human Rights. 20 (2): 205–214. ISSN 2150-4113. PMC 6293350. PMID 30568414. ^ "Cary Gabriel Costello". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016. ^ "Pacific Center for Sex and Society Home Page". Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. ^ Dr. Morgan Holmes Archived 2014-06-06 at Archive-It, Laurier Faculty of Arts ^ "Professor Ieuan Hughes FMedSci FLSW". Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Tiffany Jones". Macquarie University. Retrieved 2019-11-25. ^ "INTERSEX Stories and Statistics from Australia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2019-11-25. ^ Katrina Karkazis, PhD, MPH Archived 2013-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, Stanford University School of Medicine Center for Biomedical Ethics, 2013 ^ Kessler, Suzanne J. (1998). Lessons from the intersexed. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2529-7. vteIntersexHuman rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal term) Yogyakarta Principles Medicine and biology Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Hermaphrodite Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation Society and culture Endosex (antonym) Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Gender system Guevedoce Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature Military service People Religion Judaism Androgynos Tumtum Researchers Sex verification in sports Television History and events History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Uganda United Kingdom United States military See also Children's rights Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Non-binary gender Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Sex differences in humans Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of intersex people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intersex_people"},{"link_name":"Intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohchr-1"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights"},{"link_name":"legal recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_intersex_people"},{"link_name":"medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_surgery"}],"text":"See also: List of intersex peopleIntersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns, \"that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies\".[1]This list consists of notable researchers on intersex issues, including human rights, legal recognition and medical issues. The individual listings note the subject's main occupation or source of notability.","title":"List of researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janik Bastien-Charlebois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janik_Bastien-Charlebois"}],"sub_title":"B","text":"Janik Bastien-Charlebois, Quebecois professor of sociology and advocate on intersex human rights.","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cary Gabriel Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Gabriel_Costello"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"C","text":"Morgan Carpenter, an Australian activist, researcher and bioethics graduate.[2]\nCary Gabriel Costello, U.S. associate professor of sociology and advocate for transgender and intersex rights.[3]","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgiann Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiann_Davis"},{"link_name":"Milton Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alice Dreger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Dreger"},{"link_name":"Intersex Society of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Society_of_North_America"}],"sub_title":"D","text":"Georgiann Davis, U.S. associate professor of sociology and researcher on intersex issues.\nMilton Diamond, U.S. professor of neurology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, and director of The Pacific Center for Sex and Society located at the University of Hawaii.[4]\nAlice Dreger, U.S bioethicist, author and former chair of the Intersex Society of North America.","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne Fausto-Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Fausto-Sterling"},{"link_name":"Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexing_the_Body:_Gender_Politics_and_the_Construction_of_Sexuality"}],"sub_title":"F","text":"Anne Fausto-Sterling, U.S. Professor Emerita and author of numerous books on intersex, including Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality, 2000.","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Goldschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goldschmidt"}],"sub_title":"G","text":"Richard Goldschmidt (1878–1958), U.S. geneticist who coined the word intersex.","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes-5"},{"link_name":"Ieuan Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieuan_Hughes"},{"link_name":"paediatric endocrinologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_endocrinology"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"H","text":"Morgan Holmes, Canadian sociology professor, author of books including Intersex: A Perilous Difference (2007), and editor of Critical Intersex, 2009.[5]\nIeuan Hughes, paediatric endocrinologist and a emeritus professor of paediatrics at the University of Cambridge.[6]","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"J","text":"Tiffany Jones,[7] Australian Associate Professor and author of books, policy works and articles on intersex, including Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia, 2015.[8]","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katrina Karkazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Karkazis"},{"link_name":"Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Sex:_Intersex,_Medical_Authority,_and_Lived_Experience"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scbe-9"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Kessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Kessler"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Phall-O-Meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phall-O-Meter"}],"sub_title":"K","text":"Katrina Karkazis, U.S. bioethicist, author of Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience, a 2008 book on intersex that is regarded as meticulous, authoritative and thoughtful.[9]\nSuzanne Kessler, U.S. social psychologist and author of Lessons from the Intersexed,[10] which inspired creation of the Phall-O-Meter phallus measurement tool.","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heino Meyer-Bahlburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heino_Meyer-Bahlburg"},{"link_name":"John Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money"},{"link_name":"David Reimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reimer"},{"link_name":"Iain Morland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Morland"}],"sub_title":"M","text":"Heino Meyer-Bahlburg, U.S. psychologist best known for his work on biology of sexual orientation, gender identity, intersexuality, and HIV.\nJohn Money (1921–2006), New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author, controversial due to the David Reimer case.\nIain Morland, British author on gender, sexuality, medical ethics and science.","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_New"}],"sub_title":"N","text":"Maria New, U.S. pediatrician and geneticist.","title":"Noted researchers on intersex"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Intersex_Pride_Flag.svg/180px-Intersex_Pride_Flag.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"title":"List of intersex people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intersex_people"}]	[{"reference":"United Nations; Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf","url_text":"Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071043/https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Morgan (2018). \"Intersex variations, human rights, and the International Classification of Diseases\". Health and Human Rights. 20 (2): 205–214. ISSN 2150-4113. PMC 6293350. PMID 30568414.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hhrjournal.org/2018/08/intersex-variations-human-rights-and-the-international-classification-of-diseases/","url_text":"\"Intersex variations, human rights, and the International Classification of Diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2150-4113","url_text":"2150-4113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293350","url_text":"6293350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568414","url_text":"30568414"}]},{"reference":"\"Cary Gabriel Costello\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/storywall/transgender-today/stories/cary-gabriel-costello","url_text":"\"Cary Gabriel Costello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065426/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/storywall/transgender-today/stories/cary-gabriel-costello","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Center for Sex and Society Home Page\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/index.html","url_text":"\"Pacific Center for Sex and Society Home Page\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140111035849/http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Ieuan Hughes FMedSci FLSW\". Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801034525/http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-ieuan-hughes/","url_text":"\"Professor Ieuan Hughes FMedSci FLSW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences,_United_Kingdom","url_text":"Academy of Medical Sciences"},{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-ieuan-hughes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiffany Jones\". Macquarie University. Retrieved 2019-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/persons/tiffany-jones","url_text":"\"Tiffany Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERSEX Stories and Statistics from Australia\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2019-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202242/https://interactadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf","url_text":"\"INTERSEX Stories and Statistics from Australia\""},{"url":"https://interactadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Suzanne J. (1998). Lessons from the intersexed. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2529-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2529-7","url_text":"978-0-8135-2529-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf","external_links_name":"Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071043/https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hhrjournal.org/2018/08/intersex-variations-human-rights-and-the-international-classification-of-diseases/","external_links_name":"\"Intersex variations, human rights, and the International Classification of Diseases\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2150-4113","external_links_name":"2150-4113"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293350","external_links_name":"6293350"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568414","external_links_name":"30568414"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/storywall/transgender-today/stories/cary-gabriel-costello","external_links_name":"\"Cary Gabriel Costello\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065426/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/storywall/transgender-today/stories/cary-gabriel-costello","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Pacific Center for Sex and Society Home Page\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140111035849/http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wlu.ca/homepage.php?f_id=35&grp_id=891","external_links_name":"Dr. Morgan Holmes"},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140606172230/http://www.wlu.ca/homepage.php?grp_id=891&f_id=35","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801034525/http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-ieuan-hughes/","external_links_name":"\"Professor Ieuan Hughes FMedSci FLSW\""},{"Link":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-ieuan-hughes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/persons/tiffany-jones","external_links_name":"\"Tiffany Jones\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202242/https://interactadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf","external_links_name":"\"INTERSEX Stories and Statistics from Australia\""},{"Link":"https://interactadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bioethics.stanford.edu/people/resumes/karkazispubs.html","external_links_name":"Katrina Karkazis, PhD, MPH"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226191601/http://bioethics.stanford.edu/people/resumes/karkazispubs.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes_Bridge	Thebes Bridge	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Railroad bridge across the Mississippi River Thebes BridgeCoordinates37°13′00″N 89°28′01″W / 37.21667°N 89.46694°W / 37.21667; -89.46694CarriesUnion Pacific, previously the Missouri Pacific RailroadCrossesMississippi RiverLocaleIllmo, Missouri and Thebes, IllinoisCharacteristicsDesignContinuous truss bridgeTotal length3,959 feet (1,207 m)Longest span651 feet (198 m)Clearance below104 feet (32 m)Rail characteristicsNo. of tracks2HistoryOpenedApril 18, 1905StatisticsDaily traffic45.8 trains per day (as of 2014)Location The Thebes Bridge is a five-span cantilever truss bridge carrying the Union Pacific Railroad (previously carried the Missouri Pacific and Southern Pacific, in a joint operation) across the Mississippi River between Illmo, Missouri and Thebes, Illinois. It is owned by the Southern Illinois and Missouri Bridge Company, now a Union Pacific subsidiary. History The Southern Illinois and Missouri Bridge Company was incorporated in Illinois on December 28, 1900, to own the bridge and 4.64 miles (7.47 km) of connecting rail line. It was initially owned equally by the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railway, St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway, and St. Louis Southwestern Railway. Following approval of the bridge plans in 1902, limited construction activities began that year. Following litigation over right of way that prevented certain work from proceeding from May 1902 to April 1903, construction continued with the concrete arch approach structures in 1903, and the bridge superstructure itself in 1904. The legal issues "delayed considerably" the completion of the Missouri approach work, one of the main river piers, and led to an increased expense in constructing the superstructure. The bridge was dedicated in May 1905. The designer of the bridge was Polish-American engineer Ralph Modjeski. Contractors included C. Macdonald & Co. of New York, J.S. Paterson Construction Company of Chicago, MacArthur Brothers of Chicago, and American Bridge Company of New York. The American Bridge Company in turn subcontracted the superstructure's erection to Kelley-Atkinson Construction Co of Chicago. The Missouri Pacific and SLIM&S merged in 1917, and in 1945 the C&EI sold its 1/5 share to the Missouri Pacific, giving the latter company, since merged into the UP, a majority interest. See also Railways portal List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River References ^ Missouri Department of Transportation (2017). The Merchants Bridge rehabilitation program (PDF) (Grant application). Figure 10: Rail Traffic Volumes Overlaid with Seismic Hazard, 2014. ^ "Class I Railroad Annual Report R-1: Union Pacific Railroad Company to the Surface Transportation Board for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 2007" (PDF). ^ a b "Thebes Bridge". Modjeski and Masters. Retrieved 2020-06-22. ^ a b c Noble, Alfred (1907). The Thebes Bridge; a report to the president and directors of the Southern Illinois & Missouri Bridge Company. Chicago: W.F. Hall Printing Company. p. 5. ^ Glomb, Jozef; Peter J. Obst (Translator) (2002) (in English). A man who spanned two eras: The story of bridge engineer Ralph Modjeski. Philadelphia: Kosciuszko Foundation. ISBN 978-0-917004-25-4. Further reading Cook, Richard J. (1987). The Beauty of Railroad Bridges in North America -- Then and Now. Golden West Books, California (USA). ISBN 0-87095-097-5. Moody's Steam Railroads 1949 by John Moody of Moody's Investor Service Modjeski, Ralph (February 17, 1905). "Thebes Bridge". Transactions of the Association of Civil Engineers of Cornell University. 13 (published June 1905): 11–24. Crossings of the Mississippi River UpstreamBill Emerson Memorial Bridge Thebes Bridge DownstreamCairo I-57 Bridge This article about a specific rail bridge in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a bridge in Illinois is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a bridge in Missouri is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"truss bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Missouri Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Illmo, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illmo,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Thebes, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Thebes Bridge is a five-span cantilever truss bridge carrying the Union Pacific Railroad (previously carried the Missouri Pacific and Southern Pacific, in a joint operation) across the Mississippi River between Illmo, Missouri and Thebes, Illinois. It is owned by the Southern Illinois and Missouri Bridge Company, now a Union Pacific subsidiary.[2]","title":"Thebes Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_and_Eastern_Illinois_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Illinois Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Missouri Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Iron_Mountain_and_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Southwestern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Polish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_American"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"Ralph Modjeski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Bridge Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bridge_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"The Southern Illinois and Missouri Bridge Company was incorporated in Illinois on December 28, 1900, to own the bridge and 4.64 miles (7.47 km) of connecting rail line. It was initially owned equally by the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railway, St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway, and St. Louis Southwestern Railway.Following approval of the bridge plans in 1902, limited construction activities began that year.[3] Following litigation over right of way that prevented certain work from proceeding from May 1902 to April 1903,[4] construction continued with the concrete arch approach structures in 1903, and the bridge superstructure itself in 1904.[3] The legal issues \"delayed considerably\" the completion of the Missouri approach work, one of the main river piers, and led to an increased expense in constructing the superstructure.[4] The bridge was dedicated in May 1905.The designer of the bridge was Polish-American engineer Ralph Modjeski.[5] Contractors included C. Macdonald & Co. of New York, J.S. Paterson Construction Company of Chicago, MacArthur Brothers of Chicago, and American Bridge Company of New York. The American Bridge Company in turn subcontracted the superstructure's erection to Kelley-Atkinson Construction Co of Chicago.[4]The Missouri Pacific and SLIM&S merged in 1917, and in 1945 the C&EI sold its 1/5 share to the Missouri Pacific, giving the latter company, since merged into the UP, a majority interest.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87095-097-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87095-097-5"},{"link_name":"\"Thebes Bridge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YvQ-AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PP3"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Emerson_Memorial_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MO-34.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MO-74.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_146.svg"},{"link_name":"Cairo I-57 Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_I-57_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-57.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icon_train_US.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thebes_Bridge&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-rail-bridge-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-rail-bridge-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-rail-bridge-struct-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bellefontaine-bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thebes_Bridge&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Illinois-bridge-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Illinois-bridge-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illinois-bridge-struct-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bellefontaine-bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thebes_Bridge&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Missouri-bridge-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri-bridge-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri-bridge-struct-stub"}],"text":"Cook, Richard J. (1987). The Beauty of Railroad Bridges in North America -- Then and Now. Golden West Books, California (USA). ISBN 0-87095-097-5.\nMoody's Steam Railroads 1949 by John Moody of Moody's Investor Service\nModjeski, Ralph (February 17, 1905). \"Thebes Bridge\". Transactions of the Association of Civil Engineers of Cornell University. 13 (published June 1905): 11–24.Crossings of the Mississippi River\nUpstreamBill Emerson Memorial Bridge \nThebes Bridge\nDownstreamCairo I-57 BridgeThis article about a specific rail bridge in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a bridge in Illinois is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a bridge in Missouri is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Railways portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Railways"},{"title":"List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River"}]	[{"reference":"Missouri Department of Transportation (2017). The Merchants Bridge rehabilitation program (PDF) (Grant application). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Parker_(musician)	Apollo 100	["1 History","2 Soundtrack appearances","3 Charting discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Compilation albums","3.3 Singles","4 References"]	British musical group "Tom Parker (musician)" redirects here. For the member of The Wanted, see Tom Parker (singer). Apollo 100Bandleader Tom Parker in 1972 on AVRO's TopPop.Background informationGenresInstrumental rockYears active1971 (1971)–1973 (1973)Past membersTom ParkerClem CattiniVic FlickZed JenkinsJim LawlessBrian Odgers Apollo 100 was a British instrumental group, that had a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hit with the Bach–inspired single "Joy" in 1972. History Apollo 100 was founded by arranger and multi-instrumentalist Tom Parker, who was known for his arrangements from the Young Blood catalogue, such as the Top 20 American hit "Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep" and a number of Don Fardon's recordings. Parker had played keyboards, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, and a number of other instruments from an early age, and entered the music industry as a session musician by the 1960s. In the intervening time, he associated with a number of groups, including The Mark Leeman 5, Jimmy James and the Vagabonds, and Eric Burdon with the New Animals. Parker formed Apollo 100 in the latter part of 1971 with fellow session musicians drummer Clem Cattini, guitarist Vic Flick, guitarist Zed Jenkins, percussionist Jim Lawless, and bassist Brian Odgers. In December 1971, they released their first single, "Joy", an electrified arrangement by Clive Scott of Bach's "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring". The single rose to number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. None of their subsequent efforts were as successful, and they broke up in 1973. Parker went on to form the New London Chorale. Soundtrack appearances Apollo 100's first single "Joy", released from their premiere album Joy, has subsequently been featured in the soundtracks of the films Boogie Nights, One Day in September, and The 40-Year-Old Virgin, as well as the television series The Man Who Fell to Earth. While not featured in the Battle of the Sexes soundtrack, the song was played during a scene in the movie and was cited in the end credits. The song Mendelssohn's 4th appears in Gaslit S1E4 as the backing track of a montage. Charting discography Studio albums List of albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chartpositions AUS US Joy Released: March 1972 Label: Mega M31-1010 - 47 Master Pieces Released: April 1973 Label: Mega M51-5005 62 - Compilation albums List of albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chartpositions AUS Reach for the Sky Released: 1979 Label: Endeavour Records (END-002) 37 Singles List of singles, with selected chart positions Year Title Peak chartpositions AUS CAN RSA US 100 1971 "Joy" 3 24 18 6 1972 "Mendelssohn's 4th (Second Movement)" - - - 94 References ^ a b c d e Larkin, Colin (1992). Colin Larkin (ed.). Encyclopedia of popular music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. ^ Jancik, Wayne (1998). The Billboard book of one-hit wonders. Billboard Books. p. 306. ISBN 0823076229. ^ Castello, Dionisio (1991). Good Times: The Ultimate Eric Burdon Audio - Videography, 1963-1991. Fondi. ^ a b Jenkins, Mark (8 December 2000). "Anarchy in the U.K." Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021. One Day in September tells such a compelling story that miscalculations like the banal narration (read by Michael Douglas) and the sometimes incongruous soundtrack of Philip Glass and Apollo 100's electro-Bach "Joy" are not fatally distracting. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Boogie Nights, Vol. 2 Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 November 2021. ^ Phares, Heather. "The 40 Year-Old Virgin Review". AllMusic. ^ Arabian, Alex (8 August 2022). "'The Man Who Fell To Earth' – Alex Kurtzman's Love Letter To David Bowie". Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ Valerie Faris & Jonathan Dayton (co-directors) (September 2017). Battle of the Sexes (Motion picture). Fox Searchlight Pictures. ^ a b c Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 19. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ Billboard, Billboard Productions, Inc., New York, March 18, 1972, p. 48 ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 - IS=BN 0-89820-089-X Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Artists MusicBrainz People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Parker (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Parker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(music)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(Apollo_100_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"}],"text":"\"Tom Parker (musician)\" redirects here. 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Parker had played keyboards, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, and a number of other instruments from an early age, and entered the music industry as a session musician by the 1960s.[2] In the intervening time, he associated with a number of groups, including The Mark Leeman 5, Jimmy James and the Vagabonds, and Eric Burdon with the New Animals.[3][1]Parker formed Apollo 100 in the latter part of 1971 with fellow session musicians drummer Clem Cattini, guitarist Vic Flick, guitarist Zed Jenkins, percussionist Jim Lawless, and bassist Brian Odgers.[1] In December 1971, they released their first single, \"Joy\", an electrified arrangement by Clive Scott of Bach's \"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring\".[1][4] The single rose to number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. None of their subsequent efforts were as successful, and they broke up in 1973.[1]Parker went on to form the New London Chorale.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boogie Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"One Day in September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_in_September"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneDay-4"},{"link_name":"The 40-Year-Old Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_40-Year-Old_Virgin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Fell to Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sexes_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Apollo 100's first single \"Joy\", released from their premiere album Joy, has subsequently been featured in the soundtracks of the films Boogie Nights,[5] One Day in September,[4] and The 40-Year-Old Virgin,[6] as well as the television series The Man Who Fell to Earth.[7] While not featured in the Battle of the Sexes soundtrack, the song was played during a scene in the movie and was cited in the end credits.[8]\nThe song Mendelssohn's 4th appears in Gaslit S1E4 as the backing track of a montage.","title":"Soundtrack appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charting discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Charting discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Charting discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Charting discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (1992). Colin Larkin (ed.). Encyclopedia of popular music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001/acref-9780195313734","url_text":"Encyclopedia of popular music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0","url_text":"0-85112-939-0"}]},{"reference":"Jancik, Wayne (1998). The Billboard book of one-hit wonders. Billboard Books. p. 306. ISBN 0823076229.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823076229","url_text":"0823076229"}]},{"reference":"Castello, Dionisio (1991). Good Times: The Ultimate Eric Burdon Audio - Videography, 1963-1991. Fondi.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Mark (8 December 2000). \"Anarchy in the U.K.\" Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021. One Day in September tells such a compelling story that miscalculations like the banal narration (read by Michael Douglas) and the sometimes incongruous soundtrack [...] of Philip Glass [...] and Apollo 100's electro-Bach \"Joy\" are not fatally distracting.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/265310/anarchy-in-the-uk/","url_text":"\"Anarchy in the U.K.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201204054306/https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/265310/anarchy-in-the-uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Boogie Nights, Vol. 2 Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000597022","url_text":"\"Boogie Nights, Vol. 2 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"The 40 Year-Old Virgin Review\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000642928","url_text":"\"The 40 Year-Old Virgin Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Arabian, Alex (8 August 2022). \"'The Man Who Fell To Earth' – Alex Kurtzman's Love Letter To David Bowie\". Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://livinglifefearless.co/2022/features/the-man-who-fell-to-earth-alex-kurtzmans-love-letter-to-david-bowie/","url_text":"\"'The Man Who Fell To Earth' – Alex Kurtzman's Love Letter To David Bowie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220808211510/https://livinglifefearless.co/2022/features/the-man-who-fell-to-earth-alex-kurtzmans-love-letter-to-david-bowie/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valerie Faris & Jonathan Dayton (co-directors) (September 2017). Battle of the Sexes (Motion picture). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ivory_(director)	James Ivory	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1959–1978: Beginnings and early films","2.2 1979–1993: Breakthrough and acclaim","2.3 1995–2009: Established work","2.4 2017–present: Career resurgence","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 Awards and honours","6 Bibliography","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	American film director (born 1928) For other uses, see James Ivory (disambiguation). James IvoryIvory at the 48th Venice International Film Festival in 1991BornRichard Jerome Hazen (1928-06-07) June 7, 1928 (age 96)Berkeley, California, U.S.Alma materUniversity of OregonUniversity of Southern CaliforniaOccupationsFilm directorproducerscreenwriterYears active1953–presentPartnerIsmail Merchant (1961–2005; Merchant's death) James Francis Ivory (born Richard Jerome Hazen June 7, 1928) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. Ivory along with Indian film producer Ismail Merchant, his domestic as well as professional partner, and screenwriter Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, were the principals in Merchant Ivory Productions. Together they made film adaptations from the novels of E.M. Forster, Henry James and others. Their body of work is celebrated for its elegance, sophistication, literary fidelity, strong performances, as well as its complex themes and rich characters. Merchant–Ivory was established in 1961 in India where they made modestly budgeted films including The Householder (1963), Shakespeare Wallah (1965), and Bombay Talkie (1970). Ivory began adapting films from classic novels such as The Europeans (1979), Quartet (1981), Heat and Dust (1983), The Bostonians (1984), Maurice (1987), and Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990). During this period he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for A Room with a View (1985), Howards End (1992), and The Remains of the Day (1993). At the age of 89, Ivory won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Luca Guadagnino's Call Me by Your Name (2017). Over his career he has earned numerous accolades including an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, and a Writers Guild of America Award as well as nominations for three Golden Globe Awards. He received the Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. Ivory released his autobiography Solid Ivory: Memoirs (2021) and directed the documentary A Cooler Climate (2022). Early life and education Ivory was born Richard Jerome Hazen in Berkeley, California, and adopted shortly after birth by Hallie Millicent (née de Loney) and Edward Patrick Ivory, a sawmill operator; they renamed him James Francis Ivory. He grew up in Klamath Falls, Oregon. He attended the University of Oregon, where he received a degree in fine arts in 1951. Ivory is a recipient of the Lawrence Medal, UO's College of Design's highest honor for its graduates. His papers are held by UO Libraries' Special Collections and University Archives. He was UO's 2019-2020 honorary degree recipient. Ivory then attended the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, where he directed the short film Four in the Morning (1953). He wrote, photographed, and produced Venice: Theme and Variations, a half-hour documentary submitted as his thesis film for his master's degree in cinema. The film was named by The New York Times in 1957 as one of the ten best non-theatrical films of the year. He graduated from USC in 1957. Career 1959–1978: Beginnings and early films Main article: Merchant Ivory Productions Ivory met producer Ismail Merchant at a screening of Ivory's documentary The Sword and the Flute in New York City in 1959. In May 1961, Merchant and Ivory formed the film production company Merchant Ivory Productions. Merchant and Ivory were long-term life partners. Their professional and romantic partnership lasted 44 years, from 1961 until Merchant's death in 2005. Ivory owned several homes, including the Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex in Claverack, New York. Their partnership has a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for the longest partnership in independent cinema history. Until Merchant's death in 2005, they produced 40 films, including a number of films that received Academy, BAFTA and Golden Globe awards among many others. Ivory directed 17 theatrical films for Merchant Ivory, and novelist Ruth Prawer Jhabvala was the screenwriter for 22 of their productions in addition to another film produced by Merchant Ivory after Merchant's death. Of this collaboration, Ismail Merchant once commented: "It is a strange marriage we have at Merchant Ivory ... I am an Indian Muslim, Ruth is a German Jew, and Jim is a Protestant American. Someone once described us as a three-headed god. Maybe they should have called us a three-headed monster!" 1979–1993: Breakthrough and acclaim In 1985, Ivory directed a film adaptation of the classic E. M. Forster novel A Room with a View. The film starred Helena Bonham Carter who was 19 years old at the time, in her first major film role. The film also co-starred Julian Sands, Maggie Smith, Judi Dench, Denholm Elliott, Simon Callow, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The film received universal praise with The Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, writing: "It is an intellectual film, but intellectual about emotions: It encourages us to think about how we feel, instead of simply acting on our feelings." The film received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Director for Ivory. He also received Best Director nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, the Golden Globes Awards, and the Directors Guild of America. The following year Ivory directed another Forster adaptation, the romantic drama Maurice (1987). The film is a gay love story in the restrictive and repressed culture of Edwardian England. The story follows its main character, Maurice Hall, through university, a tumultuous relationship, struggling to fit into society, and ultimately being united with his life partner. The film stars James Wilby and Hugh Grant in their first major film appearances, and also features Rupert Graves, Simon Callow, Denholm Elliott, Mark Tandy, Billie Whitelaw, Judy Parfitt, Phoebe Nicholls, and Ben Kingsley. In a 2017 retrospective in The New Yorker, Sarah Larson wrote, "...For many gay men coming of age in the eighties and nineties, Maurice was revelatory: a first glimpse, onscreen or anywhere, of what love between men could look like". Director James Ivory has added to the legacy on the film saying, "So many people have come up to me since Maurice and pulled me aside and said, 'I just want you to know you changed my life.'" Ivory won the Venice Film Festival's Silver Lion for Best Director. This was followed in 1990 by Mr. & Mrs. Bridge, which was adapted by Jhabvala from the novels by Evan S. Connell. According to Ivory, "the world of Mr. and Mrs. Bridge is the world I grew up in...It's the only film I've ever made that was about my own childhood and adolescence." The film received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress (Joanne Woodward), as well as two New York Film Critics Circle awards. Ivory would later call Mr. & Mrs. Bridge a personal favorite, adding that it was the one film he would most like to see reappraised. In 1992, Merchant-Ivory tackled their third Forster adaptation, Howards End, based on the acclaimed novel and starring Emma Thompson, Helena Bonham Carter, Anthony Hopkins, and Vanessa Redgrave. The film premiered at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival where it competed for the Palme d'Or and went on to critical acclaim. Ivory received his second Academy Award for Best Director nomination. The film also received three Academy Awards for Best Actress (Emma Thompson), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Production Design. The film also received eleven British Academy Film Award nominations, and four Golden Globe Award nominations. In 2016, the film was selected for screening as part of the Cannes Classics section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, and was released theatrically after restoration on August 26, 2016. The following year, Merchant-Ivory directed the period drama The Remains of the Day (1993), adapted from the acclaimed novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. American filmmaker Mike Nichols served as one of the film's producers, and the film reunited Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson. Supporting performances included James Fox, Christopher Reeve, Hugh Grant, and Lena Headey. The film revolved around a dedicated butler who serves an English landlord in the years leading up to the second World War. The film was a commercial and critical success with Vincent Canby of The New York Times said, in another favorable review, "Here's a film for adults. It's also about time to recognize that Mr. Ivory is one of our finest directors, something that critics tend to overlook because most of his films have been literary adaptations." The film received eight Academy Award nominations with Ivory receiving his third nomination for Best Director. He also received nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and Directors Guild of America. In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked The Remains of the Day the 64th-greatest British film of the 20th century. 1995–2009: Established work In 1995 he directed the film Jefferson in Paris starring Nick Nolte as Thomas Jefferson, Thandiwe Newton as Sally Hemings, and Gwyneth Paltrow as Patsy Jefferson. The following year he directed the film Surviving Picasso starring Anthony Hopkins as the painter Pablo Picasso. In 1998 he directed and co-wrote the film A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries, a film divided into three segments each named after a different protagonist. In 2000 he directed the romantic period drama The Golden Bowl which was adapted from the Henry James novel of the same name. He directed the romantic comedy Le Divorce starring Kate Hudson and Naomi Watts. In 2005 he directed the film The White Countess written by Kazuo Ishiguro starring Ralph Fiennes, Natasha Richardson, and Vanessa Redgrave. In 2009, Ivory reunited with Anthony Hopkins for the romantic drama The City of Your Final Destination co-starring Laura Linney. The film is the first Merchant Ivory film production without the participation of producer Ismail Merchant due to his death in 2005. 2017–present: Career resurgence In 2017, Ivory wrote and co-produced the film adaptation of Call Me by Your Name, a 2007 coming-of-age novel by André Aciman. The film, a romantic drama, was directed by Luca Guadagnino and is the final installment in his thematic "Desire" trilogy, following I Am Love (2009), and A Bigger Splash (2015). Set in 1983 in northern Italy, the story chronicles the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), and Oliver (Armie Hammer), a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio's father (Michael Stuhlbarg), an archaeology professor. Ivory originally was to co-direct the film based on Guadagnino's suggestion; however, there was no contract to that effect. Ivory accepted the offer to co-direct on the condition that he would also write the film; he spent "about nine months" on the screenplay. Ivory stepped down from a directorial role in 2016, leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone. According to Ivory, financiers from Memento Films International did not want two directors involved with the project because they "thought it would be awkward ... It might take longer, it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set, and so on." Guadagnino said Ivory's version would have likely been "a much more costly different film" that would have been too expensive to make. Ivory retained the sole credit as screenwriter The film was the only narrative feature he has written but not directed. Despite stepping aside as director, he continued to remain involved with other aspects of the production. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and garnered huge critical success. Ivory's screenplay brought him numerous awards and nominations. Ivory won awards for Best Adapted Screenplay from the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Writers Guild of America, the Critics' Choice Awards, and the Scripter Awards, among others. Upon winning the Oscar and BAFTA at the age of 89, Ivory became the oldest-ever winner in any category for both awards. In 2018, Ivory took part in the film Dance Again with Me Heywood! directed by Michele Diomà. At 94 he directed the documentary film, A Cooler Climate (2022), about boxes of film footage he shot during a life-changing trip to Afghanistan in 1960, which had its world premiere at the New York Film Festival in 2022. Raymond Ang of GQ wrote that the project "might be the most personal" film of his career. In May 2023, an upcoming biographical documentary portrait titled, James Ivory: In Search of Love and Beauty, directed by Christopher Manning was announced. The film chronicles the life and work of Ivory and features Helena Bonham Carter, Emma Thompson, Hugh Grant, Wes Anderson and others. Personal life Ivory is gay, as he detailed in his memoir, Solid Ivory, which gives details of his relationships with his business partner Ismail Merchant, their composer Richard Robbins, and others such as Bruce Chatwin. Filmography Year Title Director Writer Notes 1953 Four in the Morning Yes No Short 1957 Venice: Theme and Variations Yes No Short 1959 The Sword and the Flute Yes No Short 1963 The Householder Yes No 1964 The Delhi Way Yes No Documentary 1965 Shakespeare Wallah Yes Yes 1969 The Guru Yes No 1970 Bombay Talkie Yes No 1972 Adventures of a Brown Man in Search of Civilization Yes No BBC TV documentary 1972 Savages Yes No 1973 Helen, Queen of the Nautch Girls No Yes Short 1975 Autobiography of a Princess Yes No 1975 The Wild Party Yes No 1977 Roseland Yes No 1978 Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures Yes No 1979 The Europeans Yes No 1979 The Five Forty-Eight Yes No TV film 1980 Jane Austen in Manhattan Yes No 1981 Quartet Yes No 1983 Heat and Dust Yes No 1984 The Bostonians Yes No 1985 A Room with a View Yes No 1987 Maurice Yes Yes 1989 Slaves of New York Yes No 1990 Mr. & Mrs. Bridge Yes No 1992 Howards End Yes No 1993 The Remains of the Day Yes No 1995 Jefferson in Paris Yes No 1995 Lumière and Company Yes No Segment 1996 Surviving Picasso Yes No 1998 A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries Yes Yes 2000 The Golden Bowl Yes No 2003 Le Divorce Yes Yes 2005 The White Countess Yes No 2009 The City of Your Final Destination Yes No 2017 Call Me by Your Name No Yes Also producer 2022 A Cooler Climate Yes Yes Documentary, with Giles Gardner Awards and honours Main article: List of awards and nominations received by James Ivory In 1985 A Room with a View was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three, for Jhabvala's adaptation of Forster's novel as well as for Best Costume and Best Production Design. A Room With a View was also voted Best Film of the year by the Critic's Circle Film Section of Great Britain, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, the National Board of Review in the United States and in Italy, where the film won the Donatello Prize for Best Foreign Language Picture and Best Director. In 1987, Maurice received a Silver Lion Award for Best Director at the Venice Film Festival as well as Best Film Score for Richard Robbins and Best Actor Awards for co-stars James Wilby and Hugh Grant. 1990's Mr. and Mrs. Bridge would receive an Oscar nomination for Best Actress (Joanne Woodward), as well as Best Actress and Best Screenplay from the New York Film Critics Circle. In 1992 Ivory directed another film adapted from Forster, Howards End. The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Actress (Emma Thompson), Best Screenplay – Adaptation (Ruth Prawer Jhabvala), and Best Art Direction/Set Decoration (Luciana Arrighi/Ian Whittaker). The film also won Best Picture at the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Awards, as well as awards for Best Picture, Best Actress for Emma Thompson and Best Director for Ivory from the National Board of Review. The Directors Guild of America awarded the D.W. Griffith award, its highest honor, to Ivory for his work. At the 1992 Cannes Film Festival the film won the 45th Anniversary Prize. Howards End was immediately followed by The Remains of the Day, which was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. For his work in Call Me by Your Name (2017), Ivory received an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and USC Scripter Award for Best Screenplay. He was also nominated for the AACTA International Award for Best Screenplay, and the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Screenplay. At 89, Ivory is the oldest person to ever win an Academy Award in competition. Bibliography This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2022) Ivory, James. Solid Ivory: Memoirs. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021. ISBN 978-0374601591 --do.-- Autobiography of a Princess: also being the adventures of an American film director in the land of the maharajahs; screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. London: John Murray, 1975 ISBN 0-7195-3289-2 See also List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of LGBTQ Academy Award winners and nominees References ^ a b c Jacobs, Alexandra (November 2, 2021). "James Ivory, Famous for Buttoned-Up Films, Is Frank About Sex and Much Else in His Memoir". The New York Times. p. C1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 1, 2022. ^ "Where to begin with Merchant Ivory". British Film Institute. July 28, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "James Ivory becomes Oscar's oldest winner with 'Call Me by Your Name'". The Los Angeles Times. March 5, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "Film-maker James Ivory donates a collection of personal documents to the University of Oregon". Merchant Ivory Productions. Retrieved December 11, 2007. ^ "UO alum James Ivory wins Oscar for 'Call Me by Your Name'". Around the O. March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2019. ^ "James Ivory \| Office of the President". president.uoregon.edu. Retrieved May 7, 2024. ^ add ^ Notable Alumni, USC School of Cinematic Arts Archived August 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Horn, John (May 26, 2005). "Obituaries; Ismail Merchant, 68; Producer of Stylish, Popular Period Dramas". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2008. ^ a b Larson, Sarah (May 19, 2017). "James Ivory and the Making of a Historic Gay Love Story". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ Giovannini, Joseph (April 3, 1986). "MERCHANT AND IVORY'S COUNTRY RETREAT". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ Hass, Nancy (September 11, 2015). "James Ivory's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ "Ismail Merchant". The Times. London. May 26, 2005. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. ^ "A Room with a View Movie Review (1986)". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved June 15, 2021. ^ a b Sarah Larson (May 19, 2017). "James Ivory and the Making of a Historic Gay Love Story". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 5, 2017. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (February 18, 1990). "Partnerships Make a Movie". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ Evans, Everett (November 8, 2014). "Festival salutes the literate cinema of James Ivory". houstonchronicle.com. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ "Cannes Classics 2016". Cannes Film Festival. April 20, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2016. ^ McNary, Dave (June 17, 2016). "Restored 'Howards End' to Be Released in Theaters". Variety. Retrieved October 28, 2017. ^ Canby, Vincent (November 5, 1993). "Movie Review – The Remains of the Day – Review/Film: Remains of the Day; Blind Dignity: A Butler's Story". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2013. ^ British Film Institute - Top 100 British Films (1999). Retrieved August 27, 2016 ^ "Jefferson in Paris (1995)". TCM. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "Surviving Picasso (1996)". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "The Golden Bowl". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "Le Divorce". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "The White Countess". BBC. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "James Ivory on The City of Your Final Destination". Vulture. April 16, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ Jones, Sam (May 26, 2005). "Film-maker Ismail Merchant dies, aged 68". The Guardian. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "Call Me by Your Name is an erotic film in every sense of the word. It's also a masterpiece". Vox. November 21, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ a b Vivarelli, Nick (February 13, 2017). "Berlinale: Luca Guadagnino on Why 'Call Me by Your Name' Strikes Such Deep Chords". Variety. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ^ a b Vivarelli, Nick (October 6, 2017). "James Ivory on 'Call Me by Your Name' and Why American Male Actors Won't Do Nude Scenes (Exclusive)". Variety. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ^ a b McKittrick, Christopher (May 15, 2017). "James Ivory on Screenwriting". Creative Screenwriting. CS Publications. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017. ^ a b Roxborough, Scott (January 19, 2018). "James Ivory on His Film Legacy and Adapting 'Call Me by Your Name'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ Brady, Tara (October 19, 2017). "'Why do people want to see other people's penises?'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ Blessing, Joe (January 24, 2017). "'Call Me By Your Name': Luca Guadagnino Discusses Avoiding Cliches, Costumes & Narration ". The Playlist. Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ Sharf, Jack (October 6, 2017). "'Call Me By Your Name' Screenwriter is Disappointed There's No Male Full Frontal Nudity". IndieWire. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ a b c Erbland, Kate (November 23, 2017). "'Call Me by Your Name' Screenwriter James Ivory Loves the Story Too Much to Think About Sequels". IndieWire. Archived from the original on November 23, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017. ^ Nevins, Jake (March 5, 2018). "James Ivory is oldest Oscar winner ever with screenplay award for Call Me by Your Name". The Guardian. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ "2018 BAFTA Awards backstage: James Ivory ('Call Me By Your Name') on his way to making Oscar history". Goldderby. February 18, 2018. ^ Anderson, Ariston (May 27, 2018). "James Ivory Joins Italian Drama 'Dance Again With Me Heywood!'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 4, 2022. ^ "A Cooler Climate". Film at Lincoln Center. Retrieved May 25, 2024. ^ "James Ivory Has Been Making Films for 70 Years. His Latest Might Be His Most Personal". GQ. November 3, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2024. ^ Lang, Brent (May 18, 2023). "Christopher Manning Directing 'James Ivory: In Search of Love and Beauty,' Documentary About 'Howards End' Filmmaker (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ Gilbey, Ryan (March 12, 2024). "I got you an Oscar. Why do I need to pay you?". The Guardian. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Howards End". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved August 14, 2009. ^ "'The Shape Of Water' Named Best Picture, Takes Four Awards At 23rd Annual Critics' Choice Awards" (Press release). Los Angeles, CA: Broadcast Film Critics Association/Broadcast Television Journalists Association. January 11, 2018. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Robb, David (February 10, 2018). "'Call Me By Your Name' Wins USC Scripter Award For Adapted Screenplay; 'The Handmaid's Tale' Nabs TV Honor". Deadline. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ "Australian Academy announces winners for the 7th AACTA International Awards" (PDF) (Press release). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts. January 6, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2018. ^ Gettell, Oliver (January 9, 2018). "Call Me By Your Name takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards". BAFTA. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ Gettell, Oliver (November 27, 2017). "Call Me By Your Name takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 27, 2017. ^ Nevins, Jake (March 5, 2018). "James Ivory is oldest Oscar winner ever with screenplay award for Call Me by Your Name". The Guardian. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Ivory. James Ivory at IMDb IMP Poster Gallery James Ivory at Screen Online Biography from Merchant Ivory Productions James Ivory papers at the University of Oregon vteFilms directed by James Ivory The Householder (1963) The Delhi Way (1964) Shakespeare Wallah (1965) The Guru (1969) Bombay Talkie (1970) Adventures of a Brown Man in Search of Civilization (1972) Savages (1972) Autobiography of a Princess (1975) The Wild Party (1975) Roseland (1977) Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures (1978) The Five Forty-Eight (1978) The Europeans (1979) Jane Austen in Manhattan (1980) Quartet (1981) Heat and Dust (1983) The Bostonians (1984) A Room with a View (1985) Maurice (1987) Slaves of New York (1989) Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990) Howards End (1992) The Remains of the Day (1993) Jefferson in Paris (1995) Lumière and Company (1995) Surviving Picasso (1996) A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (1998) The Golden Bowl (2000) Le Divorce (2003) The White Countess (2005) The City of Your Final Destination (2009) vteMerchant Ivory Productions Ismail Merchant James Ivory The Householder (1963) Shakespeare Wallah (1965) The Guru (1969) The Night of Counting the Years (1969) Bombay Talkie (1970) Savages (1972) The Wild Party (1975) Autobiography of a Princess (1975) Roseland (1977) Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures (1978) The Five Forty-Eight (1978) The Europeans (1979) Jane Austen in Manhattan (1980) Quartet (1981) The Courtesans of Bombay (1983) Heat and Dust (1983) The Bostonians (1984) A Room with a View (1985) Maurice (1987) The Deceivers (1988) The Perfect Murder (1988) Slaves of New York (1989) Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990) The Ballad of the Sad Cafe (1991) Howards End (1992) The Remains of the Day (1993) In Custody (1994) Feast of July (1995) Jefferson in Paris (1995) The Proprietor (1996) Surviving Picasso (1996) Side Streets (1998) A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (1998) Cotton Mary (1999) The Golden Bowl (2000) The Mystic Masseur (2001) Le Divorce (2003) Heights (2005) The White Countess (2005) Before the Rains (2008) The City of Your Final Destination (2009) Awards for James Ivory vteAcademy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay1928–1950 Benjamin Glazer (1928) Hanns Kräly (1929) Frances Marion (1930) Howard Estabrook (1931) Edwin J. Burke (1932) Victor Heerman and Sarah Y. Mason (1933) Robert Riskin (1934) Dudley Nichols (1935) Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney (1936) Heinz Herald, Geza Herczeg, and Norman Reilly Raine (1937) Ian Dalrymple, Cecil Arthur Lewis, W. P. Lipscomb, and George Bernard Shaw (1938) Sidney Howard (1939) Donald Ogden Stewart (1940) Sidney Buchman and Seton I. Miller (1941) George Froeschel, James Hilton, Claudine West, and Arthur Wimperis (1942) Philip G. Epstein, Julius J. Epstein, and Howard Koch (1943) Frank Butler and Frank Cavett (1944) Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder (1945) Robert Sherwood (1946) George Seaton (1947) John Huston (1948) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1949) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950) 1951–1975 Harry Brown and Michael Wilson (1951) Charles Schnee (1952) Daniel Taradash (1953) George Seaton (1954) Paddy Chayefsky (1955) John Farrow, S. J. Perelman, and James Poe (1956) Pierre Boulle, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson (1957) Alan Jay Lerner (1958) Neil Paterson (1959) Richard Brooks (1960) Abby Mann (1961) Horton Foote (1962) John Osborne (1963) Edward Anhalt (1964) Robert Bolt (1965) Robert Bolt (1966) Stirling Silliphant (1967) James Goldman (1968) Waldo Salt (1969) Ring Lardner Jr. (1970) Ernest Tidyman (1971) Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1972) William Peter Blatty (1973) Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1974) Bo Goldman and Lawrence Hauben (1975) 1976–2000 William Goldman (1976) Alvin Sargent (1977) Oliver Stone (1978) Robert Benton (1979) Alvin Sargent (1980) Ernest Thompson (1981) Costa-Gavras and Donald E. Stewart (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) Peter Shaffer (1984) Kurt Luedtke (1985) Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1986) Bernardo Bertolucci and Mark Peploe (1987) Christopher Hampton (1988) Alfred Uhry (1989) Michael Blake (1990) Ted Tally (1991) Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Eric Roth (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Billy Bob Thornton (1996) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997) Bill Condon (1998) John Irving (1999) Stephen Gaghan (2000) 2001–present Akiva Goldsman (2001) Ronald Harwood (2002) Philippa Boyens, Peter Jackson, and Fran Walsh (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) William Monahan (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Geoffrey S. Fletcher (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Alexander Payne, Jim Rash, and Nat Faxon (2011) Chris Terrio (2012) John Ridley (2013) Graham Moore (2014) Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015) Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016) James Ivory (2017) Charlie Wachtel, David Rabinowitz, Kevin Willmott and Spike Lee (2018) Taika Waititi (2019) Christopher Hampton and Florian Zeller (2020) Sian Heder (2021) Sarah Polley (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) vteAustin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) Alfonso Cuarón, Timothy J. Sexton, David Arata, Mark Fergus, and Hawk Ostby (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Hossein Amini (2011) Chris Terrio (2012) John Ridley (2013) Gillian Flynn (2014) Emma Donoghue (2015) Eric Heisserer (2016) James Ivory (2017) Barry Jenkins (2018) Greta Gerwig (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Ryusuke Hamaguchi and Takamasa Oe (2021) Rian Johnson (2022) Christopher Nolan (2023) vteBAFTA Award for Best Film1940s The Best Years of Our Lives (1947) Hamlet (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) 1950s All About Eve (1950) La Ronde (1951) The Sound Barrier (1952) Forbidden Games (1953) The Wages of Fear (1954) Richard III (1955) Gervaise (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) Room at the Top (1958) Ben-Hur (1959) 1960s The Apartment – Billy Wilder (1960) Ballad of a Soldier – Grigori Chukhrai / The Hustler – Robert Rossen (1961) Lawrence of Arabia (1962) Tom Jones (1963) Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) My Fair Lady (1965) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – Mike Nichols (1966) A Man for All Seasons – Fred Zinnemann (1967) The Graduate – Mike Nichols (1968) Midnight Cowboy – John Schlesinger (1969) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1970) Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971) Cabaret (1972) Day for Night (1973) Lacombe, Lucien (1974) Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1975) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1976) Annie Hall – Charles H. Joffe and Jack Rollins (1977) Julia – Richard Roth (1978) Manhattan (1979) 1980s The Elephant Man – David Lynch (1980) Chariots of Fire – David Puttnam (1981) Gandhi – Richard Attenborough (1982) Educating Rita – Lewis Gilbert (1983) The Killing Fields – David Puttnam (1984) The Purple Rose of Cairo – Woody Allen and Robert Greenhut (1985) A Room with a View – James Ivory and Ismail Merchant (1986) Jean de Florette – Claude Berri (1987) The Last Emperor – Bernardo Bertolucci and Jeremy Thomas (1988) Dead Poets Society – Peter Weir, Steven Haft, Paul Junger Witt, and Tony Thomas (1989) 1990s Goodfellas – Martin Scorsese, Robert Chartoff, and Irwin Winkler (1990) The Commitments – Alan Parker, Lynda Myles, and Roger Randall-Cutler (1991) Howards End – James Ivory and Ismail Merchant (1992) Schindler's List – Steven Spielberg, Branko Lustig, and Gerald R. Molen (1993) Four Weddings and a Funeral – Mike Newell and Duncan Kenworthy (1994) Sense and Sensibility – Ang Lee and Lindsay Doran (1995) The English Patient – Anthony Minghella and Saul Zaentz (1996) The Full Monty – Peter Cattaneo and Uberto Pasolini (1997) Shakespeare in Love – Donna Gigliotti, Marc Norman, David Parfitt, Harvey Weinstein, and Edward Zwick (1998) American Beauty – Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks (1999) 2000s Gladiator – David Franzoni, Branko Lustig, and Douglas Wick (2000) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Peter Jackson, Barrie M. Osborne, Tim Sanders, and Fran Walsh (2001) The Pianist – Robert Benmussa, Roman Polanski, and Alain Sarde (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Peter Jackson, Barrie M. Osborne, and Fran Walsh (2003) The Aviator – Sandy Climan, Charles Evans Jr., Graham King, and Michael Mann (2004) Brokeback Mountain – Diana Ossana and James Schamus (2005) The Queen – Andy Harries, Christine Langan, and Tracey Seaward (2006) Atonement – Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, and Paul Webster (2007) Slumdog Millionaire – Christian Colson (2008) The Hurt Locker – Kathryn Bigelow, Mark Boal, Nicolas Chartier, and Greg Shapiro (2009) 2010s The King's Speech – Iain Canning, Emile Sherman, and Gareth Unwin (2010) The Artist – Thomas Langmann (2011) Argo – Ben Affleck, George Clooney, and Grant Heslov (2012) 12 Years a Slave – Dede Gardner, Anthony Katagas, Jeremy Kleiner, Steve McQueen, and Brad Pitt (2013) Boyhood – Richard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland (2014) The Revenant – Steve Golin, Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Arnon Milchan, Mary Parent, and Keith Redmon (2015) La La Land – Fred Berger, Jordan Horowitz, and Marc Platt (2016) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Graham Broadbent, Peter Czernin, and Martin McDonagh (2017) Roma – Nicolás Celis, Alfonso Cuarón, and Gabriela Rodríguez (2018) 1917 – Pippa Harris, Callum McDougall, Sam Mendes, and Jayne-Ann Tenggren (2019) 2020s Nomadland – Mollye Asher, Dan Janvey, Frances McDormand, Peter Spears, and Chloé Zhao (2020) The Power of the Dog – Jane Campion, Iain Canning, Roger Frappier, Tanya Seghatchian, and Emile Sherman (2021) All Quiet on the Western Front – Malte Grunert (2022) Oppenheimer – Christopher Nolan, Charles Roven, and Emma Thomas (2023) vteBAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay1983–2000 Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1983) Bruce Robinson (1984) Richard Condon and Janet Roach (1985) Kurt Luedtke (1986) Claude Berri and Gérard Brach (1987) Jean-Claude Carrière and Philip Kaufman (1988) Christopher Hampton (1989) Nicholas Pileggi and Martin Scorsese (1990) Dick Clement, Roddy Doyle and Ian La Frenais (1991) Michael Tolkin (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Paul Attanasio (1994) John Hodge (1995) Anthony Minghella (1996) Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce (1997) Elaine May (1998) Neil Jordan (1999) Stephen Gaghan (2000) 2001–present Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, Roger S. H. Schulman and Joe Stillman (2001) Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman (2002) Philippa Boyens, Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) Jeremy Brock and Peter Morgan (2006) Ronald Harwood (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan (2011) David O. Russell (2012) Steve Coogan and Jeff Pope (2013) Anthony McCarten (2014) Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015) Luke Davies (2016) James Ivory (2017) Spike Lee, David Rabinowitz, Charlie Wachtel and Kevin Willmott (2018) Taika Waititi (2019) Christopher Hampton and Florian Zeller (2020) Sian Heder (2021) Edward Berger, Lesley Paterson and Ian Stokell (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) vteChicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay William Monahan (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Steven Zaillian and Aaron Sorkin (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) John Ridley (2013) Gillian Flynn (2014) Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015) Seo-Kyung Chung and Park Chan-wook (2016) James Ivory (2017) Barry Jenkins (2018) Greta Gerwig (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Sarah Polley (2022) Eric Roth and Martin Scorsese (2023) vteCritics' Choice Movie Award for Best ScreenplayBest Screenplay (1995–1996, 2001) Emma Thompson (1995) Anthony Minghella (1996) Christopher Nolan (2001) Best Writer (2002–2018) Charlie Kaufman (2002) Jim Sheridan, Naomi Sheridan, and Kirsten Sheridan (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Best Original Screenplay (1997–2000, 2009–present) Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997) Tom Stoppard and Marc Norman (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) Quentin Tarantino (2009) David Seidler (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Quentin Tarantino (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., and Armando Bó (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Damien Chazelle / Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Paul Schrader (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Kenneth Branagh (2021) Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022) Greta Gerwig and Noah Baumbach (2023) Best Adapted Screenplay (1997–2000, 2009–present) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997) Scott Smith (1998) Frank Darabont (1999) Stephen Gaghan / Steve Kloves (2000) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Steven Zaillian, Aaron Sorkin, and Stan Chervin (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) John Ridley (2013) Gillian Flynn (2014) Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015) Eric Heisserer (2016) James Ivory (2017) Barry Jenkins (2018) Greta Gerwig (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Sarah Polley (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) vteDirectors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film Cecil B. DeMille (1952) John Ford (1953) Henry King (1955) King Vidor (1956) Frank Capra (1958) George Stevens (1959) Frank Borzage (1960) William Wyler (1965) Alfred Hitchcock (1967) Fred Zinnemann (1969) David Lean and William A. Wellman (1972) George Cukor (1980) Rouben Mamoulian (1981) John Huston (1982) Orson Welles (1983) Billy Wilder (1984) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1985) Elia Kazan (1986) Robert Wise (1987) Ingmar Bergman (1989) Akira Kurosawa (1991) Sidney Lumet (1992) Robert Altman (1993) James Ivory (1994) Woody Allen (1995) Stanley Kubrick (1996) Francis Ford Coppola (1997) Steven Spielberg (1999) Martin Scorsese (2002) Mike Nichols (2003) Clint Eastwood (2005) Norman Jewison (2009) Miloš Forman (2012) Ridley Scott (2016) Spike Lee (2021) vteFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best ScreenplayScreenplay (1996–2009) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997) Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (1999) David Mamet (2000) Christopher Nolan (2001) Charlie and Donald Kaufman (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) William Monahan (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber (2009) Original Screenplay (2010–present) Christopher Nolan (2010) Michel Hazanavicius (2011) Rian Johnson (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Wes Anderson and Hugo Guinness (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Efthymis Filippou and Yorgos Lanthimos (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Boots Riley (2018) Ronald Bronstein and Benny and Josh Safdie (2019) Lee Isaac Chung (2020) Wes Anderson (2021) Park Chan-wook and Jeong Seo-Gyeong (2022) Celine Song (2023) Adapted Screenplay (2010–present) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Alexander Payne, Nat Faxon and Jim Rash (2011) Chris Terrio (2012) John Ridley (2013) Gillian Flynn (2014) Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015) Whit Stillman (2016) James Ivory (2017) Nicole Holofcener and Jeff Whitty (2018) Greta Gerwig (2019) Charlie Kaufman (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Sarah Polley (2022) Tony McNamara (2023) vteLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Director of the Year1980–2000 Nicolas Roeg (1980) Andrzej Wajda (1981) Costa-Gavras (1982) Andrzej Wajda (1983) Neil Jordan (1984) Roland Joffé (1985) Akira Kurosawa (1986) Stanley Kubrick (1987) John Huston (1988) Terence Davies (1989) Woody Allen (1990) Ridley Scott (1991) Robert Altman (1992) James Ivory (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Peter Jackson (1995) Joel Coen (1996) Curtis Hanson (1997) Peter Weir (1998) Sam Mendes (1999) Spike Jonze (2000) 2001–present Alejandro González Iñárritu (2001) Phillip Noyce (2002) Clint Eastwood (2003) Martin Scorsese (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Paul Greengrass (2006) Paul Thomas Anderson (2007) David Fincher (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) David Fincher (2010) Michel Hazanavicius (2011) Ang Lee (2012) Alfonso Cuarón (2013) Richard Linklater (2014) George Miller (2015) László Nemes (2016) Sean Baker (2017) Alfonso Cuarón (2018) Bong Joon-ho (2019) Steve McQueen (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Todd Field (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) vteNational Board of Review Award for Best Director1945–1975 Jean Renoir (1945) William Wyler (1946) Elia Kazan (1947) Roberto Rossellini (1948) Vittorio De Sica (1949) John Huston (1950) Akira Kurosawa (1951) David Lean (1952) George Stevens (1953) Renato Castellani (1954) William Wyler (1955) John Huston (1956) David Lean (1957) John Ford (1958) Fred Zinnemann (1959) Jack Cardiff (1960) Jack Clayton (1961) David Lean (1962) Tony Richardson (1963) Desmond Davis (1964) John Schlesinger (1965) Fred Zinnemann (1966) Richard Brooks (1967) Franco Zeffirelli (1968) Alfred Hitchcock (1969) François Truffaut (1970) Ken Russell (1971) Bob Fosse (1972) Ingmar Bergman (1973) Francis Ford Coppola (1974) Robert Altman / Stanley Kubrick (1975) 1976–2000 Alan J. Pakula (1976) Luis Buñuel (1977) Ingmar Bergman (1978) John Schlesinger (1979) Robert Redford (1980) Warren Beatty (1981) Sidney Lumet (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) David Lean (1984) Akira Kurosawa (1985) Woody Allen (1986) Steven Spielberg (1987) Alan Parker (1988) Kenneth Branagh (1989) Kevin Costner (1990) Jonathan Demme (1991) James Ivory (1992) Martin Scorsese (1993) Quentin Tarantino (1994) Ang Lee (1995) Joel Coen (1996) Curtis Hanson (1997) Shekhar Kapur (1998) Anthony Minghella (1999) Steven Soderbergh (2000) 2001–present Todd Field (2001) Phillip Noyce (2002) Edward Zwick (2003) Michael Mann (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Martin Scorsese (2006) Tim Burton (2007) David Fincher (2008) Clint Eastwood (2009) David Fincher (2010) Martin Scorsese (2011) Kathryn Bigelow (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Clint Eastwood (2014) Ridley Scott (2015) Barry Jenkins (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Bradley Cooper (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) Spike Lee (2020) Paul Thomas Anderson (2021) Steven Spielberg (2022) Martin Scorsese (2023) vteOnline Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Scott Frank (1998) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (1999) Christopher Nolan (2001) Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman (2002) Philippa Boyens, Peter Jackson, and Fran Walsh (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) Alfonso Cuarón, Timothy J. Sexton, David Arata, Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) John Ajvide Lindqvist (2008) Wes Anderson and Noah Baumbach (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan (2011) Chris Terrio (2012) John Ridley (2013) Gillian Flynn (2014) Phyllis Nagy (2015) Eric Heisserer (2016) James Ivory (2017) Barry Jenkins (2018) Steven Zaillian (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Rian Johnson (2022) Christopher Nolan (2023) vteSan Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Todd Field and Tom Perrotta (2006) Sarah Polley (2007) Peter Morgan (2008) Wes Anderson and Noah Baumbach (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) John Ridley (2013) Paul Thomas Anderson (2014) Nick Hornby (2015) Eric Heisserer (2016) James Ivory (2017) Charlie Wachtel, David Rabinowitz, Kevin Willmott and Spike Lee (2018) Taika Waititi (2019) Kelly Reichardt and Jonathan Raymond (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Sarah Polley (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) vteUSC Scripter Awards – Film1980s Hugh Whitemore and Helene Hanff (1988) Frank Galati, Lawrence Kasdan, and Anne Tyler (1989) 1990s Steven Zaillian and Oliver Sacks (1990) Carol Sobieski and Fannie Flagg (1991) Richard Friedenberg and Norman Maclean (1992) Steven Zaillian and Thomas Keneally (1993) Frank Darabont and Stephen King (1994) Emma Thompson and Jane Austen (1995) Anthony Minghella and Michael Ondaatje (1996) Curtis Hanson, Brian Helgeland, and James Ellroy (1997) Steven Zaillian and Jonathan Harr (1998) Armyan Bernstein, Dan Gordon, Rubin Carter, Sam Chaiton, and Terry Swinton (1999) 2000s Steve Kloves and Michael Chabon (2000) Akiva Goldsman and Sylvia Nasar (2001) David Hare and Michael Cunningham (2002) Brian Helgeland and Dennis Lehane / Gary Ross and Laura Hillenbrand (2003) Paul Haggis and F.X. Toole (2004) Dan Futterman and Gerald Clarke (2005) David Arata, Alfonso Cuarón, Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby, Timothy J. Sexton, and P. D. James (2006) Joel Coen, Ethan Coen, and Cormac McCarthy (2007) Simon Beaufoy and Vikas Swarup (2008) Jason Reitman, Sheldon Turner, and Walter Kirn (2009) 2010s Aaron Sorkin and Ben Mezrich (2010) Alexander Payne, Jim Rash, Nat Faxon, and Kaui Hart Hemmings (2011) Chris Terrio, Antonio J. Mendez, and Joshuah Bearman (2012) John Ridley and Solomon Northup (2013) Graham Moore and Andrew Hodges (2014) Adam McKay, Charles Randolph, and Michael Lewis (2015) Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016) James Ivory and André Aciman (2017) Debra Granik, Anne Rosellini, and Peter Rock (2018) Greta Gerwig and Louisa May Alcott (2019) 2020s Chloé Zhao and Jessica Bruder (2020) Maggie Gyllenhaal and Elena Ferrante (2021) Sarah Polley and Miriam Toews (2022) Cord Jefferson and Percival Everett (2023) vteWriters Guild of America Award for Best Adapted ScreenplayAdapted Drama (1969–1983) Waldo Salt (1969) Robert Anderson (1970) Ernest Tidyman (1971) Francis Ford Coppola & Mario Puzo (1972) Waldo Salt & Norman Wexler (1973) Francis Ford Coppola & Mario Puzo (1974) Bo Goldman & Lawrence Hauben (1975) William Goldman (1976) Alvin Sargent (1977) Oliver Stone (1978) Robert Benton (1979) Alvin Sargent (1980) Ernest Thompson (1981) Costa-Gavras & Donald E. Stewart (1982) Julius J. Epstein (1983) Adapted Comedy (1969–1983) Arnold Schulman (1969) Ring Lardner Jr. (1970) John Paxton (1971) Jay Presson Allen (1972) Alvin Sargent (1973) Lionel Chetwynd & Mordecai Richler (1974) Neil Simon (1975) Blake Edwards & Frank Waldman (1976) Larry Gelbart (1977) Elaine May & Warren Beatty (1978) Jerzy Kosiński (1979) Jim Abrahams, David Zucker & Jerry Zucker (1980) Gerald Ayres (1981) Blake Edwards (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) Adapted Screenplay (1984–present) Bruce Robinson (1984) Richard Condon & Janet Roach (1985) Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1986) Steve Martin (1987) Christopher Hampton (1988) Alfred Uhry (1989) Michael Blake (1990) Ted Tally (1991) Michael Tolkin (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Eric Roth (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Billy Bob Thornton (1996) Curtis Hanson & Brian Helgeland (1997) Scott Frank (1998) Alexander Payne & Jim Taylor (1999) Stephen Gaghan (2000) Akiva Goldsman (2001) David Hare (2002) Shari Springer Berman & Robert Pulcini (2003) Alexander Payne & Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry & Diana Ossana (2005) William Monahan (2006) Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Jason Reitman & Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Alexander Payne, Jim Rash & Nat Faxon (2011) Chris Terrio (2012) Billy Ray (2013) Graham Moore (2014) Adam McKay & Charles Randolph (2015) Eric Heisserer (2016) James Ivory (2017) Nicole Holofcener & Jeff Whitty (2018) Taika Waititi (2019) Sacha Baron Cohen, Anthony Hines, Dan Swimer, Peter Baynham, Erica Rivinoja, Dan Mazer, Jena Friedman, Lee Kern & Nina Pedrad (2020) Sian Heder (2021) Sarah Polley (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii 2 People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Ivory (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ivory_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobs-1"},{"link_name":"Ismail Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Ruth Prawer Jhabvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Prawer_Jhabvala"},{"link_name":"Merchant Ivory Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions"},{"link_name":"E.M. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.M._Forster"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"The Householder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Householder"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare Wallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_Wallah"},{"link_name":"Bombay Talkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Talkie"},{"link_name":"The Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Europeans_(1979_film)"},{"link_name":"Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Heat and Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_and_Dust_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Bostonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bostonians_(film)"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Mr. & Mrs. Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Bridge"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"A Room with a View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Howards End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howards_End_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Remains of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Luca Guadagnino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino"},{"link_name":"Call Me by Your Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"numerous accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_James_Ivory"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film"}],"text":"For other uses, see James Ivory (disambiguation).James Francis Ivory (born Richard Jerome Hazen[1] June 7, 1928) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. Ivory along with Indian film producer Ismail Merchant, his domestic as well as professional partner, and screenwriter Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, were the principals in Merchant Ivory Productions. Together they made film adaptations from the novels of E.M. Forster, Henry James and others. Their body of work is celebrated for its elegance, sophistication, literary fidelity, strong performances, as well as its complex themes and rich characters.[2]Merchant–Ivory was established in 1961 in India where they made modestly budgeted films including The Householder (1963), Shakespeare Wallah (1965), and Bombay Talkie (1970). Ivory began adapting films from classic novels such as The Europeans (1979), Quartet (1981), Heat and Dust (1983), The Bostonians (1984), Maurice (1987), and Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990). During this period he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for A Room with a View (1985), Howards End (1992), and The Remains of the Day (1993). At the age of 89, Ivory won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Luca Guadagnino's Call Me by Your Name (2017).[3]Over his career he has earned numerous accolades including an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, and a Writers Guild of America Award as well as nominations for three Golden Globe Awards. He received the Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. Ivory released his autobiography Solid Ivory: Memoirs (2021) and directed the documentary A Cooler Climate (2022).","title":"James Ivory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobs-1"},{"link_name":"Klamath Falls, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Falls,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mip-4"},{"link_name":"University of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California_School_of_Cinematic_Arts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ivory was born Richard Jerome Hazen in Berkeley, California, and adopted shortly after birth by Hallie Millicent (née de Loney) and Edward Patrick Ivory, a sawmill operator; they renamed him James Francis Ivory.[1] He grew up in Klamath Falls, Oregon.[4] He attended the University of Oregon, where he received a degree in fine arts in 1951. Ivory is a recipient of the Lawrence Medal, UO's College of Design's highest honor for its graduates. His papers are held by UO Libraries' Special Collections and University Archives.[5] He was UO's 2019-2020 honorary degree recipient.[6]Ivory then attended the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, where he directed the short film Four in the Morning (1953). He wrote, photographed, and produced Venice: Theme and Variations, a half-hour documentary submitted as his thesis film for his master's degree in cinema.[7] The film was named by The New York Times in 1957 as one of the ten best non-theatrical films of the year. He graduated from USC in 1957.[8][citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ismail Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Merchant Ivory Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimesobituary-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson2017-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimesobituary-9"},{"link_name":"Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rutsen_Van_Rensselaer_House_and_Mill_Complex"},{"link_name":"Claverack, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claverack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giovannini1986-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hass2015-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson2017-10"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Ruth Prawer Jhabvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Prawer_Jhabvala"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"1959–1978: Beginnings and early films","text":"Ivory met producer Ismail Merchant at a screening of Ivory's documentary The Sword and the Flute in New York City in 1959. In May 1961, Merchant and Ivory formed the film production company Merchant Ivory Productions. Merchant and Ivory were long-term life partners.[9][10] Their professional and romantic partnership lasted 44 years, from 1961 until Merchant's death in 2005.[9] Ivory owned several homes, including the Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex in Claverack, New York.[11][12][10]Their partnership has a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for the longest partnership in independent cinema history. Until Merchant's death in 2005, they produced 40 films, including a number of films that received Academy, BAFTA and Golden Globe awards among many others. Ivory directed 17 theatrical films for Merchant Ivory, and novelist Ruth Prawer Jhabvala was the screenwriter for 22 of their productions in addition to another film produced by Merchant Ivory after Merchant's death.[citation needed]Of this collaboration, Ismail Merchant once commented: \"It is a strange marriage we have at Merchant Ivory ... I am an Indian Muslim, Ruth is a German Jew, and Jim is a Protestant American. Someone once described us as a three-headed god. Maybe they should have called us a three-headed monster!\"[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. M. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View"},{"link_name":"A Room with a View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Helena Bonham Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter"},{"link_name":"Julian Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Sands"},{"link_name":"Maggie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Judi Dench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Dench"},{"link_name":"Denholm Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denholm_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Simon Callow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Callow"},{"link_name":"Daniel Day-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Golden Globes Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globes_Awards"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual"},{"link_name":"Edwardian England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_England"},{"link_name":"James Wilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilby"},{"link_name":"Hugh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant"},{"link_name":"Rupert Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Graves"},{"link_name":"Simon Callow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Callow"},{"link_name":"Denholm Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denholm_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Mark Tandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tandy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Billie Whitelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Whitelaw"},{"link_name":"Judy Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Parfitt"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Nicholls"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarah_Larson-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarah_Larson-15"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Silver Lion for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mr. & Mrs. Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Bridge"},{"link_name":"Evan S. Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_S._Connell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1-16"},{"link_name":"Joanne Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Woodward"},{"link_name":"New York Film Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-17"},{"link_name":"Merchant-Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant-Ivory"},{"link_name":"Howards End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howards_End_(film)"},{"link_name":"acclaimed novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howards_End"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Best Production Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design"},{"link_name":"British Academy Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Award"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"2016 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classics-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Remains of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Ishiguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro"},{"link_name":"Mike Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"James Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fox"},{"link_name":"Christopher Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve"},{"link_name":"Hugh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant"},{"link_name":"Lena Headey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Headey"},{"link_name":"second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Vincent Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"64th-greatest British film of the 20th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_Top_100_British_films"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"1979–1993: Breakthrough and acclaim","text":"In 1985, Ivory directed a film adaptation of the classic E. M. Forster novel A Room with a View. The film starred Helena Bonham Carter who was 19 years old at the time, in her first major film role. The film also co-starred Julian Sands, Maggie Smith, Judi Dench, Denholm Elliott, Simon Callow, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The film received universal praise with The Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, writing: \"It is an intellectual film, but intellectual about emotions: It encourages us to think about how we feel, instead of simply acting on our feelings.\"[14] The film received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Director for Ivory. He also received Best Director nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, the Golden Globes Awards, and the Directors Guild of America.[citation needed]The following year Ivory directed another Forster adaptation, the romantic drama Maurice (1987). The film is a gay love story in the restrictive and repressed culture of Edwardian England. The story follows its main character, Maurice Hall, through university, a tumultuous relationship, struggling to fit into society, and ultimately being united with his life partner. The film stars James Wilby and Hugh Grant in their first major film appearances, and also features Rupert Graves, Simon Callow, Denholm Elliott, Mark Tandy, Billie Whitelaw, Judy Parfitt, Phoebe Nicholls, and Ben Kingsley. In a 2017 retrospective in The New Yorker, Sarah Larson wrote, \"...For many gay men coming of age in the eighties and nineties, Maurice was revelatory: a first glimpse, onscreen or anywhere, of what love between men could look like\".[15] Director James Ivory has added to the legacy on the film saying, \"So many people have come up to me since Maurice and pulled me aside and said, 'I just want you to know you changed my life.'\"[15] Ivory won the Venice Film Festival's Silver Lion for Best Director.[citation needed]This was followed in 1990 by Mr. & Mrs. Bridge, which was adapted by Jhabvala from the novels by Evan S. Connell. According to Ivory, \"the world of Mr. and Mrs. Bridge is the world I grew up in...It's the only film I've ever made that was about my own childhood and adolescence.\"[16] The film received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress (Joanne Woodward), as well as two New York Film Critics Circle awards. Ivory would later call Mr. & Mrs. Bridge a personal favorite, adding that it was the one film he would most like to see reappraised.[17]In 1992, Merchant-Ivory tackled their third Forster adaptation, Howards End, based on the acclaimed novel and starring Emma Thompson, Helena Bonham Carter, Anthony Hopkins, and Vanessa Redgrave. The film premiered at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival where it competed for the Palme d'Or and went on to critical acclaim. Ivory received his second Academy Award for Best Director nomination. The film also received three Academy Awards for Best Actress (Emma Thompson), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Production Design. The film also received eleven British Academy Film Award nominations, and four Golden Globe Award nominations. In 2016, the film was selected for screening as part of the Cannes Classics section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival,[18] and was released theatrically after restoration on August 26, 2016.[19]The following year, Merchant-Ivory directed the period drama The Remains of the Day (1993), adapted from the acclaimed novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. American filmmaker Mike Nichols served as one of the film's producers, and the film reunited Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson. Supporting performances included James Fox, Christopher Reeve, Hugh Grant, and Lena Headey. The film revolved around a dedicated butler who serves an English landlord in the years leading up to the second World War. The film was a commercial and critical success with Vincent Canby of The New York Times said, in another favorable review, \"Here's a film for adults. It's also about time to recognize that Mr. Ivory is one of our finest directors, something that critics tend to overlook because most of his films have been literary adaptations.\"[20] The film received eight Academy Award nominations with Ivory receiving his third nomination for Best Director. He also received nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and Directors Guild of America.[citation needed]In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked The Remains of the Day the 64th-greatest British film of the 20th century.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Nick Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Nolte"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Thandiwe Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton"},{"link_name":"Sally Hemings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Hemings"},{"link_name":"Gwyneth Paltrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow"},{"link_name":"Patsy Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Surviving Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Daughter_Never_Cries_(film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Golden Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Bowl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Le Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Divorce"},{"link_name":"Kate Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Naomi Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Watts"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The White Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Countess"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Ishiguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro"},{"link_name":"Ralph Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes"},{"link_name":"Natasha Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"The City of Your Final Destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_Your_Final_Destination"},{"link_name":"Laura Linney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Linney"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"1995–2009: Established work","text":"In 1995 he directed the film Jefferson in Paris starring Nick Nolte as Thomas Jefferson, Thandiwe Newton as Sally Hemings, and Gwyneth Paltrow as Patsy Jefferson.[22] The following year he directed the film Surviving Picasso starring Anthony Hopkins as the painter Pablo Picasso.[23] In 1998 he directed and co-wrote the film A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries, a film divided into three segments each named after a different protagonist.[24] In 2000 he directed the romantic period drama The Golden Bowl which was adapted from the Henry James novel of the same name.[25] He directed the romantic comedy Le Divorce starring Kate Hudson and Naomi Watts.[26]In 2005 he directed the film The White Countess written by Kazuo Ishiguro starring Ralph Fiennes, Natasha Richardson, and Vanessa Redgrave.[27] In 2009, Ivory reunited with Anthony Hopkins for the romantic drama The City of Your Final Destination co-starring Laura Linney.[28] The film is the first Merchant Ivory film production without the participation of producer Ismail Merchant due to his death in 2005.[29]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Call Me by Your Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(novel)"},{"link_name":"coming-of-age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming-of-age_story"},{"link_name":"André Aciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Aciman"},{"link_name":"The film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)"},{"link_name":"romantic drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"Luca Guadagnino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino"},{"link_name":"I Am Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Bigger Splash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bigger_Splash_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Elio Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Perlman"},{"link_name":"Timothée Chalamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet"},{"link_name":"Armie Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armie_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Michael Stuhlbarg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stuhlbarg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deepchords-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varietyivoryprofile-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varietyivoryprofile-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenwriting-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-on_his_legacy-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deepchords-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenwriting-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-on_his_legacy-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaylistGuadagnino-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiewireivory-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loves_too_much-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loves_too_much-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loves_too_much-38"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"numerous awards and nominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_Call_Me_by_Your_Name"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Scripter Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Scripter_Award"},{"link_name":"the oldest-ever winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"New York Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Helena Bonham Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Hugh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant"},{"link_name":"Wes Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"2017–present: Career resurgence","text":"In 2017, Ivory wrote and co-produced the film adaptation of Call Me by Your Name, a 2007 coming-of-age novel by André Aciman. The film, a romantic drama, was directed by Luca Guadagnino and is the final installment in his thematic \"Desire\" trilogy, following I Am Love (2009), and A Bigger Splash (2015). Set in 1983 in northern Italy, the story chronicles the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), and Oliver (Armie Hammer), a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio's father (Michael Stuhlbarg), an archaeology professor.[30]Ivory originally was to co-direct the film based on Guadagnino's suggestion; however, there was no contract to that effect.[31][32] Ivory accepted the offer to co-direct on the condition that he would also write the film;[32] he spent \"about nine months\" on the screenplay.[33][34] Ivory stepped down from a directorial role in 2016, leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone.[35][31] According to Ivory, financiers from Memento Films International did not want two directors involved with the project because they \"thought it would be awkward ... It might take longer, it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set, and so on.\"[33][34] Guadagnino said Ivory's version would have likely been \"a much more costly [and] different film\" that would have been too expensive to make.[36][37] Ivory retained the sole credit as screenwriter[38] The film was the only narrative feature he has written but not directed.[38] Despite stepping aside as director, he continued to remain involved with other aspects of the production.[38]The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and garnered huge critical success. Ivory's screenplay brought him numerous awards and nominations. Ivory won awards for Best Adapted Screenplay from the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Writers Guild of America, the Critics' Choice Awards, and the Scripter Awards, among others. Upon winning the Oscar and BAFTA at the age of 89, Ivory became the oldest-ever winner in any category for both awards.[39][40]In 2018, Ivory took part in the film Dance Again with Me Heywood! directed by Michele Diomà.[41] At 94 he directed the documentary film, A Cooler Climate (2022), about boxes of film footage he shot during a life-changing trip to Afghanistan in 1960, which had its world premiere at the New York Film Festival in 2022.[42] Raymond Ang of GQ wrote that the project \"might be the most personal\" film of his career.[43] In May 2023, an upcoming biographical documentary portrait titled, James Ivory: In Search of Love and Beauty, directed by Christopher Manning was announced. The film chronicles the life and work of Ivory and features Helena Bonham Carter, Emma Thompson, Hugh Grant, Wes Anderson and others.[44]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ismail Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Richard Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Robbins_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Chatwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Chatwin"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Ivory is gay, as he detailed in his memoir, Solid Ivory, which gives details of his relationships with his business partner Ismail Merchant, their composer Richard Robbins, and others such as Bruce Chatwin.[45]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Room with a View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Board of Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_of_Motion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Donatello Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello_Prize"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Richard Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Robbins_(composer)"},{"link_name":"James Wilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilby"},{"link_name":"Hugh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant"},{"link_name":"Mr. and Mrs. Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Bridge"},{"link_name":"Joanne Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Woodward"},{"link_name":"New York Film Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Howards End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howards_End_(film)"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Ruth Prawer Jhabvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Prawer_Jhabvala"},{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Board of Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"D.W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"1992 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-46"},{"link_name":"The Remains of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Call Me by Your Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"USC Scripter Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Scripter_Award"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"AACTA International Award for Best Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_International_Award_for_Best_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Independent_Film_Award_for_Best_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"In 1985 A Room with a View was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three, for Jhabvala's adaptation of Forster's novel as well as for Best Costume and Best Production Design. A Room With a View was also voted Best Film of the year by the Critic's Circle Film Section of Great Britain, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, the National Board of Review in the United States and in Italy, where the film won the Donatello Prize for Best Foreign Language Picture and Best Director. In 1987, Maurice received a Silver Lion Award for Best Director at the Venice Film Festival as well as Best Film Score for Richard Robbins and Best Actor Awards for co-stars James Wilby and Hugh Grant. 1990's Mr. and Mrs. Bridge would receive an Oscar nomination for Best Actress (Joanne Woodward), as well as Best Actress and Best Screenplay from the New York Film Critics Circle.[citation needed]In 1992 Ivory directed another film adapted from Forster, Howards End. The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Actress (Emma Thompson), Best Screenplay – Adaptation (Ruth Prawer Jhabvala), and Best Art Direction/Set Decoration (Luciana Arrighi/Ian Whittaker). The film also won Best Picture at the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Awards, as well as awards for Best Picture, Best Actress for Emma Thompson and Best Director for Ivory from the National Board of Review. The Directors Guild of America awarded the D.W. Griffith award, its highest honor, to Ivory for his work. At the 1992 Cannes Film Festival the film won the 45th Anniversary Prize.[46] Howards End was immediately followed by The Remains of the Day, which was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.[citation needed]For his work in Call Me by Your Name (2017), Ivory received an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Adapted Screenplay,[47] Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and USC Scripter Award for Best Screenplay.[48] He was also nominated for the AACTA International Award for Best Screenplay, and the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Screenplay.[49][50][51] At 89, Ivory is the oldest person to ever win an Academy Award in competition.[52]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0374601591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374601591"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobs-1"}],"text":"Ivory, James. Solid Ivory: Memoirs. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021. ISBN 978-0374601591[1]\n--do.-- Autobiography of a Princess: also being the adventures of an American film director in the land of the maharajahs; screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. London: John Murray, 1975 ISBN 0-7195-3289-2","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees"},{"title":"List of LGBTQ Academy Award winners and nominees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees"}]	[{"reference":"Jacobs, Alexandra (November 2, 2021). \"James Ivory, Famous for Buttoned-Up Films, Is Frank About Sex and Much Else in His Memoir\". The New York Times. p. C1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/books/review-solid-ivory-memoirs-james-ivory.html","url_text":"\"James Ivory, Famous for Buttoned-Up Films, Is Frank About Sex and Much Else in His Memoir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Where to begin with Merchant Ivory\". British Film Institute. July 28, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-merchant-ivory","url_text":"\"Where to begin with Merchant Ivory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"James Ivory becomes Oscar's oldest winner with 'Call Me by Your Name'\". The Los Angeles Times. March 5, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-oscars-james-ivory-adapted-screenplay-20180304-story.html","url_text":"\"James Ivory becomes Oscar's oldest winner with 'Call Me by Your Name'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film-maker James Ivory donates a collection of personal documents to the University of Oregon\". Merchant Ivory Productions. Retrieved December 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merchantivory.com/bbcnews.html","url_text":"\"Film-maker James Ivory donates a collection of personal documents to the University of Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"\"UO alum James Ivory wins Oscar for 'Call Me by Your Name'\". Around the O. March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://around.uoregon.edu/content/uo-alum-james-ivory-wins-oscar-call-me-your-name","url_text":"\"UO alum James Ivory wins Oscar for 'Call Me by Your Name'\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Ivory \| Office of the President\". president.uoregon.edu. Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://president.uoregon.edu/honorary-degrees/james-ivory","url_text":"\"James Ivory \| Office of the President\""}]},{"reference":"Horn, John (May 26, 2005). \"Obituaries; Ismail Merchant, 68; Producer of Stylish, Popular Period Dramas\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120725011950/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries","url_text":"\"Obituaries; Ismail Merchant, 68; Producer of Stylish, Popular Period Dramas\""},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Sarah (May 19, 2017). \"James Ivory and the Making of a Historic Gay Love Story\". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/james-ivory-and-the-making-of-a-historic-gay-love-story","url_text":"\"James Ivory and the Making of a Historic Gay Love Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Giovannini, Joseph (April 3, 1986). \"MERCHANT AND IVORY'S COUNTRY RETREAT\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/03/garden/merchant-and-ivory-s-country-retreat.html","url_text":"\"MERCHANT AND IVORY'S COUNTRY RETREAT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hass, Nancy (September 11, 2015). \"James Ivory's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life\". The New York Times. 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The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/mar/05/james-ivory-is-oldest-oscar-winner-ever-with-adapted-screenplay-award-for-call-me-by-your-name","url_text":"\"James Ivory is oldest Oscar winner ever with screenplay award for Call Me by Your Name\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Ivory&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/books/review-solid-ivory-memoirs-james-ivory.html","external_links_name":"\"James Ivory, Famous for Buttoned-Up Films, Is Frank About Sex and Much Else in His Memoir\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-merchant-ivory","external_links_name":"\"Where to begin with Merchant Ivory\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-oscars-james-ivory-adapted-screenplay-20180304-story.html","external_links_name":"\"James Ivory becomes Oscar's oldest winner with 'Call Me by Your Name'\""},{"Link":"http://www.merchantivory.com/bbcnews.html","external_links_name":"\"Film-maker James Ivory donates a collection of personal documents to the University of Oregon\""},{"Link":"https://around.uoregon.edu/content/uo-alum-james-ivory-wins-oscar-call-me-your-name","external_links_name":"\"UO alum James Ivory wins Oscar for 'Call Me by Your Name'\""},{"Link":"https://president.uoregon.edu/honorary-degrees/james-ivory","external_links_name":"\"James Ivory \| Office of the President\""},{"Link":"http://cinema.usc.edu/alumni/alumni-history/","external_links_name":"Notable Alumni, USC School of Cinematic Arts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090826034853/http://cinema.usc.edu/alumni/alumni-history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120725011950/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries","external_links_name":"\"Obituaries; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Short_Stories_1998	The Best American Short Stories 1998	["1 Short stories included","2 Other notable stories","3 Notes"]	1998 short story collection The Best American Short Stories 1998 EditorKatrina Kenison and Garrison KeillorLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Best American Short StoriesPublished1998PublisherHoughton Mifflin HarcourtMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)ISBN0395875145Preceded byThe Best American Short Stories 1997 Followed byThe Best American Short Stories 1999 The Best American Short Stories 1998, a volume in The Best American Short Stories series, was edited by Katrina Kenison and by guest editor Garrison Keillor. Short stories included Author Story Source Kathryn Chetkovich "Appetites" Zyzzyva Poe Ballantine "The Blue Devils of Blue River Avenue" The Sun Diane Schoemperlen "Body Language" Story Edith Pearlman "Chance" The Antioch Review Akhil Sharma "Cosmopolitan" The Atlantic Monthly Carol Anshaw "Elvis Has Left the Building" Story Chris Adrian "Every Night for a Thousand Years" The New Yorker Maxine Swann "Flower Children" Ploughshares Emily Carter "Glory Goes and Gets Some" Open City Annie Proulx "The Half-Skinned Steer" The Atlantic Monthly Doran Larson "Morphine" Virginia Quarterly Review Bliss Broyard "Mr. Sweetly Indecent" Ploughshares John Updike "My Father on the Verge of Disgrace" The New Yorker Matthew Crain "Penance" Harper's Magazine Lorrie Moore "People Like That Are the Only People Here" The New Yorker Meg Wolitzer "Tea at the House" Ploughshares Antonya Nelson "Unified Front" The Midwesterner Padgett Powell "Wayne in Love" New England Review Tim Gautreaux "Welding with Children" The Atlantic Monthly Hester Kaplan "Would You Know It Wasn't Love" Gulf Coast Other notable stories Among the other notable writers whose stories were among the "100 Other Distinguished Stories of 1997" were Ann Beattie, T. C. Boyle, Michael Chabon, Louise Erdrich, Jeffrey Eugenides, Tess Gallagher, Joyce Carol Oates, Annie Proulx, and Tobias Wolff. Notes ^ Kennison, Katrina and Keillor, Garrison (editors), The Best American Short Stories 1998, New York, 1998. ^ KEILLOR'S DARK SIDE COMES TO LIGHT IN MONTAGE OF SHORT STORIES, Chicago Tribune, Nov.5, 1998 ^ A GOOD TIME TO BUY THE BEST, Hartford Courant Oct. 25, 1998 This article about a collection of short stories published in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Best American Short Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Short_Stories"},{"link_name":"Garrison Keillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Keillor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Best American Short Stories 1998, a volume in The Best American Short Stories series, was edited by Katrina Kenison and by guest editor Garrison Keillor.[1][2][3]","title":"The Best American Short Stories 1998"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Short stories included"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Beattie"},{"link_name":"T. C. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._Boyle"},{"link_name":"Michael Chabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chabon"},{"link_name":"Louise Erdrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Erdrich"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Eugenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides"},{"link_name":"Tess Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Joyce Carol Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates"},{"link_name":"Annie Proulx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Proulx"},{"link_name":"Tobias Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Wolff"}],"text":"Among the other notable writers whose stories were among the \"100 Other Distinguished Stories of 1997\" were Ann Beattie, T. C. Boyle, Michael Chabon, Louise Erdrich, Jeffrey Eugenides, Tess Gallagher, Joyce Carol Oates, Annie Proulx, and Tobias Wolff.","title":"Other notable stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kwrite.png"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_American_Short_Stories_1998&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1990s-story-collection-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1990s-story-collection-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1990s-story-collection-stub"}],"text":"^ Kennison, Katrina and Keillor, Garrison (editors), The Best American Short Stories 1998, New York, 1998.\n\n^ KEILLOR'S DARK SIDE COMES TO LIGHT IN MONTAGE OF SHORT STORIES, Chicago Tribune, Nov.5, 1998\n\n^ A GOOD TIME TO BUY THE BEST, Hartford Courant Oct. 25, 1998This article about a collection of short stories published in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_American_Short_Stories_1998&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betliar	Betliar	["1 Basic information","2 History","3 Monuments","4 People of consequence","5 Genealogical resources","6 References","7 See also","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°42′N 20°31′E / 48.700°N 20.517°E / 48.700; 20.517Village in SlovakiaBetliarVillageBetliar Manor HouseBetliarLocation of Betliar in SlovakiaCoordinates: 48°42′N 20°31′E / 48.700°N 20.517°E / 48.700; 20.517CountrySlovakiaRegionKošiceDistrictRožňavaFirst mentioned1330Area • Total25.07 km2 (9.68 sq mi)Population (2010-12-31) • Total931 • Density37/km2 (96/sq mi)Postal code049 21Area code+421-58Car plateRVWebsitewww.betliar.ocu.sk Aerial view of the Manor House Betliar Manor House Betliar (Hungarian: Betlér) is a village and municipality in the Rožňava District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia, known for its manor house. Basic information Location: Slovak republic, Betliar is situated in South-East part of Slovenské rudohorie in valley of river Slaná, 5 km north of town Rožňava. Height above sea level: 311 meters. Number of inhabitants: about one thousand. History The village of Betliar lies in a valley of the river Slaná, 5 km northwest of Rožňava. The first written description of the village is from the year 1330, when it is mentioned under the name Bethler (the term is of German origin meaning a cart used in copper mining). It belonged to the Bebek Hungarian noble family (of the Ákos genus) and later the Andrássy family. The inhabitants lived on mining, agriculture and forestry. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Betliar was part of Gömör and Kishont County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic. The mining heritage of the village and the natural environment of the Volovské vrchy (hills) has made Betliar into a tourist destination. The most well-known place in the village is the manor house, built on the site of a small Bebek's castle from the 15th century. It is situated in an English-style park, designed by the architect H. Nebbiem. The mansion has been rebuilt many times, most recently by the Hungarian Andrássy family in the year 1880. Since that time its appearance has been preserved with minor changes and renovations; currently it serves as an exposition of the Slovak National Museum. In the year 1985 it was declared a national cultural monument. Of particular interest among sacral sights is a classicist evangelical church from the year 1794. Originally it was built without a tower, which was later added in the year 1834. The Roman-Catholic church of Saint Elisabeth has an even older history. It was built in the first half of the 14th century in a Gothic style. In the 17th and 19th century it was reconstructed. The history of Betliar is also connected with many people, such as the writer Ján Fabricius. In the village there is accommodation available in hotels, pensions, lodging houses and private homes. Village was appeared like mining colony in the late 13th century. There were mined gold, iron and copper. In the 15th century there came Walachian people. In the 18th century was rise of mining and in Betliar was blast-furnace and rolling mill. The heraldry of village appeared in 16th century and on this heraldry depicts renaissance shield with two ploughshares, share and vomer. Nowadays in actual heraldry is historical heraldry situated above manor house. Monuments Manor house: It was appeared like forward fortification of Krásna Hôrka castle. Core of manor house was built in the 15th century. István Andrássy began a change of this building on luxury formal residence. Manor house was rebuilt on three- storey hunter manor house and today is his appearance relatively similar. Exposition of manor house create: collection of works of art, historical furniture, unique library, weapons, precious ceramics, glass and porcelain. There are also hunting trophies from huntings from home and in foreign countries and various objects like eskimo clothes and armament of samurai brought from far journeys. It is also home to the mummified remains of an Egyptian man possibly named Nebey who lived during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. In 1985 manor house in Betliar was promulgated on national cultural monument. Around the manor house is a unique natural park, which was in a 1978 write-in list of important historical gardens of the world. In this park are infrequent woody plants from foreign countries and also native oaks and spruces. Roman Catholic church: Is the oldest monument in Betliar. It is from the first half of the 14th century, and in the 17th and 19th centuries it was customized. The church has a gothic origin; the tower of the church was built in the 17th century. From the baroque period there are a wood pulpit from the 18th century with sculptures of the Evangelists and a wood sculpture of Madonna Queen from the 18th century. On the great altar from the 19th century is a painting of Saint Elizabeth. Evangelic church: Was built in 1786, classicistic tower of church was built in 1826. Church have brick column altar with painting Christ and Samaritan by the water well from 1838. Church affected fires and in 1856 burn out. Immediately after was again built up. People of consequence Emanuel (Manó) Andrássy (3.3.1821 - 23.4.1891): Hungarian politician, entrepreneur, count, Gömör district administrator. He managed family enterprises, he traveled in Europe and he was in some countries in Asia. He liked hunting; trophies from his hunting voyages are part of exposition of manor house. Fabricius Ján (Fabricius János, 1672–1734): Was distinguished Slovak intellectual. He was born in Betliar. He studied in Štítnik, Rožňava, Pressburg. After, he studied theology, philosophy, history and languages in Wittenberg. Kazamek Juraj (1882–1956): Violinist, chapel-master, music composer. Due to difficult living conditions left his family to USA. In Pittsburg he worked with his father the mines. At fourteen he became member of a mining band. After, he studied violin at New York's School of Music, in France and Germany. Koššuth Július (1882–1953): Was establisher of funeral supporting association in Slovakia. In 1928 appeared in Betliar funeral supporting association, were accredited program, statutes. In 1929 the Department of Home Affairs in Prague accredited statutes of this association. He was the first clerk of funeral supporting association. Genealogical resources The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Kosice, Slovakia" Romancatholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1777-1893 (parish B) Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1827-1947 (parish A) References ^ Vyhnálek, Luboš; Strouhal, Eugen (1979). "Egyptian Mummies in Czechoslovak Collections". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B – Historia Naturalis. 35 (1–4): 36–38. See also List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia External links Betliar Betliar - Obrazový sprievodca Betliar - obec na Gemeri Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Surnames of living people in Betliar vteMunicipalities of Rožňava District Dobšiná Rožňava Ardovo Betliar Bohúňovo Bôrka Brdárka Bretka Brzotín Čierna Lehota Čoltovo Čučma Dedinky Dlhá Ves Drnava Gemerská Hôrka Gemerská Panica Gemerská Poloma Gočaltovo Gočovo Hanková Henckovce Honce Hrhov Hrušov Jablonov nad Turňou Jovice Kečovo Kobeliarovo Koceľovce Kováčová Krásnohorská Dlhá Lúka Krásnohorské Podhradie Kružná Kunova Teplica Lipovník Lúčka Markuška Meliata Nižná Slaná Ochtiná Pača Pašková Petrovo Plešivec Rakovnica Rejdová Rochovce Roštár Rozložná Rožňavské Bystré Rudná Silica Silická Brezová Silická Jablonica Slavec Slavoška Slavošovce Stratená Štítnik Vlachovo Vyšná Slaná Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Palacio_de_Betliar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betliar_inside1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Rožňava District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava_District"},{"link_name":"Košice Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Village in SlovakiaAerial view of the Manor HouseBetliar Manor HouseBetliar (Hungarian: Betlér) is a village and municipality in the Rožňava District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia, known for its manor house.","title":"Betliar"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Location: Slovak republic, Betliar is situated in South-East part of Slovenské rudohorie in valley of river Slaná, 5 km north of town Rožňava.\nHeight above sea level: 311 meters.\nNumber of inhabitants: about one thousand.","title":"Basic information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rožňava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava"},{"link_name":"Bebek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bebek_(family)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"Andrássy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1ssy"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Gömör and Kishont County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_and_Kishont_County"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"Slovak National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Roman-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Catholic"},{"link_name":"Saint Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_(Biblical_person)"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ján Fabricius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1n_Fabricius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"}],"text":"The village of Betliar lies in a valley of the river Slaná, 5 km northwest of Rožňava. The first written description of the village is from the year 1330, when it is mentioned under the name Bethler (the term is of German origin meaning a cart used in copper mining). It belonged to the Bebek Hungarian noble family (of the Ákos genus) and later the Andrássy family. The inhabitants lived on mining, agriculture and forestry.Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Betliar was part of Gömör and Kishont County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic.The mining heritage of the village and the natural environment of the Volovské vrchy (hills) has made Betliar into a tourist destination.[citation needed]The most well-known place in the village is the manor house, built on the site of a small Bebek's castle from the 15th century. It is situated in an English-style park, designed by the architect H. Nebbiem. The mansion has been rebuilt many times, most recently by the Hungarian Andrássy family in the year 1880. Since that time its appearance has been preserved with minor changes and renovations; currently it serves as an exposition of the Slovak National Museum.In the year 1985 it was declared a national cultural monument. Of particular interest among sacral sights is a classicist evangelical church from the year 1794. Originally it was built without a tower, which was later added in the year 1834.The Roman-Catholic church of Saint Elisabeth has an even older history. It was built in the first half of the 14th century in a Gothic style. In the 17th and 19th century it was reconstructed.The history of Betliar is also connected with many people, such as the writer Ján Fabricius.In the village there is accommodation available in hotels, pensions, lodging houses and private homes.Village was appeared like mining colony in the late 13th century. There were mined gold, iron and copper. In the 15th century there came Walachian people. In the 18th century was rise of mining and in Betliar was blast-furnace and rolling mill. The heraldry of village appeared in 16th century and on this heraldry depicts renaissance shield with two ploughshares, share and vomer. Nowadays in actual heraldry is historical heraldry situated above manor house.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vyhn%C3%A1lek36-1"}],"text":"Manor house: It was appeared like forward fortification of Krásna Hôrka castle. Core of manor house was built in the 15th century. István Andrássy began a change of this building on luxury formal residence. Manor house was rebuilt on three- storey hunter manor house and today is his appearance relatively similar. Exposition of manor house create: collection of works of art, historical furniture, unique library, weapons, precious ceramics, glass and porcelain. There are also hunting trophies from huntings from home and in foreign countries and various objects like eskimo clothes and armament of samurai brought from far journeys. It is also home to the mummified remains of an Egyptian man possibly named Nebey who lived during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.[1] In 1985 manor house in Betliar was promulgated on national cultural monument. Around the manor house is a unique natural park, which was in a 1978 write-in list of important historical gardens of the world. In this park are infrequent woody plants from foreign countries and also native oaks and spruces.\nRoman Catholic church: Is the oldest monument in Betliar. It is from the first half of the 14th century, and in the 17th and 19th centuries it was customized. The church has a gothic origin; the tower of the church was built in the 17th century. From the baroque period there are a wood pulpit from the 18th century with sculptures of the Evangelists and a wood sculpture of Madonna Queen from the 18th century. On the great altar from the 19th century is a painting of Saint Elizabeth.\nEvangelic church: Was built in 1786, classicistic tower of church was built in 1826. Church have brick column altar with painting Christ and Samaritan by the water well from 1838. Church affected fires and in 1856 burn out. Immediately after was again built up.","title":"Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"Gömör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemer"}],"text":"Emanuel (Manó) Andrássy (3.3.1821 - 23.4.1891): Hungarian politician, entrepreneur, count, Gömör district administrator. He managed family enterprises, he traveled in Europe and he was in some countries in Asia. He liked hunting; trophies from his hunting voyages are part of exposition of manor house.\nFabricius Ján (Fabricius János, 1672–1734): Was distinguished Slovak intellectual. He was born in Betliar. He studied in Štítnik, Rožňava, Pressburg. After, he studied theology, philosophy, history and languages in Wittenberg.\nKazamek Juraj (1882–1956): Violinist, chapel-master, music composer. Due to difficult living conditions left his family to USA. In Pittsburg he worked with his father the mines. At fourteen he became member of a mining band. After, he studied violin at New York's School of Music, in France and Germany.\nKoššuth Július (1882–1953): Was establisher of funeral supporting association in Slovakia. In 1928 appeared in Betliar funeral supporting association, were accredited program, statutes. In 1929 the Department of Home Affairs in Prague accredited statutes of this association. He was the first clerk of funeral supporting association.","title":"People of consequence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive \"Statny Archiv in Kosice, Slovakia\"Romancatholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1777-1893 (parish B)\nLutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1827-1947 (parish A)","title":"Genealogical resources"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial view of the Manor House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/El_Palacio_de_Betliar.jpg/250px-El_Palacio_de_Betliar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Betliar Manor House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Betliar_inside1.jpg/250px-Betliar_inside1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_towns_in_Slovakia"}]	[{"reference":"Vyhnálek, Luboš; Strouhal, Eugen (1979). \"Egyptian Mummies in Czechoslovak Collections\". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B – Historia Naturalis. 35 (1–4): 36–38.","urls":[{"url":"https://publikace.nm.cz/en/periodicals/fiamnpsbhn/35-1-4/egyptian-mummies-in-czechoslovak-collections","url_text":"\"Egyptian Mummies in Czechoslovak Collections\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betliar&params=48_42_N_20_31_E_type:city(931)_region:SK-KI","external_links_name":"48°42′N 20°31′E / 48.700°N 20.517°E / 48.700; 20.517"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betliar&params=48_42_N_20_31_E_type:city(931)_region:SK-KI","external_links_name":"48°42′N 20°31′E / 48.700°N 20.517°E / 48.700; 20.517"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071222221554/http://www.betliar.ocu.sk/","external_links_name":"www.betliar.ocu.sk"},{"Link":"https://publikace.nm.cz/en/periodicals/fiamnpsbhn/35-1-4/egyptian-mummies-in-czechoslovak-collections","external_links_name":"\"Egyptian Mummies in Czechoslovak Collections\""},{"Link":"http://www.betliar.ou.sk/","external_links_name":"Betliar"},{"Link":"http://www.retep.sk/okolie/betliar/betliar.php","external_links_name":"Betliar - Obrazový sprievodca"},{"Link":"http://gemer.org/betliar-o167-uvod.html/","external_links_name":"Betliar - obec na Gemeri"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201510/http://gemer.org/betliar-o167-uvod.html/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100920061043/http://cisarik.com/0_Betliar_Roznava_KI_Gomor_Gemer.html","external_links_name":"Surnames of living people in Betliar"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1115487140","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge958422&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Sheyman	Ilya Sheyman	["1 Life and work","2 References","3 External links"]	Ilya SheymanBorn (1986-06-01) June 1, 1986 (age 38)Soviet UnionNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Organizer and strategistTitleCEO of The Good Food InstituteSpouseSara Haghdoosti (m. 2015) Ilya Sheyman (born June 1, 1986) is a community organizer, formerly Executive Director of MoveOn Political Action, a candidate for Illinois's 10th congressional district for the United States House of Representatives elections, 2012, and is currently the CEO of The Good Food Institute. Life and work Ilya Sheyman was born in the former Soviet Union and immigrated to the United States with his family at the age of four as Jewish refugees. He graduated from McGill University with a joint degree in Political Science and United States History. In 2012, Sheyman ran for the Democratic nomination for Congress in Illinois's 10th Congressional District, coming in second in a four-way race. As the Chicago Sun Times described, "Sheyman did well—he gained 38.6 percent of the vote to Schneider’s 46.9 percent—demonstrating that there is a substantial progressive base vote in the district." In his race, Sheyman was endorsed by former Vermont Governor and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean, former Senator Russ Feingold, Congressional Progressive Caucus co-chairs Representatives Raul Grijalva and Keith Ellison, and Representative Danny Davis. Other notable endorsers included Democracy for America, MoveOn.org, the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, the Sierra Club, the Council for a Livable World and Citizen Action/Illinois; AFSCME Council 31, the Illinois Federation of Teachers, Sheet Metal Workers Local 73, the United Steelworkers and the International Longshoremen's Association-AFL-CIO. Previously, Ilya worked as an organizer for A+ Illinois, a statewide advocacy organization that worked to improve the quality and funding of public schools, for then-Senator Barack Obama as constituent services intern in veterans' and military affairs, as online organizing manager for TrueMajority.org/USAction, as the field director for Democracy for America and as National Mobilization Director for Moveon.org. In 2013, Sheyman became Executive Director of MoveOn.org Political Action. Under his leadership, MoveOn.org launched a million dollar effort to draft Senator Elizabeth Warren to run for president, endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic Nomination and launched an unsuccessful multimillion-dollar United Against Hate campaign to defeat then-candidate Donald Trump. Sheyman became president of The Good Food Institute U.S. on February 22, 2022 and CEO in October of the same year. References ^ "Waukegan Dem announces bid for congressional seat". The Daily Herald. April 28, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ "Ilya Sheyman". The Good Food Institute. The Good Food Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ^ "Ilya Sheyman's Progressive Run". The Nation Magazine. March 7, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2011. ^ "From Montreal to Washington A McGill Gran Runs for Congress". McGill Tribune. Jan 16, 2012. ^ "Sweet: Schneider, Rotering have differences, aim for same goals". Chicago Sun Times. Feb 3, 2016. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved Feb 3, 2016. ^ Rodriguez, Kim (May 27, 2011). "Ilya Sheyman Earns Endorsement of Gov. Howard Dean for Illinois 10th Congressional District Seat". Winnetka/Northfield Tribune Local. Retrieved May 27, 2011. ^ "Political Briefs". Lake County News-Sun. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011. ^ "About Ilya Sheyman". Ilya Sheyman Campaign Website. May 27, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011. ^ "Electing Progressive Democrats - Ilya Sheyman for Congress". Winning Progressive. June 30, 2011. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011. ^ MoveOn.org (6 September 2016). "It's time to unite against hate". ^ "Former MoveOn head, coalition builder, and expert strategist Ilya Sheyman joins GFI as president". The Good Food Institute. The Good Food Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ^ "Fall 2022 reflections from GFI founder and president Bruce Friedrich". The Good Food Institute. The Good Food Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2022. External links Sheyman for Congress official campaign site MoveOn.org MoveOn bio A Look at Ilya Sheyman Run Warren Run	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community organizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizer"},{"link_name":"MoveOn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoveOn.org"},{"link_name":"candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate"},{"link_name":"Illinois's 10th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives elections, 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2012"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Good Food Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Food_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ilya Sheyman (born June 1, 1986) is a community organizer, formerly Executive Director of MoveOn Political Action, a candidate for Illinois's 10th congressional district for the United States House of Representatives elections, 2012,[1] and is currently the CEO of The Good Food Institute.[2]","title":"Ilya Sheyman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Schneider’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Schneider"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"Howard Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Russ Feingold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Feingold"},{"link_name":"Raul Grijalva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Grijalva"},{"link_name":"Keith Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ellison"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Democracy for America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_for_America"},{"link_name":"Moveon.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moveon.org"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Good Food Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Food_Institute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ilya Sheyman was born in the former Soviet Union and immigrated to the United States with his family at the age of four as Jewish refugees.[3] He graduated from McGill University with a joint degree in Political Science and United States History.[4]In 2012, Sheyman ran for the Democratic nomination for Congress in Illinois's 10th Congressional District, coming in second in a four-way race. As the Chicago Sun Times described, \"Sheyman did well—he gained 38.6 percent of the vote to Schneider’s 46.9 percent—demonstrating that there is a substantial progressive base vote in the district.\"[5]In his race, Sheyman was endorsed by former Vermont Governor and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean,[6] former Senator Russ Feingold, Congressional Progressive Caucus co-chairs Representatives Raul Grijalva and Keith Ellison, and Representative Danny Davis. Other notable endorsers included Democracy for America, MoveOn.org, the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, the Sierra Club, the Council for a Livable World and Citizen Action/Illinois; AFSCME Council 31, the Illinois Federation of Teachers, Sheet Metal Workers Local 73, the United Steelworkers and the International Longshoremen's Association-AFL-CIO.Previously, Ilya worked as an organizer for A+ Illinois, a statewide advocacy organization that worked to improve the quality and funding of public schools,[7] for then-Senator Barack Obama as constituent services intern in veterans' and military affairs,[8] as online organizing manager for TrueMajority.org/USAction, as the field director for Democracy for America and as National Mobilization Director for Moveon.org.[9]In 2013, Sheyman became Executive Director of MoveOn.org Political Action. Under his leadership, MoveOn.org launched a million dollar effort to draft Senator Elizabeth Warren to run for president, endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic Nomination and launched an unsuccessful multimillion-dollar United Against Hate [10] campaign to defeat then-candidate Donald Trump.Sheyman became president of The Good Food Institute U.S. on February 22, 2022[11] and CEO in October of the same year.[12]","title":"Life and work"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Waukegan Dem announces bid for congressional seat\". The Daily Herald. April 28, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20110428/news/110429673/","url_text":"\"Waukegan Dem announces bid for congressional seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights)","url_text":"The Daily Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Ilya Sheyman\". The Good Food Institute. The Good Food Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gfi.org/team/ilya-sheyman","url_text":"\"Ilya Sheyman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Food_Institute","url_text":"The Good Food Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Ilya Sheyman's Progressive Run\". The Nation Magazine. March 7, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenation.com/article/ilya-sheymans-progressive-run/","url_text":"\"Ilya Sheyman's Progressive Run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_Magazine","url_text":"The Nation Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"From Montreal to Washington A McGill Gran Runs for Congress\". McGill Tribune. Jan 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcgilltribune.com/student-living/from-montreal-to-washington-washington-a-mcgill-grad-runs-for-congress/","url_text":"\"From Montreal to Washington A McGill Gran Runs for Congress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_Tribune","url_text":"McGill Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Sweet: Schneider, Rotering have differences, aim for same goals\". Chicago Sun Times. Feb 3, 2016. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved Feb 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160207040734/http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/7/71/1301032/sweet-rotering-schneider-differences-aim-goals","url_text":"\"Sweet: Schneider, Rotering have differences, aim for same goals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun Times"},{"url":"http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/7/71/1301032/sweet-rotering-schneider-differences-aim-goals","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Kim (May 27, 2011). \"Ilya Sheyman Earns Endorsement of Gov. Howard Dean for Illinois 10th Congressional District Seat\". Winnetka/Northfield Tribune Local. Retrieved May 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Rodriguez","url_text":"Rodriguez, Kim"},{"url":"http://triblocal.com/winnetka-northfield/community/stories/2011/05/ilya-sheyman-earns-endorsement-of-gov-howard-dean-for-illinois%E2%80%99-10th-congressional-district-seat/","url_text":"\"Ilya Sheyman Earns Endorsement of Gov. Howard Dean for Illinois 10th Congressional District Seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political Briefs\". Lake County News-Sun. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220715/http://newssun.suntimes.com/news/6002415-418/political-briefs.html","url_text":"\"Political Briefs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County_News-Sun","url_text":"Lake County News-Sun"},{"url":"http://newssun.suntimes.com/news/6002415-418/political-briefs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Ilya Sheyman\". Ilya Sheyman Campaign Website. May 27, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilyasheyman.com/about/","url_text":"\"About Ilya Sheyman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electing Progressive Democrats - Ilya Sheyman for Congress\". Winning Progressive. June 30, 2011. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135735/http://www.winningprogressive.org/electing-progressive-democrats-ilya-sheyman-for-congress-il-10th","url_text":"\"Electing Progressive Democrats - Ilya Sheyman for Congress\""},{"url":"http://www.winningprogressive.org/electing-progressive-democrats-ilya-sheyman-for-congress-il-10th","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MoveOn.org (6 September 2016). \"It's time to unite against hate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@MoveOn.org/its-time-to-unite-against-hate-50798df7bdf4","url_text":"\"It's time to unite against hate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former MoveOn head, coalition builder, and expert strategist Ilya Sheyman joins GFI as president\". The Good Food Institute. The Good Food Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gfi.org/press/former-moveon-head-joins-gfi-as-president","url_text":"\"Former MoveOn head, coalition builder, and expert strategist Ilya Sheyman joins GFI as president\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Food_Institute","url_text":"The Good Food Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Fall 2022 reflections from GFI founder and president Bruce Friedrich\". The Good Food Institute. The Good Food Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gfi.org/blog/fall-2022-reflections-from-gfi-founder-and-president-bruce-friedrich","url_text":"\"Fall 2022 reflections from GFI founder and president Bruce Friedrich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Food_Institute","url_text":"The Good Food Institute"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20110428/news/110429673/","external_links_name":"\"Waukegan Dem announces bid for congressional seat\""},{"Link":"https://gfi.org/team/ilya-sheyman","external_links_name":"\"Ilya Sheyman\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenation.com/article/ilya-sheymans-progressive-run/","external_links_name":"\"Ilya Sheyman's Progressive Run\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcgilltribune.com/student-living/from-montreal-to-washington-washington-a-mcgill-grad-runs-for-congress/","external_links_name":"\"From Montreal to Washington A McGill Gran Runs for Congress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160207040734/http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/7/71/1301032/sweet-rotering-schneider-differences-aim-goals","external_links_name":"\"Sweet: Schneider, Rotering have differences, aim for same goals\""},{"Link":"http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/7/71/1301032/sweet-rotering-schneider-differences-aim-goals","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://triblocal.com/winnetka-northfield/community/stories/2011/05/ilya-sheyman-earns-endorsement-of-gov-howard-dean-for-illinois%E2%80%99-10th-congressional-district-seat/","external_links_name":"\"Ilya Sheyman Earns Endorsement of Gov. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_NC_State_Wolfpack_football_team	1988 NC State Wolfpack football team	["1 Schedule","2 Personnel","3 References"]	American college football season 1988 NC State Wolfpack footballPeach Bowl, W 28–23 vs. IowaConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceRecord8–3–1 (4–2–1 ACC)Head coachDick Sheridan (3rd season)Home stadiumCarter–Finley StadiumSeasons← 19871989 → 1988 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T No. 9 Clemson $ 6 – 1 – 0 10 – 2 – 0 Virginia 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 4 – 0 NC State 4 – 2 – 1 8 – 3 – 1 Wake Forest 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 4 – 1 Maryland 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 6 – 0 Duke 3 – 3 – 1 7 – 3 – 1 North Carolina 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 10 – 0 Georgia Tech 0 – 7 – 0 3 – 8 – 0 $ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll The 1988 NC State Wolfpack football team represented North Carolina State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Dick Sheridan. NC State has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) since the league's inception in 1953. The Wolfpack played its home games in 1988 at Carter–Finley Stadium in Raleigh, North Carolina, which has been NC State football's home stadium since 1966. Schedule DateTimeOpponentSiteTVResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 3Western CarolinaCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NCW 45–640,300 September 177:00 p.m.Wake ForestCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NC (rivalry)W 14–648,000 September 24at MarylandByrd StadiumCollege Park, MDL 26–3032,291 October 1at Georgia TechBobby Dodd StadiumAtlanta, GARaycomW 14–636,892 October 8East Tennessee StateCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NCW 49–039,300 October 15at North CarolinaKenan Memorial StadiumChapel Hill, NC (rivalry)W 48–352,508 October 221:00 p.m.No. 9 ClemsonCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NC (Textile Bowl)W 10–355,000 October 29No. 17 South CarolinaCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NCESPNL 7–2354,800 November 5at VirginiaScott StadiumCharlottesville, VAL 14–1950,329 November 12DukeCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NC (rivalry)T 43–4352,000 November 191:00 p.m.PittsburghCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NCW 14–339,300 December 31vs. IowaAtlanta–Fulton County StadiumAtlanta, GA (Peach Bowl)MizlouW 28–2344,635 Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game Personnel 1988 NC State Wolfpack football team roster Players Coaches Offense Pos. # Name Class QB Charles Davenport Defense Pos. # Name Class Special teams Pos. # Name Class Head coach Dick Sheridan Coordinators/assistant coaches Legend (C) Team captain (S) Suspended (I) Ineligible Injured Redshirt References ^ "Barbour scores 2, N.C. State romps". The Sun-News. September 4, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Wolfpack's defense silences Deacons". The News and Observer. September 18, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "N.C. State falters in Maryland". The Charlotte Observer. September 25, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Interception return keys Wolfpack past Jackets, 14–6". Anderson Independent-Mail. October 2, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Interception return keys Wolfpack past Jackets, 14–6". The Roanoke Times & World-News. October 9, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Wolfpack grinds up Tar Heels". The Atlanta Journal & Constitution. October 16, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Three in a row, N.C. State spoils Clemson's season in the conference". Florence Morning News. October 23, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "South Carolina topples Wolfpack". Greensboro News & Record. October 30, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Inderlied boots Cavs over Hokies". Kingsport Times-News. October 30, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Late field goal lifts 'Pack to 43–43 tie with Duke". The Times and Democrat. November 13, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "N.C. State's revived defense stops Pittsburgh". The Charlotte Observer. November 20, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "N.C. State wins one for Sheridan". The Atlanta Journal & Constitution. January 1, 1989. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "1988 North Carolina State Wolfpack Schedule and Results". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved February 2, 2024. vteNC State Wolfpack footballVenues Riddick Stadium (1907–1965) Carter–Finley Stadium (1966–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Clemson: Textile Bowl East Carolina North Carolina Wake Forest Culture & lore Mr. Wuf "Fight Song" Norris Cup The Power Sound of the South People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University"},{"link_name":"1988 NCAA Division I-A football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"Dick Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Carter–Finley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Finley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"The 1988 NC State Wolfpack football team represented North Carolina State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Dick Sheridan. NC State has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) since the league's inception in 1953. The Wolfpack played its home games in 1988 at Carter–Finley Stadium in Raleigh, North Carolina, which has been NC State football's home stadium since 1966.","title":"1988 NC State Wolfpack football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-13"}],"text":"[13]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Barbour scores 2, N.C. State romps\". The Sun-News. September 4, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/sun-news-barbour-scores-2-nc-state-ro/140124399/","url_text":"\"Barbour scores 2, N.C. State romps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Wolfpack's defense silences Deacons\". The News and Observer. 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Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-wolfpack-grinds/140125261/","url_text":"\"Wolfpack grinds up Tar Heels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Three in a row, N.C. State spoils Clemson's season in the conference\". Florence Morning News. October 23, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/florence-morning-news-three-in-a-row-n/140121536/","url_text":"\"Three in a row, N.C. State spoils Clemson's season in the conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"South Carolina topples Wolfpack\". Greensboro News & Record. October 30, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-and-record-south-carolina-topples-w/140099688/","url_text":"\"South Carolina topples Wolfpack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Inderlied boots Cavs over Hokies\". Kingsport Times-News. October 30, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/kingsport-times-news-inderlied-boots-cav/140098833/","url_text":"\"Inderlied boots Cavs over Hokies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Late field goal lifts 'Pack to 43–43 tie with Duke\". The Times and Democrat. November 13, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-late-field-goal-l/140125431/","url_text":"\"Late field goal lifts 'Pack to 43–43 tie with Duke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"N.C. State's revived defense stops Pittsburgh\". The Charlotte Observer. November 20, 1988. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer-nc-states-revi/140125554/","url_text":"\"N.C. State's revived defense stops Pittsburgh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"N.C. State wins one for Sheridan\". The Atlanta Journal & Constitution. January 1, 1989. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-nc-state-wins-one/140125680/","url_text":"\"N.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosi_kd_Dam	Gose Khurd Dam	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 20°52′26″N 79°36′29″E / 20.8738154°N 79.6081781°E / 20.8738154; 79.6081781Dam in Bhandara, Maharashtra, India Dam in Maharashtra, IndiaGosekhurd DamGosekhurd DamLocation of Gosekhurd Dam in MaharashtraOfficial nameGosikhurd Dam (Indirasagar Reservoir)LocationPauni, Bhandara, Maharashtra, IndiaCoordinates20°52′26″N 79°36′29″E / 20.8738154°N 79.6081781°E / 20.8738154; 79.6081781Construction began1988Opening date2008Owner(s)Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra, IndiaDam and spillwaysType of damEarthen dam with Gates SpillwayImpoundsWainganga RiverHeight22.55 m (74.0 ft)Length11,356 m (37,257 ft) / 11.35 km (7.05 mi)Dam volume3.83×10^6 m3 (5,010,000 cu yd)Spillways33 Radial Gates of size 18.30 m (l) * 16.50 m (h)Spillway typeOgee Shaped SpillwaySpillway capacity67,300 m3/s (2,380,000 cu ft/s)ReservoirCreatesIndirasagarTotal capacity1.15×10^9 m3 (930,000 acre⋅ft)Active capacity740.168×10^6 m3 (600,064 acre⋅ft)Inactive capacity405.907×10^6 m3 (329,074 acre⋅ft)Catchment area34,862 km2 (13,460 sq mi)Surface area222.56 km2 (85.93 sq mi)Maximum water depth22.55 m Gosekhurd Dam, (Marathi: गोसे खुर्द धरण) is an earthfill dam on the Wainganga River near Pauni in Bhandara district, in the state of Maharashtra in India. The dam contains 33 spillway gates to regulate water flow into the river for irrigation throughout the year. The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 22.55 m (74.0 ft) while the length is 11,350 m (37,240 ft). The dam volume is 3.83×10^6 m3 (135×10^6 cu ft) and gross water storage capacity is 1,146×10^6 m3 (40.5×10^9 cu ft). Its purpose is irrigation and hydropower generation, as well as playing a role in systems for drinking water for the nearby Municipal Council as well as Grampanchayat. The dam was completed in 2008, and the Gosekhurd Reservoir began impounding water in 2009. Because of construction delays occurs due to Rehabilitation problems, the reservoir could not be filled to 100% capacity; the project was completed and the reservoir filled to 100% in Jan 2022. See also List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra List of dams and reservoirs in India References ^ "Gosikhurd Dam D03002". Retrieved 5 March 2016. ^ Specifications of large dams in India Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine See Project Identification Code MH09MH1817. This article about a dam, floodgate or canal in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"earthfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#Earth-fill_dams"},{"link_name":"Wainganga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainganga_River"},{"link_name":"Pauni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauni"},{"link_name":"Bhandara district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhandara_district"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"hydropower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower"},{"link_name":"Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dam in Bhandara, Maharashtra, IndiaDam in Maharashtra, IndiaGosekhurd Dam, (Marathi: गोसे खुर्द धरण) is an earthfill dam on the Wainganga River near Pauni in Bhandara district, in the state of Maharashtra in India.[1] The dam contains 33 spillway gates to regulate water flow into the river for irrigation throughout the year.The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 22.55 m (74.0 ft) while the length is 11,350 m (37,240 ft). The dam volume is 3.83×10^6 m3 (135×10^6 cu ft) and gross water storage capacity is 1,146×10^6 m3 (40.5×10^9 cu ft). Its purpose is irrigation and hydropower generation, as well as playing a role in systems for drinking water for the nearby Municipal Council as well as Grampanchayat. The dam was completed in 2008, and the Gosekhurd Reservoir began impounding water in 2009. Because of construction delays occurs due to Rehabilitation problems, the reservoir could not be filled to 100% capacity; the project was completed and the reservoir filled to 100% in Jan 2022.[2]","title":"Gose Khurd Dam"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Maharashtra"},{"title":"List of dams and reservoirs in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_India"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gosikhurd Dam D03002\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879%E2%80%9380_in_Scottish_football	1879–80 in Scottish football	["1 Scottish Cup","2 County honours","3 Other honours","4 Teams in F.A. Cup","5 Scotland national team","6 References","7 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1879–80 in Scottish football" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football in ScotlandSeason1879–80 ← 1878–79 1880–81 → 1879–80 in Scottish footballScottish Cup winnersQueen's Park The 1879–80 season was the seventh season of competitive football in Scotland. This season saw the introduction of the fourth regional competition with the inaugural playing of the Lanarkshire Cup. Scottish Cup Main article: 1879–80 Scottish Cup Winner Score Runner-up Queen's Park 3–0 Thornliebank County honours Competition Winner Score Runner-up Ayrshire Cup Beith 1–0 Kilbirnie Edinburgh FA Cup Hibernian 5–0 Dunfermline Lanarkshire Cup Stonelaw 2–0 Shotts Renfrewshire Cup Thornliebank 2–0 Kennishead Other honours Competition Winner Score Runner-up Glasgow Charity Cup Queen's Park 2–1* Rangers * After a replay Teams in F.A. Cup Main articles: 1879–80 FA Cup and List of Scottish clubs in the FA Cup Season Club Round Score Result 1879–80 Queen's Park 1st round Sheffield Withdrew Scotland national team Main article: Scotland national football team 1872–1914 results Date Venue Opponents Score Competition Scotland scorers 13 March 1880 Hampden Park, Glasgow England 5–4 Friendly George Ker (3), John Campbell Baird, John Kay 27 March 1880 Hampden Park, Glasgow Wales 5–1 Friendly David Davidson, William Beveridge, Joseph Lindsay, J. McAdam, John Campbell References ^ Scotland's score is shown first. External links Scottish Football Historical Archive vteSeasons in Scottish football 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte1879–80 in Scottish football « 1878–79 1880–81 » Domestic cups Scottish Cup Final Non-Scottish competitions FA Cup Related to national team Results Club seasons 3rd Lanark RV Abercorn Cambuslang Cowlairs Dumbarton Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Kilmarnock Queen's Park Rangers St. Mirren Vale of Leven vte1879–80 in European football « 1878–79 1880–81 » Domestic cups England Scotland Wales	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"The 1879–80 season was the seventh season of competitive football in Scotland. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharesma_Ravichandran	Kharesma Ravichandran	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","4 References"]	Playback singer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kharesma Ravichandran" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kharesma Ravichandran" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kharesma RavichandranBorn (2000-05-08) 8 May 2000 (age 24)London, EnglandYears active2015–present Kharesma Ravichandran (born 8 May 2000) is a British playback singer for Tamil cinema films. Her first public performance came at the age of four for the British Heart Foundation. A professionally trained western vocalist, Ravichandran began her playback singing career in 2014, with her debut coming in the Tamil film Yennai Arindhaal (2015). She is currently signed as an independent artist under Hiphop Tamizha’s label “Underground”. Early life Born in the United Kingdom, Kharesma started her musical journey through Trinity College London where she completed her Grade 8 in vocals and Grade 5 in Piano, both with Distinctions. In 2011 she moved to India for schooling and due to her parents' work and from 2014 she started singing for the South Indian Movie Industry. She lived in Sri Lanka, studying at The Elizabeth Moir School to complete her A-Levels. She moved back to the UK for University in 2018 to study Music at Royal Holloway, University of London where she attained a First Class Degree. As of 2023, Kharesma graduated with a Post Graduate Degree in Law from The University of Law Career In 2011, Kharesma moved to India where she began learning Hindustani and Carnatic music. She started singing jingles for advertisements such as Chicking, Alsa Mall and Impulse Perfume. She started her career as an Indian Playback singer for a Gautham Vasudev Menon film Yennai Arindhaal with the song "Yaen Ennai" composed by Harris Jayaraj. Her rise to fame was then triggered in part by the song "Kadhal Cricketu" in the film Thani Oruvan, composed by Hiphop Tamizha duo Aadhi and Jeeva. Kadhal Cricketu topped the Indian iTunes Chart and many radio stations in Chennai and other Tamil speaking channels all over the world for several weeks. This was followed by further success with her next song "Party with the Pei" in Aranmanai 2 by Sundar C, again composed by Hiphop Thamizha. The song also topped the Apple iTunes and radio charts for a number of weeks. Since then, she was nominated for the 63rd Filmfare - Best Female Singer Award, SIIMA 2016 for Best Playback singer and Edison Awards 2016. Kharesma has also sung the theme song for a Nepali TV show called PS Zindagi. In January 2020, she released her first single "Marandhitiyo", which featured Paul B Salius and MadPanda, from her upcoming EP under the Underground Tribe label led by Hiphop Tamizha. In 2021, Kharesma signed a single with Universal Music Group (South Africa) along with South African DJ/Producer "Bliss U". Kharesma has sung for many of South India's leading music directors over her decade long career. Discography Year Film Song Music Composer Co-Singer(s) 2015 Yennai Arindhaal "Yaen Ennai" Harris Jayaraj Sunitha Sarathy Thani Oruvan "Kadhal Cricket" Hiphop Tamizha Solo 2016 Aranmanai 2 "Party With The Pei" Hiphop Adhi Oru Mugathirai "Naan Enbadhu (Female)" Premkumar Sivaperuman Solo Chennai 600028: Second Innings "Idhu Kadhaiya" Yuvan Shankar Raja Sean Roldan Kaththi Sandai "Idhayam Idhayam" Hiphop Tamizha Hiphop Adhi Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga "Na Re Na" C. Sathya Solo 2017 Meesaya Murukku "Meesaya Murukku" Hiphop Tamizha Hiphop Adhi 2019 Party "Cha Cha Charey" Premji Amaren Suriya, Karthi, Venkat Prabhu, Premgi Amaren Jasmine "Maalai Saatrinaal" C. Sathya Solo "Wake Up Song Zombie "Are You Okay Baby" Premji Amaren Anthony Daasan, Pravin Saivi, Premji Amaren, Swagatha S. Krishnan Kaappaan "Machan Inga Vandhira" Harris Jayaraj Nikhita Gandhi, Shabnam 2020 Maranthitiyo (Single) "Maranthitiyo" Mad Panda Solo Moved On (Single - English) "Moved On" Kharesma Ravichandran Solo Dear Future (Single - English) "Dear Future" Kharesma Ravichandran Solo 2023 Pichaikkaran 2 "Nana Buluku" Vijay Antony Solo 2023 Iraivan "Azhagai" Yuvan Shankar Raja Sanjith Hedge 2024 Aranmanai 4 "Achacho" Hiphop Tamizha Hiphop Adhi, Srinisha Jayaseelan Pon Ondru Kanden "Sundari" Yuvan Shankar Raja Sathyaprakash, Jithin Raj References ^ "'Kadhal Cricket' singer Kharesma Ravichandran Interview videos". Indiaglitz.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)". Filmfare.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "Official P.S. Zindagi Title Track (sung by Kharesma Ravichandran)". YouTube. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Thani Oruvan - Kadhal Cricket Video \| Jayam Ravi, Nayanthara \| Hip Hop Tamizha, retrieved 9 January 2022 ^ Meesaya Murukku - Title Song \| Hiphop Tamizha ft. Kharesma, retrieved 9 January 2022 ^ "BBC Asian Network - Ashanti Omkar, Tamil cinema singing star Kharesma Ravichandran, Tamil cinema star Kharesma Ravichandran blows Ashanti Omkar away with her incredible singing!". BBC. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "BBC Asian Network - Ashanti Omkar, Kharesma Ravichandran". BBC. Retrieved 25 July 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"playback singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singing"},{"link_name":"Yennai Arindhaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yennai_Arindhaal"},{"link_name":"Hiphop Tamizha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop_Tamizha"}],"text":"Kharesma Ravichandran (born 8 May 2000) is a British playback singer for Tamil cinema films. Her first public performance came at the age of four for the British Heart Foundation. A professionally trained western vocalist, Ravichandran began her playback singing career in 2014, with her debut coming in the Tamil film Yennai Arindhaal (2015). She is currently signed as an independent artist under Hiphop Tamizha’s label “Underground”.","title":"Kharesma Ravichandran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Moir School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Moir_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Holloway, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"The University of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Law"}],"text":"Born in the United Kingdom, Kharesma started her musical journey through Trinity College London where she completed her Grade 8 in vocals and Grade 5 in Piano, both with Distinctions. In 2011 she moved to India for schooling and due to her parents' work and from 2014 she started singing for the South Indian Movie Industry. She lived in Sri Lanka, studying at The Elizabeth Moir School to complete her A-Levels. She moved back to the UK for University in 2018 to study Music at Royal Holloway, University of London where she attained a First Class Degree. As of 2023, Kharesma graduated with a Post Graduate Degree in Law from The University of Law","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Carnatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"Gautham Vasudev Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautham_Vasudev_Menon"},{"link_name":"Yennai Arindhaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yennai_Arindhaal"},{"link_name":"Harris Jayaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Jayaraj"},{"link_name":"Thani Oruvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thani_Oruvan"},{"link_name":"Hiphop Tamizha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop_Tamizha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aranmanai 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranmanai_2"},{"link_name":"Sundar C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_C"},{"link_name":"Hiphop Thamizha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop_Tamizha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"SIIMA 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"PS Zindagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Zindagi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hiphop Tamizha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop_Tamizha"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"}],"text":"In 2011, Kharesma moved to India where she began learning Hindustani and Carnatic music. She started singing jingles for advertisements such as Chicking, Alsa Mall and Impulse Perfume.She started her career as an Indian Playback singer for a Gautham Vasudev Menon film Yennai Arindhaal with the song \"Yaen Ennai\" composed by Harris Jayaraj. Her rise to fame was then triggered in part by the song \"Kadhal Cricketu\" in the film Thani Oruvan, composed by Hiphop Tamizha duo Aadhi and Jeeva.[1] Kadhal Cricketu topped the Indian iTunes Chart and many radio stations in Chennai and other Tamil speaking channels all over the world for several weeks. This was followed by further success with her next song \"Party with the Pei\" in Aranmanai 2 by Sundar C, again composed by Hiphop Thamizha. The song also topped the Apple iTunes and radio charts for a number of weeks.Since then, she was nominated for the 63rd Filmfare - Best Female Singer Award,[2] SIIMA 2016 for Best Playback singer and Edison Awards 2016.Kharesma has also sung the theme song for a Nepali TV show called PS Zindagi.[3]In January 2020, she released her first single \"Marandhitiyo\", which featured Paul B Salius and MadPanda, from her upcoming EP under the Underground Tribe label led by Hiphop Tamizha. In 2021, Kharesma signed a single with Universal Music Group (South Africa) along with South African DJ/Producer \"Bliss U\".Kharesma has sung for many of South India's leading music directors over her decade long career.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"'Kadhal Cricket' singer Kharesma Ravichandran Interview videos\". Indiaglitz.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/kadhal-cricket-singer-kharesma-ravichandran-interview-tamil-videos-61904.html","url_text":"\"'Kadhal Cricket' singer Kharesma Ravichandran Interview videos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)\". Filmfare.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html","url_text":"\"Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official P.S. Zindagi Title Track (sung by Kharesma Ravichandran)\". YouTube. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaTTwrpxQC8","url_text":"\"Official P.S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Simpson_(rugby_union)	Gordon Simpson (rugby union)	["1 New Zealand domestic career","2 Scotland domestic career","3 International career","4 References","5 External links"]	Scotland international rugby union player Rugby playerGordon SimpsonFull nameGordon Leslie SimpsonDate of birth (1971-09-21) 21 September 1971 (age 52)Place of birthTakapuna, New ZealandHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Weight110 kg (17 st 5 lb; 243 lb)SchoolRosmini CollegeRugby union careerPosition(s) blindside flanker, openside flanker, number eightYouth career- East Coast Bays Rugby Football Club– North Shore Rugby Football ClubAmateur team(s)Years Team Apps (Points)– New Zealand Secondary Schools ()– North Shore Premiers ()– New Zealand U19s ()– New Zealand U21s ()Senior careerYears Team Apps (Points)– North Harbour ()– Wellington Lions ()– Hurricanes ()– Caledonia Reds ()1998-2003 Glasgow Warriors 95 (175)– North Harbour ()International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1998−2002 Scotland 15 (15) Gordon Leslie Simpson (born 21 September 1971) is a New Zealand-born rugby union player who played as a loose forward, formerly for Glasgow Caledonians and also representing Scotland. He was known by the nickname "badger" because of his ability to win the ball close to the ground. New Zealand domestic career He began his domestic career in his place of birth, Auckland, New Zealand and began playing there for the North Harbour National Provincial Championship team. Simpson then moved to the Wellington side, the Wellington Lions, in the same competition, while also playing for the Hurricanes in Super Rugby. Following his International career, Gordon returned to the North Harbour team, captaining it on a few occasions, one of which being the side's first ever game at its current stadium, North Harbour Stadium. He then retired from first-class rugby, returning to North Harbour's premier grade, having played in the grade more than a decade beforehand. Scotland domestic career Moving to Scotland in 1998 he initially played for Kirkcaldy RFC, briefly for Caledonia Reds, then for Glasgow Caledonians (now Glasgow Warriors). International career He qualified to play for Scotland through his maternal grandfather, who was born in the Knightswood area of Glasgow. He made his debut against Australia in Sydney on 13 June 1998. He played in four matches at the World Cup in 1999. He was recalled to the Scotland side in 2001, after a year where he had been injured. He played in the Six Nations 2000-2001 Championship. He also represented New Zealand in NZ Secondary Schools, NZ U19 and NZ U21 age-grade levels. References ^ a b Kelso, David (15 November 2000). "Simpson vows to fight for his Scotland place". The Herald. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ Simpson, Oliver (2022). "Gordon Simpson Interview". Oliver Simpson's. ^ "Caledonians in line for a South African boost". The Herald. 31 August 1998. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ "Scotland keep their noses to the grindstone". The Scotsman. Johnston Press. 5 June 2000. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ "Simpson back for Scotland". BBC News. 24 May 2001. External links Gordon Simpson at ESPNscrum vteScotland squad – 1999 Rugby World CupForwards Bulloch Burnell Graham Grimes Hilton M. Leslie Mather S. Murray Pountney Reed Reid Russell Simpson Smith Walton Weir Backs Armstrong (c) Fairley Hodge J. Leslie Logan Longstaff Mayer McLaren Metcalfe C. Murray Paterson Redpath Tait Townsend Coach: Telfer This Scottish rugby union biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Caledonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald_15Nov2000-1"}],"text":"Rugby playerGordon Leslie Simpson (born 21 September 1971) is a New Zealand-born rugby union player who played as a loose forward, formerly for Glasgow Caledonians and also representing Scotland. He was known by the nickname \"badger\" because of his ability to win the ball close to the ground.[1]","title":"Gordon Simpson (rugby union)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"North Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Harbour_(National_Provincial_Championship)"},{"link_name":"National Provincial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(2006%E2%80%93present)#Original_National_Provincial_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wellington Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Lions"},{"link_name":"Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanes_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"link_name":"North Harbour Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Harbour_Stadium"},{"link_name":"North Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Harbour_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview_with_Gordon_Simpson_2022-2"}],"text":"He began his domestic career in his place of birth, Auckland, New Zealand and began playing there for the North Harbour National Provincial Championship team. Simpson then moved to the Wellington side, the Wellington Lions, in the same competition, while also playing for the Hurricanes in Super Rugby.Following his International career, Gordon returned to the North Harbour team, captaining it on a few occasions, one of which being the side's first ever game at its current stadium, North Harbour Stadium. He then retired from first-class rugby, returning to North Harbour's premier grade, having played in the grade more than a decade beforehand.[2]","title":"New Zealand domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkcaldy RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcaldy_RFC"},{"link_name":"Caledonia Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia_Reds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors"}],"text":"Moving to Scotland in 1998 he initially played for Kirkcaldy RFC, briefly for Caledonia Reds,[3] then for Glasgow Caledonians [4] (now Glasgow Warriors).","title":"Scotland domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald_15Nov2000-1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup in 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Six Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"2000-2001 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Six_Nations_Championship"}],"text":"He qualified to play for Scotland through his maternal grandfather, who was born in the Knightswood area of Glasgow.[1] He made his debut against Australia in Sydney on 13 June 1998. He played in four matches at the World Cup in 1999.He was recalled to the Scotland side in 2001, after a year where he had been injured.[5] He played in the Six Nations 2000-2001 Championship.He also represented New Zealand in NZ Secondary Schools, NZ U19 and NZ U21 age-grade levels.","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kelso, David (15 November 2000). \"Simpson vows to fight for his Scotland place\". The Herald. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12232230.simpson-vows-to-fight-for-his-scotland-place/","url_text":"\"Simpson vows to fight for his Scotland place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Oliver (2022). \"Gordon Simpson Interview\". Oliver Simpson's.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Caledonians in line for a South African boost\". The Herald. 31 August 1998. 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BBC News. 24 May 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/1336104.stm","url_text":"\"Simpson back for Scotland\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12232230.simpson-vows-to-fight-for-his-scotland-place/","external_links_name":"\"Simpson vows to fight for his Scotland place\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12340794.caledonians-in-line-for-a-south-african-boost/","external_links_name":"\"Caledonians in line for a South African boost\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/scotland-keep-their-noses-grindstone-2477137","external_links_name":"\"Scotland keep their noses to the grindstone\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/1336104.stm","external_links_name":"\"Simpson back for Scotland\""},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/player/12908.html","external_links_name":"Gordon Simpson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Simpson_(rugby_union)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama-Sanso_incident	Asama-Sansō incident	["1 Background","1.1 Overview","1.2 Obtaining guns and cash","1.3 Mountain hide-outs","1.4 Internal purge","2 Incident","3 Media coverage","4 Aftermath","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Books","6.2 Movies","6.3 Web","7 External links","7.1 Japanese Wikipedia"]	Coordinates: 36°17′20.93″N 138°37′19.38″E / 36.2891472°N 138.6220500°E / 36.2891472; 138.62205001972 hostage crisis and police siege in Japan Asama-Sansō incidentThe Asama-Sansō lodge surrounded by police during the incidentDateFebruary 19 – 28, 1972LocationKaruizawa, Nagano, Japan36°17′20.93″N 138°37′19.38″E / 36.2891472°N 138.6220500°E / 36.2891472; 138.6220500Resulted inHostage rescuedParties Japan Nagano Prefectural Police United Red Army Number 1,500 officers1 armored craneSeveral armored cars 5 Casualties and losses 2 killed26 wounded 1 wounded5 arrested 1 civilian killed, 1 civilian wounded The Asama-Sansō incident (あさま山荘事件, Asama sansō jiken) was a hostage crisis and police siege at a mountain lodge near Karuizawa in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, which lasted from February 19 to February 28, 1972. The police rescue operation on the final day of the standoff was the first marathon live television broadcast in Japan, lasting 10 hours and 40 minutes. The incident began when five armed members of the United Red Army (URA), following a bloody purge that left fourteen members of the group plus one bystander dead, broke into a holiday lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge-keeper as a hostage. A standoff between Japanese police and the URA radicals took place, lasting ten days. The lodge was a natural fortress, solidly constructed of thick concrete on a steep hillside with only one entrance, which, along with their guns, enabled the hostage-takers to keep police at a distance. On February 28, the police stormed the lodge. Two police officers were killed in the assault, the hostage was rescued and the URA radicals were taken into custody. The incident contributed to a decline in popularity of leftist movements in Japan. Background Overview In the 1960s, leftist student movements pervaded Japan's universities, as similar movements did in the West. By the latter half of the decade, these movements had become very factionalized, competitive, and violent. After a series of incidents in which leftist student groups injured or killed law enforcement officials and civilians, the National Police Agency cracked down on these groups, raiding their hideouts and arresting dozens in 1971 and 1972. Attempting to conceal themselves from the police, a core group of radicals from the United Red Army (URA) retreated to a compound in Gunma Prefecture during the winter of 1972. Obtaining guns and cash The two groups that later merged into the United Red Army independently carried out violent acts in early 1971. The Keihin Anti-Security Treaty Joint Struggle Group, led by Hiroko Nagata and Hiroshi Sakaguchi, raided a gun shop in Mooka (Tochigi Prefecture) on February 17, acquiring 9 shotguns, 1 rifle, 1 airgun, and 2300 rounds of ammunition. Panicked by the prompt response of the police, most raiders escaped by car but two were left behind; once arrested, they identified the culprits, resulting in Nagata, Sakaguchi, and the others being placed on the wanted list. Separately, the Red Army Faction led by Tsuneo Mori, and including Kunio Bandō (who is still at large), carried out a series of robberies—4 banks, 3 post offices, and an elementary school—over the period February 22 to July 23, 1971 (referred to by police as "Operation M", for "money"). At the time, leftist student demonstrations were losing momentum, but other than a few journalists and security specialists, no one had heard of these groups before. Mountain hide-outs The police launched a nationwide manhunt, effectively making it impossible for perpetrators to hide, even in distant cities such as Sapporo and Kyoto; both groups decided to converge in the mountainous area of NW Gunma Prefecture. The Keihin Group went to the mountainous area of Gunma Prefecture and set up agitpunkt (agitation points; an aggressive name for a hide-out), collectively the "mountain base" (separate bases on the slopes of Mount Haruna, Mount Kasho, and Mount Myōgi). Separately, the Red Army Faction left the cities and set up an agitpunkt in Yamanashi Prefecture (the Niikura Base). Using funds from the robberies, the URA purchased weapons from the Keihin Group, and in early December 1971 the first joint military exercises were held between the two groups (29 members total). However, a faction emerged within the Keihin Group that resisted integration. On 18 December, radio news announced that Shibano Haruhiko, a member of the Keihin group still in the Tokyo area, had been shot to death during an assault on a police station in Itabashi. On 20 December, the first leadership conference of the combined groups was held at the Haruna base of the Keihin Group. The leaders knew that the police were aware of their general location, and it would be difficult to leave the mountains. Without hope of outside help or escape, in late 1971, the leaders of the two factions, Mori and Nagata, planned a "annihilation operation" (殲滅戦, senmetsusen) which required an ideological review process of criticism and self-criticism of all members. Internal purge It was at the Gunma compound, on the second week of February 1972, that URA chairman Tsuneo Mori and vice-chairman Hiroko Nagata initiated a violent purge of the group. Nagata and Mori directed the deaths by beating of eight URA members, as well as one non-member who happened to be present. Six other members were tied to trees outside, where they froze to death in the frigid weather. On February 16, police arrested Mori, Nagata, and six other URA members at either the compound or at a nearby village. Five others, armed with rifles and shotguns, managed to escape, fleeing on foot through the mountains towards the community of Karuizawa in nearby Nagano Prefecture. These five fugitives were Kunio Bandō (25), a graduate of Kyoto University; Masakuni Yoshino (23), a senior at Yokohama National University; Hiroshi Sakaguchi (25) a dropout of Tokyo Suisan University; Jirō Katō (19), and his brother Saburō Katō (16). Incident Sighting the police pursuit near Karuizawa on February 19, the five radicals took refuge in a vacation lodge called Asama Sansō (Asama Mountain Villa) owned by Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing. The radicals entered the lodge and discovered Yasuko Muta, the 31-year-old wife of the lodge's caretaker. She was the only person in the building, as her husband was walking the dog and the lodge's guests had gone ice skating. The radicals took Muta hostage at gunpoint and barricaded the building. The structure of the lodge, named after nearby Mount Asama, made it a stronghold: it was a three-story wood and concrete edifice built into the side of the hill atop an exposed base of steel-reinforced concrete. The upper floor was slightly larger than the two below, giving the lodge a mushroom appearance. The lodge towered over the steep, snow-covered slopes below and its windows had heavy outer storm shutters. The building's maze-like floor plan and narrow staircases made it easy for the defenders to block off movement inside. The radicals would spend most of their time on the uppermost floor, which contained a kitchen, dining room, tatami-mat sleeping room, and a commanding view of the surrounding valley and hills. The radicals placed large pieces of furniture and futon bedding around the doors and windows and secured them in place with wire. When Muta's husband returned and saw the barricades, he realized what had happened and quickly notified police. The police immediately set up roadblocks and surrounded the lodge to cut off any avenues of escape for the radicals inside. The police initially decided to wait and see if the radicals would surrender on their own. After three days without a surrender offer from the hostage-takers, the police shut off the electricity to the lodge and set up loudspeakers from which the parents of several of the radicals implored them to surrender, to no avail. One of the participating parent’s son had been killed in the purge incident, but both the police and the parent were unaware of this because the full extent of the purge had not yet become known. On February 25, the police units (the Riot Police Unit of the Nagano PPH, with the support of TMPD, Kanagawa and Yamanashi PPH) began to prepare to assault the lodge. A crane equipped with a wrecking ball and an armored driver's compartment was positioned near the building and police armed themselves with ladders, heavy mallets, and chainsaws. Muta's husband implored the radicals by loudspeaker to release his wife, but was ignored. On February 27, the police used a baseball pitching machine to bombard the building with rocks to keep the hostage-takers awake all night. The police moved into position for the assault at 8 a.m. on February 28 and issued a final ultimatum an hour later, which went unheeded by the radicals. At 10 a.m. the crane began to batter the lodge's walls with the wrecking ball. The police cautiously approached the building and began to break through the barricades. By noon, the police had occupied the two lower floors, isolating the radicals and Muta on the top floor. The police experienced difficulty in breaching the radicals' defenses on the top floor, and hours later had not made much headway. They directed high-pressure water hoses at the top floor, gouging out large holes in the building's walls and drenching the radicals and Muta with cold water. During this time, the radicals kept up continuous gunfire on the assaulting police and threw homemade bombs at them. Two policemen, Inspector Shigemitsu Takami (42) and Superintendent Hisataka Uchida (47) were shot and killed and fifteen other policemen were injured. A civilian observer who intruded into the area without police permission was also shot, reportedly by the radicals, and fatally wounded. As darkness fell, the police breached the top floor's barricades and captured one of the Katō brothers. The remaining four radicals burrowed into a pile of futon bedding and refused to surrender. As the police approached them, Bandō shot one of the policemen, Masahiro Endō, in the eye. Endō lost his eye but survived. Eventually, at 6:15 p.m., 280 hours after the incident began, the remaining four radicals were taken into custody and Muta was rescued. Muta was cold but uninjured and told police that her captors had not mistreated her, although they had tied her to a bed during most of the standoff. That same evening, despondent over his son's behavior, Bandō's father hanged himself in his home in Ōtsu, a city near Kyoto. Media coverage At 9:40 a.m. on February 28, public broadcaster NHK began live, continuous coverage of the siege that lasted until 8:20 p.m. that night. Ratings for NHK's coverage averaged 50.8% and peaked at 89.7% at 6:26 p.m. Vehicle traffic was noticeably lighter throughout the day in Tokyo. Media coverage showing police officers consuming instant cup noodles is attributed to have popularized instant noodles as an emergency food in Japan. Aftermath Asama-Sansō (2009) The five radicals were charged on six counts: two murders, one attempted murder, obstructing police in the execution of their duties, violation of the Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law, and illegal confinement. Four were sentenced to long prison terms and Sakaguchi was sentenced to death. On 24 June 2013, the Supreme Court of Japan rejected an appeal from Sakaguchi for a retrial, leaving him on death row awaiting execution. Of the three Katō brothers, the eldest died during the internal group "review process" (purge), the second (aged 19 when arrested) was sentenced to 13 years hard labor, and the youngest (16 when arrested) was sent to reform school. On August 8, 1975, the Japanese government released Bandō and flew him to asylum in Libya in response to demands from Japanese Red Army members who had stormed the U.S. and Swedish embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and taken 53 hostages. Bandō later is believed to have assisted in the hijacking of Japan Airlines Flight 472 from Paris to Tokyo in 1977, forcing the jet to land in Dhaka. He remains at large and reportedly spent time between 1997 and 2007 in Russia, China, the Philippines, and Japan. Muta remained in the Karuizawa, working at another lodge. She refused to speak any further about her ordeal since her initial statements to the police and press after she was rescued. The incident, along with the Lod Airport massacre which occurred several months later and several hijackings, contributed to an intense social backlash amongst the Japanese population against radical student leftist groups. After the hostage incident, the leftist movement in Japan greatly decreased in numbers and enjoyed much less popular support. A 2007 film by Kōji Wakamatsu about the incident titled United Red Army won the Japanese Eyes Best Picture award at the October 2007 Tokyo International Film Festival. Notes ^ Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", "Film looks at '72 Asama ultraleftists," Schreiber, pp. 198–201. ^ 「連合赤軍（統一組）第一審判決」（『判例時報』1052号判例時報社 1981年 ^ 久能靖 (2000). 浅間山荘事件の真実 . 河出書房新社 . pp. 32–34. ISBN 430901349X. ^ 植垣康博『兵士たちの連合赤軍』彩流社 ISBN 4-88202-699-6 2001年（新装版） ^ Schilling, "The final days of revolutionary struggle in Japan", Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Kyodo, "Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources", Kyodo, "Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals", Schreiber, pp. 201–202. ^ Schreiber, pp. 202–205. ^ Schreiber, p. 205–206. ^ Schreiber, pp. 206–207. ^ Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Schreiber, p. 207. ^ Schreiber, pp. 207–208. ^ Schreiber, pp. 208–209. ^ Kyodo, "Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources", Kyodo, "Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals", Schreiber, p. 209. ^ Schreiber, pp. 209–213. ^ Pulvers, "Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy", NHK, "Asama-Sanso Incident", Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Schreiber, pp. 209–217. ^ Murai, Shusuke (22 August 2016). "Cup Noodles slurping strong, 45 years on". The Japan Times Online. Retrieved 10 April 2019. ^ Brickman, Sophie (21 May 2014). "The History of the Ramen Noodle". Retrieved 10 April 2019. ^ Japan Times, "Death-row convict wins libel case", Schreiber, pp. 209–217. ^ Kyodo News, "Top court rejects United Army member's appeal", Japan Times, 27 June 2013, p. 3 ^ A manga version of the story (in Japanese) from the 16-year-old's point of view is told here (because he was a minor, the name is changed to Kishida Keizo) (5 min 25 secs): ヒューマンバグ大学_闇の漫画, Human Bug University: Manga of Darkness (Apr 17, 2020). "【実話】あさま山荘事件…内部ではリンチ殺人が横行。警察が鉄球でアジトを破壊。" . Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved September 1, 2020 – via YouTube. ^ Kyodo", Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources", Japan Times, "Death-row convict wins libel case", Schreiber, pp. 209–217. ^ Schreiber, p. 217. ^ Martin, Alex, "Nuclear fears reawaken mass anger", Japan Times, 12 October 2011, p. 3. ^ Pulvers, "Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy", Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Schreiber, pp. 215–216. ^ Nakamura, "Film looks at '72 Asama ultraleftists". References Books Schreiber, Mark (1996). Shocking Crimes of Postwar Japan. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 4-900737-34-8. Movies Totsunyûseyo! Asama sansô jiken (The Choice of Hercules) at IMDb – Masato Harada (2002) Jitsuroku rengô sekigun: Asama sansô e no michi (United Red Army – The Path to Asama Mountain Lodge) at IMDb – Kōji Wakamatsu (2007) Web Japan Times (October 31, 1997). "Death-row convict wins libel case". Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-04-25. Kyodo News (May 26, 1998). "Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals". FindArticles. Retrieved 2006-07-09. Kyodo News (February 27, 2003). "Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources". BNet. Retrieved 2008-04-25. Nakamura, Akemi (February 1, 2008). "Film looks at '72 Asama ultraleftists". Japan Times. Retrieved 2010-12-24. Nakamura, Akemi (March 20, 2008). "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical". Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-04-25. NHK. "Asama-Sanso Incident". 50 Years of NHK Television. NHK. Retrieved 2006-07-09. Pulvers, Roger (February 11, 2007). "Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy". Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-04-25. Schilling, Mark (March 20, 2008). "The final days of revolutionary struggle in Japan". Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-04-25. External links Japanese Wikipedia 坂口弘 Hiroshi Sakaguchi 永田洋子 Hiroko Nagata 森恒夫 Tsuneo Mori 坂東國男 Kunio Bandō PBM作戦 "Operation M" (along with P/Pegasus and B/Bronco) 印旛沼事件 Inbanuma Incident (attempted escape by members "A" and "B") 真岡銃砲店襲撃事件 Maoka Gun Store Robbery 山岳ベース事件 Sangaku Base Incident (internal purge) 総括 (連合赤軍) Review (United Red Army)—process of criticism and self-criticism vteNew Left in JapanEvents Anpo protests Sanrizuka Struggle 1968–1969 Japanese university protests (Shinjuku riot) Folk guerrilla concerts Japan Airlines Flight 351 Asama-Sansō incident Bombing of the Soji-ji Ossuary Lod Airport massacre Bombing of the Fusetsu no Gunzo and Institute of Northern Cultures Japan Airlines Flight 404 1974 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bombing 1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague 1975 AIA building hostage crisis Japan Airlines Flight 472 Key figures Michiko Kanba Kan'ichi Kuroda Tsuneo Mori Hiroko Nagata Makoto Oda Ryū Ōta Fusako Shigenobu Takaya Shiomi Mitsu Tanaka Mitsuko Tokoro Takaaki Yoshimoto GroupsInsurrectionary East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction Red Army Faction Japanese Red Army United Red Army Multi-tendency Beheiren (Citizen's League for Peace in Vietnam) Zengakuren (post–1958) Zenkyōtō Trotskyist Communist League (Japan) Japan Revolutionary Communist League Japan Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee (Central Core Faction) Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction) InfluencesIdeological Ainu Revolution Theory Anti-imperialism Anti-Japaneseism Maoism Pacifism Self-criticism Trotskyism Women's liberation (Japan) International Anti-Americanism Anti-Stalinist left Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Representation in mediaFilm Night and Fog in Japan (1960) Ecstasy of the Angels (1972) 69 (2004) United Red Army (2007) Children of the Revolution (2010) Literature 69 Hear the Wind Sing Norwegian Wood 36°17′20.93″N 138°37′19.38″E / 36.2891472°N 138.6220500°E / 36.2891472; 138.6220500	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Karuizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuizawa"},{"link_name":"Nagano Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"United Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge"},{"link_name":"Mount Asama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Asama"},{"link_name":"Japanese police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"leftist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftism"}],"text":"1972 hostage crisis and police siege in JapanThe Asama-Sansō incident (あさま山荘事件, Asama sansō jiken) was a hostage crisis and police siege at a mountain lodge near Karuizawa in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, which lasted from February 19 to February 28, 1972. The police rescue operation on the final day of the standoff was the first marathon live television broadcast in Japan, lasting 10 hours and 40 minutes.The incident began when five armed members of the United Red Army (URA), following a bloody purge that left fourteen members of the group plus one bystander dead, broke into a holiday lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge-keeper as a hostage. A standoff between Japanese police and the URA radicals took place, lasting ten days. The lodge was a natural fortress, solidly constructed of thick concrete on a steep hillside with only one entrance, which, along with their guns, enabled the hostage-takers to keep police at a distance.On February 28, the police stormed the lodge. Two police officers were killed in the assault, the hostage was rescued and the URA radicals were taken into custody. The incident contributed to a decline in popularity of leftist movements in Japan.","title":"Asama-Sansō incident"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leftist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftism"},{"link_name":"student movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_movement"},{"link_name":"National Police Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"United Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"In the 1960s, leftist student movements pervaded Japan's universities, as similar movements did in the West. By the latter half of the decade, these movements had become very factionalized, competitive, and violent. After a series of incidents in which leftist student groups injured or killed law enforcement officials and civilians, the National Police Agency cracked down on these groups, raiding their hideouts and arresting dozens in 1971 and 1972. Attempting to conceal themselves from the police, a core group of radicals from the United Red Army (URA) retreated to a compound in Gunma Prefecture during the winter of 1972.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Hiroko Nagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Nagata"},{"link_name":"Mooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooka,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Tochigi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1052_Decision-2"},{"link_name":"Red Army Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_Faction_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Tsuneo Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuneo_Mori"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Obtaining guns and cash","text":"The two groups that later merged into the United Red Army independently carried out violent acts in early 1971. The Keihin Anti-Security Treaty Joint Struggle Group, led by Hiroko Nagata and Hiroshi Sakaguchi, raided a gun shop in Mooka (Tochigi Prefecture) on February 17, acquiring 9 shotguns, 1 rifle, 1 airgun, and 2300 rounds of ammunition.[2] Panicked by the prompt response of the police, most raiders escaped by car but two were left behind; once arrested, they identified the culprits, resulting in Nagata, Sakaguchi, and the others being placed on the wanted list.Separately, the Red Army Faction led by Tsuneo Mori, and including Kunio Bandō (who is still at large), carried out a series of robberies—4 banks, 3 post offices, and an elementary school—over the period February 22 to July 23, 1971 (referred to by police as \"Operation M\", for \"money\"). At the time, leftist student demonstrations were losing momentum, but other than a few journalists and security specialists, no one had heard of these groups before.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sapporo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Mount Haruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Haruna"},{"link_name":"Mount Myōgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_My%C5%8Dgi"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Itabashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itabashi"},{"link_name":"self-criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Mountain hide-outs","text":"The police launched a nationwide manhunt, effectively making it impossible for perpetrators to hide, even in distant cities such as Sapporo and Kyoto; both groups decided to converge in the mountainous area of NW Gunma Prefecture. The Keihin Group went to the mountainous area of Gunma Prefecture and set up agitpunkt (agitation points; an aggressive name for a hide-out), collectively the \"mountain base\" (separate bases on the slopes of Mount Haruna, Mount Kasho, and Mount Myōgi). Separately, the Red Army Faction left the cities and set up an agitpunkt in Yamanashi Prefecture (the Niikura Base). Using funds from the robberies, the URA purchased weapons from the Keihin Group, and in early December 1971 the first joint military exercises were held between the two groups (29 members total). However, a faction emerged within the Keihin Group that resisted integration. On 18 December, radio news announced that Shibano Haruhiko, a member of the Keihin group still in the Tokyo area, had been shot to death during an assault on a police station in Itabashi. On 20 December, the first leadership conference of the combined groups was held at the Haruna base of the Keihin Group. The leaders knew that the police were aware of their general location, and it would be difficult to leave the mountains. Without hope of outside help or escape, in late 1971, the leaders of the two factions, Mori and Nagata, planned a \"annihilation operation\" (殲滅戦, senmetsusen) which required an ideological review process of criticism and self-criticism of all members.[4][page needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsuneo Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuneo_Mori"},{"link_name":"Hiroko Nagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Nagata"},{"link_name":"purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge"},{"link_name":"Karuizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuizawa"},{"link_name":"Nagano Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kyoto University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_University"},{"link_name":"Yokohama National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_National_University"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Suisan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Marine_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Internal purge","text":"It was at the Gunma compound, on the second week of February 1972, that URA chairman Tsuneo Mori and vice-chairman Hiroko Nagata initiated a violent purge of the group. Nagata and Mori directed the deaths by beating of eight URA members, as well as one non-member who happened to be present. Six other members were tied to trees outside, where they froze to death in the frigid weather. On February 16, police arrested Mori, Nagata, and six other URA members at either the compound or at a nearby village. Five others, armed with rifles and shotguns, managed to escape, fleeing on foot through the mountains towards the community of Karuizawa in nearby Nagano Prefecture. These five fugitives were Kunio Bandō (25), a graduate of Kyoto University; Masakuni Yoshino (23), a senior at Yokohama National University; Hiroshi Sakaguchi (25) a dropout of Tokyo Suisan University; Jirō Katō (19), and his brother Saburō Katō (16).[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mount Asama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Asama"},{"link_name":"tatami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatami"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"futon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Riot Police Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Police_Unit"},{"link_name":"wrecking ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_ball"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ultimatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimatum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ōtsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu,_Shiga"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Sighting the police pursuit near Karuizawa on February 19, the five radicals took refuge in a vacation lodge called Asama Sansō (Asama Mountain Villa) owned by Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing. The radicals entered the lodge and discovered Yasuko Muta, the 31-year-old wife of the lodge's caretaker. She was the only person in the building, as her husband was walking the dog and the lodge's guests had gone ice skating. The radicals took Muta hostage at gunpoint and barricaded the building.[6]The structure of the lodge, named after nearby Mount Asama, made it a stronghold: it was a three-story wood and concrete edifice built into the side of the hill atop an exposed base of steel-reinforced concrete. The upper floor was slightly larger than the two below, giving the lodge a mushroom appearance. The lodge towered over the steep, snow-covered slopes below and its windows had heavy outer storm shutters. The building's maze-like floor plan and narrow staircases made it easy for the defenders to block off movement inside. The radicals would spend most of their time on the uppermost floor, which contained a kitchen, dining room, tatami-mat sleeping room, and a commanding view of the surrounding valley and hills.[7] The radicals placed large pieces of furniture and futon bedding around the doors and windows and secured them in place with wire.When Muta's husband returned and saw the barricades, he realized what had happened and quickly notified police. The police immediately set up roadblocks and surrounded the lodge to cut off any avenues of escape for the radicals inside.[8] The police initially decided to wait and see if the radicals would surrender on their own. After three days without a surrender offer from the hostage-takers, the police shut off the electricity to the lodge and set up loudspeakers from which the parents of several of the radicals implored them to surrender, to no avail. One of the participating parent’s son had been killed in the purge incident, but both the police and the parent were unaware of this because the full extent of the purge had not yet become known.[9]On February 25, the police units (the Riot Police Unit of the Nagano PPH, with the support of TMPD, Kanagawa and Yamanashi PPH) began to prepare to assault the lodge. A crane equipped with a wrecking ball and an armored driver's compartment was positioned near the building and police armed themselves with ladders, heavy mallets, and chainsaws. Muta's husband implored the radicals by loudspeaker to release his wife, but was ignored. On February 27, the police used a baseball pitching machine to bombard the building with rocks to keep the hostage-takers awake all night.[10]The police moved into position for the assault at 8 a.m. on February 28 and issued a final ultimatum an hour later, which went unheeded by the radicals. At 10 a.m. the crane began to batter the lodge's walls with the wrecking ball. The police cautiously approached the building and began to break through the barricades. By noon, the police had occupied the two lower floors, isolating the radicals and Muta on the top floor.[11]The police experienced difficulty in breaching the radicals' defenses on the top floor, and hours later had not made much headway. They directed high-pressure water hoses at the top floor, gouging out large holes in the building's walls and drenching the radicals and Muta with cold water. During this time, the radicals kept up continuous gunfire on the assaulting police and threw homemade bombs at them. Two policemen, Inspector Shigemitsu Takami (42) and Superintendent Hisataka Uchida (47) were shot and killed and fifteen other policemen were injured. A civilian observer who intruded into the area without police permission was also shot, reportedly by the radicals, and fatally wounded.[12]As darkness fell, the police breached the top floor's barricades and captured one of the Katō brothers. The remaining four radicals burrowed into a pile of futon bedding and refused to surrender. As the police approached them, Bandō shot one of the policemen, Masahiro Endō, in the eye. Endō lost his eye but survived. Eventually, at 6:15 p.m., 280 hours after the incident began, the remaining four radicals were taken into custody and Muta was rescued. Muta was cold but uninjured and told police that her captors had not mistreated her, although they had tied her to a bed during most of the standoff. That same evening, despondent over his son's behavior, Bandō's father hanged himself in his home in Ōtsu, a city near Kyoto.[13]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"instant noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_noodles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"At 9:40 a.m. on February 28, public broadcaster NHK began live, continuous coverage of the siege that lasted until 8:20 p.m. that night. Ratings for NHK's coverage averaged 50.8% and peaked at 89.7% at 6:26 p.m. Vehicle traffic was noticeably lighter throughout the day in Tokyo.[14] Media coverage showing police officers consuming instant cup noodles is attributed to have popularized instant noodles as an emergency food in Japan.[15][16]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asama_sansou.jpg"},{"link_name":"murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"attempted murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_murder"},{"link_name":"obstructing police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice"},{"link_name":"Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm_and_Sword_Possession_Control_Law"},{"link_name":"illegal confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_confinement"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Japanese Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"taken 53 hostages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Japan Airlines Flight 472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_472_(1977)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lod Airport massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kōji Wakamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_Wakamatsu"},{"link_name":"United Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Red_Army_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Asama-Sansō (2009)The five radicals were charged on six counts: two murders, one attempted murder, obstructing police in the execution of their duties, violation of the Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law, and illegal confinement. Four were sentenced to long prison terms and Sakaguchi was sentenced to death. On 24 June 2013, the Supreme Court of Japan rejected an appeal from Sakaguchi for a retrial, leaving him on death row awaiting execution.[17][18]Of the three Katō brothers, the eldest died during the internal group \"review process\" (purge), the second (aged 19 when arrested) was sentenced to 13 years hard labor, and the youngest (16 when arrested) was sent to reform school.[19]On August 8, 1975, the Japanese government released Bandō and flew him to asylum in Libya in response to demands from Japanese Red Army members who had stormed the U.S. and Swedish embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and taken 53 hostages. Bandō later is believed to have assisted in the hijacking of Japan Airlines Flight 472 from Paris to Tokyo in 1977, forcing the jet to land in Dhaka. He remains at large and reportedly spent time between 1997 and 2007 in Russia, China, the Philippines, and Japan.[20]Muta remained in the Karuizawa, working at another lodge. She refused to speak any further about her ordeal since her initial statements to the police and press after she was rescued.[21]The incident, along with the Lod Airport massacre which occurred several months later and several hijackings, contributed to an intense social backlash amongst the Japanese population against radical student leftist groups. After the hostage incident, the leftist movement in Japan greatly decreased in numbers and enjoyed much less popular support.[22][23] A 2007 film by Kōji Wakamatsu about the incident titled United Red Army won the Japanese Eyes Best Picture award at the October 2007 Tokyo International Film Festival.[24]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1052_Decision_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"430901349X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/430901349X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-88202-699-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-88202-699-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Cup Noodles slurping strong, 45 years on\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/22/reference/cup-noodles-slurping-strong-45-years/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"The History of the Ramen Noodle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-history-of-the-ramen-noodle"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Kyodo News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyodo_News"},{"link_name":"Top court rejects United Army member's appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/06/27/national/top-court-rejects-united-red-army-members-appeal/"},{"link_name":"Japan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"【実話】あさま山荘事件…内部ではリンチ殺人が横行。警察が鉄球でアジトを破壊。\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=BF5LTR8nSwY"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211115/BF5LTR8nSwY"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Nuclear fears reawaken mass anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20111012i1.html"},{"link_name":"Japan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"}],"text":"^ Nakamura, \"'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical\", \"Film looks at '72 Asama ultraleftists,\" Schreiber, pp. 198–201.\n\n^ 「連合赤軍（統一組）第一審判決」（『判例時報』1052号判例時報社 1981年\n\n^ 久能靖 [Yasushu Kuno] (2000). 浅間山荘事件の真実 [The Truth about the Asama Sanso Incident]. 河出書房新社 [Kawade Shobo Shinsha]. pp. 32–34. ISBN 430901349X.\n\n^ 植垣康博『兵士たちの連合赤軍』彩流社 ISBN 4-88202-699-6 2001年（新装版）\n\n^ Schilling, \"The final days of revolutionary struggle in Japan\", Nakamura, \"'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical\", Kyodo, \"Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources\", Kyodo, \"Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals\", Schreiber, pp. 201–202.\n\n^ Schreiber, pp. 202–205.\n\n^ Schreiber, p. 205–206.\n\n^ Schreiber, pp. 206–207.\n\n^ Nakamura, \"'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical\", Schreiber, p. 207.\n\n^ Schreiber, pp. 207–208.\n\n^ Schreiber, pp. 208–209.\n\n^ Kyodo, \"Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources\", Kyodo, \"Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals\", Schreiber, p. 209.\n\n^ Schreiber, pp. 209–213.\n\n^ Pulvers, \"Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy\", NHK, \"Asama-Sanso Incident\", Nakamura, \"'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical\", Schreiber, pp. 209–217.\n\n^ Murai, Shusuke (22 August 2016). \"Cup Noodles slurping strong, 45 years on\". The Japan Times Online. Retrieved 10 April 2019.\n\n^ Brickman, Sophie (21 May 2014). \"The History of the Ramen Noodle\". Retrieved 10 April 2019.\n\n^ Japan Times, \"Death-row convict wins libel case\", Schreiber, pp. 209–217.\n\n^ Kyodo News, \"Top court rejects United Army member's appeal\", Japan Times, 27 June 2013, p. 3\n\n^ A manga version of the story (in Japanese) from the 16-year-old's point of view is told here (because he was a minor, the name is changed to Kishida Keizo) (5 min 25 secs): ヒューマンバグ大学_闇の漫画, Human Bug University: Manga of Darkness (Apr 17, 2020). \"【実話】あさま山荘事件…内部ではリンチ殺人が横行。警察が鉄球でアジトを破壊。\" [(True story) Asama-Sansō incident: prevalence of internal lynching: police destroy agitpunkt with wrecking ball]. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved September 1, 2020 – via YouTube.\n\n^ Kyodo\", Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources\", Japan Times, \"Death-row convict wins libel case\", Schreiber, pp. 209–217.\n\n^ Schreiber, p. 217.\n\n^ Martin, Alex, \"Nuclear fears reawaken mass anger\", Japan Times, 12 October 2011, p. 3.\n\n^ Pulvers, \"Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy\", Nakamura, \"'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical\", Schreiber, pp. 215–216.\n\n^ Nakamura, \"Film looks at '72 Asama ultraleftists\".","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Asama-Sansō (2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Asama_sansou.jpg/220px-Asama_sansou.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"久能靖 [Yasushu Kuno] (2000). 浅間山荘事件の真実 [The Truth about the Asama Sanso Incident]. 河出書房新社 [Kawade Shobo Shinsha]. pp. 32–34. ISBN 430901349X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/430901349X","url_text":"430901349X"}]},{"reference":"Murai, Shusuke (22 August 2016). \"Cup Noodles slurping strong, 45 years on\". The Japan Times Online. Retrieved 10 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/22/reference/cup-noodles-slurping-strong-45-years/","url_text":"\"Cup Noodles slurping strong, 45 years on\""}]},{"reference":"Brickman, Sophie (21 May 2014). \"The History of the Ramen Noodle\". Retrieved 10 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-history-of-the-ramen-noodle","url_text":"\"The History of the Ramen Noodle\""}]},{"reference":"ヒューマンバグ大学_闇の漫画, Human Bug University: Manga of Darkness (Apr 17, 2020). \"【実話】あさま山荘事件…内部ではリンチ殺人が横行。警察が鉄球でアジトを破壊。\" [(True story) Asama-Sansō incident: prevalence of internal lynching: police destroy agitpunkt with wrecking ball]. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved September 1, 2020 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BF5LTR8nSwY","url_text":"\"【実話】あさま山荘事件…内部ではリンチ殺人が横行。警察が鉄球でアジトを破壊。\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211115/BF5LTR8nSwY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schreiber, Mark (1996). Shocking Crimes of Postwar Japan. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 4-900737-34-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-900737-34-8","url_text":"4-900737-34-8"}]},{"reference":"Japan Times (October 31, 1997). \"Death-row convict wins libel case\". Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"},{"url":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19971031b3.html","url_text":"\"Death-row convict wins libel case\""}]},{"reference":"Kyodo News (May 26, 1998). \"Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals\". FindArticles. Retrieved 2006-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyodo_News","url_text":"Kyodo News"},{"url":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_1998_June_1/ai_50189563","url_text":"\"Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals\""}]},{"reference":"Kyodo News (February 27, 2003). \"Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources\". BNet. Retrieved 2008-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyodo_News","url_text":"Kyodo News"},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_March_3/ai_98259549","url_text":"\"Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources\""}]},{"reference":"Nakamura, Akemi (February 1, 2008). \"Film looks at '72 Asama ultraleftists\". Japan Times. Retrieved 2010-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080201a4.html","url_text":"\"Film looks at '72 Asama ultraleftists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Nakamura, Akemi (March 20, 2008). \"'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical\". Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ff20080320r2.html","url_text":"\"'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"NHK. \"Asama-Sanso Incident\". 50 Years of NHK Television. NHK. Retrieved 2006-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK","url_text":"NHK"},{"url":"http://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/history/p16/index.html","url_text":"\"Asama-Sanso Incident\""}]},{"reference":"Pulvers, Roger (February 11, 2007). \"Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy\". 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Retrieved 2008-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/mail/ff20080320r1.html","url_text":"\"The final days of revolutionary struggle in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Asama-Sans%C5%8D_incident&params=36_17_20.93_N_138_37_19.38_E_source:jawiki_region:JP","external_links_name":"36°17′20.93″N 138°37′19.38″E / 36.2891472°N 138.6220500°E / 36.2891472; 138.6220500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Asama-Sans%C5%8D_incident&params=36_17_20.93_N_138_37_19.38_E_","external_links_name":"36°17′20.93″N 138°37′19.38″E / 36.2891472°N 138.6220500°E / 36.2891472; 138.6220500"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/22/reference/cup-noodles-slurping-strong-45-years/","external_links_name":"\"Cup Noodles slurping strong, 45 years on\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-history-of-the-ramen-noodle","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Ramen Noodle\""},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/06/27/national/top-court-rejects-united-red-army-members-appeal/","external_links_name":"Top court rejects United Army member's appeal"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BF5LTR8nSwY","external_links_name":"\"【実話】あさま山荘事件…内部ではリンチ殺人が横行。警察が鉄球でアジトを破壊。\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211115/BF5LTR8nSwY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20111012i1.html","external_links_name":"Nuclear fears reawaken mass anger"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0324296/","external_links_name":"Totsunyûseyo! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%9339)	Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)	["1 Background","2 The war","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"]	Series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire (1623-1639) Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639Part of the Ottoman–Persian WarsMap of the Safavid state. The area of Mesopotamia, permanently lost to the Ottomans in 1639 is shaded.Date1623–1639LocationMesopotamia (Iraq), South CaucasusResult Ottoman victoryTerritorialchanges Permanent partition of the Caucasus,recognition of Ottoman control of IraqBelligerents Safavid Iran Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti Musha'sha Ottoman Empire Muntafiq Crimean Khanate Emirate of Mount LebanonCommanders and leaders Shah Abbas I (Until 1629) Shah Safi (From 1629) Giorgi Saakadze Emir Gune-oğlu (defected) Murad IV Hafız Ahmed Pasha Gazi Hüsrev Pasha vteOttoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) 1st Baghdad 2nd Baghdad Yerevan Tabriz 3rd Baghdad vteOttoman–Persian Wars Ottoman–Safavid Wars Chaldiran War of 1532–1555 War of 1578–1590 War of 1603–1612 War of 1616–1618 War of 1623–1639 Occupation of Basra 1697–1701 Campaigns of Nader Shah War of 1730–1735 War of 1743–1746 Subsequent conflicts War of 1775–1776 War of 1821–1823 The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 was a conflict fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia. After initial Persian success in recapturing Baghdad and most of modern Iraq, having lost it for 90 years, the war became a stalemate as the Persians were unable to press further into the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottomans themselves were distracted by wars in Europe and weakened by internal turmoil. Eventually, the Ottomans were able to recover Baghdad, taking heavy losses in the final siege, and the signing of the Treaty of Zuhab ended the war in an Ottoman victory. Roughly speaking, the treaty restored the borders of 1555, with the Safavids keeping Daghestan, Shirvan, eastern Georgia, and Eastern Armenia, while western Georgia and Western Armenia decisively came under Ottoman rule. The eastern part of Samtskhe (Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well as Mesopotamia. Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history, notably during the reigns of Nader Shah (1736–1747) and Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779), it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of World War I. Background Starting in 1514, for over a century the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran were engaged in almost constant warfare over control of the South Caucasus and Mesopotamia. The two states were the greatest powers of West Asia, and the rivalry was further fueled by dogmatic differences: the Ottomans were Sunnis, while the Safavids were staunch Shia Muslims, who were seen as heretics by the Ottomans. After the Battle of Chaldiran eliminated Safavid influence in Anatolia, during the war of 1532–55 the Ottomans conquered Arab Iraq, taking Baghdad in 1534 and securing recognition of their gains by the Treaty of Amasya in 1555. Peace lasted for two decades before another war began in 1578. The Persians were hard pressed, as the Ottoman advances were combined with an attack by the Shaybanids into Persian Khorasan. The war ended with the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590, with a clear Ottoman victory: the Ottomans occupied Georgia, Revan, and even the former Safavid capital, Tabriz. The new Persian Shah, Abbas the Great (reigned 1588–1629), reorganized his army, raising the new gholam infantry in imitation of the Janissaries, conscripted from tens of thousands of mostly Circassians and Georgians armed with the best equipment and training, and bided his time. In 1603, he launched an offensive that retook Tabriz, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the same year. The Ottomans, distracted by wars with the Habsburg monarchy in Europe, failed to offer effective resistance. By 1622, following a successful conclusion of the war against the Mughals, and encouraged by the internal turmoil within the Ottoman Empire that followed the murder of Sultan Osman II (r. 1618–22), Abbas resolved to attack the Ottoman possessions in Iraq. The war The Shah's opportunity came with a series of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire: Abaza Mehmed Pasha, the governor of Erzurum, rose in rebellion, while Baghdad had been since 1621 in the hands of an officer of the Janissaries, the subashi Bakr, and his followers. Bakr had sought his recognition as the local pasha from the Porte, but the Sultan had ordered Hafız Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Diyarbakir, to intervene. Bakr then turned to Abbas, who sent troops to Bakr's aid. To forestall a Persian capture of Baghdad, Hafız Ahmed quickly restored relations with Bakr, who returned to Ottoman allegiance. In response, the Persians besieged Baghdad and took it on 14 January 1624, with the aid of Bakr's son, Muhammad. The fall of the city was followed by the massacre of a large part of its Sunni inhabitants, as the Shah endeavored to transform Baghdad into a purely Shiite city. The fall of Baghdad was a major blow to Ottoman prestige. Ottoman garrisons and the local tribes began to defect, and the Persians soon captured most of Iraq, including the cities of Kirkuk and Mosul and the Shia holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala, which the Shah visited. In 1625, Hafız Ahmed Pasha, now Grand Vizier, marched to retake Baghdad. Despite a "scorched earth" policy ordered by the Shah, the Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November on three sides. The Ottoman assaults on the city managed to penetrate the outer fortifications, but failed to take the city before the arrival of a relief army under Shah Abbas. The Ottomans then withdrew within their strongly fortified camp, and continued to prosecute the siege. In response, Abbas decided to intercept Ottoman supply convoys. This strategy bore fruit: the Ottomans were forced to risk an attack on the Persian army, which was repulsed with heavy losses, and on 4 July 1626, the Ottoman army lifted the siege and withdrew to Mosul. The campaign of Yerevan (1635) (Revan on the map) was led by sultan Murad IV and resulted in the capture of Yerevan on 8 August and Tabriz on 11 September. In 1629, the Ottomans, having secured peace with the Habsburgs, mustered their forces for another offensive under the new and capable Grand Vizier Gazi Hüsrev Pasha. A severe winter and heavy floods made operations in central Iraq impossible, and Hüsrev turned his army east instead, invading Persia proper. On 4 May 1630 he routed the Persians under Zainal Khan Begdeli Shamlu in battle at Mahidasht near Kermanshah and proceeded to sack the city of Hamadan. Hüsrev Pasha then turned back towards Baghdad and besieged it in November. However the siege had to be lifted soon, as the onset of another heavy winter threatened his lines of communication. In the wake of his withdrawal, the Persians re-established their control of Iraq, and subdued the rebellious Kurdish populations. The next few years saw constant raiding and skirmishes, without either side claiming any decisive advantage. Shah Safi (r. 1629–42) sent a peace delegation to the Ottoman court, but the new Grand Vizier, Tabanıyassi Mehmed Pasha, rejected its demands. The Caucasian front of the Persians flared up again in 1633, when the restless Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti, under the rule of King Teimuraz, defied Safavid sovereignty. In 1634, Rustam Khan, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah to subdue them. Teimuraz was defeated, but managed to escape to safety in Imereti. He would nevertheless manage to restore himself on the throne of Kakheti in 1638, and even win Persian recognition of this fact. In 1635, in a conscious effort to emulate his warrior predecessors, Sultan Murad IV himself took up the leadership of the army. The Ottomans took Revan (on 8 August) and plundered Tabriz. The victorious Sultan returned in triumph to Constantinople, but his victories were short-lived: in the spring of the next year, Shah Safi retook Revan and defeated an Ottoman army. Renewed Persian peace proposals failed, and in 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days, effectively restoring Ottoman control over Iraq, and peace negotiations began soon after. Aftermath The Treaty of Zuhab, concluded on 17 May 1639, finally settled the Ottoman–Persian frontier, with Iraq permanently ceded to the Ottomans. Mesopotamia, which had formed an important part of various Persian empires from the time of the Achaemenids, was thereby irrevocably lost. The rest of the borders were restored roughly according to the way they were in 1555, with Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern Georgia, and the contemporary Azerbaijan Republic remaining Persian, while Ottoman gains in Western Georgia and Western Armenia were made decisive. In broad terms, the Treaty of Zuhab reconfirmed the provisions of the 1555 Peace of Amasya. Eastern Samtskhe (Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well, making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession. The peace established a permanent equilibrium of power in the region, and despite future conflicts and minor adjustments, the frontier postulated by the treaty remains to this day the western border of Iran with Iraq and Turkey. See also Capture of Baghdad (1638) References ^ Rhoads Murphey (2011). Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800. p. 64. Another high-ranking defector from the east who joined Murad IV's court almost a century later, in 1635, was the former governor of Erivan, Emir Gune-oğlu, who was assigned the name Yusuf Paşa after his defection to Ottomans. ^ Kia, Mehrdad (2017). The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. ISBN 978-1610693899. In October 1638 Ottoman forces returned to Mesopotamia, stormed Baghdad, and captured the city in December despite sustaining heavy casualties. These included the grand vizier, who "was killed leading the assault" (Sykes: 2:211). The Safavids were forced to sue for peace. On May 17, 1639 the Ottoman Empire and Iran signed a treaty (...) ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 104–105 ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 125, 135 ^ İnalcik (1978), p. 338 ^ a b Faroqhi (2006), p. 47 ^ DM Lang. "Georgia and the Fall of the Safavi Dynasty", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 14, No. 3, Studies Presented to Vladimir Minorsky by His Colleagues and Friends (1952), pp. 523–39 ^ a b c İnalcik (1978), p. 339 ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 203–205 ^ a b c d e Cooper (1979), p. 631 ^ Finkel (2006), p. 205 ^ a b c Savory (2007), p. 89 ^ Savory (2007), p. 90 ^ Roemer (1989), p. 283 ^ a b c d Roemer (1989), p. 284 ^ Cooper (1979), pp.631–632 ^ Roemer (1989), p. 286 ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 215–216 ^ a b c d Roemer (1989), p. 285 ^ a b Finkel (2006), p. 217 ^ Wallimann, Isidor (March 2000). Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815628286. ^ Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (10 November 2004). Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Routledge. ISBN 9781135798376. ^ Floor 2001, p. 85. ^ Floor 2008, p. 140. ^ Cooper (1979), p. 634 Sources Cooper, J. P. (1979). The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume IV: The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609–48/59. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0521297134. Faroqhi, Suraiya (2006). The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521620956. Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2. Floor, Willem (2001). Safavid Government Institutions. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1568591353. Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232. İnalcik, Halil (1978). "2 - The heyday and decline of the Ottoman empire". In Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1a. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521291356. Newman, Andrew J. (2006). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860646676. Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. ISBN 0521200946. Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521042512.	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After initial Persian success in recapturing Baghdad and most of modern Iraq, having lost it for 90 years, the war became a stalemate as the Persians were unable to press further into the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottomans themselves were distracted by wars in Europe and weakened by internal turmoil. Eventually, the Ottomans were able to recover Baghdad, taking heavy losses in the final siege, and the signing of the Treaty of Zuhab ended the war in an Ottoman victory.[2] Roughly speaking, the treaty restored the borders of 1555, with the Safavids keeping Daghestan, Shirvan, eastern Georgia, and Eastern Armenia, while western Georgia and Western Armenia decisively came under Ottoman rule. The eastern part of Samtskhe (Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well as Mesopotamia. Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history, notably during the reigns of Nader Shah (1736–1747) and Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779), it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of World War I.","title":"Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Safavid Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"constant warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"West Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia"},{"link_name":"Sunnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chaldiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran"},{"link_name":"war of 1532–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%9355)"},{"link_name":"Arab Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Amasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amasya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)"},{"link_name":"Shaybanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaybanids"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Revan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLL338-5"},{"link_name":"Abbas the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great"},{"link_name":"gholam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Safavid_Iran#Gholam"},{"link_name":"Janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faroqhi47-6"},{"link_name":"Circassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1603%E2%80%931618)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Province_(Safavid_Iran)"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLL339-8"},{"link_name":"war against the Mughals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal-Safavid_War_(1622%E2%80%931623)"},{"link_name":"Osman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_II"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLL339-8"}],"text":"Starting in 1514, for over a century the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran were engaged in almost constant warfare over control of the South Caucasus and Mesopotamia. The two states were the greatest powers of West Asia, and the rivalry was further fueled by dogmatic differences: the Ottomans were Sunnis, while the Safavids were staunch Shia Muslims, who were seen as heretics by the Ottomans.[3]After the Battle of Chaldiran eliminated Safavid influence in Anatolia, during the war of 1532–55 the Ottomans conquered Arab Iraq, taking Baghdad in 1534 and securing recognition of their gains by the Treaty of Amasya in 1555.[4] Peace lasted for two decades before another war began in 1578. The Persians were hard pressed, as the Ottoman advances were combined with an attack by the Shaybanids into Persian Khorasan. The war ended with the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590, with a clear Ottoman victory: the Ottomans occupied Georgia, Revan, and even the former Safavid capital, Tabriz.[5]The new Persian Shah, Abbas the Great (reigned 1588–1629), reorganized his army, raising the new gholam infantry in imitation of the Janissaries,[6] conscripted from tens of thousands of mostly Circassians and Georgians armed with the best equipment and training,[7] and bided his time. In 1603, he launched an offensive that retook Tabriz, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the same year. The Ottomans, distracted by wars with the Habsburg monarchy in Europe, failed to offer effective resistance.[8] By 1622, following a successful conclusion of the war against the Mughals, and encouraged by the internal turmoil within the Ottoman Empire that followed the murder of Sultan Osman II (r. 1618–22), Abbas resolved to attack the Ottoman possessions in Iraq.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abaza Mehmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_Mehmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum"},{"link_name":"rose in rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"subashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubashi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper631-10"},{"link_name":"pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Porte"},{"link_name":"Hafız Ahmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibeli_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakir"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper631-10"},{"link_name":"besieged Baghdad and took it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1624)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper631-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finkel205-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faroqhi47-6"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLL339-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savory89-12"},{"link_name":"Hafız Ahmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"scorched earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savory89-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savory89-12"},{"link_name":"convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"Ottoman army lifted the siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1625-1626)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper631-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savory90-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revan_seferi_harita_1635_Sultan_Murad_IV.png"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Gazi Hüsrev Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_H%C3%BCsrev_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kermanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanshah"},{"link_name":"Hamadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper631-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer284-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer284-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Safi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Tabanıyassi Mehmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taban%C4%B1yassi_Mehmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer284-15"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"King Teimuraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"Rustam Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam_Khan_(Sipahsalar)"},{"link_name":"Imereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imereti"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer286-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer284-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer285-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finkel217-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer285-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finkel217-20"}],"text":"The Shah's opportunity came with a series of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire: Abaza Mehmed Pasha, the governor of Erzurum, rose in rebellion, while Baghdad had been since 1621 in the hands of an officer of the Janissaries, the subashi Bakr, and his followers.[9][10] Bakr had sought his recognition as the local pasha from the Porte, but the Sultan had ordered Hafız Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Diyarbakir, to intervene.[10] Bakr then turned to Abbas, who sent troops to Bakr's aid. To forestall a Persian capture of Baghdad, Hafız Ahmed quickly restored relations with Bakr, who returned to Ottoman allegiance. In response, the Persians besieged Baghdad and took it on 14 January 1624, with the aid of Bakr's son, Muhammad.[10][11] The fall of the city was followed by the massacre of a large part of its Sunni inhabitants, as the Shah endeavored to transform Baghdad into a purely Shiite city.[6]The fall of Baghdad was a major blow to Ottoman prestige. Ottoman garrisons and the local tribes began to defect, and the Persians soon captured most of Iraq, including the cities of Kirkuk and Mosul and the Shia holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala, which the Shah visited.[8][12] In 1625, Hafız Ahmed Pasha, now Grand Vizier, marched to retake Baghdad. Despite a \"scorched earth\" policy ordered by the Shah, the Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November on three sides.[12] The Ottoman assaults on the city managed to penetrate the outer fortifications, but failed to take the city before the arrival of a relief army under Shah Abbas. The Ottomans then withdrew within their strongly fortified camp, and continued to prosecute the siege.[12] In response, Abbas decided to intercept Ottoman supply convoys. This strategy bore fruit: the Ottomans were forced to risk an attack on the Persian army, which was repulsed with heavy losses, and on 4 July 1626, the Ottoman army lifted the siege and withdrew to Mosul.[10][13]The campaign of Yerevan (1635) (Revan on the map) was led by sultan Murad IV and resulted in the capture of Yerevan on 8 August and Tabriz on 11 September.In 1629, the Ottomans, having secured peace with the Habsburgs, mustered their forces for another offensive under the new and capable Grand Vizier Gazi Hüsrev Pasha.[14] A severe winter and heavy floods made operations in central Iraq impossible, and Hüsrev turned his army east instead, invading Persia proper. On 4 May 1630 he routed the Persians under Zainal Khan Begdeli Shamlu in battle at Mahidasht near Kermanshah and proceeded to sack the city of Hamadan.[10][15] Hüsrev Pasha then turned back towards Baghdad and besieged it in November. However the siege had to be lifted soon, as the onset of another heavy winter threatened his lines of communication.[15][16] In the wake of his withdrawal, the Persians re-established their control of Iraq, and subdued the rebellious Kurdish populations. The next few years saw constant raiding and skirmishes, without either side claiming any decisive advantage. Shah Safi (r. 1629–42) sent a peace delegation to the Ottoman court, but the new Grand Vizier, Tabanıyassi Mehmed Pasha, rejected its demands.[15] The Caucasian front of the Persians flared up again in 1633, when the restless Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti, under the rule of King Teimuraz, defied Safavid sovereignty. In 1634, Rustam Khan, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah to subdue them. Teimuraz was defeated, but managed to escape to safety in Imereti. He would nevertheless manage to restore himself on the throne of Kakheti in 1638, and even win Persian recognition of this fact.[17]In 1635, in a conscious effort to emulate his warrior predecessors, Sultan Murad IV himself took up the leadership of the army. The Ottomans took Revan (on 8 August) and plundered Tabriz.[15][18] The victorious Sultan returned in triumph to Constantinople, but his victories were short-lived: in the spring of the next year, Shah Safi retook Revan and defeated an Ottoman army.[19][20] Renewed Persian peace proposals failed, and in 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days, effectively restoring Ottoman control over Iraq, and peace negotiations began soon after.[19][20]","title":"The war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Zuhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab"},{"link_name":"Achaemenids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenids"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer285-19"},{"link_name":"1555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya"},{"link_name":"Eastern Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Republic"},{"link_name":"Western Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Peace of Amasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Samtskhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200185-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008140-24"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roemer285-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The Treaty of Zuhab, concluded on 17 May 1639, finally settled the Ottoman–Persian frontier, with Iraq permanently ceded to the Ottomans. Mesopotamia, which had formed an important part of various Persian empires from the time of the Achaemenids, was thereby irrevocably lost.[19] The rest of the borders were restored roughly according to the way they were in 1555, with Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern Georgia, and the contemporary Azerbaijan Republic remaining Persian, while Ottoman gains in Western Georgia and Western Armenia were made decisive.[21] In broad terms, the Treaty of Zuhab reconfirmed the provisions of the 1555 Peace of Amasya.[22] Eastern Samtskhe (Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well, making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession.[23][24] The peace established a permanent equilibrium of power in the region, and despite future conflicts and minor adjustments, the frontier postulated by the treaty remains to this day the western border of Iran with Iraq and Turkey.[19][25]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521297134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521297134"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521620956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521620956"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7195-6112-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6112-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1568591353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568591353"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1933823232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933823232"},{"link_name":"İnalcik, Halil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalcik"},{"link_name":"Holt, P. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._M._Holt"},{"link_name":"Lambton, Ann K. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Lambton"},{"link_name":"Lewis, Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521291356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521291356"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781860646676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860646676"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521200946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521200946"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521042512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521042512"}],"text":"Cooper, J. P. (1979). The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume IV: The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609–48/59. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0521297134.\nFaroqhi, Suraiya (2006). The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521620956.\nFinkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2.\nFloor, Willem (2001). Safavid Government Institutions. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1568591353.\nFloor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.\nİnalcik, Halil (1978). \"2 - The heyday and decline of the Ottoman empire\". In Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1a. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521291356.\nNewman, Andrew J. (2006). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860646676.\nRoemer, H. R. (1986). \"The Safavid Period\". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. ISBN 0521200946.\nSavory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521042512.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"The campaign of Yerevan (1635) (Revan on the map) was led by sultan Murad IV and resulted in the capture of Yerevan on 8 August and Tabriz on 11 September.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Revan_seferi_harita_1635_Sultan_Murad_IV.png/400px-Revan_seferi_harita_1635_Sultan_Murad_IV.png"}]	[{"title":"Capture of Baghdad (1638)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)"}]	[{"reference":"Rhoads Murphey (2011). Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800. p. 64. Another high-ranking defector from the east who joined Murad IV's court almost a century later, in 1635, was the former governor of Erivan, Emir Gune-oğlu, who was assigned the name Yusuf Paşa after his defection to Ottomans.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kia, Mehrdad (2017). The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. ISBN 978-1610693899. In October 1638 Ottoman forces returned to Mesopotamia, stormed Baghdad, and captured the city in December despite sustaining heavy casualties. These included the grand vizier, who \"was killed leading the assault\" (Sykes: 2:211). The Safavids were forced to sue for peace. On May 17, 1639 the Ottoman Empire and Iran signed a treaty (...)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610693899","url_text":"978-1610693899"}]},{"reference":"Wallimann, Isidor (March 2000). Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815628286.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yED-aVDCbycC&pg=PA228","url_text":"Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815628286","url_text":"9780815628286"}]},{"reference":"Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (10 November 2004). Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Routledge. ISBN 9781135798376.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47","url_text":"Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135798376","url_text":"9781135798376"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, J. P. (1979). The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume IV: The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609–48/59. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0521297134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521297134","url_text":"978-0521297134"}]},{"reference":"Faroqhi, Suraiya (2006). The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521620956.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521620956","url_text":"9780521620956"}]},{"reference":"Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6112-2","url_text":"978-0-7195-6112-2"}]},{"reference":"Floor, Willem (2001). Safavid Government Institutions. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1568591353.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568591353","url_text":"978-1568591353"}]},{"reference":"Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933823232","url_text":"978-1933823232"}]},{"reference":"İnalcik, Halil (1978). \"2 - The heyday and decline of the Ottoman empire\". In Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1a. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521291356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalcik","url_text":"İnalcik, Halil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._M._Holt","url_text":"Holt, P. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Lambton","url_text":"Lambton, Ann K. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, Bernard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521291356","url_text":"0521291356"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Andrew J. (2006). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860646676.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860646676","url_text":"9781860646676"}]},{"reference":"Roemer, H. R. (1986). \"The Safavid Period\". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. ISBN 0521200946.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521200946","url_text":"0521200946"}]},{"reference":"Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521042512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521042512","url_text":"9780521042512"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yED-aVDCbycC&pg=PA228","external_links_name":"Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Eaglescliffe_Hall	SS Eaglescliffe Hall	["1 Pre-war service","2 World War II service","3 Post-war service","4 References"]	Freight vessel History Canada/United Kingdom NameSS Eaglescliffe Hall OperatorHall Corp. of Canada BuilderSmiths Dock Company, South Bank, Middlesbrough Launched5 April 1928 Completed1928 RenamedRenamed David Barclay in 1955 FateSunk, 25 October 1961 General characteristics TypeBulk freighter Tonnage1,900 tons Length253 ft Beam43 ft Height20 ft PropulsionTriple expansion engine The SS Eaglescliffe Hall was a bulk freighter initially built to serve the Canadians on the Great Lakes. She left the lakes during the Second World War to transport goods around Britain, but returned in 1959. She sank off the west Coast of Canada in 1961 after conversion to a log barge. Pre-war service The Eaglescliffe Hall was built in 1928 at the yards of Smiths Dock Company, South Bank, Middlesbrough. She was sailed across the Atlantic to enter service with Hall Corporation, based in Canada. World War II service On the outbreak of war she was fitted to cross the Atlantic to support the merchant navy in British waters. She joined the ill-fated convoy SC 7 which sailed from Sydney, Nova Scotia on 5 October 1940. She was carrying a cargo of timber. The poorly escorted convoy came under heavy U-boat attack, and a number of the ships were sunk. Eaglescliffe Hall was straggling behind the main convoy and was able to pick up survivors from the torpedoed Greek merchant SS Aenos. She safely reached port. She was soon busy on a number of local convoys, including trips from Seaham to London, carrying coal for the London power stations. Whilst at anchor off Sunderland on 10 August 1941 the Eaglescliffe Hall was attacked by German bombers. One bomb fell into the hold but did not detonate, the second hit the side and fell into the water. A third bomb struck the engine room, killing two people, including the chief engineer, and wounding several others. The Eaglescliffe Hall was towed to Sunderland on 13 August and from there to the Tyne on 20 August for repairs. Eaglescliffe Hall again found herself in trouble later that year, when the Sheringham lifeboat Foresters' Centenary had to rescue 15 men from her on 29–30 October 1941. The lifeboat's coxwain, a man named Dumble, was awarded the RNLI's Bronze Medal for the rescue. Post-war service Eaglescliffe Hall remained in service, and in 1955 was sold to Colonial Steamships Ltd, where she was renamed David Barclay. David Barclay was sold to Scott Misener of Canada in 1959 and returned to service on the Great Lakes for two years. She was sold to Kingcome Navigation Ltd., Vancouver in 1961 and was converted to a log barge. She sank later that year whilst under tow in waters off British Columbia on 25 October 1961. References ^ SS Aenos at Uboat.net ^ BBC.co.uk - The People's War ^ Records of the Sheringham lifeboat Specifications of Eaglescliffe Hall Eaglescliffe Hall's convoys at Convoyweb.org	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"The SS Eaglescliffe Hall was a bulk freighter initially built to serve the Canadians on the Great Lakes. She left the lakes during the Second World War to transport goods around Britain, but returned in 1959. She sank off the west Coast of Canada in 1961 after conversion to a log barge.","title":"SS Eaglescliffe Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smiths Dock Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Dock_Company"},{"link_name":"South Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bank,_Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"}],"text":"The Eaglescliffe Hall was built in 1928 at the yards of Smiths Dock Company, South Bank, Middlesbrough. She was sailed across the Atlantic to enter service with Hall Corporation, based in Canada.","title":"Pre-war service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convoy SC 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_SC_7"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"SS Aenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Aenos_(1910)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Seaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaham"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Sheringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheringham"},{"link_name":"lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)"},{"link_name":"Foresters' Centenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheringham_lifeboat_Forester%E2%80%99s_Centenary_ON_786"},{"link_name":"RNLI's Bronze Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_of_the_Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution#Medal_of_the_RNLI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On the outbreak of war she was fitted to cross the Atlantic to support the merchant navy in British waters. She joined the ill-fated convoy SC 7 which sailed from Sydney, Nova Scotia on 5 October 1940. She was carrying a cargo of timber. The poorly escorted convoy came under heavy U-boat attack, and a number of the ships were sunk. Eaglescliffe Hall was straggling behind the main convoy and was able to pick up survivors from the torpedoed Greek merchant SS Aenos. She safely reached port.[1]She was soon busy on a number of local convoys, including trips from Seaham to London, carrying coal for the London power stations. Whilst at anchor off Sunderland on 10 August 1941 the Eaglescliffe Hall was attacked by German bombers. One bomb fell into the hold but did not detonate, the second hit the side and fell into the water. A third bomb struck the engine room, killing two people, including the chief engineer, and wounding several others.[2] The Eaglescliffe Hall was towed to Sunderland on 13 August and from there to the Tyne on 20 August for repairs. Eaglescliffe Hall again found herself in trouble later that year, when the Sheringham lifeboat Foresters' Centenary had to rescue 15 men from her on 29–30 October 1941. The lifeboat's coxwain, a man named Dumble, was awarded the RNLI's Bronze Medal for the rescue.[3]","title":"World War II service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"}],"text":"Eaglescliffe Hall remained in service, and in 1955 was sold to Colonial Steamships Ltd, where she was renamed David Barclay.David Barclay was sold to Scott Misener of Canada in 1959 and returned to service on the Great Lakes for two years.She was sold to Kingcome Navigation Ltd., Vancouver in 1961 and was converted to a log barge. She sank later that year whilst under tow in waters off British Columbia on 25 October 1961.","title":"Post-war service"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/599.html","external_links_name":"SS Aenos at Uboat.net"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/56/a4078956.shtml","external_links_name":"BBC.co.uk - The People's War"},{"Link":"http://www.sheringhamlifeboat.co.uk/history.htm","external_links_name":"Records of the Sheringham lifeboat"},{"Link":"http://www.dalnet.lib.mi.us/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0shipping--00-0-0-0prompt-10---4---Document---0-1l--1-en-50---20-help---001-011-1-0utfZz-8-0&a=d&cl=CL5.51&d=HASH3a35bd09e266a27fa5f550","external_links_name":"Specifications of Eaglescliffe Hall"},{"Link":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/hague/index.html","external_links_name":"Eaglescliffe Hall's convoys at Convoyweb.org"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_of_the_Ghetto	Orphan of the Ghetto	["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	1954 Italian filmOrphan of the GhettoFrench film posterDirected byCarlo CampogallianiWritten byCarlo CampogallianiEzio D'ErricoPiero De BernardiCarolina Invernizio (novel)Emerico PappProduced byLeopoldo ImperialiCinematographyArturo GalleaEdited byLoris BelleroMusic byGiovanni FuscoProductioncompanyAmbraDistributed byVariety DistributionRelease date 1954 (1954) Running time89 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Orphan of the Ghetto (Italian: L'orfana del ghetto) is a 1954 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Carlo Campogalliani. It is based on a novel of the same name by Carolina Invernizio. Cast Franca Marzi Luisella Boni as Viola Anna Arena Renato Baldini Alberto Farnese Carlos Lamas Barbara Leite Carlo Lombardi Nino Marchetti Floriana Mulas Nico Pepe Letizia Quaranta Domenico Serra References ^ Goble p.238 Bibliography Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. External links Orphan of the Ghetto at IMDb Orphan of the Ghetto at Variety Distribution vteThe films of Carlo Campogalliani The Woman at Midnight (1925) Courtyard (1931) The Doctor in Spite of Himself (1931) The Devil's Lantern (1931) Stadium (1934) The Four Musketeers (1936) The Night of Tricks (1939) The Cavalier from Kruja (1940) Forbidden Music (1942) The Innocent Casimiro (1945) The Devil's Gondola (1946) Hand of Death (1949) The Beggar's Daughter (1950) Beauties on Bicycles (1951) Beauties on Motor Scooters (1952) If You Won a Hundred Million (1953) Orphan of the Ghetto (1954) The Song of the Heart (1955) Song of Naples (1957) The Angel of the Alps (1957) Captain Falcon (1958) Goliath and the Barbarians (1959) Son of Samson (1960) Fountain of Trevi (1960) Sword of the Conqueror (1961) Ursus (1961) The Avenger of Venice (1964) This article related to an Italian film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical"},{"link_name":"melodrama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama_film"},{"link_name":"Carlo Campogalliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Campogalliani"},{"link_name":"Carolina Invernizio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Invernizio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Orphan of the Ghetto (Italian: L'orfana del ghetto) is a 1954 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Carlo Campogalliani. It is based on a novel of the same name by Carolina Invernizio.[1]","title":"Orphan of the Ghetto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franca Marzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Marzi"},{"link_name":"Luisella Boni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisella_Boni"},{"link_name":"Anna Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Arena"},{"link_name":"Renato Baldini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Baldini"},{"link_name":"Alberto Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Farnese"},{"link_name":"Carlos Lamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Lamas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbara Leite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Leite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlo Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Lombardi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nino Marchetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Marchetti"},{"link_name":"Floriana Mulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floriana_Mulas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nico Pepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Pepe"},{"link_name":"Letizia Quaranta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letizia_Quaranta"},{"link_name":"Domenico Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Serra"}],"text":"Franca Marzi\nLuisella Boni as Viola\nAnna Arena\nRenato Baldini\nAlberto Farnese\nCarlos Lamas\nBarbara Leite\nCarlo Lombardi\nNino Marchetti\nFloriana Mulas\nNico Pepe\nLetizia Quaranta\nDomenico Serra","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047311/","external_links_name":"Orphan of the Ghetto"},{"Link":"https://www.varietydistribution.it/en/catalogue/orphan-of-the-ghetto-the/","external_links_name":"Orphan of the Ghetto"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orphan_of_the_Ghetto&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-gate_MOSFET	Multigate device	["1 Types","1.1 Planar double-gate MOSFET (DGMOS)","1.2 FlexFET","2 FinFET","2.1 Tri-gate transistor","3 Gate-all-around FET (GAAFET)","3.1 Multi-bridge channel (MBC) FET","4 Industry need","4.1 Integration challenges","5 Compact modeling","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	MOS field-effect transistor with more than one gate A dual-gate MOSFET and schematic symbol Part of a series of articles onNanoelectronics Single-molecule electronics Molecular scale electronics Molecular logic gate Molecular wires Solid-state nanoelectronics Nanocircuitry Nanowires Nanolithography NEMS Nanosensor Moore's law Multigate device Semiconductor device fabrication List of semiconductor scale examples Related approaches Nanoionics Nanophotonics Nanomechanics Portals Electronics portal vte A multigate device, multi-gate MOSFET or multi-gate field-effect transistor (MuGFET) refers to a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that has more than one gate on a single transistor. The multiple gates may be controlled by a single gate electrode, wherein the multiple gate surfaces act electrically as a single gate, or by independent gate electrodes. A multigate device employing independent gate electrodes is sometimes called a multiple-independent-gate field-effect transistor (MIGFET). The most widely used multi-gate devices are the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) and the GAAFET (gate-all-around field-effect transistor), which are non-planar transistors, or 3D transistors. Multi-gate transistors are one of the several strategies being developed by MOS semiconductor manufacturers to create ever-smaller microprocessors and memory cells, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's law (in its narrow, specific version concerning density scaling, exclusive of its careless historical conflation with Dennard scaling). Development efforts into multigate transistors have been reported by the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Toshiba, Grenoble INP, Hitachi, IBM, TSMC, UC Berkeley, Infineon Technologies, Intel, AMD, Samsung Electronics, KAIST, Freescale Semiconductor, and others, and the ITRS predicted correctly that such devices will be the cornerstone of sub-32 nm technologies. The primary roadblock to widespread implementation is manufacturability, as both planar and non-planar designs present significant challenges, especially with respect to lithography and patterning. Other complementary strategies for device scaling include channel strain engineering, silicon-on-insulator-based technologies, and high-κ/metal gate materials. Dual-gate MOSFETs are commonly used in very high frequency (VHF) mixers and in sensitive VHF front-end amplifiers. They are available from manufacturers such as Motorola, NXP Semiconductors, and Hitachi. Types Several multigate models Dozens of multigate transistor variants may be found in the literature. In general, these variants may be differentiated and classified in terms of architecture (planar vs. non-planar design) and the number of channels/gates (2, 3, or 4). Planar double-gate MOSFET (DGMOS) A planar double-gate MOSFET (DGMOS) employs conventional planar (layer-by-layer) manufacturing processes to create double-gate MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) devices, avoiding more stringent lithography requirements associated with non-planar, vertical transistor structures. In planar double-gate transistors the drain–source channel is sandwiched between two independently fabricated gate/gate-oxide stacks. The primary challenge in fabricating such structures is achieving satisfactory self-alignment between the upper and lower gates. FlexFET FlexFET is a planar, independently double-gated transistor with a damascene metal top gate MOSFET and an implanted JFET bottom gate that are self-aligned in a gate trench. This device is highly scalable due to its sub-lithographic channel length; non-implanted ultra-shallow source and drain extensions; non-epi raised source and drain regions; and gate-last flow. FlexFET is a true double-gate transistor in that (1) both the top and bottom gates provide transistor operation, and (2) the operation of the gates is coupled such that the top gate operation affects the bottom gate operation and vice versa. FlexFET was developed and is manufactured by American Semiconductor, Inc. FinFET Main article: FinFET A double-gate FinFET device An SOI FinFET MOSFET The NVIDIA GTX 1070 from 2016, which uses a 16 nm FinFET-based Pascal chip manufactured by TSMC FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) is a type of non-planar transistor, or "3D" transistor (not to be confused with 3D microchips). The FinFET is a variation on traditional MOSFETs distinguished by the presence of a thin silicon "fin" inversion channel on top of the substrate, allowing the gate to make two points of contact: the left and right sides of the fin. The thickness of the fin (measured in the direction from source to drain) determines the effective channel length of the device. The wrap-around gate structure provides a better electrical control over the channel and thus helps in reducing the leakage current and overcoming other short-channel effects. The first FinFET transistor type was called a "Depleted Lean-channel Transistor" or "DELTA" transistor, which was first fabricated by Hitachi Central Research Laboratory's Digh Hisamoto, Toru Kaga, Yoshifumi Kawamoto and Eiji Takeda in 1989. In the late 1990s, Digh Hisamoto began collaborating with an international team of researchers on further developing DELTA technology, including TSMC's Chenming Hu and a UC Berkeley research team including Tsu-Jae King Liu, Jeffrey Bokor, Xuejue Huang, Leland Chang, Nick Lindert, S. Ahmed, Cyrus Tabery, Yang-Kyu Choi, Pushkar Ranade, Sriram Balasubramanian, A. Agarwal and M. Ameen. In 1998, the team developed the first N-channel FinFETs and successfully fabricated devices down to a 17 nm process. The following year, they developed the first P-channel FinFETs. They coined the term "FinFET" (fin field-effect transistor) in a December 2000 paper. In current usage the term FinFET has a less precise definition. Among microprocessor manufacturers, AMD, IBM, and Freescale describe their double-gate development efforts as FinFET development, whereas Intel avoids using the term when describing their closely related tri-gate architecture. In the technical literature, FinFET is used somewhat generically to describe any fin-based, multigate transistor architecture regardless of number of gates. It is common for a single FinFET transistor to contain several fins, arranged side by side and all covered by the same gate, that act electrically as one, to increase drive strength and performance. The gate may also cover the entirety of the fin(s). A 25 nm transistor operating on just 0.7 volt was demonstrated in December 2002 by TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company). The "Omega FinFET" design is named after the similarity between the Greek letter omega (Ω) and the shape in which the gate wraps around the source/drain structure. It has a gate delay of just 0.39 picosecond (ps) for the N-type transistor and 0.88 ps for the P-type. In 2004, Samsung Electronics demonstrated a "Bulk FinFET" design, which made it possible to mass-produce FinFET devices. They demonstrated dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) manufactured with a 90 nm Bulk FinFET process. In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a 3 nm transistor, the world's smallest nanoelectronic device, based on FinFET technology. In 2011, Rice University researchers Masoud Rostami and Kartik Mohanram demonstrated that FINFETs can have two electrically independent gates, which gives circuit designers more flexibility to design with efficient, low-power gates. In 2012, Intel started using FinFETs for its future commercial devices. Leaks suggest that Intel's FinFET has an unusual shape of a triangle rather than rectangle, and it is speculated that this might be either because a triangle has a higher structural strength and can be more reliably manufactured or because a triangular prism has a higher area-to-volume ratio than a rectangular prism, thus increasing switching performance. In September 2012, GlobalFoundries announced plans to offer a 14-nanometer process technology featuring FinFET three-dimensional transistors in 2014. The next month, the rival company TSMC announced start early or "risk" production of 16 nm FinFETs in November 2013. In March 2014, TSMC announced that it is nearing implementation of several 16 nm FinFETs die-on wafers manufacturing processes: 16 nm FinFET (Q4 2014), 16 nm FinFET+ (cca Q4 2014), 16 nm FinFET "Turbo" (estimated in 2015–2016). AMD released GPUs using their Polaris chip architecture and made on 14 nm FinFET in June 2016. The company has tried to produce a design to provide a "generational jump in power efficiency" while also offering stable frame rates for graphics, gaming, virtual reality, and multimedia applications. In March 2017, Samsung and eSilicon announced the tapeout for production of a 14 nm FinFET ASIC in a 2.5D package. Tri-gate transistor A tri-gate transistor, also known as a triple-gate transistor, is a type of MOSFET with a gate on three of its sides. A triple-gate transistor was first demonstrated in 1987, by a Toshiba research team including K. Hieda, Fumio Horiguchi and H. Watanabe. They realized that the fully depleted (FD) body of a narrow bulk Si-based transistor helped improve switching due to a lessened body-bias effect. In 1992, a triple-gate MOSFET was demonstrated by IBM researcher Hon-Sum Wong. Intel announced this technology in September 2002. Intel announced "triple-gate transistors" which maximize "transistor switching performance and decreases power-wasting leakage". A year later, in September 2003, AMD announced that it was working on similar technology at the International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. No further announcements of this technology were made until Intel's announcement in May 2011, although it was stated at IDF 2011, that they demonstrated a working SRAM chip based on this technology at IDF 2009. On April 23, 2012, Intel released a new line of CPUs, termed Ivy Bridge, which feature tri-gate transistors. Intel has been working on its tri-gate architecture since 2002, but it took until 2011 to work out mass-production issues. The new style of transistor was described on May 4, 2011, in San Francisco. It was announced that Intel's factories were expected to make upgrades over 2011 and 2012 to be able to manufacture the Ivy Bridge CPUs. It was announced that the new transistors would also be used in Intel's Atom chips for low-powered devices. Tri-gate fabrication was used by Intel for the non-planar transistor architecture used in Ivy Bridge, Haswell and Skylake processors. These transistors employ a single gate stacked on top of two vertical gates (a single gate wrapped over three sides of the channel), allowing essentially three times the surface area for electrons to travel. Intel reports that their tri-gate transistors reduce leakage and consume far less power than previous transistors. This allows up to 37% higher speed or a power consumption at under 50% of the previous type of transistors used by Intel. Intel explains: "The additional control enables as much transistor current flowing as possible when the transistor is in the 'on' state (for performance), and as close to zero as possible when it is in the 'off' state (to minimize power), and enables the transistor to switch very quickly between the two states (again, for performance)." Intel has stated that all products after Sandy Bridge will be based upon this design. The term tri-gate is sometimes used generically to denote any multigate FET with three effective gates or channels. Gate-all-around FET (GAAFET) Gate-all-around FETs (GAAFETs) are the successor to FinFETs, as they can work at sizes below 7 nm. They were used by IBM to demonstrate 5 nm process technology. GAAFET, also known as a surrounding-gate transistor (SGT), is similar in concept to a FinFET except that the gate material surrounds the channel region on all sides. Depending on design, gate-all-around FETs can have two or four effective gates. Gate-all-around FETs have been successfully characterized both theoretically and experimentally. They have also been successfully etched onto nanowires of InGaAs, which have a higher electron mobility than silicon. A gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFET was first demonstrated in 1988, by a Toshiba research team including Fujio Masuoka, Hiroshi Takato, and Kazumasa Sunouchi, who demonstrated a vertical nanowire GAAFET which they called a "surrounding gate transistor" (SGT). Masuoka, best known as the inventor of flash memory, later left Toshiba and founded Unisantis Electronics in 2004 to research surrounding-gate technology along with Tohoku University. In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a 3 nm transistor, the world's smallest nanoelectronic device, based on gate-all-around (GAA) FinFET technology. GAAFET transistors may make use of high-k/metal gate materials. GAAFETs with up to 7 nanosheets have been demonstrated which allow for improved performance and/or reduced device footprint. The widths of the nanosheets in GAAFETs is controllable which more easily allows for the adjustment of device characteristics. As of 2020, Samsung and Intel have announced plans to mass produce GAAFET transistors (specifically MBCFET transistors) while TSMC has announced that they will continue to use FinFETs in their 3 nm node, despite TSMC developing GAAFET transistors. Multi-bridge channel (MBC) FET A multi-bridge channel FET (MBCFET) is similar to a GAAFET except for the use of nanosheets instead of nanowires. MBCFET is a word mark (trademark) registered in the U.S. to Samsung Electronics. Samsung plans on mass producing MBCFET transistors at the 3 nm node for its foundry customers. Intel is also developing RibbonFET, a variation of MBCFET "nanoribbon" transistors. Unlike FinFETs, both the width and the number of the sheets can be varied to adjust drive strength or the amount of current the transistor can drive at a given voltage. The sheets often vary from 8 to 50 nanometers in width. The width of the nanosheets is known as Weff, or effective width. Industry need Planar transistors have been the core of integrated circuits for several decades, during which the size of the individual transistors has steadily decreased. As the size decreases, planar transistors increasingly suffer from the undesirable short-channel effect, especially "off-state" leakage current, which increases the idle power required by the device. In a multigate device, the channel is surrounded by several gates on multiple surfaces. Thus it provides better electrical control over the channel, allowing more effective suppression of "off-state" leakage current. Multiple gates also allow enhanced current in the "on" state, also known as drive current. Multigate transistors also provide a better analog performance due to a higher intrinsic gain and lower channel length modulation. These advantages translate to lower power consumption and enhanced device performance. Nonplanar devices are also more compact than conventional planar transistors, enabling higher transistor density which translates to smaller overall microelectronics. Integration challenges The primary challenges to integrating nonplanar multigate devices into conventional semiconductor manufacturing processes include: Fabrication of a thin silicon "fin" tens of nanometers wide Fabrication of matched gates on multiple sides of the fin Compact modeling Different FinFET structures, which can be modeled by BSIM-CMG BSIMCMG106.0.0, officially released on March 1, 2012 by UC Berkeley BSIM Group, is the first standard model for FinFETs. BSIM-CMG is implemented in Verilog-A. Physical surface-potential-based formulations are derived for both intrinsic and extrinsic models with finite body doping. The surface potentials at the source and drain ends are solved analytically with poly-depletion and quantum mechanical effects. The effect of finite body doping is captured through a perturbation approach. The analytic surface potential solution agrees closely with the 2-D device simulation results. If the channel doping concentration is low enough to be neglected, computational efficiency can be further improved by a setting a specific flag (COREMOD = 1). All of the important multi-gate (MG) transistor behavior is captured by this model. Volume inversion is included in the solution of Poisson's equation, hence the subsequent I–V formulation automatically captures the volume-inversion effect. Analysis of electrostatic potential in the body of MG MOSFETs provided a model equation for short-channel effects (SCE). The extra electrostatic control from the end gates (top/bottom gates) (triple or quadruple-gate) is also captured in the short-channel model. 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Flexfet Transistor (American Semiconductor) Intel video explaining 3D ("Tri-Gate") chip and transistor design used in 22 nm architecture of Ivy Bridge vteElectronic componentsSemiconductordevicesMOS transistors Transistor NMOS PMOS BiCMOS BioFET Chemical field-effect transistor (ChemFET) Complementary MOS (CMOS) Depletion-load NMOS Fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) Floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) ISFET LDMOS MOS field-effect transistor (MOSFET) Multi-gate field-effect transistor (MuGFET) Power MOSFET Thin-film transistor (TFT) VMOS UMOS Other transistors Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) Darlington transistor Diffused junction transistor Field-effect transistor (FET) Junction Gate FET (JFET) Organic FET (OFET) Light-emitting transistor (LET) Organic LET (OLET) Pentode transistor Point-contact transistor Programmable unijunction transistor (PUT) Static induction transistor (SIT) Tetrode transistor Unijunction transistor (UJT) Diodes Avalanche 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relay	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistor_DG_MOSFET_1.png"},{"link_name":"metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor"},{"link_name":"gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_(transistor)"},{"link_name":"FinFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FinFET"},{"link_name":"GAAFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#GAAFET"},{"link_name":"transistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"},{"link_name":"MOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessors"},{"link_name":"memory cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Moore's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Dennard scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennard_scaling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Electrotechnical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotechnical_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"Grenoble INP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_INP"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"TSMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Infineon Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices"},{"link_name":"Samsung Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics"},{"link_name":"KAIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST"},{"link_name":"Freescale Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"ITRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Technology_Roadmap_for_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"sub-32 nm technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"planar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"lithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolithography"},{"link_name":"strain engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_Engineering"},{"link_name":"silicon-on-insulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_on_Insulator"},{"link_name":"high-κ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-%CE%BA_dielectric"},{"link_name":"very high frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"NXP Semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A dual-gate MOSFET and schematic symbolA multigate device, multi-gate MOSFET or multi-gate field-effect transistor (MuGFET) refers to a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that has more than one gate on a single transistor. The multiple gates may be controlled by a single gate electrode, wherein the multiple gate surfaces act electrically as a single gate, or by independent gate electrodes. A multigate device employing independent gate electrodes is sometimes called a multiple-independent-gate field-effect transistor (MIGFET). The most widely used multi-gate devices are the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) and the GAAFET (gate-all-around field-effect transistor), which are non-planar transistors, or 3D transistors.Multi-gate transistors are one of the several strategies being developed by MOS semiconductor manufacturers to create ever-smaller microprocessors and memory cells, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's law (in its narrow, specific version concerning density scaling, exclusive of its careless historical conflation with Dennard scaling).[1] Development efforts into multigate transistors have been reported by the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Toshiba, Grenoble INP, Hitachi, IBM, TSMC, UC Berkeley, Infineon Technologies, Intel, AMD, Samsung Electronics, KAIST, Freescale Semiconductor, and others, and the ITRS predicted correctly that such devices will be the cornerstone of sub-32 nm technologies.[2] The primary roadblock to widespread implementation is manufacturability, as both planar and non-planar designs present significant challenges, especially with respect to lithography and patterning. Other complementary strategies for device scaling include channel strain engineering, silicon-on-insulator-based technologies, and high-κ/metal gate materials.Dual-gate MOSFETs are commonly used in very high frequency (VHF) mixers and in sensitive VHF front-end amplifiers. They are available from manufacturers such as Motorola, NXP Semiconductors, and Hitachi.[3][4][5]","title":"Multigate device"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multigate_models.png"}],"text":"Several multigate modelsDozens of multigate transistor variants may be found in the literature. In general, these variants may be differentiated and classified in terms of architecture (planar vs. non-planar design) and the number of channels/gates (2, 3, or 4).","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"planar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_process"},{"link_name":"MOSFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET"},{"link_name":"lithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Planar double-gate MOSFET (DGMOS)","text":"A planar double-gate MOSFET (DGMOS) employs conventional planar (layer-by-layer) manufacturing processes to create double-gate MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) devices, avoiding more stringent lithography requirements associated with non-planar, vertical transistor structures. In planar double-gate transistors the drain–source channel is sandwiched between two independently fabricated gate/gate-oxide stacks. The primary challenge in fabricating such structures is achieving satisfactory self-alignment between the upper and lower gates.[6]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"damascene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_interconnect"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"FlexFET","text":"FlexFET is a planar, independently double-gated transistor with a damascene metal top gate MOSFET and an implanted JFET bottom gate that are self-aligned in a gate trench. This device is highly scalable due to its sub-lithographic channel length; non-implanted ultra-shallow source and drain extensions; non-epi raised source and drain regions; and gate-last flow. FlexFET is a true double-gate transistor in that (1) both the top and bottom gates provide transistor operation, and (2) the operation of the gates is coupled such that the top gate operation affects the bottom gate operation and vice versa.[7] FlexFET was developed and is manufactured by American Semiconductor, Inc.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doublegate_FinFET-en.svg"},{"link_name":"FinFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FinFET"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FINFET_MOSFET.png"},{"link_name":"SOI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_on_insulator"},{"link_name":"MOSFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NVIDIA-GTX-1070-FoundersEdition-FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"NVIDIA GTX 1070","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_10_series"},{"link_name":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"FinFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FinFET"},{"link_name":"3D microchips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"short-channel effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-channel_effect"},{"link_name":"fabricated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication"},{"link_name":"Hitachi Central Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colinge-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"TSMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC"},{"link_name":"Chenming Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenming_Hu"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Tsu-Jae King Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsu-Jae_King_Liu"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Bokor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bokor"},{"link_name":"N-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-channel"},{"link_name":"17 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_nanometer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-channel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"TSMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC"},{"link_name":"omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega"},{"link_name":"gate delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_delay"},{"link_name":"picosecond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picosecond"},{"link_name":"Samsung Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics"},{"link_name":"random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"DRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"90 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90_nanometer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-12"},{"link_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST"},{"link_name":"3 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_nm"},{"link_name":"nanoelectronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"GlobalFoundries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalFoundries"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"TSMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"TSMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC"},{"link_name":"16 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_nm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"die-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)"},{"link_name":"wafers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication"},{"link_name":"processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolitography"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"clarify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"eSilicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESilicon"},{"link_name":"tapeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape-out"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"A double-gate FinFET deviceAn SOI FinFET MOSFETThe NVIDIA GTX 1070 from 2016, which uses a 16 nm FinFET-based Pascal chip manufactured by TSMCFinFET (fin field-effect transistor) is a type of non-planar transistor, or \"3D\" transistor (not to be confused with 3D microchips).[8] The FinFET is a variation on traditional MOSFETs distinguished by the presence of a thin silicon \"fin\" inversion channel on top of the substrate, allowing the gate to make two points of contact: the left and right sides of the fin. The thickness of the fin (measured in the direction from source to drain) determines the effective channel length of the device. The wrap-around gate structure provides a better electrical control over the channel and thus helps in reducing the leakage current and overcoming other short-channel effects.The first FinFET transistor type was called a \"Depleted Lean-channel Transistor\" or \"DELTA\" transistor, which was first fabricated by Hitachi Central Research Laboratory's Digh Hisamoto, Toru Kaga, Yoshifumi Kawamoto and Eiji Takeda in 1989.[9][10][11] In the late 1990s, Digh Hisamoto began collaborating with an international team of researchers on further developing DELTA technology, including TSMC's Chenming Hu and a UC Berkeley research team including Tsu-Jae King Liu, Jeffrey Bokor, Xuejue Huang, Leland Chang, Nick Lindert, S. Ahmed, Cyrus Tabery, Yang-Kyu Choi, Pushkar Ranade, Sriram Balasubramanian, A. Agarwal and M. Ameen. In 1998, the team developed the first N-channel FinFETs and successfully fabricated devices down to a 17 nm process. The following year, they developed the first P-channel FinFETs.[12] They coined the term \"FinFET\" (fin field-effect transistor) in a December 2000 paper.[13]In current usage the term FinFET has a less precise definition. Among microprocessor manufacturers, AMD, IBM, and Freescale describe their double-gate development efforts as FinFET[14] development, whereas Intel avoids using the term when describing their closely related tri-gate architecture.[15] In the technical literature, FinFET is used somewhat generically to describe any fin-based, multigate transistor architecture regardless of number of gates. It is common for a single FinFET transistor to contain several fins, arranged side by side and all covered by the same gate, that act electrically as one, to increase drive strength and performance.[16] The gate may also cover the entirety of the fin(s).A 25 nm transistor operating on just 0.7 volt was demonstrated in December 2002 by TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company). The \"Omega FinFET\" design is named after the similarity between the Greek letter omega (Ω) and the shape in which the gate wraps around the source/drain structure. It has a gate delay of just 0.39 picosecond (ps) for the N-type transistor and 0.88 ps for the P-type.In 2004, Samsung Electronics demonstrated a \"Bulk FinFET\" design, which made it possible to mass-produce FinFET devices. They demonstrated dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) manufactured with a 90 nm Bulk FinFET process.[12] In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a 3 nm transistor, the world's smallest nanoelectronic device, based on FinFET technology.[17][18] In 2011, Rice University researchers Masoud Rostami and Kartik Mohanram demonstrated that FINFETs can have two electrically independent gates, which gives circuit designers more flexibility to design with efficient, low-power gates.[19]In 2012, Intel started using FinFETs for its future commercial devices. Leaks suggest that Intel's FinFET has an unusual shape of a triangle rather than rectangle, and it is speculated that this might be either because a triangle has a higher structural strength and can be more reliably manufactured or because a triangular prism has a higher area-to-volume ratio than a rectangular prism, thus increasing switching performance.[20]In September 2012, GlobalFoundries announced plans to offer a 14-nanometer process technology featuring FinFET three-dimensional transistors in 2014.[21] The next month, the rival company TSMC announced start early or \"risk\" production of 16 nm FinFETs in November 2013.[22]In March 2014, TSMC announced that it is nearing implementation of several 16 nm FinFETs die-on wafers manufacturing processes:[23]16 nm FinFET (Q4 2014),\n16 nm FinFET+ (cca[clarify] Q4 2014),\n16 nm FinFET \"Turbo\" (estimated in 2015–2016).AMD released GPUs using their Polaris chip architecture and made on 14 nm FinFET in June 2016.[24] The company has tried to produce a design to provide a \"generational jump in power efficiency\" while also offering stable frame rates for graphics, gaming, virtual reality, and multimedia applications.[25]In March 2017, Samsung and eSilicon announced the tapeout for production of a 14 nm FinFET ASIC in a 2.5D package.[26][27]","title":"FinFET"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"SRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ivy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(computer_processor)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Intel)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars-38"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Ivy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"Haswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"Skylake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"leakage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthreshold_leakage"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naturenews6may-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Sandy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Tri-gate transistor","text":"A tri-gate transistor, also known as a triple-gate transistor, is a type of MOSFET with a gate on three of its sides.[28] A triple-gate transistor was first demonstrated in 1987, by a Toshiba research team including K. Hieda, Fumio Horiguchi and H. Watanabe. They realized that the fully depleted (FD) body of a narrow bulk Si-based transistor helped improve switching due to a lessened body-bias effect.[29][30] In 1992, a triple-gate MOSFET was demonstrated by IBM researcher Hon-Sum Wong.[31]Intel announced this technology in September 2002.[32] Intel announced \"triple-gate transistors\" which maximize \"transistor switching performance and decreases power-wasting leakage\". A year later, in September 2003, AMD announced that it was working on similar technology at the International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials.[33][34] No further announcements of this technology were made until Intel's announcement in May 2011, although it was stated at IDF 2011, that they demonstrated a working SRAM chip based on this technology at IDF 2009.[35]On April 23, 2012, Intel released a new line of CPUs, termed Ivy Bridge, which feature tri-gate transistors.[36][37] Intel has been working on its tri-gate architecture since 2002, but it took until 2011 to work out mass-production issues. The new style of transistor was described on May 4, 2011, in San Francisco.[38] It was announced that Intel's factories were expected to make upgrades over 2011 and 2012 to be able to manufacture the Ivy Bridge CPUs.[39] It was announced that the new transistors would also be used in Intel's Atom chips for low-powered devices.[38]Tri-gate fabrication was used by Intel for the non-planar transistor architecture used in Ivy Bridge, Haswell and Skylake processors. These transistors employ a single gate stacked on top of two vertical gates (a single gate wrapped over three sides of the channel), allowing essentially three times the surface area for electrons to travel. Intel reports that their tri-gate transistors reduce leakage and consume far less power than previous transistors. This allows up to 37% higher speed or a power consumption at under 50% of the previous type of transistors used by Intel.[40][41]Intel explains: \"The additional control enables as much transistor current flowing as possible when the transistor is in the 'on' state (for performance), and as close to zero as possible when it is in the 'off' state (to minimize power), and enables the transistor to switch very quickly between the two states (again, for performance).\"[42] Intel has stated that all products after Sandy Bridge will be based upon this design.The term tri-gate is sometimes used generically to denote any multigate FET with three effective gates or channels.[43]","title":"FinFET"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_nm_process"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishikawa-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"nanowires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanowire"},{"link_name":"InGaAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide"},{"link_name":"electron mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mobility"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"Fujio Masuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujio_Masuoka"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishikawa-45"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"Tohoku University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohoku_University"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST"},{"link_name":"3 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_nm"},{"link_name":"nanoelectronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronic"},{"link_name":"gate-all-around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate-all-around"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"nanosheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosheet"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Gate-all-around FETs (GAAFETs) are the successor to FinFETs, as they can work at sizes below 7 nm. They were used by IBM to demonstrate 5 nm process technology.GAAFET, also known as a surrounding-gate transistor (SGT),[44][45] is similar in concept to a FinFET except that the gate material surrounds the channel region on all sides. Depending on design, gate-all-around FETs can have two or four effective gates. Gate-all-around FETs have been successfully characterized both theoretically and experimentally.[46][47] They have also been successfully etched onto nanowires of InGaAs, which have a higher electron mobility than silicon.[48]A gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFET was first demonstrated in 1988, by a Toshiba research team including Fujio Masuoka, Hiroshi Takato, and Kazumasa Sunouchi, who demonstrated a vertical nanowire GAAFET which they called a \"surrounding gate transistor\" (SGT).[49][50][45] Masuoka, best known as the inventor of flash memory, later left Toshiba and founded Unisantis Electronics in 2004 to research surrounding-gate technology along with Tohoku University.[51] In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a 3 nm transistor, the world's smallest nanoelectronic device, based on gate-all-around (GAA) FinFET technology.[52][18] GAAFET transistors may make use of high-k/metal gate materials. GAAFETs with up to 7 nanosheets have been demonstrated which allow for improved performance and/or reduced device footprint. The widths of the nanosheets in GAAFETs is controllable which more easily allows for the adjustment of device characteristics.[53]As of 2020, Samsung and Intel have announced plans to mass produce GAAFET transistors (specifically MBCFET transistors) while TSMC has announced that they will continue to use FinFETs in their 3 nm node,[54] despite TSMC developing GAAFET transistors.[55]","title":"Gate-all-around FET (GAAFET)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"3 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_nm_process"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Multi-bridge channel (MBC) FET","text":"A multi-bridge channel FET (MBCFET) is similar to a GAAFET except for the use of nanosheets instead of nanowires.[56] MBCFET is a word mark (trademark) registered in the U.S. to Samsung Electronics.[57] Samsung plans on mass producing MBCFET transistors at the 3 nm node for its foundry customers.[58] Intel is also developing RibbonFET, a variation of MBCFET \"nanoribbon\" transistors.[59][60] Unlike FinFETs, both the width and the number of the sheets can be varied to adjust drive strength or the amount of current the transistor can drive at a given voltage. The sheets often vary from 8 to 50 nanometers in width. The width of the nanosheets is known as Weff, or effective width.[61][62]","title":"Gate-all-around FET (GAAFET)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Planar transistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_transistor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Planar transistors have been the core of integrated circuits for several decades, during which the size of the individual transistors has steadily decreased. As the size decreases, planar transistors increasingly suffer from the undesirable short-channel effect, especially \"off-state\" leakage current, which increases the idle power required by the device.[63]In a multigate device, the channel is surrounded by several gates on multiple surfaces. Thus it provides better electrical control over the channel, allowing more effective suppression of \"off-state\" leakage current. Multiple gates also allow enhanced current in the \"on\" state, also known as drive current. Multigate transistors also provide a better analog performance due to a higher intrinsic gain and lower channel length modulation.[64] These advantages translate to lower power consumption and enhanced device performance. Nonplanar devices are also more compact than conventional planar transistors, enabling higher transistor density which translates to smaller overall microelectronics.","title":"Industry need"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Integration challenges","text":"The primary challenges to integrating nonplanar multigate devices into conventional semiconductor manufacturing processes include:Fabrication of a thin silicon \"fin\" tens of nanometers wide\nFabrication of matched gates on multiple sides of the fin","title":"Industry need"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Different_FinFET_structures_which_can_be_modeled_by_BSIM-CMG.png"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"BSIM Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSIM"},{"link_name":"Verilog-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog-A"},{"link_name":"Poisson's equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%27s_equation"}],"text":"Different FinFET structures, which can be modeled by BSIM-CMGBSIMCMG106.0.0,[65] officially released on March 1, 2012 by UC Berkeley BSIM Group, is the first standard model for FinFETs. BSIM-CMG is implemented in Verilog-A. Physical surface-potential-based formulations are derived for both intrinsic and extrinsic models with finite body doping. The surface potentials at the source and drain ends are solved analytically with poly-depletion and quantum mechanical effects. The effect of finite body doping is captured through a perturbation approach. The analytic surface potential solution agrees closely with the 2-D device simulation results. If the channel doping concentration is low enough to be neglected, computational efficiency can be further improved by a setting a specific flag (COREMOD = 1).All of the important multi-gate (MG) transistor behavior is captured by this model. Volume inversion is included in the solution of Poisson's equation, hence the subsequent I–V formulation automatically captures the volume-inversion effect. Analysis of electrostatic potential in the body of MG MOSFETs provided a model equation for short-channel effects (SCE). The extra electrostatic control from the end gates (top/bottom gates) (triple or quadruple-gate) is also captured in the short-channel model.","title":"Compact modeling"}]	[{"image_text":"A dual-gate MOSFET and schematic symbol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Transistor_DG_MOSFET_1.png/260px-Transistor_DG_MOSFET_1.png"},{"image_text":"Several multigate models","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Multigate_models.png/350px-Multigate_models.png"},{"image_text":"A double-gate FinFET device","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Doublegate_FinFET-en.svg/220px-Doublegate_FinFET-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An SOI FinFET MOSFET","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/FINFET_MOSFET.png/220px-FINFET_MOSFET.png"},{"image_text":"The NVIDIA GTX 1070 from 2016, which uses a 16 nm FinFET-based Pascal chip manufactured by TSMC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NVIDIA-GTX-1070-FoundersEdition-FL.jpg/220px-NVIDIA-GTX-1070-FoundersEdition-FL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Different FinFET structures, which can be modeled by BSIM-CMG","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Different_FinFET_structures_which_can_be_modeled_by_BSIM-CMG.png/400px-Different_FinFET_structures_which_can_be_modeled_by_BSIM-CMG.png"}]	[{"title":"Three-dimensional integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit"},{"title":"Semiconductor device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device"},{"title":"Clock gating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_gating"},{"title":"High-κ dielectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-%CE%BA_dielectric"},{"title":"Next-generation lithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_lithography"},{"title":"Extreme ultraviolet lithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography"},{"title":"Immersion lithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_lithography"},{"title":"Strain engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_engineering"},{"title":"Very Large Scale Integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration"},{"title":"Neuromorphic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering"},{"title":"Bit slicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_slicing"},{"title":"3D printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing"},{"title":"Silicon on insulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_on_insulator"},{"title":"MOSFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET"},{"title":"Floating-gate MOSFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET"},{"title":"Transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"},{"title":"BSIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSIM"},{"title":"High-electron-mobility transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-electron-mobility_transistor"},{"title":"Field-effect transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-effect_transistor"},{"title":"JFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET"},{"title":"Tetrode transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrode_transistor"},{"title":"Pentode transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentode_transistor"},{"title":"Memristor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor"},{"title":"Quantum circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_circuit"},{"title":"Quantum logic gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate"},{"title":"Transistor model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_model"},{"title":"Die shrink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_shrink"}]	[{"reference":"\"Motorola 3N201 Datasheet - Datasheetspdf.com\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artashar	Artashar	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.1811140°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.18111 Place in Armavir, ArmeniaArtashar ԱրտաշարArtasharCoordinates: 40°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.18111CountryArmeniaMarz (Province)ArmavirPopulation (2011) • Total1,218Time zoneUTC+4 ( ) Artashar (Armenian: Արտաշար) is a village in the Armavir Province of Armenia. Today, almost 42% (around 511 individuals) of the population are Yazidi Kurds. References External links Artashar at GEOnet Names Server Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census vte Armavir ProvinceCapital: ArmavirUrban settlements Armavir Metsamor Vagharshapat Araks Municipality Aknashen Apaga Araks Aratashen Artimet Gay Griboyedov Haykashen Jrarat Jrarbi Khoronk Lusagyugh Metsamor (village) Armavir Municipality Araks Aygevan Hatsik Khanjyan Lenughi Lukashin Mayisyan Myasnikyan Noravan Sardarapat Baghramyan Municipality Arevadasht Argina Artamet Bagaran Baghramyan Dalarik Hushakert Karakert Koghbavan Lernagog Shenik Talvorik Vanand Yervandashat Ferik Municipality Ferik Khoy Municipality Aghavnatun Amberd Aragats Arshaluys Aygeshat Dasht Doghs Geghakert Haytagh Hovtamej Lernamerdz Monteavan Mrgastan Shahumyan Tsaghkalanj Tsaghkunk Tsiatsan Metsamor Municipality Aknalich Alashkert Amasia Arazap Arevik Argavand Armavir (village) Artashar Aygeshat Bambakashat Berkashat Getashen Haykavan Janfida Jrashen Margara Mrgashat Nalbandyan Nor Armavir Nor Artagers Nor Kesaria Norapat Pshatavan Shenavan Tandzut Taronik Vardanashen Yeghegnut Yeraskhahun Zartonk Parakar Municipality Arevashat Aygek Baghramyan Merdzavan Musaler Norakert Parakar Ptghunk Tairov Vagharshapat Municipality Voskehat This article about a location in Armavir Province, Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.18111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Artashar&params=40_06_33_N_44_10_52_E_"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armavir Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armavir_Province"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Yazidi Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"40°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.18111Place in Armavir, ArmeniaArtashar (Armenian: Արտաշար) is a village in the Armavir Province of Armenia. Today, almost 42% (around 511 individuals) of the population are Yazidi Kurds.[citation needed]","title":"Artashar"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Artashar&params=40_06_33_N_44_10_52_E_","external_links_name":"40°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.18111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Artashar&params=40_06_33_N_44_10_52_E_","external_links_name":"40°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.18111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Artashar&params=40_06_33_N_44_10_52_E_region:AM_type:city(1218)","external_links_name":"40°06′33″N 44°10′52″E / 40.10917°N 44.18111°E / 40.10917; 44.18111"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881E739A3774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Artashar"},{"Link":"http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/130.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artashar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Nazg%C3%BBl	Witch-king of Angmar	["1 Fictional history","2 Analysis","2.1 From Wizard to Witch-king","2.2 Evil, the absence of good","2.3 Prophecy both true and false","3 Adaptations","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Primary","5.2 Secondary","5.3 Sources"]	Character in Tolkien's Middle-earth "Pale king" redirects here. For other uses, see Pale King (disambiguation). For the 2023 fantasy novel by Martha Wells, see Witch King (novel). The Lord of the Nazgûl, also called the Witch-king of Angmar, the Pale King, and the Black Captain, is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. He had once been the King of Angmar in the north of Eriador. He is the bearer of a Ring of Power, one of the nine that the dark lord Sauron gave to Men, who become the Nazgûl or Ringwraiths. This gives him great power, but enslaves him to Sauron and makes him invisible. By the end of the Third Age, his name has been forgotten. He stabs the bearer of the One Ring, the Hobbit Frodo Baggins, with a Morgul-knife which would reduce its victim to a wraith. Much later in the narrative, in his final battle, the Lord of the Nazgûl attacks Éowyn with a mace. The Hobbit Merry Brandybuck stabs him with an ancient enchanted Númenórean blade, allowing Éowyn to kill him with her sword. In early drafts, Tolkien had called him the "Wizard King", and considered making him either a renegade member of the Istari, or an immortal Maia, before settling on having him as a Man, a mortal, corrupted by a Ring of Power, given to him by Sauron. Commentators have written that the Lord of the Nazgûl functions at the level of myth when he calls himself Death and bursts the gates of Minas Tirith with magical spells. At a theological level, he embodies a vision of evil similar to Karl Barth's description of evil as das Nichtige, an active and powerful force that turns out to be empty. The prophecy that the Lord of the Nazgûl would not die by the hand of Man echoes that made of the title character in William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Fictional history Image map with clickable links of the north-west of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age, showing Arnor in the north of Eriador (left), with the Witch-kingdom of Angmar at the northern end of the Misty Mountains (top centre). The Witch-king first appears in the Second Age of Middle-earth. The Dark Lord Sauron gave Rings of Power to powerful Men, including kings of countries in Middle-earth. These confer magical power, but also enslave their wearers to the owner of the One Ring, Sauron himself. The Lord of the Nazgûl appears as the Witch-king of Angmar during the Third Age and is instrumental in the destruction of the Northern kingdom of Arnor. In his notes for translators, Tolkien suggested that the Witch-king of Angmar, ruler of a Northern kingdom with its capital at Carn Dûm, was of Númenórean origin. Nothing is heard of him when Sauron is overthrown by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men late in the Second Age, but his survival is assured by the power of the One Ring. Over a thousand years later in the Third Age, the Lord of the Nazgûl leads Sauron's forces against the successor kingdoms of Arnor: Rhudaur, Cardolan, and Arthedain. He destroys all of these, but is eventually defeated by the Elf-lord Glorfindel, who puts him to flight, and makes the prophecy that "not by the hand of Man will he fall". He escapes, and returns to Mordor. There, he gathers the other Nazgûl to prepare for Sauron's return. Towards the end of the Third Age, Sauron sends the Witch-king, leading the other Nazgûl, to the Shire to find and recover the One Ring. He is cloaked and hooded in black; his face cannot be seen; he rides a black horse. At Weathertop, the Witch-king stabs Frodo, the bearer of the One Ring, in the shoulder with the Morgul-knife, breaking off a piece of it in the Hobbit's flesh. Frodo is able to see that the Witch-king is taller than the other Nazgûl, with "long and gleaming" hair and a crown on his helmet. He is swept away by the waters of the river Bruinen and his horse is drowned. He returns to Mordor. He reappears mounted on a hideous flying beast. During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the Witch-king uses magic, including Grond, a battering-ram engraved with evil spells, to break the gates of Minas Tirith. He is faced by a single warrior, Dernhelm, actually a disguised Éowyn, a noblewoman of Rohan; and not far away, Merry, a hobbit of the Fellowship. Éowyn boldly calls the Nazgûl a "dwimmerlaik", telling him to go if he was not deathless. He casts back his hood to reveal a crown, but the head that wears it is invisible. Merry's surreptitious stroke with an enchanted Barrow-blade brings the Nazgûl to his knees, allowing Éowyn, the niece of Théoden, to drive her sword between his crown and mantle. Thus the Witch-king is destroyed by a woman and a Hobbit, fulfilling Glorfindel's prophecy. Both weapons that pierced him disintegrate, and both assailants are stricken by the Black Breath, which causes a cold paralysis, terror, and often death. Analysis From Wizard to Witch-king Scraperboard illustration of the Witch-king by Alexander Korotich, 1981 Megan N. Fontenot, on Tor.com, writes that in early drafts, Tolkien names him "the Wizard King", so powerful in wizardry that his opponent Gandalf is unable to counter him unaided. In early drafts of "The Council of Elrond", Gandalf explains that his enemy was "of old the greatest of all the wizards of Men". In a later draft, Tolkien adds that the Wizard King was also "a great king of old" and the "fell captain of the Nine "; Fontenot glosses "fell" as implying "ravenous cruelty" and "ruthless ... savagery". Later, in a draft of "The Siege of Gondor", Tolkien makes the Wizard King "a renegade of own order" from Númenor. In the manuscript of his notes for translators, Tolkien suggested that the Witch-king of Angmar was most likely of Númenórean origin. Fontenot comments that this could make him both a Maia rather than a Man, and originally one of the Istari, or, as she states, "something decidedly other". But Tolkien then reduces the Wizard King's power, so that Gandalf is able to tell Pippin as they wait for the attack on Gondor that "In him I am not overmatched", and that the Wizard King's main power is to inspire fear at a distance (with the Black Breath). At some stage, too, he renames the enemy the Witch-king; Fontenot suggests this was to distinguish more clearly between him and the Wizards like Gandalf and Saruman. Tolkien had thus explored making him a wizard (Istari or otherwise) or an immortal Maia, before settling on a "a human king whose lust for power got the better of his good judgment." She wonders what he might have been like before he accepted a Ring of Power from Sauron, noting that he was seemingly filled with "possessiveness, greed, lust, and a desire for dominance", all markers of evil in Tolkien's scheme of things. Evil, the absence of good Further information: Christianity in Middle-earth § The nature of evil, and Death and immortality in Middle-earth In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face. All save one. There waiting, silent, and still in the space before the Gate, sat Gandalf upon Shadowfax: Shadowfax who alone among the free horses of the earth endured the terror, unmoving, steadfast as a graven image in Rath Dínen. "You cannot enter here", said Gandalf, and the huge shadow halted. "Go back to the abyss prepared for you! Go back! Fall into the nothingness that awaits you and your Master. Go!" The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter. "Old fool!" he said. "Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!" And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade... "The Siege of Gondor" The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the Lord of the Nazgûl hovers close to being an abstraction, "a vast menace of despair ... a huge shadow", actually calling himself Death: "Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it?" The scene forms, too, a picture of the "unexistence of evil", based on the Boethian philosophy that God is all-powerful, so evil is not the equal and opposite of good, but simply its absence: he forms "a huge shadow". The theologian George Hunsinger compares Tolkien's depiction of the Witch-king to the theologian Karl Barth's analysis of evil. Barth's conception is embodied in his term das Nichtige, "nothingness", which Hunsinger glosses as "something dynamic and sinister ... an active cosmic power, a power of destruction, a power of chaos, negation, and ruin." The power of das Nichtige is both "outwardly repulsive" and in Barth's words "intrinsically evil"; it can be described but not explained, and is defeated by God; it is wholly evil and serves no good purpose. It is both fearful and empty. Hunsinger states that Tolkien's account of the Witch-king as he confronts Gandalf at the gate of Minas Tirith "captures something of Barth's notion of das Nichtige." He finds it especially relevant that the Witch-king is "above all ... actual and yet empty at the same time", and comments that Tolkiens "dead but undead Black Rider is as good a symbol as any ... for Barth's impossible possibility." Similarly, Hunsinger finds Tolkien's description of how Éowyn kills the Witch-king "an image for the paradox of evil as something powerful and yet hollow at the same time." He notes that her sword shatters with her final stroke, but of her defeated foe, "nothing is left" in the empty mantle and hauberk. The Episcopal priest and theologian Fleming Rutledge writes that whereas the "pale king", the invisible Witch-king of Angmar, is striving to kill Frodo, the real king, Aragorn, who has been out of sight, in disguise as a Ranger, is doing all he can to heal him: the two kings are opposites. She writes also that while the enemy visible to Gondor is the Men of Harad and the Easterlings, the real enemy is personified by the Witch-king. Fleming Rutledge's comparison of the Witch-king and Aragorn Character Kingship Goal Visibility Witch-king Was King of Angmar To kill the ring-bearer Frodo Actually invisible Aragorn Has claim to be King of Gondor To heal Frodo Has been out of sight as a Ranger Prophecy both true and false Further information: Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien Tolkien's use of prophecy about the Witch-king's death parallels Shakespeare's, where the witches speak both truth and falsehood about Macbeth's death. Painting by Henry Fuseli Julaire Andelin, in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, writes that prophecy in Middle-earth depended on characters' understanding of the Music of the Ainur, the divine plan for Arda, and was often ambiguous. Thus, Glorfindel's prophecy "not by the hand of Man will fall" did not lead the Lord of the Nazgûl to suppose that he would die at the hands of a woman and a hobbit. Shippey states that the prophecy, and the Witch-king's surprise at finding Dernhelm to be a woman, parallel the witches' statement to Macbeth in Shakespeare's play of that name that he may "laugh to scorn / The power of man, for none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth" (Act 4, scene 1), and Macbeth's shock at learning that Macduff "was from his mother's womb / Untimely ripp'd" (Act 5, scene 8), as Macduff was born by Caesarean section. Thus, Shippey notes, despite Tolkien's stated dislike of Shakespeare's treatment of myth, he read Macbeth closely. The Tolkien scholar Michael Drout identifies a further parallel with Shakespeare, one of several allusions to King Lear in The Lord of the Rings. The Witch-king says "Come not between the Nazgûl and his prey", as the mad Lear says "Come not between the dragon and his wrath". Adaptations In Peter Jackson's 2001–2003 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, during the siege of Minas Tirith, the Witch-king wears a distinctive helmet over his hood resembling a mask and a crown, rather than the crown worn underneath his hood in the book. The Witch-king's mount is largely responsible for the death of Théoden and his horse Snowmane, a departure from the book. As confirmed in the films' audio commentary, the design of the monsters was based largely on illustrations by John Howe. In the first film of Jackson's 2012–2014 The Hobbit film trilogy, the Wizard Radagast briefly encounters the Witch-king while investigating the forest fortress of Dol Guldur. Péter Kristóf Makai, in A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien, writes that the 1976 board game Middle Earth provided the Witch-king with a choice of nine spells, against Gandalf's eleven. Some of these were shared, such as the ability to project a defensive lightning-bolt. Notes ^ "Dwimmerlaik" represents a word in Rohirric, the speech of Rohan, translated into Old English; Tolkien glosses it in the index as a "work of necromancy", a "spectre". It derives from Old English (ge)dwimor, "phantom, illusion" and -leikr, the Old Norse ending corresponding to Anglo-Saxon -lac, meaning "a state or act". Tom Shippey writes that Tolkien borrowed the word from a Middle English poem, Layamon's Brut. References Primary ^ Tolkien 1977, "The Akallabêth", p. 267. "Yet Sauron was ever guileful, and it is said that among those whom he ensnared with the Nine Rings three were great lords of Númenórean race." ^ Tolkien 1980, 4. "The Hunt for the Ring" i. "Of the Journey of the Black Riders" ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix A, 1 "The Numenorean Kings" ^ Tolkien writes: "the name and origin of the Witch-king is not recorded, but he was probably of Númenórean descent." Hammond, Wayne G. & Scull, Christina, The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 20. Tolkien later removed the passage; it does not appear in the version in Jared Lobdell's A Tolkien Compass. ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix B, "The Tale of Years", entries in "The Second Age" ^ a b c d Tolkien 1955, Appendix A, I, iv "Gondor and the heirs of Anarion" ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix B, "The Tale of Years", entries in "The Third Age" ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 2 "The Shadow of the Past" ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond" ^ Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 3 "Three is Company" ^ Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 4 "A Short Cut to Mushrooms" ^ a b Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 11 "A Knife in the Dark" ^ Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 12 "Flight to the Ford" ^ a b c Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 6, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields" ^ Carpenter 2023, #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958 ^ Tolkien 1990, p. 372 ^ Tolkien 1989, pp. 9, 116, 132, 149 ^ Tolkien 1990, pp. 326, 331 ^ a b c Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 4, "The Siege of Gondor" Secondary ^ Shippey 2005, p. 394 ^ a b c d e f Fontenot, Megan N. (31 October 2019). "Exploring the People of Middle-earth: The Witch-King of Angmar, Lord of the Nazgûl". Tor.com. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (2005). The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion. HarperCollins. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-00-720907-1. ^ a b c Shippey 2005, pp. 242–243 ^ Shippey 2005, pp. 131–133 ^ a b c d e Hunsinger, George (2020). "Barth and Tolkien". Wiley Blackwell Companion to Karl Barth. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 693–700. ISBN 978-1-119-15656-7. ^ a b c Rutledge, Fleming (2003). The battle for Middle-Earth: Tolkien's divine design in Lord of the rings. William B. Eerdmans. pp. 85, 96. ISBN 978-0-8028-2497-4. OCLC 52559213. ^ a b Shippey 2005, pp. 205–206 ^ Andelin, Julaire (2013) . "Prophecy". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 544–545. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. ^ Drout, Michael D. C. (2004). "Tolkien's Prose Style and its Literary and Rhetorical Effects". Tolkien Studies. 1 (1): 137–163. doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0006. S2CID 170271511. ^ Dembrow, Dylan (4 November 2018). "Lord Of The Rings: 20 Strangest Details About Witch-King's Anatomy". ScreenRant. To better distinguish him from his fellow Nazgul, the Witch-king was given additional armor and a large, pointed helm. In the novels, whenever his hood is thrown back, he is described as wearing a king's crown, which floats atop his invisible head and his burning eyes of fire. ^ Dellamorte, Andrew (20 June 2011). "The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy: Extended Edition Blu-ray Review". Collider. Retrieved 11 March 2020. ^ See also Conlogue, Ray (16 December 2003). "Tolkien's Gentlemanly Art of War". The Globe and Mail. ^ LaSala, Jeff (14 November 2014). "Extending The Desolation of Smaug: More Is More". Tor.com. Retrieved 21 May 2020. ^ Makai, Péter Kristóf (2014). "Games and Gaming: Quantasy". A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. pp. 530–544. ISBN 978-0-4706-5982-3. Sources Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) . The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4. Shippey, Tom (2005) . The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261102750. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Unfinished Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1989). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Treason of Isengard. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-51562-4. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1990). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The War of the Ring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-56008-X. vteThe Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien About Volumes The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Stories "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" Translating List of translations Russian Swedish Reception Literary Fandom Oxonmoot Tolkienmoot Works inspired Tolkien's impact on fantasy AnalysisElements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Maps Poetry A Elbereth Gilthoniel Namárië Song of Eärendil The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Road Goes Ever On A Walking Song Proverbs Themes Addiction to power Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Death and immortality Decline and fall Economy England Environmentalism Forests Heroism Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Race Sexuality Sound and language Time Trees Women Influences Antiquarianism Beowulf Celtic Classical world First World War Norse Medieval Modern sources Modernism A mythology for England Philology Shakespeare Techniques Anachronism Character pairing Editorial framing Frame stories Pseudotranslation Impression of depth Narrative structure Interlacing Prose style Ambiguity Epic Pooh PeoplesMaiar Balrogs Sauron Wizards Gandalf Radagast Saruman Freepeoples Dwarves Balin Gimli Elves Galadriel Glorfindel Half-elven Arwen Elrond Legolas Thranduil Ents Treebeard Hobbits Bilbo Frodo Merry Pippin Sam Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Aragorn of Gondor Boromir Denethor Faramir of Rohan Éomer Éowyn Théoden Wormtongue Monsters Barrow-wight Gollum Nazgûl Witch-king of Angmar Old Man Willow Orcs Shelob Trolls Wargs Watcher in the Water Other Eagles Goldberry Tom Bombadil WorldGeography Eriador Bree Old Forest Rivendell The Shire Bag End Gondor Harad Lothlórien Mirkwood Moria Mordor Rohan Isengard Battles Helm's Deep Pelennor Fields Morannon Objects Mithril Palantírs Phial of Galadriel Rings of Power One Ring List of weapons and armour Relatedworks The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Errantry Fastitocalon The Sea-Bell The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin The Nature of Middle-earth Adaptations and derivative worksBooks Bored of the Rings (1969) The Last Ringbearer (1999) Muddle Earth (2003) Illustrations A Map of Middle-earth Pauline Baynes Barbara Remington John Howe Alan Lee Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Theatre Fellowship! (2005) Lord of the Rings (2006) Music Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972) Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988) Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (1969) "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971) "The Battle of Evermore" (1971) Radio The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955) The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979) Hordes of the Things (1980) The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981) Der Herr der Ringe (1992) FilmAnimated The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978) The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980) The War of the Rohirrim (2024) Peter Jacksonseries The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Two Towers (2002) The Return of the King (2003) Music "Concerning Hobbits" "Into the West" "May It Be" Approach Production Peter Jackson's interpretation Picturing Tolkien Other Sagan om ringen (1971) Khraniteli (1991) Hobitit (1993) The Rings of Power (2022) music Fan-made The Hunt for Gollum (2009) Born of Hope (2009) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two: Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I (1990) Vol. I (SNES) Riders of Rohan Elendor Vol. II: The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age Game Boy Advance The Battle for Middle-earth Tactics The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king Conquest Aragorn's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle-earth Shadow of Mordor Shadow of War Gollum Return to Moria The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm's Deep Mordor Minas Morgul War of Three Peaks Fate of Gundabad Before the Shadow Tabletop role-playing games Middle-earth Role Playing The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game The One Ring Roleplaying Game Adventures in Middle-earth Board games Middle Earth War of the Ring Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith Sauron Lord of the Rings War of the Ring Card games Middle-earth Collectible Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game Other games Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game Lego The Lord of the Rings	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pale King (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_King_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Witch King (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_King_(novel)"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Eriador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriador"},{"link_name":"Ring of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Power"},{"link_name":"Sauron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauron"},{"link_name":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Nazgûl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl"},{"link_name":"One Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Ring"},{"link_name":"Frodo Baggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frodo_Baggins"},{"link_name":"Éowyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89owyn"},{"link_name":"mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)"},{"link_name":"Merry Brandybuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck"},{"link_name":"Númenórean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3rean"},{"link_name":"Istari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istari"},{"link_name":"Maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiar_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"magical spells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"a vision of evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth#The_nature_of_evil"},{"link_name":"Karl Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth"},{"link_name":"prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy"},{"link_name":"the title character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(character)"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"}],"text":"Character in Tolkien's Middle-earth\"Pale king\" redirects here. For other uses, see Pale King (disambiguation).For the 2023 fantasy novel by Martha Wells, see Witch King (novel).The Lord of the Nazgûl, also called the Witch-king of Angmar, the Pale King, and the Black Captain, is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. He had once been the King of Angmar in the north of Eriador. He is the bearer of a Ring of Power, one of the nine that the dark lord Sauron gave to Men, who become the Nazgûl or Ringwraiths. This gives him great power, but enslaves him to Sauron and makes him invisible. By the end of the Third Age, his name has been forgotten. He stabs the bearer of the One Ring, the Hobbit Frodo Baggins, with a Morgul-knife which would reduce its victim to a wraith. Much later in the narrative, in his final battle, the Lord of the Nazgûl attacks Éowyn with a mace. The Hobbit Merry Brandybuck stabs him with an ancient enchanted Númenórean blade, allowing Éowyn to kill him with her sword.In early drafts, Tolkien had called him the \"Wizard King\", and considered making him either a renegade member of the Istari, or an immortal Maia, before settling on having him as a Man, a mortal, corrupted by a Ring of Power, given to him by Sauron. Commentators have written that the Lord of the Nazgûl functions at the level of myth when he calls himself Death and bursts the gates of Minas Tirith with magical spells. At a theological level, he embodies a vision of evil similar to Karl Barth's description of evil as das Nichtige, an active and powerful force that turns out to be empty. The prophecy that the Lord of the Nazgûl would not die by the hand of Man echoes that made of the title character in William Shakespeare's Macbeth.","title":"Witch-king of Angmar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Image map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_map"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Third Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Age"},{"link_name":"Second Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Age"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Sauron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauron"},{"link_name":"Rings of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Power"},{"link_name":"magical power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"One Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Ring"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akallab%C3%AAth-1"},{"link_name":"[T 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journey_of_the_Black_Riders-2"},{"link_name":"Nazgûl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl"},{"link_name":"Angmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angmar"},{"link_name":"Third Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Age"},{"link_name":"Arnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnor_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"[T 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Númenórean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor"},{"link_name":"[T 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[T 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appendix_B_Second_Age-5"},{"link_name":"Glorfindel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorfindel"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gondor_and_the_heirs_of_Anarion-6"},{"link_name":"Mordor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordor"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gondor_and_the_heirs_of_Anarion-6"},{"link_name":"[T 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appendix_B_Third_Age-7"},{"link_name":"the Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shire"},{"link_name":"[T 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[T 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council_of_Elrond-9"},{"link_name":"[T 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Three_is_Company-10"},{"link_name":"[T 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knife_in_the_Dark-12"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knife_in_the_Dark-12"},{"link_name":"Bruinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruinen"},{"link_name":"[T 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[T 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pelennor_Fields-14"},{"link_name":"[T 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Letter_211-15"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Pelennor Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields"},{"link_name":"battering-ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battering-ram"},{"link_name":"Éowyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89owyn"},{"link_name":"Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Merry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Barrow-blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth_weapons_and_armour"},{"link_name":"Théoden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden"},{"link_name":"[T 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pelennor_Fields-14"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gondor_and_the_heirs_of_Anarion-6"},{"link_name":"[T 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pelennor_Fields-14"}],"text":"Image map with clickable links of the north-west of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age, showing Arnor in the north of Eriador (left), with the Witch-kingdom of Angmar at the northern end of the Misty Mountains (top centre).The Witch-king first appears in the Second Age of Middle-earth. The Dark Lord Sauron gave Rings of Power to powerful Men, including kings of countries in Middle-earth. These confer magical power, but also enslave their wearers to the owner of the One Ring, Sauron himself.[T 1][T 2]The Lord of the Nazgûl appears as the Witch-king of Angmar during the Third Age and is instrumental in the destruction of the Northern kingdom of Arnor.[T 3] In his notes for translators, Tolkien suggested that the Witch-king of Angmar, ruler of a Northern kingdom with its capital at Carn Dûm, was of Númenórean origin.[T 4] Nothing is heard of him when Sauron is overthrown by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men late in the Second Age, but his survival is assured by the power of the One Ring.[T 5]Over a thousand years later in the Third Age, the Lord of the Nazgûl leads Sauron's forces against the successor kingdoms of Arnor: Rhudaur, Cardolan, and Arthedain. He destroys all of these, but is eventually defeated by the Elf-lord Glorfindel, who puts him to flight, and makes the prophecy that \"not by the hand of Man will he fall\".[T 6] He escapes, and returns to Mordor. There, he gathers the other Nazgûl to prepare for Sauron's return.[T 6][T 7]Towards the end of the Third Age, Sauron sends the Witch-king, leading the other Nazgûl, to the Shire to find and recover the One Ring. He is cloaked and hooded in black; his face cannot be seen; he rides a black horse.[T 8][T 9][T 10][T 11] At Weathertop, the Witch-king stabs Frodo, the bearer of the One Ring, in the shoulder with the Morgul-knife, breaking off a piece of it in the Hobbit's flesh.[T 12] Frodo is able to see that the Witch-king is taller than the other Nazgûl, with \"long and gleaming\" hair and a crown on his helmet.[T 12] He is swept away by the waters of the river Bruinen and his horse is drowned. He returns to Mordor.[T 13] He reappears mounted on a hideous flying beast.[T 14][T 15]During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the Witch-king uses magic, including Grond, a battering-ram engraved with evil spells, to break the gates of Minas Tirith. He is faced by a single warrior, Dernhelm, actually a disguised Éowyn, a noblewoman of Rohan; and not far away, Merry, a hobbit of the Fellowship. Éowyn boldly calls the Nazgûl a \"dwimmerlaik\", telling him to go if he was not deathless.[a] He casts back his hood to reveal a crown, but the head that wears it is invisible. Merry's surreptitious stroke with an enchanted Barrow-blade brings the Nazgûl to his knees, allowing Éowyn, the niece of Théoden, to drive her sword between his crown and mantle.[T 14] Thus the Witch-king is destroyed by a woman and a Hobbit, fulfilling Glorfindel's prophecy.[T 6] Both weapons that pierced him disintegrate, and both assailants are stricken by the Black Breath, which causes a cold paralysis, terror, and often death.[T 14]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witch-king_of_Angmar_by_Alexander_Korotich_1981.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scraperboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraperboard"},{"link_name":"Alexander Korotich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Korotich"},{"link_name":"Tor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com"},{"link_name":"Gandalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf"},{"link_name":"The Council of Elrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond"},{"link_name":"[T 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fontenot_2019-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fontenot_2019-20"},{"link_name":"notes for translators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings#Guide"},{"link_name":"Númenórean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3r"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiar_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Istari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fontenot_2019-20"},{"link_name":"Black Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Breath"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fontenot_2019-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fontenot_2019-20"},{"link_name":"Ring of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Power"},{"link_name":"[T 18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fontenot_2019-20"}],"sub_title":"From Wizard to Witch-king","text":"Scraperboard illustration of the Witch-king by Alexander Korotich, 1981Megan N. Fontenot, on Tor.com, writes that in early drafts, Tolkien names him \"the Wizard King\", so powerful in wizardry that his opponent Gandalf is unable to counter him unaided. In early drafts of \"The Council of Elrond\", Gandalf explains that his enemy was \"of old the greatest of all the wizards of Men\". In a later draft, Tolkien adds that the Wizard King was also \"a great king of old\" and the \"fell captain of the Nine [Riders]\"; Fontenot glosses \"fell\" as implying \"ravenous cruelty\" and \"ruthless ... savagery\".[T 17][2]Later, in a draft of \"The Siege of Gondor\", Tolkien makes the Wizard King \"a renegade of [Gandalf's] own order\" from Númenor.[2] In the manuscript of his notes for translators, Tolkien suggested that the Witch-king of Angmar was most likely of Númenórean origin.[3] Fontenot comments that this could make him both a Maia rather than a Man, and originally one of the Istari, or, as she states, \"something decidedly other\".[2] But Tolkien then reduces the Wizard King's power, so that Gandalf is able to tell Pippin as they wait for the attack on Gondor that \"In him I am not overmatched\", and that the Wizard King's main power is to inspire fear at a distance (with the Black Breath).[2] At some stage, too, he renames the enemy the Witch-king; Fontenot suggests this was to distinguish more clearly between him and the Wizards like Gandalf and Saruman. Tolkien had thus explored making him a wizard (Istari or otherwise) or an immortal Maia, before settling on a \"a human king whose lust for power got the better of his good judgment.\"[2] She wonders what he might have been like before he accepted a Ring of Power from Sauron, noting that he was seemingly filled with \"possessiveness, greed, lust, and a desire for dominance\", all markers of evil in Tolkien's scheme of things.[T 18][2]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christianity in Middle-earth § The nature of evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth#The_nature_of_evil"},{"link_name":"Death and immortality in Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[T 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siege_of_Gondor-23"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"[T 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siege_of_Gondor-23"},{"link_name":"[T 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siege_of_Gondor-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Siege-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Siege-24"},{"link_name":"Boethian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Boethian-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Siege-24"},{"link_name":"George Hunsinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hunsinger"},{"link_name":"Karl Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunsinger_2020-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunsinger_2020-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunsinger_2020-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunsinger_2020-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunsinger_2020-26"},{"link_name":"Fleming Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge"},{"link_name":"Aragorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragorn"},{"link_name":"Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rutledge_2003-27"},{"link_name":"Harad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harad"},{"link_name":"Easterlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easterling_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rutledge_2003-27"}],"sub_title":"Evil, the absence of good","text":"Further information: Christianity in Middle-earth § The nature of evil, and Death and immortality in Middle-earthIn rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face.\n All save one. There waiting, silent, and still in the space before the Gate, sat Gandalf upon Shadowfax: Shadowfax who alone among the free horses of the earth endured the terror, unmoving, steadfast as a graven image in Rath Dínen. \n \"You cannot enter here\", said Gandalf, and the huge shadow halted. \"Go back to the abyss prepared for you! Go back! Fall into the nothingness that awaits you and your Master. Go!\" \n The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter. \n \"Old fool!\" he said. \"Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!\" And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade...\n\n\n\"The Siege of Gondor\"[T 19]The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the Lord of the Nazgûl hovers close to being an abstraction, \"a vast menace of despair ... a huge shadow\",[T 19] actually calling himself Death: \"Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it?\"[T 19][4] The scene forms, too, a picture of the \"unexistence of evil\",[4] based on the Boethian philosophy that God is all-powerful, so evil is not the equal and opposite of good, but simply its absence:[5] he forms \"a huge shadow\".[4]The theologian George Hunsinger compares Tolkien's depiction of the Witch-king to the theologian Karl Barth's analysis of evil. Barth's conception is embodied in his term das Nichtige, \"nothingness\", which Hunsinger glosses as \"something dynamic and sinister ... an active cosmic power, a power of destruction, a power of chaos, negation, and ruin.\"[6] The power of das Nichtige is both \"outwardly repulsive\" and in Barth's words \"intrinsically evil\"; it can be described but not explained, and is defeated by God; it is wholly evil and serves no good purpose. It is both fearful and empty.[6]Hunsinger states that Tolkien's account of the Witch-king as he confronts Gandalf at the gate of Minas Tirith \"captures something of Barth's notion of das Nichtige.\"[6] He finds it especially relevant that the Witch-king is \"above all ... actual and yet empty at the same time\", and comments that Tolkiens \"dead but undead Black Rider is as good a symbol as any ... for Barth's impossible possibility.\"[6]Similarly, Hunsinger finds Tolkien's description of how Éowyn kills the Witch-king \"an image for the paradox of evil as something powerful and yet hollow at the same time.\" He notes that her sword shatters with her final stroke, but of her defeated foe, \"nothing is left\" in the empty mantle and hauberk.[6]The Episcopal priest and theologian Fleming Rutledge writes that whereas the \"pale king\", the invisible Witch-king of Angmar, is striving to kill Frodo, the real king, Aragorn, who has been out of sight, in disguise as a Ranger, is doing all he can to heal him: the two kings are opposites.[7] She writes also that while the enemy visible to Gondor is the Men of Harad and the Easterlings, the real enemy is personified by the Witch-king.[7]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuseli_-_Macbeth_and_the_Witches.jpg"},{"link_name":"parallels Shakespeare's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(character)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_p205-28"},{"link_name":"Henry Fuseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fuseli"},{"link_name":"The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Music of the Ainur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Ainur"},{"link_name":"Arda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gondor_and_the_heirs_of_Anarion-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"parallel the witches' statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien#Macbeth"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(character)"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Caesarean section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_p205-28"},{"link_name":"Michael Drout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drout"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Prophecy both true and false","text":"Further information: Shakespeare's influence on TolkienTolkien's use of prophecy about the Witch-king's death parallels Shakespeare's, where the witches speak both truth and falsehood about Macbeth's death.[8] Painting by Henry FuseliJulaire Andelin, in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, writes that prophecy in Middle-earth depended on characters' understanding of the Music of the Ainur, the divine plan for Arda, and was often ambiguous. Thus, Glorfindel's prophecy \"not by the hand of Man will [the Lord of the Nazgûl] fall\" did not lead the Lord of the Nazgûl to suppose that he would die at the hands of a woman and a hobbit.[T 6][9]Shippey states that the prophecy, and the Witch-king's surprise at finding Dernhelm to be a woman, parallel the witches' statement to Macbeth in Shakespeare's play of that name that he may \"laugh to scorn / The power of man, for none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth\" (Act 4, scene 1), and Macbeth's shock at learning that Macduff \"was from his mother's womb / Untimely ripp'd\" (Act 5, scene 8), as Macduff was born by Caesarean section. Thus, Shippey notes, despite Tolkien's stated dislike of Shakespeare's treatment of myth, he read Macbeth closely.[8]The Tolkien scholar Michael Drout identifies a further parallel with Shakespeare, one of several allusions to King Lear in The Lord of the Rings. The Witch-king says \"Come not between the Nazgûl and his prey\", as the mad Lear says \"Come not between the dragon and his wrath\".[10]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings film trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"audio commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_commentary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dellamorte_2011-32"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conlogue_2003-33"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit film trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Radagast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radagast"},{"link_name":"Dol Guldur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dol_Guldur"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"board game Middle Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Earth_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In Peter Jackson's 2001–2003 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, during the siege of Minas Tirith, the Witch-king wears a distinctive helmet over his hood resembling a mask and a crown, rather than the crown worn underneath his hood in the book.[11] The Witch-king's mount is largely responsible for the death of Théoden and his horse Snowmane, a departure from the book. As confirmed in the films' audio commentary, the design of the monsters was based largely on illustrations by John Howe.[12][13]In the first film of Jackson's 2012–2014 The Hobbit film trilogy, the Wizard Radagast briefly encounters the Witch-king while investigating the forest fortress of Dol Guldur.[14]Péter Kristóf Makai, in A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien, writes that the 1976 board game Middle Earth provided the Witch-king with a choice of nine spells, against Gandalf's eleven. Some of these were shared, such as the ability to project a defensive lightning-bolt.[15]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Rohirric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohirric"},{"link_name":"Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"necromancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy"},{"link_name":"[T 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"Layamon's Brut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"^ \"Dwimmerlaik\" represents a word in Rohirric, the speech of Rohan, translated into Old English; Tolkien glosses it in the index as a \"work of necromancy\", a \"spectre\". It derives from Old English (ge)dwimor, \"phantom, illusion\" and -leikr, the Old Norse ending corresponding to Anglo-Saxon -lac, meaning \"a state or act\".[T 16] Tom Shippey writes that Tolkien borrowed the word from a Middle English poem, Layamon's Brut.[1]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Image map with clickable links of the north-west of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age, showing Arnor in the north of Eriador (left), with the Witch-kingdom of Angmar at the northern end of the Misty Mountains (top centre).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg/550px-Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Scraperboard illustration of the Witch-king by Alexander Korotich, 1981","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Witch-king_of_Angmar_by_Alexander_Korotich_1981.jpg/170px-Witch-king_of_Angmar_by_Alexander_Korotich_1981.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tolkien's use of prophecy about the Witch-king's death parallels Shakespeare's, where the witches speak both truth and falsehood about Macbeth's death.[8] Painting by Henry Fuseli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fuseli_-_Macbeth_and_the_Witches.jpg/170px-Fuseli_-_Macbeth_and_the_Witches.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Fontenot, Megan N. (31 October 2019). \"Exploring the People of Middle-earth: The Witch-King of Angmar, Lord of the Nazgûl\". Tor.com. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2019/10/31/exploring-the-people-of-middle-earth-the-witch-king-of-angmar-lord-of-the-nazgul/","url_text":"\"Exploring the People of Middle-earth: The Witch-King of Angmar, Lord of the Nazgûl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (2005). The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion. HarperCollins. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-00-720907-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond","url_text":"Hammond, Wayne G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Scull","url_text":"Scull, Christina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720907-1","url_text":"978-0-00-720907-1"}]},{"reference":"Hunsinger, George (2020). \"Barth and Tolkien\". Wiley Blackwell Companion to Karl Barth. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 693–700. ISBN 978-1-119-15656-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-15656-7","url_text":"978-1-119-15656-7"}]},{"reference":"Rutledge, Fleming (2003). The battle for Middle-Earth: Tolkien's divine design in Lord of the rings. William B. Eerdmans. pp. 85, 96. ISBN 978-0-8028-2497-4. OCLC 52559213.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge","url_text":"Rutledge, Fleming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company","url_text":"William B. Eerdmans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2497-4","url_text":"978-0-8028-2497-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52559213","url_text":"52559213"}]},{"reference":"Andelin, Julaire (2013) [2007]. \"Prophecy\". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 544–545. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout","url_text":"Drout, Michael D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1","url_text":"978-0-415-86511-1"}]},{"reference":"Drout, Michael D. C. (2004). \"Tolkien's Prose Style and its Literary and Rhetorical Effects\". Tolkien Studies. 1 (1): 137–163. doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0006. S2CID 170271511.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drout","url_text":"Drout, Michael D. C."},{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/176065","url_text":"\"Tolkien's Prose Style and its Literary and Rhetorical Effects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_Studies","url_text":"Tolkien Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2004.0006","url_text":"10.1353/tks.2004.0006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170271511","url_text":"170271511"}]},{"reference":"Dembrow, Dylan (4 November 2018). \"Lord Of The Rings: 20 Strangest Details About Witch-King's Anatomy\". ScreenRant. To better distinguish him from his fellow Nazgul, the Witch-king was given additional armor and a large, pointed helm. In the novels, whenever his hood is thrown back, he is described as wearing a king's crown, which floats atop his invisible head and his burning eyes of fire.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/lord-rings-witch-king-anatomy-trivia-details/","url_text":"\"Lord Of The Rings: 20 Strangest Details About Witch-King's Anatomy\""}]},{"reference":"Dellamorte, Andrew (20 June 2011). \"The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy: Extended Edition Blu-ray Review\". Collider. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/lord-of-the-rings-extended-edition-blu-ray-review/","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy: Extended Edition Blu-ray Review\""}]},{"reference":"Conlogue, Ray (16 December 2003). \"Tolkien's Gentlemanly Art of War\". The Globe and Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/tolkiens-gentlemanly-art-of-war/article18440172/","url_text":"\"Tolkien's Gentlemanly Art of War\""}]},{"reference":"LaSala, Jeff (14 November 2014). \"Extending The Desolation of Smaug: More Is More\". Tor.com. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2014/11/14/more-is-more-extending-the-desolation-of-smaug/","url_text":"\"Extending The Desolation of Smaug: More Is More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"}]},{"reference":"Makai, Péter Kristóf (2014). \"Games and Gaming: Quantasy\". A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. pp. 530–544. ISBN 978-0-4706-5982-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277700037","url_text":"\"Games and Gaming: Quantasy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4706-5982-3","url_text":"978-0-4706-5982-3"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter","url_text":"Carpenter, Humphrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Collins","url_text":"Harper Collins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4","url_text":"978-0-35-865298-4"}]},{"reference":"Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261102750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey","url_text":"Shippey, Tom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth","url_text":"The Road to Middle-Earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261102750","url_text":"978-0261102750"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring","url_text":"The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942","url_text":"9552942"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King","url_text":"The Return of the King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821","url_text":"519647821"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion","url_text":"The Silmarillion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2","url_text":"978-0-395-25730-2"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Unfinished Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_Tales","url_text":"Unfinished Tales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3","url_text":"978-0-395-29917-3"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1989). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Treason of Isengard. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-51562-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Treason_of_Isengard","url_text":"The Treason of Isengard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-51562-4","url_text":"978-0-395-51562-4"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1990). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The War of the Ring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-56008-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianguan_County	Pianguan County	["1 Climate","2 References"]	Coordinates: 39°26′06″N 111°30′45″E / 39.43500°N 111.51250°E / 39.43500; 111.51250County in Shanxi, People's Republic of ChinaPianguan County 偏关县PienkwanCountyLocation in XinzhouPianguanLocation of the seat in ShanxiCoordinates: 39°26′06″N 111°30′45″E / 39.43500°N 111.51250°E / 39.43500; 111.51250CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceShanxiPrefecture-level cityXinzhouTime zoneUTC+8 (China Standard) Pianguan County (simplified Chinese: 偏关县; traditional Chinese: 偏關縣; pinyin: Piānguān Xiàn) is a county in the northwest of Shanxi province, China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the northwest. It is under the administration of Xinzhou city, and is its northernmost county-level division. Climate Climate data for Pianguan, elevation 1,052 m (3,451 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 9.7(49.5) 19.5(67.1) 27.5(81.5) 35.0(95.0) 35.2(95.4) 41.0(105.8) 39.5(103.1) 36.4(97.5) 35.4(95.7) 28.0(82.4) 21.3(70.3) 14.8(58.6) 41.0(105.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.9(28.6) 3.4(38.1) 10.7(51.3) 18.8(65.8) 24.9(76.8) 29.2(84.6) 30.7(87.3) 28.5(83.3) 23.3(73.9) 16.1(61.0) 7.4(45.3) −0.3(31.5) 15.9(60.6) Daily mean °C (°F) −9.9(14.2) −4.8(23.4) 2.7(36.9) 10.7(51.3) 17.1(62.8) 21.7(71.1) 23.6(74.5) 21.4(70.5) 15.8(60.4) 8.4(47.1) −0.1(31.8) −7.9(17.8) 8.2(46.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.6(3.9) −11.0(12.2) −3.7(25.3) 3.3(37.9) 9.4(48.9) 14.7(58.5) 17.6(63.7) 15.9(60.6) 10.1(50.2) 2.8(37.0) −5.2(22.6) −13.2(8.2) 2.1(35.8) Record low °C (°F) −29.5(−21.1) −25.1(−13.2) −20.7(−5.3) −8.9(16.0) −2.9(26.8) 2.6(36.7) 8.7(47.7) 6.8(44.2) −2.2(28.0) −9.9(14.2) −21.6(−6.9) −28.5(−19.3) −29.5(−21.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.5(0.14) 5.0(0.20) 9.0(0.35) 21.8(0.86) 39.0(1.54) 49.8(1.96) 105.9(4.17) 99.0(3.90) 54.4(2.14) 27.9(1.10) 11.1(0.44) 3.1(0.12) 429.5(16.92) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.6 3.1 3.3 5.1 7.1 10.8 12.1 11.7 9.5 6.4 3.6 2.6 77.9 Average snowy days 3.8 4.0 2.8 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.3 2.4 3.8 18.1 Average relative humidity (%) 55 50 41 37 40 47 59 65 63 59 57 55 52 Mean monthly sunshine hours 175.0 182.1 218.1 244.4 271.2 252.0 245.0 233.3 207.1 209.8 175.5 168.2 2,581.7 Percent possible sunshine 58 60 58 61 61 56 54 56 56 61 59 58 58 Source: China Meteorological Administration References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pianguan County. Look up Pianguan or P'ien-kuan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023. www.xzqh.org (in Chinese) vteCounty-level divisions of Shanxi ProvinceTaiyuan (capital)Prefecture-level citiesTaiyuan Xinghualing District Xiaodian District Yingze District Jiancaoping District Wanbailin District Jinyuan District Gujiao city Qingxu County Yangqu County Loufan County Datong Pingcheng District Yungang District Xinrong District Yunzhou District Yanggao County Tianzhen County Guangling County Lingqiu County Hunyuan County Zuoyun County Yangquan Cheng District Kuang District Jiao District Pingding County Yu County Changzhi Luzhou District Lucheng District Shangdang District Tunliu District Xiangyuan County Pingshun County Licheng County Huguan County Zhangzi County Wuxiang County Qin County Qinyuan County Jincheng Cheng District Gaoping city Zezhou County Qinshui County Yangcheng County Lingchuan County Shuozhou Shuocheng District Pinglu District Shanyin County Ying County Youyu County Huairen city Jinzhong Yuci District Taigu District Jiexiu city Yushe County Zuoquan County Heshun County Xiyang County Shouyang County Qi County Pingyao County Lingshi County Yuncheng Yanhu District Yongji city Hejin city Ruicheng County Linyi County Wanrong County Xinjiang County Jishan County Wenxi County Jiang County Pinglu County Yuanqu County Xia County Xinzhou Xinfu District Yuanping city Dingxiang County Wutai County Dai County Fanshi County Ningwu County Jingle County Shenchi County Wuzhai County Kelan County Hequ County Baode County Pianguan County Linfen Yaodu District Houma city Huozhou city Quwo County Yicheng County Xiangfen County Hongtong County Gu County Anze County Fushan County Ji County Xiangning County Pu County Daning County Yonghe County Xi County Fenxi County Lüliang Lishi District Xiaoyi city Fenyang city Wenshui County Zhongyang County Xing County Lin County Fangshan County Liulin County Lan County Jiaokou County Jiaocheng County Shilou County This Shanxi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPRC"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Xinzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinzhou,_Shanxi"},{"link_name":"county-level division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-level_division"}],"text":"County in Shanxi, People's Republic of ChinaPianguan County (simplified Chinese: 偏关县; traditional Chinese: 偏關縣; pinyin: Piānguān Xiàn) is a county in the northwest of Shanxi province, China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the northwest. It is under the administration of Xinzhou city, and is its northernmost county-level division.","title":"Pianguan County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Climate data for Pianguan, elevation 1,052 m (3,451 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−9.9(14.2)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−7.9(17.8)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−11.0(12.2)\n\n−3.7(25.3)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n−13.2(8.2)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−29.5(−21.1)\n\n−25.1(−13.2)\n\n−20.7(−5.3)\n\n−8.9(16.0)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n−9.9(14.2)\n\n−21.6(−6.9)\n\n−28.5(−19.3)\n\n−29.5(−21.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n3.5(0.14)\n\n5.0(0.20)\n\n9.0(0.35)\n\n21.8(0.86)\n\n39.0(1.54)\n\n49.8(1.96)\n\n105.9(4.17)\n\n99.0(3.90)\n\n54.4(2.14)\n\n27.9(1.10)\n\n11.1(0.44)\n\n3.1(0.12)\n\n429.5(16.92)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.6\n\n3.1\n\n3.3\n\n5.1\n\n7.1\n\n10.8\n\n12.1\n\n11.7\n\n9.5\n\n6.4\n\n3.6\n\n2.6\n\n77.9\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n3.8\n\n4.0\n\n2.8\n\n0.9\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.3\n\n2.4\n\n3.8\n\n18.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n55\n\n50\n\n41\n\n37\n\n40\n\n47\n\n59\n\n65\n\n63\n\n59\n\n57\n\n55\n\n52\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n175.0\n\n182.1\n\n218.1\n\n244.4\n\n271.2\n\n252.0\n\n245.0\n\n233.3\n\n207.1\n\n209.8\n\n175.5\n\n168.2\n\n2,581.7\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n58\n\n60\n\n58\n\n61\n\n61\n\n56\n\n54\n\n56\n\n56\n\n61\n\n59\n\n58\n\n58\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[1][2]","title":"Climate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pianguan_County&params=39_26_06_N_111_30_45_E_region:CN-14_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"39°26′06″N 111°30′45″E / 39.43500°N 111.51250°E / 39.43500; 111.51250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pianguan_County&params=39_26_06_N_111_30_45_E_region:CN-14_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"39°26′06″N 111°30′45″E / 39.43500°N 111.51250°E / 39.43500; 111.51250"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/index.html","external_links_name":"www.xzqh.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pianguan_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Development_Cooperation_(Denmark)	Minister for Development Cooperation (Denmark)	["1 List of ministers","2 External links","3 References"]	Government ministerial office Minister for Development CooperationUdviklingsministerState Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of DenmarkIncumbentDan Jørgensensince 15 December 2022Ministry of Foreign AffairsMember ofthe FolketingAppointerPrime MinisterTerm length4 yearsFormation25 January 1993; 31 years ago (1993-01-25)First holderHelle Degn Minister for Development Cooperation of Denmark (Danish: Udviklingsminister) is a Danish Government ministerial office. The office was introduced with the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I on 25 January 1993. List of ministers No. Portrait Name(Born-Died) Term Political Party Government Took office Left office Duration Minister for Development Cooperation(Udviklingsminister) 1 Helle Degn(born 1946)25 January 199327 September 19941 year, 245 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen I Cabinet 2 Poul Nielson(born 1943)27 September 199410 July 19994 years, 286 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen II Cabinet 3 Jan Trøjborg(1955–2012)10 July 199921 December 20001 year, 164 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen III Cabinet 4 Anita Bay Bundegaard(born 1963)21 December 200027 November 2001341 daysSocial LiberalsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen IV Cabinet None (task assumed by the Foreign Minister Per Stig Møller)27 November 2001 – 2 August 2004 5 Bertel Haarder(born 1944)2 August 200418 February 2005200 daysVenstreAnders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet 6 Ulla Tørnæs(born 1962)18 February 200523 February 20105 years, 5 daysVenstreAnders Fogh Rasmussen II Cabinet–IIILars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet 7 Søren Pind(born 1969)23 February 20103 October 20111 year, 222 daysVenstreLars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet 8 Christian Friis Bach(born 1966)3 October 201121 November 20132 years, 49 daysSocial LiberalsThorning-Schmidt I Cabinet 9 Rasmus Helveg Petersen(born 1968)21 November 20133 February 201474 daysSocial LiberalsThorning-Schmidt I Cabinet 10 Mogens Jensen(born 1963)3 February 201428 June 20151 year, 145 daysSocial DemocratsThorning-Schmidt II Cabinet None (task assumed by the Foreign Minister Kristian Jensen)28 June 2015 – 28 November 2016 (6) Ulla Tørnæs(born 1962)28 November 201627 June 20192 years, 211 daysVenstreLars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet 11 Rasmus Prehn(born 1973)27 June 201918 November 20201 year, 144 daysSocial DemocratsFrederiksen I Cabinet 12 Flemming Møller Mortensen(born 1963)19 November 202015 December 20222 years, 26 daysSocial DemocratsFrederiksen I Cabinet 13 Dan Jørgensen(born 1975)15 December 2022Incumbent1 year, 188 daysSocial DemocratsFrederiksen II Cabinet External links Official website - from the Foreign Ministry of Denmark. References List of Danish governments - From the official website of Folketinget vte Danish ministries and ministerial officesMinistriesCurrent: Business Culture Defence Climate and Energy Employment Environment Finance Foreign Affairs Interior and Housing Justice Health State of Denmark Science, Technology and Innovation Social Affairs Taxation Transport MinistersCurrent: Prime Minister (list) Minister for Building and Housing Minister of Business Affairs Minister for Children Minister of Climate and Energy Minister of Culture Minister of Defence (list) Minister for Development Cooperation Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs (list) Minister for Elderly Affairs Minister of Education Minister for Employment Minister for Environment Minister for Finance (list) Minister of Fisheries Minister for Food (list) Minister of Foreign Affairs (list) Minister for Gender Equality Minister of Health Minister for Integration Minister of the Interior (list) Minister of Justice (list) Minister for Nordic Cooperation Minister for Public Utilities Minister for Taxation (list) Minister for Transport Minister of Science Minister for Social Affairs Historical: Minister of Agriculture Minister of Commerce Minister for Economic Affairs Minister of European Affairs Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs Minister for Greenland (list) Minister for Holstein and Lauenburg Minister for Iceland Kultus Minister Minister for the Monarchy's Joint Internal Affairs Minister of the Navy Minister for Public Innovation Minister for Public Works Minister for Schleswig Minister for South Jutland Minister for Trade Minister of War Minister without Portfolio	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"ministerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen_I"}],"text":"Minister for Development Cooperation of Denmark (Danish: Udviklingsminister) is a Danish Government ministerial office. The office was introduced with the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I on 25 January 1993.","title":"Minister for Development Cooperation (Denmark)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of ministers"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/50px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://um.dk/en/about-us/the-ministers/minister-for-development-cooperation-and-global-climate-policy","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208105303/http://www.folketinget.dk/BAGGRUND/00000045/00232611.htm","external_links_name":"List of Danish governments"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Related_%E2%80%93_The_Soundtrack	Gang Related – The Soundtrack	["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 Certifications","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1997 soundtrack album by various artistsGang Related – The SoundtrackSoundtrack album by various artistsReleasedOctober 7, 1997Recorded1994 ("Life's So Hard", verses 1-3) Remaining tracks 1996–1997GenreWest Coast hip hopgangsta rapg-funkLength1:54:33LabelDeath RowPriorityProducerSuge Knight (exec.)Daz DillingerQuincy Jones III2PacSean "Barney" ThomasArthur GriffithBinky MackBrian GBud'daCarl "Butch" SmallCarlas ClossonChris JacksonDwayne ArmstrongLes PierceNate DoggReginald MooreStretchTommy D. DaughertyWyDeath Row Records chronology Gridlock'd(1997) Gang Related – The Soundtrack(1997) Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000(1999) Singles from Gang Related – The Soundtrack "Way Too Major"Released: September 1997 "These Days"Released: November 1997 Gang Related – The Soundtrack is a soundtrack for the Jim Kouf's 1997 crime film Gang Related. It was released on October 7, 1997, through Death Row Records, making it their first album to be distributed by Priority Records after Interscope Records dropped Death Row from their label. Production was handled by several record producers, including Daz Dillinger, Quincy Jones III, Binky Mack and Bud'da among others. The album features contributions by the likes of CJ Mac, J-Flexx, Tha Realest, members of Dogg Pound, Outlawz, Westside Connection, four songs by the supporting actor Tupac Shakur, and also marked the first national rap debut of Kansas City rapper Tech N9ne. The soundtrack peaked at #2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the US behind The Velvet Rope by Janet Jackson, and was eventually certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. This soundtrack along with 3 others (Above the Rim, Murder Was the Case & Gridlock'd) released on Death Row is packaged in a 4-disc set called The Death Row Archives . Track listing Disc 1No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Way Too Major" (Daz Dillinger featuring Tray Deee)D. ArnaudT. DavisDaz Dillinger5:272."Life's So Hard" (2Pac)T. ShakurD. ArnaudDaz Dillinger5:413."Greed" (Ice Cube)O. JacksonS. AndersonBud'da4:304."Get Yo Bang On" (Mack 10 featuring AllFrumThaI)D. RolisonM. MooreR. GarnerBinky Mack3:075."These Days" (Nate Dogg featuring Daz Dillinger)N. HaleD. ArnaudNate Dogg4:596."Mash for Our Dreams" (Storm featuring Young Noble and Daz Dillinger)D. HunterR. Cooper IIID. ArnaudDaz Dillinger4:487."Free'em All" (J-Flexx featuring Tenkamenin)J. AndersonJ. JonesQ. Jones IIIQDIII5:408."Starin' Through My Rear View" (2Pac featuring Outlawz)T. ShakurM. GreenidgeY. FulaT. WriceP. Collins2PacTyrone Wrice (co.)5:129."Devotion" (Paradise)ParadiseR. WilliamsL. PierceM. WhiteP. BailyLes "Dr. Smoke" Pierce4:1610."I Can't Fix It" (Jackers)C. JacksonChris JacksonArthur Griffith4:3611."Questions" (Tech N9ne)A. YatesQ. Jones IIIQDIII5:0812."Hollywood Bank Robbery" (Tha Gang featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg and Kurupt)D. ArnaudT. DavisC. Broadus Jr.R. BrownDaz Dillinger4:31Total length:57:52 Disc 2No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Made Niggaz" (2Pac featuring Outlawz)T. ShakurOutlawz2PacJohnny "J" (co.)5:022."Loc'd Out Hood" (Kurupt)R. BrownDaz Dillinger4:313."Gang Related" (WC, CJ Mac, Daz Dillinger and Tray Deee)T. DavisB. RossW. Calhoun Jr.D. ArnaudDaz Dillinger4:324."Keep Your Eyes Open" (O.F.T.B.)Operation From The BottomBrian GO.F.T.B. (co.)5:235."Lady" (6 Feet featuring Storm)R. Moore6 Feet DeepRegi Devell4:156."Take a Nigga Like Me" (Young Soldierz)S. DobyW. DillonStretchWy5:197."What Have You Done?" (B.G.O.T.I.)Tenaia "Oobie" Sanders, D. ArmstrongDwayne Armstrong4:498."What's Ya Fantasy" (Outlawz and Daz Dillinger)D. HunterR. Cooper IIID. ArnaudM. BealeDaz Dillinger5:329."A Change to Come" (J-Flexx featuring Tenkamenin, Bahamadia, Kool & the Gang and Con Funk Shun)S. ThomasK. ChatmanF. PilateK. FullerJ. AndersonJ. JonesSean "Barney" Thomas4:2210."Freak Somethin'" (Roland)R. WilliamsC. SmallCarl "Butch" SmallTommy D. Daugherty4:4611."Feelin' a Good Thang" (2DV)D. IronsD. GerdineC. ClossonCarlas Closson2DV (co.)3:2412."Lost Souls" (2Pac featuring Outlawz)T. ShakurM. MurphyD. FrankQDIIISean "Barney" Thomas4:43Total length:57:00 Charts Chart (1997) Peakposition US Billboard 200 2 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1997 (U.S.) References ^ "Soundtrack Gang Related Chart History". Billboard 200. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ "American album certifications – Soundtrack – Gang Related". Recording Industry Association of America. External links Gang Related - The Soundtrack at Discogs (list of releases) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Kouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kouf"},{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Gang Related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Related"},{"link_name":"Death Row Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Row_Records"},{"link_name":"Priority Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_Records"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_production"},{"link_name":"Daz Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones_III"},{"link_name":"Binky Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binky_Mack"},{"link_name":"Bud'da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%27da"},{"link_name":"CJ Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_Mac"},{"link_name":"J-Flexx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Flexx"},{"link_name":"Tha Realest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Realest"},{"link_name":"Dogg Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogg_Pound"},{"link_name":"Outlawz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlawz"},{"link_name":"Westside Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westside_Connection"},{"link_name":"Tupac Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Tech N9ne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_N9ne"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Above the Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Rim_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Murder Was the Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Was_the_Case"},{"link_name":"Gridlock'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridlock%27d_(soundtrack)"}],"text":"Gang Related – The Soundtrack is a soundtrack for the Jim Kouf's 1997 crime film Gang Related. It was released on October 7, 1997, through Death Row Records, making it their first album to be distributed by Priority Records after Interscope Records dropped Death Row from their label. Production was handled by several record producers, including Daz Dillinger, Quincy Jones III, Binky Mack and Bud'da among others. The album features contributions by the likes of CJ Mac, J-Flexx, Tha Realest, members of Dogg Pound, Outlawz, Westside Connection, four songs by the supporting actor Tupac Shakur, and also marked the first national rap debut of Kansas City rapper Tech N9ne. The soundtrack peaked at #2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the US behind The Velvet Rope by Janet Jackson, and was eventually certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.This soundtrack along with 3 others (Above the Rim, Murder Was the Case & Gridlock'd) released on Death Row is packaged in a 4-disc set called The Death Row Archives [The Soundtracks].","title":"Gang Related – The Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daz Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"Tray Deee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray_Deee"},{"link_name":"D. Arnaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"T. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tray_Deee"},{"link_name":"Daz Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"2Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Pac"},{"link_name":"T. Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"Ice Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube"},{"link_name":"O. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube"},{"link_name":"S. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%27da"},{"link_name":"Bud'da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%27da"},{"link_name":"Mack 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_10"},{"link_name":"AllFrumThaI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allfrumtha_I"},{"link_name":"D. Rolison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_10"},{"link_name":"M. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeak_Ru"},{"link_name":"R. Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binky_Mack"},{"link_name":"Binky Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binky_Mack"},{"link_name":"Nate Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Dogg"},{"link_name":"N. Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Nate Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Young Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Noble"},{"link_name":"R. Cooper III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Noble"},{"link_name":"J-Flexx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Flexx"},{"link_name":"Tenkamenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Realest"},{"link_name":"J. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Flexx"},{"link_name":"J. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Realest"},{"link_name":"Q. Jones III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones_III"},{"link_name":"QDIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones_III"},{"link_name":"Starin' Through My Rear View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starin%27_Through_My_Rear_View"},{"link_name":"Outlawz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlawz"},{"link_name":"M. Greenidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.D.I._Mean"},{"link_name":"Y. Fula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaki_Kadafi"},{"link_name":"T. Wrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurt-M-Badd"},{"link_name":"P. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Collins"},{"link_name":"2Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Wrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurt-M-Badd"},{"link_name":"M. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_White"},{"link_name":"P. Baily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Tech N9ne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_N9ne"},{"link_name":"A. Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_N9ne"},{"link_name":"Snoop Doggy Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Doggy_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Kurupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurupt"},{"link_name":"C. Broadus Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"R. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurupt"},{"link_name":"Made Niggaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_Niggaz"},{"link_name":"2Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Pac"},{"link_name":"Outlawz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlawz"},{"link_name":"T. Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"Outlawz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlawz"},{"link_name":"2Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Pac"},{"link_name":"Johnny \"J\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_%22J%22"},{"link_name":"Kurupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurupt"},{"link_name":"R. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurupt"},{"link_name":"Daz Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"WC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WC_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"CJ Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_Mac"},{"link_name":"Daz Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"Tray Deee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray_Deee"},{"link_name":"T. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tray_Deee"},{"link_name":"B. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_Mac"},{"link_name":"W. Calhoun Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WC_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"D. Arnaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"Young Soldierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Soldierz"},{"link_name":"R. Cooper III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Noble"},{"link_name":"M. Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"J-Flexx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Flexx"},{"link_name":"Tenkamenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Realest"},{"link_name":"Bahamadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamadia"},{"link_name":"Kool & the Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang"},{"link_name":"Con Funk Shun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Funk_Shun"},{"link_name":"F. Pilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felton_Pilate"},{"link_name":"J. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Flexx"},{"link_name":"J. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Realest"},{"link_name":"QDIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones_III"}],"text":"Disc 1No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Way Too Major\" (Daz Dillinger featuring Tray Deee)D. ArnaudT. DavisDaz Dillinger5:272.\"Life's So Hard\" (2Pac)T. ShakurD. ArnaudDaz Dillinger5:413.\"Greed\" (Ice Cube)O. JacksonS. AndersonBud'da4:304.\"Get Yo Bang On\" (Mack 10 featuring AllFrumThaI)D. RolisonM. MooreR. GarnerBinky Mack3:075.\"These Days\" (Nate Dogg featuring Daz Dillinger)N. HaleD. ArnaudNate Dogg4:596.\"Mash for Our Dreams\" (Storm featuring Young Noble and Daz Dillinger)D. HunterR. Cooper IIID. ArnaudDaz Dillinger4:487.\"Free'em All\" (J-Flexx featuring Tenkamenin)J. AndersonJ. JonesQ. Jones IIIQDIII5:408.\"Starin' Through My Rear View\" (2Pac featuring Outlawz)T. ShakurM. GreenidgeY. FulaT. WriceP. Collins2PacTyrone Wrice (co.)5:129.\"Devotion\" (Paradise)ParadiseR. WilliamsL. PierceM. WhiteP. BailyLes \"Dr. Smoke\" Pierce4:1610.\"I Can't Fix It\" (Jackers)C. JacksonChris JacksonArthur Griffith4:3611.\"Questions\" (Tech N9ne)A. YatesQ. Jones IIIQDIII5:0812.\"Hollywood Bank Robbery\" (Tha Gang featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg and Kurupt)D. ArnaudT. DavisC. Broadus Jr.R. BrownDaz Dillinger4:31Total length:57:52Disc 2No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Made Niggaz\" (2Pac featuring Outlawz)T. ShakurOutlawz2PacJohnny \"J\" (co.)5:022.\"Loc'd Out Hood\" (Kurupt)R. BrownDaz Dillinger4:313.\"Gang Related\" (WC, CJ Mac, Daz Dillinger and Tray Deee)T. DavisB. RossW. Calhoun Jr.D. ArnaudDaz Dillinger4:324.\"Keep Your Eyes Open\" (O.F.T.B.)Operation From The BottomBrian GO.F.T.B. (co.)5:235.\"Lady\" (6 Feet featuring Storm)R. Moore6 Feet DeepRegi Devell4:156.\"Take a Nigga Like Me\" (Young Soldierz)S. DobyW. DillonStretchWy5:197.\"What Have You Done?\" (B.G.O.T.I.)Tenaia \"Oobie\" Sanders, D. ArmstrongDwayne Armstrong4:498.\"What's Ya Fantasy\" (Outlawz and Daz Dillinger)D. HunterR. Cooper IIID. ArnaudM. BealeDaz Dillinger5:329.\"A Change to Come\" (J-Flexx featuring Tenkamenin, Bahamadia, Kool & the Gang and Con Funk Shun)S. ThomasK. ChatmanF. PilateK. FullerJ. AndersonJ. JonesSean \"Barney\" Thomas4:2210.\"Freak Somethin'\" (Roland)R. WilliamsC. SmallCarl \"Butch\" SmallTommy D. Daugherty4:4611.\"Feelin' a Good Thang\" (2DV)D. IronsD. GerdineC. ClossonCarlas Closson2DV (co.)3:2412.\"Lost Souls\" (2Pac featuring Outlawz)T. ShakurM. MurphyD. FrankQDIIISean \"Barney\" Thomas4:43Total length:57:00","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of number-one R&B albums of 1997 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_1997_(U.S.)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Soundtrack Gang Related Chart History\". Billboard 200. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/soundtrack/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"Soundtrack Gang Related Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200","url_text":"Billboard 200"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Soundtrack – Gang Related\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Soundtrack&ti=Gang+Related&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Soundtrack – Gang Related\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/soundtrack/chart-history/tlp/","external_links_name":"\"Soundtrack Gang Related Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Soundtrack&ti=Gang+Related&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Soundtrack – Gang Related\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/125794","external_links_name":"Gang Related - The Soundtrack"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/afbaf1a5-b0e8-3f33-8957-8deca9a53253","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wayne_E._Meyer	USS Wayne E. Meyer	["1 Construction","2 Ship history","3 In popular culture","4 Awards","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"]	Guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Wayne. USS Wayne E. Meyer on 19 June 2017 History United States NameWayne E. Meyer NamesakeWayne E. Meyer Awarded13 September 2002 BuilderBath Iron Works Laid down18 May 2007 Launched19 October 2008 Sponsored byAnna Mae Meyer Acquired10 July 2009 Commissioned10 October 2009 HomeportPearl Harbor Identification MMSI number: 369970036 Callsign: NFOA Pennant number: DDG-108 MottoOne Powerful Legacy Honors andawardsSee Awards Statusin active service Badge General characteristics Class and typeArleigh Burke-class destroyer Displacement9,200 tons Length509 ft 6 in (155.30 m) Beam66 ft (20 m) Draft31 ft (9.4 m) Propulsion4 × General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbines, 2 shafts, 100,000 shp (75 MW) Speedexceeds 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) Complement312 officers and enlisted Armament Guns: 1 × 5-inch (127 mm)/62 Mk 45 Mod 4 (lightweight gun) 1 × 20 mm (0.8 in) Phalanx CIWS 2 × 25 mm (0.98 in) Mk 38 machine gun system 4 × 0.50 inches (12.7 mm) caliber guns Missiles: 1 × 32-cell, 1 × 64-cell (96 total cells) Mk 41 vertical launching system (VLS): RIM-66M surface-to-air missile RIM-156 surface-to-air missile RIM-174A standard ERAM RIM-161 anti-ballistic missile RIM-162 ESSM (quad-packed) BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missile RUM-139 vertical launch ASROC Torpedoes: 2 × Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes: Mark 46 lightweight torpedo Mark 50 lightweight torpedo Mark 54 lightweight torpedo Aircraft carried2 × MH-60R Seahawk helicopters USS Wayne E. Meyer (DDG-108) is an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer in the United States Navy. She is named after Rear Admiral Wayne E. Meyer, known as the "Father of Aegis". She carries the 100th AEGIS Weapon System to be delivered to the United States Navy. Construction Wayne E. Meyer is the 58th destroyer in her class. She was built by Bath Iron Works, and was christened by sponsor Anna Mae Meyer, wife of Admiral Meyer, and launched on 18 October 2008. She completed sea trials in June 2009, and was delivered to the Navy in July 2009. She was commissioned on the Delaware River, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 10 October 2009. Ship history Wayne E. Meyer arrived at her homeport in San Diego, California, on 4 December 2009. Wayne E. Meyer made her maiden deployment as part of the John C. Stennis Carrier Strike Group (CSG) from 29 July 2011 until 27 February 2012. She made port calls in Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Bahrain, Dubai, and the Philippines. In January 2017, Wayne E. Meyer, and her sister ship Michael Murphy, were part of Destroyer Squadron 1, and along with Lake Champlain and Carl Vinson formed Carrier Strike Group One (CSG-1), during a deployment to the western Pacific. In April of that year, CSG-1 cancelled a scheduled port call in Australia, in response to increasing tensions between the United States and North Korea over the latter's nuclear weapons program. In September 2018 Wayne E. Meyer and O'Kane completed homeport swaps. Wayne E. Meyer arrived at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam on 13 September, and O'Kane got underway for her new homeport of San Diego. In popular culture Wayne E. Meyer was featured in the episode "Destroyer Disaster" of the Food Network show, Dinner: Impossible. Wayne E. Meyer was used in the filming of Season 2 Episode 5, “Achilles”, TNT Network show The Last Ship. Awards Navy Unit Commendation - (Sep 2011-Jan 2012, Jul 2012-May 2013) Navy E Ribbon - (2013, 2014) Spokane Trophy - (2014) Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) Energy Conservation Award (Medium ship category) - (2017) Gallery Christening party for Wayne E. Meyer, at Bath Iron Works 18 October 2008 Stern view of Wayne E. Meyer prior to launching 18 October 2008 References ^ a b "USS WAYNE E MEYER". Naval Vessel Register. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ "Destroyer to be named for weapons developer". Courier-Post. 10 October 2009. ^ "Carl Vinson Carrier Strike Group arrives in Singapore". navy.mil. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2023. ^ "Destroyer Disaster Episode IE0801". Food Network. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ^ "Achilles Season 2 Episode 5" Hulu streaming service, retrieved 27 April 2021. Originally aired 12 July 2005 ^ "NAVADMIN Message 282/17". U.S. Navy. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2022. This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Wayne E. Meyer (DDG-108). Official website USS Wayne E. Meyer on Facebook vteArleigh Burke-class destroyersFlight I ships Arleigh Burke Barry John Paul Jones Curtis Wilbur Stout John S. McCain Mitscher Laboon Russell Paul Hamilton Ramage Fitzgerald Stethem Carney Benfold Gonzalez Cole The Sullivans Milius Hopper Ross Flight II ships Mahan Decatur McFaul Donald Cook Higgins O'Kane Porter Flight IIA ships5"/54 variant Oscar Austin Roosevelt 5"/62 variant Winston S. Churchill Lassen Howard Bulkeley McCampbell Shoup Mason Preble Mustin Chafee Pinckney Momsen Chung-Hoon Nitze James E. Williams Bainbridge Halsey Forrest Sherman Farragut Kidd Gridley Sampson Truxtun Sterett Dewey Stockdale Gravely Wayne E. Meyer Jason Dunham William P. Lawrence Spruance Michael Murphy John Finn Ralph Johnson Rafael Peralta Thomas Hudner Paul Ignatius Daniel Inouye Delbert D. Black Carl M. Levin Frank E. Petersen Jr. John Basilone Lenah Sutcliffe Higbee Harvey C. Barnum Jr. Patrick Gallagher Flight III ships Jack H. Lucas Louis H. Wilson Jr. Ted Stevens Jeremiah Denton William Charette George M. Neal Quentin Walsh Sam Nunn John E. Kilmer Thad Cochran Richard G. Lugar John F. Lehman J. William Middendorf Telesforo Trinidad Thomas G. Kelley Ernest E. Evans Charles J. French Richard J. Danzig Michael G. Mullen Related classes: Kongō Atago Maya Sejong the Great Preceded by: Kidd class Followed by: Zumwalt class, DDG(X) List of destroyers of the United States Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Arleigh Burke-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"guided missile destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Wayne E. Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_E._Meyer"},{"link_name":"\"Father of Aegis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_combat_system"},{"link_name":"AEGIS Weapon System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_combat_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Wayne.USS Wayne E. Meyer (DDG-108) is an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer in the United States Navy. She is named after Rear Admiral Wayne E. Meyer, known as the \"Father of Aegis\". She carries the 100th AEGIS Weapon System to be delivered to the United States Navy.[2]","title":"USS Wayne E. Meyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bath Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NVR-1"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"}],"text":"Wayne E. Meyer is the 58th destroyer in her class. She was built by Bath Iron Works, and was christened by sponsor Anna Mae Meyer, wife of Admiral Meyer, and launched on 18 October 2008. She completed sea trials in June 2009, and was delivered to the Navy in July 2009.[1] She was commissioned on the Delaware River, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 10 October 2009.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John C. 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Meyer arrived at her homeport in San Diego, California, on 4 December 2009.[citation needed]Wayne E. Meyer made her maiden deployment as part of the John C. Stennis Carrier Strike Group (CSG) from 29 July 2011 until 27 February 2012. She made port calls in Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Bahrain, Dubai, and the Philippines.[citation needed]In January 2017, Wayne E. Meyer, and her sister ship Michael Murphy, were part of Destroyer Squadron 1, and along with Lake Champlain and Carl Vinson formed Carrier Strike Group One (CSG-1), during a deployment to the western Pacific. In April of that year, CSG-1 cancelled a scheduled port call in Australia, in response to increasing tensions between the United States and North Korea over the latter's nuclear weapons program.[3]In September 2018 Wayne E. Meyer and O'Kane completed homeport swaps. Wayne E. Meyer arrived at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam on 13 September, and O'Kane got underway for her new homeport of San Diego.[citation needed]","title":"Ship history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network"},{"link_name":"Dinner: Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner:_Impossible"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wayne E. Meyer was featured in the episode \"Destroyer Disaster\" of the Food Network show, Dinner: Impossible.[4]\nWayne E. Meyer was used in the filming of Season 2 Episode 5, “Achilles”, TNT Network show The Last Ship.[5]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Navy E Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_E_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Spokane Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Energy Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Conservation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Navy Unit Commendation - (Sep 2011-Jan 2012, Jul 2012-May 2013)\nNavy E Ribbon - (2013, 2014)\nSpokane Trophy - (2014)\nSecretary of the Navy (SECNAV) Energy Conservation Award (Medium ship category) - (2017)[6]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDG108_Christening_Party_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDG-108_Stern_View.JPG"}],"text":"Christening party for Wayne E. Meyer, at Bath Iron Works 18 October 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStern view of Wayne E. Meyer prior to launching 18 October 2008","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"USS WAYNE E MEYER\". Naval Vessel Register. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_DDG_108.HTML","url_text":"\"USS WAYNE E MEYER\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029091210/https://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_DDG_108.HTML","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Destroyer to be named for weapons developer\". Courier-Post. 10 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courierpostonline.com/article/20091010/NEWS01/910100366","url_text":"\"Destroyer to be named for weapons developer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier-Post","url_text":"Courier-Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Vinson Carrier Strike Group arrives in Singapore\". navy.mil. 4 April 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Ockett	Molly Ockett	["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]	Molly OckettBornc. 1740Biddeford, Massachusetts Bay, British AmericaDiedAugust 2, 1816East Andover, Massachusetts, U.S.Resting placeWoodlawn CemeteryNationalityAbenakiKnown forHealing abilities and traditional craftsmanship Molly Ockett (also "Mollyockett", "Mollocket" and "Molly Occut") (born c. 1740, Saco, Maine, died August 2, 1816, Andover, Maine), was a Pequawket Abenaki woman who lived in the regions of northern New Hampshire, Maine and central Quebec during colonial times. She was baptized and given the name Marie Agathe. This became "Mali Agat" when spoken in Abenaki, which sounded like "Molly Ockett" to English-speaking listeners. Biography Molly Ockett was born around 1740 in the area now known as Saco, Maine. Molly Ockett was reputed to be a skilled healer with a singular sense of humor. She is reputed to have saved the life of future Vice President of the United States Hannibal Hamlin when he was an infant. She was well known by European settlers in the area and her name is still attached to numerous locales in the Androscoggin River valley and surrounding territory. Molly Ockett was skilled in traditional Abenaki crafts. Her date of death is given as August 2, 1816. She is buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery in Andover, Maine. Legacy Molly Ockett Middle School in Fryeburg, Maine, is named after her. Bethel, Maine, once held an annual summer festival titled 'Molly Ockett Day'. Molly Ockett Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) in Bridgton, Maine is named in her honor. References ^ "Molly Ockett and Her World". Museums of the Bethel Historical Society. Museums of the Bethel Historical Society. Retrieved August 2, 2023. ^ Newell, Catherine. "Well-known Indians of the Bethel Area". Museums of the Bethel Historical Society. Bethel Historical Society. Retrieved August 2, 2023. ^ "Who Was MollyOckett?". MollyOckett Day. Bethel, Maine: Bethel Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 15, 2016. ^ "Molly Ockett and Her World". Bethel Historical Society. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ "Molly Ockett and Her World". www.bethelhistorical.org. Retrieved January 14, 2021. ^ "Mona Polacca - North America at Evergreen". Retrieved June 16, 2013. ^ "MollyOckett Days". Retrieved June 8, 2014. ^ "Annual Events". Bethel, Maine. Bethel Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 26, 2021. ^ "Molly Ockett Day name changed to Summerfest". Sun Journal. Lewiston Sun Journal. February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2021. External links Online exhibit from the Museums of the Bethel Historical Society Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States This biographical article about an Indigenous person of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pequawket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequawket"},{"link_name":"Abenaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Abenaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Molly Ockett (also \"Mollyockett\", \"Mollocket\" and \"Molly Occut\") (born c. 1740, Saco, Maine, died August 2, 1816, Andover, Maine), was a Pequawket Abenaki woman who lived in the regions of northern New Hampshire, Maine and central Quebec during colonial times. She was baptized and given the name Marie Agathe. This became \"Mali Agat\" when spoken in Abenaki, which sounded like \"Molly Ockett\" to English-speaking listeners.[1]","title":"Molly Ockett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saco, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saco,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"Androscoggin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androscoggin_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Andover, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover,_Maine"}],"text":"Molly Ockett was born around 1740 in the area now known as Saco, Maine.[2]Molly Ockett was reputed to be a skilled healer[3] with a singular sense of humor. She is reputed to have saved the life of future Vice President of the United States Hannibal Hamlin when he was an infant. She was well known by European settlers in the area and her name is still attached to numerous locales in the Androscoggin River valley and surrounding territory.[4]Molly Ockett was skilled in traditional Abenaki crafts.[5]Her date of death is given as August 2, 1816. She is buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery in Andover, Maine.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fryeburg, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryeburg,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bethel, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Daughters of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution"}],"text":"Molly Ockett Middle School in Fryeburg, Maine, is named after her.[6]\nBethel, Maine, once held an annual summer festival titled 'Molly Ockett Day'.[7][8][9]\nMolly Ockett Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) in Bridgton, Maine is named in her honor.","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\". Museums of the Bethel Historical Society. Museums of the Bethel Historical Society. Retrieved August 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bethelhistorical.org/catalog/exhibits/show/mollyockett/introduction","url_text":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\""}]},{"reference":"Newell, Catherine. \"Well-known Indians of the Bethel Area\". Museums of the Bethel Historical Society. Bethel Historical Society. Retrieved August 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bethelhistorical.org/catalog/item/SERIAL_1.5.X.6b","url_text":"\"Well-known Indians of the Bethel Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who Was MollyOckett?\". MollyOckett Day. Bethel, Maine: Bethel Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mollyockettdays.com/who-was-mollyockett.html","url_text":"\"Who Was MollyOckett?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel,_Maine","url_text":"Bethel, Maine"}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\". Bethel Historical Society. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bethelhistorical.org/Molly_Ockett_and_Her_World.html","url_text":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\". www.bethelhistorical.org. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bethelhistorical.org/legacy-site/Molly_Ockett_and_Her_World.html","url_text":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mona Polacca - North America at Evergreen\". Retrieved June 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.evergreen.edu/events/springcolloquium/monapolacca.htm","url_text":"\"Mona Polacca - North America at Evergreen\""}]},{"reference":"\"MollyOckett Days\". Retrieved June 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mollyockettdays.com/","url_text":"\"MollyOckett Days\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Events\". Bethel, Maine. Bethel Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bethelmaine.com/annual-events","url_text":"\"Annual Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Ockett Day name changed to Summerfest\". Sun Journal. Lewiston Sun Journal. February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunjournal.com/2020/02/13/molly-ockett-day-to-change-name-observe-maines-200th/","url_text":"\"Molly Ockett Day name changed to Summerfest\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bethelhistorical.org/catalog/exhibits/show/mollyockett/introduction","external_links_name":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\""},{"Link":"https://bethelhistorical.org/catalog/item/SERIAL_1.5.X.6b","external_links_name":"\"Well-known Indians of the Bethel Area\""},{"Link":"http://www.mollyockettdays.com/who-was-mollyockett.html","external_links_name":"\"Who Was MollyOckett?\""},{"Link":"http://www.bethelhistorical.org/Molly_Ockett_and_Her_World.html","external_links_name":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\""},{"Link":"https://www.bethelhistorical.org/legacy-site/Molly_Ockett_and_Her_World.html","external_links_name":"\"Molly Ockett and Her World\""},{"Link":"http://www.evergreen.edu/events/springcolloquium/monapolacca.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mona Polacca - North America at Evergreen\""},{"Link":"http://www.mollyockettdays.com/","external_links_name":"\"MollyOckett Days\""},{"Link":"https://www.bethelmaine.com/annual-events","external_links_name":"\"Annual Events\""},{"Link":"https://www.sunjournal.com/2020/02/13/molly-ockett-day-to-change-name-observe-maines-200th/","external_links_name":"\"Molly Ockett Day name changed to Summerfest\""},{"Link":"https://bethelhistorical.org/catalog/exhibits/show/mollyockett/introduction","external_links_name":"Online exhibit from the Museums of the Bethel Historical Society"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/416080/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/23911659","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyh74pR37PyQXYjXJMF8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98034442","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molly_Ockett&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komono	Komono	["1 Geography","1.1 Neighboring municipalities","2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 History","5 Government","6 Education","7 Transportation","7.1 Railway","7.2 Highway","8 Local attractions","9 Notable people","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°1′N 136°30′E / 35.017°N 136.500°E / 35.017; 136.500Town in Kansai, JapanKomono 菰野町　TownKomono Town Office FlagSealLocation of Komono in Mie PrefectureKomono Coordinates: 35°1′N 136°30′E / 35.017°N 136.500°E / 35.017; 136.500CountryJapanRegionKansaiPrefectureMieDistrictMieGovernment • MayorTakayuki ShibataArea • Total106.89 km2 (41.27 sq mi)Population (September 2021) • Total41,542 • Density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)- TreeZelkova serrata- BirdJapanese bush warbler- BeastJapanese serowPhone number059-391-1111　Address1480 Komoro, Komoro-chō, Mie-gun, Mie-ken 510-1292WebsiteOfficial website Gozaisho Ropeway and Komono in distance Komono (菰野町, Komono-chō) is a town located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2021, the town had an estimated population of 41,542 in 16883 households and a population density of 390 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 106.89 square kilometres (41.27 sq mi). Geography Komono is located in the mountainous region of northern Mie Prefecture, bordering on Shiga Prefecture. Parts of the town are within the limits of the Suzuka Quasi-National Park. Neighboring municipalities Mie Prefecture Yokkaichi Inabe Shiga Prefecture Higashiōmi Kōka Climate Komono has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Komono is 14.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1737 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.6 °C. Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Komono has increased steadily over the past 60 years. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 16,101— 1930 16,363+1.6% 1940 15,849−3.1% 1950 20,897+31.9% 1960 20,217−3.3% 1970 24,187+19.6% 1980 29,373+21.4% 1990 32,263+9.8% 2000 37,972+17.7% 2010 39,973+5.3% History Komoro is located in ancient Ise Province and was the center of 12,000 koku Komono Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate, ruled by the Hijikata clan from 1600 until the Meiji restoration of 1871. In the establishment of municipalities under the Meiji government’s reforms, it became Komoro village within Mie District of Mie Prefecture on April 1, 1889. Komoro was elevated to town status in 1928. Government Komono has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members. Komono contributes two members to the Mie Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Mie 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Education Komono has five public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Mie Prefectural Board of Education.. Transportation Railway Kintetsu Railway Kintetsu Railway – Yunoyama Line Komono - Naka-Komono - Ōbane-en - Yunoyama-Onsen Highway Shin-Meishin Expressway National Route 306 National Route 477 Local attractions Gozaisho Ropeway Yunoyama Onsen Notable people Tomoya Uchida, professional soccer player Yuki Nishi, professional baseball player Takuma Asano, professional soccer player References ^ "Komono town official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ Komono climate data ^ Komono population statistics External links Media related to Komono, Mie at Wikimedia Commons Komono official website (in Japanese) vteMie PrefectureTsu (capital)Special city Yokkaichi Cities Tsu Ise Matsusaka Kuwana Suzuka Nabari Owase Kameyama Toba Kumano Inabe Shima Iga Districts Inabe District Tōin Kitamuro District Kihoku Kuwana District Kisosaki Mie District Asahi Kawagoe Komono Minamimuro District Kihō Mihama Taki District Meiwa Ōdai Taki Watarai District Minamiise Taiki Tamaki Watarai List of mergers in Mie Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gozaisho_Ropeway_and_Komono_Mie.jpg"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Mie Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komono&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komono-hp-1"}],"text":"Town in Kansai, JapanGozaisho Ropeway and Komono in distanceKomono (菰野町, Komono-chō) is a town located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2021[update], the town had an estimated population of 41,542 in 16883 households and a population density of 390 persons per km2.[1] The total area of the town was 106.89 square kilometres (41.27 sq mi).","title":"Komono"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shiga Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Suzuka Quasi-National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuka_Quasi-National_Park"}],"text":"Komono is located in the mountainous region of northern Mie Prefecture, bordering on Shiga Prefecture. Parts of the town are within the limits of the Suzuka Quasi-National Park.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yokkaichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi"},{"link_name":"Inabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inabe,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Higashiōmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dmi"},{"link_name":"Kōka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dka,_Shiga"}],"sub_title":"Neighboring municipalities","text":"Mie PrefectureYokkaichi\nInabeShiga PrefectureHigashiōmi\nKōka","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Komono has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Komono is 14.0 °C. 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In the establishment of municipalities under the Meiji government’s reforms, it became Komoro village within Mie District of Mie Prefecture on April 1, 1889. Komoro was elevated to town status in 1928.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Komono has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members. Komono contributes two members to the Mie Prefectural Assembly. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_Center	King Center for Nonviolent Social Change	["1 History","2 Programs","3 Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize","4 References","5 External links"]	Not-for-profit organization in Atlanta, Georgia, United States Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social ChangeFounded1968FounderCoretta Scott KingFocusNonviolent Social ChangeLocationAtlantaPresidentBernice KingWebsitethekingcenter.org The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, commonly known as The King Center, is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization in Atlanta, United States. History The center was founded in 1968 by Coretta Scott King, who started the organization in the basement of the couple's home in the year following the assassination of her husband in 1968. In 1981, the center's headquarters were moved into the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park facility on Auburn Avenue which includes King's birth home and the Ebenezer Baptist Church, where he preached from 1960 until his death. In 1977, a memorial tomb was dedicated, and the remains of Martin Luther King Jr. were moved from South View Cemetery to the plaza that is nestled between the center and the church. Martin Luther King Jr.'s gravesite and a reflecting pool are also located next to Freedom Hall. Mrs. King was interred with her husband on February 7, 2006. In 2012, King's youngest child, Bernice King, became the CEO. Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King Tomb in the Sweet Auburn district, preserved at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park. Programs The center provides research, education and training programs on the principles, philosophy and methods of non-violence. It supports these actions internationally with the Beloved Community Network. Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize The Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize is awarded by the King Center. A non-exhaustive list of recipients includes: Cesar Chavez (1973); Stanley Levison and Kenneth Kaunda (1978); Rosa Parks (1980); Martin Luther King Sr. and Richard Attenborough (1983); Corazon Aquino (1987); Mikhail Gorbachev (1991); and, on April 4, 2018 – the 50th anniversary of King's assassination – Ben Ferencz and Bryan Stevenson. References ^ Gary L. Anderson, Kathryn G. Herr, Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice, SAGE Publications, USA, 2007, p. 804 ^ Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of African American History: 5-Volume Set, Oxford University Press USA, USA, 2009, p. 97 ^ BJ, Bernice King named King Center CEO, bizjournals.com, USA, January 9, 2012 ^ "WHAT WE DO". The King Center. Retrieved June 5, 2023. ^ a b Umontuen, Itoro (2018-04-04). "The King Center honors 2018 Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize recipients". The Atlanta Voice. Retrieved 2020-08-27. ^ "Commemorative Services". The King Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-29. Retrieved 2020-08-27. External links Official website vteCoretta Scott KingApril 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006Life Childhood and education Civil rights movement 1967 San Francisco anti-war march King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 2004 Gandhi Peace Prize Death and funeral Other Martin Luther King Jr. Day King v. Trustees of Boston Univ. Reaction Recognition and tributes Namesakes Coretta Scott King Award Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy Family Martin Luther King Jr. (husband) Yolanda King (daughter) Martin Luther King III (son) Dexter King (son) Bernice King (daughter) Edythe Scott Bagley (sister) Depictions King (1978 miniseries) Our Friend, Martin (1999 animated) Betty & Coretta (2013 film) Selma (2014 film) The Embrace (2023 statue) Rustin (upcoming film) Commons Wikiquote vteMartin Luther King Jr.Speeches, writings, movements, and protestsSpeeches "Give Us the Ballot" (1957) "I Have a Dream" (1963) "How Long, Not Long" (1965) "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" (1967) "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968) Writings Stride Toward Freedom (1958) "What Is Man?" (1959) "Second Emancipation Proclamation" Strength to Love (1963) "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963) Why We Can't Wait (1964) Conscience for Change (1967) Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967) Movementsand protests Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957) Albany Movement (1961–1962) Birmingham campaign (1963) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963) St. Augustine movement (1963–1964) Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) Chicago Freedom Movement (1966) Mississippi March Against Fear (1966) Anti-Vietnam War movement (1967) Memphis sanitation strike (1968) Poor People's Campaign (1968) PeopleFamily Coretta Scott King (wife) Yolanda King (daughter) Martin Luther King III (son) Dexter King (son) Bernice King (daughter) Martin Luther King Sr. (father) Alberta Williams King (mother) Christine King Farris (sister) A. D. King (brother) James Albert King (grandfather) Alveda King (niece) Otherleaders Ralph Abernathy (mentor, colleague) Ella Baker (colleague) James Bevel (strategist / colleague) Dorothy Cotton (colleague) Jesse Jackson (protégé) Bernard Lafayette (colleague) James Lawson (colleague) John Lewis (colleague) Joseph Lowery (colleague) Benjamin Mays (mentor) Diane Nash (colleague) James Orange (colleague) Bayard Rustin (advisor) Fred Shuttlesworth (colleague) C. T. Vivian (colleague) Wyatt Walker (colleague) Hosea Williams (colleague) Andrew Young (colleague) Assassination Lorraine Motel (now National Civil Rights Museum) Riots Funeral James Earl Ray Jack Kershaw U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act Loyd Jowers Trial Conspiracy theories MediaFilm King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970 documentary) Our Friend, Martin (1999 animated) Boycott (2001 film) The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 (2008 documentary) Selma (2014 film) All the Way (2016 film) King in the Wilderness (2018 documentary) MLK/FBI (2020 documentary) Rustin (2023 film) Television King (1978 miniseries) "The First Store" (The Jeffersons, 1980) "Great X-Pectations" (A Different World, 1993) "The Promised Land" (New York Undercover, 1997) Selma, Lord, Selma (1999) "Return of the King" (The Boondocks, 2006) Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK (2011 documentary) Genius (MLK/X, 2024) Plays The Meeting (1987) The Mountaintop (2009) I Dream (2010) All the Way (2012) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story (1957 comic book) Music "Abraham, Martin and John" (Dion) "March! For Martin Luther King" (John Fahey) "Martin Luther King's Dream" (Strawbs) "Happy Birthday" (Stevie Wonder) "Pride (In the Name of Love)" (U2) "MLK" (U2) "King Holiday" (King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew) "By the Time I Get to Arizona" (Public Enemy) "Shed a Little Light" (James Taylor) "Up to the Mountain" (Patti Griffin) "Never Alone Martin" (Jason Upton) "Symphony of Brotherhood" (Miri Ben-Ari) Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King (1995 album) "A Dream" (Common featuring will.i.am) "Glory" (Common and John Legend) Related Civil rights movement in popular culture Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc. King v. Trustees of Boston Univ. Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Martin Luther King Jr. Day passage Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Big Six African American founding fathers of the United States Authorship issues FBI–King suicide letter Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture, Atlanta Hope Moving Forward statue, Atlanta Safe House Black History Museum Statues of Martin Luther King Jr. Atlanta Boston Denver Houston Jersey City Milwaukee Mexico City Newark Pueblo, Colorado Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial, Indianapolis The Dream sculpture, Portland, Oregon Kennedy–King College Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose Paris park Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr. King County, Washington Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee–Jackson–King Day vteCivil rights movement (1954–1968)Events(timeline)Prior to 1954 Journey of Reconciliation Executive Order 9981 Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore Sweatt v. Painter (1950) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) Baton Rouge bus boycott 1954–1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom "Give Us the Ballot" Royal Ice Cream sit-in Little Rock Nine Cooper v. Aaron Civil Rights Act of 1957 Ministers' Manifesto Katz Drug Store sit-in Kissing Case Biloxi wade-ins 1960–1963 New Year's Day March Sit-in movement Greensboro sit-ins Nashville sit-ins Atlanta sit-ins Savannah Protest Movement Greenville Eight Civil Rights Act of 1960 Ax Handle Saturday Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia University of Georgia desegregation riot Rock Hill sit-ins Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address Freedom Rides Anniston bombing Birmingham attack Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement Cambridge movement University of Chicago sit-ins "Second Emancipation Proclamation" Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot Atlanta's Berlin Wall "Segregation now, segregation forever" Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights Detroit Walk to Freedom March on Washington "I Have a Dream" Big Six St. Augustine movement 1964–1968 Twenty-fourth Amendment Chester school protests Bloody Tuesday 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests Freedom Summer workers' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung 1964–1965 Scripto strike 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches "How Long, Not Long" Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement Loving v. Virginia Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Civil Rights Act of 1968 Poor People's Campaign Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. Activistgroups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Black Panther Party Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Committee for Freedom Now Committee on Appeal for Human Rights An Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Council of Federated Organizations Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Lowndes County Freedom Organization Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Montgomery Improvement Association NAACP Youth Council Nashville Student Movement Nation of Islam Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) The Freedom Singers United Auto Workers (UAW) Wednesdays in Mississippi Women's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann Muhammad Ali William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr. Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Bruce Boynton Raylawni Branch Stanley Branche Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Ralph Bunche Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J. L. Chestnut Shirley Chisholm Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr. Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Abraham Lincoln Davis Angela Davis Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers-Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Robert Graetz Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Fred Hampton William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Audrey Faye Hendricks Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T. R. M. Howard Ruby Hurley Cecil Ivory Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T. J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A. D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Danny Lyon Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Bob Mants Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Cecil B. Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore Queen Mother Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Huey P. Newton Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Fay Bellamy Powell Rodney N. Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond George Raymond Jr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Walter Reuther Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Angela Russell Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Bobby Seale Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A. P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C. T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr. Bob Zellner James Zwerg By region Omaha, Nebraska South Carolina Movementsongs "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" "If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" "Kumbaya" "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" "Oh, Freedom" "This Little Light of Mine" "We Shall Not Be Moved" "We Shall Overcome" "Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W. E. B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Hernandez v. Texas Loving v. Virginia African-American women in the movement Jews in the civil rights movement Fifth Circuit Four 16th Street Baptist Church Kelly Ingram Park A.G. Gaston Motel Bethel Baptist Church Brown Chapel Dexter Avenue Baptist Church Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African-American churches attacked List of lynching victims in the United States Freedom Schools Freedom songs Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture African American founding fathers of the United States Eyes on the Prize Legacy In popular culture Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Civil Rights Movement Archive Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument Freedom Rides Museum Freedom Riders National Monument King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Martin Luther King Jr. Day Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial other King memorials Mississippi Civil Rights Museum National Civil Rights Museum National Voting Rights Museum St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument Notedhistorians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Thomas E. Ricks Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Civil rights movement portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic MusicBrainz place Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"}],"text":"The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, commonly known as The King Center, is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization in Atlanta, United States.","title":"King Center for Nonviolent Social Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coretta Scott King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"her husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Auburn Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Auburn"},{"link_name":"birth home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.,_National_Historic_Site#Martin_Luther_King_Jr.'s_Birth_Home"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bernice King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_King"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombstone_for_Martin_Luther_King_%26_Coretta_Scott_King_at_MLK_Historic_Site_in_Atlanta.JPG"}],"text":"The center was founded in 1968 by Coretta Scott King,[1] who started the organization in the basement of the couple's home in the year following the assassination of her husband in 1968.In 1981, the center's headquarters were moved into the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park facility on Auburn Avenue which includes King's birth home and the Ebenezer Baptist Church, where he preached from 1960 until his death.[2]In 1977, a memorial tomb was dedicated, and the remains of Martin Luther King Jr. were moved from South View Cemetery to the plaza that is nestled between the center and the church. Martin Luther King Jr.'s gravesite and a reflecting pool are also located next to Freedom Hall. Mrs. King was interred with her husband on February 7, 2006.In 2012, King's youngest child, Bernice King, became the CEO.[3]Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King Tomb in the Sweet Auburn district, preserved at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-violence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The center provides research, education and training programs on the principles, philosophy and methods of non-violence.[4] It supports these actions internationally with the Beloved Community Network.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018Prize-5"},{"link_name":"Cesar Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez"},{"link_name":"Stanley Levison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Levison"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Kaunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda"},{"link_name":"Rosa Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr."},{"link_name":"Richard Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"Corazon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"of King's assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ben Ferencz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Ferencz"},{"link_name":"Bryan Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018Prize-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize is awarded by the King Center.[5]A non-exhaustive list of recipients includes: Cesar Chavez (1973); Stanley Levison and Kenneth Kaunda (1978); Rosa Parks (1980); Martin Luther King Sr. and Richard Attenborough (1983); Corazon Aquino (1987); Mikhail Gorbachev (1991); and, on April 4, 2018 – the 50th anniversary of King's assassination – Ben Ferencz and Bryan Stevenson.[5][6]","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize"}]	[{"image_text":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King Tomb in the Sweet Auburn district, preserved at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tombstone_for_Martin_Luther_King_%26_Coretta_Scott_King_at_MLK_Historic_Site_in_Atlanta.JPG/220px-Tombstone_for_Martin_Luther_King_%26_Coretta_Scott_King_at_MLK_Historic_Site_in_Atlanta.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"WHAT WE DO\". The King Center. Retrieved June 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thekingcenter.org/what-we-do/","url_text":"\"WHAT WE DO\""}]},{"reference":"Umontuen, Itoro (2018-04-04). \"The King Center honors 2018 Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize recipients\". The Atlanta Voice. Retrieved 2020-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantavoice.com/articles/king-center-honors-peace-prize/","url_text":"\"The King Center honors 2018 Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize recipients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commemorative Services\". The King Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-29. Retrieved 2020-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181229084610/http://www.thekingcenter.org/commemorative-services","url_text":"\"Commemorative Services\""},{"url":"http://www.thekingcenter.org/commemorative-services","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://thekingcenter.org/","external_links_name":"thekingcenter.org"},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2012/01/09/bernice-king-named-king-center-ceo.html","external_links_name":"Bernice King named King Center CEO"},{"Link":"https://thekingcenter.org/what-we-do/","external_links_name":"\"WHAT WE DO\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantavoice.com/articles/king-center-honors-peace-prize/","external_links_name":"\"The King Center honors 2018 Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize recipients\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181229084610/http://www.thekingcenter.org/commemorative-services","external_links_name":"\"Commemorative Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.thekingcenter.org/commemorative-services","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://thekingcenter.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140799812","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85821386","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/709288ca-1ad2-4edf-998e-a6355a843190","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05573117?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circles.Life	Circles.Life	["1 History","1.1 Markets","1.2 Singapore","1.3 Taiwan","1.4 Australia","1.5 Indonesia","2 References","3 External links"]	Telecommunications company in Singapore Circles.LifeCompany typePrivate companyIndustryTelecommunicationsFoundedMay 2016; 8 years ago (2016-05)HeadquartersSingaporeArea servedSingapore (home market), Australia, and TaiwanKey peopleRameez Ansar Abhishek GuptaAdeel NajamServicesMobile and Digital servicesNumber of employees1000+ParentLiberty Wireless Pte. Ltd.Websitecircles.life/sgcircles.life/twcircles.life/aupovo.jponic.pkcircles.co x.circles.co Circles.Life is a Singaporean digital telecommunications company. The company was founded in 2016, initially operating exclusively in Singapore, leasing its network from M1. In July 2015, Liberty Wireless signed an agreement with M1 Limited that allowed it to tap into M1's mobile network, becoming the first MVNO in Singapore to offer a full-service mobile network experience. It has since expanded to Taiwan and Australia, where it leases the Chunghwa Telecom and Optus networks, respectively. In February 2019, the company announced that it had closed an undisclosed round of funding with Sequoia South East Asia and had plans to expand in five new markets, including Taiwan and Australia over the next 18 months. The company has expanded its offerings by launching digital lifestyle features such as its AI-driven events and movie-based platform, 'Discover'. In June 2019, the company closed another round of funding for an undisclosed amount, led by Singapore's Government-linked EDBI and Founders Fund. This marks the first time the Silicon Valley based Founders Fund has invested in a telco. The company launched into its first overseas market, Taiwan, in June 2019, followed by Australia in September 2019. History 2016 June 2016: Circles.Life launches, making it Singapore's fourth telco. 2018 March 2018: Circles.Life launches Unlimited Data on Demand, to provide customers with a daily Unlimited Data option. It also adds the option of Unlimited Outgoing Calls. 2019 February 2019: Circles.Life announces that it has closed an undisclosed round of funding with Sequoia India. June 2019: Circles.Life expands into its first overseas market, Taiwan. June 2019: Circles.Life announces that it has closed an undisclosed round of funding with Singapore's Government-linked EDBI and Founders Fund. August 2019: Circles.Life expands to its second overseas market, Australia. 2020 February 2020: Circles.Life announces that it has closed an undisclosed round of funding with Warburg Pincus. October 2020: Circles.Life launches in Indonesia as Live.On. 2021 September 2021: Circles.Life launches in Japan as povo2.0 2022 July 2022: Circles.Life was reportedly in early talks to merge with SPAC Bridgetown in a US$2.5B deal. This could be the third SPAC merger with a Singaporean company, the second in 2022. Markets Operating as a digital telco, it purchases bandwidth from other MNOs, replacing traditional brick-and-mortar stores with its own online consumer business. This enables Circles.Life to provide voice, messaging, and data services to customers: becoming the first digital telco in Singapore to offer full service mobile network services. To do away with physical retail stores, Circles.Life delivers its SIM cards and mobile phones to customers through third party services, such as SingPost in Singapore. Singapore In July 2015, Circles.Life's parent company, Liberty Wireless Pte Ltd, signed an agreement with M1 Limited to deliver voice, messaging, and data services as an MVNO using M1's mobile network, which has 4G+ outdoor coverage of 99.92% of Singapore. The company's offering launched to the public in June 2016. Customers may also choose to pick up its SIM cards at selected convenience stores and post offices as alternatives to courier services. Taiwan Circles.Life launched its digital services in Taiwan with a no-contract base plan. The infrastructure partner uses Chunghwa Telecom's (CHT) network. Circles.Life offers an add-on option for data-heavy users, under which for a monthly fee, users can add unlimited data to their base plans. Circles.Life has recently announced that their operations in Taiwan will be shut down on July,17,2024. Existing users wishing to keep their mobile phone numbers should port their numbers to another operator before that date. Otherwise,any remaining numbers will be lost permanently and reclaimed back to the regulator. Australia Circles.Life launched its digital services in Australia through a strategic partnership with Optus. Indonesia In 2020, Circles.Life launched its digital service "Live.On" in Indonesia. The infrastructure partner uses XL Axiata 4.5G network. Four years later, specifically on 23 February 2024, Live.On transferred the digital service to XL Axiata in Indonesia. As a result, the company moved their customers into their existing AXIS brand.. References ^ Ho, Victoria (5 May 2016). "Singapore's fourth mobile operator launches with plans for the data-hungry". Mashable. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ "Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services". www.businesstimes.com.sg. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ "Circles.Life to expand to Taiwan, Australia this year after securing Sequoia investment". ChannelNews Asia. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Discover by Circles.Life". Discover by Circles.Life. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ Lim, Sean (14 February 2019). "Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor". e27. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ a b "Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan". The Business Times. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Circles.Life enters Australia market through tie-up with Singtel's Optus". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Circles.Life, Singapore's 4th Telco Launches Today". Weekender Singapore. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ hermes (2 March 2018). "Circles.Life offers unlimited mobile data daily add-on". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ hermes (14 February 2019). "Sequoia-backed Singapore telco Circles.Life to invest over $250 million in overseas push". Reuters. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ Lim, Sean (14 February 2019). "Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor". e27. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "New telco Circles.Life launches in Australia with four months for free". 7News AU. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Digital telco startup Circles.Life bags funding from Warburg Pincus". The Business Times. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020. ^ "Live.On: Brand Telekomunikasi Digital Baru Hadir Memberikan Pengguna Kendali Penuh Atas Layanan Data". XL Axiata (in Indonesian). 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ "Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor". KDDI Corporation. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2021. ^ PropertyGuru ^ a b TTR, Team (27 September 2017). "Circles.Life strengthens customer experience by launching SIM card Self-Collection with SingPost". The Tech Revolutionist. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ "Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services". Business Times. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ "Quality of Service Performance Results for October-December 2017 - Infocomm Media Development Authority". Base. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ "Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan". Business Times. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ Salim, Zafirah (19 November 2019). "Circles.Life Will Waive S$28 Off Your First Bill When You Self-Collect SIM Card at 7-Eleven". Vulcan Post. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ a b c "Circles.Life expands to Taiwan". Singapore Business Review. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ "Singapore-based Circles.Life launches in Australia with 'More Likeable Than Hateable'". Mumbrella. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "XL Axiata Resmi Tutup Layanan Live On". Selular.ID (in Indonesian). 26 February 2024. External links Official website Corporate website vteMobile phone companies of SingaporeMNOs Singtel M1 Limited StarHub SIMBA MVNOs Circles.Life MyRepublic See also: Telecommunications in Singapore	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_(Singaporean_company)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Chunghwa Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunghwa_Telecom"},{"link_name":"Optus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businesstimes.com.sg-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Circles.Life is a Singaporean digital telecommunications company. The company was founded in 2016, initially operating exclusively in Singapore, leasing its network from M1.[1]In July 2015, Liberty Wireless signed an agreement with M1 Limited that allowed it to tap into M1's mobile network, becoming the first MVNO in Singapore to offer a full-service mobile network experience.[2] It has since expanded to Taiwan and Australia, where it leases the Chunghwa Telecom and Optus networks, respectively.In February 2019, the company announced that it had closed an undisclosed round of funding with Sequoia South East Asia and had plans to expand in five new markets, including Taiwan and Australia over the next 18 months.[3] The company has expanded its offerings by launching digital lifestyle features such as its AI-driven events and movie-based platform, 'Discover'.[4] In June 2019, the company closed another round of funding for an undisclosed amount, led by Singapore's Government-linked EDBI and Founders Fund. This marks the first time the Silicon Valley based Founders Fund has invested in a telco.[5]The company launched into its first overseas market, Taiwan, in June 2019,[6] followed by Australia in September 2019.[7]","title":"Circles.Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businesstimes.com.sg-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company"}],"text":"2016June 2016: Circles.Life launches, making it Singapore's fourth telco.[8]2018March 2018: Circles.Life launches Unlimited Data on Demand, to provide customers with a daily Unlimited Data option.[9] It also adds the option of Unlimited Outgoing Calls.2019February 2019: Circles.Life announces that it has closed an undisclosed round of funding with Sequoia India.[10]\nJune 2019: Circles.Life expands into its first overseas market, Taiwan.[6]\nJune 2019: Circles.Life announces that it has closed an undisclosed round of funding with Singapore's Government-linked EDBI and Founders Fund.[11]\nAugust 2019: Circles.Life expands to its second overseas market, Australia.[12]2020February 2020: Circles.Life announces that it has closed an undisclosed round of funding with Warburg Pincus.[13]\nOctober 2020: Circles.Life launches in Indonesia as Live.On.[14]2021September 2021: Circles.Life launches in Japan as povo2.0[15]2022July 2022: Circles.Life was reportedly in early talks to merge with SPAC Bridgetown in a US$2.5B deal.[16] This could be the third SPAC merger with a Singaporean company, the second in 2022.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SingPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SingPost"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"sub_title":"Markets","text":"Operating as a digital telco, it purchases bandwidth from other MNOs, replacing traditional brick-and-mortar stores with its own online consumer business. This enables Circles.Life to provide voice, messaging, and data services to customers: becoming the first digital telco in Singapore to offer full service mobile network services. To do away with physical retail stores, Circles.Life delivers its SIM cards and mobile phones to customers through third party services, such as SingPost in Singapore.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"M1 Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Limited"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Singapore","text":"In July 2015,[18] Circles.Life's parent company, Liberty Wireless Pte Ltd, signed an agreement with M1 Limited to deliver voice, messaging, and data services as an MVNO using M1's mobile network, which has 4G+ outdoor coverage of 99.92% of Singapore.[19] The company's offering launched to the public in June 2016.[20] Customers may also choose to pick up its SIM cards at selected convenience stores and post offices as alternatives to courier services.[17][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"Circles.Life launched its digital services in Taiwan with a no-contract base plan.[22] The infrastructure partner uses Chunghwa Telecom's (CHT) network.[22] Circles.Life offers an add-on option for data-heavy users, under which for a monthly fee, users can add unlimited data to their base plans.[22]Circles.Life has recently announced that their operations in Taiwan will be shut down on July,17,2024. Existing users wishing to keep their mobile phone numbers should port their numbers to another operator before that date. Otherwise,any remaining numbers will be lost permanently and reclaimed back to the regulator.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Circles.Life launched its digital services in Australia through a strategic partnership with Optus.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live.On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live.On"},{"link_name":"XL Axiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XL_Axiata"},{"link_name":"AXIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Telecom"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"In 2020, Circles.Life launched its digital service \"Live.On\" in Indonesia. The infrastructure partner uses XL Axiata 4.5G network. Four years later, specifically on 23 February 2024, Live.On transferred the digital service to XL Axiata in Indonesia. As a result, the company moved their customers into their existing AXIS brand..[24]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ho, Victoria (5 May 2016). \"Singapore's fourth mobile operator launches with plans for the data-hungry\". Mashable. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/2016/05/05/circles-life-singapore/","url_text":"\"Singapore's fourth mobile operator launches with plans for the data-hungry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services\". www.businesstimes.com.sg. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/liberty-wireless-signs-deal-with-m1-to-offer-mobile-services","url_text":"\"Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713001201/http://www.businesstimes.com.sg:80/companies-markets/liberty-wireless-signs-deal-with-m1-to-offer-mobile-services","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Circles.Life to expand to Taiwan, Australia this year after securing Sequoia investment\". ChannelNews Asia. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/technology/circles-life-to-expand-to-taiwan-australia-this-year-after-11240350","url_text":"\"Circles.Life to expand to Taiwan, Australia this year after securing Sequoia investment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover by Circles.Life\". Discover by Circles.Life. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discover.circles.life/","url_text":"\"Discover by Circles.Life\""}]},{"reference":"Lim, Sean (14 February 2019). \"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\". e27. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://e27.co/circles-life-to-go-global-with-investment-from-edbi-facebooks-early-investor-20190606/","url_text":"\"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan\". The Business Times. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/circleslife-launches-its-first-overseas-mobile-services-in-taiwan","url_text":"\"Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circles.Life enters Australia market through tie-up with Singtel's Optus\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/circleslife-enters-australia-market-through-tie-up-with-singtels-optus","url_text":"\"Circles.Life enters Australia market through tie-up with Singtel's Optus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circles.Life, Singapore's 4th Telco Launches Today\". Weekender Singapore. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://weekender.com.sg/w/style/tech-and-gadgets/circles-life-singapores-4th-telco-5gb-data-100-minutes-talktime-28/","url_text":"\"Circles.Life, Singapore's 4th Telco Launches Today\""}]},{"reference":"hermes (2 March 2018). \"Circles.Life offers unlimited mobile data daily add-on\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/circleslife-offers-unlimited-mobile-data-daily-add-on","url_text":"\"Circles.Life offers unlimited mobile data daily add-on\""}]},{"reference":"hermes (14 February 2019). \"Sequoia-backed Singapore telco Circles.Life to invest over $250 million in overseas push\". Reuters. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-circles-life-funding/sequoia-backed-singapore-telco-circles-life-to-invest-over-250-million-in-overseas-push-idUSKCN1Q31B0","url_text":"\"Sequoia-backed Singapore telco Circles.Life to invest over $250 million in overseas push\""}]},{"reference":"Lim, Sean (14 February 2019). \"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\". e27. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://e27.co/circles-life-to-go-global-with-investment-from-edbi-facebooks-early-investor-20190606/","url_text":"\"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\""}]},{"reference":"\"New telco Circles.Life launches in Australia with four months for free\". 7News AU. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://7news.com.au/technology/new-telco-circleslife-launches-in-australia-with-four-months-for-free-c-450985","url_text":"\"New telco Circles.Life launches in Australia with four months for free\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital telco startup Circles.Life bags funding from Warburg Pincus\". The Business Times. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/digital-telco-startup-circleslife-bags-funding-from-warburg-pincus","url_text":"\"Digital telco startup Circles.Life bags funding from Warburg Pincus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live.On: Brand Telekomunikasi Digital Baru Hadir Memberikan Pengguna Kendali Penuh Atas Layanan Data\". XL Axiata (in Indonesian). 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xlaxiata.co.id/id/liveon-hadir-memberikan-pengguna-kendali-penuh-atas-layanan-data","url_text":"\"Live.On: Brand Telekomunikasi Digital Baru Hadir Memberikan Pengguna Kendali Penuh Atas Layanan Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\". KDDI Corporation. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.kddi.com/kddi/corporate/english/newsrelease/2021/09/13/5423.html","url_text":"\"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\""}]},{"reference":"TTR, Team (27 September 2017). \"Circles.Life strengthens customer experience by launching SIM card Self-Collection with SingPost\". The Tech Revolutionist. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thetechrevolutionist.com/2017/09/circleslife-strengthens-customer.html","url_text":"\"Circles.Life strengthens customer experience by launching SIM card Self-Collection with SingPost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services\". Business Times. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/liberty-wireless-signs-deal-with-m1-to-offer-mobile-services","url_text":"\"Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quality of Service Performance Results for October-December 2017 - Infocomm Media Development Authority\". Base. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imda.gov.sg/regulations-licensing-and-consultations/licensing/licences/licence-for-the-sale-of-telecommunication-equipment/compliance-to-imda-standards/3g-services/oct-dec2017","url_text":"\"Quality of Service Performance Results for October-December 2017 - Infocomm Media Development Authority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan\". Business Times. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/circleslife-launches-its-first-overseas-mobile-services-in-taiwan","url_text":"\"Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"Salim, Zafirah (19 November 2019). \"Circles.Life Will Waive S$28 Off Your First Bill When You Self-Collect SIM Card at 7-Eleven\". Vulcan Post. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vulcanpost.com/681663/circles-life-self-collect-sim-card-7-eleven/","url_text":"\"Circles.Life Will Waive S$28 Off Your First Bill When You Self-Collect SIM Card at 7-Eleven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circles.Life expands to Taiwan\". Singapore Business Review. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbr.com.sg/telecom-internet/news/circleslife-expands-taiwan","url_text":"\"Circles.Life expands to Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore-based Circles.Life launches in Australia with 'More Likeable Than Hateable'\". Mumbrella. Retrieved 24 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mumbrella.asia/2019/09/singapore-based-circles-life-launches-in-australia-with-more-likeable-than-hateable","url_text":"\"Singapore-based Circles.Life launches in Australia with 'More Likeable Than Hateable'\""}]},{"reference":"\"XL Axiata Resmi Tutup Layanan Live On\". Selular.ID (in Indonesian). 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://selular.id/2024/02/xl-axiata-resmi-tutup-layanan-live-on/","url_text":"\"XL Axiata Resmi Tutup Layanan Live On\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://circles.life/sg","external_links_name":"circles.life/sg"},{"Link":"http://circles.life/tw","external_links_name":"circles.life/tw"},{"Link":"http://circles.life/au","external_links_name":"circles.life/au"},{"Link":"http://povo.jp/","external_links_name":"povo.jp"},{"Link":"http://onic.pk/","external_links_name":"onic.pk"},{"Link":"http://circles.co/","external_links_name":"circles.co"},{"Link":"http://x.circles.co/","external_links_name":"x.circles.co"},{"Link":"https://mashable.com/2016/05/05/circles-life-singapore/","external_links_name":"\"Singapore's fourth mobile operator launches with plans for the data-hungry\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/liberty-wireless-signs-deal-with-m1-to-offer-mobile-services","external_links_name":"\"Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713001201/http://www.businesstimes.com.sg:80/companies-markets/liberty-wireless-signs-deal-with-m1-to-offer-mobile-services","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/technology/circles-life-to-expand-to-taiwan-australia-this-year-after-11240350","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life to expand to Taiwan, Australia this year after securing Sequoia investment\""},{"Link":"https://www.discover.circles.life/","external_links_name":"\"Discover by Circles.Life\""},{"Link":"https://e27.co/circles-life-to-go-global-with-investment-from-edbi-facebooks-early-investor-20190606/","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/circleslife-launches-its-first-overseas-mobile-services-in-taiwan","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/circleslife-enters-australia-market-through-tie-up-with-singtels-optus","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life enters Australia market through tie-up with Singtel's Optus\""},{"Link":"https://weekender.com.sg/w/style/tech-and-gadgets/circles-life-singapores-4th-telco-5gb-data-100-minutes-talktime-28/","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life, Singapore's 4th Telco Launches Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/circleslife-offers-unlimited-mobile-data-daily-add-on","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life offers unlimited mobile data daily add-on\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-circles-life-funding/sequoia-backed-singapore-telco-circles-life-to-invest-over-250-million-in-overseas-push-idUSKCN1Q31B0","external_links_name":"\"Sequoia-backed Singapore telco Circles.Life to invest over $250 million in overseas push\""},{"Link":"https://e27.co/circles-life-to-go-global-with-investment-from-edbi-facebooks-early-investor-20190606/","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\""},{"Link":"https://7news.com.au/technology/new-telco-circleslife-launches-in-australia-with-four-months-for-free-c-450985","external_links_name":"\"New telco Circles.Life launches in Australia with four months for free\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/digital-telco-startup-circleslife-bags-funding-from-warburg-pincus","external_links_name":"\"Digital telco startup Circles.Life bags funding from Warburg Pincus\""},{"Link":"https://www.xlaxiata.co.id/id/liveon-hadir-memberikan-pengguna-kendali-penuh-atas-layanan-data","external_links_name":"\"Live.On: Brand Telekomunikasi Digital Baru Hadir Memberikan Pengguna Kendali Penuh Atas Layanan Data\""},{"Link":"https://news.kddi.com/kddi/corporate/english/newsrelease/2021/09/13/5423.html","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life to go global with investment from EDBI and Facebook's early investor\""},{"Link":"https://thetechrevolutionist.com/2017/09/circleslife-strengthens-customer.html","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life strengthens customer experience by launching SIM card Self-Collection with SingPost\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/liberty-wireless-signs-deal-with-m1-to-offer-mobile-services","external_links_name":"\"Liberty Wireless signs deal with M1 to offer mobile services\""},{"Link":"http://www.imda.gov.sg/regulations-licensing-and-consultations/licensing/licences/licence-for-the-sale-of-telecommunication-equipment/compliance-to-imda-standards/3g-services/oct-dec2017","external_links_name":"\"Quality of Service Performance Results for October-December 2017 - Infocomm Media Development Authority\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/circleslife-launches-its-first-overseas-mobile-services-in-taiwan","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life launches its first overseas mobile services in Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://vulcanpost.com/681663/circles-life-self-collect-sim-card-7-eleven/","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life Will Waive S$28 Off Your First Bill When You Self-Collect SIM Card at 7-Eleven\""},{"Link":"https://sbr.com.sg/telecom-internet/news/circleslife-expands-taiwan","external_links_name":"\"Circles.Life expands to Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://www.mumbrella.asia/2019/09/singapore-based-circles-life-launches-in-australia-with-more-likeable-than-hateable","external_links_name":"\"Singapore-based Circles.Life launches in Australia with 'More Likeable Than Hateable'\""},{"Link":"https://selular.id/2024/02/xl-axiata-resmi-tutup-layanan-live-on/","external_links_name":"\"XL Axiata Resmi Tutup Layanan Live On\""},{"Link":"https://www.circles.life/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://circles.asia/","external_links_name":"Corporate website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cheshire	Andrew Cheshire	["1 Discography","2 References"]	American jazz guitarist Andrew CheshireBackground informationBorn (1962-06-21) June 21, 1962 (age 61)Arverne, New York, U.S.GenresJazzOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)GuitarYears active1980–2012LabelsJouleMusical artist Andrew Cheshire (born June 21, 1962) is an American jazz guitarist. As a child, Cheshire played piano but switched to the guitar at age 10. While studying fine art, he played jazz in local bands around Long Island, New York. By 1980, Cheshire moved to Brooklyn where he began attending jam sessions at clubs such as the Blue Coronet and Pumpkins. During this time he had the opportunity play with Harold Mabern, Kenny Barron, Gil Coggins, Dewey Redman, and Louis Hayes. In 1991, Cheshire had become a member of drummer Walter Perkins group and began forming an association with members of the M-Base collective. During this period he recorded his first sides as a leader, which appear on the album Water Street Revival. In the mid-1990s, Cheshire formed associations with tenor saxophonist Rich Perry, bassist Ron McClure, and pianist Don Friedman; the latter recording two albums together: Cheshire's This is Me (1996) and Friedman's Attila's Dreams (1998) dedicated to Friedman's friend and musical associate, Attila Zoller. Cheshire has written compositions for jazz ensemble. His other musical interests encompass world music and classical, for which he completed a string quartet. As an electric guitarist, Cheshire's interest in amplification led him to design and build guitar amplifiers with original circuits and visual themes. His oil paintings adorn the covers of most of his albums. Cheshire Super Stereo 50 Guitar Amplifier Discography This Is Me (Joule, 1996) Another View (Joule, 1997) Water Street Revival (Joule, 1998) Magic (Joule, 2000) Guitar Noir (Joule, 2001) Faces (Joule, 2002) Morning Song (Joule, 2003) Pavane Pour Une Infante Difunte (Joule, 2003) Four Ages of Bob (Joule, 2004) Man is an Island (Joule, 2005) Silent Trees Falling (Joule, 2006) Virtual String Quartet (Joule, 2007) Ballads (Joule, 2010) Another View Live! (Joule, 2014) Pyramids (Joule, 2014) References ^ Kelsey, Chris. "Andrew Cheshire". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 March 2019. ^ All-Music Guide, overview/Attila's Dreams. Retrieved 24 October 2009. ^ Andrew Cheshire: Electronic Art Archived October 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved 24 October 2009. ^ Andrew Cheshire: Music Art Archived October 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved 24 October 2009. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"jam sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_session"},{"link_name":"Harold Mabern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Mabern"},{"link_name":"Kenny Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Barron"},{"link_name":"Gil Coggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Coggins"},{"link_name":"Dewey Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Redman"},{"link_name":"Louis Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hayes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelsey-1"},{"link_name":"M-Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Base"},{"link_name":"Don Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Attila Zoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_Zoller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS50.jpg"}],"text":"Musical artistAndrew Cheshire (born June 21, 1962) is an American jazz guitarist.As a child, Cheshire played piano but switched to the guitar at age 10. While studying fine art, he played jazz in local bands around Long Island, New York. By 1980, Cheshire moved to Brooklyn where he began attending jam sessions at clubs such as the Blue Coronet and Pumpkins. During this time he had the opportunity play with Harold Mabern, Kenny Barron, Gil Coggins, Dewey Redman, and Louis Hayes.[1]In 1991, Cheshire had become a member of drummer Walter Perkins group and began forming an association with members of the M-Base collective. During this period he recorded his first sides as a leader, which appear on the album Water Street Revival. In the mid-1990s, Cheshire formed associations with tenor saxophonist Rich Perry, bassist Ron McClure, and pianist Don Friedman; the latter recording two albums together: Cheshire's This is Me (1996) and Friedman's Attila's Dreams (1998) dedicated to Friedman's friend and musical associate, Attila Zoller.[2]Cheshire has written compositions for jazz ensemble. His other musical interests encompass world music and classical, for which he completed a string quartet. As an electric guitarist, Cheshire's interest in amplification led him to design and build guitar amplifiers with original circuits and visual themes.[3] His oil paintings adorn the covers of most of his albums.[4]Cheshire Super Stereo 50 Guitar Amplifier","title":"Andrew Cheshire"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This Is Me (Joule, 1996)\nAnother View (Joule, 1997)\nWater Street Revival (Joule, 1998)\nMagic (Joule, 2000)\nGuitar Noir (Joule, 2001)\nFaces (Joule, 2002)\nMorning Song (Joule, 2003)\nPavane Pour Une Infante Difunte (Joule, 2003)\nFour Ages of Bob (Joule, 2004)\nMan is an Island (Joule, 2005)\nSilent Trees Falling (Joule, 2006)\nVirtual String Quartet (Joule, 2007)\nBallads (Joule, 2010)\nAnother View Live! (Joule, 2014)\nPyramids (Joule, 2014)","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Cheshire Super Stereo 50 Guitar Amplifier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SS50.jpg/260px-SS50.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kelsey, Chris. \"Andrew Cheshire\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/andrew-cheshire-mn0000027877/biography","url_text":"\"Andrew Cheshire\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/andrew-cheshire-mn0000027877/biography","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Cheshire\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r593879/review","external_links_name":"All-Music Guide, overview/Attila's Dreams"},{"Link":"http://andrewcheshire.com/guitaramplifiers.html","external_links_name":"Andrew Cheshire: Electronic Art"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002071722/http://andrewcheshire.com/guitaramplifiers.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://andrewcheshire.com/discography.html","external_links_name":"Andrew Cheshire: Music Art"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002071707/http://andrewcheshire.com/discography.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/78461043","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4cmJ8bKKqKPRfMX8XBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003015245","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/92054ac8-2a48-4c31-a05a-bb8e6477d95f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Rapid_Deployable_Corps_%E2%80%93_Italy	NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Italy	["1 History","2 Structure","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°38′40″N 8°51′27″E / 45.64444°N 8.85750°E / 45.64444; 8.85750Multi-national corps headquarters of the Italian Army and NATO NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – ItalyCoat of armsActive2001–presentBranchItalian ArmyPart ofAllied Command Operations, Casteau, BelgiumLocationMilan & Solbiate Olona, ItalyMotto(s)Ubique CelereWebsitehttps://www.nrdc-ita.nato.int/1/HOMECommandersCurrentcommanderLieutenant General Lorenzo D'AddarioMilitary unit The NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Italy (NRDC-ITA) is a multi-national corps headquarters of the Italian Army. It was established in November 2001 as a High Readiness Force (HRF) of NATO. The staff of NRDC-ITA is located in Solbiate Olona, a few kilometers northwest of Milan. The Ugo Mara barracks at Solbiate Olona is the operational center of the command structure and the Support Brigade while the institutional center is located in Palazzo Cusani, in the center of Milan. History In 1997, in the wake of a major restructuring of the Italian Army, the 3rd Army Corps was transformed into the Projection Forces Command (COMFOP) in command and control of three brigades, which were characterized by high mobility and deployability. However already on 1 December 2000 the 3rd Army Corps ceded its last brigades to the 1st Defence Forces Command (COMFOD 1°) and with its personnel the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy was raised in January 2001. Structure NRDC-ITA is operationally led by NATO's Joint Force Command Headquarters in Naples or Brunssum. Its staff comprises soldiers from 20 NATO member states, but the Commander and a large part of the staff are Italian. Normally, the Corps commands only a support brigade, but it can command further support units as well as a number of divisions or brigades. NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Italy, in Solbiate Olona (Lombardy) NRDC-ITA Support Brigade, in Solbiate Olona (Lombardy) 1st Signal Regiment, in Milan (Lombardy) Battalion "Spluga" Battalion "Sempione" 33rd Logistic and Tactical Support Regiment "Ambrosiano", in Solbiate Olona (Lombardy) References ^ "NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Italy (NRDC-ITA) – La storia". Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2014. ^ a b "NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Italy" (PDF). Retrieved 14 June 2014. External links NRDC-IT Homepage 45°38′40″N 8°51′27″E / 45.64444°N 8.85750°E / 45.64444; 8.85750 vte Italian Armed Forces Esercito Italiano (Army) Marina Militare (Navy) Aeronautica Militare (Air Force) Arma dei Carabinieri (Gendarmerie)Leadership Chief of the Defence Staff Chief of Army Staff Chief of Navy Staff Chief of Air Force Staff Ranks Army ranks Navy ranks Air Force ranks Carabinieri ranks Finance Guard ranks Former Kingdom of Italy ranks Italian Social Republic ranks Italian nuclear weapons program vte Italian Army Four-star rank (OF 9) Chief of the Army General Staff Three-star rank (OF 8) COMFOTER NRDC-ITA COMLOG COMFORDOT COMFOP Nord COMFOP Sud COMFOTER Support COMTA Two-star rank (OF 7)Divisions "Acqui" "Tridentina" "Vittorio Veneto" Other Army Aviation Command Army Simulation and Validation Center Army Training Command and Application School Engineer Command One-star rank (OF 6)Brigades "Aosta" "Ariete" "Folgore" "Friuli" "Garibaldi" "Granatieri di Sardegna" "Julia" "Pinerolo" "Pozzuolo del Friuli" "Sassari" "Taurinense" Army Aviation Support NRDC-ITA Support Tactical Intelligence Commands Army Special Forces Artillery Anti-aircraft Artillery Signal Logistic Support Other Military Academy Army NCO School Infantry School Cavalry School Administrative School Medical and Veterinary School Alpine Training Center Army Aviation Training Center	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Solbiate Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solbiate_Olona"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"}],"text":"Multi-national corps headquarters of the Italian Army and NATOMilitary unitThe NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Italy (NRDC-ITA) is a multi-national corps headquarters of the Italian Army. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corral_Nocturne	Rodeo (ballet)	["1 Genesis","2 Instrumentation","3 Structure and analysis","3.1 Buckaroo Holiday","3.2 Corral Nocturne","3.3 Ranch House Party","3.4 Saturday Night Waltz","3.5 Hoe-Down","4 Ballet and its place in the repertoire","5 In popular culture","6 References","7 External links"]	Ballet scored by Aaron Copland and choreographed by Agnes de Mille This article is about the 1942 ballet choreographed by Agnes de Mille. For the 2015 ballet choreographed by Justin Peck, see Rodeo: Four Dance Episodes. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rodeo" ballet – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) RodeoChoreographerAgnes de MilleMusicAaron CoplandPremiere16 October 1942Metropolitan Opera House, New York CityCharactersAmerican CowgirlChampion RoperHead WranglerRancher's DaughterDesignOliver SmithSetting19th Century American SouthwestCreated forBallet Russe de Monte Carlo Rodeo is a ballet composed by Aaron Copland and choreographed by Agnes de Mille, which premiered in 1942. Subtitled "The Courting at Burnt Ranch", the ballet consists of five sections: "Buckaroo Holiday", "Corral Nocturne", "Ranch House Party", "Saturday Night Waltz", and "Hoe-Down". The symphonic version omits "Ranch House Party", leaving the other sections relatively intact. Genesis The original ballet was choreographed by Agnes de Mille for the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo, a dance company that moved to the United States during World War II. In order to compete with the rival company Ballet Theatre, the Ballet Russe commissioned de Mille out of a career of relative obscurity. The choreographer was given considerable creative control, choosing Aaron Copland as the composer after being impressed by his previous ballet, Billy the Kid. Though Copland was initially reluctant to compose "another Cowboy ballet," De Mille persuaded him that this show would mark a significant departure from his previous work. As de Mille found herself occupied with instructing a highly international cast in the mannerisms of American cowboys, Copland recommended that Oliver Smith design the sets, in what would prove to be a prescient action. De Mille herself played the lead, and the premiere at the Metropolitan Opera House on 16 October 1942 received 22 curtain calls. The other principal dancers in the cast included Frederic Franklin and Casimir Kokitch. Though de Mille herself was not entirely pleased with the premiere, it was attended by Rodgers and Hammerstein, who approached de Mille afterward to request that she choreograph their upcoming production of Oklahoma!. The ballet makes use of riding movements that de Mille devised with the assistance of Peggy van Praagh, for a recital in London by Peggy van Praagh and Hugh Laing in 1938. De Mille also made use of such vernacular forms as a square dance and a cadenza for a tap dancer. Noted among many reviews was de Mille's highly evocative choreography, described as "film sensibility" and renowned for its realism. The original production went on to lead a successful tour, though producers were hard pressed to replicate the skill with which de Mille had portrayed the lead. De Mille retained veto power over any casting of the ballet, which often sent companies to extremes in order to find a worthy Cowgirl. Meanwhile, Copland arranged the music as a symphonic suite for orchestra titled Four Dance Episodes from Rodeo, which consisted chiefly of removing "Ranch House Party" and minor adjustments to the final two sections. With the middle section removed, the composition resembled the symphonic form with an ambitious opening movement, slow movement, minuet and finale. In this form, Rodeo found even greater success, premiering at the Boston Pops in 1943. Instrumentation Rodeo is written for the following instrumentation. Woodwind 2 flutes (one doubling piccolo) 1 piccolo 2 oboes 1 English horn 2 B♭ clarinets 1 bass clarinet 2 bassoons Brass 4 horns 3 B♭ trumpets 3 trombones 1 tuba Percussion timpani glockenspiel xylophone cymbals triangle woodblock whip bass drum snare drum) 1 piano 1 celesta Strings 1 harp violins I, II violas celli double basses Structure and analysis The circumstances surrounding the composition of Rodeo led to its having a number of features that set it apart from other Copland compositions. Though many of Copland's works incorporate traditional American folk tunes, Rodeo is unique in that it leaves them quite intact in the score, with very little alteration on the part of the composer. This is likely attributable in part to De Mille's control over the work. Indeed, she had already blocked the entire show before Copland had written a single note and also transcribed several folk tunes, including "Old Paint", for Copland in addition to her blocking notes. The well-known main theme of "Hoe-Down" is based on a unique version of the American folk song "Bonyparte" or "Bonaparte's Retreat," played by Salyersville, Kentucky fiddler William Hamilton Stepp, which was recorded in 1937 by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress. A meticulous transcription by Ruth Crawford Seeger of that performance appeared in Lomax's 1941 book, "Our Singing Country". Many of the themes were autobiographical for De Mille. An extremely skilled dancer, the choreographer nonetheless felt awkward in the offstage world, and the Cowgirl's unwillingness to subscribe to traditional gender roles mirrors De Mille's experience. Buckaroo Holiday "Buckaroo Holiday" A 25 second sample of the "Buckaroo Holiday" movement demonstrating the rhythmic motif of the main "Rodeo" theme. Problems playing this file? See media help. Rodeo opens with a grand fanfare, vamping until R5-6, where the woodwinds introduce the Cowgirl's theme. This quiet theme continues until the Rodeo theme begins presenting a highly rhythmic motif that evokes the trotting of horses. The lone Cowgirl seeks the affections of the Head Wrangler, who is rather taken with the more feminine Rancher's Daughter. The cowboys enter to the railroad tune of "Sis Joe", envisioned by de Mille as an event "like thunder," which Copland obliges with heavy drums and brass. As the cowgirl seeks the attention of her quarry, she mimics the surrounding cowboys, reflected in the heavy use of the tune "If He'd Be a Buckaroo" in this section. The theme is repeated by various solo instruments before being realized in triple canon by the full orchestra. After a brief return to the quiet Cowgirl theme, the fanfare returns. "Sis Joe" reappears again, before the entire orchestra triumphantly plays "If He'd be a Buckaroo". Corral Nocturne "Corral Nocturne" A 24 second sample of "Corral Nocturne" demonstrating the lyrical interplay of the oboe and bassoon to create the mood of a lovesick character. Problems playing this file? See media help. The "Corral Nocturne" invokes the lovesick musings of the Cowgirl, portrayed rather lyrically by Copland's heavy use of oboe and bassoon. In writing this scene, de Mille noted that "She run through the empty corrals intoxicated with space, her feet thudding in the stillness." The Head Wrangler discovers her in the darkness, but she does not come toward him as the Rancher's Daughter would. Confused, he exits with the Rancher's Daughter. Ranch House Party The subsequent "Ranch House Party" (ballet only) was envisioned by de Mille as "Dance music inside. Night music outside." Indeed, the section (written by Leonard Bernstein on behalf of an overworked Copland) opens with a honky-tonk theme played on a piano, accompanied by a more thoughtful clarinet. The Cowgirl finds herself between the Champion Roper and the Wrangler, who are attracted to the Rancher's Daughter. "Corral Nocturne" is recalled at the end of this section, as the Cowgirl finds herself quite alone. Saturday Night Waltz "Saturday Night Waltz" A 16 second sample of "Saturday Night Waltz" demonstrating the subtle use of single woodwind instruments over a bed of strings to represent the characters. Problems playing this file? See media help. While the "Texas minuet" of the "Saturday Night Waltz" plays de Mille's transcribed version of "I Ride an Old Paint" (also known as "Houlihan") the cowboys and their girls pair off. Expectant of a partner and finding none, the Cowgirl is alone until the Champion Roper approaches her, having failed to best the Wrangler in winning the affections of the Rancher's Daughter. Both this section and the "Corral Nocturne" feature Copland's characteristic economy of sound, where he uses solo instruments in lieu of entire sections. Hoe-Down "Hoe-Down" A 20 second sample of "Hoe-Down" demonstrating the main theme of the movement with the horns providing counterpoint to the main string melody. Problems playing this file? See media help. Finally, the "Hoe-Down" opens by vamping the first bar of William Hamilton Stepp's interpretation of the folk tune "Bonaparte's Retreat", which will become a major theme of the section. After a reprisal of the Rodeo theme, the theme proper begins in the strings, as the horns play a simple counterpoint. Instead of building to a climax, this section segues into "Miss McLeod's Reel", performed by various solo instruments. Copland briefly introduces the Irish theme "Gilderoy" in the clarinet and oboe. Building toward the end, Copland reintroduces "Bonaparte's Retreat" in canon, before returning to the Rodeo theme, which slows into the climactic kiss between the Cowgirl and the Roper. "Bonaparte's Retreat" is then resumed by the full orchestra, which ends the piece with a grand fanfare. Ballet and its place in the repertoire This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In what is considered one of the earliest examples of a truly American ballet, Rodeo combines the exuberance of a Broadway musical with the disciplines of classical ballet. Of particular note, the first scene requires men to pantomime riding and roping while dancing solo and dancing in groups (not very common for male ballet dancers), and while interacting with an awkward Cowgirl, who seeks their acceptance. The cast dresses in stylized western garb, which makes it all the more difficult to execute many of the moves. Classical ballet storylines typically involve some boy-meets-girl relationship, or at most a love triangle. But Rodeo forces an American Cowgirl to compete against an army of local girls in a quest to win the attention of the Champion Roper. The pairing and mutual attraction of the men and women in the cast appears fluid, and at times confusing to the rejected Cowgirl. Against this backdrop, the Cowgirl emotes strength, awkwardness, confidence, femininity and vulnerability, while executing rapid-fire footwork and pantomime, which mimics the bronco-busting of the men. Any comic dancer who plays the Cowgirl must succeed at being a failure, only to emerge triumphant in the end when she finally dons a dress for dance night. Regarding this nuanced role, DeMille said: "She acts like a boy, not to be a boy, but to be liked by the boys." The American Ballet Notes for its 1950 premiere performance (Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, Germany) state: Rodeo ... is a love story of the American Southwest. The problem it deals with is perennial: how an American girl, with the odds seemingly all against her, sets out to get herself a man. The girl in this case is a cowgirl, a tomboy whose desperate efforts to become one of the ranch's cowhands create a problem for the cowboys and make her the laughingstock of womankind. As noted above, finding suitable Cowgirls to play this role was a challenge. Lucia Chase recalls that when the Ballet Theater Company had exclusive rights to stage Rodeo, Agnes DeMille urged the employment of "charming and talented comediennes from the Broadway musical stage" for the role. In the ballet world, DeMille's favorites for the role were: Dorothy Etheridge (Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo), Jenny Workman (The Ballet Theater Company), Carole Valleskey (Joffrey Ballet), Bonnie Wyckoff (Boston Ballet) and Christine Sarry (American Ballet Theatre). In the 1970s, Christine Sarry emerged as DeMille's preferred interpreter of this complex role, DeMille even preferring Sarry's version to her own. Agnes DeMille stated in her will that only Sarry was authorized to approve of dancers who could take up the role of the Cowgirl. Since Agnes DeMille's death, Sarry has coached and approved numerous dancers in the part. In the 21st century, the list includes: Tina LeBlanc (San Francisco Ballet, 2006), Kristin Long (San Francisco Ballet, 2007); Xiomara Reyes (American Ballet Theatre, 2006); Marian Butler (American Ballet Theatre, 2006); and Erica Cornejo (American Ballet Theatre, 2005). Of Ms. Cornejo, critic Jerry Hochman wrote, "Cornejo owns the role now". Up to 1979, Rodeo was staged mainly by deMille and Vernon Lusby, for many years one of her most trusted assistants on numerous projects. When illness precluded his ability to continue setting Rodeo in 1981, deMille asked Paul Sutherland, a former principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre, Joffrey Ballet, and Harkness Ballet who had danced leading roles in several of her ballets, to begin staging Rodeo. With the passing of Agnes deMille in 1993, ownership and all rights to Rodeo passed to her son, Jonathan Prude. For the next several years, several people staged the ballet. In 1999, Prude set up the deMille Committee to oversee her numerous works and assigned sole responsibility for staging Rodeo to Sutherland, including the selection of dancers, rehearsals and stage production. With the exception of a few companies to whom Agnes deMille had, years before, given the ballet in perpetuity, Sutherland has staged Rodeo over fifty times for dozens of companies and universities throughout the United States and Canada as well as in Antwerp, Belgium, and continues to do so. For a point of comparison, it has been nearly 120 years since the premiere of The Nutcracker, and more than 70 years since the premiere of Rodeo. This increasing longevity, plus the anchoring of Copland's score in American culture, suggests near-certain permanence for the ballet. In popular culture "Hoedown"Single by Emerson, Lake & Palmerfrom the album Trilogy Released1972GenreProgressive rockcountry rockLength3:47LabelIsland (Europe)Cotillion (US/Canada)Atlantic (International)Songwriter(s)Aaron Copland, arr. Keith Emerson, Greg Lake, Carl PalmerProducer(s)Greg LakeEmerson, Lake & Palmer singles chronology "From the Beginning" (1972) "Hoedown" (1972) "Jerusalem" (1973) Progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer recorded a version of "Hoe-Down" (with the title changed slightly to "Hoedown") for their 1972 album Trilogy. In a review of Trilogy, François Couture of AllMusic called ELP's version of "Hoedown" a "crowd-pleaser". Another version of the "Hoe-Down" section was also later recorded by folk rock and jazz group Béla Fleck and the Flecktones. At Bob Dylan's performances during his "Never-Ending Tour", he is introduced by his stage manager reading a short biography with "Hoe-Down" playing in the background. Television appearances of "Hoe-Down" include its use as the background theme for the "Beef. It's What's for Dinner" advertising campaign in the 1990s, and The Simpsons episode "The Seemingly Never-Ending Story". "Hoe-Down" served as the basis for the soundtrack cue "In Training" from the film An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, composed by James Horner. A further adaptation appears in the film Titanic during the below-decks Irish dancing scene, again composed by Horner. "Hoe-Down" accompanied one of the choreographed opening ceremony performances of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. References ^ a b c d e Pollack, Howard (1999). Aaron Copland: The Life and Work of an Uncommon Man. New York: Henry Holt, ISBN 0-252-06900-5. ^ ""Bonaparte's Retreat" ~ William H. Stepp, 1937". YouTube. ^ a b c Crist, Elizabeth B. (2005). Music for the Common Man. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515157-7. ^ "The 25 best country rock songs of all time". Classic Rock Magazine. August 5, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2019. ^ Couture, François. "Trilogy - Emerson, Lake & Palmer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. ^ Christian Clemmensen, "Review of An American Tail: Fievel Goes West," FilmTracks.com, July, 13 1998. External links Our Singing Country If He'd be a Buckaroo Sis Joe Bonyparte Miss McLeod's Reel Video (22:44) – Aaron Copland – Rodeo - Suite. on YouTube Video (17:47) – Aaron Copland – Rodeo - Ballet. on YouTube vteAaron CoplandList of compositionsOperas The Second Hurricane The Tender Land Ballets Appalachian Spring Billy the Kid Dance Panels Rodeo Orchestral works Connotations Fanfare for the Common Man Inscape Letter from Home Lincoln Portrait Orchestral Variations El Salón México Symphony for Organ and Orchestra Short Symphony Symphony No. 3 Concertos Piano Concerto Clarinet Concerto Incidental andfilm music Our Town Quiet City The City The Red Pony Vocal music Old American Songs Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson In the Beginning Piano music The Cat and the Mouse Danzón cubano Four Piano Blues Night-Thoughts Piano Variations Namesakes Aaron Copland School of Music Copland (crater) Copland Peak Related articles Aaron Copland House Neoclassicism Serialism Twelve-tone technique Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodeo: Four Dance Episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo:_Four_Dance_Episodes"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Agnes de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"Buckaroo Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckaroo_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Corral Nocturne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corral_Nocturne"},{"link_name":"Ranch House Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_House_Party"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Hoe-Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hoe-Down"}],"text":"This article is about the 1942 ballet choreographed by Agnes de Mille. For the 2015 ballet choreographed by Justin Peck, see Rodeo: Four Dance Episodes.Rodeo is a ballet composed by Aaron Copland and choreographed by Agnes de Mille, which premiered in 1942. Subtitled \"The Courting at Burnt Ranch\", the ballet consists of five sections: \"Buckaroo Holiday\", \"Corral Nocturne\", \"Ranch House Party\", \"Saturday Night Waltz\", and \"Hoe-Down\". The symphonic version omits \"Ranch House Party\", leaving the other sections relatively intact.","title":"Rodeo (ballet)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnes de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Russe_de_Monte-Carlo"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ballet Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Billy the Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollack-1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_(39th_Street)"},{"link_name":"curtain calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_call"},{"link_name":"Frederic Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Rodgers and Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollack-1"},{"link_name":"Peggy van Praagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_van_Praagh"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laing"},{"link_name":"choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollack-1"},{"link_name":"Boston Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Pops"}],"text":"The original ballet was choreographed by Agnes de Mille for the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo, a dance company that moved to the United States during World War II. In order to compete with the rival company Ballet Theatre, the Ballet Russe commissioned de Mille out of a career of relative obscurity. The choreographer was given considerable creative control, choosing Aaron Copland as the composer after being impressed by his previous ballet, Billy the Kid. Though Copland was initially reluctant to compose \"another Cowboy ballet,\" De Mille persuaded him that this show would mark a significant departure from his previous work. As de Mille found herself occupied with instructing a highly international cast in the mannerisms of American cowboys, Copland recommended that Oliver Smith design the sets,[1] in what would prove to be a prescient action.De Mille herself played the lead, and the premiere at the Metropolitan Opera House on 16 October 1942 received 22 curtain calls. The other principal dancers in the cast included Frederic Franklin and Casimir Kokitch. Though de Mille herself was not entirely pleased with the premiere, it was attended by Rodgers and Hammerstein, who approached de Mille afterward to request that she choreograph their upcoming production of Oklahoma!.[1]The ballet makes use of riding movements that de Mille devised with the assistance of Peggy van Praagh, for a recital in London by Peggy van Praagh and Hugh Laing in 1938. De Mille also made use of such vernacular forms as a square dance and a cadenza for a tap dancer.Noted among many reviews was de Mille's highly evocative choreography, described as \"film sensibility\"[1] and renowned for its realism. The original production went on to lead a successful tour, though producers were hard pressed to replicate the skill with which de Mille had portrayed the lead. De Mille retained veto power over any casting of the ballet, which often sent companies to extremes in order to find a worthy Cowgirl. Meanwhile, Copland arranged the music as a symphonic suite for orchestra titled Four Dance Episodes from Rodeo, which consisted chiefly of removing \"Ranch House Party\" and minor adjustments to the final two sections. With the middle section removed, the composition resembled the symphonic form with an ambitious opening movement, slow movement, minuet and finale. In this form, Rodeo found even greater success, premiering at the Boston Pops in 1943.","title":"Genesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_concert_flute"},{"link_name":"piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"English horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_anglais"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_section"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"glockenspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel"},{"link_name":"xylophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"woodblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"snare drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snare_drum"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"celesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celesta"},{"link_name":"Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"violins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"violas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"celli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"double basses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"}],"text":"Rodeo is written for the following instrumentation.Woodwind\n2 flutes (one doubling piccolo)\n1 piccolo\n2 oboes\n1 English horn\n2 B♭ clarinets\n1 bass clarinet\n2 bassoons\nBrass\n4 horns\n3 B♭ trumpets\n3 trombones\n1 tuba\n\n\nPercussion\ntimpani\nglockenspiel\nxylophone\ncymbals\ntriangle\nwoodblock\nwhip\nbass drum\nsnare drum)\n1 piano\n1 celesta\n\n\nStrings\n1 harp\nviolins I, II\nviolas\ncelli\ndouble basses","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollack-1"},{"link_name":"folk song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_song"},{"link_name":"Bonaparte's Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bonny_Bunch_of_Roses"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton Stepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_Stepp"},{"link_name":"Alan Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lomax"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ruth Crawford Seeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Crawford_Seeger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollack-1"}],"text":"The circumstances surrounding the composition of Rodeo led to its having a number of features that set it apart from other Copland compositions. Though many of Copland's works incorporate traditional American folk tunes, Rodeo is unique in that it leaves them quite intact in the score, with very little alteration on the part of the composer. This is likely attributable in part to De Mille's control over the work. Indeed, she had already blocked the entire show before Copland had written a single note[1] and also transcribed several folk tunes, including \"Old Paint\", for Copland in addition to her blocking notes.The well-known main theme of \"Hoe-Down\" is based on a unique version of the American folk song \"Bonyparte\" or \"Bonaparte's Retreat,\" played by Salyersville, Kentucky fiddler William Hamilton Stepp, which was recorded in 1937 by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress.[2] A meticulous transcription by Ruth Crawford Seeger of that performance appeared in Lomax's 1941 book, \"Our Singing Country\".Many of the themes were autobiographical for De Mille. An extremely skilled dancer, the choreographer nonetheless felt awkward in the offstage world, and the Cowgirl's unwillingness to subscribe to traditional gender roles mirrors De Mille's experience.[1]","title":"Structure and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Buckaroo Holiday\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Copland_Buackaroo_Holiday.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(music)"}],"sub_title":"Buckaroo Holiday","text":"\"Buckaroo Holiday\"\n\nA 25 second sample of the \"Buckaroo Holiday\" movement demonstrating the rhythmic motif of the main \"Rodeo\" theme.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Rodeo opens with a grand fanfare, vamping until R5-6, where the woodwinds introduce the Cowgirl's theme. This quiet theme continues until the Rodeo theme begins presenting a highly rhythmic motif that evokes the trotting of horses. The lone Cowgirl seeks the affections of the Head Wrangler, who is rather taken with the more feminine Rancher's Daughter. The cowboys enter to the railroad tune of \"Sis Joe\", envisioned by de Mille as an event \"like thunder,\" which Copland obliges with heavy drums and brass. As the cowgirl seeks the attention of her quarry, she mimics the surrounding cowboys, reflected in the heavy use of the tune \"If He'd Be a Buckaroo\" in this section. The theme is repeated by various solo instruments before being realized in triple canon by the full orchestra. After a brief return to the quiet Cowgirl theme, the fanfare returns. \"Sis Joe\" reappears again, before the entire orchestra triumphantly plays \"If He'd be a Buckaroo\".","title":"Structure and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Corral Nocturne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Copland_Corral_Nocturne.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crist-3"}],"sub_title":"Corral Nocturne","text":"\"Corral Nocturne\"\n\nA 24 second sample of \"Corral Nocturne\" demonstrating the lyrical interplay of the oboe and bassoon to create the mood of a lovesick character.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The \"Corral Nocturne\" invokes the lovesick musings of the Cowgirl, portrayed rather lyrically by Copland's heavy use of oboe and bassoon. In writing this scene, de Mille noted that \"She run[s] through the empty corrals intoxicated with space, her feet thudding in the stillness.\"[3] The Head Wrangler discovers her in the darkness, but she does not come toward him as the Rancher's Daughter would. Confused, he exits with the Rancher's Daughter.","title":"Structure and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crist-3"}],"sub_title":"Ranch House Party","text":"The subsequent \"Ranch House Party\" (ballet only) was envisioned by de Mille as \"Dance music inside. Night music outside.\" Indeed, the section (written by Leonard Bernstein on behalf of an overworked Copland) opens with a honky-tonk theme played on a piano, accompanied by a more thoughtful clarinet. The Cowgirl finds herself between the Champion Roper and the Wrangler, who are attracted to the Rancher's Daughter. \"Corral Nocturne\" is recalled at the end of this section, as the Cowgirl finds herself quite alone.[3]","title":"Structure and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Saturday Night Waltz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Copland_Saturday_Night_Waltz.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"sub_title":"Saturday Night Waltz","text":"\"Saturday Night Waltz\"\n\nA 16 second sample of \"Saturday Night Waltz\" demonstrating the subtle use of single woodwind instruments over a bed of strings to represent the characters.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.While the \"Texas minuet\" of the \"Saturday Night Waltz\" plays de Mille's transcribed version of \"I Ride an Old Paint\" (also known as \"Houlihan\") the cowboys and their girls pair off. Expectant of a partner and finding none, the Cowgirl is alone until the Champion Roper approaches her, having failed to best the Wrangler in winning the affections of the Rancher's Daughter. Both this section and the \"Corral Nocturne\" feature Copland's characteristic economy of sound, where he uses solo instruments in lieu of entire sections.","title":"Structure and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Hoe-Down\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Copland_Hoe-Down.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton Stepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_Stepp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crist-3"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(music)"}],"sub_title":"Hoe-Down","text":"\"Hoe-Down\"\n\nA 20 second sample of \"Hoe-Down\" demonstrating the main theme of the movement with the horns providing counterpoint to the main string melody.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Finally, the \"Hoe-Down\" opens by vamping the first bar of William Hamilton Stepp's interpretation of the folk tune \"Bonaparte's Retreat\", which will become a major theme of the section. After a reprisal of the Rodeo theme, the theme proper begins in the strings, as the horns play a simple counterpoint. Instead of building to a climax, this section segues into \"Miss McLeod's Reel\", performed by various solo instruments. Copland briefly introduces the Irish theme \"Gilderoy\" in the clarinet and oboe.[3]Building toward the end, Copland reintroduces \"Bonaparte's Retreat\" in canon, before returning to the Rodeo theme, which slows into the climactic kiss between the Cowgirl and the Roper. \"Bonaparte's Retreat\" is then resumed by the full orchestra, which ends the piece with a grand fanfare.","title":"Structure and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessisches_Staatstheater_Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Lucia Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Chase"},{"link_name":"Ballet Theater Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Russe_de_Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Ballet Theater Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Joffrey Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Boston Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Ballet"},{"link_name":"American Ballet Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Tina LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Xiomara Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiomara_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Erica Cornejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Cornejo"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"}],"text":"In what is considered one of the earliest examples of a truly American ballet, Rodeo combines the exuberance of a Broadway musical with the disciplines of classical ballet. Of particular note, the first scene requires men to pantomime riding and roping while dancing solo and dancing in groups (not very common for male ballet dancers), and while interacting with an awkward Cowgirl, who seeks their acceptance. The cast dresses in stylized western garb, which makes it all the more difficult to execute many of the moves.Classical ballet storylines typically involve some boy-meets-girl relationship, or at most a love triangle. But Rodeo forces an American Cowgirl to compete against an army of local girls in a quest to win the attention of the Champion Roper. The pairing and mutual attraction of the men and women in the cast appears fluid, and at times confusing to the rejected Cowgirl. Against this backdrop, the Cowgirl emotes strength, awkwardness, confidence, femininity and vulnerability, while executing rapid-fire footwork and pantomime, which mimics the bronco-busting of the men. Any comic dancer who plays the Cowgirl must succeed at being a failure, only to emerge triumphant in the end when she finally dons a dress for dance night.Regarding this nuanced role, DeMille said: \"She acts like a boy, not to be a boy, but to be liked by the boys.\"The American Ballet Notes for its 1950 premiere performance (Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, Germany) state: Rodeo ... is a love story of the American Southwest. The problem it deals with is perennial: how an American girl, with the odds seemingly all against her, sets out to get herself a man. The girl in this case is a cowgirl, a tomboy whose desperate efforts to become one of the ranch's cowhands create a problem for the cowboys and make her the laughingstock of womankind.As noted above, finding suitable Cowgirls to play this role was a challenge. Lucia Chase recalls that when the Ballet Theater Company had exclusive rights to stage Rodeo, Agnes DeMille urged the employment of \"charming and talented comediennes from the Broadway musical stage\" for the role. In the ballet world, DeMille's favorites for the role were: Dorothy Etheridge (Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo), Jenny Workman (The Ballet Theater Company), Carole Valleskey (Joffrey Ballet), Bonnie Wyckoff (Boston Ballet) and Christine Sarry (American Ballet Theatre).In the 1970s, Christine Sarry emerged as DeMille's preferred interpreter of this complex role, DeMille even preferring Sarry's version to her own. Agnes DeMille stated in her will that only Sarry was authorized to approve of dancers who could take up the role of the Cowgirl. Since Agnes DeMille's death, Sarry has coached and approved numerous dancers in the part. In the 21st century, the list includes: Tina LeBlanc (San Francisco Ballet, 2006), Kristin Long (San Francisco Ballet, 2007); Xiomara Reyes (American Ballet Theatre, 2006); Marian Butler (American Ballet Theatre, 2006); and Erica Cornejo (American Ballet Theatre, 2005). Of Ms. Cornejo, critic Jerry Hochman wrote, \"Cornejo owns the role now\".Up to 1979, Rodeo was staged mainly by deMille and Vernon Lusby, for many years one of her most trusted assistants on numerous projects. When illness precluded his ability to continue setting Rodeo in 1981, deMille asked Paul Sutherland, a former principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre, Joffrey Ballet, and Harkness Ballet who had danced leading roles in several of her ballets, to begin staging Rodeo. With the passing of Agnes deMille in 1993, ownership and all rights to Rodeo passed to her son, Jonathan Prude. For the next several years, several people staged the ballet. In 1999, Prude set up the deMille Committee to oversee her numerous works and assigned sole responsibility for staging Rodeo to Sutherland, including the selection of dancers, rehearsals and stage production. With the exception of a few companies to whom Agnes deMille had, years before, given the ballet in perpetuity, Sutherland has staged Rodeo over fifty times for dozens of companies and universities throughout the United States and Canada as well as in Antwerp, Belgium, and continues to do so.For a point of comparison, it has been nearly 120 years since the premiere of The Nutcracker, and more than 70 years since the premiere of Rodeo. This increasing longevity, plus the anchoring of Copland's score in American culture, suggests near-certain permanence for the ballet.","title":"Ballet and its place in the repertoire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake & Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy_(Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer_album)"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Béla Fleck and the Flecktones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Fleck_and_the_Flecktones"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Never-Ending Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never-Ending_Tour"},{"link_name":"Beef. It's What's for Dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef._It%27s_What%27s_for_Dinner"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"The Seemingly Never-Ending Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seemingly_Never-Ending_Story"},{"link_name":"An American Tail: Fievel Goes West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Tail:_Fievel_Goes_West"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"Progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer recorded a version of \"Hoe-Down\" (with the title changed slightly to \"Hoedown\") for their 1972 album Trilogy. In a review of Trilogy, François Couture of AllMusic called ELP's version of \"Hoedown\" a \"crowd-pleaser\".[5]Another version of the \"Hoe-Down\" section was also later recorded by folk rock and jazz group Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.At Bob Dylan's performances during his \"Never-Ending Tour\", he is introduced by his stage manager reading a short biography with \"Hoe-Down\" playing in the background.Television appearances of \"Hoe-Down\" include its use as the background theme for the \"Beef. It's What's for Dinner\" advertising campaign in the 1990s, and The Simpsons episode \"The Seemingly Never-Ending Story\".\"Hoe-Down\" served as the basis for the soundtrack cue \"In Training\" from the film An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, composed by James Horner.[6] A further adaptation appears in the film Titanic during the below-decks Irish dancing scene, again composed by Horner.\"Hoe-Down\" accompanied one of the choreographed opening ceremony performances of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"\"Bonaparte's Retreat\" ~ William H. Stepp, 1937\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yeQucos9-M","url_text":"\"\"Bonaparte's Retreat\" ~ William H. Stepp, 1937\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"The 25 best country rock songs of all time\". Classic Rock Magazine. August 5, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-25-greatest-country-rock-songs-of-all-time","url_text":"\"The 25 best country rock songs of all time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Rock Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Couture, François. \"Trilogy - Emerson, Lake & Palmer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/trilogy-mw0000193714","url_text":"\"Trilogy - Emerson, Lake & Palmer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rodeo%22+ballet","external_links_name":"\"Rodeo\" ballet"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rodeo%22+ballet+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rodeo%22+ballet&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rodeo%22+ballet+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rodeo%22+ballet","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rodeo%22+ballet&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yeQucos9-M","external_links_name":"\"\"Bonaparte's Retreat\" ~ William H. Stepp, 1937\""},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-25-greatest-country-rock-songs-of-all-time","external_links_name":"\"The 25 best country rock songs of all time\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/trilogy-mw0000193714","external_links_name":"\"Trilogy - Emerson, Lake & Palmer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/american_tail2.html","external_links_name":"\"Review"},{"Link":"http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/our-singing-country/index.html","external_links_name":"Our Singing Country"},{"Link":"http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/our-singing-country/our-singing-country%20-%200349.htm","external_links_name":"If He'd be a Buckaroo"},{"Link":"http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/our-singing-country/our-singing-country%20-%200362.htm","external_links_name":"Sis Joe"},{"Link":"http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/our-singing-country/our-singing-country%20-%200155.htm","external_links_name":"Bonyparte"},{"Link":"http://home.cogeco.ca/~scottythefiddler/Miss_McLeod's_Reel.html","external_links_name":"Miss McLeod's Reel"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYLdbTnNEhE","external_links_name":"Video (22:44) – Aaron Copland – Rodeo - Suite."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PGkJkpK1yU","external_links_name":"Video (17:47) – Aaron Copland – Rodeo - Ballet."},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/9a99589b-ea9e-44f0-a156-9eaec412c11c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzy_Long	Lizzy Long	["1 Awards and nominations","2 References","3 External links"]	American singer-songwriter Lizzy LongBirth nameElizabeth LongBorn (1984-01-19) January 19, 1984 (age 40)Lincolnton, Georgia, USGenresContemporary bluegrass/americana/folk, countryOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)Vocals, fiddle, banjo, guitar, piano, autoharp, bassWebsitewww.littleroyandlizzy.comMusical artist Elizabeth Long is an American bluegrass and country music singer. She usually performs alongside Little Roy Lewis from The Lewis Family. Long was born in Lincolnton, Georgia, on the same road as Roy Lewis. From a very early age, Long learned to play various instruments like the fiddle, guitar, and the banjo. Lewis and his wife, Bonnie, became her foster parents since she was fifteen years old. Lewis started taking Long on his tours, and she eventually began to play with him. Long went to college at the Glenville State College of West Virginia where she was part of the College Bluegrass Music Certificate Scholarship Program led by veteran musician Buddy Griffin. After college, Long moved to Nashville, Tennessee and started performing solo. She was mentored by Earl Scruggs, Buddy Spicher, and Mac Wiseman. Through her career, Long has been nominated and has won two "bluegrass songs of the year" from the Dove Awards. Long has performed with many artist such as Earl Scruggs, Mac Wiseman, Buddy Spicher, Rhonda Vincent, Jim and Jesse, Ralph Stanley, The Lewis Family, Ty Herndon, Patty Loveless, and many others. Awards and nominations IBMA Recorded Event of the Year Two-time DOVE award winner References ^ Lizzy Long to play at Mountaineer Opry tonight on The Herald-Dispatch; Halsey, Derek (July 18, 2008) External links The Little Roy and Lizzy Show Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Little Roy Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Roy_Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Lewis Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lewis_Family"},{"link_name":"Lincolnton, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"Glenville State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenville_State_College"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_Awards"}],"text":"Musical artistElizabeth Long is an American bluegrass and country music singer. She usually performs alongside Little Roy Lewis from The Lewis Family.Long was born in Lincolnton, Georgia, on the same road as Roy Lewis. From a very early age, Long learned to play various instruments like the fiddle, guitar, and the banjo. Lewis and his wife, Bonnie, became her foster parents since she was fifteen years old.Lewis started taking Long on his tours, and she eventually began to play with him. Long went to college at the Glenville State College of West Virginia where she was part of the College Bluegrass Music Certificate Scholarship Program led by veteran musician Buddy Griffin. After college, Long moved to Nashville, Tennessee and started performing solo. She was mentored by Earl Scruggs, Buddy Spicher, and Mac Wiseman.[1]Through her career, Long has been nominated and has won two \"bluegrass songs of the year\" from the Dove Awards.Long has performed with many artist such as Earl Scruggs, Mac Wiseman, Buddy Spicher, Rhonda Vincent, Jim and Jesse, Ralph Stanley, The Lewis Family, Ty Herndon, Patty Loveless, and many others.","title":"Lizzy Long"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"IBMA Recorded Event of the Year\nTwo-time DOVE award winner","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.littleroyandlizzy.com/","external_links_name":"www.littleroyandlizzy.com"},{"Link":"http://www.herald-dispatch.com/life/x1103453082/Lizzy-Long-to-play-at-Mountaineer-Opry-tonight","external_links_name":"Lizzy Long to play at Mountaineer Opry tonight"},{"Link":"http://www.littleroyandlizzy.com/","external_links_name":"The Little Roy and Lizzy Show"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305856695","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX4XPBWRGc6kH8KTdJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2013071616","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3178b0fa-bdca-46ad-9a3c-28416842b54c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_schism	Antipope Laurentius	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	5/6th-century antipope Laurentius (possibly Caelius) was the Archpriest of Santa Prassede and later antipope of the See of Rome. Elected in 498 at the Basilica Saint Mariae (presumably Saint Maria Maggiore) with the support of a dissenting faction with Byzantine sympathies, who were supported by Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus, in opposition to Pope Symmachus, the division between the two opposing factions split not only the church, but the Senate and the people of Rome. However, Laurentius remained in Rome as pope until 506. Biography Archpriest of Santa Prassede, Laurentius was elected pope on 22 November 498, in opposition to Pope Symmachus, by a dissenting faction. If Theodore Lector can be trusted, he was picked by the former consul Rufius Postumius Festus as a candidate; Festus had secretly promised the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius that Pope Anastasius II would approve the Henotikon, but upon returning from Constantinople he found the Pope had died. The groups supporting Laurentius and Symmachus split the clergy, Senate and common people, leading to violent clashes between rival groups of supporters. It was clear that some form of arbitration was needed, and both groups proceeded to Ravenna to present their arguments to king Theoderic the Great of the Ostrogoths. Jeffrey Richards observes that "it is a remarkable state of affairs when an Arian king has, for whatever reason, to choose a Catholic pope." Theodoric reviewed the facts, and found that Symmachus fulfilled his criteria for being duly consecrated pope. The "Laurentian Fragment", a document written by partisans of Laurentius, asserts that Symmachus obtained the decision by paying bribes, while deacon Magnus Felix Ennodius of Milan later wrote that 400 solidi were distributed amongst influential personages, whom it would be indiscreet to name. Finding himself victorious, Symmachus proceeded to call a synod held at Rome on 1 March 499, which was attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy, with the aim of confirming that his congregation accepted the king's judgment, as well as ensuring in the future there would be no rioting or illegal canvassing at election time. He also tried to appease his opposition by offering Laurentius the Diocese of Nuceria, in Campania. According to the account in the Liber Pontificalis, Symmachus bestowed the see on Laurentius "guided by sympathy", but the "Laurentian Fragment" states that Laurentius "was severely threatened and cajoled, and forcibly despatched" to Nuceria. In either case, the subscription of Aprilis, bishop of Nuceria, to the acta of the synod of 502 suggests Laurentius either never took up the see, or was deposed from it soon after. However, Laurentius' supporters sustained the schism. Led by Festus, a group of clerics and senators laid charges against Symmachus in an attempt to secure his deposition. Theodoric summoned Symmachus to Ariminum to answer these charges, but after arriving, Symmachus fled the city in the middle of the night, returning to Rome, where he took refuge in St. Peter's. His flight proved to be a major mistake, for it was widely seen as an admission of guilt. Many of the clergy withdrew from communion with Symmachus, and entered into communion with Laurentius. A contentious synod held in 502 failed to resolve the schism. Laurentius returned to Rome later that year, and for the following four years, according to the "Laurentian Fragment", he held its churches and ruled as pope, with the support of Festus. Laurentius was only forced from his position when a diplomatic effort to convince Theodoric to intervene succeeded. Conducted chiefly by two non-Roman supporters, the Milanese deacon Ennodius and the exiled deacon Dioscorus, they convinced the king's personal physician, the deacon Helpidius, and then convinced Theodoric to instruct Festus to hand over the Roman churches to Symmachus. Once news of Theodoric's decision reached Rome, Laurentius retired from the city to one of Festus's estates, according to the "Laurentian Fragment", because "he did not want the city to be troubled by daily strife", where he fasted constantly until his death. See also Papal selection before 1059 References ^ Historia ecclesiastiae 2.16.17, quoted in Moorhead, John (1978). "The Laurentian Schism: East and West in the Roman Church". Church History. 47 (2): 125–136. doi:10.2307/3164729. JSTOR 3164729. S2CID 162650963. ^ Richards (1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 69. ISBN 978-0710000989. ^ Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, p. 97 ^ Richards, Popes and the papacy, pp. 70f ^ Richards, Popes and the papacy, pp. 70 ^ The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis), translated with introduction by Raymond Davies (Liverpool: University Press, 1989), pp. 44, 97 ^ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 327 ^ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 71 ^ Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, p. 98 ^ Richards, Popes and the papacy, p. 76 ^ Davies (trans.), Book of Pontiffs, p. 99 External links Laurentian Schism \| Church History Timelines vteAntipopesLate Antiquity Natalius Hippolytus Novatian Heraclius Felix II Ursicinus Eulalius Early Middle Ages Laurentius Dioscorus Theodore Paschal Constantine II Philip High Middle Ages John VIII Anastasius III Christopher Boniface VII John XVI Gregory VI Benedict X Honorius II Clement III Theodoric Adalbert Sylvester IV Gregory VIII Celestine II Anacletus II Victor IV (1138) Victor IV (1159–1164) Paschal III Callixtus III Innocent III 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Curia Religious institutes Christian monasticism Catholic culture Art Role in civilization Vatican City Papal States Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Early Church(30–325/476)Origins andApostolic Age (30–100) Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Mary John the Baptist Apostles in the New Testament Commissioning Peter John Paul Stephen Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period (100–325) Persecution Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Canon Tertullian Origen Late antiquity(313–476)Great Church(180–451)Romanstate church(380–451) Constantine the Great Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Early Middle Ages Benedict of Nursia Monasticism Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East–West Schism High Middle Ages Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Clash against the empire Crusades Universities Scholasticism First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Late Middle Ages Thomas Aquinas Pope Boniface VIII Western Schism Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI Age of Discovery Protestant ReformationCounter-Reformation Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter-Reformation Exsurge Domine Dissolution of the monasteries Council of Trent Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Peter Canisius Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine European wars of religion Thirty Years' War Baroque period to theFrench Revolution Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Age of Enlightenment Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution 19th century Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX United States Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum 20th century Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Nazism Mit brennender Sorge Pope John XXIII Pacem in terris Second Vatican Council Ecumenism Judaism Pope Paul VI (coronation) Pope John Paul I Mother Teresa Communism Pope John Paul II HIV/AIDS World Youth Day 1995 21st century Sexual abuse scandal Islam World Youth Day 2000 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 Pope Benedict XVI Pope Francis Laudato si' Patriarch Kirill COVID-19 pandemic Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Portals: Biography Christianity Catholicism Authority control databases International FAST VIAF 2 National Germany United States Vatican People Italian People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Prassede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Prassede"},{"link_name":"antipope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope"},{"link_name":"See of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"},{"link_name":"Anastasius I Dicorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus"},{"link_name":"Pope Symmachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Symmachus"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"}],"text":"Laurentius (possibly Caelius) was the Archpriest of Santa Prassede and later antipope of the See of Rome. Elected in 498 at the Basilica Saint Mariae (presumably Saint Maria Maggiore) with the support of a dissenting faction with Byzantine sympathies, who were supported by Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus, in opposition to Pope Symmachus, the division between the two opposing factions split not only the church, but the Senate and the people of Rome. However, Laurentius remained in Rome as pope until 506.","title":"Antipope Laurentius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Prassede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Prassede"},{"link_name":"Pope Symmachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Symmachus"},{"link_name":"Theodore Lector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Lector"},{"link_name":"Rufius Postumius Festus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufius_Postumius_Festus"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anastasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Pope Anastasius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II"},{"link_name":"Henotikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotikon"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_senate"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Theoderic the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoderic_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Arian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Magnus Felix Ennodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Felix_Ennodius"},{"link_name":"solidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nuceria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nocera_de%27_Pagani"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Liber Pontificalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ariminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariminum"},{"link_name":"withdrew from communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dioscorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Dioscorus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Archpriest of Santa Prassede, Laurentius was elected pope on 22 November 498, in opposition to Pope Symmachus, by a dissenting faction. If Theodore Lector can be trusted, he was picked by the former consul Rufius Postumius Festus as a candidate; Festus had secretly promised the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius that Pope Anastasius II would approve the Henotikon, but upon returning from Constantinople he found the Pope had died.[1]The groups supporting Laurentius and Symmachus split the clergy, Senate and common people, leading to violent clashes between rival groups of supporters. It was clear that some form of arbitration was needed, and both groups proceeded to Ravenna to present their arguments to king Theoderic the Great of the Ostrogoths. Jeffrey Richards observes that \"it is a remarkable state of affairs when an Arian king has, for whatever reason, to choose a Catholic pope.\"[2] Theodoric reviewed the facts, and found that Symmachus fulfilled his criteria for being duly consecrated pope. The \"Laurentian Fragment\", a document written by partisans of Laurentius, asserts that Symmachus obtained the decision by paying bribes,[3] while deacon Magnus Felix Ennodius of Milan later wrote that 400 solidi were distributed amongst influential personages, whom it would be indiscreet to name.[4]Finding himself victorious, Symmachus proceeded to call a synod held at Rome on 1 March 499, which was attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy, with the aim of confirming that his congregation accepted the king's judgment, as well as ensuring in the future there would be no rioting or illegal canvassing at election time. He also tried to appease his opposition by offering Laurentius the Diocese of Nuceria, in Campania.[5] According to the account in the Liber Pontificalis, Symmachus bestowed the see on Laurentius \"guided by sympathy\", but the \"Laurentian Fragment\" states that Laurentius \"was severely threatened and cajoled, and forcibly despatched\" to Nuceria.[6] In either case, the subscription of Aprilis, bishop of Nuceria, to the acta of the synod of 502 suggests Laurentius either never took up the see, or was deposed from it soon after.[7]However, Laurentius' supporters sustained the schism. Led by Festus, a group of clerics and senators laid charges against Symmachus in an attempt to secure his deposition. Theodoric summoned Symmachus to Ariminum to answer these charges, but after arriving, Symmachus fled the city in the middle of the night, returning to Rome, where he took refuge in St. Peter's. His flight proved to be a major mistake, for it was widely seen as an admission of guilt. Many of the clergy withdrew from communion with Symmachus, and entered into communion with Laurentius.[8]A contentious synod held in 502 failed to resolve the schism. Laurentius returned to Rome later that year, and for the following four years, according to the \"Laurentian Fragment\", he held its churches and ruled as pope, with the support of Festus.[9] Laurentius was only forced from his position when a diplomatic effort to convince Theodoric to intervene succeeded. Conducted chiefly by two non-Roman supporters, the Milanese deacon Ennodius and the exiled deacon Dioscorus, they convinced the king's personal physician, the deacon Helpidius, and then convinced Theodoric to instruct Festus to hand over the Roman churches to Symmachus.[10]Once news of Theodoric's decision reached Rome, Laurentius retired from the city to one of Festus's estates, according to the \"Laurentian Fragment\", because \"he did not want the city to be troubled by daily strife\", where he fasted constantly until his death.[11]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Papal selection before 1059","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059"}]	[{"reference":"Moorhead, John (1978). \"The Laurentian Schism: East and West in the Roman Church\". Church History. 47 (2): 125–136. doi:10.2307/3164729. JSTOR 3164729. S2CID 162650963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3164729","url_text":"10.2307/3164729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3164729","url_text":"3164729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162650963","url_text":"162650963"}]},{"reference":"Richards (1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 69. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_5	Combat Logistics Battalion 5	["1 Mission","2 Subordinate units","3 History","4 Unit Awards","5 Previous Commanders","6 Previous Sergeants Major","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Combat Logistics Battalion 5Active21 August 2007 – presentCountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnited States of AmericaBranchUnited States Marine CorpsTypeLogisticsPart ofCombat Logistics Regiment 11st Marine Logistics GroupGarrison/HQMarine Corps Base Camp PendletonNickname(s)TravellerMotto(s)"We Bring It to the Fight"EngagementsOperation Iraqi FreedomOperation Enduring FreedomCommandersCurrentcommanderLtCol Rebecca A. BolzMilitary unit Combat Logistics Battalion 5 (CLB-5) is a logistics battalion of the United States Marine Corps. CLB-5 is a subordinate battalion to Combat Logistics Regiment 1 and the 1st Marine Logistics Group. The unit is based out of the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. The battalion nickname is "Traveller", named after the 16-hand grey American Saddlebred horse ridden into battle by General Robert E. Lee during the American Civil War. The unit slogan is "Success Is Not An Accident." Mission Provide direct support tactical logistics to the 5th Marine Regiment beyond its organic capabilities in the areas of transportation, intermediate level supply, field level maintenance, and general engineering. Subordinate units Headquarters & Service Company Combat Logistics Company Alpha Combat Logistics Company Bravo General Support Company History Combat Logistics Battalion 5 was activated on 25 May 2006 at Camp Pendleton, California and assigned as a subordinate battalion to Combat Logistics Regiment 1. Participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Iraq from September 2006 to March 2007 and again in August 2008 to February 2009. Participated in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Afghanistan from March to October 2010 and again from March to August 2012. Provided task organized logistics detachments in support of Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF) Crisis Response - CENTRAL COMMAND from 2015–2017. Participated in Marine Rotational Force-Darwin (MRF-D) 20.2 in Darwin, Australia from March to October 2020 as the Logistics Command Element (LCE). Participated in Marine Rotational Force-Darwin (MRF-D) 22.2 in Darwin, Australia from March to October 2022 as the Logistics Command Element (LCE). Original logo of CLB-5, used from 2006 to 2009. Past logo of CLB-5, used from 2009 to 2015. Current logo of CLB-5, circa 2017. Unit Awards A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. CLB-5 has been presented with the following awards : Navy Unit Commendation Streamer with two Bronze Stars Iraq – 2006 – 2007, 2008 - 2009 Afghanistan - 2010 National Defense Service Streamer 2006 - current Iraq Campaign Streamer with three Bronze Stars National Resolution 2006 - 2007 Iraqi Surge 2007 - 2008 Iraqi Sovereignty - 2009 Afghanistan Campaign Streamer with two Bronze Stars Consolidation III - 2010 Transition I - 2012 Global War on Terrorism Service Streamer 2006 - current Previous Commanders LtCol M.E. Travis LtCol Joe L. Jarosz LtCol Robert T. Meade LtCol Brian W. Ecarius LtCol Sam K. Lee LtCol Matthew T. James LtCol John F. Soto Jr. LtCol Shawn A. Meier Previous Sergeants Major Sergeant Major Willie T. Ward III Sergeant Major Brian E. Cullins Sergeant Major Troy E. Black (19th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, 5th Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman) Sergeant Major Joseph S. Gregory Sergeant Major Keith D. Hoge Sergeant Major James L. Horr Sergeant Major Damian L. Reed Sergeant Major David C. Hernandez Sergeant Major Salvador Moralessolis (current) See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Combat Logistics Battalion 5. List of United States Marine Corps battalions Organization of the United States Marine Corps References Combat Logistics Battalion 5 (PDF) www.usmcu.edu. United States Marine Corps. September 18, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2020. External links CLB-5's Official Website : This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. vte1st Marine Logistics GroupCombat Logistics Regiment 1 1st Transportation Support Battalion Combat Logistics Battalion 1 Combat Logistics Battalion 5 Combat Logistics Battalion 7 Combat Logistics Regiment 17 Combat Logistics Battalion 11 Combat Logistics Battalion 13 Combat Logistics Battalion 15 Other Battalions 7th Engineer Support Battalion 1st Dental Battalion 1st Supply Battalion 1st Maintenance Battalion 1st Medical Battalion Combat Logistics Company 11 Combat Logistics Company 16 vteUnited States Marine CorpsLeadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Marine Corps four-star generals Marine Corps three-star generals 1942–1959 2000–2009 2010–present US Congress House Armed Services Committee Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee Senate Armed Services Committee Seapower subcommittee Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Training & Education Command (TECOM) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Marine Corps Systems Command Auxiliary Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary Structure Marine Air-Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF/Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Marine Security Guard Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personneland trainingPersonnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniformsand equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment Historyand traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps Eagle, Globe, and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Horse Marines Marine One Color Guard Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments "Marines' Hymn" Oorah National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman's Creed Semper Fidelis march History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Gung ho Category This United States Marine Corps article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Combat Logistics Regiment 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Regiment_1"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Logistics Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Logistics_Group"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton"}],"text":"Military unitCombat Logistics Battalion 5 (CLB-5) is a logistics battalion of the United States Marine Corps. CLB-5 is a subordinate battalion to Combat Logistics Regiment 1 and the 1st Marine Logistics Group. The unit is based out of the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. The battalion nickname is \"Traveller\", named after the 16-hand grey American Saddlebred horse ridden into battle by General Robert E. Lee during the American Civil War. The unit slogan is \"Success Is Not An Accident.\"","title":"Combat Logistics Battalion 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5th Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Marine_Regiment"}],"text":"Provide direct support tactical logistics to the 5th Marine Regiment beyond its organic capabilities in the areas of transportation, intermediate level supply, field level maintenance, and general engineering.","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Headquarters & Service Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_%26_Service_Company"}],"text":"Headquarters & Service Company\nCombat Logistics Company Alpha\nCombat Logistics Company Bravo\nGeneral Support Company","title":"Subordinate units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Rotational Force-Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Rotational_Force-Darwin"},{"link_name":"Marine Rotational Force-Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Rotational_Force-Darwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CLB5logo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CLB-5_logo_sept_2008.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clb_5_logo.png"}],"text":"Combat Logistics Battalion 5 was activated on 25 May 2006 at Camp Pendleton, California and assigned as a subordinate battalion to Combat Logistics Regiment 1.Participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Iraq from September 2006 to March 2007 and again in August 2008 to February 2009.\nParticipated in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Afghanistan from March to October 2010 and again from March to August 2012.\nProvided task organized logistics detachments in support of Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF) Crisis Response - CENTRAL COMMAND from 2015–2017.\nParticipated in Marine Rotational Force-Darwin (MRF-D) 20.2 in Darwin, Australia from March to October 2020 as the Logistics Command Element (LCE).\nParticipated in Marine Rotational Force-Darwin (MRF-D) 22.2 in Darwin, Australia from March to October 2022 as the Logistics Command Element (LCE).Original logo of CLB-5, used from 2006 to 2009.Past logo of CLB-5, used from 2009 to 2015.Current logo of CLB-5, circa 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iraq_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Iraq Campaign Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Campaign_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan Campaign Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Campaign_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Global War on Terrorism Service Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal"}],"text":"A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. CLB-5 has been presented with the following awards [1]:Navy Unit Commendation Streamer with two Bronze Stars\nIraq – 2006 – 2007, 2008 - 2009\nAfghanistan - 2010\n National Defense Service Streamer\n2006 - current\n Iraq Campaign Streamer with three Bronze Stars\nNational Resolution 2006 - 2007\nIraqi Surge 2007 - 2008\nIraqi Sovereignty - 2009\n Afghanistan Campaign Streamer with two Bronze Stars\nConsolidation III - 2010\nTransition I - 2012\n Global War on Terrorism Service Streamer\n2006 - current","title":"Unit Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"LtCol M.E. Travis\nLtCol Joe L. Jarosz\nLtCol Robert T. Meade\nLtCol Brian W. Ecarius\nLtCol Sam K. Lee\nLtCol Matthew T. James\nLtCol John F. Soto Jr.\nLtCol Shawn A. Meier","title":"Previous Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sergeant Major Willie T. Ward III\nSergeant Major Brian E. Cullins\nSergeant Major Troy E. Black (19th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, 5th Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman)\nSergeant Major Joseph S. Gregory\nSergeant Major Keith D. Hoge\nSergeant Major James L. Horr\nSergeant Major Damian L. Reed\nSergeant Major David C. Hernandez\nSergeant Major Salvador Moralessolis (current)","title":"Previous Sergeants Major"}]	[{"image_text":"Original logo of CLB-5, used from 2006 to 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/CLB5logo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Past logo of CLB-5, used from 2009 to 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/CLB-5_logo_sept_2008.png"},{"image_text":"Current logo of CLB-5, circa 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Clb_5_logo.png/220px-Clb_5_logo.png"}]	[{"title":"Combat Logistics Battalion 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Combat_Logistics_Battalion_5"},{"title":"List of United States Marine Corps battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_battalions"},{"title":"Organization of the United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/COMBAT%20LOGISTICS%20BATTALION%205_1.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Logistics Battalion 5"},{"Link":"https://www.1stmlg.marines.mil/Units/CLR-1/CLB-5/","external_links_name":"CLB-5's Official Website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combat_Logistics_Battalion_5&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_14_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)	April 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)	["1 Saints","2 Pre-Schism Western saints","3 Post-Schism Orthodox saints","3.1 New martyrs and confessors","4 Other commemorations","5 Icon gallery","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources"]	An Eastern Orthodox cross April 13 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 15 All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 27 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For April 14th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 1. Saints Apostles Aristarchus of Apamea, Pudens, and Trophimus of the Seventy Apostles (c. 67) (see also: April 15 - Slavic) Martyr Ardalion the Actor, who suffered under Maximian (c. 305-311) Martyr Azat the Eunuch and 1,000 Martyrs of Persia under Shapur II (341) Martyr Thomais of Alexandria (476) (see also April 13 - Slavic) Saint St Martin the Confessor, Pope of Rome (655) (see also April 13 - Greek, and West) Venerable martyr Christopher the Sabbaite, of St. Sabbas’ Monastery (797) (see also April 13 - Greek) Pre-Schism Western saints Virgin-martyr Domnina of Terni and Companions, martyred in Terni in Italy at the same time as Bishop Valentine (c. 269) Martyrs Tiburtius, Valerian and Maximus, in Rome (3rd century) Saint Tassach, one of St Patrick's earliest disciples and first Bishop of Raholp, Ireland (c. 495) Saint Abundius the Sacristan, a sacrist at St Peter's in Rome (c. 564) Saint Lambert of Lyons, Abbot of Fontenelle and Bishop of Lyons (688) Post-Schism Orthodox saints Saint Vsevolod III Yuryevich the Big Nest, (Demetrius in holy baptism), Great Prince of Vladimir (1212) Martyrs Anthony, John, and Eustathios, of Vilnius, Lithuania (1347) New Martyr Demetrius of the Peloponnese, at Tripolis (1803) New martyrs and confessors New Martyr Sergius (Trofimov) of Nizhni-Novgorod and companion (1918) New Hieromartyr Alexander Orlov, Confessor, Priest (1941) Other commemorations Synaxis of the Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius (1465) Icon gallery St. Aristarchus of Thessalonica (Aristarchus of Apamea). St. Pudens. Saint Martin the Confessor (Menologion of Basil II) Martyrs of Vilnius, Sts. Anthony, John, and Eustathios. Notes ^ The notation Old Style or (OS) is sometimes used to indicate a date in the Julian Calendar (which is used by churches on the "Old Calendar").The notation New Style or (NS), indicates a date in the Revised Julian calendar (which is used by churches on the "New Calendar"). ^ Azad, a eunuch and companion in martyrdom of Saint Simeon Barsabae (April 17). ^ Born in the north of France, he became a monk at Fontenelle with St Wandrille whom he succeeded as abbot in 666. In 678 he became Bishop of Lyons. ^ See: (in Russian) Орлов, Александр Васильевич (1878-1941). Википедии. (Russian Wikipedia). ^ The Vilnius icon is also commemorated on February 15. References ^ a b c d e f g h i April 14 / April 27. Orthodox Calendar (pravoslavie.ru). ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἀρίσταρχος, Πούδης καὶ Τρόφιμος οἱ Ἀπόστολοι ἐκ τοὺς ἑβδομήκοντα. 14 Απριλίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. ^ a b c d (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. 14 Απριλίου. ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ). ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀρδαλίων ὁ Μάρτυρας ὁ μῖμος. 14 Απριλίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. ^ Martyr Ardalion the Actor. OCA - Lives of the Saints. ^ Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Ardalio, M. (about A.D. 300.)." In: The Lives of the Saints. Volume the Fourth: April. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. p. 189. ^ Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia. OCA - Lives of the Saints. ^ a b c d e (in Russian) Русская Православная Церковь Православный Церковный календарь на 2023 год. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ἡ Ἁγία Θωμαΐς ἡ Μάρτυς. 14 Απριλίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. ^ St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome. OCA - Lives of the Saints. ^ a b c d April 27 / April 14. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow). ^ a b c d e April 14. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome. ^ Very Rev. John O'Hanlon. "Article I.—St. Tassach, Bishop of Raholp, County of Down. ." In: Lives of the Irish Saints: With Special Festivals, and the Commemorations of Holy Persons. Vol. IV. Dublin, 1875. pp. 139-142. ^ "ВСЕВОЛОД БОЛЬШОЕ ГНЕЗДО - Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-07-06. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἀντώνιος, Ἰωάννης καὶ Εὐστάθιος οἱ Μάρτυρες. 14 Απριλίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. ^ Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania. OCA - Lives of the Saints. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Δημήτριος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας. 14 Απριλίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Σύναξις Ὑπεραγίας Θεοτόκου ἐν Βιλὲνσκ Ρωσίας. 14 Απριλίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. ^ Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius. OCA - Lives of the Saints. Sources April 14 / April 27. Orthodox Calendar (pravoslavie.ru). April 27 / April 14. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow). April 14. OCA - The Lives of the Saints. The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 28. April 14. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome. The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 105. Greek Sources Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) 14 Απριλιου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. 14 Απριλίου. ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ). Russian Sources (in Russian) 27 апреля (14 апреля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru). (in Russian) Русская Православная Церковь Православный Церковный календарь на 2023 год. vteCalendars of saintsCatholic General Roman 1969 1960 1955 pre-1955 Tridentine Syro-Malabar Orthodox Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Coptic Armenian Anglican Australia Brazil Canada England Hong Kong Korea Scotland Southern Africa United States Wales Protestant Lutheran Christianity portal Biography portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_13_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar"},{"link_name":"April 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_15_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Old Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"[note 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Persia_under_Shapur_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DECR-9"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thomais of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//orthodoxwiki.org/Thomais_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"April 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_13_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"St Martin the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DECR-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"April 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_13_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"St. Sabbas’ Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Saba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-13"},{"link_name":"April 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_13_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"}],"text":"Apostles Aristarchus of Apamea, Pudens, and Trophimus of the Seventy Apostles (c. 67)[1][2][3] (see also: April 15 - Slavic)\nMartyr Ardalion the Actor, who suffered under Maximian (c. 305-311)[1][3][4][5][6]\nMartyr Azat the Eunuch and 1,000 Martyrs of Persia under Shapur II (341)[1][7][8][note 2]\nMartyr Thomais of Alexandria (476)[3][9] (see also April 13 - Slavic)\nSaint St Martin the Confessor, Pope of Rome (655)[1][8][10] (see also April 13 - Greek, and West)Venerable martyr Christopher the Sabbaite, of St. Sabbas’ Monastery (797)[1][11] (see also April 13 - Greek)","title":"Saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domnina of Terni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnina_of_Terni"},{"link_name":"Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Valentine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-14"},{"link_name":"Tiburtius, Valerian and Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Tiburtius,_Valerian_and_Maximus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-14"},{"link_name":"Tassach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassac"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Abundius the Sacristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundius_the_Sacristan"},{"link_name":"sacrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacristan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-14"},{"link_name":"Fontenelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Wandrille"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyons"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-14"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Virgin-martyr Domnina of Terni and Companions, martyred in Terni in Italy at the same time as Bishop Valentine (c. 269)[12]\nMartyrs Tiburtius, Valerian and Maximus, in Rome (3rd century)[12]\nSaint Tassach, one of St Patrick's earliest disciples and first Bishop of Raholp, Ireland (c. 495)[1][12][13]\nSaint Abundius the Sacristan, a sacrist at St Peter's in Rome (c. 564)[12]\nSaint Lambert of Lyons, Abbot of Fontenelle and Bishop of Lyons (688)[12][note 3]","title":"Pre-Schism Western saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vsevolod III Yuryevich the Big Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_III_Yuryevich"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Anthony, John, and Eustathios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony,_John,_and_Eustathios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DECR-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Saint Vsevolod III Yuryevich the Big Nest, (Demetrius in holy baptism), Great Prince of Vladimir (1212)[14]\nMartyrs Anthony, John, and Eustathios, of Vilnius, Lithuania (1347)[1][8][15][16]\nNew Martyr Demetrius of the Peloponnese, at Tripolis (1803)[1][3][17]","title":"Post-Schism Orthodox saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DECR-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-13"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"New martyrs and confessors","text":"New Martyr Sergius (Trofimov) of Nizhni-Novgorod and companion (1918)[1][11]\nNew Hieromartyr Alexander Orlov, Confessor, Priest (1941)[8][11][note 4]","title":"Post-Schism Orthodox saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DECR-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Synaxis of the Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius (1465)[8][11][18][19][note 5]","title":"Other commemorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aristarchus of Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Pudens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pudens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menologion_of_Basil_034.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilenskie_mucheniki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony, John, and Eustathios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony,_John,_and_Eustathios"}],"text":"St. Aristarchus of Thessalonica (Aristarchus of Apamea).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Pudens.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Martin the Confessor (Menologion of Basil II)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartyrs of Vilnius, Sts. Anthony, John, and Eustathios.","title":"Icon gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Old Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style"},{"link_name":"Julian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"New Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Style"},{"link_name":"Revised Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Simeon Barsabae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemon_Bar_Sabbae"},{"link_name":"April 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Орлов, Александр Васильевич (1878-1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1878-1941)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"February 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"}],"text":"^ The notation Old Style or (OS) is sometimes used to indicate a date in the Julian Calendar (which is used by churches on the \"Old Calendar\").The notation New Style or (NS), indicates a date in the Revised Julian calendar (which is used by churches on the \"New Calendar\").\n\n^ Azad, a eunuch and companion in martyrdom of Saint Simeon Barsabae (April 17).\n\n^ Born in the north of France, he became a monk at Fontenelle with St Wandrille whom he succeeded as abbot in 666. In 678 he became Bishop of Lyons.\n\n^ See: (in Russian) Орлов, Александр Васильевич (1878-1941). Википедии. (Russian Wikipedia).\n\n^ The Vilnius icon is also commemorated on February 15.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 14 / April 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//orthochristian.com/calendar/20200414.html"},{"link_name":"April 27 / April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/index.php?year=2013&today=27&month=4&trp=0&tzo=-4"},{"link_name":"April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/14"},{"link_name":"April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdapr.htm"},{"link_name":"The Roman Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/romanmartyrology00cathuoft"},{"link_name":"Synaxaristes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxarium"},{"link_name":"14 Απριλιου","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.synaxarion.gr/gr/m/4/d/14/sxsaintlist.aspx"},{"link_name":"14 Απριλίου","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=4&id=225"},{"link_name":"27 апреля (14 апреля)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pravenc.ru/calendar/2015/04/27.html"},{"link_name":"Русская Православная Церковь Православный Церковный календарь на 2023 год.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//calendar.rop.ru/?idd=117"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calendars_of_saints"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars_of_saints"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars_of_saints"},{"link_name":"Calendars of saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"General Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1969"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"pre-1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954"},{"link_name":"Tridentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_of_the_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maximus_Confessor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_calendar"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Anglican_Church_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Canada)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Hong_Kong_Sheng_Kung_Hui)"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Scottish_Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_in_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}],"text":"April 14 / April 27. Orthodox Calendar (pravoslavie.ru).\nApril 27 / April 14. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).\nApril 14. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.\nThe Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 28.\nApril 14. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.\nThe Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 105.Greek SourcesGreat Synaxaristes: (in Greek) 14 Απριλιου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.\n(in Greek) Συναξαριστής. 14 Απριλίου. ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ).Russian Sources(in Russian) 27 апреля (14 апреля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).\n(in Russian) Русская Православная Церковь Православный Церковный календарь на 2023 год.vteCalendars of saintsCatholic\nGeneral Roman\n1969\n1960\n1955\npre-1955\nTridentine\nSyro-Malabar\nOrthodox\nEastern Orthodox\nOriental Orthodox\nCoptic\nArmenian\nAnglican\nAustralia\nBrazil\nCanada\nEngland\nHong Kong\nKorea\nScotland\nSouthern Africa\nUnited States\nWales\nProtestant\nLutheran\n\n Christianity portal\n Biography portal","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"An Eastern Orthodox cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/East-Ortho-cross.svg/220px-East-Ortho-cross.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ВСЕВОЛОД БОЛЬШОЕ ГНЕЗДО - Древо\". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://drevo-info.ru/articles/13678567.html","url_text":"\"ВСЕВОЛОД БОЛЬШОЕ ГНЕЗДО - Древо\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20200414.html","external_links_name":"April 14 / April 27"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2651/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἀρίσταρχος, Πούδης καὶ Τρόφιμος οἱ Ἀπόστολοι ἐκ τοὺς ἑβδομήκοντα"},{"Link":"http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=4&id=225","external_links_name":"14 Απριλίου"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2652/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀρδαλίων ὁ Μάρτυρας ὁ μῖμος"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/14/101079-martyr-ardalion-the-actor","external_links_name":"Martyr Ardalion the Actor"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/14/101080-martyr-azades-azat-the-eunuch-of-persia","external_links_name":"Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia"},{"Link":"http://calendar.rop.ru/?idd=117","external_links_name":"Русская Православная Церковь Православный Церковный календарь на 2023 год."},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2653/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ἡ Ἁγία Θωμαΐς ἡ Μάρτυς"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/14/101075-st-martin-the-confessor-the-pope-of-rome","external_links_name":"St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome"},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/index.php?year=2013&today=27&month=4&trp=0&tzo=-4","external_links_name":"April 27 / April 14"},{"Link":"http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdapr.htm","external_links_name":"April 14"},{"Link":"http://drevo-info.ru/articles/13678567.html","external_links_name":"\"ВСЕВОЛОД БОЛЬШОЕ ГНЕЗДО - Древо\""},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2654/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἀντώνιος, Ἰωάννης καὶ Εὐστάθιος οἱ Μάρτυρες"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/14/101076-martyr-anthony-of-vilnius-lithuania","external_links_name":"Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2656/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ὁ Ἅγιος Δημήτριος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2655/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Σύναξις Ὑπεραγίας Θεοτόκου ἐν Βιλὲνσκ Ρωσίας"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/14/101082-icon-of-the-mother-of-god-of-vilnius","external_links_name":"Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius"},{"Link":"https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20200414.html","external_links_name":"April 14 / April 27"},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/index.php?year=2013&today=27&month=4&trp=0&tzo=-4","external_links_name":"April 27 / April 14"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/14","external_links_name":"April 14"},{"Link":"http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdapr.htm","external_links_name":"April 14"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/m/4/d/14/sxsaintlist.aspx","external_links_name":"14 Απριλιου"},{"Link":"http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=4&id=225","external_links_name":"14 Απριλίου"},{"Link":"http://www.pravenc.ru/calendar/2015/04/27.html","external_links_name":"27 апреля (14 апреля)"},{"Link":"http://calendar.rop.ru/?idd=117","external_links_name":"Русская Православная Церковь Православный Церковный календарь на 2023 год."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeevan_Bahadur_Shahi	Jeevan Bahadur Shahi	["1 Political career","2 Personal life","3 References"]	Nepalese politician The Right HonourableJeevan Bahadur Shahiजीवनबहादुर शाही2nd Chief Minister of Karnali ProvinceIncumbentAssumed office 3 November 2021PresidentBidya Devi BhandariPrime MinisterSher Bahadur DeubaGovernor Govinda Prasad Kalauni Tilak Pariyar Preceded byMahendra Bahadur Shahi Personal detailsBorn (1965-03-03) 3 March 1965 (age 59)Humla District, Karnali Province, NepalPolitical partyNepali CongressEducationPilotCabinetJeevan Bahadur Shahi cabinet Jeevan Bahadur Shahi (Nepali: जीवनबहादुर शाही) is a Nepalese politician currently serving as the Chief Minister of Karnali Province. He is also a member of Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province. Political career He is a member of the Nepali Congress. Jeevan Bahadur Shahi has previously served as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation from 2016 to 2017. Personal life Shahi was born on 3 March 1965 in Humla District, Karnali Province, Nepal. References ^ "Karnali: Jeevan Bahadur Shahi takes oath as new CM". OnlineKhabar. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ Upadhyaya, Nagendra (11 November 2021). "Chief Minister Shahi urges everyone to provide accurate details for census". My Republica. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ a b "Shahi elected as PP leader of NC in Province-6". My Republica. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "China responsible if anything happens to me: Nepal politician who accused Beijing of encroaching territory". Times Now. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "13 new ministers take oath from President". The Himalayan Times. 26 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ P. Koirala, Keshav (8 May 2017). "Three ministers from Nepal Democratic Forum sworn in". The Himalayan Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "Infrastructure development basis of tourism". The Himalayan Times. 27 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "Jeevan Bahadur Shahi" (PDF). Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021. vte Current chief ministers and governors of provinces of NepalProvincesCapitalsGovernorsChief Ministers Koshi Madhesh Bagmati Gandaki Lumbini Karnali Sudurpashchim Biratnagar Janakpur Hetauda Pokhara Deukhuri Birendranagar Godawari Parshuram Khapung Hari Shankar Mishra Yadav Chandra Sharma Prithvi Man Singh Gurung Amik Sherchan Tilak Pariyar Dev Raj Joshi Kedar Karki (Cabinet) Satish Kumar Singh (Cabinet) Shalikram Jamkattel (Cabinet) Surendra Raj Pandey (Cabinet) Jokh Bahadur Mahara (Cabinet) Yam Lal Kandel (Cabinet) Dirgha Bahadur Sodari (Cabinet) Political offices Preceded byMahendra Bahadur Shahi Chief Minister of Karnali Province 2021- Succeeded byincumbent This article about a politician from Karnali Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Karnali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Jeevan Bahadur Shahi (Nepali: जीवनबहादुर शाही) is a Nepalese politician currently serving as the Chief Minister of Karnali Province.[1][2] He is also a member of Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province.[3]","title":"Jeevan Bahadur Shahi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Tourism_and_Civil_Aviation_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He is a member of the Nepali Congress.[4][3] Jeevan Bahadur Shahi has previously served as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation from 2016 to 2017.[5][6]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humla District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humla_District"},{"link_name":"Karnali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Shahi was born on 3 March 1965 in Humla District, Karnali Province, Nepal.[7][8]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Karnali: Jeevan Bahadur Shahi takes oath as new CM\". OnlineKhabar. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.onlinekhabar.com/karnali-jeevan-bahadur-shahi-cm.html","url_text":"\"Karnali: Jeevan Bahadur Shahi takes oath as new CM\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211111170502/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/karnali-jeevan-bahadur-shahi-cm.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Upadhyaya, Nagendra (11 November 2021). \"Chief Minister Shahi urges everyone to provide accurate details for census\". My Republica. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/120548/","url_text":"\"Chief Minister Shahi urges everyone to provide accurate details for census\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211111171149/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/120548/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shahi elected as PP leader of NC in Province-6\". 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Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/china-responsible-if-anything-happens-to-me-nepal-politician-who-accused-beijing-of-encroaching-territory/685675","url_text":"\"China responsible if anything happens to me: Nepal politician who accused Beijing of encroaching territory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211111171218/https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/china-responsible-if-anything-happens-to-me-nepal-politician-who-accused-beijing-of-encroaching-territory/685675","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"13 new ministers take oath from President\". The Himalayan Times. 26 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliveri	Aliveri	["1 Historical population","2 Notable people","3 References","4 See also"]	Coordinates: 38°25′N 24°2′E / 38.417°N 24.033°E / 38.417; 24.033Community in GreeceAliveri ΑλιβέριCommunityPower plant of Aliveri EviasAliveriCoordinates: 38°25′N 24°2′E / 38.417°N 24.033°E / 38.417; 24.033CountryGreeceAdministrative regionCentral GreeceRegional unitEuboeaMunicipalityKymi-AliveriMunicipal unitTamyneoiPopulation (2021) • Community5,386Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Vehicle registrationΧΑ Port of Aliveri Evias Port of Aliveri Evias Aliveri (Greek: Αλιβέρι) is a town and a community in the island of Evvoia, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit Tamyneoi, and the seat of the municipality Kymi-Aliveri. Aliveri is situated in the central part of the island, on the South Euboean Gulf. It is 13 km southwest of Avlonari, 14 km east of Amarynthos and 39 km east of Chalcis. The Greek National Road 44 (Thebes - Chalcis - Karystos) passes through the town. The community Aliveri consists of the town Aliveri and the villages Anthoupoli, Katakalos, Latas and Milaki. Aliveri is mostly an industrial town. The biggest cement factory of Greece and a power generating plant of the Public Power Corporation (ΔΕΗ) are located in Aliveri. The lignite fired power plant began producing power in 1955. As the lignite seam has been exhausted now, the power plant is using oil. In the area, there is also marble mining industry. Aliveri has a picturesque harbor called "Karavos". Historical population Year Population town Population community 1981 5,103 - 1991 5,065 - 2001 5,686 5,621 2011 4,827 5,249 2021 5,084 5,386 Notable people Diamantis Chouchoumis (Greek: Διαμαντής Χουχούμης; born 17 July 1994) is a Greek footballer . References ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024. See also List of settlements in the Euboea regional unit vteSubdivisions of the municipality of Kymi-AliveriMunicipal unit of Avlon Achladeri Agios Georgios Avlonari Neochori Oktonia Orio Orologi Pyrgi Municipal unit of Dystos Argyro Dystos Koskina Krieza Lepoura Petries Velos Zarakes Municipal unit of Konistres Agios Vlasios Ano Kourouni Kadi Kato Kourouni Kipoi Konistres Koili Kremastos Makrychori Manikia Monodryo Vrysi Municipal unit of Kymi Andronianoi Ano Potamia Enoria Kalimerianoi Kymi Maletianoi Metochi Dirfyon Oxylithos Platana Pyrgos Taxiarches Vitala Municipal unit of Tamyneoi Agios Ioannis Agios Loukas Aliveri Gavalas Partheni Prasino Tharounia Trachili	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karavos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karavos2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Evvoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evvoia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Tamyneoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamyneoi"},{"link_name":"Kymi-Aliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymi-Aliveri"},{"link_name":"South Euboean Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Euboean_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Avlonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlonari"},{"link_name":"Amarynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarynthos"},{"link_name":"Chalcis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcis"},{"link_name":"Greek National Road 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Road_44"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Karystos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karystos"},{"link_name":"Public Power Corporation (ΔΕΗ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Power_Corporation_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"lignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite"}],"text":"Community in GreecePort of Aliveri EviasPort of Aliveri EviasAliveri (Greek: Αλιβέρι) is a town and a community in the island of Evvoia, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit Tamyneoi, and the seat of the municipality Kymi-Aliveri. Aliveri is situated in the central part of the island, on the South Euboean Gulf. It is 13 km southwest of Avlonari, 14 km east of Amarynthos and 39 km east of Chalcis. The Greek National Road 44 (Thebes - Chalcis - Karystos) passes through the town. The community Aliveri consists of the town Aliveri and the villages Anthoupoli, Katakalos, Latas and Milaki.Aliveri is mostly an industrial town. The biggest cement factory of Greece and a power generating plant of the Public Power Corporation (ΔΕΗ) are located in Aliveri. The lignite fired power plant began producing power in 1955. As the lignite seam has been exhausted now, the power plant is using oil. In the area, there is also marble mining industry. Aliveri has a picturesque harbor called \"Karavos\".","title":"Aliveri"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diamantis Chouchoumis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantis_Chouchoumis"}],"text":"Diamantis Chouchoumis (Greek: Διαμαντής Χουχούμης; born 17 July 1994) is a Greek footballer .","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Port of Aliveri Evias","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Karavos.jpg/220px-Karavos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port of Aliveri Evias","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Karavos2.jpg/220px-Karavos2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of settlements in the Euboea regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_the_Euboea_regional_unit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kymi-Aliveri_div"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kymi-Aliveri_div"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kymi-Aliveri_div"},{"title":"Kymi-Aliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymi-Aliveri"},{"title":"Avlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlon,_Euboea"},{"title":"Avlonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlonari"},{"title":"Oktonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktonia"},{"title":"Dystos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystos"},{"title":"Dystos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystos"},{"title":"Zarakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarakes"},{"title":"Konistres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konistres"},{"title":"Konistres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konistres"},{"title":"Kymi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymi,_Greece"},{"title":"Kymi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymi,_Greece"},{"title":"Tamyneoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamyneoi"},{"title":"Aliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}]	[{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aliveri&params=38_25_N_24_2_E_type:city(5386)_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°25′N 24°2′E / 38.417°N 24.033°E / 38.417; 24.033"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aliveri&params=38_25_N_24_2_E_type:city(5386)_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°25′N 24°2′E / 38.417°N 24.033°E / 38.417; 24.033"},{"Link":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisturizer	Moisturizer	["1 Mechanism of action","2 Kinds","3 Use","4 Potential health risks","4.1 Over-moisturization","4.2 Allergens","4.3 Fire risk","5 Brands of moisturizers","6 See also","7 References"]	Type of cosmetics White petrolatum A moisturizer, or emollient, is a cosmetic preparation used for protecting, moisturizing, and lubricating the skin. These functions are normally performed by sebum produced by healthy skin. The word "emollient" is derived from the Latin verb mollire, to soften. Mechanism of action In the human body, water constantly evaporates from the deeper layers of the skin through an effect known as transepidermal water loss. By regulating its water content, human skin naturally maintains a dry, easily shed surface as a barrier against pathogens, dirt, or damage, while protecting itself from drying out and becoming brittle and rigid. The ability to retain moisture depends on the lipid bilayer between the dead skin cells. Moisturizers modify the rate of water loss, with active ingredients of moisturizers falling into one of two categories: occlusives and humectants. Occlusives form a hydrophobic coating on the surface of the skin, keeping moisture from escaping. The more occlusive the formulation, the greater the effect. Ointments are more occlusive than aqueous creams, which are more occlusive than lotion. Water loss through the skin is normally about 4–8 g/(m2⋅h). A layer of petrolatum applied to normal skin can reduce that loss by 50–75% for several hours. Oils naturally produced by the human body moisturize through this same mechanism. Humectants are hydrophilic and absorb water. They absorb water from humid air (when >70% humidity) to moisturize the skin. More commonly, however, they draw out water from the dermis into the epidermis, making deeper skin dryer. When used in practical applications, humectants are combined with occlusives. Moisturizers commonly contain water, which acts as a temporary hydration agent. Kinds There are many different types of moisturizers. Petrolatum is one of the most effective moisturizers, although it can be unpopular due to its oily consistency. Other popular moisturizers are cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, cocoa butter, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, lanolin, liquid paraffin, polyethylene glycols, shea butter, silicone oils, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol and castor oil, and other oils. Moisturizers may also be available as lotions, creams, ointments, bath oils, or soap substitutes. Mineral oils and waxes are not prone to oxidation or rancidity. For this reason, they have essentially replaced vegetable oils in emollients and topical medication. Moisturizer cosmetics may additionally contain antioxidants, ceramides, emulsifiers, fragrances, penetration enhancers, preservatives, and solvents. Some products are marketed as having anti-wrinkle and skin enhancement effects. Many plant and animal extracts have been claimed to impart skin benefits, but such claims are presented with little scientific evidence. Use Moisturizers are used for the treatment of certain skin diseases, such as psoriasis, ichthyosis vulgaris, xerosis, and pruritus in atopic dermatitis. More often, they are bases or vehicles for topical medication, such as in Whitfield's ointment. They are often combined with humectants, such as salicylic acid and urea. Moisturizers are also widely used in sunscreens, antiperspirants, skin cleansers, shaving creams, aftershaves, and hair tonics. Moisturizers are used in disposable diapers to prevent dry skin and diaper dermatitis. A Cochrane review noted that moisturizers show some beneficial effects in eczema. The same review did not find evidence that any one moisturizer was better than another. Furthermore, because none of the different types of moisturizers are more effective than the others, consumers need to choose one or more products according to their age, affected body site, climate/season, and personal preference. Moisturizers can improve skin comfort and may reduce disease flares such as related to atopic dermatitis. They can be used as leave-on treatments, bath additives, or soap substitutes. There are many different moisturizer products, but the majority of leave-on treatments (from least to most greasy) are one of the following: lotions, creams, gels, or ointments. Potential health risks Over-moisturization Persistent moisturization to the skin via water contact may contribute to an allergic reaction or contact dermatitis. This could allow foreign objects to penetrate the skin. Changes in the skin's normal ecological environment–either atop or within the skin–can also allow for the overgrowth of pathogens. Allergens Aromas or food additives in moisturizers may trigger an immune reaction, including development of an allergy. There is currently no regulation over use of the term "hypoallergenic". In fact, some pediatric skin products marketed as hypoallergenic contained allergens. Those with eczema are especially vulnerable to allergic reaction with lotions and creams, as their compromised skin barrier allows preservatives to bind with and activate immune cells. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology released a warning in 2014 that natural lotion containing ingredients commonly found in food (such as goats milk, cow's milk, coconut milk, or oil) may introduce new allergies, potentially causing an allergic reaction upon later consuming such foods. A paper published in 2021 noted that frequent skin moisturization in early life might promote the development of food allergy, even when skin conditions such as eczema are taken into account. Fire risk Paraffin-based skincare products and contaminated clothing can pose a serious fire hazard. Between 2010 and 2018, paraffin was linked to 50 fire incidents (49 of which were fatal) in the U.K. A West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service study found that clothing contaminated with cream containing only 21% paraffin, when set alight, was fully engulfed in flame in 3 seconds. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) released a warning in 2008 about the flammability of paraffin-based products. MHRA recommends that regular paraffin users change their sheets regularly, refrain from smoking and/or bringing open flames near paraffin-coated people or objects. MHRA also recommends that skin creams containing any paraffin have a flammability warning on the packaging. Brands of moisturizers This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Artistry Aveeno Bath & Body Works CeraVe Cetaphil Curél Dial Eucerin Gold Bond Garnier Jergens Johnson & Johnson Lux Neutrogena Nivea Olay Sebamed Simple Skincare Suave Vaseline See also Barrier cream Skincare Cosmetics Vaseline Petroleum jelly References ^ Marks, Ronald (January 1997). Emollients. CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-85317-439-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ a b MacDonald, Matthew (21 July 2009). Your Body: The Missing Manual. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4493-9201-7. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. ^ Schueller, Randy; Romanowski, Perry (24 July 2020). Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin. CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-000-11037-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. ^ a b Arza Seidel; et al., eds. (2013), Kirk-Othmer Chemical Technology of Cosmetics ^ a b Duffill, Mark; Oakley, Amanda. "Emollients and moisturisers". dermnetnz.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ Harwood, Anne; Nassereddin, Ali; Krishnamurthy, Karthik (2020). "Moisturizers". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31424755. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ Publishing, Harvard Health (February 2008). "Moisturizers: Do they work?". Harvard Health. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ a b Marino, Christina (2006). "Skin Physiology, Irritants, Dry Skin and Moisturizers" (PDF). Skin Physiology, Irritants, Dry Skin and Moisturizers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2019-01-29. ^ Sethi, Anisha; Kaur, Tejinder; Malhotra, SK; Gambhir, ML (2016). "Moisturizers: The Slippery Road". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61 (3): 279–287. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.182427. ISSN 0019-5154. PMC 4885180. PMID 27293248. ^ Publishing, Harvard Health (5 April 2018). "Choosing a good moisturizer for your skin". Harvard Health. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ Chuberre, B.; Araviiskaia, E.; Bieber, T.; Barbaud, A. (November 2019). "Mineral oils and waxes in cosmetics: an overview mainly based on the current European regulations and the safety profile of these compounds". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 33 (Suppl 7): 5–14. doi:10.1111/jdv.15946. PMID 31588613. S2CID 203850745. ^ Tony Burns; et al., eds. (2010), Rook's Textbook of Dermatology (8th ed.) ^ a b van Zuuren, Esther J; Fedorowicz, Zbys; Christensen, Robin; Lavrijsen, Adriana PM; Arents, Bernd WM (2017-02-06). "Emollients and moisturisers for eczema". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Review). 2 (8): CD012119. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012119.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 6464068. PMID 28166390. ^ Ridd MJ, Santer M, MacNeill SJ, Sanderson E, Wells S, Webb D, et al. (August 2022). "Effectiveness and safety of lotion, cream, gel, and ointment emollients for childhood eczema: a pragmatic, randomised, phase 4, superiority trial". The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health. 6 (8): 522–532. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00146-8. hdl:1983/e4009d3c-127f-4aa9-bf71-e40401b33eee. PMID 35617974. S2CID 249024141. ^ Ridd MJ, Roberts A, Grindlay D, Williams HC (October 2019). "Which emollients are effective and acceptable for eczema in children?" (PDF). BMJ. 367: l5882. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5882. PMID 31649114. S2CID 204882682. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2023-04-11. ^ a b Graham, Melissa. "Researchers find link between natural lotions, new food allergies". American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ a b "Frequent moisturization of infants can lead to food allergies". Medical News. 4 March 2021. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022. ^ Parsons, Julia. "Protect children's skin from unregulated term 'hypoallergenic'". BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE NEWS. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ Schlichte, Megan J.; Katta, Rajani (2014). "Methylisothiazolinone: An Emergent Allergen in Common Pediatric Skin Care Products". Dermatology Research and Practice. 2014: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2014/132564. PMC 4197884. PMID 25342949. ^ Doyle, Kathryn (2013-12-12). "Some skin creams bad news for eczema". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ a b "Fire tests show dangers of paraffin-based skin creams". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ "Emollients: new information about risk of severe and fatal burns with paraffin-containing and paraffin-free emollients". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ "Paraffin-based treatments: risk of fire hazard". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ "Paraffin-based skin emollients on dressings or clothing: fire risk". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ Goldberg, Adrian; Robinson, Ben (19 March 2017). "Skin creams containing paraffin linked to fire deaths". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. vteCosmeticsFace Anti-aging cream BB cream Botulinum toxin (Botox) CC cream Concealer Cotton pad Cleanser DD cream Facial Facial toning Foundation Highlighter Moist towelette Moisturizer Permanent makeup Primer Powder Rouge Toner Venetian ceruse Lips Lipstick Balm Gloss Liner Stain Eyes Blepharoplasty Circle contact lens Eyelash extensions Eyelid glue Eye liner Eye shadow Kohl Mascara Hair Conditioner Hair coloring and bleaching Removal chemical electric laser IPL plucking shaving threading waxing Shampoo Sindoor Styling products gel mousse pomade spray wax Nails Artificial nails Buffing Manicure Nail polish Pedicure Body Cold cream Lotion Peeling Plastic surgery Skin whitening Sunless tanning Related Cosmetic electrotherapy Cosmetic ingredients Cosmetics advertising Cosmetic packaging Cosmetology History of cosmetics Cosmetic industry Male cosmetics Major cosmetic brands Ahava Almay Amorepacific Anastasia Beverly Hills Anna Sui Aqua Net Artistry Aveda Avon Bath & Body Works Benefit Biotherm Bite Beauty Bobbi Brown Bonne Bell Bumble and bumble Burt's Bees Carol's Daughter Clarins Clinique Coty ColourPop Cosmetics CoverGirl Creme 21 Cutex Daigaku Honyaku Center Dermacol Douglas Elizabeth Arden, Inc. Estée Lauder elf Etude House Fabergé Farmec Fenty Beauty Fresh Garnier Guerlain Hard Candy Helena Rubinstein Jeffree Star Cosmetics Kao Corporation Kevyn Aucoin Kiehl's Kylie Cosmetics Lancôme Laneige Laura Mercier Cosmetics Lise Watier L'Oréal L'Occitane Love Cosmetics Lush MAC Cosmetics Make Up For Ever Mary Kay Max Factor Maybelline Merle Norman Missha Molton Brown Morphe Cosmetics NARS Natura Natural Wonder Nature Republic Neal's Yard Remedies Neutrogena Nexxus Nivea NYX Cosmetics O Boticário OPI Oriflame Origins Paula Begoun Pond's Red Earth Revlon Richard Hudnut Rimmel Sephora Shiseido Shu Uemura SimplySiti Sinful Colors SK-II Skin Food Stila Tarte Cosmetics The Body Shop The Face Shop Ulta Beauty Ultima II Uoma Beauty Urban Decay Vaseline Victoria's Secret Wella Younique Yves Rocher Categories Companies People History	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Petrolatum1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cosmetic preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin"},{"link_name":"sebum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-your-body-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"White petrolatumA moisturizer, or emollient,[1] is a cosmetic preparation used for protecting, moisturizing, and lubricating the skin. These functions are normally performed by sebum produced by healthy skin.[2] The word \"emollient\" is derived from the Latin verb mollire, to soften.[3]","title":"Moisturizer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transepidermal water loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepidermal_water_loss"},{"link_name":"barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system#Anatomical_barriers"},{"link_name":"lipid bilayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer"},{"link_name":"dead skin cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneocytes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seidel-4"},{"link_name":"humectants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humectant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duffill-5"},{"link_name":"Ointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointment"},{"link_name":"aqueous creams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_cream"},{"link_name":"lotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duffill-5"},{"link_name":"petrolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolatum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seidel-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-your-body-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marino-8"}],"text":"In the human body, water constantly evaporates from the deeper layers of the skin through an effect known as transepidermal water loss. By regulating its water content, human skin naturally maintains a dry, easily shed surface as a barrier against pathogens, dirt, or damage, while protecting itself from drying out and becoming brittle and rigid. The ability to retain moisture depends on the lipid bilayer between the dead skin cells.[4]Moisturizers modify the rate of water loss, with active ingredients of moisturizers falling into one of two categories: occlusives and humectants.[5]Occlusives form a hydrophobic coating on the surface of the skin, keeping moisture from escaping. The more occlusive the formulation, the greater the effect. Ointments are more occlusive than aqueous creams, which are more occlusive than lotion.[5] Water loss through the skin is normally about 4–8 g/(m2⋅h). A layer of petrolatum applied to normal skin can reduce that loss by 50–75% for several hours.[4] Oils naturally produced by the human body moisturize through this same mechanism.[2]Humectants are hydrophilic and absorb water. They absorb water from humid air (when >70% humidity) to moisturize the skin. More commonly, however, they draw out water from the dermis into the epidermis, making deeper skin dryer.[6] When used in practical applications, humectants are combined with occlusives.[7] Moisturizers commonly contain water, which acts as a temporary hydration agent.[8]","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petrolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolatum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slippery-road-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"cetyl alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"cetearyl alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetearyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"cocoa butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_butter"},{"link_name":"isopropyl myristate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_myristate"},{"link_name":"isopropyl palmitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_palmitate"},{"link_name":"lanolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanolin"},{"link_name":"liquid paraffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_paraffin_(drug)"},{"link_name":"polyethylene glycols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycols"},{"link_name":"shea butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_butter"},{"link_name":"silicone oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone_oil"},{"link_name":"stearic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearic_acid"},{"link_name":"stearyl alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"castor oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil"},{"link_name":"lotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotion"},{"link_name":"creams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)"},{"link_name":"ointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointment"},{"link_name":"bath oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_oil"},{"link_name":"soap substitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_substitute"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"rancidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancidity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"vegetable oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil"},{"link_name":"antioxidants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant"},{"link_name":"ceramides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide"},{"link_name":"emulsifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifier"},{"link_name":"fragrances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragrance"},{"link_name":"penetration enhancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetration_enhancer"},{"link_name":"preservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservative"},{"link_name":"solvents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent"}],"text":"There are many different types of moisturizers. Petrolatum is one of the most effective moisturizers, although it can be unpopular due to its oily consistency.[9][10]Other popular moisturizers are cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, cocoa butter, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, lanolin, liquid paraffin, polyethylene glycols, shea butter, silicone oils, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol and castor oil, and other oils.Moisturizers may also be available as lotions, creams, ointments, bath oils, or soap substitutes.Mineral oils and waxes are not prone to oxidation or rancidity.[11] For this reason, they have essentially replaced vegetable oils in emollients and topical medication.Moisturizer cosmetics may additionally contain antioxidants, ceramides, emulsifiers, fragrances, penetration enhancers, preservatives, and solvents. Some products are marketed as having anti-wrinkle and skin enhancement effects. Many plant and animal extracts have been claimed to impart skin benefits, but such claims are presented with little scientific evidence.","title":"Kinds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psoriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis"},{"link_name":"ichthyosis vulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris"},{"link_name":"xerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerosis"},{"link_name":"pruritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruritus"},{"link_name":"atopic dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"topical medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_medication"},{"link_name":"Whitfield's ointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield%27s_ointment"},{"link_name":"salicylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"urea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"sunscreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunscreen"},{"link_name":"antiperspirants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiperspirant"},{"link_name":"skin cleansers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cleanser"},{"link_name":"shaving creams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving_cream"},{"link_name":"aftershaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftershave"},{"link_name":"hair tonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_tonic"},{"link_name":"disposable diapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_diaper"},{"link_name":"diaper dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"Cochrane review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_review"},{"link_name":"eczema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczema"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"soap substitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_substitute"}],"text":"Moisturizers are used for the treatment of certain skin diseases, such as psoriasis, ichthyosis vulgaris, xerosis, and pruritus in atopic dermatitis. More often, they are bases or vehicles for topical medication, such as in Whitfield's ointment. They are often combined with humectants, such as salicylic acid and urea.[12]Moisturizers are also widely used in sunscreens, antiperspirants, skin cleansers, shaving creams, aftershaves, and hair tonics.Moisturizers are used in disposable diapers to prevent dry skin and diaper dermatitis.A Cochrane review noted that moisturizers show some beneficial effects in eczema.[13] The same review did not find evidence that any one moisturizer was better than another.[13] Furthermore, because none of the different types of moisturizers are more effective than the others, consumers need to choose one or more products according to their age, affected body site, climate/season, and personal preference.[14]Moisturizers can improve skin comfort and may reduce disease flares such as related to atopic dermatitis.[15] They can be used as leave-on treatments, bath additives, or soap substitutes. There are many different moisturizer products, but the majority of leave-on treatments (from least to most greasy) are one of the following: lotions, creams, gels, or ointments.","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Potential health risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ambiguous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marino-8"}],"sub_title":"Over-moisturization","text":"Persistent moisturization to the skin via water contact may contribute to an allergic reaction or contact dermatitis.[citation needed] This could allow foreign objects to penetrate the skin.[ambiguous]Changes in the skin's normal ecological environment–either atop or within the skin–can also allow for the overgrowth of pathogens.[8]","title":"Potential health risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaaai-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stgeorge-2021-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"eczema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczema"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Allergy,_Asthma,_and_Immunology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaaai-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stgeorge-2021-17"}],"sub_title":"Allergens","text":"Aromas or food additives in moisturizers may trigger an immune reaction, including development of an allergy.[16][17]There is currently no regulation over use of the term \"hypoallergenic\". In fact, some pediatric skin products marketed as hypoallergenic contained allergens.[18][19]Those with eczema are especially vulnerable to allergic reaction with lotions and creams, as their compromised skin barrier allows preservatives to bind with and activate immune cells.[20]The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology released a warning in 2014 that natural lotion containing ingredients commonly found in food (such as goats milk, cow's milk, coconut milk, or oil) may introduce new allergies, potentially causing an allergic reaction upon later consuming such foods.[16] A paper published in 2021 noted that frequent skin moisturization in early life might promote the development of food allergy, even when skin conditions such as eczema are taken into account.[17]","title":"Potential health risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-fire-test-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-fire-test-21"},{"link_name":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-paraffin-flammability-25"}],"sub_title":"Fire risk","text":"Paraffin-based skincare products and contaminated clothing can pose a serious fire hazard.[21] Between 2010 and 2018, paraffin was linked to 50 fire incidents (49 of which were fatal) in the U.K.[22] A West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service study found that clothing contaminated with cream containing only 21% paraffin, when set alight, was fully engulfed in flame in 3 seconds.[21] The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) released a warning in 2008 about the flammability of paraffin-based products.[23] MHRA recommends that regular paraffin users change their sheets regularly, refrain from smoking and/or bringing open flames near paraffin-coated people or objects.[24] MHRA also recommends that skin creams containing any paraffin have a flammability warning on the packaging.[25]","title":"Potential health risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Moisturizer"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Artistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)"},{"link_name":"Aveeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveeno"},{"link_name":"Bath & Body Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works"},{"link_name":"CeraVe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeraVe"},{"link_name":"Cetaphil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetaphil"},{"link_name":"Curél","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Corporation#Brand_ownership"},{"link_name":"Dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_(soap)"},{"link_name":"Eucerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucerin"},{"link_name":"Gold Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Bond"},{"link_name":"Garnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnier"},{"link_name":"Jergens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Corporation#Brand_ownership"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_(soap)"},{"link_name":"Neutrogena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrogena"},{"link_name":"Nivea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivea"},{"link_name":"Olay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olay"},{"link_name":"Sebamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebamed"},{"link_name":"Simple Skincare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Skincare"},{"link_name":"Suave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suave_(personal_care_brand)"},{"link_name":"Vaseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaseline"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.Artistry\nAveeno\nBath & Body Works\nCeraVe\nCetaphil\nCurél\nDial\nEucerin\nGold Bond\nGarnier\nJergens\nJohnson & Johnson\nLux\nNeutrogena\nNivea\nOlay\nSebamed\nSimple Skincare\nSuave\nVaseline","title":"Brands of moisturizers"}]	[{"image_text":"White petrolatum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/White_Petrolatum1.jpg/220px-White_Petrolatum1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Barrier cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_cream"},{"title":"Skincare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_care"},{"title":"Cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics"},{"title":"Vaseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaseline"},{"title":"Petroleum jelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_jelly"}]	[{"reference":"Marks, Ronald (January 1997). Emollients. CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-85317-439-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-5ERJNzBQ9gC","url_text":"Emollients"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85317-439-1","url_text":"978-1-85317-439-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411114420/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5ERJNzBQ9gC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Matthew (21 July 2009). Your Body: The Missing Manual. \"O'Reilly Media, Inc.\". p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4493-9201-7. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WGYoDwAAQBAJ&q=sebum","url_text":"Your Body: The Missing Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-9201-7","url_text":"978-1-4493-9201-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001100316/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGYoDwAAQBAJ&q=sebum","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schueller, Randy; Romanowski, Perry (24 July 2020). Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin. CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-000-11037-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. 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creams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211129162633/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-43009261","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/emollients-new-information-about-risk-of-severe-and-fatal-burns-with-paraffin-containing-and-paraffin-free-emollients","external_links_name":"\"Emollients: new information about risk of severe and fatal burns with paraffin-containing and paraffin-free emollients\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141042/https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/emollients-new-information-about-risk-of-severe-and-fatal-burns-with-paraffin-containing-and-paraffin-free-emollients","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/paraffin-based-treatments-risk-of-fire-hazard","external_links_name":"\"Paraffin-based treatments: risk of fire hazard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221230533/https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/paraffin-based-treatments-risk-of-fire-hazard","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/paraffin-based-skin-emollients-on-dressings-or-clothing-fire-risk","external_links_name":"\"Paraffin-based skin emollients on dressings or clothing: fire risk\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220204083840/http://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/paraffin-based-skin-emollients-on-dressings-or-clothing-fire-risk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39308748","external_links_name":"\"Skin creams containing paraffin linked to fire deaths\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201215220258/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39308748","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_women%27s_national_under-16_basketball_team	Switzerland women's national under-16 basketball team	["1 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship participations","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	SwitzerlandFIBA zoneFIBA EuropeNational federationSwiss BasketballU17 World CupAppearancesNoneU16 European ChampionshipAppearances1MedalsNoneU16 European Championship Division BAppearances12MedalsNone The Switzerland women's national under-16 basketball team is a national basketball team of Switzerland, administered by the Swiss Basketball. It represents the country in international under-16 women's basketball competitions. FIBA U16 Women's European Championship participations Year Division A Division B 1976 16th 2008 14th 2009 18th 2010 15th 2011 12th 2013 13th 2014 10th Year Division A Division B 2015 14th 2017 12th 2018 16th 2019 18th 2022 19th 2023 18th See also Switzerland women's national basketball team Switzerland women's national under-18 basketball team Switzerland men's national under-16 basketball team References ^ Profile - Switzerland, FIBA.basketball ^ Switzerland women's national under-16 basketball team, eurobasket.com ^ 1976 FIBA European Championship for Cadettes ^ 2008 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B ^ 2009 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B ^ 2010 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B ^ 2011 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B ^ 2013 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B ^ 2014 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B ^ 2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B ^ 2017 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B ^ 2018 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B ^ 2019 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B ^ 2022 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B ^ 2023 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B External links Archived records of Switzerland team participations vteBasketball in SwitzerlandSwiss BasketballNational teams Senior Men's Men's Under-20 Men's Under-18 Men's Under-16 Men's 3x3 Senior Women's Women's Under-20 Women's Under-18 Women's Under-16 Women's 3x3 League competitions Men Swiss Basketball League (SBL) Championnat LNB Cup competitions Men Swiss Basketball Cup (Federation Cup) Swiss Basketball League Cup (League Cup) League competitions Women Swiss Women's Basketball Championship vte National sports teams of Switzerland A1 Team Alpine Ski Badminton Ball hockey Bandy Baseball Basketball M M U-20 M U-18 M U-16 M 3x3 W W U-20 W U-18 W U-16 W 3x3 Cricket Field hockey M W Floorball W W U-19 Football M M U-23 M U-21 M U-20 M U-19 M U-18 M U-17 M U-16 W W U-17 Futsal M Beach W Beach Gymnastics Handball M W W-J Ice hockey M M U-20 M U-18 W W U-18 Netball Pitch and putt Roller hockey Rugby union M M7 W7 Softball Squash Tennis M W X Volleyball M M U-19 W W U-20 W U-18 Water polo Olympics Paralympics European Games This article about a basketball team in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about sports in Switzerland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Switzerland women's national under-16 basketball team is a national basketball team of Switzerland, administered by the Swiss Basketball.[1][2] It represents the country in international under-16 women's basketball competitions.","title":"Switzerland women's national under-16 basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_FIBA_European_Championship_for_Cadettes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_for_Women_Division_B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_for_Women_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_for_Women_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_for_Women_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_for_Women_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_for_Women_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_for_Women_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_U16_Women%27s_European_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIBA_U16_Women%27s_European_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIBA_U16_Women%27s_European_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIBA_U16_Women%27s_European_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIBA_U16_Women%27s_European_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Year\nDivision A\nDivision B\n\n\n1976[3]\n16th\n\n\n\n2008[4]\n\n14th\n\n\n2009[5]\n\n18th\n\n\n2010[6]\n\n15th\n\n\n2011[7]\n\n12th\n\n\n2013[8]\n\n13th\n\n\n2014[9]\n\n10th\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYear\nDivision A\nDivision B\n\n\n2015[10]\n\n14th\n\n\n2017[11]\n\n12th\n\n\n2018[12]\n\n16th\n\n\n2019[13]\n\n18th\n\n\n2022[14]\n\n19th\n\n\n2023[15]\n\n18th","title":"FIBA U16 Women's European Championship participations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Switzerland women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"title":"Switzerland women's national under-18 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_women%27s_national_under-18_basketball_team"},{"title":"Switzerland men's national under-16 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_men%27s_national_under-16_basketball_team"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Switzerland","external_links_name":"Profile - Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Switzerland/basketball-national-team.aspx?women=1&age=16","external_links_name":"Switzerland women's national under-16 basketball team"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/2314/tid/368/_/1976_European_Championship_for_Cadettes_Final_Round/index.html","external_links_name":"1976 FIBA European Championship for Cadettes"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/5959/tid/368/_/2008_U16_European_Championship_Women_DIVISION_B/schedule.html","external_links_name":"2008 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6724/tid/368/_/2009_U16_European_Championship_Women_DIVISION_B/schedule.html","external_links_name":"2009 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/7468/tid/368/_/2010_U16_European_Championship_Women_DIVISION_B/schedule.html","external_links_name":"2010 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/8161/tid/368/_/2011_U16_European_Championship_Women_DIVISION_B/schedule.html","external_links_name":"2011 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/9399/tid/368/_/2013_U16_European_Championship_Women_DIVISION_B/schedule.html","external_links_name":"2013 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/9868/tid/368/_/2014_U16_European_Championship_Women_DIVISION_B/schedule.html","external_links_name":"2014 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/10455/tid/368/_/2015_U16_European_Championship_Women_DIVISION_B/schedule.html","external_links_name":"2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B"},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/europe/u16bwomen/2017","external_links_name":"2017 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B"},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/europe/u16bwomen/2018","external_links_name":"2018 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B"},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/europe/u16bwomen/2019","external_links_name":"2019 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B"},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/europe/u16bwomen/2022","external_links_name":"2022 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B"},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/europe/u16bwomen/2023","external_links_name":"2023 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division B"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/lid_38138_cp/1/rpp/150/tid/368/_//teams.html","external_links_name":"Archived records"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switzerland_women%27s_national_under-16_basketball_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switzerland_women%27s_national_under-16_basketball_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreutzer_K-2_Air_Coach	Kreutzer Air Coach	["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Operators","5 Specifications (K-5)","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]	The Kreutzer Air Coach is an American-built light trimotor transport aircraft of the late 1920s. Kreutzer Air Coach The sole surviving K-5 Air Coach at Camarillo Airport, California, in 1990 Role light transport aircraftType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Joseph Kreutzer Corporation Designer Lawrence Brown & Albin Peterson First flight 5 December 1928 Introduction 1929 Status one surviving airworthy example Primary user small air transport operators Produced 1928-1929 Number built 15 Developed from Brown-Mercury C-2 1929 Kreutzer Air Coach K-5 N612A preserved in the colours of Navajo Airways Design and development Joseph Kreutzer formed the company of the same name in Los Angeles in late 1928. In 1929 the firm moved to Clover Field, Santa Monica, California, occupying the former Bach aircraft factory. Kreutzer was joined by Lawrence Brown and Albin Peterson who had designed the Brown-Mercury C-2. Kreutzer developed a series of small high-winged trimotor light transport aircraft, naming each the Air Coach. Each had a fixed tailwheel undercarriage with the two outboard engined slung from the supporting bracing struts to the high wing. The first model was the K-1 Air Coach of late 1928 which was powered by three 65 hp (48 kW) Velie engines and accommodated four persons. The sole example NX71E first flew on 5 December 1928. It was later fitted with a single 330 hp (246 kW) J6-9 engine and a hopper for agricultural purposes. It crashed at Yuba City California in 1936. The next Air Coach was the K-2 of 1929 which had a similar wing span but was lengthened by five feet to permit six persons to be carried. The K-2 was fitted with one 90 hp (67 kW) and two 60 hp (45 kW) LeBlond engines. Four examples were built. The K-3 was similar to the K-2 but was fitted with three 90 hp (67 kW) LeBlond engines. Two were built and two earlier machines converted to this standard. The K-4 designation was not used. The K-5 Air Coach, also of 1929, had similar dimensions to the K-2 and K-3 but was fitted with three 100 hp (75 kW) five-cylinder Kinner K-5 engines. The extra power enabled heavier loads to be carried and in addition to eight new-build aircraft, one earlier aircraft was converted to this standard. Kreutzer's operations were suspended in 1931 and no further development was undertaken. The firm was reorganized as the Air Transport Manufacturing Co in 1935 and a T-6 design was developed, but no production materialised. Operational history The Air Coach series of aircraft were used by small air transport operators in the United States and in Mexico. At least one was modified for agricultural aviation and others were latterly acquired by private owners. The design featured a heated and ventilated cabin and shatterproof glass glazing. The sole survivor N612A was originally a K-2, but was upgraded to K-3 and then to K-5 standard. It was sold to Mexico in 1931 as XB-AHO and was flown by La Compania Aeronautica De La Sierra on routes from Parral to local silver and other mining operations in inaccessible territory. It carried equipment and personnel to the mines and valuable ores on the return journey. It was sold in 1939 for operations from Chihuahua. After becoming derelict, it was recovered using pack animals and is now maintained airworthy by the private Golden Wings Air Museum near Minneapolis Minnesota. Variants K-1 3 x 65 hp (48 kW) Velie M-5 engines Span 48' 6", length 28' 6" (1 built) K-2 1 x 90 hp (67 kW) and 2 x 60 hp (45 kW) LeBlond engines. Span 48' 10", length 33' 6" (4 built) K-3 3 x 90 hp (67 kW) LeBlond TD engines. Dimensions as K-2 (2 built and 2 conversions) K-4 designation not used K-5 3 x 100 hp (75 kW) five cylinder Kinner K5 engines (8 built) T-6 3 x 100 hp (75 kW) five cylinder Kinner K5 engines Air Transport T-6 Revived in 1935 by the General-Western Aero Corp Ltd. and Air Transport Mfg Co. Operators Navajo Airways, Arizona, USA; Wedell-Williams Air Service, Louisiana, USA Specifications (K-5) Data from General characteristics Crew: 2 Capacity: 4 passengers or freight Length: 33 ft 6 in (10.21 m) Wingspan: 48 ft 10 in (14.88 m) Height: 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) Wing area: 315 sq ft (29.3 m2) Empty weight: 2,745 lb (1,245 kg) Max takeoff weight: 4,433 lb (2,011 kg) Powerplant: 3 × 100 h.p. five-cylinder Kinner K5 piston, 100 hp (75 kW) 3 55hp engines each Performance Maximum speed: 130 mph (210 km/h, 110 kn) Cruise speed: 110 mph (180 km/h, 96 kn) Stall speed: 45 mph (72 km/h, 39 kn) Range: 520 mi (840 km, 450 nmi) Service ceiling: 17,000 ft (5,200 m) Rate of climb: 950 ft/min (4.8 m/s) See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Navarro Chief Notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kreutzer Air Coach. ^ a b c d e "Data and information on the Air Coach series", Aerofiles. Retrieved 22 September 2010. ^ Ogden, Bob (2007). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-385-7. ^ "Kreuzer aircraft Archived 2010-09-24 at the Wayback Machine", Golden Wings Museum. Retrieved 22 September 2010. ^ "The Kreutzer "Air Coach"", Antique Airfield. Retrieved 22 September 2010. References	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kreutzer_Air_Coach_K5.JPG"}],"text":"1929 Kreutzer Air Coach K-5 N612A preserved in the colours of Navajo Airways","title":"Kreutzer Air Coach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Clover Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover_Field"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerofiles-1"},{"link_name":"Yuba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_City"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerofiles-1"},{"link_name":"LeBlond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBlond_Aircraft_Engine_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerofiles-1"},{"link_name":"Kinner K-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinner_K-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerofiles-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerofiles-1"}],"text":"Joseph Kreutzer formed the company of the same name in Los Angeles in late 1928. In 1929 the firm moved to Clover Field, Santa Monica, California, occupying the former Bach aircraft factory. Kreutzer was joined by Lawrence Brown and Albin Peterson who had designed the Brown-Mercury C-2.[1]Kreutzer developed a series of small high-winged trimotor light transport aircraft, naming each the Air Coach. Each had a fixed tailwheel undercarriage with the two outboard engined slung from the supporting bracing struts to the high wing. The first model was the K-1 Air Coach of late 1928 which was powered by three 65 hp (48 kW) Velie engines and accommodated four persons. The sole example NX71E first flew on 5 December 1928. It was later fitted with a single 330 hp (246 kW) J6-9 engine and a hopper for agricultural purposes. It crashed at Yuba City California in 1936.[1]The next Air Coach was the K-2 of 1929 which had a similar wing span but was lengthened by five feet to permit six persons to be carried. The K-2 was fitted with one 90 hp (67 kW) and two 60 hp (45 kW) LeBlond engines. Four examples were built. The K-3 was similar to the K-2 but was fitted with three 90 hp (67 kW) LeBlond engines. Two were built and two earlier machines converted to this standard. The K-4 designation was not used.[1]The K-5 Air Coach, also of 1929, had similar dimensions to the K-2 and K-3 but was fitted with three 100 hp (75 kW) five-cylinder Kinner K-5 engines. The extra power enabled heavier loads to be carried and in addition to eight new-build aircraft, one earlier aircraft was converted to this standard.[1]Kreutzer's operations were suspended in 1931 and no further development was undertaken. The firm was reorganized as the Air Transport Manufacturing Co in 1935 and a T-6 design was developed, but no production materialised.[1]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Parral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parral,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Air Coach series of aircraft were used by small air transport operators in the United States and in Mexico. At least one was modified for agricultural aviation and others were latterly acquired by private owners. The design featured a heated and ventilated cabin and shatterproof glass glazing.The sole survivor N612A was originally a K-2, but was upgraded to K-3 and then to K-5 standard. It was sold to Mexico in 1931 as XB-AHO and was flown by La Compania Aeronautica De La Sierra on routes from Parral to local silver and other mining operations in inaccessible territory. It carried equipment and personnel to the mines and valuable ores on the return journey. It was sold in 1939 for operations from Chihuahua. After becoming derelict, it was recovered using pack animals and is now maintained airworthy by the private Golden Wings Air Museum near Minneapolis Minnesota.[2][3]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"K-1\n3 x 65 hp (48 kW) Velie M-5 engines Span 48' 6\", length 28' 6\" (1 built)\nK-2\n1 x 90 hp (67 kW) and 2 x 60 hp (45 kW) LeBlond engines. Span 48' 10\", length 33' 6\" (4 built)\nK-3\n3 x 90 hp (67 kW) LeBlond TD engines. Dimensions as K-2 (2 built and 2 conversions)\nK-4\ndesignation not used\nK-5\n3 x 100 hp (75 kW) five cylinder Kinner K5 engines (8 built)\nT-6\n3 x 100 hp (75 kW) five cylinder Kinner K5 engines\nAir Transport T-6\nRevived in 1935 by the General-Western Aero Corp Ltd. and Air Transport Mfg Co.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Navajo Airways, Arizona, USA;\nWedell-Williams Air Service, Louisiana, USA","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Data from [4]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nCapacity: 4 passengers or freight\nLength: 33 ft 6 in (10.21 m)\nWingspan: 48 ft 10 in (14.88 m)\nHeight: 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)\nWing area: 315 sq ft (29.3 m2)\nEmpty weight: 2,745 lb (1,245 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 4,433 lb (2,011 kg)\nPowerplant: 3 × 100 h.p. five-cylinder Kinner K5 piston, 100 hp (75 kW) 3 55hp engines eachPerformanceMaximum speed: 130 mph (210 km/h, 110 kn)\nCruise speed: 110 mph (180 km/h, 96 kn)\nStall speed: 45 mph (72 km/h, 39 kn)\nRange: 520 mi (840 km, 450 nmi)\nService ceiling: 17,000 ft (5,200 m)\nRate of climb: 950 ft/min (4.8 m/s)","title":"Specifications (K-5)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kreutzer Air Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kreutzer_Air_Coach"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aerofiles_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aerofiles_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aerofiles_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aerofiles_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aerofiles_1-4"},{"link_name":"Data and information on the Air Coach series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aerofiles.com/_k.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85130-385-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-385-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Kreuzer aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goldenwingsmuseum.com/Aircraft%20Pages/Kreutzer.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100924083255/http://goldenwingsmuseum.com/Aircraft%20Pages/Kreutzer.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Kreutzer \"Air Coach\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.antiqueairfield.com/features/kreutzer.html"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kreutzer Air Coach.^ a b c d e \"Data and information on the Air Coach series\", Aerofiles. Retrieved 22 September 2010.\n\n^ Ogden, Bob (2007). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-385-7.\n\n^ \"Kreuzer aircraft Archived 2010-09-24 at the Wayback Machine\", Golden Wings Museum. Retrieved 22 September 2010.\n\n^ \"The Kreutzer \"Air Coach\"\", Antique Airfield. Retrieved 22 September 2010.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"1929 Kreutzer Air Coach K-5 N612A preserved in the colours of Navajo Airways","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kreutzer_Air_Coach_K5.JPG/220px-Kreutzer_Air_Coach_K5.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Navarro Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_Chief"}]	[{"reference":"Ogden, Bob (2007). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-385-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-385-7","url_text":"978-0-85130-385-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_k.html","external_links_name":"Data and information on the Air Coach series"},{"Link":"http://www.goldenwingsmuseum.com/Aircraft%20Pages/Kreutzer.htm","external_links_name":"Kreuzer aircraft"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100924083255/http://goldenwingsmuseum.com/Aircraft%20Pages/Kreutzer.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.antiqueairfield.com/features/kreutzer.html","external_links_name":"The Kreutzer \"Air Coach\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Parfitt	Chris Parfitt	["1 References"]	American guitarist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Chris Parfitt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chris Parfitt is an American guitarist who was one of the founding members of the Elephant 6 indie pop band The Apples in Stereo. Before his 1993 departure, he co-wrote the songs "Tidal Wave" and "Not the Same" with Robert Schneider and his performances appear on the band's original self-titled EP Apples. Parfitt met Robert Schneider in 1992 through a classified ad looking for a bass player. They hit it off over a mutual love of Pavement and The Beach Boys. Before long he was introduced to Jim McIntyre and Hilarie Sidney, and the four started the Apples. Since leaving The Apples, Parfitt has been recording sporadically with the band Vince Mole and His Calcium Orchestra, where bandmates include Kingsauce members Richie Chodes and Kevin Swope. On September 21, 2007 Parfitt made a brief appearance at Maxwell's in Hoboken, NJ, a reunion of sorts during which he joined the band playing guitar on some of The Apples' early songs. References ^ California Dreamin', Houston Press September 26, 2002 ^ Stephens, Randall, Trans-Global Indie Pop: Paul Vittum's Red Carpet Ring, Ink 19 Magazine ^ nrk.no ^ Six Questions with: Chris Parfitt, Optical Atlas ^ Apples In Stereo/Aqueduct @ Maxwell's, Music Snobbery September 21, 2007 Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine vteThe Apples in Stereo Robert Schneider John Hill Eric Allen John Dufilho John Ferguson Hilarie Sidney Chris McDuffie Jim McIntyre Chris Parfitt Bill Doss Studio albums Fun Trick Noisemaker Tone Soul Evolution Her Wallpaper Reverie The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone Velocity of Sound New Magnetic Wonder Travellers in Space and Time EPs Tidal Wave Hypnotic Suggestion EP Look Away + 4 Let's Go! Compilations Science Faire Sound Effects Electronic Projects for Musicians #1 Hits Explosion Live albums Live in Chicago Related articles Discography The Elephant 6 Recording Co. Pet Sounds Studio Simian Records Yep Roc Records spinART Records Projects Marbles Secret Square Ulysses Spaceflyte Air-sea Dolphin vteElephant 6Individuals Madeline Adams Derek Almstead Jeremy Barnes Kevin Barnes Jill Carnes Laura Carter Bill Doss John Ferguson John Fernandes Nesey Gallons Will Cullen Hart John Hill Julian Koster Jeff Mangum Jim McIntyre Bryan Poole Robert Schneider Hilarie Sidney Scott Spillane Bands/Solo projects Air-Sea Dolphin the Apples in Stereo thee American Revolution Athens Tango Project Bablicon Beulah Black Swan Network the Brothers Chaps Calvin, Don't Jump! Casper & the Cookies Chocolate USA Circulatory System the Diminisher Dressy Bessy Echo Orbiter Elf Power the Essex Green Fablefactory the Gerbils Great Lakes a Hawk and a Hacksaw the High Water Marks Icy Demons the Instruments James Husband Kingsauce the Ladybug Transistor Major Organ and the Adding Machine Marbles Marshmallow Coast Midget and Hairs the Minders the Music Tapes Nana Grizol Neutral Milk Hotel of Montreal the Olivia Tremor Control Pipes You See, Pipes You Don't Secret Square Spaceflyte the Sunshine Fix Supercluster Ulysses Von Hemmling Related articles Cloud Recordings Happy Happy Birthday to Me Records Joyful Noise Recordings Orange Twin Records Pet Sounds Studio Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United States rock guitarist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Elephant 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_6"},{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"The Apples in Stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apples_in_Stereo"},{"link_name":"\"Tidal Wave\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_Wave_7%22"},{"link_name":"Robert Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schneider"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Pavement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Vince Mole and His Calcium Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vince_Mole_and_His_Calcium_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kingsauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsauce"},{"link_name":"Richie Chodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Chodes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maxwell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s"},{"link_name":"Hoboken, NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_NJ"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Chris Parfitt is an American guitarist who was one of the founding members[1] of the Elephant 6 indie pop band The Apples in Stereo. Before his 1993 departure, he co-wrote the songs \"Tidal Wave\" and \"Not the Same\" with Robert Schneider and his performances appear on the band's original self-titled EP Apples.Parfitt met Robert Schneider in 1992 through a classified ad looking for a bass player. They hit it off over a mutual love of Pavement and The Beach Boys. Before long he was introduced to Jim McIntyre and Hilarie Sidney, and the four started the Apples.Since leaving The Apples, Parfitt has been recording sporadically with the band Vince Mole and His Calcium Orchestra,[2][3] where bandmates include Kingsauce members Richie Chodes and Kevin Swope.[4]On September 21, 2007 Parfitt made a brief appearance at Maxwell's in Hoboken, NJ, a reunion of sorts during which he joined the band playing guitar on some of The Apples' early songs.[5]","title":"Chris Parfitt"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chris+Parfitt%22","external_links_name":"\"Chris Parfitt\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chris+Parfitt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chris+Parfitt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chris+Parfitt%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chris+Parfitt%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chris+Parfitt%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.houstonpress.com/2002-09-26/music/california-dreamin","external_links_name":"California Dreamin', Houston Press September 26, 2002"},{"Link":"http://www.ink19.com/issues/november2000/inkSpots/redCarpetRing.html","external_links_name":"Stephens, Randall, Trans-Global Indie Pop: Paul Vittum's Red Carpet Ring, Ink 19 Magazine"},{"Link":"http://www.nrk.no/musikk/artistar/1293178.html","external_links_name":"nrk.no"},{"Link":"http://opticalatlas.com/?page_id=91","external_links_name":"Six Questions with: Chris Parfitt, Optical Atlas"},{"Link":"http://www.musicsnobbery.com/2007/09/apples-in-stere.html","external_links_name":"Apples In Stereo/Aqueduct @ Maxwell's, Music Snobbery September 21, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011182412/http://www.musicsnobbery.com/2007/09/apples-in-stere.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6a3009d5-335f-43b1-96a8-acfa04fdaf01","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Parfitt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2010	Miss Teen USA 2010	["1 Judges","2 Prize package","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]	28th edition of the Miss Teen USA competition Miss Teen USA 2010DateJuly 24, 2010PresentersSeth GoldmanCrystle StewartEntertainmentStormi HenleyVenueImperial Ballroom, Atlantis Paradise Island, The BahamasBroadcasterUstreamEntrants51Placements15WinnerKamie CrawfordMarylandCongenialityHosanna KabakoroIdahoPhotogenicChelsea MorgensenTexas← 20092011 → Miss Teen USA 2010 was the 28th Miss Teen USA pageant, held at the Imperial Ballroom of the Atlantis Paradise Island, in The Bahamas on July 24, 2010. Stormi Henley, Miss Teen USA 2009, from Tennessee, crowned her successor, Maryland's Kamie Crawford, as Miss Teen USA 2010. The 50 states and the District of Columbia competed for the prestigious title and the pageant was webcast live on Ustream. The 2nd annual Miss Teen Fantasy Camp was held along the pageant. The preliminary competition, hosted by Ed Fields and Stormi Henley, took place on July 23, while the final show was held on July 24, 2010. Emceeing the main event were Seth Goldman, host of NBC's "Entertainment Buzz", and Miss USA 2008, Crystle Stewart. This is currently the third time that Goldman and Stewart have chaired an event together, the other two being the Miss USA 2009 preliminaries and Miss Teen USA 2009. The 2010 Teen USA pageant marks Stormi Henley's debut television appearance as a country music singer and songwriter. She performed her first single, "Quite Like Me," inspired by her experience of moving to New York City. Miss Arizona USA 2009, Alicia Blanco, Miss Utah USA 2009 Laura Chukanov, Miss Arkansas USA 2010, Adrielle Churchill, Miss California USA 2010, Nicole Michele Johnson, Miss Louisiana USA 2010, Sara Brooks and Miss Nebraska USA 2010, Belinda Wright were invited by the Miss Universe Organization as this year fantasy camp's official counselors. Judges Chuck LaBella - Emmy-nominated producer associated "The Celebrity Apprentice" and "Last Comic Standing". Chet Buchanan - Las Vegas-based radio and television personality. Eva Chen - Teen Vogue Beauty and Health Director. Fred Nelson - President of People's Choice Heather Kerzner - Ambassador for Kerzner International. Michelle Malcolm - President of Michelle Malcolm and Associates. Prize package Miss Teen USA 2010: A custom diamond tiara and jewelry created by Diamond Nexus Labs; a two-year scholarship from the New York Film Academy worth more than $100,000 dollars to its acting or film-making programs; an evening gown wardrobe designed by Sherri Hill; a year's worth of cosmetics by Pursuit of the Crown; year-long supply of Farouk Systems products and tools; a six-day/five-night vacation for two, including airfare, at Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas; a $500 gift certificate to Jamye Shaw swimwear; training sessions at Gravity Fitness and hair services from John Barrett Salon; modeling portfolio by leading fashion photographer Fadil Berisha; professional media/public relations representation by Rubenstein Public Relations in New York City; consultations with professional health and nutritionist Tanya Zuckerbrot, dermatology and skincare services by Dr. Cheryl Thellman-Karcher and dental services by Dr. Jan Linhart, D.D.S.; access to various New York City events including movie premiers and screenings, Broadway shows and launch parties; consultations with a fashion stylist and access to a personal appearance wardrobe; casting opportunities and professional representation by the Miss Universe Organization; extensive travel opportunities representing sponsors and charitable partners; professional representation by the Miss Universe Organization to further her personal and professional goals. Notes References ^ 2010 Miss Teen USA Pageant and the Second Annual Miss Teen USA Fantasy Camp To Be Held at Atlantis, Paradise ISland ^ Antón, Lark-Marie (July 25, 2010). "Kamie Crawford, Miss Maryland Teen USA Crowned Miss Teen USA 2010 on July 24th" (PDF) (Press release). New York, NY: Miss Universe Organization. Retrieved February 20, 2015. External links Miss Teen USA official website vteMiss Teen USA 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Miss Universe Organization Titleholders	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Teen USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA"},{"link_name":"Atlantis Paradise Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Paradise_Island"},{"link_name":"The Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stormi Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormi_Henley"},{"link_name":"Miss Teen USA 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2009"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Tennessee_Teen_USA"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Kamie Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie_Crawford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mstepr10-2"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_District_of_Columbia_USA"},{"link_name":"Seth Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Goldman_(television_reporter)"},{"link_name":"Miss USA 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_USA_2008"},{"link_name":"Crystle Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystle_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Miss USA 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_USA_2009"},{"link_name":"Miss Teen USA 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2009"},{"link_name":"Alicia Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Laura Chukanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Chukanov"},{"link_name":"Nicole Michele Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Michele_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belinda Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Wright_(pageant_winner)"}],"text":"28th edition of the Miss Teen USA competitionMiss Teen USA 2010 was the 28th Miss Teen USA pageant, held at the Imperial Ballroom of the Atlantis Paradise Island, in The Bahamas on July 24, 2010.[1] Stormi Henley, Miss Teen USA 2009, from Tennessee, crowned her successor, Maryland's Kamie Crawford, as Miss Teen USA 2010.[2] The 50 states and the District of Columbia competed for the prestigious title and the pageant was webcast live on Ustream. The 2nd annual Miss Teen Fantasy Camp was held along the pageant.The preliminary competition, hosted by Ed Fields and Stormi Henley, took place on July 23, while the final show was held on July 24, 2010. Emceeing the main event were Seth Goldman, host of NBC's \"Entertainment Buzz\", and Miss USA 2008, Crystle Stewart. This is currently the third time that Goldman and Stewart have chaired an event together, the other two being the Miss USA 2009 preliminaries and Miss Teen USA 2009.The 2010 Teen USA pageant marks Stormi Henley's debut television appearance as a country music singer and songwriter. She performed her first single, \"Quite Like Me,\" inspired by her experience of moving to New York City.Miss Arizona USA 2009, Alicia Blanco, Miss Utah USA 2009 Laura Chukanov, Miss Arkansas USA 2010, Adrielle Churchill, Miss California USA 2010, Nicole Michele Johnson, Miss Louisiana USA 2010, Sara Brooks and Miss Nebraska USA 2010, Belinda Wright were invited by the Miss Universe Organization as this year fantasy camp's official counselors.","title":"Miss Teen USA 2010"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chuck LaBella - Emmy-nominated producer associated \"The Celebrity Apprentice\" and \"Last Comic Standing\".\nChet Buchanan - Las Vegas-based radio and television personality.\nEva Chen - Teen Vogue Beauty and Health Director.\nFred Nelson - President of People's Choice\nHeather Kerzner - Ambassador for Kerzner International.\nMichelle Malcolm - President of Michelle Malcolm and Associates.","title":"Judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Film Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Academy"},{"link_name":"Sherri Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_Hill"},{"link_name":"John Barrett Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrett_(salon)"}],"text":"Miss Teen USA 2010: A custom diamond tiara and jewelry created by Diamond Nexus Labs; a two-year scholarship from the New York Film Academy worth more than $100,000 dollars to its acting or film-making programs; an evening gown wardrobe designed by Sherri Hill; a year's worth of cosmetics by Pursuit of the Crown; year-long supply of Farouk Systems products and tools; a six-day/five-night vacation for two, including airfare, at Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas; a $500 gift certificate to Jamye Shaw swimwear; training sessions at Gravity Fitness and hair services from John Barrett Salon; modeling portfolio by leading fashion photographer Fadil Berisha; professional media/public relations representation by Rubenstein Public Relations in New York City; consultations with professional health and nutritionist Tanya Zuckerbrot, dermatology and skincare services by Dr. Cheryl Thellman-Karcher and dental services by Dr. Jan Linhart, D.D.S.; access to various New York City events including movie premiers and screenings, Broadway shows and launch parties; consultations with a fashion stylist and access to a personal appearance wardrobe; casting opportunities and professional representation by the Miss Universe Organization; extensive travel opportunities representing sponsors and charitable partners; professional representation by the Miss Universe Organization to further her personal and professional goals.","title":"Prize package"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Antón, Lark-Marie (July 25, 2010). \"Kamie Crawford, Miss Maryland Teen USA Crowned Miss Teen USA 2010 on July 24th\" (PDF) (Press release). New York, NY: Miss Universe Organization. Retrieved February 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.missuniverse.com/media/promos/news.1280365219FINAL%20Crowning%20Release.pdf","url_text":"\"Kamie Crawford, Miss Maryland Teen USA Crowned Miss Teen USA 2010 on July 24th\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_NY","url_text":"New York, NY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe","url_text":"Miss Universe"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://missuniverse.com/missteenusa/news/view/61","external_links_name":"2010 Miss Teen USA Pageant and the Second Annual Miss Teen USA Fantasy Camp To Be Held at Atlantis, Paradise ISland"},{"Link":"http://content.missuniverse.com/media/promos/news.1280365219FINAL%20Crowning%20Release.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kamie Crawford, Miss Maryland Teen USA Crowned Miss Teen USA 2010 on July 24th\""},{"Link":"http://www.missuniverse.com/missteenusa/","external_links_name":"Miss Teen USA official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Evacuation_Vehicle	M1133 medical evacuation vehicle	["1 General","2 Operational capability","3 Sources","4 See also","5 References"]	Military ambulance M1133 Medical Evacuation Vehicle Stryker MEV SpecificationsMassICV: 16.47 tonnes (18.12 short tons; 16.21 long tons)Length6.95 m (22 ft 10 in)Width2.72 m (8 ft 11 in)Height2.64 m (8 ft 8 in)Crew3Passengersup to 6 patientsArmor14.5 mmMainarmamentNoneEnginediesel260 kW (350 hp)Power/weightICV: 15.8 kW/t (19.3 hp/sh tn)Suspension8×8 wheeledOperationalrange500 km (300 mi)Maximum speed 100 km/h (62 mph) The Medical Evacuation Vehicle (MEV) are assigned from the Battalion Aid Station for Battalion-sized units, and dedicated to each of the company-sized elements of the unit and provide treatment for serious injury and advanced trauma cases. Models with the double V-hull upgrade are known as the M1254 MEVV. General Integrated medical evacuation support in the SBCT (Stryker Brigade Combat Team), as an integrated part of the internetted combat forward formation, helps the organic medic who accompanies the infantry soldier during dismounted operations. The Medical Evacuation Vehicle and its crew can move forward, covered by integrated overwatching fires which provide protection for the patient and medical team. This capability keeps the other platforms of the formation free to sustain the integrated support of the assault. The evacuation will include emergency care en route enhanced by the medic and by a protected environment with adequate lighting and accessible medical equipment. Operational capability The Medical Evacuation Vehicle is the primary ambulance platform in units equipped with the Stryker family of vehicles. It is based on the infantry carrier variant. The commonality of the platforms reduces the maintenance footprint and variety of logistics support. Internal view The Medical Evacuation Vehicle has an accessible attendant’s seat that allows the attendant to monitor patients. The ambulance is marked with Geneva Convention insignia that can be removed or masked without altering the camouflage pattern. It has a hydraulically operated rear ramp. This reduces risk of exposure to hostile activity or inclement weather. Sources This article incorporates work from https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205926/http://www.sbct.army.mil/product_mev.html, which is in the public domain as it is a work of the United States Military. See also XM1207/8 Medical Vehicle, U.S. Army Future Combat Systems variant canceled in 2009 References ^ a b "Army Fact File - Stryker". Archived from the original on 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2006-07-31. Wikimedia Commons has media related to M1133 Medical Evacuation Vehicle. vteStryker (Interim Armored Vehicle) M1126 Infantry Carrier Vehicle (M1256 ICVV) M1127 Reconnaissance Vehicle M1128 Mobile Gun System M1129 Mortar Carrier (M1252 MCVV) M1130 Commander's Vehicle (M1255 CVV) M1131 Fire Support Vehicle (M1251 FSVV) M1132 Engineer Squad Vehicle (M1257 ESVV) M1133 Medical Evacuation Vehicle (M1254 MEVV) M1134 Anti-Tank Guided Missile Vehicle (M1253 ATVV) M1135 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, Reconnaissance Vehicle M1296 Dragoon	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battalion Aid Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion_Aid_Station"},{"link_name":"V-hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-hull"}],"text":"The Medical Evacuation Vehicle (MEV) are assigned from the Battalion Aid Station for Battalion-sized units, and dedicated to each of the company-sized elements of the unit and provide treatment for serious injury and advanced trauma cases. Models with the double V-hull upgrade are known as the M1254 MEVV.","title":"M1133 medical evacuation vehicle"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Integrated medical evacuation support in the SBCT (Stryker Brigade Combat Team), as an integrated part of the internetted combat forward formation, helps the organic medic who accompanies the infantry soldier during dismounted operations. The Medical Evacuation Vehicle and its crew can move forward, covered by integrated overwatching fires which provide protection for the patient and medical team.This capability keeps the other platforms of the formation free to sustain the integrated support of the assault. The evacuation will include emergency care en route enhanced by the medic and by a protected environment with adequate lighting and accessible medical equipment.","title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strykerinterior_lg.jpg"},{"link_name":"attendant’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_medic"},{"link_name":"Geneva Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Convention"}],"text":"The Medical Evacuation Vehicle is the primary ambulance platform in units equipped with the Stryker family of vehicles.[citation needed] It is based on the infantry carrier variant. The commonality of the platforms reduces the maintenance footprint and variety of logistics support.Internal viewThe Medical Evacuation Vehicle has an accessible attendant’s seat that allows the attendant to monitor patients.The ambulance is marked with Geneva Convention insignia that can be removed or masked without altering the camouflage pattern. It has a hydraulically operated rear ramp. This reduces risk of exposure to hostile activity or inclement weather.","title":"Operational capability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205926/http://www.sbct.army.mil/product_mev.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080516205926/http://www.sbct.army.mil/product_mev.html"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"}],"text":"This article incorporates work from https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205926/http://www.sbct.army.mil/product_mev.html, which is in the public domain as it is a work of the United States Military.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Internal view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Strykerinterior_lg.jpg/220px-Strykerinterior_lg.jpg"}]	[{"title":"XM1207/8 Medical Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM1207/8_Medical_Vehicle"}]	[{"reference":"\"Army Fact File - Stryker\". Archived from the original on 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2006-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060727105508/http://www.army.mil/fact_files_site/stryker/index.html","url_text":"\"Army Fact File - Stryker\""},{"url":"http://www.army.mil/fact_files_site/stryker/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205926/http://www.sbct.army.mil/product_mev.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205926/http://www.sbct.army.mil/product_mev.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060727105508/http://www.army.mil/fact_files_site/stryker/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Army Fact File - Stryker\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.mil/fact_files_site/stryker/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcus_senilis	Arcus senilis	["1 Pathophysiology","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Differential diagnoses","3 Treatment","4 Epidemiology","4.1 Risk factor for cardiovascular disease","5 See also","6 References"]	Medical conditionArcus senilisOther namesarcus adiposus, arcus juvenilis, arcus lipoides corneae, arcus cornealisArcus senilis deposits tend to start at 6 and 12 o'clock and progress until becoming completely circumferential. The thin clear section separating the arcus from the limbus is known as the clear interval of Vogt.SpecialtyOphthalmology SymptomsOpaque ring in the peripheral corneaCausesNormal aging, HyperlipidemiaDifferential diagnosisLimbus sign, limbal ringTreatmentNonePrognosisBenign condition in elderly, associated with cardiovascular disease for <50 yrs old Arcus senilis (AS), also known as gerontoxon, arcus lipoides, arcus corneae, corneal arcus, arcus adiposus, or arcus cornealis, are rings in the peripheral cornea. It is usually caused by cholesterol deposits, so it may be a sign of high cholesterol. It is the most common peripheral corneal opacity, and is usually found in the elderly where it is considered a benign condition. When AS is found in patients less than 50 years old it is termed arcus juvenilis. The finding of arcus juvenilis in combination with hyperlipidemia in younger men represents an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiology AS is caused by leakage of lipoproteins from limbal capillaries into the corneal stroma. Deposits have been found to consist mostly of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Deposition of lipids into the cornea begins at the superior and inferior aspects, and progresses to encircle the entire peripheral cornea. The interior border of AS has a diffuse appearance, while the exterior border is well demarcated. The clear space between the exterior border and the limbus is called the interval of Vogt. Bilateral AS is a benign finding in the elderly, but it can be associated with hyperlipidemia in patients less than 50 years old. Bilateral AS may also be caused by increased levels of free fatty acids in the circulation secondary to alcohol use. Unilateral AS can be associated with contralateral carotid artery stenosis or decreased intraocular pressure in the affected eye. As these are serious medical conditions, unilateral AS should be examined by a physician. Diagnosis Corneal arcus in a patient age 60 years AS is usually diagnosed through visual inspection by an ophthalmologist or optometrist using a slit lamp. Differential diagnoses Several conditions can have a similar color and appearance. Limbus sign is caused by dystrophic calcification at the corneal limbus, and can be confused with AS in geriatric populations. Anterior embryotoxon is a congenital widening of the corneal limbus. Posterior embryotoxon is a congenital thickening and anterior displacement of schwalbe's line. Other conditions with similar appearance, but differing in color are limbal ring, and Kayser–Fleischer ring. Treatment In the elderly, arcus senilis is a benign condition that does not require treatment. The presence of an arcus senilis in males under the age of 50 may represent a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and these individuals should be screened for an underlying lipid disorder. The opaque ring in the cornea does not resolve with treatment of a causative disease process, and can create cosmetic concerns. Epidemiology In men, AS is increasingly found starting at age 40, and is present in nearly 100% of men over the age of 80. For women, onset of AS begins at age 50 and is present in nearly all females by age 90. Risk factor for cardiovascular disease AS is not an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, as demonstrated by a prospective cohort study of 12,745 Danes aged 20-93 followed up for an average of 22 years. The presence of AS in men less than 50 years old(arcus juvenilis) in combination with an underlying condition causing hyperlipidemia has been shown to significantly increase the relative risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and coronary artery disease, as demonstrated by a study following 6,069 Americans aged 30-69 for an average of 8.4 years. The presence of AS in men less than 50 years old (arcus juvenilis) in conjunction with xanthomas on the achilles tendon has been linked to the presence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and aorta by computed tomography. See also Limbal ring Limbus sign Xanthelasma References ^ a b c d Duker JS, Yanof M (2013-12-16). Ophthalmology: Expert Consult: Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4557-3984-4. ^ Hickey N, Maurer B, Mulcahy R (July 1970). "Arcus senilis: its relation to certain attributes and risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease". British Heart Journal. 32 (4): 449–52. doi:10.1136/hrt.32.4.449. PMC 487351. PMID 5433305. ^ Naumann GO, Küchle M (November 1993). "Unilateral corneal arcus lipoides". Lancet. 342 (8880): 1185. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92170-x. PMID 7901520. S2CID 5395741. ^ Turbert, David (2019-04-26). "What Is Arcus Senilis?". American Academy of Ophthalmology. Retrieved 2024-06-18. ^ Williams ME (2010-06-21). Geriatric Physical Diagnosis: A Guide to Observation and Assessment. McFarland. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7864-5160-9. ^ a b Munjal A, Kaufman EJ (2021). "Arcus Senilis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32119257. Retrieved 2021-03-23. ^ Christoffersen M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Schnohr P, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A (September 2011). "Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study". BMJ. 343: d5497. doi:10.1136/bmj.d5497. PMC 3174271. PMID 21920887. ^ Chambless LE, Fuchs FD, Linn S, Kritchevsky SB, Larosa JC, Segal P, Rifkind BM (October 1990). "The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study". American Journal of Public Health. 80 (10): 1200–4. doi:10.2105/ajph.80.10.1200. PMC 1404822. PMID 2400030. ^ Zech LA, Hoeg JM (March 2008). "Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia". Lipids in Health and Disease. 7: 7. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-7-7. PMC 2279133. PMID 18331643. ClassificationDICD-10: H18.4ICD-9-CM: 371.41OMIM: 107800MeSH: D00111233563919DiseasesDB: 17120 vteDiseases of the human eyeAdnexaEyelidInflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Meibomian gland dysfunction Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Ankyloblepharon Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Distichiasis Trichomegaly Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Chemosis Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pseudopterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage GlobeFibrous tunicSclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Exposure Photokeratitis Corneal ulcer Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal opacity Corneal neovascularization Kayser–Fleischer ring Haab's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunicIrisCiliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Focal choroidal excavation Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Posterior vitreous detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher's of prematurity Bietti's crystalline dystrophy Coats' disease Sickle cell photic Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Ocular hypotony Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease PathwaysOptic nerveOptic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior (AION) posterior (PION) Kjer's Leber's hereditary Toxic and nutritional StrabismusExtraocular musclesBinocular visionAccommodationParalytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns–Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor (III) Fourth-nerve (IV) Sixth-nerve (VI) Other strabismus Esotropia / Exotropia Hypertropia Heterophoria Esophoria Exophoria Cyclotropia Brown's syndrome Duane syndrome Other binocular Conjugate gaze palsy Convergence insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia Vision disordersBlindness Amblyopia Leber's congenital amaurosis Diplopia Scotoma Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Nyctalopia Oguchi disease Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma Pupil Anisocoria Argyll Robertson pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Adie syndrome Miosis Mydriasis Cycloplegia Parinaud's syndrome Other Nystagmus Childhood blindness Infections Trachoma Onchocerciasis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"},{"link_name":"corneal opacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_opacity"},{"link_name":"hyperlipidemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia"}],"text":"Arcus senilis (AS), also known as gerontoxon, arcus lipoides, arcus corneae, corneal arcus, arcus adiposus, or arcus cornealis, are rings in the peripheral cornea. It is usually caused by cholesterol deposits, so it may be a sign of high cholesterol. It is the most common peripheral corneal opacity, and is usually found in the elderly where it is considered a benign condition. When AS is found in patients less than 50 years old it is termed arcus juvenilis. The finding of arcus juvenilis in combination with hyperlipidemia in younger men represents an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.","title":"Arcus senilis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lipoproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein"},{"link_name":"low-density lipoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein"},{"link_name":"limbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_limbus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duker_2013-1"},{"link_name":"free fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fatty_acids"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"carotid artery stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis"},{"link_name":"intraocular pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraocular_pressure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"AS is caused by leakage of lipoproteins from limbal capillaries into the corneal stroma. Deposits have been found to consist mostly of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Deposition of lipids into the cornea begins at the superior and inferior aspects, and progresses to encircle the entire peripheral cornea. The interior border of AS has a diffuse appearance, while the exterior border is well demarcated. The clear space between the exterior border and the limbus is called the interval of Vogt.[1]Bilateral AS is a benign finding in the elderly, but it can be associated with hyperlipidemia in patients less than 50 years old. Bilateral AS may also be caused by increased levels of free fatty acids in the circulation secondary to alcohol use.[2]Unilateral AS can be associated with contralateral carotid artery stenosis or decreased intraocular pressure in the affected eye. As these are serious medical conditions, unilateral AS should be examined by a physician.[3]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corneal_arcus.jpg"},{"link_name":"ophthalmologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologist"},{"link_name":"optometrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometrist"},{"link_name":"slit lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_lamp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a884-4"}],"text":"Corneal arcus in a patient age 60 yearsAS is usually diagnosed through visual inspection by an ophthalmologist or optometrist using a slit lamp.[4]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limbus sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus_sign"},{"link_name":"dystrophic calcification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophic_calcification"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"corneal limbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_limbus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duker_2013-1"},{"link_name":"schwalbe's line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwalbe%27s_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duker_2013-1"},{"link_name":"limbal ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbal_ring"},{"link_name":"Kayser–Fleischer ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayser%E2%80%93Fleischer_ring"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnoses","text":"Several conditions can have a similar color and appearance.Limbus sign is caused by dystrophic calcification at the corneal limbus, and can be confused with AS in geriatric populations.[5]\nAnterior embryotoxon is a congenital widening of the corneal limbus.[1]\nPosterior embryotoxon is a congenital thickening and anterior displacement of schwalbe's line.[1]Other conditions with similar appearance, but differing in color are limbal ring, and Kayser–Fleischer ring.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"In the elderly, arcus senilis is a benign condition that does not require treatment. The presence of an arcus senilis in males under the age of 50 may represent a risk factor for cardiovascular disease,[6] and these individuals should be screened for an underlying lipid disorder. The opaque ring in the cornea does not resolve with treatment of a causative disease process, and can create cosmetic concerns.[6]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duker_2013-1"}],"text":"In men, AS is increasingly found starting at age 40, and is present in nearly 100% of men over the age of 80. For women, onset of AS begins at age 50 and is present in nearly all females by age 90.[1]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hyperlipidemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia"},{"link_name":"relative risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_risk"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"coronary artery disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"xanthomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoma"},{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Risk factor for cardiovascular disease","text":"AS is not an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, as demonstrated by a prospective cohort study of 12,745 Danes aged 20-93 followed up for an average of 22 years.[7]The presence of AS in men less than 50 years old(arcus juvenilis) in combination with an underlying condition causing hyperlipidemia has been shown to significantly increase the relative risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and coronary artery disease, as demonstrated by a study following 6,069 Americans aged 30-69 for an average of 8.4 years.[8]The presence of AS in men less than 50 years old (arcus juvenilis) in conjunction with xanthomas on the achilles tendon has been linked to the presence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and aorta by computed tomography.[9]","title":"Epidemiology"}]	[{"image_text":"Corneal arcus in a patient age 60 years","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Corneal_arcus.jpg/220px-Corneal_arcus.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Limbal ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbal_ring"},{"title":"Limbus sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus_sign"},{"title":"Xanthelasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthelasma"}]	[{"reference":"Duker JS, Yanof M (2013-12-16). Ophthalmology: Expert Consult: Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4557-3984-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nTvRAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ophthalmology: Expert Consult: Online and Print"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-3984-4","url_text":"978-1-4557-3984-4"}]},{"reference":"Hickey N, Maurer B, Mulcahy R (July 1970). \"Arcus senilis: its relation to certain attributes and risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease\". British Heart Journal. 32 (4): 449–52. doi:10.1136/hrt.32.4.449. PMC 487351. 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S2CID 5395741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0140-6736%2893%2992170-x","url_text":"10.1016/0140-6736(93)92170-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901520","url_text":"7901520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5395741","url_text":"5395741"}]},{"reference":"Turbert, David (2019-04-26). \"What Is Arcus Senilis?\". American Academy of Ophthalmology. Retrieved 2024-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-arcus-senilis","url_text":"\"What Is Arcus Senilis?\""}]},{"reference":"Williams ME (2010-06-21). Geriatric Physical Diagnosis: A Guide to Observation and Assessment. McFarland. p. 96. 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PMID 21920887.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174271","url_text":"\"Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.d5497","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.d5497"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174271","url_text":"3174271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21920887","url_text":"21920887"}]},{"reference":"Chambless LE, Fuchs FD, Linn S, Kritchevsky SB, Larosa JC, Segal P, Rifkind BM (October 1990). \"The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study\". American Journal of Public Health. 80 (10): 1200–4. doi:10.2105/ajph.80.10.1200. PMC 1404822. PMID 2400030.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1404822","url_text":"\"The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.80.10.1200","url_text":"10.2105/ajph.80.10.1200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1404822","url_text":"1404822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2400030","url_text":"2400030"}]},{"reference":"Zech LA, Hoeg JM (March 2008). \"Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia\". Lipids in Health and Disease. 7: 7. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-7-7. PMC 2279133. PMID 18331643.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2279133","url_text":"\"Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-511X-7-7","url_text":"10.1186/1476-511X-7-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2279133","url_text":"2279133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18331643","url_text":"18331643"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nTvRAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Ophthalmology: Expert Consult: Online and Print"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC487351","external_links_name":"\"Arcus senilis: its relation to certain attributes and risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fhrt.32.4.449","external_links_name":"10.1136/hrt.32.4.449"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC487351","external_links_name":"487351"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5433305","external_links_name":"5433305"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0140-6736%2893%2992170-x","external_links_name":"10.1016/0140-6736(93)92170-x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901520","external_links_name":"7901520"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5395741","external_links_name":"5395741"},{"Link":"https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-arcus-senilis","external_links_name":"\"What Is Arcus Senilis?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FX7_PesP6eMC&q=arcus+senilis+vs.+%22limbus+sign%22&pg=PA96","external_links_name":"Geriatric Physical Diagnosis: A Guide to Observation and Assessment"},{"Link":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554370/","external_links_name":"\"Arcus Senilis\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119257","external_links_name":"32119257"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174271","external_links_name":"\"Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.d5497","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.d5497"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174271","external_links_name":"3174271"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21920887","external_links_name":"21920887"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1404822","external_links_name":"\"The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.80.10.1200","external_links_name":"10.2105/ajph.80.10.1200"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1404822","external_links_name":"1404822"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2400030","external_links_name":"2400030"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2279133","external_links_name":"\"Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-511X-7-7","external_links_name":"10.1186/1476-511X-7-7"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2279133","external_links_name":"2279133"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18331643","external_links_name":"18331643"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/H18.4","external_links_name":"H18.4"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=371.41","external_links_name":"371.41"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/107800","external_links_name":"107800"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D00111233563919","external_links_name":"D00111233563919"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb17120.htm","external_links_name":"17120"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesme_Palace	Chesme Church	["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 History","4 Architecture","5 Grounds","6 Notable people","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 59°51′24″N 30°19′51″E / 59.85667°N 30.33083°E / 59.85667; 30.33083 Church in Chesme Palace between Saint Petersburg and Sumner Palace also in the Red Village, RussiaChesme ChurchChurch of St John the Baptist ChesmeChurch of Saint John the Baptist at Chesme PalaceChurch of St John the Baptist Chesme, Russia59°51′24″N 30°19′51″E / 59.85667°N 30.33083°E / 59.85667; 30.33083LocationChesme Palace between Saint Petersburg and Sumner Palace also in the Red VillageCountryRussiaDenominationRussian Orthodox ChurchHistoryFormer name(s)Chesme ChurchStatusFunctionalFounded1780Founder(s)Catherine the GreatDedicationRussia's 1770 victory over Turkish forces in Chesme BayConsecrated24 JuneArchitectureHeritage designationHouse church for the Chesme PalaceArchitect(s)Yury FeltenArchitectural typeGothic RevivalDemolishednot demolishedSpecificationsMaterialsBrick with white stone The Chesme Church (Russian: Чесменская церковь; full name Church of Saint John the Baptist at Chesme Palace, also called the Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, Russian: це́рковь Рождества́ Иоа́нна Предте́чи при Че́сменском Дворце́), is a small Russian Orthodox church at 12 Lensoveta Street, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was built by the Russian court architect Yury Felten in 1780, at the direction of Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia. A memorial church, it was erected adjacent to the Chesme Palace (Russian: Чесменский дворец: damaged during the Siege of Leningrad and restored in 1946) between Saint Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo to commemorate the anniversary of Russia's 1770 victory over Turkish forces in Chesme Bay (Turkish: Çeşme) in the Aegean Sea during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The church and Chesme Palace were the earliest Neo-Gothic constructions in the St Petersburg area. Considered by some to be St Petersburg's single most impressive church, it is a rare example of very early Gothic Revival influence in Russian church architecture. Etymology The church was named "The Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist" as it was consecrated on the birthday of John the Baptist. As it was built to honour the Battle of Chesme which the Russians won in 1770, the church is also popularly known as the "Chesme Church". Geography The church is located in Red Village, which was a country estate of the Sergey Poltoratski family, friends of Alexander Pushkin. It is situated in an area that was known as Kekerekeksinen (Finnish: frog swamp) which is now in a housing area known as Moskovsky Prospekt, approximately halfway between Park Pobedy and the Moskovskaya metro station. While the church was built at a very ordinary location in 1770, over the centuries, it became part of the city of Saint Petersburg. Located between St. Petersburg and the Summer Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, it served as a traveler's resting place. History In 1777, King Gustav III of Sweden attended the laying of the church's foundation. The church was built between 1777 and 1780. It is a memorial church to honour the 1770 Russian victory at the Battle of Chesme. Empress Catherine II chose the site as it was here that she got the news of the Russian victory over the Turks. Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor was present at the church's consecration. The knights of the Order of St. George were also in possession of the church at some point when it was given the third name, "St. George’s Church". Chesme Church in Saint Petersburg, interior nowadays (2014) The church and the Chesme Palace became a labour camp when the Soviet government occupied it. In 1923, the church was closed and used as a storehouse. Between 1941 and 1945, the church suffered damages during the "Great Patriotic War". During the Second World War, the Institute of Aviation Technology took possession of the Church and the Chesme Palace. During 1970–75, it was fully restored under the supervision of the architects M.I. Tolstov and A.P. Kulikov. In 1977, the church became a museum of the Battle of Chesme (with artifacts from the Central Naval Museum). Religious control was restored to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1991, and regular church services have been held at the church since then. Architecture Close architectural view of the Chesme Church The church, built in Gothic Revival style faces southwest. Painted pink and white, the church appears like a "candy cone, with long, vertical white stripes (embossed vertical string cornices drawn together with figured horizontal fascias) giving the impression that it’s rising straight up from the earth like a mirage and shooting upwards". The church was built by Yury Felten who was the court architect to Catherine the Great. The inspiration for adopting the pseudo-Gothic style of architecture was a symbol of "the exoticism of the Turkish architecture but also reflected the Anglomania that significantly influenced the design of Catherine’s palaces and the parks surrounding them". While the Chesme Palace was built on these lines, the Church of John the Baptist was also built in a similar style. This style introduced during Catherine's time came in vogue in Russia in the subsequent centuries as well. It is also said that the choice of the Gothic Revival architecture style was indicative of "triumph for ancient northern virtues in the spirit of the crusaders". The church was built with brick and white stone. It has a "quatrefoil" layout in the form of four semi cylinders with barrel vaults. Finials, spires and lancet windows were built over it, and the edifice emerged as a fusion of Gothic and neo-Gothic motifs. The quatrefoil design was common in the late 17th century in many private estate churches and the style was known as the "Moscow baroque". During the 18th century, its adoption during Catherine's reign was considered an experimentation reflecting "the increasing secularization of the upper nobility". The entrance to the church has a neo-Gothic Rose window and a round window above it. The entrance portal has sculptures of angels. The main tower and four small towers have small domes, which are replacements of the traditional onion domes commonly seen in Russia. The walls are striped and crenellated. The impressive relief design on the top of the walls is also in the form of crenellated parapet with pinnacles. There is also a 100 kilograms (220 lb) bell in one of the towers. It also has lancet windows and doorways. The interior, which originally had Italian icons, was destroyed in a fire in 1930. However, it was restored when the church was refurbished. Inside the church, there are many iconic paintings and one particular painting of interest is that of Christ’s arrival in Nazareth. When it was a naval museum, there was a vivid painting, in rich colours, depicting the sea battle and Russian victory over the Turks, in place of the "Christ the saviour in the iconostasis-less altar apse". Nothing remains of the original interiors. The exterior views of the church are impressive. The lanterns on the roof are stated to be similar to those seen on the Gothic temple at Stowe House. Grounds Chesmenskoe War Veterans' Cemetery & Chesme Church in Saint Petersburg Chesme Palace opposite Chesme Church - under reconstruction (2015) The church precincts have been used as a resting place for war heroes since the time of its consecration and during the Siege of Leningrad. The cemetery is known as the "Chesmenskoe War Veterans' Cemetery", and contains unnamed graves dated 1812–1944 of those who died in Russian wars. Notable people The coffin of Rasputin rested in Chesme Church before his burial at Tsarskoye Selo in 1916. References ^ a b "Chesme Church". St Petersburg Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ a b c Howard, Jeremy; Belinsky, Yuri (20 March 2007). National Geographic traveler: St. Petersburg. National Geographic Books. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4262-0050-2. ^ a b c "The later history of the Green Frog Service". State Hermitage Museum. 2006. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2011. ^ Vorhees, Mara (2008). St. Petersburg. Lonely Planet. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-74059-827-9. ^ a b c "Village of Red. Transfiguration Church". narod.ru. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist (Chesme Church)". Saint-petersburg.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ a b c d e Masters, Tom (April 2005). St Petersburg. Lonely Planet. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-74104-169-9. ^ a b Успенский, Л. В.; Лужина, И. А.; Гордейчук, И. В. (1987). Ленинград. Avrora. ISBN 9785730000940. Retrieved 6 February 2011. The Chesme Church, built in 1777— 80 by Yury Felten, is one of the few pseudo-Gothic structures in Leningrad architecture. Its name comes from the great naval victory of 1770 over the Turks in the Aegean at Chesme. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ a b FitzLyon, Kyril; Zinovieff, Kyril; Hughes, Jenny (2003). The companion guide to St Petersburg. Companion Guides. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-1-900639-40-8. ^ a b c d e "Chekushi". Chesme Church. St Petersburg Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ a b "La chiesa: Chesmenskaja". Intours.com. Retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ "Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist (Chesme Church), St. Petersburg, Russia". ^ a b Brumfield, William Craft (1997). Landmarks of Russian architecture: a photographic survey. Gordon and Breach. p. 171. ISBN 978-90-5699-536-2. ^ a b Hayden, Peter (2005). Russian parks and gardens. frances lincoln ltd. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7112-2430-8. ^ Contemporary review. 1990. Retrieved 7 February 2011. External links Media related to Chesme Church at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nativity-1"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yury Felten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Felten"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Empress of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardBelinsky2007-2"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Чесменский дворец","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86"},{"link_name":"Siege of Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Tsarskoye Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chesma"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Chesme Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chesma"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1768-1774"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HermitageMuseum2006-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vorhees2008-4"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-church-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masters2005-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B01987-8"}],"text":"Church in Chesme Palace between Saint Petersburg and Sumner Palace also in the Red Village, RussiaThe Chesme Church (Russian: Чесменская церковь; full name Church of Saint John the Baptist at Chesme Palace, also called the Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, Russian: це́рковь Рождества́ Иоа́нна Предте́чи при Че́сменском Дворце́),[1] is a small Russian Orthodox church at 12 Lensoveta Street, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was built by the Russian court architect Yury Felten in 1780, at the direction of Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia. A memorial church,[2] it was erected adjacent to the Chesme Palace (Russian: Чесменский дворец: damaged during the Siege of Leningrad and restored in 1946) between Saint Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo to commemorate the anniversary of Russia's 1770 victory over Turkish forces in Chesme Bay (Turkish: Çeşme) in the Aegean Sea during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.The church and Chesme Palace were the earliest Neo-Gothic constructions in the St Petersburg area.[3] Considered by some to be St Petersburg's single most impressive church,[4] it is a rare example of very early Gothic Revival influence in Russian church architecture.[5][6][7][8]","title":"Chesme Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chesme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chesme"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B01987-8"}],"text":"The church was named \"The Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist\" as it was consecrated on the birthday of John the Baptist. As it was built to honour the Battle of Chesme which the Russians won in 1770, the church is also popularly known as the \"Chesme Church\".[6][8]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-church-5"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Moskovsky Prospekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovsky_Prospekt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardBelinsky2007-2"},{"link_name":"Park Pobedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Pobedy_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Moskovskaya metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzLyonZinovieff2003-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-10"},{"link_name":"Summer Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Palace"},{"link_name":"Tsarskoye Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"}],"text":"The church is located in Red Village, which was a country estate of the Sergey Poltoratski family, friends of Alexander Pushkin.[5] It is situated in an area that was known as Kekerekeksinen (Finnish: frog swamp) which is now in a housing area known as Moskovsky Prospekt,[2] approximately halfway between Park Pobedy and the Moskovskaya metro station.[9] While the church was built at a very ordinary location in 1770, over the centuries, it became part of the city of Saint Petersburg.[6][10] Located between St. Petersburg and the Summer Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, it served as a traveler's resting place.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustav III of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HermitageMuseum2006-3"},{"link_name":"Empress Catherine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Catherine_II"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masters2005-7"},{"link_name":"Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HermitageMuseum2006-3"},{"link_name":"Order of St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icon-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesme_Church_in_Saint_Petersburg,_interior_nowadays.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Central Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns#Use_as_the_Central_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nativity-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-10"}],"text":"In 1777, King Gustav III of Sweden attended the laying of the church's foundation.[3] The church was built between 1777 and 1780. It is a memorial church to honour the 1770 Russian victory at the Battle of Chesme. Empress Catherine II chose the site as it was here that she got the news of the Russian victory over the Turks.[7] Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor was present at the church's consecration.[3]The knights of the Order of St. George were also in possession of the church at some point when it was given the third name, \"St. George’s Church\".[11]Chesme Church in Saint Petersburg, interior nowadays (2014)The church and the Chesme Palace became a labour camp when the Soviet government occupied it.[12] In 1923, the church was closed and used as a storehouse. Between 1941 and 1945, the church suffered damages during the \"Great Patriotic War\". During the Second World War, the Institute of Aviation Technology took possession of the Church and the Chesme Palace. During 1970–75, it was fully restored under the supervision of the architects M.I. Tolstov and A.P. Kulikov. In 1977, the church became a museum of the Battle of Chesme (with artifacts from the Central Naval Museum). Religious control was restored to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1991, and regular church services have been held at the church since then.[1][6][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesme_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"cornices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"fascias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masters2005-7"},{"link_name":"Yury Felten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Felten"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anglomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglomania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brumfield1997-13"},{"link_name":"crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayden2005-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"quatrefoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrefoil"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-10"},{"link_name":"Finials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finial"},{"link_name":"spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire"},{"link_name":"lancet windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_windows"},{"link_name":"motifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"Moscow baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brumfield1997-13"},{"link_name":"Rose window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_window"},{"link_name":"onion domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_dome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-church-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-10"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icon-11"},{"link_name":"Christ’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masters2005-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contemporary_review-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-6"},{"link_name":"Stowe House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_House"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayden2005-14"}],"text":"Close architectural view of the Chesme ChurchThe church, built in Gothic Revival style faces southwest. Painted pink and white, the church appears like a \"candy cone, with long, vertical white stripes (embossed vertical string cornices drawn together with figured horizontal fascias) giving the impression that it’s rising straight up from the earth like a mirage and shooting upwards\".[6][7] The church was built by Yury Felten who was the court architect to Catherine the Great.[citation needed]The inspiration for adopting the pseudo-Gothic style of architecture was a symbol of \"the exoticism of the Turkish architecture but also reflected the Anglomania that significantly influenced the design of Catherine’s palaces and the parks surrounding them\". While the Chesme Palace was built on these lines, the Church of John the Baptist was also built in a similar style. This style introduced during Catherine's time came in vogue in Russia in the subsequent centuries as well.[13] It is also said that the choice of the Gothic Revival architecture style was indicative of \"triumph for ancient northern virtues in the spirit of the crusaders\".[14]The church was built with brick and white stone.[6] It has a \"quatrefoil\" layout in the form of four semi cylinders with barrel vaults.[10] Finials, spires and lancet windows were built over it, and the edifice emerged as a fusion of Gothic and neo-Gothic motifs. The quatrefoil design was common in the late 17th century in many private estate churches and the style was known as the \"Moscow baroque\". During the 18th century, its adoption during Catherine's reign was considered an experimentation reflecting \"the increasing secularization of the upper nobility\".[13] The entrance to the church has a neo-Gothic Rose window and a round window above it. The entrance portal has sculptures of angels. The main tower and four small towers have small domes, which are replacements of the traditional onion domes commonly seen in Russia. The walls are striped and crenellated. The impressive relief design on the top of the walls is also in the form of crenellated parapet with pinnacles.[5][6][10] There is also a 100 kilograms (220 lb) bell in one of the towers. It also has lancet windows and doorways. The interior, which originally had Italian icons, was destroyed in a fire in 1930. However, it was restored when the church was refurbished.[11] Inside the church, there are many iconic paintings and one particular painting of interest is that of Christ’s arrival in Nazareth.[7] When it was a naval museum, there was a vivid painting, in rich colours, depicting the sea battle and Russian victory over the Turks, in place of the \"Christ the saviour in the iconostasis-less altar apse\".[15] Nothing remains of the original interiors.[6]The exterior views of the church are impressive. The lanterns on the roof are stated to be similar to those seen on the Gothic temple at Stowe House.[14]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesmenskoe_War_Veterans%27_Cemetery_%26_Chesme_Church_in_Saint_Petersburg.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesme_Palace_opposite_Chesme_Church_-_under_reconstruction_(2015).JPG"},{"link_name":"Siege of Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masters2005-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardBelinsky2007-2"}],"text":"Chesmenskoe War Veterans' Cemetery & Chesme Church in Saint PetersburgChesme Palace opposite Chesme Church - under reconstruction (2015)The church precincts have been used as a resting place for war heroes since the time of its consecration and during the Siege of Leningrad. The cemetery is known as the \"Chesmenskoe War Veterans' Cemetery\",[7][10] and contains unnamed graves dated 1812–1944 of those who died in Russian wars.[2]","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rasputin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzLyonZinovieff2003-9"}],"text":"The coffin of Rasputin rested in Chesme Church before his burial at Tsarskoye Selo in 1916.[9]","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Chesme Church in Saint Petersburg, interior nowadays (2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chesme_Church_in_Saint_Petersburg%2C_interior_nowadays.jpg/220px-Chesme_Church_in_Saint_Petersburg%2C_interior_nowadays.jpg"},{"image_text":"Close architectural view of the Chesme Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chesme_Church.jpg/220px-Chesme_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chesmenskoe War Veterans' Cemetery & Chesme Church in Saint Petersburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chesmenskoe_War_Veterans%27_Cemetery_%26_Chesme_Church_in_Saint_Petersburg.JPG/220px-Chesmenskoe_War_Veterans%27_Cemetery_%26_Chesme_Church_in_Saint_Petersburg.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chesme Palace opposite Chesme Church - under reconstruction (2015)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Chesme_Palace_opposite_Chesme_Church_-_under_reconstruction_%282015%29.JPG/220px-Chesme_Palace_opposite_Chesme_Church_-_under_reconstruction_%282015%29.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chesme Church\". St Petersburg Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encspb.ru/en/article.php?kod=2804010449","url_text":"\"Chesme Church\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Jeremy; Belinsky, Yuri (20 March 2007). National Geographic traveler: St. Petersburg. National Geographic Books. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4262-0050-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GrNw7KZmgzcC&pg=PT176","url_text":"National Geographic traveler: St. Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0050-2","url_text":"978-1-4262-0050-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The later history of the Green Frog Service\". State Hermitage Museum. 2006. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005195601/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/12/2005/hm12_2_14_2.html","url_text":"\"The later history of the Green Frog Service\""},{"url":"http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/12/2005/hm12_2_14_2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vorhees, Mara (2008). St. Petersburg. Lonely Planet. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-74059-827-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MYVCQYIJafsC&pg=PA55","url_text":"St. Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-827-9","url_text":"978-1-74059-827-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Village of Red. Transfiguration Church\". narod.ru. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://sobory.narod.ru/tver/staritsa/00013_krasnoe_preobr.htm","url_text":"\"Village of Red. Transfiguration Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist (Chesme Church)\". Saint-petersburg.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saint-petersburg.com/churches/church-birth-saint-john-baptist-chesme.asp","url_text":"\"Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist (Chesme Church)\""}]},{"reference":"Masters, Tom (April 2005). St Petersburg. Lonely Planet. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-74104-169-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M5Ev_eOJUYYC&pg=PA119","url_text":"St Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-169-9","url_text":"978-1-74104-169-9"}]},{"reference":"Успенский, Л. В.; Лужина, И. А.; Гордейчук, И. В. (1987). Ленинград. Avrora. ISBN 9785730000940. Retrieved 6 February 2011. The Chesme Church, built in 1777— 80 by Yury Felten, is one of the few pseudo-Gothic structures in Leningrad architecture. Its name comes from the great naval victory of 1770 over the Turks in the Aegean at Chesme.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HaxBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Ленинград"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785730000940","url_text":"9785730000940"}]},{"reference":"FitzLyon, Kyril; Zinovieff, Kyril; Hughes, Jenny (2003). The companion guide to St Petersburg. Companion Guides. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-1-900639-40-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u8D75IzFL4YC&pg=PA281","url_text":"The companion guide to St Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900639-40-8","url_text":"978-1-900639-40-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Chekushi\". Chesme Church. St Petersburg Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encspb.ru/en/alfarticle.php?pg=4&letter=C","url_text":"\"Chekushi\""}]},{"reference":"\"La chiesa: Chesmenskaja\". Intours.com. Retrieved 7 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://intoursspb.ru/index.php/it/templi/106-chesme-curch","url_text":"\"La chiesa: Chesmenskaja\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist (Chesme Church), St. Petersburg, Russia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saint-petersburg.com/churches/church-birth-saint-john-baptist-chesme/","url_text":"\"Church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist (Chesme Church), St. Petersburg, Russia\""}]},{"reference":"Brumfield, William Craft (1997). Landmarks of Russian architecture: a photographic survey. Gordon and Breach. p. 171. ISBN 978-90-5699-536-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zXex6iIh2y4C&pg=PA171","url_text":"Landmarks of Russian architecture: a photographic survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5699-536-2","url_text":"978-90-5699-536-2"}]},{"reference":"Hayden, Peter (2005). Russian parks and gardens. frances lincoln ltd. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7112-2430-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nRaWLp7FGroC&pg=PA85","url_text":"Russian parks and gardens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2430-8","url_text":"978-0-7112-2430-8"}]},{"reference":"Contemporary review. 1990. Retrieved 7 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sRKxAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Contemporary review"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chesme_Church&params=59_51_24_N_30_19_51_E_region:LT_type:landmark","external_links_name":"59°51′24″N 30°19′51″E / 59.85667°N 30.33083°E / 59.85667; 30.33083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chesme_Church&params=59_51_24_N_30_19_51_E_region:LT_type:landmark","external_links_name":"59°51′24″N 30°19′51″E / 59.85667°N 30.33083°E / 59.85667; 30.33083"},{"Link":"http://www.encspb.ru/en/article.php?kod=2804010449","external_links_name":"\"Chesme Church\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GrNw7KZmgzcC&pg=PT176","external_links_name":"National Geographic traveler: St. Petersburg"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005195601/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/12/2005/hm12_2_14_2.html","external_links_name":"\"The later history of the Green Frog Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/12/2005/hm12_2_14_2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MYVCQYIJafsC&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"St. Petersburg"},{"Link":"http://sobory.narod.ru/tver/staritsa/00013_krasnoe_preobr.htm","external_links_name":"\"Village of Red. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirasses	Cuirass	["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Japanese cuirass","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]	Type of armour that covers the torso This article is about a type of armour. For details of cavalry wearing cuirasses, see cuirassier. For information about cuirass ventilation, see Iron lung. Cuirass worn by a Carabinier-à-Cheval A cuirass (/kwɪˈræs, kjʊəˈræs/; French: cuirasse, Latin: coriaceus) is a piece of armour that covers the torso, formed of one or more pieces of metal or other rigid material. The word probably originates from the original material, leather, from the French cuirace and Latin word coriacea. The use of the term "cuirass" generally refers to both the breastplate and the backplate pieces; whereas a breastplate only protects the front, a cuirass protects both the front and the back of the wearer. Description An Ancient Greek bronze cuirass, dated between 620 and 580 BC In Hellenistic and Roman times, the musculature of the male torso was idealized in the form of the muscle cuirass or "heroic cuirass" (in French the cuirasse esthétique) sometimes further embellished with symbolic representation in relief, familiar in the Augustus of Prima Porta and other heroic representations in official Roman sculpture. As parts of the actual military equipment of classical antiquity, cuirasses and corsets of bronze, iron, or some other rigid substance were used. Secondary protection for the breast was worn in earlier times by men-at-arms in addition to mail hauberks and reinforced coats. It was not until the 14th century that the plate armour became an established part of medieval armour. History Indian steel cuirass, 17th to 18th century The Roman emperor Galba donned a cuirass just before he went to his death. Suetonius records in 12 Caesars that, "As was offering sacrifice on the morning before he was killed, a soothsayer warned him again and again to look out for danger, since assassins were not far off. Not long after this he learned that Otho held possession of the camp, and when several advised him to proceed thither as soon as possible – for they said that he could win the day by his presence and prestige – he decided to do no more than hold his present position and strengthen it by getting together a guard of the legionaries, who were encamped in many different quarters of the city. He did however put on a linen cuirass, though he openly declared that it would afford little protection against so many swords." The latter portion of the 14th century saw the cuirass gradually come into general use in connection with plate armour for the limbs until, at the close of the century, mail was phased out among the nobles (e.g., knights) except in the camail of the bascinet and at the edge of the hauberk. The cuirass was almost universally worn throughout its lifespan as a form of armour. The globule form of the breast-armour of the Black Prince, in his effigy in Canterbury Cathedral, 1376, intimates that a cuirass (as well as a hauberk) is to be considered to have been covered by the royalty-emblazoned jupon (surcoat) of the Prince. Historical cuirass, contrary to many modern reproductions, did not rest on the hips. Historical cuirass usually stopped somewhere around the midriff or navel in order to allow a sufficient range of movement to the wearer. A cuirass ending at the waist would severely limit the ability of the wearer to lean forward, backward, or sideways. Thus, to protect the rest of the torso, mail, or fauld were used, depending on the time period. M1872 helmet and M1855 cuirass worn by the French cuirassiers Early in the 15th century, plate armour, including the cuirass, began to be worn without any surcoat; but in the concluding quarter of the century the short surcoat, with full short sleeves, known as a "tabard", was in general use over the armour. While the surcoat was being phased out, small plates of various forms and sizes (and not always made in pairs, i.e., the plate for the sword-arm often being smaller and lighter than the one for the off-hand) were attached to the armour in front of the shoulders, to defend the otherwise vulnerable points where the plate defenses left a gap. About the middle of the 15th century, the breastplate of the cuirass was made in two parts; the lower adjusted to overlap the upper, held together with a strap or sliding rivet in order to add flexibility to the advantages plate armour had over mail. In the second half of the 15th century, the cuirass was occasionally superseded by the brigandine jacket, the medieval forerunner of the flak jacket. In essence, the brigandine jacket was constructed of metal plates sewn into a fabric jacket. The fabric was generally a rich material, and was lined throughout with overlapping scales of metal which were attached to the jacket by rivets, having their heads, like studs, visible on the outside. German helmet and frontal armoured plate for trench warfare, 1916 Around 1550, the breastplate piece of the cuirass was characterized by a vertical central ridge, called the tapul, having near its center a projecting point. Somewhat later, the tapul was moved lower on the breastplate. Eventually, the profile of the plate began to resemble a pea pod and, as such, was referred to as the peascod cuirass. During the English Civil War (1642–1651), only the wealthiest and physically strongest men could afford this type of armour. Corslets, provided with both the breast and back pieces, were worn by foot-soldiers in the 17th century, while their mounted comrades were equipped with heavier and stronger cuirasses. These defenses continued in use longer than any other single piece of armour. Their use never altogether ceased and in modern armies mounted cuirassiers, armed with breast and back plates as in the earlier days, have, to some degree, emulated the martial splendour of the body armour of the era of medieval chivalry. British, French, German, and Russian heavy cavalry wore cuirasses as part of their parade uniforms leading up to World War I. Although in the early part of the conflict, the French still wore their cuirasses into battle, for the most part they were covered with a cloth canvas for protection against the weather and to reduced enemy visibility, as well as their ornate neo-Roman style helmets. All other militaries have taken them out of combat use. Some years after the Battle of Waterloo (1815), certain historical cuirasses were taken from their repose in the Tower of London and adapted for ceremonial service by the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals of the British Army's Household Cavalry. For parade purposes, the Prussian Gardes du Corps and other corps wore cuirasses of richly decorated leather. The Pontifical Swiss Guard still wear cuirasses for swearing-in ceremonies, Christmas and Easter. Japanese cuirass Main article: Dō (armour) Japanese cuirass (dō) from the 17th century is made from individual large scales (hon iyozane) Cuirasses were manufactured in Japan as early as the 4th century. Tankō, worn by foot soldiers, and keikō, worn by horsemen, were both pre-samurai types of early Japanese cuirass constructed from iron plates connected by leather thongs. During the Heian period (794–1185), Japanese armourers started to use leather as a material and lacquer for weatherproofing. By the end of the Heian period, the Japanese cuirass had arrived at the shape recognized as part of iconic samurai armour. Scales of iron and leather, bound together by silk lace, were used to construct samurai armour. The introduction of firearms to Japan in 1543 resulted in the development of a cuirass constructed of solid iron plates. The use of the samurai cuirass lasted until the 1860s, when the national army using conventional uniforms and weapons was established. Samurai armour was last worn into battle during the Satsuma Rebellion (1877). See also Linothorax Mirror armour References ^ "cuirass". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ Charlotte R. Long, The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome (Brill, 1987), p. 184; Elfriede R. Knauer, "Knemides in the East. Some Observations on the Impact of Greek Body Armor on 'Barbarian' Tribes," in Nomodeiktes: Greek Studies in Honor of Martin Ostwald (University of Michigan Press, 1993), pp. 238–239. ^ Kenneth Clark remarks on this familiar convention in The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form 1956:67. ^ a b c d e f g h Chisholm 1911, p. 614. ^ Farris, William Wayne (3 June 1998). Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780824820305 – via Google Books. ^ Robinson, H. Russell (3 June 2017). Oriental armour: By H. Russell Robinson. Courier Corporation. p. 173. ISBN 9780486164472 – via Google Books. ^ Nagayama, Kōkan (3 June 1997). The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. Kodansha International. p. 43. ISBN 9784770020710 – via Google Books. ^ Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior, Clive Sinclaire, Globe Pequot, 2004, p. 58. Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuirasses. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cuirass". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614. vteComponents of medieval European armourHead Armet Barbute Bascinet Burgonet Cervelliere Enclosed helmet Close helmet Great helm Frog mouth Hounskull Lobster tail pot Mail coif Morion Nasal helmet Sallet Spangenhelm Kettle hat Face Visor Falling buffe Neck Aventail Bevor Gorget Pizaine Torso Breastplate Brigandine Cuirass Culet Pauncer Plackart Fauld Hauberk Codpiece Lance rest Coat of plates Jack of plate Arms Ailette Besagew Couter Gauntlet Pauldron Rerebrace Spaulder Vambrace Legs Bases Chausses Cuisses Greave Poleyn Sabaton Schynbald Tasset Pieces Gousset Lame Rondel Arming points Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cuirassier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"link_name":"Iron lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_lung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%A9ricault_-_Portrait_de_carabinier_-_Louvre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carabinier-à-Cheval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabiniers-%C3%A0-Cheval"},{"link_name":"/kwɪˈræs, kjʊəˈræs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour"},{"link_name":"torso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torso"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"cuirace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuirace#Old_French"},{"link_name":"coriacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coriacea#Latin"},{"link_name":"breastplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastplate"}],"text":"This article is about a type of armour. For details of cavalry wearing cuirasses, see cuirassier. For information about cuirass ventilation, see Iron lung.Cuirass worn by a Carabinier-à-ChevalA cuirass (/kwɪˈræs, kjʊəˈræs/;[1] French: cuirasse, Latin: coriaceus) is a piece of armour that covers the torso, formed of one or more pieces of metal or other rigid material. The word probably originates from the original material, leather, from the French cuirace and Latin word coriacea. The use of the term \"cuirass\" generally refers to both the breastplate and the backplate pieces; whereas a breastplate only protects the front, a cuirass protects both the front and the back of the wearer.","title":"Cuirass"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coraza_griega_arcaica_(M.A.N._Madrid)_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"torso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torso"},{"link_name":"muscle cuirass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_cuirass"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Augustus of Prima Porta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta"},{"link_name":"Roman sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_sculpture"},{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"men-at-arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men-at-arms"},{"link_name":"hauberks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauberk"},{"link_name":"plate armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_armour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"}],"text":"An Ancient Greek bronze cuirass, dated\tbetween 620 and 580 BCIn Hellenistic and Roman times, the musculature of the male torso was idealized in the form of the muscle cuirass[2] or \"heroic cuirass\" (in French the cuirasse esthétique)[3] sometimes further embellished with symbolic representation in relief, familiar in the Augustus of Prima Porta and other heroic representations in official Roman sculpture. As parts of the actual military equipment of classical antiquity, cuirasses and corsets of bronze, iron, or some other rigid substance were used. Secondary protection for the breast was worn in earlier times by men-at-arms in addition to mail hauberks and reinforced coats. It was not until the 14th century that the plate armour became an established part of medieval armour.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_steel_cuirass_17th_to_18th_century.JPG"},{"link_name":"Galba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galba"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_(armour)"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"camail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camail"},{"link_name":"bascinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascinet"},{"link_name":"hauberk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauberk"},{"link_name":"Black Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"jupon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"},{"link_name":"midriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen"},{"link_name":"navel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuirasse-1854-p1030165.jpg"},{"link_name":"cuirassiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"link_name":"surcoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surcoat"},{"link_name":"tabard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"},{"link_name":"breastplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastplate"},{"link_name":"brigandine jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandine"},{"link_name":"flak jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak_jacket"},{"link_name":"brigandine jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_helmet_and_frontal_armoured_plate_for_trench_warfare_1916.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Corslets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corslet"},{"link_name":"cuirassiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Life Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Guards_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Blues and Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_and_Royals"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"},{"link_name":"Prussian Gardes du Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Gardes_du_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911614-4"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Swiss Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guard"}],"text":"Indian steel cuirass, 17th to 18th centuryThe Roman emperor Galba donned a cuirass just before he went to his death. Suetonius records in 12 Caesars that, \"As [Galba] was offering sacrifice on the morning before he was killed, a soothsayer warned him again and again to look out for danger, since assassins were not far off. Not long after this he learned that Otho held possession of the camp, and when several advised him to proceed thither as soon as possible – for they said that he could win the day by his presence and prestige – he decided to do no more than hold his present position and strengthen it by getting together a guard of the legionaries, who were encamped in many different quarters of the city. He did however put on a linen cuirass, though he openly declared that it would afford little protection against so many swords.\"The latter portion of the 14th century saw the cuirass gradually come into general use in connection with plate armour for the limbs until, at the close of the century, mail was phased out among the nobles (e.g., knights) except in the camail of the bascinet and at the edge of the hauberk. The cuirass was almost universally worn throughout its lifespan as a form of armour. The globule form of the breast-armour of the Black Prince, in his effigy in Canterbury Cathedral, 1376, intimates that a cuirass (as well as a hauberk) is to be considered to have been covered by the royalty-emblazoned jupon (surcoat) of the Prince.[4]Historical cuirass, contrary to many modern reproductions, did not rest on the hips. Historical cuirass usually stopped somewhere around the midriff or navel in order to allow a sufficient range of movement to the wearer. [citation needed] A cuirass ending at the waist would severely limit the ability of the wearer to lean forward, backward, or sideways. Thus, to protect the rest of the torso, mail, or fauld were used, depending on the time period.M1872 helmet and M1855 cuirass worn by the French cuirassiersEarly in the 15th century, plate armour, including the cuirass, began to be worn without any surcoat; but in the concluding quarter of the century the short surcoat, with full short sleeves, known as a \"tabard\", was in general use over the armour. While the surcoat was being phased out, small plates of various forms and sizes (and not always made in pairs, i.e., the plate for the sword-arm often being smaller and lighter than the one for the off-hand) were attached to the armour in front of the shoulders, to defend the otherwise vulnerable points where the plate defenses left a gap.[4]About the middle of the 15th century, the breastplate of the cuirass was made in two parts; the lower adjusted to overlap the upper, held together with a strap or sliding rivet in order to add flexibility to the advantages plate armour had over mail. In the second half of the 15th century, the cuirass was occasionally superseded by the brigandine jacket, the medieval forerunner of the flak jacket. In essence, the brigandine jacket was constructed of metal plates sewn into a fabric jacket. The fabric was generally a rich material, and was lined throughout with overlapping scales of metal which were attached to the jacket by rivets, having their heads, like studs, visible on the outside.[4]German helmet and frontal armoured plate for trench warfare, 1916Around 1550, the breastplate piece of the cuirass was characterized by a vertical central ridge, called the tapul, having near its center a projecting point. Somewhat later, the tapul was moved lower on the breastplate. Eventually, the profile of the plate began to resemble a pea pod and, as such, was referred to as the peascod cuirass.[4] During the English Civil War (1642–1651), only the wealthiest and physically strongest men could afford this type of armour.Corslets, provided with both the breast and back pieces, were worn by foot-soldiers in the 17th century, while their mounted comrades were equipped with heavier and stronger cuirasses. These defenses continued in use longer than any other single piece of armour. Their use never altogether ceased and in modern armies mounted cuirassiers, armed with breast and back plates as in the earlier days, have, to some degree, emulated the martial splendour of the body armour of the era of medieval chivalry.[4]British, French, German, and Russian heavy cavalry wore cuirasses as part of their parade uniforms leading up to World War I. Although in the early part of the conflict, the French still wore their cuirasses into battle, for the most part they were covered with a cloth canvas for protection against the weather and to reduced enemy visibility, as well as their ornate neo-Roman style helmets. All other militaries have taken them out of combat use.Some years after the Battle of Waterloo (1815), certain historical cuirasses were taken from their repose in the Tower of London and adapted for ceremonial service by the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals of the British Army's Household Cavalry.[4]For parade purposes, the Prussian Gardes du Corps and other corps wore cuirasses of richly decorated leather.[4] The Pontifical Swiss Guard still wear cuirasses for swearing-in ceremonies, Christmas and Easter.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iyozane_dou_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Satsuma Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Japanese cuirass","text":"Japanese cuirass (dō) from the 17th century is made from individual large scales (hon iyozane)Cuirasses were manufactured in Japan as early as the 4th century.[5] Tankō, worn by foot soldiers, and keikō, worn by horsemen, were both pre-samurai types of early Japanese cuirass constructed from iron plates connected by leather thongs. During the Heian period (794–1185), Japanese armourers started to use leather as a material and lacquer for weatherproofing.By the end of the Heian period, the Japanese cuirass had arrived at the shape recognized as part of iconic samurai armour. Scales of iron and leather, bound together by silk lace, were used to construct samurai armour.[6] The introduction of firearms to Japan in 1543 resulted in the development of a cuirass constructed of solid iron plates. The use of the samurai cuirass lasted until the 1860s, when the national army using conventional uniforms and weapons was established.[7] Samurai armour was last worn into battle during the Satsuma Rebellion (1877).[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuirasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuirasses"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Cuirass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cuirass"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medieval_armor_components"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_armor_components"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_armor_components"},{"link_name":"Components of medieval European armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Components_of_medieval_armour"},{"link_name":"Armet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armet"},{"link_name":"Barbute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbute"},{"link_name":"Bascinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascinet"},{"link_name":"Burgonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgonet"},{"link_name":"Cervelliere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervelliere"},{"link_name":"Enclosed helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosed_helmet"},{"link_name":"Close helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_helmet"},{"link_name":"Great helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_helm"},{"link_name":"Frog mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_mouth_(helm)"},{"link_name":"Hounskull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounskull"},{"link_name":"Lobster tail pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capeline"},{"link_name":"Mail coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_coif"},{"link_name":"Morion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morion_(helmet)"},{"link_name":"Nasal helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_helmet"},{"link_name":"Sallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallet"},{"link_name":"Spangenhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spangenhelm"},{"link_name":"Kettle hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettle_hat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visor_(armor)"},{"link_name":"Falling buffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_buffe"},{"link_name":"Aventail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventail"},{"link_name":"Bevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevor"},{"link_name":"Gorget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorget"},{"link_name":"Pizaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(mail_collar)"},{"link_name":"Breastplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastplate"},{"link_name":"Brigandine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandine"},{"link_name":"Cuirass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Culet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culet_(armour)"},{"link_name":"Pauncer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastplate"},{"link_name":"Plackart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plackart"},{"link_name":"Fauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulds_(armour)"},{"link_name":"Hauberk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauberk"},{"link_name":"Codpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codpiece"},{"link_name":"Lance rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_rest"},{"link_name":"Coat of plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_plates"},{"link_name":"Jack of plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_of_plate"},{"link_name":"Ailette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailette"},{"link_name":"Besagew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besagew"},{"link_name":"Couter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couter"},{"link_name":"Gauntlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauntlet_(glove)"},{"link_name":"Pauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauldron"},{"link_name":"Rerebrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerebrace"},{"link_name":"Spaulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaulder"},{"link_name":"Vambrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vambrace"},{"link_name":"Bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bases_(fashion)"},{"link_name":"Chausses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausses"},{"link_name":"Cuisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisses"},{"link_name":"Greave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greave"},{"link_name":"Poleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleyn"},{"link_name":"Sabaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaton"},{"link_name":"Schynbald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schynbalds"},{"link_name":"Tasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassets"},{"link_name":"Gousset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gousset"},{"link_name":"Lame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_(armor)"},{"link_name":"Rondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondel_(armour)"},{"link_name":"Arming points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arming_point"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182731#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547182305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003004803"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuirasses.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Cuirass\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614.vteComponents of medieval European armourHead\nArmet\nBarbute\nBascinet\nBurgonet\nCervelliere\nEnclosed helmet\nClose helmet\nGreat helm\nFrog mouth\nHounskull\nLobster tail pot\nMail coif\nMorion\nNasal helmet\nSallet\nSpangenhelm\nKettle hat\nFace\nVisor\nFalling buffe\nNeck\nAventail\nBevor\nGorget\nPizaine\nTorso\nBreastplate\nBrigandine\nCuirass\nCulet\nPauncer\nPlackart\nFauld\nHauberk\nCodpiece\nLance rest\nCoat of plates\nJack of plate\nArms\nAilette\nBesagew\nCouter\nGauntlet\nPauldron\nRerebrace\nSpaulder\nVambrace\nLegs\nBases\nChausses\nCuisses\nGreave\nPoleyn\nSabaton\nSchynbald\nTasset\nPieces\nGousset\nLame\nRondel\nArming pointsAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Cuirass worn by a Carabinier-à-Cheval","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/G%C3%A9ricault_-_Portrait_de_carabinier_-_Louvre.jpg/220px-G%C3%A9ricault_-_Portrait_de_carabinier_-_Louvre.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Ancient Greek bronze cuirass, dated\tbetween 620 and 580 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coraza_griega_arcaica_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg/220px-Coraza_griega_arcaica_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian steel cuirass, 17th to 18th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indian_steel_cuirass_17th_to_18th_century.JPG/170px-Indian_steel_cuirass_17th_to_18th_century.JPG"},{"image_text":"M1872 helmet and M1855 cuirass worn by the French cuirassiers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cuirasse-1854-p1030165.jpg/170px-Cuirasse-1854-p1030165.jpg"},{"image_text":"German helmet and frontal armoured plate for trench warfare, 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/German_helmet_and_frontal_armoured_plate_for_trench_warfare_1916.jpg/170px-German_helmet_and_frontal_armoured_plate_for_trench_warfare_1916.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese cuirass (dō) from the 17th century is made from individual large scales (hon iyozane)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Iyozane_dou_2.JPG/220px-Iyozane_dou_2.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Linothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linothorax"},{"title":"Mirror armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_armour"}]	[{"reference":"\"cuirass\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=cuirass","url_text":"\"cuirass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Farris, William Wayne (3 June 1998). Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780824820305 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dCNioYQ1HfsC&q=japanese+cuirass&pg=PA75","url_text":"Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824820305","url_text":"9780824820305"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, H. Russell (3 June 2017). Oriental armour: By H. Russell Robinson. Courier Corporation. p. 173. ISBN 9780486164472 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh-to448NTEC&q=japanese+cuirass&pg=PA173","url_text":"Oriental armour: By H. Russell Robinson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486164472","url_text":"9780486164472"}]},{"reference":"Nagayama, Kōkan (3 June 1997). The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. Kodansha International. p. 43. ISBN 9784770020710 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&q=meiji+sword+ban&pg=PA43","url_text":"The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784770020710","url_text":"9784770020710"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Cuirass\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cuirass","url_text":"Cuirass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=cuirass","external_links_name":"\"cuirass\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dCNioYQ1HfsC&q=japanese+cuirass&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh-to448NTEC&q=japanese+cuirass&pg=PA173","external_links_name":"Oriental armour: By H. Russell Robinson"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&q=meiji+sword+ban&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&dq=last+use+of+samurai+armour&pg=PA58","external_links_name":"Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior, Clive Sinclaire, Globe Pequot, 2004, p. 58"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547182305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003004803","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survili%C5%A1kis	Surviliškis	["1 History","2 Demography","3 Images","4 References"]	Coordinates: 55°27′0″N 24°02′10″E / 55.45000°N 24.03611°E / 55.45000; 24.03611Town in Aukštaitija, LithuaniaSurviliškisTown Coat of armsSurviliškisLocation in LithuaniaShow map of Kėdainiai District MunicipalitySurviliškisSurviliškis (Lithuania)Show map of LithuaniaCoordinates: 55°27′0″N 24°02′10″E / 55.45000°N 24.03611°E / 55.45000; 24.03611Country LithuaniaEthnographic regionAukštaitijaCounty Kaunas CountyMunicipalityKėdainiai District MunicipalityEldershipSurviliškis EldershipFirst mentioned1500Population (2011) • Total351Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Surviliškis is a small town in Kaunas County in central Lithuania, 18 km from Kėdainiai, on the right bank of the Nevėžis river. In 2011 it had a population of 351. There are wooden Catholic church of Jesus (built in 1791), wooden chapel in cemetery (built in 1800), wooden cross of local crossmaking master Vincas Svirskis, wayside chapel of St. Mary, school, library, medicine station. The regional road Kėdainiai-Krekenava-Panevėžys runs through the town. History The toponym Surviliškis comes from personal name Survila or Survilas. Surviliškis Manor was first mentioned in 1500. The first church was built in 1505 and till the 19th century Surviliškis was a property of the Samogitian bishop. Surviliškis has been known as a town since 1587. Surviliškis Manor was parcelled in 1929. During the Soviet era, it was a selsovet center and "Švyturys" ('lighthouse') kolkhoz center. Demography Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1868250— 1902300+0.54%1923427+1.70%1959233−1.67%1970265+1.18%1979357+3.37%YearPop.±% p.a.1982360+0.28%1987377+0.93%1989364−1.74%2001376+0.27%2011351−0.69%Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 Images St. Mary wayside chapel Church Footbridge over Nevėžis Cemetery chapel References ^ "2011 census". Statistikos Departamentas (Lithuania). Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "Surviliškis". vle.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 7 April 2020. vteSurviliškis EldershipTowns Surviliškis Villages Bakainiai Bališkiai Berželė Čireliai Daškoniai Dembnė Gojus Jogniškiai Kalnaberžė Kaukalniai Kutiškiai Lažai Lomeikiškiai Mociūnai Močėnai Pakruostė Pakruostėlė Sirutiškis Spigučiai Sūriškiai Surviliškis Urbeliai Užupė Vaidatoniai Vitėnai Žirnenka vteKaunas CountyMunicipalities Birštonas Jonava Kaišiadorys Kaunas (city) Kaunas (district) Kėdainiai Prienai Raseiniai Cities Ariogala Birštonas Ežerėlis Garliava Jieznas Jonava Kaišiadorys Kaunas Kėdainiai Prienai Raseiniai Vilkija Žiežmariai Towns Akademija, Kaunas Akademija, Kėdainiai Babtai Balbieriškis Betygala Čekiškė Dotnuva Girkalnis Gudžiūnai Josvainiai Kačerginė Karmėlava Krakės Kruonis Kulautuva Lapės Lyduvėnai Nemakščiai Pagiriai Pakuonis Panoteriai Pernarava Rukla Rumšiškės Šėta Šiluva Surviliškis Truskava Vandžiogala Veiveriai Viduklė Žaiginys Zapyškis Žasliai Žeimiai VillagesVillages (click "Show" to display) Aklasis Ežeras Akliai Aušra Ąžuolaičiai Baltromiškė Barborlaukis Bartkūniškiai Bartoniai Batėgala Bazilioniai Beržai Berželė Bogušiškiai Bokštai Bukonys Čičinai Darsūniškis Daukšiai Domeikava Dotnuvos Geležinkelio Stotis Dumsiai Gaižiūnai Gudžioniai Gulbiniškiai Gureliai Išorai Jaugeliškiai Juškonys Kalnujai Kėboniai Keleriškiai Konceptas Kropilai Kuigaliai Kulva Liepiai Lipliūnai Lokėnėliai Mantviliškis Mantviloniai Milagainiai Mimainiai Mištautai Molavėnai Novočėbė Paliepiai Pasmilgys Pasoda Petrašiūnai Pikeliai Pilioniai Pociūnai Pravieniškės Ragožiai Raudondvaris Rimkai Ručiūnai Ruminiai Ruoščiai Šatijai Šeteniai Šilai Siponiai Šlapaberžė Stakliškės Stasiūnai Šveicarija Šventybrastis Šventoniškis Tubiai Upninkai Užusaliai Vaivadiškiai Varėnai Vazgaikiemis Voškoniai This Kaunas County, Lithuania location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaunas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_County"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kėdainiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97dainiai"},{"link_name":"Nevėžis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev%C4%97%C5%BEis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vincas Svirskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincas_Svirskis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tabliczka_DW195.svg"},{"link_name":"Kėdainiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97dainiai"},{"link_name":"Krekenava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krekenava"},{"link_name":"Panevėžys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys"}],"text":"Town in Aukštaitija, LithuaniaSurviliškis is a small town in Kaunas County in central Lithuania, 18 km from Kėdainiai, on the right bank of the Nevėžis river. In 2011 it had a population of 351.[1] There are wooden Catholic church of Jesus (built in 1791), wooden chapel in cemetery (built in 1800), wooden cross of local crossmaking master Vincas Svirskis, wayside chapel of St. Mary, school, library, medicine station. The regional road Kėdainiai-Krekenava-Panevėžys runs through the town.","title":"Surviliškis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samogitian bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Kaunas"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"selsovet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsovet"},{"link_name":"kolkhoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkhoz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The toponym Surviliškis comes from personal name Survila or Survilas.Surviliškis Manor was first mentioned in 1500. The first church was built in 1505 and till the 19th century Surviliškis was a property of the Samogitian bishop. Surviliškis has been known as a town since 1587. Surviliškis Manor was parcelled in 1929. During the Soviet era, it was a selsovet center and \"Švyturys\" ('lighthouse') kolkhoz center.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marijos_koplyt%C4%97l%C4%97_Survili%C5%A1kyje.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurviliskisChurch001.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survili%C5%A1kis,_tiltas_per_Nev%C4%97%C5%BE%C4%AF.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survili%C5%A1kis,_koply%C4%8Dia.JPG"}],"text":"St. Mary wayside chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFootbridge over Nevėžis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCemetery chapel","title":"Images"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2011 census\". Statistikos Departamentas (Lithuania). Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://statistics.bookdesign.lt/table_125_01.htm?lang=en","url_text":"\"2011 census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surviliškis\". vle.lt (in Lithuanian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Atlantic_Championship	1991 Atlantic Championship	["1 Races","2 Final driver standings (Top 12)","3 See also","4 External links"]	1991 Toyota Atlantic Championship seasonSCCA Toyota Atlantic ChampionshipSeasonRaces13Start dateApril 14thEnd dateOctober 20thAwardsDrivers' champion Jovy Marcelo← 19901992 → The 1991 Toyota Atlantic Championship season was contested over 13 rounds. There were also two non-championship events at Race City Speedway in Calgary. The SCCA Toyota Atlantic Championship Drivers' Champion was Jovy Marcelo. Races Rnd Race Name Circuit City/Location Date Pole position Winning driver 1 1991 Long Beach Streets of Long Beach Long Beach, California April 14 Jimmy Vasser Jimmy Vasser 2 1991 Phoenix Phoenix International Raceway Phoenix, Arizona April 20 Jamie Galles John Tanner 3 1991 Lime Rock Lime Rock Park Lakeville, Connecticut May 27 Jimmy Vasser Jovy Marcelo 4 1991 Montréal Circuit Gilles Villeneuve Montreal, Quebec June 2 Jimmy Vasser Jimmy Vasser 5 1991 Watkins Glen Watkins Glen International Watkins Glen, New York June 29 Jovy Marcelo Jimmy Vasser 6 1991 Des Moines Des Moines Street Circuit Des Moines, Iowa July 14 Jimmy Vasser Jimmy Vasser 7 1991 Toronto Exhibition Place Toronto, Ontario July 21 Jimmy Vasser Stuart Crow NC 1991 Calgary 1 Race City Speedway Calgary, Alberta August 4 Trevor Seibert Trevor Seibert NC 1991 Calgary 2 August 5 Trevor Seibert Trevor Seibert 8 1991 Trois-Rivières Circuit Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières, Quebec August 18 Claude Bourbonnais Jacques Villeneuve Sr. 9 1991 Vancouver Streets of Vancouver Vancouver, British Columbia September 1 Trevor Seibert Stéphane Proulx 10 1991 Mid-Ohio Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course Lexington, Ohio September 14 Jimmy Vasser Jimmy Vasser 11 1991 Nazareth Nazareth Speedway Nazareth, Pennsylvania October 6 Steve O'Hara Jovy Marcelo 12 1991 Laguna Seca 1 Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca Monterey, California October 19 Jimmy Vasser John Tanner 13 1991 Laguna Seca 2 October 20 Jimmy Vasser Jimmy Vasser Oval/Speedway Road Course/Street Circuit Non-championship race Final driver standings (Top 12) Pos Driver Pts 1 Jovy Marcelo 157 2 Jimmy Vasser 153 3 John Tanner 113 4 Stuart Crow 103 5 Charlie Nearburg 89 6 Chris Smith 81 7 Steve O'Hara 80 8 Bert Hart 77 9 Jamie Galles 76 10 Freddy Rhemrev 58 11 Jon Miranda 52 12 Stéphane Proulx 52 See also 1991 IndyCar season 1991 Indy Lights season External links ChampCarStats.com vteFormula Atlantic / Champ Car Atlantic / Atlantic Championship Series 1974 1975 1976 IMSA / CASC 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 West / East 1986 West / East 1987 West / East 1988 West / East 1989 West / East 1990 West / East 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota Atlantic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Jovy Marcelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovy_Marcelo"}],"text":"The 1991 Toyota Atlantic Championship season was contested over 13 rounds. There were also two non-championship events at Race City Speedway in Calgary. The SCCA Toyota Atlantic Championship Drivers' Champion was Jovy Marcelo.","title":"1991 Atlantic Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Oval/SpeedwayRoad Course/Street CircuitNon-championship race","title":"Races"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final driver standings (Top 12)"}]	[]	[{"title":"1991 IndyCar season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_IndyCar_season"},{"title":"1991 Indy Lights season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Indy_Lights_season"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.champcarstats.com/atlantic/year/1991.htm","external_links_name":"ChampCarStats.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Morlock	Jocelyn Morlock	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Style","4 Death","5 Selected works","6 Discography","7 Awards and nominations","7.1 JUNO Awards","7.2 Western Canadian Music Awards","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Canadian musical artist (1969–2023) Jocelyn MorlockBackground informationBorn(1969-12-14)14 December 1969Saint Boniface, Manitoba, CanadaDied27 March 2023(2023-03-27) (aged 53)Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaGenresClassical, contemporary classical, post-modern classicalOccupation(s)ComposerYears active1996–2023Websitehttps://jocelynmorlock.com/Musical artist Jocelyn Morlock (14 December 1969 – 27 March 2023) was a Canadian composer and music educator based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Her piece My Name is Amanda Todd won the 2018 Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year. Early life and education Morlock was born in Saint Boniface, Manitoba on 14 December 1969. She studied piano with Robert Richardson, Sr. and completed a Bachelor of Music in piano performance at Brandon University (B.Mus. 1994), where her teachers included Gerhard Ginader (electroacoustic music) and T. Patrick Carrabré (composition). She received both a master's degree and a Doctorate of Musical Arts from the University of British Columbia (M.Mus. 1996, DMA 2002) where her composition teachers included Stephen Chatman, Keith Hamel, and the late Russian-Canadian composer Nikolai Korndorf. Career Jocelyn Morlock was Composer-in-Residence with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra (2014-2019), after completing her term (2012-2014) as inaugural Composer-in-Residence for Vancouver's Music on Main, co-host of ISCM World New Music Days 2017. Morlock's international career was launched at the 1999 International Society for Contemporary Music's World Music Days with Romanian performances of her quartet Bird in the Tangled Sky, followed by Top 10 at the 2002 International Rostrum of Composers and Winner of the 2004 Canadian Music Centre Prairie Region Emerging Composers competition. Morlock wrote the imposed work for several music competitions including the 2008 Eckhardt-Gramatté National Music Competition (Involuntary Love Songs) and the 2005 Montreal International Music Competition, (Amore). She won the SOCAN Jan V. Matejcek New Classical Music Award in 2018. Morlock's piece My Name is Amanda Todd premiered on 19 May 2016. It is a reflection on the life of Canadian Amanda Todd. It was commissioned and premiered by the National Arts Centre Orchestra as part of the multimedia symphonic work Life Reflected. The piece won the 2018 Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year. Morlock was the longtime partner of Hard Rubber Orchestra director and trumpeter John Korsrud. Style Morlock's music exhibits a quirky and eccentric post-modernism, but is specially centred on emotion. Her musical language is typically tonal or modal, but is expanded with extended techniques and colouristic effects. Death Morlock died on 27 March 2023, at the age of 53. Selected works Bird in the Tangled Sky (1997) Lacrimosa (2000) Exaudi (2004) Music from the Romantic Era (2005) Amore (2005) half-light, somnolent rains (2005) Cobalt (2009) Aeromancy (2011) My Name is Amanda Todd (2016) Lucid Dreams (2017; cello concerto) Discography Cobalt, Centrediscs CMCCD 20014 (2014) Halcyon, Centrediscs CMCCD 23817 (2017) Awards and nominations JUNO Awards Classical Composition of the Year Won: My Name is Amanda Todd (2018) Nominated: Exaudi (2011) Western Canadian Music Awards Classical Composer of the Year Won: (2018) Classical Composition of the Year Won: Cobalt (2015) Classical Recording of the Year Nominated: Cobalt (2015) See also Music portalCanada portal 2018 Juno Awards winners Juno Awards of 2018 2011 Juno Awards nominees Juno Awards of 2011 References ^ "Jocelyn Morlock". UBC School of Music. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "Vancouver composer translates Amanda Todd's life into music". cbc.ca. 2 November 2017. ^ a b "My Name is Amanda Todd \| Life Reflected". nac-cna.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ a b "Jocelyn Morlock says her Juno-winning piece My Name is Amanda Todd 'stands up for itself'". Retrieved 30 January 2020. ^ "Allegro, January to February 2018 (p. 19)". 31 December 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2018. ^ "Composition Studio \| Patrick Carrabré". people.brandonu.ca. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "UBC alumni win Western Canadian Music Awards". The Ubyssey. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "Composer Profile – Jocelyn Morlock". Saskatoon Symphony Orchestra. 22 October 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ^ a b half-light somnolent rains.mov, retrieved 26 January 2020 ^ "Nikolai Korndorf: his music and aesthetics". musiconmain.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ barczablog (7 January 2015). "10 Questions for Jocelyn Morlock". barczablog. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ^ "Jocelyn Morlock". Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "Jocelyn Morlock – Composer in Residence (2012 through 2014)". musiconmain.ca. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "Jocelyn Morlock". musiconmain.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "HOME \| ISCM 2017". Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ ISCM (30 October 2016). "ISCM WMD 1999 Romania, Moldavia". ISCM. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "Frederic Rossille Online – IRC". frederic-rossille.net. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ Canadienne, Canadian Music Centre \| Centre de Musique. "Emerging Composer Competition". musiccentre.ca. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "Brandon Sun Newspaper Archives, Nov 17, 2008, p. 7". NewspaperArchive.com. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "2005 – Past Laureates – About CMIM". Concours musical international de Montréal. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ Elena – Amore.avi, archived from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 26 January 2020 ^ "Montreal International Music Competition Notes". scena.org. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "Composer Jocelyn Morlock takes home Jan V. Matejcek New Classical Music Award". The Georgia Straight. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ a b The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. "2018 JUNO Award Nominees". The JUNOS Website. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Music community reeling from news that celebrated Vancouver composer Jocelyn Morlock has died". Stir. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023. ^ Keillor, John (June 2009). Words and Music. SOCAN. p. 9. Musical Dialogues ^ "Remembering Jocelyn Morlock". The University of British Columbia. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ Matthew Parsons. "10 pieces by living Canadian composers that you will love". CBC Music, 16 December 2014 ^ "What has become of my British Columbia? – Macleans.ca". macleans.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ Smith, Charlie (24 March 2018). "Diana Krall, Michael Bublé, Anciients, Jocelyn Morlock, and Ivan Decker put B.C. in Juno Awards winners circle". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "2018 WCMA WINNERS ANNOUNCED". BreakOut West. Retrieved 26 January 2020. External links JocelynMorlock.com Archived 28 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Jocelyn Morlock discography at Discogs Jocelyn Morlock at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Musical artistJocelyn Morlock (14 December 1969 – 27 March 2023) was a Canadian composer and music educator based in Vancouver, British Columbia.[1] Her piece My Name is Amanda Todd won the 2018 Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year.[2][3][4]","title":"Jocelyn Morlock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Boniface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Boniface,_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brandon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_University"},{"link_name":"T. Patrick Carrabré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Carrabr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Chatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Chatman"},{"link_name":"Keith Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hamel"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Korndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Korndorf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-half-light_somnolent_rains.mov-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Morlock was born in Saint Boniface, Manitoba on 14 December 1969.[5] She studied piano with Robert Richardson, Sr. and completed a Bachelor of Music in piano performance at Brandon University (B.Mus. 1994), where her teachers included Gerhard Ginader (electroacoustic music) and T. Patrick Carrabré (composition).[6] She received both a master's degree and a Doctorate of Musical Arts from the University of British Columbia (M.Mus. 1996, DMA 2002) where her composition teachers included Stephen Chatman, Keith Hamel, and the late Russian-Canadian composer Nikolai Korndorf.[7][8][9][10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Music on Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.musiconmain.ca/"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Montreal International Music Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_International_Musical_Competition"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Amanda Todd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd"},{"link_name":"National Arts Centre Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centre_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-junoawards_2018-24"},{"link_name":"Hard Rubber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rubber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"John Korsrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Korsrud"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Jocelyn Morlock was Composer-in-Residence with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra (2014-2019),[11][12] after completing her term (2012-2014)[13][14] as inaugural Composer-in-Residence for Vancouver's Music on Main, co-host of ISCM World New Music Days 2017.[15]Morlock's international career was launched at the 1999 International Society for Contemporary Music's World Music Days with Romanian performances of her quartet Bird in the Tangled Sky,[16] followed by Top 10 at the 2002 International Rostrum of Composers[17] and Winner of the 2004 Canadian Music Centre Prairie Region Emerging Composers competition.[18]Morlock wrote the imposed work for several music competitions including the 2008 Eckhardt-Gramatté National Music Competition[19] (Involuntary Love Songs) and the 2005 Montreal International Music Competition,[20] (Amore).[21][22] She won the SOCAN Jan V. Matejcek New Classical Music Award in 2018.[23]Morlock's piece My Name is Amanda Todd premiered on 19 May 2016. It is a reflection on the life of Canadian Amanda Todd. It was commissioned and premiered by the National Arts Centre Orchestra as part of the multimedia symphonic work Life Reflected.[3][4] The piece won the 2018 Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year.[24]Morlock was the longtime partner of Hard Rubber Orchestra director and trumpeter John Korsrud.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keillor-26"}],"text":"Morlock's music exhibits a quirky and eccentric post-modernism, but is specially centred on emotion.[26] Her musical language is typically tonal or modal, but is expanded with extended techniques and colouristic effects.","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Morlock died on 27 March 2023, at the age of 53.[27]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-half-light_somnolent_rains.mov-9"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Bird in the Tangled Sky (1997)\nLacrimosa (2000)\nExaudi (2004)\nMusic from the Romantic Era (2005)\nAmore (2005)\nhalf-light, somnolent rains (2005)[9]\nCobalt (2009)[28]\nAeromancy (2011)\nMy Name is Amanda Todd (2016)\nLucid Dreams (2017; cello concerto)[29]","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cobalt, Centrediscs CMCCD 20014 (2014)Halcyon, Centrediscs CMCCD 23817 (2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classical Composition of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Classical_Composition_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_Straight_2018-30"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-junoawards_2018-24"}],"sub_title":"JUNO Awards","text":"Classical Composition of the YearWon: My Name is Amanda Todd (2018)[30][24]\nNominated: Exaudi (2011)","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Western Canadian Music Awards","text":"Classical Composer of the YearWon: (2018)[31]Classical Composition of the YearWon: Cobalt (2015)Classical Recording of the YearNominated: Cobalt (2015)","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"Juno Awards of 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2018"},{"title":"Juno Awards of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2011"}]	[{"reference":"\"Jocelyn Morlock\". UBC School of Music. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200126052635/https://music.ubc.ca/jocelyn-morlock","url_text":"\"Jocelyn Morlock\""},{"url":"https://music.ubc.ca/jocelyn-morlock","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vancouver composer translates Amanda Todd's life into music\". cbc.ca. 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/amanda-todd-life-reflected-1.4383633","url_text":"\"Vancouver composer translates Amanda Todd's life into music\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Name is Amanda Todd \| Life Reflected\". nac-cna.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nac-cna.ca/en/lifereflected/amandatodd","url_text":"\"My Name is Amanda Todd \| Life Reflected\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jocelyn Morlock says her Juno-winning piece My Name is Amanda Todd 'stands up for itself'\". 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Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200126052636/https://people.brandonu.ca/carrabrep/sample-page/composition-studio/","url_text":"\"Composition Studio \| Patrick Carrabré\""},{"url":"https://people.brandonu.ca/carrabrep/sample-page/composition-studio/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UBC alumni win Western Canadian Music Awards\". The Ubyssey. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ubyssey.ca/culture/canadian-music-awards-834/","url_text":"\"UBC alumni win Western Canadian Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Composer Profile – Jocelyn Morlock\". Saskatoon Symphony Orchestra. 22 October 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://saskatoonsymphony.org/composer-profile-jocelyn-morlock/","url_text":"\"Composer Profile – Jocelyn Morlock\""}]},{"reference":"half-light somnolent rains.mov, retrieved 26 January 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBfUkamPY60","url_text":"half-light somnolent rains.mov"}]},{"reference":"\"Nikolai Korndorf: his music and aesthetics\". musiconmain.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musiconmain.ca/nikolai-korndorf-his-music-and-aesthetics/","url_text":"\"Nikolai Korndorf: his music and aesthetics\""}]},{"reference":"barczablog (7 January 2015). \"10 Questions for Jocelyn Morlock\". barczablog. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://barczablog.com/2015/01/07/10-questions-for-jocelyn-morlock/","url_text":"\"10 Questions for Jocelyn Morlock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jocelyn Morlock\". Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vancouversymphony.ca/artist/jocelyn-morlock/","url_text":"\"Jocelyn Morlock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jocelyn Morlock – Composer in Residence (2012 through 2014)\". musiconmain.ca. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200126052633/http://www.musiconmain.ca/jocelyn_morlock/","url_text":"\"Jocelyn Morlock – Composer in Residence (2012 through 2014)\""},{"url":"http://www.musiconmain.ca/jocelyn_morlock/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jocelyn Morlock\". musiconmain.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musiconmain.ca/jocelyn-morlock/","url_text":"\"Jocelyn Morlock\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOME \| ISCM 2017\". Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://iscm2017.ca/home/","url_text":"\"HOME \| ISCM 2017\""}]},{"reference":"ISCM (30 October 2016). \"ISCM WMD 1999 Romania, Moldavia\". ISCM. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iscm.org/activities/wmds/iscm-wmd-1999-romania-moldavia","url_text":"\"ISCM WMD 1999 Romania, Moldavia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frederic Rossille Online – IRC\". frederic-rossille.net. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://frederic-rossille.net/rostrum.html#etiquette_2002","url_text":"\"Frederic Rossille Online – IRC\""}]},{"reference":"Canadienne, Canadian Music Centre \| Centre de Musique. \"Emerging Composer Competition\". musiccentre.ca. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200122004202/http://www.musiccentre.ca/regions/prairie/emerging-composer-competition?field_event_region_value_many_to_one=4","url_text":"\"Emerging Composer Competition\""},{"url":"http://www.musiccentre.ca/regions/prairie/emerging-composer-competition?field_event_region_value_many_to_one=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Sun Newspaper Archives, Nov 17, 2008, p. 7\". NewspaperArchive.com. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/brandon-sun-nov-17-2008-p-7/","url_text":"\"Brandon Sun Newspaper Archives, Nov 17, 2008, p. 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 – Past Laureates – About CMIM\". Concours musical international de Montréal. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://concoursmontreal.ca/en/about/archives/2005-voice/","url_text":"\"2005 – Past Laureates – About CMIM\""}]},{"reference":"Elena – Amore.avi, archived from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 26 January 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPg0I27_sHE","url_text":"Elena – Amore.avi"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/MPg0I27_sHE","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Montreal International Music Competition Notes\". scena.org. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scena.org/lsm/sm10-8/concours-musical-montreal-en.htm","url_text":"\"Montreal International Music Competition Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Composer Jocelyn Morlock takes home Jan V. Matejcek New Classical Music Award\". The Georgia Straight. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/arts/1093796/composer-jocelyn-morlock-takes-home-jan-v-matejcek-new-classical-music-award","url_text":"\"Composer Jocelyn Morlock takes home Jan V. Matejcek New Classical Music Award\""}]},{"reference":"The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. \"2018 JUNO Award Nominees\". The JUNOS Website. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180807191350/https://junoawards.ca/nominees/printer-friendly/?nomination-year=2018","url_text":"\"2018 JUNO Award Nominees\""},{"url":"https://junoawards.ca/nominees/printer-friendly/?nomination-year=2018","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Music community reeling from news that celebrated Vancouver composer Jocelyn Morlock has died\". Stir. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.createastir.ca/articles/jocelyn-morlock-obituary","url_text":"\"Music community reeling from news that celebrated Vancouver composer Jocelyn Morlock has died\""}]},{"reference":"Keillor, John (June 2009). Words and Music. SOCAN. p. 9. Musical Dialogues","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Jocelyn Morlock\". The University of British Columbia. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.ubc.ca/news/remembering-jocelyn-morlock/?fbclid=IwAR1igbJT0SywgMBM7dFkv_p9YFAyLxp41EdIcgVCGiz4lKWaTthgNic3wkE","url_text":"\"Remembering Jocelyn Morlock\""}]},{"reference":"\"What has become of my British Columbia? – Macleans.ca\". macleans.ca. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/what-has-become-of-my-british-columbia/","url_text":"\"What has become of my British Columbia? – Macleans.ca\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Charlie (24 March 2018). \"Diana Krall, Michael Bublé, Anciients, Jocelyn Morlock, and Ivan Decker put B.C. in Juno Awards winners circle\". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved 28 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/music/1049146/diana-krall-michael-buble-anciients-jocelyn-morlock-and-ivan-decker-put-bc-juno-awards","url_text":"\"Diana Krall, Michael Bublé, Anciients, Jocelyn Morlock, and Ivan Decker put B.C. in Juno Awards winners circle\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 WCMA WINNERS ANNOUNCED\". BreakOut West. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcid_conquest_of_Hispania	Barcid conquest of Hispania	["1 Background","2 See also","3 Citations","4 Bibliography"]	3rd century BC conquest of Hispania by the Barca family This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Barcid conquest of Hispania" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Barcid conquest of HispaniaLevels of Carthaginian control over Iberia in 218 BCDate237–218 BC(19 years)LocationCarthaginian IberiaResult Carthaginian victoryTerritorialchanges Expansion of Carthaginian IberiaBelligerents Carthage IberiansCeltiberiansCommanders and leaders Hamilcar Barca †Hasdrubal the FairHannibal Istolatios †Indortes †Orissus Part of a series on the History of Spain Prehistory Prehistoric Iberia Early history Pre-Roman peoples Carthaginian Spain (575–206 BCE) Roman Hispania Roman Conquest (206–27 BCE) Hispania (218 BCE–472 CE) Romanization Diocese of Hispania Early Middle Ages Kingdom of the Suebi (409–585) Kingdom of the Visigoths (418–721) Byzantine Spania (552–624) Middle Ages Muslim conquest (711–716) Al-Andalus (711–1492) Reconquista (711–1492) Christian kingdoms (718–1479) Early modern period Catholic Monarchs (1479–1516) Granada War (1482–1492) Colonisation of the Americas (1492–1898) Habsburgs (1516–1700) Golden Age (1556–1659) Iberian Union (1580–1640) Bourbons (1700–1808) War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Nueva Planta Decrees (1707–1716) Peninsular War Abdications of Bayonne (1808) Napoleonic Spain (1808–1813) Cortes of Cádiz (1810–1814) Constitution of Cádiz (1812) Treaty of Valençay (1813) Absolutist restoration Sexenio Absolutista (1814–1820) Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) Ominous Decade (1823–1833) Reign of Isabella II Regency of María Cristina (1833–1840) First Carlist War (1833–1840) Regency of Espartero (1840–1843) Década moderada (1844–1854) Second Carlist War (1846–1849) Bienio progresista (1854–1856) Glorious Revolution (1868) Sexenio Democrático Provisional Government (1868–1871) Reign of Amadeo I (1870–1873) Third Carlist War (1872–1876) First Republic (1873–1874) Restoration Spain Reign of Alfonso XII (1874–1885) Regency of María Cristina (1885–1902) Reign of Alfonso XIII (1886–1931) Spanish–American War (1898) Spain during World War I (1914–1918) Rif War (–1927) Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1930) Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer (1930–1931) Second Republic Provisional Government (1931) First Biennium (1931–1933) Second Biennium (1933–1936) Revolution and Asturian miners' strike (1934) 1936 general election (1936) 1936 coup d'état (1936) Civil War (1936–1939) Nationalist victory (1939) Francoist Spain Spanish Maquis (1939–1965) Spain during World War II (1939–1945) Blue Division (1941–1944) Basque conflict (1959–2011) Contemporary history Transition to democracy (1975–1978) Current constitution (1978) 1981 coup d'état attempt Madrid train bombings (2004) 2008–2014 financial crisis 2017 Barcelona attacks Coronavirus pandemic (2020–present) Topic Economic history Law enforcement LGBT history Military history Religious history Timeline Spain portal History portalvte Under the leadership of the Barcid family, Ancient Carthage expanded its possessions in Iberia from 237 to 218 BC after the end of the First Punic War in 241 BC and the Mercenary War in 238 BC. Background During the First Punic War, the members of Barcid family played a prominent role in the fighting against the Romans, particularly Hamilcar Barca. After the war, Hamilcar commanded the Punic forces that defeated the former Carthaginian mercenaries, who had rebelled against Carthage in the Mercenary War. After the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar Barca understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base to confront Rome, which had invaded and annexed Carthaginian Sardinia and Corsica. Rome had also ordered Carthage to pay an indemnity 1,200 talents of silver to cripple Carthage's war-making capacity. The Romans had thereby broken the Treaty of Lutatius which had ended the First Punic War. After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Spain were limited to a handful of wealthy coastal cities: Gades, Malaca, Abdera and Sexi. In 237 BC, Spain south of the Tagus River was a land of well-developed agriculture, silver mines and fortified settlements. Hamilcar sought the creation of a new Carthaginian Empire in Spain that would make up for the loss of the Carthage's central Mediterranean island possessions and be even stronger. Before leaving, Hamilcar appointed his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair as naval commander and asked his son Hannibal whether he would accompany Hamilcar to Spain. When Hannibal readily accepted, Hamilcar made him swear an oath on the sacrificial altar of Baal Hammon to never befriend Rome. Hannibal would accompany his father and brother-in-law in Spain for the next 16 years. According to Polybius, Carthage, extremely weak after the war with the Roman Republic, was unable to provide him with the necessary fleet to a long journey across the sea, and so Hamilcar walked with his army to the Strait of Gibraltar. More likely is the tale of Diodorus Siculus, that Hamilcar embarked his army of perhaps 20,000 men and sailed along the African coast through the Strait of Gibraltar and landed at Gades in 237 BC. Carthage had the transport ships on hand and trading stations along the coast to provide resupply. See also Siege of Saguntum Citations ^ a b Hoyos 2015, p. 77. ^ a b c Hoyos 2015, p. 80. ^ Hoyos 2003, p. 50. ^ a b c Hoyos 2003, p. 53. ^ a b c Hoyos 2003, p. 55. Bibliography Hoyos, Dexter (2003). Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and politics in the western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-41782-8. Hoyos, Dexter (2015). Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986010-4.	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After the war, Hamilcar commanded the Punic forces that defeated the former Carthaginian mercenaries, who had rebelled against Carthage in the Mercenary War.After the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar Barca understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base to confront Rome, which had invaded and annexed Carthaginian Sardinia and Corsica. Rome had also ordered Carthage to pay an indemnity 1,200 talents of silver to cripple Carthage's war-making capacity.[1] The Romans had thereby broken the Treaty of Lutatius which had ended the First Punic War.[1]After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Spain were limited to a handful of wealthy coastal cities: Gades, Malaca, Abdera and Sexi.[2] In 237 BC, Spain south of the Tagus River was a land of well-developed agriculture, silver mines and fortified settlements.[2]Hamilcar sought the creation of a new Carthaginian Empire in Spain that would make up for the loss of the Carthage's central Mediterranean island possessions and be even stronger.[2] Before leaving, Hamilcar appointed his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair as naval commander and asked his son Hannibal whether he would accompany Hamilcar to Spain.[3][4] When Hannibal readily accepted, Hamilcar made him swear an oath on the sacrificial altar of Baal Hammon to never befriend Rome.[4] Hannibal would accompany his father and brother-in-law in Spain for the next 16 years.[4]According to Polybius, Carthage, extremely weak after the war with the Roman Republic, was unable to provide him with the necessary fleet to a long journey across the sea, and so Hamilcar walked with his army to the Strait of Gibraltar.[5] More likely is the tale of Diodorus Siculus, that Hamilcar embarked his army of perhaps 20,000 men and sailed along the African coast through the Strait of Gibraltar and landed at Gades in 237 BC.[5] Carthage had the transport ships on hand and trading stations along the coast to provide resupply.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos201577_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos201577_1-1"},{"link_name":"Hoyos 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoyos2015"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos201580_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos201580_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos201580_2-2"},{"link_name":"Hoyos 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoyos2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos200350_3-0"},{"link_name":"Hoyos 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoyos2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos200353_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos200353_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos200353_4-2"},{"link_name":"Hoyos 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoyos2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos200355_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos200355_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos200355_5-2"},{"link_name":"Hoyos 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoyos2003"}],"text":"^ a b Hoyos 2015, p. 77.\n\n^ a b c Hoyos 2015, p. 80.\n\n^ Hoyos 2003, p. 50.\n\n^ a b c Hoyos 2003, p. 53.\n\n^ a b c Hoyos 2003, p. 55.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-203-41782-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-41782-8"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-986010-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986010-4"}],"text":"Hoyos, Dexter (2003). Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and politics in the western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-41782-8.\nHoyos, Dexter (2015). Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986010-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Siege of Saguntum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Saguntum"}]	[{"reference":"Hoyos, Dexter (2003). Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and politics in the western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-41782-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-41782-8","url_text":"0-203-41782-8"}]},{"reference":"Hoyos, Dexter (2015). Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Plantation	Uncle Sam Plantation	["1 History","2 Architecture","3 References"]	Coordinates: 30°02′14″N 90°49′57″W / 30.03709°N 90.83247°W / 30.03709; -90.83247Human settlement in Louisiana, United States of America Uncle Sam PlantationThe main house in 1936LocationConvent, Louisiana vicinityCoordinates30°02′14″N 90°49′57″W / 30.03709°N 90.83247°W / 30.03709; -90.83247Built1829–1843Demolished1940Architectural style(s)Greek RevivalGoverning bodyPrivate Uncle Sam Plantation, originally known as Constancia, was a historic sugar plantation and elaborate Greek Revival-style mansion on the Mississippi River, near Convent in St. James Parish, Louisiana. It was established during the 1810s, with the main house and numerous outbuildings built by Samuel Pierre Auguste Fagot between 1829 and 1843. Once renowned as one of the most intact and architecturally-unified plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States, all of the structures were demolished to make way for construction of a new river levee in 1940. It was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey prior to its destruction. History The plantation was established by Colonel Joseph Constance when he acquired several tracts of land at the location following the War of 1812. Pierre Auguste Samuel Fagot, usually known as Samuel Fagot, acquired the plantation and other St. James Parish properties beginning in 1829. A native of La Rochelle, France, he emigrated to the United States and was living in the vicinity of Convent by 1828. He married Emilie Jourdain and had two daughters, Marie Emilie Eugenie and Felicie. Marie Emilie Eugenie married Jacques Auguste Demophon Tureaud and Felicie married Lucien Malus. By the time of Samuel Fagot's death in 1858, he was one of the largest landowners in St. James Parish. The plantation went to his widow after his death, but his son-in-law, Lucien Malus, operated the plantation. Following the Civil War, the plantation, which had been called Constancia up until that time, came to be called Uncle Sam instead. Many different stories have attempted to explain the name. One is that it came from the sugar containers from the plantation being marked for export with "U.S." for the nation of origin. Others claim that it referred to Samuel Fagot himself. None has been confirmed by historians. Aerial perspective drawing of Uncle Sam Plantation (1940) Felicie and Lucien Malus had two daughters, Emelie and Felicie. They married two brothers, Jules and Camile Jacob. Following the death of Lucien Malus, the Jacob brothers operated the plantation. Jules later bought Camile's share and was the sole owner of the plantation until selling in 1915 to a New Orleans businessman. The plantation's main house would never be lived in again after this transaction, although the estate continued to be operated as an agricultural enterprise. In early 1940 the Pontchartrain Levee District commissioners determined that the only way to fix structural problems in the river levee would be to build a new one over the site. Demolition quickly followed. On March 12, 1940, as demolition was nearing completion, the United States Army Corps of Engineers office in New Orleans received a telegram from the director of the National Park Service asking that demolition be delayed until an investigation could be completed to determine if the site might be given National Monument or National Historic Site status. However, it was too late to save the plantation complex. Following the demolition, 300,000 bricks from Uncle Sam were used in the restoration of another extensive plantation complex nearby, Evergreen Plantation in Wallace. A chemical plant, now owned by the Mosaic Company, was later built on the site. A historic marker was erected in 1969, the only reminder of what once was there. Architecture Front (west) facade of one of the two matching garconnières and the main house (1938) The first brick buildings that Samuel Fagot built, and that would remain a part of the final design of the complex, were matching temple-like structures that housed the plantation office and the kitchen. The one-story, stuccoed brick buildings were each fronted by a tetrastyle portico with Tuscan columns. They flanked the north and south sides of the main house toward the rear (east) and measured 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in) wide by 16.83 m (55 ft 3 in) deep. The foundations for the main house were started in the mid-to-late 1830s, with construction being completed in 1841 or 1843. A previous, smaller main house had been destroyed by fire. The new main house was 2+1⁄2 stories tall and measured 28 m (92 ft) wide by 25.2 m (82 ft 8 in) deep. It was topped with a pyramidal metal roof with dormers. The front facade faced west, toward the river. The brick exterior was stuccoed and scored to simulate ashlar masonry. It was surrounded by a peripteral (on all four sides) portico utilizing 28 monumentally-scaled Tuscan columns. A continuous balcony with a simple Roman-style balustrade wrapped around the exterior of the second floor. One of the two matching pigeonnier towers to the rear of the main house, with former slave cabins in the background (1937). The interior was divided by a central hallway that ran from front to rear on both levels and measured 4.77 m (15 ft 8 in) wide by 17.21 m (56 ft 6 in) deep. On each side of the hallway, on both main levels, were several small rooms and two large rooms. The large rooms all measured 6.09 m (20.0 ft) by 6.7 m (22 ft). Additionally, a large main stairway was set into a side hall at the rear of the main hall. Flanking the north and south sides of the main house toward the front (west) were a pair of matching garconnières (bachelors' quarters). Garconnières, unique to Louisiana Creole plantations, were built for the unmarried young men and guests of the plantation. It was custom that once a boy reached adolescence, he was housed separately from the unmarried girls and women. Also built of scored stucco over brick, they were 1+1⁄2 stories tall and measured 20.03 m (65 ft 9 in) wide by 12.95 m (42 ft 6 in) deep. These matched the main house, with a hexastyle portico set under the roof on the front and rear facades. Each garconnière was topped by a pyramidal roof with dormers facing the front and rear. Both of them featured a central hall and four adjoining rooms on the primary floor. Among the most unusual features of the plantation were two matching pigeonnier (dovecote) towers set to the north and south of the main house in the rear yard. These hexagonal structures were also built of brick and stood 12.1 m (40 ft) high. They were used for raising pigeons for eggs and squab. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uncle Sam Plantation. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Matrana, Marc R. (2009). Lost Plantations of the South. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 211–219. ISBN 978-1-57806-942-2. ^ a b c d e f "Uncle Sam Plantation, Convent, St. James Parish, LA". Historic American Buildings Survey. Library of Congress. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ a b Sternberg, Mary Ann (1996). Along the River Road: Past and Present on Louisiana's Historic Byway. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 167–168, 301. ISBN 978-0-8071-2055-2. ^ "Acid Plant Database". Mosaic. May 12, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ "Dedication of Historical marker at the former site of Uncle Sam plantation in Convent Louisiana in 1969". State Library of Louisiana Historic Photograph Collection. State Library of Louisiana. November 15, 1969. Retrieved January 30, 2012.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"St. James Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"main house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_house_in_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"plantation complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Southeastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"levee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"link_name":"Historic American Buildings Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-habs-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in Louisiana, United States of AmericaUncle Sam Plantation, originally known as Constancia, was a historic sugar plantation and elaborate Greek Revival-style mansion on the Mississippi River, near Convent in St. James Parish, Louisiana. It was established during the 1810s, with the main house and numerous outbuildings built by Samuel Pierre Auguste Fagot between 1829 and 1843. Once renowned as one of the most intact and architecturally-unified plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States, all of the structures were demolished to make way for construction of a new river levee in 1940.[1] It was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey prior to its destruction.[2]","title":"Uncle Sam Plantation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riverroad-3"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_perspective_drawing_of_Uncle_Sam_Plantation.png"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monument_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"link_name":"Evergreen Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Plantation_(Wallace,_Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riverroad-3"},{"link_name":"chemical plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant"},{"link_name":"the Mosaic Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mosaic_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"historic marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_marker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The plantation was established by Colonel Joseph Constance when he acquired several tracts of land at the location following the War of 1812.[3] Pierre Auguste Samuel Fagot, usually known as Samuel Fagot, acquired the plantation and other St. James Parish properties beginning in 1829. A native of La Rochelle, France, he emigrated to the United States and was living in the vicinity of Convent by 1828. He married Emilie Jourdain and had two daughters, Marie Emilie Eugenie and Felicie. Marie Emilie Eugenie married Jacques Auguste Demophon Tureaud and Felicie married Lucien Malus.[1]By the time of Samuel Fagot's death in 1858, he was one of the largest landowners in St. James Parish. The plantation went to his widow after his death, but his son-in-law, Lucien Malus, operated the plantation. Following the Civil War, the plantation, which had been called Constancia up until that time, came to be called Uncle Sam instead. Many different stories have attempted to explain the name. One is that it came from the sugar containers from the plantation being marked for export with \"U.S.\" for the nation of origin. Others claim that it referred to Samuel Fagot himself. None has been confirmed by historians.[1]Aerial perspective drawing of Uncle Sam Plantation (1940)Felicie and Lucien Malus had two daughters, Emelie and Felicie. They married two brothers, Jules and Camile Jacob. Following the death of Lucien Malus, the Jacob brothers operated the plantation. Jules later bought Camile's share and was the sole owner of the plantation until selling in 1915 to a New Orleans businessman. The plantation's main house would never be lived in again after this transaction, although the estate continued to be operated as an agricultural enterprise.[1]In early 1940 the Pontchartrain Levee District commissioners determined that the only way to fix structural problems in the river levee would be to build a new one over the site. Demolition quickly followed. On March 12, 1940, as demolition was nearing completion, the United States Army Corps of Engineers office in New Orleans received a telegram from the director of the National Park Service asking that demolition be delayed until an investigation could be completed to determine if the site might be given National Monument or National Historic Site status. However, it was too late to save the plantation complex.[1]Following the demolition, 300,000 bricks from Uncle Sam were used in the restoration of another extensive plantation complex nearby, Evergreen Plantation in Wallace.[3] A chemical plant, now owned by the Mosaic Company, was later built on the site.[4] A historic marker was erected in 1969, the only reminder of what once was there.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_Plantation_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"link_name":"stuccoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"tetrastyle portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico#Tetrastyle"},{"link_name":"Tuscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_order"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-habs-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-habs-2"},{"link_name":"dormers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer"},{"link_name":"ashlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar"},{"link_name":"peripteral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture#Peripteral"},{"link_name":"balustrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_Plantation_09_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-habs-2"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-habs-2"},{"link_name":"hexastyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico#Hexastyle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-habs-2"},{"link_name":"dovecote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovecote"},{"link_name":"squab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squab_(food)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lostplan-1"}],"text":"Front (west) facade of one of the two matching garconnières and the main house (1938)The first brick buildings that Samuel Fagot built, and that would remain a part of the final design of the complex, were matching temple-like structures that housed the plantation office and the kitchen.[1] The one-story, stuccoed brick buildings were each fronted by a tetrastyle portico with Tuscan columns. They flanked the north and south sides of the main house toward the rear (east) and measured 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in) wide by 16.83 m (55 ft 3 in) deep.[2]The foundations for the main house were started in the mid-to-late 1830s, with construction being completed in 1841 or 1843. A previous, smaller main house had been destroyed by fire. The new main house was 2+1⁄2 stories tall and measured 28 m (92 ft) wide by 25.2 m (82 ft 8 in) deep.[2] It was topped with a pyramidal metal roof with dormers. The front facade faced west, toward the river. The brick exterior was stuccoed and scored to simulate ashlar masonry. It was surrounded by a peripteral (on all four sides) portico utilizing 28 monumentally-scaled Tuscan columns. A continuous balcony with a simple Roman-style balustrade wrapped around the exterior of the second floor.[1]One of the two matching pigeonnier towers to the rear of the main house, with former slave cabins in the background (1937).The interior was divided by a central hallway that ran from front to rear on both levels and measured 4.77 m (15 ft 8 in) wide by 17.21 m (56 ft 6 in) deep. On each side of the hallway, on both main levels, were several small rooms and two large rooms. The large rooms all measured 6.09 m (20.0 ft) by 6.7 m (22 ft). Additionally, a large main stairway was set into a side hall at the rear of the main hall.[2]Flanking the north and south sides of the main house toward the front (west) were a pair of matching garconnières (bachelors' quarters). Garconnières, unique to Louisiana Creole plantations, were built for the unmarried young men and guests of the plantation. It was custom that once a boy reached adolescence, he was housed separately from the unmarried girls and women.[1] Also built of scored stucco over brick, they were 1+1⁄2 stories tall and measured 20.03 m (65 ft 9 in) wide by 12.95 m (42 ft 6 in) deep.[2] These matched the main house, with a hexastyle portico set under the roof on the front and rear facades. Each garconnière was topped by a pyramidal roof with dormers facing the front and rear.[1] Both of them featured a central hall and four adjoining rooms on the primary floor.[2]Among the most unusual features of the plantation were two matching pigeonnier (dovecote) towers set to the north and south of the main house in the rear yard. These hexagonal structures were also built of brick and stood 12.1 m (40 ft) high. They were used for raising pigeons for eggs and squab.[1]","title":"Architecture"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial perspective drawing of Uncle Sam Plantation (1940)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Aerial_perspective_drawing_of_Uncle_Sam_Plantation.png/220px-Aerial_perspective_drawing_of_Uncle_Sam_Plantation.png"},{"image_text":"Front (west) facade of one of the two matching garconnières and the main house (1938)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Uncle_Sam_Plantation_10.jpg/220px-Uncle_Sam_Plantation_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the two matching pigeonnier towers to the rear of the main house, with former slave cabins in the background (1937).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Uncle_Sam_Plantation_09_cropped.jpg/220px-Uncle_Sam_Plantation_09_cropped.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Matrana, Marc R. (2009). Lost Plantations of the South. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vergara	George Vergara	["1 References"]	American football player and politician (1901–1982) American football player George VergaraPersonal informationBorn:(1901-03-18)March 18, 1901New York, New York, U.S.Died:August 13, 1982(1982-08-13) (aged 81)Montrose, New York, U.S.Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:190 lb (86 kg)Career informationCollege:Notre DamePosition:EndCareer history Green Bay Packers (1925) Career NFL statisticsGames played:12 George Aloysius Vergara (March 18, 1901 – August 13, 1982) was a player in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the Green Bay Packers during the 1925 NFL season. He later served as the mayor of New Rochelle, New York. References ^ "George Vergara". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-25. ^ Herman, Robin (August 17, 1982). "GEORGE VERGARA, EX-MAYOR OF NEW ROCHELLE". The New York Times. Political offices Preceded byStanley W. Church 15th Mayor of New Rochelle 1956–1959 Succeeded byStanely W. Church vte1924 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—national champions Four Horsemen: 5 Elmer Layden 16 Don Miller 18 Jim Crowley 32 Harry Stuhldreher Seven Mules: 4 Adam Walsh 64 Edgar Miller Joe Bach Chuck Collins Ed Hunsinger Noble Kizer John Weibel Other players: Joe Boland Clem Crowe Wilbur Eaton Vincent F. Harrington Tom Hearden Max Houser Head coach: Knute Rockne Assistant coaches: George Keogan Tom Lieb George Vergara This biographical article relating to an American football player, coach, or other figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"1925 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Rochelle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Rochelle, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"American football playerGeorge Aloysius Vergara (March 18, 1901 – August 13, 1982) was a player in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the Green Bay Packers during the 1925 NFL season.[1] He later served as the mayor of New Rochelle, New York.[2]","title":"George Vergara"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"George Vergara\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/V/VergGe20.htm","url_text":"\"George Vergara\""}]},{"reference":"Herman, Robin (August 17, 1982). \"GEORGE VERGARA, EX-MAYOR OF NEW ROCHELLE\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/17/obituaries/george-vergara-ex-mayor-of-new-rochelle.html","url_text":"\"GEORGE VERGARA, EX-MAYOR OF NEW ROCHELLE\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/V/VergGe20.htm","external_links_name":"\"George Vergara\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/17/obituaries/george-vergara-ex-mayor-of-new-rochelle.html","external_links_name":"\"GEORGE VERGARA, EX-MAYOR OF NEW ROCHELLE\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Vergara&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxase	Relaxase	["1 Structure and mechanism","2 Etymology","3 See also","4 References"]	A relaxase is a single-strand DNA transesterase enzyme produced by some prokaryotes and viruses. Relaxases are responsible for site- and strand-specific nicks in unwound double-stranded DNA . Known relaxases belong to the rolling circle replication (RCR) initiator superfamily of enzymes and fall into two broad classes: replicative (Rep) and mobilization (Mob). The nicks produced by Rep relaxases initiate plasmid or virus RCR. Mob relaxases nick at origin of transfer (oriT) to initiate the process of DNA mobilization and transfer known as bacterial conjugation. Relaxases are so named because the single-stranded DNA nick that they catalyze lead to relaxation of helical tension. Structure and mechanism Known relaxases are metal ion dependent tyrosine transesterases. This means that they use a metal ion to aid the transfer of an ester bond from the DNA phosphodiester backbone to a catalytic tyrosine side chain, resulting in a long-lived covalent phosphotyrosine intermediate that essentially unified the nicked DNA strand and the enzyme as one molecule. Preliminary reports of relaxase inhibition by small molecules that mimic intermediates of this reaction were first reported in 2007. Such inhibition has implications related to preventing the propagation of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. The first relaxase x-ray crystal and NMR structures – of Rep relaxases from tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and adeno associated virus serotype 5 (AAV-5) – were solved in 2002. These revealed compact molecules composed of five-stranded, antiparallel beta sheet cores and peripheral alpha helices. A histidine-rich motif, previously identified by sequence conservation, was shown to be a metal ion binding site located on the beta sheet core, nearby the carboxy-terminal catalytic tyrosine residue. Later structures of the Mob relaxases TrwC from plasmid R388 and TraI from the F-plasmid confirmed that the Mob and Rep classes are evolutionarily related to one another through circular permutation. This means that they share a general fold, but the amino-terminal sequence of one is homologous to the C-terminus of the other, and vice versa. Thus the Catalytic tyrosines of TraI and TrwC are amino-terminal rather than carboxy-terminal. Etymology Relaxase nomenclature is varied. In conjugative bacterial plasmids, Mob-class relaxases go by names such as TraI (in plasmid RP4), VirD2 (pTi), TrwC (R388), TraI (F-plasmid), MobB (CloDF13), or TrsK (pGO1). See also Bacterial conjugation Rolling circle replication TraA Virus References ^ Dyda F, Hickman AB (November 2003). "A mob of reps". Structure. 11 (11): 1310–1. doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.10.010. PMID 14604517. ^ Lujan SA, Guogas LM, Ragonese H, Matson SW, Redinbo MR (2007). "Disrupting antibiotic resistance propagation by inhibiting the conjugative DNA relaxase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (30): 12282–7. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10412282L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702760104. JSTOR 25436291. PMC 1916486. PMID 17630285. ^ Campos-Olivas R, Louis JM, Clerot D, Gronenborn B, Gronenborn AM (August 2002). "The structure of a replication initiator unites diverse aspects of nucleic acid metabolism". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (16): 10310–5. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9910310C. doi:10.1073/pnas.152342699. PMC 124910. PMID 12130667. ^ Hickman AB, Ronning DR, Kotin RM, Dyda F (2002). "Structural unity among viral origin binding proteins: crystal structure of the nuclease domain of adeno-associated virus Rep". Mol Cell. 10 (2): 327–37. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00592-0. PMID 12191478. ^ Guasch A, Lucas M, Moncalián G, Cabezas M, Pérez-Luque R, Gomis-Rüth FX, de la Cruz F, Coll M (2003). "Recognition and processing of the origin of transfer DNA by conjugative relaxase TrwC". Nat Struct Biol. 10 (12): 1002–10. doi:10.1038/nsb1017. PMID 14625590. S2CID 27050728. ^ Datta S, Larkin C, Schildbach JF (2003). "Structural insights into single-stranded DNA binding and cleavage by F factor TraI". Structure. 11 (11): 1369–79. doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.10.001. PMID 14604527. vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) vteGenetics: homologous recombination / mobile genetic elementsPrimarily prokaryotic Conjugation Transduction Transformation Occurs in eukaryotes Transfection Chromosomal crossover Gene conversion Fusion gene Horizontal gene transfer Sister chromatid exchange Transposon Viral Antigenic shift Reassortment Viral shift vteDNA replication (comparing prokaryotic to eukaryotic)InitiationProkaryotic(initiation) Pre-replication complex dnaC Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG Eukaryotic(preparation inG1 phase) Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single-strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase: HFM1 Primase: PRIM1 PRIM2 Both Origin of replication/Ori/Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer ReplicationProkaryotic(elongation) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment Eukaryotic(synthesis inS phase) Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase: alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication Both Movement: Processivity DNA ligase Termination Telomere: Telomerase TERT TERC DKC1	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relaxase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"phosphodiester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester"},{"link_name":"side chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chain"},{"link_name":"covalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"phosphotyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine#Phosphorylation_and_sulphation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"antibiotic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance"},{"link_name":"x-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques"},{"link_name":"crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"NMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure"},{"link_name":"tomato yellow leaf curl virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_yellow_leaf_curl_virus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"adeno associated virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno_associated_virus"},{"link_name":"serotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotype"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"antiparallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"beta sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_sheet"},{"link_name":"alpha helices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix"},{"link_name":"histidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine"},{"link_name":"motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_motif"},{"link_name":"sequence conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"binding site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_site"},{"link_name":"carboxy-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"evolutionarily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"circular permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Permutation_Proteins"},{"link_name":"fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"amino-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminus"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_sequence"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"}],"text":"Known relaxases are metal ion dependent tyrosine transesterases. This means that they use a metal ion to aid the transfer of an ester bond from the DNA phosphodiester backbone to a catalytic tyrosine side chain, resulting in a long-lived covalent phosphotyrosine intermediate that essentially unified the nicked DNA strand and the enzyme as one molecule. Preliminary reports of relaxase inhibition by small molecules that mimic intermediates of this reaction were first reported in 2007.[2] Such inhibition has implications related to preventing the propagation of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings.The first relaxase x-ray crystal and NMR structures – of Rep relaxases from tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)[3] and adeno associated virus serotype 5 (AAV-5)[4] – were solved in 2002. These revealed compact molecules composed of five-stranded, antiparallel beta sheet cores and peripheral alpha helices. A histidine-rich motif, previously identified by sequence conservation, was shown to be a metal ion binding site located on the beta sheet core, nearby the carboxy-terminal catalytic tyrosine residue. Later structures of the Mob relaxases TrwC from plasmid R388[5] and TraI from the F-plasmid[6] confirmed that the Mob and Rep classes are evolutionarily related to one another through circular permutation. This means that they share a general fold, but the amino-terminal sequence of one is homologous to the C-terminus of the other, and vice versa. Thus the Catalytic tyrosines of TraI and TrwC are amino-terminal rather than carboxy-terminal.","title":"Structure and mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F-plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)"}],"text":"Relaxase nomenclature is varied. In conjugative bacterial plasmids, Mob-class relaxases go by names such as TraI (in plasmid RP4), VirD2 (pTi), TrwC (R388), TraI (F-plasmid), MobB (CloDF13), or TrsK (pGO1).","title":"Etymology"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bacterial conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation"},{"title":"Rolling circle replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_circle_replication"},{"title":"TraA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraA"},{"title":"Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"}]	[{"reference":"Dyda F, Hickman AB (November 2003). \"A mob of reps\". Structure. 11 (11): 1310–1. doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.10.010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_City_Urban_Development	Kobe City Urban Development	["1 Transportations","2 External links"]	Public foundation in Japan Kōbe City Urban Development (神戸市都市整備公社, Kōbe-shi Toshi Seibi Kōsha) is a public foundation in Kōbe, Hyōgo, Japan. Founded in 1963, the organization operates land development, construction, parking lot, public facilities, sightseeing related business, and sewer of the city. Transportations As a part of its sightseeing business, the foundation operates three aerial lifts and a funicular line at Mount Rokkō and Mount Maya. Rokkō Arima Ropeway It was a longest aerial tramway system in Japan, until Omote-Rokkō Line went out of service in 2004. Shin-Kōbe Ropeway (Kōbe Yume-Fūsen) Maya View Line Yume-Sanpo Maya Cable: A funicular line handed over from Rokkō Maya Railway. Maya Ropeway: Transferred from Kōbe Municipal Transportation Bureau. External links (in Japanese) Official website This article about a Japanese railway corporation or company-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)"},{"link_name":"Kōbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe,_Hyogo"},{"link_name":"Hyōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"land development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_development"}],"text":"Kōbe City Urban Development (神戸市都市整備公社, Kōbe-shi Toshi Seibi Kōsha) is a public foundation in Kōbe, Hyōgo, Japan. Founded in 1963, the organization operates land development, construction, parking lot, public facilities, sightseeing related business, and sewer of the city.","title":"Kobe City Urban Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aerial lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_lift"},{"link_name":"funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"Mount Rokkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rokk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Mount Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Maya"},{"link_name":"Rokkō Arima Ropeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokk%C5%8D_Arima_Ropeway"},{"link_name":"Shin-Kōbe Ropeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-K%C5%8Dbe_Ropeway"},{"link_name":"Maya Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Cable"},{"link_name":"Rokkō Maya Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokk%C5%8D_Maya_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maya Ropeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Ropeway"},{"link_name":"Kōbe Municipal Transportation Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_Municipal_Transportation_Bureau"}],"text":"As a part of its sightseeing business, the foundation operates three aerial lifts and a funicular line at Mount Rokkō and Mount Maya.Rokkō Arima RopewayIt was a longest aerial tramway system in Japan, until Omote-Rokkō Line went out of service in 2004.Shin-Kōbe Ropeway (Kōbe Yume-Fūsen)\nMaya View Line Yume-Sanpo\nMaya Cable: A funicular line handed over from Rokkō Maya Railway.\nMaya Ropeway: Transferred from Kōbe Municipal Transportation Bureau.","title":"Transportations"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.kobe-sumai-machi.or.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kobe_City_Urban_Development&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_sayur	Lontong sayur	["1 See also","2 References"]	Indonesian rice cake dish Lontong sayurA plate of lontong sayurCourseMain coursePlace of originIndonesiaRegion or stateSumatra and JavaCreated byBetawi and MinangkabauServing temperatureHotMain ingredientsLontong, coconut milk soup, shredded chayote, tempeh, tofu, hard-boiled egg, sambal and krupuk Lontong sayur (lit. vegetable rice cake) is an Indonesian traditional rice dish made of pieces of lontong served in coconut milk soup with shredded chayote, green bean, unripe jackfruit, tempeh, tofu, hard-boiled egg, sambal and krupuk. Lontong sayur is related and quite similar to ketupat sayur and is a favourite breakfast menu next to bubur ayam and nasi uduk. The dish is found in Betawi, and Minangkabau cuisine. See also Food portalIndonesia portal Lontong Arem-arem Lontong balap Lontong cap go meh Lontong dekem Lontong kari References ^ Nyonya Rumah, Julie (2015-09-28). 180 Recipes Complete Menus of Indonesian Kitchens (in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 9786020321103. ^ Yupa (2023-11-16). "Lontong Sayur, Another Rice Dishes for Breakfast in Jakarta". Jakarta Walking Tour. Retrieved 2024-05-27. ^ Lyliana, Lea (2021-06-22). "Resep Lontong Sayur Betawi, Hidangan Berkuah Santan untuk Sarapan". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-05-27. ^ "Lontong Sayur Padang, Beda Dengan Lontong Lainnya". Sari Bundo Masakan Padang. 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2024-05-27. vte Indonesian cuisine by ethnicityDishesCommonIndonesiandishes Abon Acar Ayam bakar Ayam goreng Ayam kecap Ayam kodok Bakmi Bakpau Bakso Bakwan Bihun goreng Bubur ayam Bubur kacang hijau Bubur ketan hitam Bubur sumsum Gado-gado Gorengan Gulai Ikan asin Ikan bakar Ikan goreng Jagung rebus Kacang rebus Kari Kari ayam Kari domba Kari kambing Kari udang Kuaci Ketupat Laksa Lontong Macaroni schotel Martabak Mi bakso Mi goreng Mi kuah Nasi campur Nasi goreng Nasi kari Nasi kuning Nasi bakar Otak-otak Panekuk Pastel tutup Perkedel Perkedel jagung Pindang Rendang Rijsttafel Roti bakar Roti bolen Roti meses Rujak Sambal Sambal goreng udang Satay Sayur bayam Sayur sop Semur Serundeng Sop buntut Soto Soto ayam Soto mi Sup ayam Sup ercis Sup makaroni Sup wortel Tahu Tahu goreng Telur asin Telur pindang Tempeh Tumis kangkung Tumpeng Acehnese Meuseukat Mi aceh Mi caluk Nasi gurih Sate matang Arab Asida Falafel Hummus Kofta Manakish Katayef Nasi kabsah Nasi mandi Maamoul Marak Roti maryam Roti pita Saltah Shawarma Tabbouleh Tharid Balinese Babi guling Betutu Be urutan Iga babi Laklak Lawar Matah Nasi bali Nasi jinggo Pai susu Rawon babi Rujak kuah pindang Sate babi Sate lilit Soto babi Tipat cantok Banjarese Bingka Laksa banjar Pekasam Soto banjar Batak Arsik Babi panggang Karo Dali ni horbo Dengke mas na niura Itak gurgur Lampet Manuk napinadar Mi gomak Na tinombur Ombusombus Pagit-pagit Pohulpohul Saksang Sasagun Sate kerang Tipatipa Tuktuk Betawi Asinan betawi Bubur cha cha Kerak telor Ketoprak Ketupat sayur Laksa betawi Lontong sayur Mi kangkung Nasi goreng kambing Nasi kebuli Nasi uduk Nasi ulam Pindang Roti buaya Roti gambang Rujak juhi Sate taichan Sayur asem Semur jengkol Soto betawi Soto kaki Soto tangkar Sup kambing Buginese andMakassar Burasa Coto makassar Dangke Jalangkote Kaledo Konro Mi kering Pallubasa Sop saudara Chinese Babi hong Babi kecap Bak kut teh Bakkwa Banmian Bihun goreng Cakwe Cap cai Chai tow kway Char kway teow Cha sio Fu yung hai Fish ball Haisom cah Ifumi Kembang tahu Kepiting saus tiram Kuaci Kwetiau ayam Kwetiau goreng Kwetiau siram sapi Lapchiong Locupan Lontong cap go meh Lumpia Mi ayam Mi lor Mi pangsit Mi tarik Mun tahu Nasi ayam hainan Nasi bebek Nasi campur Nasi tim Ngo hiang Pangsit Popiah Rujak shanghai Sapo tahu Sate babi Sekba Siomay Soto Sup hisit Sup sarang burung Swikee Tahu sumedang Tauge ayam Tee long pan Telur pitan Telur teh Tong sui Yong tau fu Yusheng Cirebonese Empal gentong Docang Kue gapit Mi koclok Nasi jamblang Nasi lengko Tahu gejrot Gorontalese Binte biluhuta Sate Tuna Ayam iloni Sagela Ilahe Bilentango Sate Balanga Ilabulo Nasi kuning cakalang Buburu Bubur sagela Nasi goreng sagela Tabu Moitomo Ikan iloni Pilitode Indian Ayam mentega Ayam tandori Chapati Chutney Dosa Idli Laddu Kari kambing Kari kepala ikan Korma Modak Naan Nasi biryani Raita Roti canai Sambar Samosa Satti Sorru Indo Ayam kodok Babi panggang Bitterballen Erwtensoep Hutspot Makaroni schotel Oliebol Ontbijtkoek Pannenkoek Poffertjes Shepherd's pie Spekkoek Javanese Apem Arem-arem Ayam bumbu rujak Ayam geprek Ayam goreng kalasan Ayam penyet Bakso Bakpia Bakpia pathok Botok Brongkos Buntil Gudeg Iga penyet Kamir Kelan antep Krechek Kuluban Lepet Lontong balap Lontong dekem Lontong kupang Lumpia Lumpia goreng Lumpia semarang Sumpia Mendoan Mi bakso Mi goreng Mi jawa Mi rebus Nasi ambeng Nasi bebek Nasi bogana Nasi empal Nasi gandul Nasi goreng Nasi goreng jawa Nasi kare Nasi kucing Nasi liwet Nasi megono Nasi pecel Nasi tempong Opor Opor ayam Pecel Pecel ayam Pecel lele Rambak petis Rawon Roti ganjel rel Roti konde Rujak cingur Rujak soto Sambal ulek Sate ambal Sate blora Sate kambing Sate hati Sate kelinci Sate kikil Sate klatak Sate madura Sate ponorogo Sate tegal Sate udang Sayur lodeh Selat solo Serundeng Soto babat Soto ceker Tahu campur Telur pindang Tempe bacem Tempe goreng Tempe mendoan Timlo Tongseng Trancam Tumpeng Urap Madurese Rujak Rujak cingur Sate madura Serundeng Soto madura Malay Amplang Ayam goreng Ayam pansuh Bubur cha cha Bubur pedas Cincalok Epok-epok Gulai Ikan bakar Ikan patin Kangkung belacan Kari Kemplang Laksa Mi kari Mi rebus Nasi berlauk Nasi briyani Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi lemak Nasi minyak Otak-otak Pekasam Pulut Roti canai Roti jala Roti john Roti tisu Sayur lodeh Siput gonggong Soto Sup kambing Tahu goreng Tempoyak Ulam Minahasan Ayam rica-rica Brenebon Cakalang fufu Dabu-dabu Klappertaart Mi cakalang Nasi kuning Panada Paniki Rica-rica Rintek wuuk Tinorangsak Tinutuan Woku Minangkabau Asam pedas Ayam pop Balado Daun ubi tumbuk Dendeng Gulai Gulai ayam Gulai kambing Gulai otak Kalio Kepiting saus padang Keripik sanjai Lemang Lontong gulai pakis Nasi kapau Nasi kari Nasi padang Palai bada Rendang Sambal lada muda Sate padang Soto padang Udang balado Moluccanand Papuan Asida Babi bakar Bibingka Colo-colo Papeda Puding sagu Sagu Soto ambon Palembang Burgo Gulai Kemplang Laksan Lakso Mi celor Nasi minyak Otak-otak Pempek Pindang Tekwan Tempoyak ikan patin Peranakan Bubur cha cha Cincalok Laksa Pai ti Swikee Sasak Ayam taliwang Plecing kangkung Sate ampet Sate belut Sate pusut Sundanese Asinan bogor Batagor Empal gepuk Karedok Kupat tahu Laksa bogor Laksa tangerang Lalab Mi kocok Nasi timbel Nasi tutug oncom Oncom Pepes Rujak tumbuk Sate bandeng Sate maranggi Sayur asem Seblak Soto bandung Tauge goreng Uli bakar Timorese Feijoada Ikan bakar Katemak Pastel de nata Se'i SnacksKrupuk Amplang Emping Kemplang Krupuk Krupuk ikan Krupuk kulit Krupuk udang Kripik Kripik sanjai Rempeyek Rengginang Kue Agar-agar Apam Ape Arem-arem Asida Bagea Bahulu Bakcang Bakpau Bakpia Bakpia pathok Bangkit Bibingka Bika ambon Bingka Bitterballen Bolen Bolu gulung Bolu kukus Bolu pandan Bugis Bulan Busa Cakwe Cilok Clorot Cubit Cucur Dadar gulung Dodol Donat jawa Donat kentang Gapit Geplak Gethuk Jalangkote Jemput-jemput Kaak Kaasstengels Kamir Karipap Kembang goyang Keranjang Klappertaart Klepon Kochi Kroket Ku Kukis jagung Laddu Laklak Lapis Lapis legit Leker Lemper Lidah kucing Lumpia Lumpia goreng Lumpia semarang Sumpia Lupis Madumongso Makmur Martabak Mangkok Mochi Modak Nagasari Nastar Ombusombus Onde-onde Pai susu Pai ti Panada Pancong Pastel Pastel de nata Pinyaram Pisang cokelat Pisang goreng Poffertjes Popiah Pukis Putri salju Putu Putu mangkok Putu mayang Rangi Rempah udang Risoles Samosa Satu Semar mendem Semprit Semprong Serabi Seri muka Sus Spekulaas Stroopwafel Talam Tapai Timphan Terang bulan Untir-untir Wajik Wingko BeveragesAlcoholic Arak Beer Brem Cap tikus Ciu Lapen Saguer Sopi Tuak Non-alcoholic Adon-adon coro Angsle Bajigur Bandrek Bir jawa Bir kocok Bir pletok Cendol Chocolate milk Cincau Dadiah Es asam jawa Es buah Es campur Es doger Es durian Es goyobod Es kelapa muda Es kopyor Es selendang mayang Es tebak Es tebu Es teler Hot chocolate Jahe telur Jamu Java coffee Kembang tahu Kopi luwak Kopi susu Kopi tarik Kopi tiam Kopi tubruk Lahang Laksamana mengamuk Legen Milo Moke Ronde Sarsi Badak Indo saparelle Sekoteng Soda gembira Susu kedelai Sweet tea Teh botol Teh krisan Teh liang Teh poci Teh jahe Teh tarik Teh talua Wedang jahe Wedang uwuh BumbuSpices Adas manis Andaliman Asam jawa Bawang bombai Bawang merah Bawang perei Bawang putih Bunga lawang Bunga pala Cabai rawit Cabai merah Cengkih Daun bawang Daun jeruk Daun kari Daun kemangi Daun pandan Daun salam Jahe Jeruk purut Jeruk nipis Jintan Kapulaga Kayu manis Kecombrang Kencur Kemiri Ketumbar Keluak Kunyit Lengkuas Lada hitam Lada putih Lokio Pala Peterseli Seledri Serai Temu kunci Temu lawak Seasoningsand condiments Abon Acar Balado Bawang goreng Budu Coconut jam Cuka Dabu-dabu Hagelslag Kecap asin Kecap ikan Kecap inggris Kecap manis Kerisik Lalab Mayones Minyak samin Minyak wijen Minyak zaitun Moster Muisjes Nata de coco Peanut sauce Petis Petis ikan Rica-rica Sambal Sambal goreng teri Serundeng Saus tiram Saus tomat Tapai Tauco Tempoyak Terasi Tongcai Tuktuk Vlokken Influences andoverseas dishes Achat Asam pedas Ayam penyet Babi pangang Bami Bamischijf Begedil Biryani Bobotie Bobotok Boeber Dendeng Kaassoufflé Kalu dodol Koe'sister Lumpia Martabak Mie goreng Mie rebus Nasi ambeng Nasi goreng Nasi kuning Nasischijf Pechal Pisang goreng Rawon Rendang Rojak Roti canai Satay Sayur lodeh Serundeng Sosatie Soto Telur pindang Tempeh Tomato bredie List articles Indonesian beverages Indonesian condiments Indonesian desserts Indonesian dishes Indonesian noodles Indonesian snacks Indonesian soups Relatedtopics List of Indonesian dishes Alcohol in Indonesia Jamu Bumbu (seasoning) Street food of Indonesia Jajan pasar Sri Owen Nunuk Nuraini Category: Indonesian cuisine vteRice dishes List of rice dishes List of fried rice dishes North America Arroz poblano Arroz a la tumbada Arroz con gandules Arroz con pollo Charleston red rice Diri ak djon djon Dirty rice Gallo pinto Glorified rice Gumbo Hawaiian haystack Hoppin' John Jambalaya Loco moco Locrio Mexican rice Moros y Cristianos Red beans and rice Rice Krispies Treats Rice and gravy Rice cereal Shrimp creole South America Arroz à grega Arroz a la valenciana Arroz chaufa Arroz tapado Bandeja paisa Pabellón criollo Rice and beans Europe Arroz a la cubana Arancini Arròs negre Arròs a banda Kedgeree Nasischijf Paella Rijsttafel Risalamande Risotto Riz Casimir Supplì Africa Banga rice Concoction rice Jollof rice Ofada rice Thieboudienne West Asia Bukhari Kabsa Kateh Kushari Lâpa Mandi Mansaf Maqluba Mujaddara Orez Shu'it Pilaf Sabzi polo Saleeg Sütlaç Tahdig Tahri Zerde Central Asia Plov Osh South Asia Baji Biryani Bisi Bele Bath Bora saul Chaaler Payesh Chitranna Chirha Chungapura Pitha Coconut rice Curd rice Congee Dosa Daal Bhaat Diyabath Idiyappam Idli Jaa Jeera rice Jhalmuri Kabuli pulaw Khichdi Kori rotti Payesh/Payasam Murhi Kiribath Lamprais Kaha bath Nasi goreng Neer dosa Paniyaram Pakistani rice dishes Panta bhat Pulao Pittu Poha Pongal Pulihora Puliyogare Rice and curry Sevai Soft Khichuri Zafran Bhaat East AsiaChina Boluo fan Baked pork chop rice Claypot chicken rice Erkuai Fried rice Gaifan Guoba Hokkien fried rice Migan Mixian Minced pork rice Rice noodle roll Siu mei rice Sticky rice Yangzhou fried rice Zongzi Japan Agemochi Botamochi Chahan Chazuke Chūkadon Donburi Doria Gyūdon Hayashi rice Hitsumabushi Ikameshi Japanese curry Kamameshi Kankoro Karukan Katemeshi Katsudon Keihan rice Kiritanpo Mochi Moffle Okayu Omurice Onigiri Oyakodon Rice burger Senbei Sushi Taco rice Takikomi gohan Tamago kake gohan Tekkadon Uirō Unadon Yakimochi Zosui Korea Bap Bibimbap Bokkeum-bap Garae-tteok Gimbap Gyeongdan Heotjesatbap Hobak-juk Hoe-deopbap Injeolmi Jatjuk Jeonbok-juk Kimchi bokkeumbap Kongbap Nurungji Ogok-bap Sundae Tarak-juk Tteok Yaksik Taiwan Bí-hún Bí-pang Bí-tâi-ba̍k Chiayi turkey rice Donfan Fried rice Glutinous rice Tangyuan Khong bah png Kuih Lo bah png Milkfish congee Misua Mochi Sticky rice Ti hoeh koe Tube rice pudding Wa Gui Zongzi Southeast AsiaBrunei,MalaysiaandSingapore Angku Apam Bakcang Banana leaf rice Bubur ayam Burasa Chwee kueh Claypot chicken rice Dodol Duck rice Economy rice Hainanese chicken rice Hainanese curry rice Kelupis Ketupat Lamban Lemang Pulut panggang Lontong Moci Nasi ambeng Nasi beriani Nasi campur Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi kandar Nasi kari Nasi katok Nasi kebuli Nasi kerabu Nasi lemak Nasi lemuni Nasi minyak Nasi paprik Nasi ulam Nagasari Onde-onde Penyiram Satti Sorru Tapai Wajik Indonesia Arem-arem Bakcang Bubur ayam Bugis Burasa Burgo Dodol Ketupat Klepon Ku Laklak Lemang Lemper Lepet Lontong Lontong balap Lontong cap go meh Lontong dekem Lontong sayur Lupis Madumongso Moci Nasi ambeng Nasi bakar Nasi beriani Nasi bogana Nasi campur Nasi goreng Nasi goreng jawa Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi gurih Nasi jamblang Nasi jinggo Nasi kapau Nasi kari Nasi kebuli Nasi kucing Nasi kuning Nasi lemak Nasi lengko Nasi liwet Nasi mandi Nasi megono Nasi minyak Nasi padang Nasi pecel Nasi tempong Nasi tim Nasi timbel Nasi tutug oncom Nasi uduk Nasi ulam Nagasari Onde-onde Pinyaram Pulot tartal Putu Putu mangkok Putu mayang Rijsttafel Serabi Tapai Tinutuan Tumpeng Wajik Philippines Aligue fried rice Ampaw Arroz a la cubana Arroz a la valenciana Arroz caldo Bagoong fried rice Balao-balao Baye baye Bibingka Biko Binakle Binalot Binignit Bringhe Buro (Tapay) Burong isda Champorado Dodol Espasol Ginataang mais Ginataang munggo Goto Java rice Junay Kalamay Kiampong Kiping Kuning Kutsinta Lugaw Mache Masi Moche Morisqueta tostada Moron Nasing biringyi Oko-oko Okoy Paelya Palitaw Pancit bihon Pancit choca Pancit Malabon Pancit palabok Panyalam Pastil Pichi-pichi Pilipit Pinipig Pusô Putli mandi Puto Puto bumbong Puto seco Salukara Sapin-sapin Sayongsong Shakoy Silog Sinangág (Garlic fried rice) Sinigapuna Suman Tinapayan Tupig Myanmar(Burma) Burmese fried rice Buttered rice Coconut rice Htamanè Hsi htamin No htamin Thingyan rice Thailand American fried rice Khao chae Khao kha mu Khao mu daeng Khao lam Thai fried rice Vietnam Bánh bèo Bun cha Bún riêu Bún bò Huế Bún thịt nướng Cơm tấm Cơm nắm Cơm rượu Gỏi cuốn Pho Rice noodles Xôi Other Brown rice Coconut rice Congee Instant rice Parboiled rice Puffed rice cakes Puffed rice Rice pudding Rice vermicelli White rice Yellow rice Category WikiProject Food and drink	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"lontong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong"},{"link_name":"coconut milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"chayote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayote"},{"link_name":"green bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean"},{"link_name":"jackfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"tempeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh"},{"link_name":"tofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu"},{"link_name":"hard-boiled egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-boiled_egg"},{"link_name":"sambal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal"},{"link_name":"krupuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupuk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyonya_Rumah-1"},{"link_name":"ketupat sayur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat_sayur"},{"link_name":"bubur ayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubur_ayam"},{"link_name":"nasi uduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_uduk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Betawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lontong sayur (lit. vegetable rice cake) is an Indonesian traditional rice dish made of pieces of lontong served in coconut milk soup with shredded chayote, green bean, unripe jackfruit, tempeh, tofu, hard-boiled egg, sambal and krupuk.[1]Lontong sayur is related and quite similar to ketupat sayur and is a favourite breakfast menu next to bubur ayam and nasi uduk.[2] The dish is found in Betawi,[3] and Minangkabau cuisine.[4]","title":"Lontong sayur"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"Lontong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong"},{"title":"Arem-arem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arem-arem"},{"title":"Lontong balap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_balap"},{"title":"Lontong cap go meh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_cap_go_meh"},{"title":"Lontong dekem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_dekem"},{"title":"Lontong kari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontong_kari"}]	[{"reference":"Nyonya Rumah, Julie (2015-09-28). 180 Recipes Complete Menus of Indonesian Kitchens (in Indonesian). 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Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2021/06/22/100400575/resep-lontong-sayur-betawi-hidangan-berkuah-santan-untuk-sarapan","url_text":"\"Resep Lontong Sayur Betawi, Hidangan Berkuah Santan untuk Sarapan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lontong Sayur Padang, Beda Dengan Lontong Lainnya\". Sari Bundo Masakan Padang. 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saribundo.biz/lontong-sayur-padang.html","url_text":"\"Lontong Sayur Padang, Beda Dengan Lontong Lainnya\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ixhIDwAAQBAJ&q=lontong+Indonesian+rice+cake&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"180 Recipes Complete Menus of Indonesian Kitchens"},{"Link":"https://jakartawalkingtour.com/lontong-sayur-another-rice-dishes-for-breakfast-in-jakarta/","external_links_name":"\"Lontong Sayur, Another Rice Dishes for Breakfast in Jakarta\""},{"Link":"https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2021/06/22/100400575/resep-lontong-sayur-betawi-hidangan-berkuah-santan-untuk-sarapan","external_links_name":"\"Resep Lontong Sayur Betawi, Hidangan Berkuah Santan untuk Sarapan\""},{"Link":"https://www.saribundo.biz/lontong-sayur-padang.html","external_links_name":"\"Lontong Sayur Padang, Beda Dengan Lontong Lainnya\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Kenneth_A._Bray	Kenneth A. Bray	["1 Biography","2 Seabiscuit's horseshoe","3 Influence","4 References","5 External links"]	Kenneth Augustine Bray (May 26, 1879 – January 9, 1953) was an American Episcopal priest, teacher, sportsman and coach. He founded the athletic program for Iolani School from 1932 to 1953, establishing the "One Team" philosophy touted by many teachers, coaches and students at the school. Biography Kenneth A. Bray was born on May 26, 1879, in Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, England. His father, the Reverend Thomas William Bray, was once a vicar of St. Paul's Church in Aberdeen, Scotland. Father Bray studied at the University of Oxford. He stated, "When I went to Oxford, I did not go in for the scholastic honors as my brothers did," but instead, "I went in for athletics. Mother was disappointed." He earned the Bachelor of Divinity degree from General Theological Seminary in New York City and was ordained in 1909. He coached football, basketball, and baseball at Geneva High School (New York) where he also led the drama club. That overlapped his service as rector of St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Geneva, New York) from 1914 to 1924. During his early teaching years, in 1917, Bray enlisted in the military for service in World War I. He taught both Greek and Latin at St. Stephens College and Nashotah House, Wisconsin. He also taught at Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut, and The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, where he coached basketball, baseball, lacrosse and football. Father Bray moved to Hawaii in 1932, and taught at Iolani School. During the next two decades of athletics, Father Bray distinguished his players with traditions that exemplified outstanding character qualities of excellence, humility, hard work, discipline and sportsmanship. Numerous championships over two decades came as a result of Bray's coaching, including a "Clean Sweep" of three championships (1950–1951) in football, basketball and baseball in the same school year. Seabiscuit's horseshoe In 1939, following the epic victory of Seabiscuit over War Admiral in the match race at Pimlico racetrack in Maryland (1938), Father Bray wrote a letter to Charles S. Howard, the wealthy owner of Seabiscuit. He explained how the display of courage had drawn the admiration of not just of an entire nation, but of young athletes from a small school in Honolulu. He requested one of Seabiscuit's horseshoes. Howard responded with more than a letter. Howard sent one of the shoes Seabiscuit used during the dramatic win against War Admiral. The shoe became a talisman for Iolani football players who would ceremoniously kiss the horseshoe on their bus rides to the old Honolulu Stadium. Influence Many of Father Bray's "boys" went on to become leading high school and collegiate coaches, teachers, business leaders, and professionals in the medical and dental fields. On June 24, 1981, the Father Kenneth A. Bray Athletic Complex was dedicated at Iolani School. He was honored as a member of the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame. References ^ "Bray, Kenneth A., Rev., 1879-1952 (t. 1932-1952". Iolani Archives. 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ "Father Kenneth A. Bray, Sportsman". Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame Inductees. 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ "Father Bray, reflections 1952". The Honolulu Advertiser. 1952-10-23. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ "Father Bray, reflections 1952". The Honolulu Advertiser. 1952-10-23. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ "Way Back When in Ontario County: A Genevan for the History Books". Finger Lakes Times. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ "Way Back When in Ontario County: A Genevan for the History Books". Finger Lakes Times. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ "Way Back When in Ontario County: A Genevan for the History Books". Finger Lakes Times. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ Johnson, Don (1994). The Ol' Man, Father Kenneth A. Bray. Honolulu: Iolani Raiders Boosters Club. ^ "Documentary, service to honor 'Iolani's Father Bray". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2019-01-24. ^ "Father Bray, reflections 1952". The Honolulu Advertiser. 1952-10-23. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ Essoyan, Susan (July 16, 2003). "Iolani's lucky charm". archives.starbulletin.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24. ^ "Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame and Cybermuseum". www.hawaiisportshalloffame.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Kenneth A. Bray. Iolani School official website	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kenneth A. Bray"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"General Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Geneva High School (New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_High_School_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Geneva, New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Geneva,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Nashotah House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashotah_House"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Choate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choate_School"},{"link_name":"Wallingford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"The Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_School_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Pottstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Iolani School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolani_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kenneth A. Bray was born on May 26, 1879, in Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, England.[1][2] His father, the Reverend Thomas William Bray, was once a vicar of St. Paul's Church in Aberdeen, Scotland. Father Bray studied at the University of Oxford.[3] He stated, \"When I went to Oxford, I did not go in for the scholastic honors as my brothers did,\" but instead, \"I went in for athletics. Mother was disappointed.\"[4] He earned the Bachelor of Divinity degree from General Theological Seminary in New York City and was ordained in 1909.[5] He coached football, basketball, and baseball at Geneva High School (New York) where he also led the drama club.[6] That overlapped his service as rector of St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Geneva, New York) from 1914 to 1924.[7] During his early teaching years, in 1917, Bray enlisted in the military for service in World War I.[8] He taught both Greek and Latin at St. Stephens College and Nashotah House, Wisconsin. He also taught at Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut, and The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, where he coached basketball, baseball, lacrosse and football.Father Bray moved to Hawaii in 1932, and taught at Iolani School.[9] During the next two decades of athletics, Father Bray distinguished his players with traditions that exemplified outstanding character qualities of excellence, humility, hard work, discipline and sportsmanship. Numerous championships over two decades came as a result of Bray's coaching, including a \"Clean Sweep\" of three championships (1950–1951) in football, basketball and baseball in the same school year.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seabiscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabiscuit"},{"link_name":"War Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Admiral"},{"link_name":"Pimlico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico"},{"link_name":"racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Howard"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1939, following the epic victory of Seabiscuit over War Admiral in the match race at Pimlico racetrack in Maryland (1938), Father Bray wrote a letter to Charles S. Howard, the wealthy owner of Seabiscuit. He explained how the display of courage had drawn the admiration of not just of an entire nation, but of young athletes from a small school in Honolulu. He requested one of Seabiscuit's horseshoes. Howard responded with more than a letter. Howard sent one of the shoes Seabiscuit used during the dramatic win against War Admiral. The shoe became a talisman for Iolani football players who would ceremoniously kiss the horseshoe on their bus rides to the old Honolulu Stadium.[11]","title":"Seabiscuit's horseshoe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Many of Father Bray's \"boys\" went on to become leading high school and collegiate coaches, teachers, business leaders, and professionals in the medical and dental fields. On June 24, 1981, the Father Kenneth A. Bray Athletic Complex was dedicated at Iolani School. He was honored as a member of the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame.[12]","title":"Influence"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bray, Kenneth A., Rev., 1879-1952 (t. 1932-1952\". Iolani Archives. 2023-07-10. 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Retrieved 2023-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fltimes.com/lifestyle/way-back-when-in-ontario-county-a-genevan-for-the-history-books/article_e19ab128-f7d6-11e3-8a80-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Way Back When in Ontario County: A Genevan for the History Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Way Back When in Ontario County: A Genevan for the History Books\". Finger Lakes Times. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2023-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fltimes.com/lifestyle/way-back-when-in-ontario-county-a-genevan-for-the-history-books/article_e19ab128-f7d6-11e3-8a80-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Way Back When in Ontario County: A Genevan for the History Books\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Don (1994). The Ol' Man, Father Kenneth A. Bray. Honolulu: Iolani Raiders Boosters Club.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Documentary, service to honor 'Iolani's Father Bray\". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 2011-01-25. 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Retrieved 2019-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hawaiisportshalloffame.com/xbray.htm","url_text":"\"Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame and Cybermuseum\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archives.iolani.org/agents/people/4","external_links_name":"\"Bray, Kenneth A., Rev., 1879-1952 (t. 1932-1952\""},{"Link":"https://www.hawaiisportshalloffame.com/bray-father-kenneth.html/","external_links_name":"\"Father Kenneth A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A_Muller	David A Muller	["1 Selected publications","2 References","3 External links"]	Physicist Not to be confused with David E. Muller. David Anthony MullerBornSouth AfricaAlma materCornell University University of SydneyKnown forElectron MicroscopyAwardsAPS Fellow MSA Fellow Burton Medal (2006) Duncumb Award (2016) Ernst Ruska Prize (2021) John Cowley Medal (2023) APS Keithley Award (2024)Scientific careerInstitutionsCornell University Bell Labs Website David Muller is a named Professor in the School of Applied and Engineering Physics at Cornell University and co-director of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science. He is known for his work in electron microscopy, condensed matter physics, and discovery of atomic structure across a wide range of materials including applications in clean energy research, semiconductor devices, and 2D materials. He is a fellow in the American Physical Society and the Microscopy Society of America and received the MSA Burton Medal, the MAS Duncumb Award, the Ernst Ruska Prize of the German Society for Electron Microscopy, and the APS Keithley Award for advances in measurement science. He is twice in the Guinness World Records, most recently, for achieving the highest resolution microscope image ever recorded using electron ptychography. His work spans theory, computation, and experimental physics research. He is also a Faculty member of the Center for Bright Beams. Selected publications Muller, David (2018). "Electron Ptychography of 2D Materials to Deep Sub-Ångström Resolution". Nature. 559 (7714): 343–349. arXiv:1801.04630. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..343J. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0298-5. PMID 30022131. S2CID 256768404. Muller, David (2021). "Electron ptychography achieves atomic-resolution limits set by lattice vibrations". Science. 372 (6544): 826–831. arXiv:2101.00465. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..826C. doi:10.1126/science.abg2533. PMID 34016774. S2CID 230435950. Muller, David (2011). "Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts". Nature. 469 (7330): 389–92. arXiv:1009.4714. Bibcode:2011Natur.469..389H. doi:10.1038/nature09718. PMID 21209615. S2CID 205223553. References ^ Fleischman, Tom. "Electron microscope detector achieves record resolution". news.cornell.edu. ^ "Innovators Under 35, MIT Technology Review". www2.technologyreview.com. ^ "See the Highest-Resolution Atomic Image Ever Captured". www.scientificamerican.com. ^ "The Center for Bright Beams". External links David A Muller publications indexed by Google Scholar This article about an American physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David E. Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Muller"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"ptychography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with David E. Muller.David Muller is a named Professor in the School of Applied and Engineering Physics at Cornell University and co-director of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science.[1] He is known for his work in electron microscopy, condensed matter physics, and discovery of atomic structure across a wide range of materials including applications in clean energy research, semiconductor devices, and 2D materials.[2] He is a fellow in the American Physical Society and the Microscopy Society of America and received the MSA Burton Medal, the MAS Duncumb Award, the Ernst Ruska Prize of the German Society for Electron Microscopy, and the APS Keithley Award for advances in measurement science. He is twice in the Guinness World Records, most recently, for achieving the highest resolution microscope image ever recorded using electron ptychography.[3] His work spans theory, computation, and experimental physics research. He is also a Faculty member of the Center for Bright Beams.[4]","title":"David A Muller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1801.04630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1801.04630"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2018Natur.559..343J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.559..343J"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/s41586-018-0298-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0298-5"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30022131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30022131"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"256768404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256768404"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2101.00465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/2101.00465"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2021Sci...372..826C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..826C"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.abg2533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abg2533"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34016774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34016774"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"230435950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230435950"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1009.4714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1009.4714"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2011Natur.469..389H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.469..389H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature09718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09718"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21209615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21209615"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"205223553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205223553"}],"text":"Muller, David (2018). \"Electron Ptychography of 2D Materials to Deep Sub-Ångström Resolution\". Nature. 559 (7714): 343–349. arXiv:1801.04630. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..343J. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0298-5. PMID 30022131. S2CID 256768404.\nMuller, David (2021). \"Electron ptychography achieves atomic-resolution limits set by lattice vibrations\". Science. 372 (6544): 826–831. arXiv:2101.00465. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..826C. doi:10.1126/science.abg2533. PMID 34016774. S2CID 230435950.\nMuller, David (2011). \"Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts\". Nature. 469 (7330): 389–92. arXiv:1009.4714. Bibcode:2011Natur.469..389H. doi:10.1038/nature09718. PMID 21209615. S2CID 205223553.","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Muller, David (2018). \"Electron Ptychography of 2D Materials to Deep Sub-Ångström Resolution\". Nature. 559 (7714): 343–349. arXiv:1801.04630. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..343J. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0298-5. PMID 30022131. S2CID 256768404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.04630","url_text":"1801.04630"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.559..343J","url_text":"2018Natur.559..343J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0298-5","url_text":"10.1038/s41586-018-0298-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30022131","url_text":"30022131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256768404","url_text":"256768404"}]},{"reference":"Muller, David (2021). \"Electron ptychography achieves atomic-resolution limits set by lattice vibrations\". Science. 372 (6544): 826–831. arXiv:2101.00465. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..826C. doi:10.1126/science.abg2533. PMID 34016774. 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Bibcode:2011Natur.469..389H. doi:10.1038/nature09718. PMID 21209615. 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Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Albums/Album_article_style_advice#\"Release history\" tables"]	For older entries, see User talk:Steelbeard1/archive3 You need to forward slash or you create a new user name. PS: Did you know you already have some archive pages? User talk:Steelbeard1/archive1 User talk:Steelbeard1/archive2 Berliner You have reversed my move from "Berliner Gramophone" to "Berliner Records" as you stipulate that the company was never called "Berliner Records." The company was called the United States Gramophone Company and its records were issued under the logo of "E. Berliner's Gramophone." But no one in the collecting or scholarly community uses that; they are officially called "Berliner" or "Berliners;" even EMI calls them that. And the Wiki Labels Project requires that a record label be preferably suffixed with "records." "Berliner Gramophone" is inaccurate in describing the label; that is why I changed it as "Berliner Gramophone" is the name of the machine that played the records, not of the records -- it is like calling a disc of computer software a computer. There is no article about the machine, and I kindly ask that you change it back. Berliner did not use a conventional label, as they did not exist for flat disc records until Eldridge Johnson added one at Victor. If you have any doubt, check the EMI Archive Trust link on the page itself, or this auction listing: http://www.78rpm.com/auction_frame.htm Pinikadia 21:13, 7 April 2014 (UTC) Studios I saw that. But, starting a new section is not responding to an existing one. It is starting a topic. This is responding to an existing topic, in that topic with semicolons. How can I deduce that you were responding to my proposal if you start a whole other topic? I can't. Are you saying you want to move the article to "The Lot"? Please modify for clarity. — Archive! Archive! Archive! Archive! Archive!...the monkeys from the Wizard of Oz said as the flew away. ~ WikiDon (talk) 21:13, 8 June 2008 (UTC) RCA I saw the message you sent me. So you're saying that RCA corp doesn't exist, but thomson owns it and thomson is making their products with the rca brand??? I don't gfet it/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guy1423 (talk • contribs) 23:00, 10 June 2008 (UTC) Oh, I get it! RCA Corporation was discontinued, but the trademark still exists and is used by some companies? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guy1423 (talk • contribs) 23:11, 10 June 2008 (UTC) This could make things clearer to some editors/readers ;) Gwen Gale (talk) 00:11, 11 June 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (Image:Masterworksbroadway.jpg) Thanks for uploading Image:Masterworksbroadway.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:13, 18 June 2008 (UTC) Popeye DVD 2 I'm wondering which version of the DVD I got. I don't think it was the a.a.p. version. Maybe that only went out to some shipments, not all? I would say there are some other quality issues, but we're dealing with 70-year-old cartoons here. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 07:36, 18 June 2008 (UTC) Some of the specials were good. It was interesting to hear Jack Mercer's real voice, which is surprisingly high-pitched. He also sounded like he was reading from a script, but whatever. They had a nice special about Mae Questel. Too bad they didn't have an interview comparable to the Mercer interview. The Fleischer documentary was excellent, and poignant. What they might have accomplished, had they not let personal issues get in the way, who knows? Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 07:39, 18 June 2008 (UTC) Thanks for your note. It's still not clear to me what the issue is, but I don't think it's worth going through the trouble. Maybe the original mistaken disc will become a collectible of sorts. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 12:55, 18 June 2008 (UTC) CQ Politics Michigan link Thanks for letting me know. I will get on that. America69 (talk) 18:49, 27 June 2008 (UTC) Elektra Records I changed the logo to the last one because the releases of new material up until the absorbtion by Atlantic Records used that logo. Even the Elektra releases under the Atlantic aegis use this logo, so I think it should be the one that one sees when they access the page. The sooner that Time Warner buys WEA back from that Canadian maniac, the better. Peace. —MuzikJunky (talk) 07:00, 30 June 2008 (UTC) Then should there be an infobox at all with the dormant label? Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:20, 30 June 2008 (UTC) The Beatles Newsletter Beatles editor, Dendodge, wants to start sending out The Beatles Newsletter again. If you would like to receive it, please leave a message on this page. All the best, --andreasegde (talk) 17:27, 1 July 2008 (UTC) Popeye as a Scot? Maybe his Scottish brogue gave it away. Or his Scottish surname. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 14:12, 2 July 2008 (UTC) And Popeye is into spinach. I don't know that that's a traditional Scottish dish. Haggis would be. Popeye has dealt with the Sea Hag, but not with Haggis. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 15:11, 2 July 2008 (UTC) List of active drive-in theaters Sorry it took so long to respond. My reply can be found on the article's talk page. --Reverend Loki (talk) 20:12, 8 July 2008 (UTC) Happy Beatles Day! Happy Beatles Day! Just a message from the Beatles WikiProject! Have a great day, Steelbeard1! ...... Densock .. Talk(Dendodge on a public network) 10:09, 10 July 2008 (UTC) Beatles newsletter July 2008 WikiProject The Beatles Newsletter Issue 013 – July 2008 Beatles News A nine-minute interview with Paul McCartney and John Lennon has surfaced that had been lost since 30 April 1964, after they returned from their first American tour. Paul Weller played an unexpected cover of The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love" during a gig being staged as part of London's iTunes Festival. "Beatles Day – Imagine The Concert" will be a part of this year’s Summer Pops Festival. Prime Minister Gordon Brown has revealed his favourite Beatles song - "All My Loving" - because he played it on the piano as a young upstart. McCartney and Starr will be among the stars to honour Sir George Martin at USC Representatives for The Beatles, Activision Inc. (NASDAQ: ATVI), and MTV Games are in talks about developing a Beatles-themed video game versions of Guitar Hero (series) and Rock Band (video game). McCartney talked about his last moments with Harrison, just days before his death. Rare photos of The Beatles are to go on display in Little Chalfont next week. Yoko Ono plans to appeal a failed lawsuit against a filmmaker who used a piece of footage from the Imagine (film) without permission. US District Judge Sidney Stein found in favour of the filmmakers based on Fair use. (Interesting for Wikipedia editors...) Ringo Starr's new album, Liverpool 8, only sold 7,000 copies in its first week of release. Project News As you may have seen, the talk page banner changed a bit. It has a couple of bugs (most notably the categorisation problems), but the {{WPBannerMeta}} standardisation was long overdue. Thank you to Dendodge for sorting it. The newsletter's back after a very positive reaction, and thanks are again due to Dendodge. Article adoptions: Heather Mills will be a hot topic next month, as the truth will be referenced. The hottest Project page this month has been The Quarrymen (now a GA). It reveals the most accurate history of their early days, because so many other web pages tell a completely untrue story (one web page said they lost a Carroll Levis competition to a woman who played the spoons :) Other Project news The project now has 5 FA articles, and 33 GA articles. George Harrison, Ringo Starr, and Klaus Voormann are still B-class articles, as is Yoko Ono (will she ever get a GA rating?) Member News New members to the project (since the last issue, which was a long time ago) include a lot of names, which can be found here.... Project member news: Issue of the Month Apart from the usual vandals, there is an ongoing problem with Wikipedia editors deleting free and fair-use photos because they don't think they are of any value to articles, even though this sometimes leaves articles with no photos at all. These editors do not leave notes on talk pages, so if you see that a photo has vanished, check the talk page and the history log. From the Editors It's been a while, but the newsletter's back! After a short discussion on the project talk page, seemingly unanimous consensus to bring it back was reached. This issue, and subsequent ones, will probably be shorter - as we kept running out of things to say before! There's a lot to say this month, purely due to the long absence of a newsletter, but we'll keep it as brief as possible. In order to get delivery by Denbot sorted, the special delivery interface has been changed slightly - but existing delivery options still stand. Inactive participants who want delivery should place their names on this list. If you've just joined, add your name to the Participants section of Wikipedia:WikiProject The Beatles. You'll get a mention in the next issue of the Newsletter and get it delivered as desired. Also, please include your own promotions and awards in future issues. Don't be shy! Lastly, this is your newsletter and you can be involved in the creation of the next issue (Issue 014 – August 2008). Any and all contributions are welcome. Simply let yourself be known to any of the undersigned, or just start editing! Contributors to this Issue Dendodge (Lead Editor & Distributor) andreasegde (Gossip and lie-detector editor) Complete To Do List Make visible or invisible by clicking Show or Hide, respectively. To-do list for User:Steelbeard1: A list of articles needing cleanup associated with this project is available. See also the tool's wiki page and the index of WikiProjects. Here are some tasks awaiting attention: Article requests : Articles on each Beatle tour (Category:The Beatles concert tours). See: Missing articles.Expand : The Lost Lennon Tapes, notable radio series which has spawned many bootlegs. Apple Records See also: Adopt an articleStubs : See: Category:The Beatles song stubsUpdate : Pics/Graphics wanted: Kenwood.Verify : Beatle wivesOther : Project: Add {{WikiProject The Beatles}} to the talk pages of all Beatles-related articles. Send a newsletter to members, canvas for new members and coordinate tasks. Enter articles assessed as stubs onto this list, also list articles needing cleanup and other work here. If you complete one of these tasks, please remove it from the list and add your achievement to the project log. Want to help on next month's newsletter? Don't want to receive these in future? Don't want it subst'd next time? – It's all here. {{../Issue-nav\|013}}...... Densock .. Talk(Dendodge on a public network) 10:04, 22 July 2008 (UTC) RE: User:Rebafan11 Thanks, I caught him last night, and even though I thought it obvious he was another sock, I didn't have any evidence of disruptive editing at the time. I'll check his work again. dhett (talk • contribs) 23:20, 27 July 2008 (UTC) Abbey Road (album) The songwriting credit is to "Starkey", not "Richard Starkey", at least on my vinyl & CD; that's why I always render credits verbatim and wlink if necessary, so as not to lie about the credit. --Rodhullandemu 18:30, 29 July 2008 (UTC) Likewise, on my copes, credit is to "Harrison" rather than "George Harrison". I think the credits should at least be consistent and correct rather than consistent and wrong. --Rodhullandemu 18:46, 29 July 2008 (UTC) Across The Universe (film) Thanks for the comment on my talk page about Across The Universe (film) on the Beatles template. Please note that I did not add this film to the template in the first place, I only modified the formatting. If you are of the opinion that that Across The Universe (film) should not be on the template, feel free to remove it. Personally, I feel that there are a number of off-topic references on this template. --Countdown to oblivion (talk) 13:16, 30 July 2008 (UTC) I see that you already removed it from the template. --Countdown to oblivion (talk) 13:19, 30 July 2008 (UTC) Stub It may not be a stub okay, its start but not a B. A B is Def Leppard discography, Stone Temple Pilots discography, Pink Floyd discography or Eminem discography but not this one. But it doesn't have sources, ut has track listing at the page, it has a short lead to short, if you want to i can get the leader of the wikiproject discography to take a look at it. He'll probably call it a stub or a start just as me. I'm not goin to revert your edit if you want to denie it. I can show you the guidline for whats a stub, if you want. --Be Black Hole Sun (talk) 13:32, 31 July 2008 (UTC) personal attacks Regarding your comments on Talk:ABN AMRO: Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on contributors. Personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks will lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you.--Tikiwont (talk) 10:55, 6 August 2008 (UTC) Example please? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:58, 6 August 2008 (UTC) Such as . --Tikiwont (talk) 11:15, 6 August 2008 (UTC) Changed anal retentive to obsessive "strictly by the book" . Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:22, 6 August 2008 (UTC) ABN AMRO Can you add you input into another stupid edit war involving the Dutch financial institution ABN AMRO: I'm afraid this is a topic I know absolutely nothing about, and if I edit or contribute to talk I could end up making things worse. But good luck. Ward3001 (talk) 17:25, 6 August 2008 (UTC) If that company calls itself by all capital letters, and legal documents also call it that way, then that's what it is, and it is not wikipedia's place to try to change that by applying so-called "grammar rules" to it. This is the same debate as The CW, and it's worth pointing out that the guy who kept insisting it couldn't call itself that, got himself indefinitely blocked for disruption. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 17:46, 6 August 2008 (UTC) It's on my watch list. That guy is hung up on rules, like the late, unlamented Rollosmokes was. The first rule is, get it right. Don't make wikipedia look stupid(er). Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 18:33, 9 August 2008 (UTC) The "the" THING Oh bugger, it's here again, and just after I had stopped waking up and screaming "definitive article!" to the consternation of my neighbours. :))) --andreasegde (talk) 01:43, 10 August 2008 (UTC) RE: ABN Amro Please check out Wikipedia_talk:Requested_moves#Removal_of_statements_contesting_proposed_move before proceeding with any further discussion on the WP:RM proposal page. Thanks. JPG-GR (talk) 00:11, 11 August 2008 (UTC) And on a related note calling people anal retentive, while arguably an appropriate description of a class of behaviour, does not really help to avoid drama. Is it likely to encourage them to gracefully back down, or is it drawing battle lines? I'd say the latter. You have the facts on your side, and I believe also the best arguments, it's unnecessary to resort to rhetorical exuberance. Guy (Help!) 21:20, 11 August 2008 (UTC) Allow me to emphasise Guy's comment - that was uncivil behavior on your part, unnecessary, and not acceptable behavior. Please don't do it again. Georgewilliamherbert (talk) 20:24, 12 August 2008 (UTC) Request to move article Ron Richards incomplete You recently filed a request at Wikipedia:Requested moves to move the page Ron Richards to a different title - however your proposal is either incomplete or has been contested as being controversial. As a result, it has been moved to the incomplete and contested proposals section. Requests that remain incomplete after five days will be removed. Please make sure you have completed all three of the following: Added {{move\|NewName}} at the top of the talk page of the page you want moved, replacing "NewName" with the new name for the article. This creates the required template for you there. Added {{subst:RMtalk\|NewName\|reason for move}} to the bottom of the talk page of the page you want to be moved, to automatically create a discussion section there. Added {{subst:RMlink\|PageName\|NewName\|reason for move}} to the top of today's section here. If you need any further guidance, please leave a message at Wikipedia talk:Requested moves or contact me on my talk page. - JPG-GR (talk) 05:23, 19 August 2008 (UTC) Apology from Fangusu Steelbeard1, I'm very sorry about confusing the rabbit character in Porky's Hare Hunt with the official Bugs in A Wild Hare. He may not be the gray rabbit that we recognize, but he is supposed to be Bugs in prototype form, right? Fangusu (talk) 10:46, 26 August 2008 (UTC) You just need to read the history more, before making changes. We had this discussion some months back. "Happy Rabbit" was a figment of Mel Blanc's later imagination. The early rabbit characters are usually referred to as Bugs Bunny "prototypes", and Wild Hare is regarded by cartoon historians as the true debut of Bugsy. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 10:53, 26 August 2008 (UTC) Producers The Beatles Box Set I responded at the talk there. Apparently, I was ill-informed, but I retained one of the production credits. Please post on my talk if you need me again. Thanks. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:08, 27 August 2008 (UTC) Disputed non-free use rationale for Image:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG Thank you for uploading Image:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Wikipedia:Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for images used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale. If it is determined that the image does not qualify under the non-free content policy, it might be deleted by an administrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 12:38, 30 August 2008 (UTC) Talk:Ohio's 11th congressional district special election, 2008 You are invited to contibute to the deletion discussion on this page.--Dr who1975 (talk) 17:53, 6 September 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (Image:Americanstandardlogo.jpg) Thanks for uploading Image:Americanstandardlogo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:12, 11 September 2008 (UTC) Nader Polling in Michigan For whatever reason, I'm unable to open Time's website, but this link clearly shows the results of the poll showing Nader at 6% http://blogs.courant.com/capitol_watch/2008/09/ralph-nader-at-6-in-michigan-4.html --Criticalthinker (talk) 22:41, 12 September 2008 (UTC) I was not the one that originally added the poll. Does the poll at the Time magazine link not show Nader with 6% in Michigan? --Criticalthinker (talk) 22:55, 12 September 2008 (UTC) Image copyright problem with Image:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg Thanks for uploading Image:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in. That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page. This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 02:28, 17 September 2008 (UTC) Polling figures The "Notes" at the end of the "Latest Results" section in the article clearly state: "'Likely' states are states that have polled ahead for a candidate in each circumstance for the previous 5 months (including polls in archive)." I agree that Michigan can be considered "Likely Obama" if you use different criteria. However, according to the rules agreed upon for the article Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008, Michigan cannot be considered "likely Obama". Otherwise, Iowa should have been labeled "Likely Obama" for a long time. 85.178.69.10 (talk) 14:31, 27 September 2008 (UTC) Image copyright problem Thanks for your uploads. You've indicated that the following images are being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why they meet Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page an image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in. That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page. Image:Pastmasters1label.jpg Image:Pastmasters2label.jpg Image:Pastmastersvol1and2albumcover.jpg This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. --08:32, 1 October 2008 (UTC) Image copyright problem with Image:Polydorearly78.JPG Thanks for uploading Image:Polydorearly78.JPG. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in. That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page. This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 23:17, 1 October 2008 (UTC) Image copyright problem with Image:RCAVictorLogo.gif Thanks for uploading Image:RCAVictorLogo.gif. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in. That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page. This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 04:35, 2 October 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image (Image:Image:Ranwood logo.gif) You've uploaded Image:Image:Ranwood logo.gif, and indicated that it's used under Wikipedia's rules for non-free images. However, it's not presently used in any articles. Wikipedia policy requires that non-free images be either used or deleted, so if this image isn't used in an article in the next week, it will be deleted. This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. Orphaned non-free image (Image:Rhinologo whiteonwhite.gif) You've uploaded Image:Rhinologo whiteonwhite.gif, and indicated that it's used under Wikipedia's rules for non-free images. However, it's not presently used in any articles. Wikipedia policy requires that non-free images be either used or deleted, so if this image isn't used in an article in the next week, it will be deleted. This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. 20:47, 2 October 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (Image:Emiclassicslogo.gif) Thanks for uploading Image:Emiclassicslogo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 07:03, 3 October 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (Image:Angelrecordslogo.jpg) Thanks for uploading Image:Angelrecordslogo.jpg. 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Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:18, 3 October 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (Image:Legacyrecordings.gif) Thanks for uploading Image:Legacyrecordings.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. 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BJBot (talk) 12:33, 3 October 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (Image:Sonyclassicallogo.gif) Thanks for uploading Image:Sonyclassicallogo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:33, 3 October 2008 (UTC) An American Carol Thanks for this addition. I know it may seem kind of ridiculous, but if we're going to make claims like this, no matter how obvious, they need sourced, as it may not be obvious to everyone (in that case, they need to get out more). GrszX 16:57, 7 October 2008 (UTC) Religulous It's cited, but it's still irrelevant, and, thus, doesn't belong. 98.168.194.130 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 00:41, 12 October 2008 (UTC). As I said on the article talk page, where are the citations COMPARING the viewership figures of the two films? And what on earth does "But they use the same citations and that matters" mean? It doesn't make any sense to me. Nil Einne (talk) 13:13, 17 October 2008 (UTC) Speedy deletion of Garpax Records A tag has been placed on Garpax Records requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding {{hangon}} to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. cf38talk 15:47, 21 October 2008 (UTC) WJRT here's the proof that WJRT's digital signal will be 12 after February 17, from the FCC database. WJRT-TV MI FLINT USA (Digital) Licensee: FLINT LICENSE SUBSIDIARY CORP. Service Designation: DT Digital television station Channel: 12 204 - 210 MHz Construction Permit The link is already on the page as well on the template "Wuery the FCC database for WJRT". Stop removing the information from the page or I will report you for vandalism. The information is from FCC database for WJRT. Please read the entire page before making unneccessary edits. TomCat4680 (talk) 04:11, 11 November 2008 (UTC) You're the sloppy editor. You took off half of a sentence and turned it into a fragment and made a claim that was obviously untrue about what it will do after the conversion, then kept reverting my edits. I was just pointing out your errors. I'm not apologizing because I already corrected it twice and you keep uncorrecting it. Just accept the fact that you were wrong. Also I already told you, the link you just put in is already there, someone made a template (or shortcut) under the external liks section of the article for the exact same link, so putting it there again was unneccessary. Like I said, read the entire message (or page), instead of just what you want to read.TomCat4680 (talk) 04:30, 11 November 2008 (UTC) He made several sloppy edits if you look at the WJRT history. Steelbeard1 (talk) 04:49, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Yes I saw your citiation. Its already on the page in the form of a template under the External links section of the article. You must be slow so I'll it explain it for you. Hold shift and press bracket twice then TVQ then a straight line then the callsign then close the brackets look WJRT in the FCC TV station database it can do the same thing with any other station. for example: WSMH in the FCC TV station database WEYI in the FCC TV station database WDIV in the FCC TV station database So the link you added is already there. Please don't put it back up. Its unneccessary and redundant. I think you both are edit warring on this article. Please review the three revert rule and remember it is a bright line, not an entitlement. I am warning both parties. ++Lar: t/c 12:38, 11 November 2008 (UTC) 2010 Governor election Don't add random candidates to the races, we don't know, and it's considered WP:CRYSTAL unless a source comes up. BrianY (talk) 01:58, 13 November 2008 (UTC) So, here's a pargraph I deleted: Potential Republican candidates include 2006 nominee and businessman Dick DeVos, state Attorney General Mike Cox, Congressman Pete Hoekstra, state Secretary of State Terri Lynn Land, Congresswoman Candice Miller, state Senate Majority Leader Mike Bishop All those people have said to news sources they aren't running/are/or something related? Or am I confused? BrianY (talk) 02:38, 13 November 2008 (UTC) If I understand, since DeVos said he won't seek the office, there is a possibility that Cox/Lynn Land/Miller/Bishop might run but haven't said anything? If they haven't said anything, it would be speculation. BrianY (talk) 02:44, 13 November 2008 (UTC) As a side note, I have found a reference for Dennis Archer. BrianY (talk) 02:49, 13 November 2008 (UTC) WikiProject The Beatles newsletter issue 16 - November 2008 {{../Issue-nav\|016}} WikiProject The Beatles Newsletter Issue 016 – November 2008 Beatles News Bob Dylan and The Beatles: Even geniuses can have an off day - Paul McCartney unearths Carnival of Light, a lost Beatles recording. Malcolm Gladwell on Joy, Gates and the Beatles -- and on stage - Malcolm Gladwell praises The Beatles and discusses how they honed their talents in Hamburg. Beatles' 'Eleanor Rigby''s identity revealed? - Paul McCartney reveals the inspiration for his song, Eleanor Rigby. Project News We now have a barnstar - it can be placed on anybody's talk page using {{subst:Beatles barnstar\|Message. ~~~~}} A peer review for George Harrison has been opened by Dendodge in an attempt to get both it and Ringo Starr to good article status, in order to get The Beatles personnel to good topic status. A portal peer review has been opened for The Beatles portal in order to get it to featured portal status. It will gain the distinction of being the first portal dedicated to an individual musician/band to reach featured status. 0 new articles have been listed in the Project Log since 1 October. The project log seems to have been neglected recently, and we request that project members help us to bring it up-to-date. Member News New members to the project since the last issue include QuidProQuo23 and Feeling free. Tj999 has changed his name to TFunk. Issue of the Month History of The Beatles has been recreated following the advice given in a peer review of The Beatles. We request your assistance in summarising the History section of The Beatles so they are not just carbon copies of each other. From the Editor Please take the time to review some articles (or submit your own) at our internal peer review page. It will help us to improve our articles. If you've just joined, add your name to the Participants section of Wikipedia:WikiProject The Beatles. You'll get a mention in the next issue of the Newsletter and get it delivered as desired. Also, please include your own promotions and awards in future issues. Don't be shy! Lastly, this is your newsletter and you can be involved in the creation of the next issue (Issue 017 – December 2008). Any and all contributions are welcome. Simply let yourself be known to any of the undersigned, or just start editing! Contributors to this Issue Dendodge (Editor, Distributor) Complete To Do List Make visible or invisible by clicking Show or Hide, respectively. To-do list for User:Steelbeard1: A list of articles needing cleanup associated with this project is available. See also the tool's wiki page and the index of WikiProjects. Here are some tasks awaiting attention: Article requests : Articles on each Beatle tour (Category:The Beatles concert tours). See: Missing articles.Expand : The Lost Lennon Tapes, notable radio series which has spawned many bootlegs. Apple Records See also: Adopt an articleStubs : See: Category:The Beatles song stubsUpdate : Pics/Graphics wanted: Kenwood.Verify : Beatle wivesOther : Project: Add {{WikiProject The Beatles}} to the talk pages of all Beatles-related articles. Send a newsletter to members, canvas for new members and coordinate tasks. Enter articles assessed as stubs onto this list, also list articles needing cleanup and other work here. If you complete one of these tasks, please remove it from the list and add your achievement to the project log. Want to help on next month's newsletter? Don't want to receive these in future? Don't want it subst'd next time? – It's all here. {{../Issue-nav\|016}} Denbot (talk) 17:43, 19 November 2008 (UTC) Popeye Part of his argument is that it's just a list of the cartoons. But is there a separate list of the cartoons anywhere in wikipedia? Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 02:54, 23 November 2008 (UTC) MfD nomination of Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. John Carter (talk) 19:17, 23 November 2008 (UTC) Bugs Bunny edits I just found your note on my talk page about reverting my edit on Bugs Bunny. Are you on drugs or something? I've never made any edit such as you describe, and the most recent one that I have done there has not been reverted. --Ted Watson (talk) 22:53, 13 December 2008 (UTC) Misread edit change so an apology was sent. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:32, 14 December 2008 (UTC) RCA Victor SelectaVision CED video discs I just stumbled across your RCA Victor page, and I have to say, it's pretty complete. But, you left out (and I added) a section on the RCA Victor SelectaVision CED video discs from 1981-1985. What is funny is that my old boss at RCA-Camden, Charlie Horton (who also invented the VCR), was sent out to the Rockville Road plant in Indianapolis to run it. Ahh, those were the days... Discpad (talk) 05:35, 28 December 2008 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image (File:Parlophonelogo.jpg) You've uploaded File:Parlophonelogo.jpg, and indicated that it's used under Wikipedia's rules for non-free images. However, it's not presently used in any articles. Wikipedia policy requires that non-free images be either used or deleted, so if this image isn't used in an article in the next week, it will be deleted. This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. 01:25, 7 January 2009 (UTC) RCA Records Logo I put a new image in the Article RCA Records, but you undo the change, i think the new image is better by the before version, that new version is a SVG Vector Image, and with transparency, thanks. zzebah_punk™ Contact with me!!! 20:52, 13 January 2009 (UTC) But the logo is too big in relation to the RCA Victor logo. They should be equal in size. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:25, 13 January 2009 (UTC) But is a Vector Image, if you don't like the size I put, resize the image of a size you like, but the other image is ugly, don't have transparency and is very small. zzebah_punk™ Contact with me!!! 21:28, 13 January 2009 (UTC) But it should be small as logos are not supposed to be prominent in infoboxes. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:29, 13 January 2009 (UTC) I put the image with the size of 50px, look now please (RCA Records) zzebah_punk™ Contact with me!!! 21:32, 13 January 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:Rcarecords.gif) Thanks for uploading File:Rcarecords.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:13, 14 January 2009 (UTC) religulous i haven't edited wikipedia all that much (its mostly my brothers who edit it but i havent asked them yet), but from what i've read, talk pages are for discussing the article and not the general subject, and the latter is usually removed. wolfenstein was just making a snide comment about religion in general.--71.233.128.202 (talk) 21:05, 16 January 2009 (UTC) TomCat4680 (talk) has given you a cookie! Cookies promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a cookie, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Happy munching! Spread the goodness of cookies by adding {{subst:Cookie}} to someone's talk page with a friendly message, or eat this cookie on the giver's talk page with {{subst:munch}}! TomCat4680 (talk) 14:39, 20 January 2009 (UTC) RCA Class-action lawsuit You removed the class action lawsuit section I added. You said in the edit summary that it had something to do with GE. Could you tell me more about this because it seems like just about every RCA TV from my high-end 1987 RCA Dimensia to my early 2000s pos RCA Entertainment Series have that problem with the RF input. I always thought RCA products were of fairly poor quality, actually. Daniel Christensen (talk) 12:44, 3 February 2009 (UTC) PS: I know about the lawsuit because my grandma was part of it when her then new 1993 RCA Colortrak TV had the problem. She got it fixed and actually got paid or something as part of the lawsuit. Daniel Christensen (talk) 12:44, 3 February 2009 (UTC) Replied in his talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 13:46, 3 February 2009 (UTC) CBS Records When you want to fix an interwiki you need to fix it on all sites, so in this case you need to link the japanese article to the correct article on the english site or bots like mine will keep adding the interwiki like it looks like has been happening. I will go and manually fix the japanese article so it doesn't keep happening this time. But in the future just reverting on English won't solve the issue. -Djsasso (talk) 15:33, 28 February 2009 (UTC) Beatles in 1960 Your totally right. I was meaning to write the members of The Beatles, but I must have forgot to erase the founded by part, honest mistake. Chasesboys (talk) 21:13, 5 March 2009 (UTC) Beatles Stereo/Mono Just because a stereo mix has vocals on one side and instruments on the other does not make it "unmixed". The stereo mixes on the albums had more reverb and compression than the twin-track session tapes, implying that they were mixed. The statement that "The first two albums, Please Please Me and With the Beatles, were mixed in mono only" clearly contradicts the information later on in the page that gives mono and stereo catalog numbers for the first two albums. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.45.114.67 (talk) 02:39, 24 March 2009 (UTC) John Barry Hello, why did you undo my edit to Columbia Graphophone Company? Rothorpe (talk) 22:37, 8 April 2009 (UTC) Replied in Rothorpe's talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:24, 9 April 2009 (UTC) I've fixed the disambiguation; sorry I didn't see your point there. The list of EPs in 'External links' shows a couple of Barry's EPs on Columbia. I've also mentioned two of his hits with the JB7 in the Barry article. I hardly thought it worthwhile to mention the label, especially since the Adam Faith records were on Parlophone, but I did point out there was no EMI label at the time. Rothorpe (talk) 13:23, 9 April 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image (Image:Deccabroadwaylogo.gif) ⚠ Thanks for uploading Image:Deccabroadwaylogo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 20:47, 15 April 2009 (UTC) Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at TomCat4680's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. TomCat4680 (talk) has given you a kitten! Kittens promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Kittens must be fed three times a day and will be your faithful companion forever! Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a kitten, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Spread the goodness of kittens by adding {{subst:Kitten}} to someone's talk page with a friendly message! Orphaned non-free media (File:Kmartlogo.png) Thanks for uploading File:Kmartlogo.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:27, 6 May 2009 (UTC) The Beatles in Hamburg Nice one, Steelbeard1!--andreasegde (talk) 20:17, 13 May 2009 (UTC) You're welcome. The article needed a formal intro. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:29, 13 May 2009 (UTC) Whirlpool Logo No problem, man. I went to the wrong site, or misinterpreted something. It wasn't that hard adding it, though. ;) Connormah (talk) 03:35, 11 June 2009 (UTC) Windows Media Center edits Hi, thanks for your contributions to Windows Media Center. Although you've added sources to attribute your information, you've improperly formatted those sources for use on Wikipedia. I have formatted them, but for future reference, you may be interested in reading how to format citations from the Manual of Style. Thanks again. Brian Reading (talk) 18:21, 15 June 2009 (UTC) Trane/Coltrane The reason I moved the page is that "Trane" is more than a nickname. It is completely unanimous with Coltrane, such as "Bird" is with Charlie Parker and "Satchmo" is with Louis Armstrong. Jazz scholars, listeners and fans will most likely search for "Trane" to find material about Coltrane. His legacy and impact on American culture is no less notable than the financial impact of "Trane" the company. Considering all this, categorizing it as Trane (company) and creating a dab page puts both in equal perspective, without giving the company the unduly importance, which also goes against WP:NPOV. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 08:45, 18 July 2009 (UTC) Most people looking up Trane are looking up the heating and air conditioning company, not John Coltrane. Most people looking up John Coltrane's article would simply use his real name, not his one-word nickname. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:53, 18 July 2009 (UTC) This is where you are wrong... it is what I've been trying to explain: even if a smaller percentage of readers will look up "Trane" to find John Coltrane than the HVAC company, it still justifies the dab page. Any particular reason you are so strongly against it? Hearfourmewesique (talk) 12:26, 19 July 2009 (UTC) Trane Inc. is a leading multinational HVAC company with nearly 100 years of experience. There is no other Trane, Coltrane notwithstanding, in a Wikipedia article. This is different from Satchmo, the nickname for Louis Armstrong which is also the name of a little known computer application. The dab page for Satchmo is therefore appropriate. If there are more than two articles which use the name Trane, then I can see a separate dab page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 13:36, 19 July 2009 (UTC) There is no other Trane, Coltrane notwithstanding, in a Wikipedia article. I see that sadly, my explanations have landed on deaf ears; Coltrane's legacy and cultural impact is no less than Trane Inc.'s 100 years of experience. I am reminding you again about WP:NPOV since this is clear promotion of the monetary organization over a musical legend. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 14:20, 19 July 2009 (UTC) Looking over John Coltrane's extensive discography, there are a handful of albums which use the name Trane, but sadly there is no John Coltrane album which is titled "Trane" listed. So my statement, unfortunately, still stands. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:12, 19 July 2009 (UTC) The thing is that many people still know him as Trane and these people shouldn't have the HVAC company article just pop up when looking up the word "Trane"... smells a little like spam, won't you agree? Being non-American, I personally felt awkward when that was my search result and I am positive many others felt and will feel the same way. Although his name was never officially fully substituted, he is still known to many as Trane and it is a good reason for the dab page to exist, just like with Satchmo (the company's popularity plays little importance). Hearfourmewesique (talk) 06:16, 20 July 2009 (UTC) If you look at any article about John Coltrane, they are listed under his real name instead of his nickname. There are examples in which the nickname is more prominent than the real name such as Buffalo Bill instead of William Cody. That's why the Wikipedia article for William Cody is actually called Buffalo Bill. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:49, 20 July 2009 (UTC) Group or band – which one? We are holding a straw poll (in a very friendly way, of course) to decide if The Beatles should be called a group, or a band. You can add your user signature to one or the other by clicking this link, Group or band – which one?. Thanks.--andreasegde (talk) 23:46, 19 July 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.171.159 (talk) Re: Grammar (Love Me Do) I'm not sure what the rules on transatlantic dialect conventions are, but, in UK English, one says "in Abbey Road" rather than the American "on Abbey Road" Solicitr (talk) 20:04, 20 July 2009 (UTC) Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at TomCat4680's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. File:Elektralogo.png Hey, just letting you know, please don't revert my version without giving a reason. I spent a lot of time using GIMP to cut out the white edges, you know not trying to leave a lot of empty space as most of the logos on here leave no empty space, so it looks bigger. That's all. --Taylor Karras (talk) 00:27, 1 August 2009 (UTC) Replied in his talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:09, 1 August 2009 (UTC) Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Taylor Karras's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. Labels Hey there, I was refereed to you by User:TenPoundHammer, who believes you can provide some insight into the following record label issue. Imperatore (talk) 01:00, 7 August 2009 (UTC) I have replied here. Imperatore (talk) 02:18, 7 August 2009 (UTC) I have now moved the discussion to my talk page so that it won't intrude on TenPoundHammer. You can respond there if you wish. Imperatore (talk) 21:59, 7 August 2009 (UTC) Thanks for the facts under "columbia pictures", but that section was for a completely unrelated discussion to the record companies which I started on User:King Shadeed's page. Do you still have any suggestions for the previous issue surrounding Celine? Imperatore (talk) 03:29, 8 August 2009 (UTC) Fair use rationale for File:Rcaredseal.jpg Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Rcaredseal.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page. If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? –Dream out loud (talk) 21:40, 13 August 2009 (UTC) Apology I have flipped a couple of times between accusing you of being stubborn regarding a change I proposed, to acknowledging that you were correct, or the problem was not as great as it first appeared to me. Now I'm apologizing again, and I withdraw any accusations made. I do a lot of editing on music related articles, and feel most of my edits are done properly and are well researched, and I don't often make accusations like the ones I made about you. In fact I often jump in to mediate when others make accusations over a misunderstanding. Please accept my apology, and hope to see you around on WP pages. --A Knight Who Says Ni (talk) 19:04, 14 August 2009 (UTC) Accepted. Steelbeard1 (talk) 19:10, 14 August 2009 (UTC) Please check the FFEIC list. Please see entry 48 in the FFEIC table at http://www.ffiec.gov/nicpubweb/nicweb/Top50Form.aspx to find City National Bank of California (whose . Someone must have missed this bank holding company when revamping this template for the June 30, 2009 update, and forgot to remove Webster Bank, the former #51 until Colonial failed. Colonial is now nowhere in that table. Jesse Viviano (talk) 21:14, 27 August 2009 (UTC) He is right about Colonial Bancgroup being replaced by City National Bank (California) on the source. I was very surprised to see that the FFIEC did a mid-quarter update of the list without changing the "as of" date. — Kralizec! (talk) 07:29, 28 August 2009 (UTC) Thanks. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:55, 28 August 2009 (UTC) Sony Music Hey again. I noticed you made some modifications to the history section of Sony Music which I had tweaked over the summer months. The problem right now is in the first paragraph as its contradictory, suggesting it can trace back to 1888, but in the following phrase, to 1929 (which you added). I figured you have more input and knowledge on the history so let me know how we can remedy this. Imperatore (talk) 04:51, 3 September 2009 (UTC) I'll take a look at the early history section again to see if I can clarify the text further. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:28, 3 September 2009 (UTC) Nice! Seems coherent enough now. Imperatore (talk) 17:31, 3 September 2009 (UTC) The details on Date Records and other historical subsidiaries are nice, but seeing as the article is still very brief, I think including such details makes it look less comprehensive / not getting to the core of things??? Just wanna confirm if these historical/discontinued "sublabels" are notable for the evolution of "sony music". Ultimately, I think the juice of the company history lies in the Columbia Records article; definitely would be appropriate to transfer some info as the columbia article is very well detailed, albeit disorganized at the moment. Imperatore (talk) 02:13, 17 September 2009 (UTC) As for what is more appropriate for Columbia and more appropriate for Sony Music depends on the time frame. Okeh was acquired by Columbia so it fits in the Columbia article. Epic is considered to be a sister label of Columbia, as was Date. So Epic and Date are more suitable for the Sony Music article. I hope this helps to clear things up. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:29, 17 September 2009 (UTC) Release History for digital I noticed a pervasive issue with the release history table on albums. Digital format release is usually a common date across all territories of the big four for high profile releases, whereas physical release can vary significantly. On I Look to You for example, the digital release date is the same date under major and minor Sony Music markets, with the exception of the UK under RCA UK in October (justified by iTunes). But as the format reads now, it would appear that the digital release is in-line with the physical release date. Any suggestions?? Maybe wp:albums can help? Imperatore (talk) 23:45, 3 September 2009 (UTC) We can ask for consensus in the appropriate talk pages. I believe physical media release dates should prevail over digital download release dates. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:29, 4 September 2009 (UTC) i would like to add some input since i sourced the majority of the european and international releases for this album. In my experience it varies country by country. what tends to happen especially under Sony Music (whereby the artist is signed to a label who's parent company is sony) is that Sony Music distributes and markets the album in European Countries. The general case appears to be that continental Europe recieves the physical release of an album before the US and UK. With I Look to You the A&R was done Arista Records and so Arista focusses the release in the US - often the US recieves the download at the same time as the physical release. However Arista releases in the UK in partnership with RCA records whom have an unpredicatable pattern in their release dates. For example Ciara's Fantasy Ride was released to Amazon Download on the May 3, iTunes May 4 and CD May 5. As for trying to reach a consensus the only point i would like to make is that sometimes it is difficult to source exact download and physical releases for an album. Sometimes it is only possible to source one and not the other. With the case of I Look to You i refrained from using itunes because it is not accessible to everyone, i chose instead to search for the largest music retailers in those countries and source release dates from there which proven to mostly be phsyical CD releases. If individual release dates can be found for digital and CD releases then they should both be listed however in reality often only one of the release formats is usually found and properly sourced. both Amazon and iTunes confirm that the album is not released till october, something which i cannot understand personally. I hope this has helped. (Lil-unique1 (talk) 01:05, 5 September 2009 (UTC)) Can the discussion be switched over to the appropriate talk page(s) concerning this subject? Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:16, 5 September 2009 (UTC) Post Masters Hi, Steelbeard1. I think you might want to have a look at this, please. The remastered CD of Past Masters excludes from the previous versions three songs: "The Ballad of John and Yoko", its B-side "Old Brown Shoe" and "Let It Be". Now, "Let It Be" is, of course, included on the album of the same name. What's missing, however, from this collection are the other two songs. Am I correct? That is very strange about this. Best, --Discographer (talk) 23:14, 10 September 2009 (UTC) Disregard, Steelbeard1...I see, it's the mono version. Chat at you later. Best, --Discographer (talk) 23:29, 10 September 2009 (UTC) Hello, Goodbye Hi, Steelbeard1. Well, the way the remastered series has the comma is our answer. You have the honours...Best, --Discographer (talk) 08:52, 12 September 2009 (UTC) Steelbeard, I took comma back out. It only makes common sense in not having the comma in the song title, as practically everything there is does't show it anyway. Even the remastered series doesn't have it. That's definative enough. Best, --Discographer (talk) 13:48, 12 September 2009 (UTC) Well, bad news: The German single for "Hello, Goodbye" (see its Talk page) ahows the comma, though Magical Mystery Tour doesn't. Also, the compact disc for the remastered album shows it too. Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:46, 14 September 2009 (UTC) The Beatles discography Hi Steelbeard... I was wondering might you have a look at (click-on) this and see what you think. Best, --Discographer (talk) 12:38, 27 September 2009 (UTC) The idea is sound, there are flaws which some people would comment on. My quibble is with the "canon albums" list with its inclusion of MMT and PM. Of course MMT was issued as a double EP in the UK and not initially as an LP was it was in the USA. PM was initally issued as two separate CDs and a double LP in 1988 and is considered to be a compilation as opposed to an original album in order to get The Beatles' entire musical output on CD along with the MMT album. Of course, PM was reissued as a double CD in 2009 along with the original British albums and the MMT album as compiled by Capitol in the USA. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:46, 27 September 2009 (UTC) I know the biggest concern is with PM, that it is just a comp. album and also what you've said. The only reason I've included it is for the sake of discographical completeness concerning all their singles/songs, and had it not been included in The Beatles Stereo Box Set. However, if the majority of the veteran editors (yourself) of which I'm seeking concensus on in this do not want PM listed, I will remove it without any questions asked. Thanks! Best, --Discographer (talk) 15:29, 27 September 2009 (UTC) You could add footnotes to MMT and PM to give such info as MMT making the British charts as an American import and that PM was a double compilation album originally issued on separate CDs and a double LP in 1988 to ensure that The Beatles' entire commercial output from EMI was available on CD. I took your advice, and done just that. I see you have 120 edits done on The Beatles discography, being the only person who has more edits than me. Anyway, the point I'm trying to make, is ...I'm asking... if you could please help me on my sandbox page, and maybe we can turn this discography into an FL status one. I know you can write good (and good narrative prose), maybe you can work on the prose like you've done for the original discography, or do what you feel needs improved, I won't mind. So, you have my permission to edit on that sandbox page, if you like, and when it's all done, maybe we can transfer it over in place of the discography that's already there. I need and want help on this, and you're the best! Thanks! (Awaiting your response} Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:42, 28 September 2009 (UTC) Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:46, 29 September 2009 (UTC) Also, what do you think about having the track-listings shown for the canon albums? (Curious). Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:25, 28 September 2009 (UTC) First of all, those footnotes should have <ref>...</ref> right after the title requiring the footnote so users will look for the footnote info. The canon albums can have the track listings. Those revisions I made were made over a period of months and years so I don't know if I have the time to make major changes all at once. I'd like to work alingside with you and put these track listings in, though I was hoping that might you take care of the refs and anything else you think needs done. You are absolutely correct in that this will take time to do, as I was hoping for it to be done and out by the start of the new decade... so, there's no rush at all. I know there's still much to be done, and I think with us working together on this that we can turn it into a Featured List. I'd rather go about doing this slowly and making sure everything we have is correct, and also that nothing is left out. As you can see, the music videos list is far from done (directors, references). I really would like to make this not only the best we can, but the best appearance-wise too. Thanks! Best, --Discographer (talk) 05:34, 29 September 2009 (UTC) Would it be OK to shift this discussion to Talk:The Beatles discography? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:40, 29 September 2009 (UTC) Sure it'd be O.K. Also, I'm about done with the canon track listings. Best, --Discographer (talk) 19:08, 29 September 2009 (UTC) The Beatles discography Wikipedia:Featured list candidates Hi, Steelbeard1! I have nominated our discography for FL. Please, if you don't mind, clicking on the above link and show your support for it on that page. Thanks my friend! Best, --Discographer (talk) 03:12, 19 October 2009 (UTC) I've withdrawn nomination for now. Best, --Discographer (talk) 19:39, 19 October 2009 (UTC) I had noticed there were issues with the article in the comments showing it needs additional work before it is nominated again. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:19, 19 October 2009 (UTC) Hickory Records Okay, thanks for that. The article didn't make it clear so it seemed fishy to me that there was a 30+year gap in the chronology. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 13:29, 20 October 2009 (UTC) Reply There is a difference between what publishing credits say and who actually wrote a given song, especially if sources verify that thet two differ. For comparison's sake, film articles always indicate actual writing credits in the infobox, regardless of what the "official" credits are. See WP:Verifiability. WesleyDodds (talk) 07:50, 25 October 2009 (UTC) Because I help maintain the "Hey Jude" article, given I rewrote it when it underwent Featured Article Review. WesleyDodds (talk) 10:58, 25 October 2009 (UTC) You have not established proof of any standard being established on Wikipedia. So far the only standard seems to be "who wrote it". WesleyDodds (talk) 03:25, 26 October 2009 (UTC) "Hey Jude" Oh, I was only fixing the link in the notes via the infobox. I'd nothing to do with the actual article itself. Best, --Discographer (talk) 17:19, 25 October 2009 (UTC) File:Elektrabox.jpg I have tagged File:Elektrabox.jpg as {{no rationale}}, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Wikipedia:Use rationale examples. Please also consider using {{non-free fair use in\|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 14:52, 26 October 2009 (UTC) Done. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:59, 26 October 2009 (UTC) Let Be and Get Back infoboxes I am glad you like the solution of using two infoboxes, and I appreciate your help making them accurate. — John Cardinal (talk) 16:21, 3 November 2009 (UTC) So am I. Thanks again. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:44, 3 November 2009 (UTC) List of HMV POP artists Hi, I've started an HMV list too. You may wish to change the alphabetical style, I'm easy. Same with the Parlophone list. Rothorpe (talk) 18:47, 15 November 2009 (UTC) Fever It pleases me to tell you that you have my full support for the merge. Whether it will happen is another matter. Maybe AfD would sort it out? --Richhoncho (talk) 23:01, 20 November 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 06:39, 8 December 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Pastmasters2label.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Pastmasters2label.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 06:44, 8 December 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Pastmasters1label.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Pastmasters1label.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 07:03, 8 December 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Pastmastersvol1and2albumcover.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Pastmastersvol1and2albumcover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 07:08, 8 December 2009 (UTC) Disambiguation of songs You recently opposed a suggestion to disambiguate songs by year, rather than artist or performer, something which I am in favour of. Perhaps you would like to revisit the discussion and add more weight to your arguments (or better still, change your mind!). I'd like to add it to the guidelines, but as you are the major dissenter I thought you should be given a chance to elucidate further, make alternative suggestions or as you feel. The discussion is at WikiProject Songs. Cheers. --Richhoncho (talk) 21:13, 8 December 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Epicrecords.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Epicrecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ZooFari 03:38, 9 December 2009 (UTC) RE: Edit war Unfortunately I am not familiar enough with Wikipedia policies and procedures in the realm of music content to be able to weigh in on this issue. Sorry, — Kralizec! (talk) 14:00, 16 December 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Mcanashvillelogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Mcanashvillelogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:34, 19 December 2009 (UTC) Unreferenced BLPs Hello Steelbeard1! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created is an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current 875 article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the {{unreferencedBLP}} tag. Here is the article: Eddie Hodges - Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:12, 2 January 2010 (UTC) " somehow the reply is not appearing" Steelbeard1, I am not sure what you mean by your editto my talk page with the comment " somehow the reply is not appearing". I see your edit from a week or so ago (a message about Das), then an entry by Das today, then my response to Das. What's not appearing? — John Cardinal (talk) 01:25, 10 January 2010 (UTC) I saw Das' reply and was about to reply to that when I saw that your reply (similar to what I was about to write) was already in the editing area. I returned to the talk page and your reply disappeared. I noticed the double space between Das' reply and your reply so I removed the extra spacing and your reply appeared on the talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 03:14, 10 January 2010 (UTC) Hmm. My reply was visible when I looked at the page. Anyway, all's well that ends well. — John Cardinal (talk) 04:06, 10 January 2010 (UTC) EMI Group Ltd should remain as EMI Steelbeard1, you're an expert on record music labels; see this redirect/move done by Electron9 concerning EMI. Personally, I thought it was okay where it was at, which was EMI. Best, --Discographer (talk) 09:48, 12 January 2010 (UTC) Yes. The article name should be EMI. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:37, 12 January 2010 (UTC) Hi Steelbeaerd1, I also left a note on LessHeard vanU's talk page about Electon9's EMI move. It absolutely must be changed back to EMI, or we'd have hundreds (maybe thousands!) of articles to change just to avoid re-directs! Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:28, 12 January 2010 (UTC) Le Historie de Populaire Musica Hi my friend, read (click-on) this if you will, and let me know what you think. Thanks. Best, --Discographer (talk) 23:28, 11 February 2010 (UTC) We could possibly create a timeline of the music labels from past to present that now make up the big four. It could be based on The Beatles timeline. You've provided UMG's on John Cardinal's talk page, if maybe you get the other three, then maybe we can "copy" them together to form one single timeline for Wikipedia. We'd only have four sources to use as each of the big four's own timeline would qualify as its own source. John and I can set the timeline up as to where you can put it together with our help. What do you say about that? (Hello, Nipper!) Best, --Discographer (talk) 08:10, 12 February 2010 (UTC) I found the Warner Music Group timeline dating back to the founding of Chappell & Company in 1811, the forerunner of Warner/Chappell Music, at http://mobile.wmg.com/wmglinks?page=aboutwmg&subpage=timeline Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:44, 12 February 2010 (UTC) Okay my friend, two down and two to go. Also, what should this timeline be called? Music industry record labels timeline? Or something else. Best, --Discographer (talk) 22:29, 12 February 2010 (UTC) I left a note on John's talk page (please see)! Also, do you know which countries correspond to these four WWII devices: ULTRA, MAGIC, PURPLE, ENIGMA? Best, --Discographer (talk) 19:39, 13 February 2010 (UTC) MGM Nashville. Definite hoax; read here. No way would Metro Goldwyn Mayer let some small label use the same name. Found absolutely no evidence of a Brian Keith country singer at all, much less on that label. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 20:05, 3 March 2010 (UTC) Get Back Thank you for pointing that out, I didn't know there is a different version. But, by the way isn't almost every single got "single version"/"radio version" of the song? I think they're still considered single from/to promote the album. For example, The Boy with the Thorn in His Side (song), by The Smiths, which got an "alternate mix" for the single. Atomic (song) from Blondie, which got 7`` mix, and whole many other I think. They still considered from the album, rite? CMIIW But Thanks hey. passport90## (talk) 04:44, 16 March 2010 (UTC) The Beatles discography singles Hi old Steelbeard1, quick question here, is there such a thing as "canon" singles, and also would that go thru "Let It Be" or "The Long and Winding Road" or something else, and include EMI-only releases worldwide, or just British? Also, since I truly believe you are the most knowledgable person in all of Wikipedia on this very subject, what changes, personally that is, would you (like to) bring about The Beatles discography, if any? Yes, I am curious, as you set the original precedent for this whole thing. Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:28, 19 April 2010 (UTC) This gets complicated as some of The Beatles' biggest hits (think "Eight Days A Week" and "Yesterday" as examples) were not issued as singles in the UK. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:30, 19 April 2010 (UTC) Only UK singles are considered canon then, I take it. That's understandable. Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:34, 19 April 2010 (UTC) P.S. I can't see any changes that need to be made to The Beatles discography, as I find it "complete". How about you? (I will go along with any ruling you make, but no one else!) Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:39, 19 April 2010 (UTC) I think so. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:40, 19 April 2010 (UTC) Thanks, my friend! So much for the discussions on that talk page! Oh well! Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:43, 19 April 2010 (UTC) Columbia/Epic Label Group You have done some work on the Columbia label, so maybe you can look at recent edits to Columbia/Epic Label Group and see if they are valid. I can't tell because the article has no references. Another editor changed year of founding from 2009 to 2003. I reverted because the change was incomplete (and it's still incomplete; the category still says companies founded in 2009). The editor put it back, and also identified a 2003 album on the label, which I suspect is the reason for the change. The article now alleges this is the label's first release, but there is no citation for this, and the album's article does not mention it. This could just be a guess on the part of the editor. What we really need are some references for the whole article. --A Knight Who Says Ni (talk) 12:33, 20 April 2010 (UTC) Finding on line journalistic citations is difficult for this article. The Sony Music web sites do not have a Columbia/Epic Label Group URL, there are separate URLs for the Columbia and Epic imprints. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:54, 20 April 2010 (UTC) Gubernatorial Troll I'd reported the gubernatorial troll, too, but for whatever reason, the entry isn't showing on that page. --Criticalthinker (talk) 03:05, 23 April 2010 (UTC) The entry found at , like all entries, have internal links. The fun part was finding each example from the edit history to past them for the report. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:56, 23 April 2010 (UTC) Fair use rationale for File:Beatlescoll2.jpg Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Beatlescoll2.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 21:41, 23 April 2010 (UTC) Done. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:48, 23 April 2010 (UTC) Levin Looks like someone beat me to it. Best — e. ripley\talk 02:16, 27 May 2010 (UTC) IP address still blocked Your request to be unblocked has been granted for the following reason(s): Autoblock #1941837 lifted or expired. Request handled by: jpgordon::==( o ) Unblocking administrator: Please check for active autoblocks on this user after accepting the unblock request. Orphaned non-free image File:Columbiajapan.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Columbiajapan.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). PLEASE NOTE: I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions. I will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again. If you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request. To opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page. If you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page. Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 06:15, 31 May 2010 (UTC) Jewel Records (Shreveport record label) Can you please explain to me why you didn't approve of the source I gave you concerning the fact that Jewel Records had a subsidiary label named Sue? You were right when you wrote on the discussion page that the wikipedia article Sue Records had nothing to do with Jewel Records but there really was an unrelated subsidiary label called Sue which is confirmed on two different pages in the "Encyclopedia of the Blues", page 523 and page 937. --Popiloll (talk) 19:49, 8 June 2010 (UTC) Because it was not made clear that it was a different Sue Records and the citation was NOT verifiable. Steelbeard1 (talk) 19:59, 8 June 2010 (UTC) What do you want me to do? I can't help that the Encyclopedia of the Blues is not available for reading in Google books. I will get back to you if and when I find a link. --Popiloll (talk) 20:24, 8 June 2010 (UTC) Ok, I've found a link here. Write 588 or 1002 in the rectangle right above the book and push enter and that will prove that I'm right. --Popiloll (talk) 20:48, 8 June 2010 (UTC) I'm afraid a review of the cited book at says otherwise. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:38, 8 June 2010 (UTC) Perhaps any of the sources given by the encyclopedia could corroborate the statement; Blues Access Magazine no.26 (1996) and Living Blues Magazine no.141 (1998). However, they are not available anywhere on the web unless you buy them. --Popiloll (talk) 05:40, 9 June 2010 (UTC) I've searched everywhere on the web and I can't find another source that mentions the sublabel Sue. It could have been a very short-lived label for all I know. If you still don't believe in the existence of a subsidiary called Sue despite the fact that it's written in an encyclopedia, feel free to remove that info and I won't interfere. I think I've proven my point. --Popiloll (talk) 06:15, 9 June 2010 (UTC) A linkable citation was found that Sue Records of Louisiana owned Jewel/Paula/Ronn Records at one time. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:35, 9 June 2010 (UTC) File source problem with File:Cameoparkwaylogo.jpg Thank you for uploading File:Cameoparkwaylogo.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged. If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created in your upload log. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 20:32, 9 June 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 20:32, 9 June 2010 (UTC) You are now a Reviewer Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010. Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages. When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Wikipedia:Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here. If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 17:48, 19 June 2010 (UTC) Instant Records I have re-taged the Instant Records article for {{notability}} as I don't think the company meets WP:CORP or WP:ORG, I agree that http://www.bsnpubs.com/imperial/minit.html is coverage but not what could be called significant. Codf1977 (talk) 15:44, 5 July 2010 (UTC) Y Hello. I like the compromise of The Y (disambiguation). I still think that it's an unlikely search term but if any reader does make that search, the new dab page will be exactly what he needs. Cheers, Pichpich (talk) 17:56, 12 July 2010 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Theylogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Theylogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:06, 17 July 2010 (UTC) Merge discussion for Manfred_Mann An article that you have been involved in editing, Manfred_Mann , has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going here, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. KoshVorlonNaluboutes,Aeria Gloris 17:03, 22 July 2010 (UTC) Monument Records Did I add a speedy delete to the Monument Records page? I didn't intend to do so. I need some help here. I am trying to amend the page as the information as originally presented on the page was incorrect. My husband was a partner in the Corporation. If I must cite SEC records I will. Can you please tell me how to so? TeenkingTeenking (talk) 01:53, 24 July 2010 (UTC) I've never edited the Manfred Mann page. What the? -teenkingTeenking (talk) 01:59, 24 July 2010 (UTC) You forgot to add a new heading. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:24, 24 July 2010 (UTC) File:Dorothyshay.jpg listed for deletion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Dorothyshay.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk 02:53, 4 September 2010 (UTC) Sorry - Sugar Hill Sorry, I was messing up your editing while you were doing it on the Sugar Hill page. I'll stay out! Airproofing (talk) 15:12, 13 September 2010 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:7uplogousa.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:7uplogousa.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). PLEASE NOTE: I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions. I will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again. If you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request. To opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page. If you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page. Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:14, 16 September 2010 (UTC) Talk:The Beatles discography Hi Steelbeard1! Care to vote on this matter concerning the song "Something" (peak position)? Thanks! Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:53, 16 September 2010 (UTC) Beatles members Ok. Thank you for clearing that up for me. --PhillieLWillie(Talk) 22:14, 22 September 2010 (UTC) Garpax Is there anyway I can see what was posted that Steelbeard1 edited? Garpax is an important and interesting topic. I'd like to know what was thrown out. I wonder if there may have been a baby in the bath water? Teenking (talk) 00:14, 8 October 2010 (UTC) The edit was to the Garpax Records article and what was deleted was material not related whatsoever to the record label called Garpax which was founded by Gary S. Paxton. The Garpax name was derived from his name. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:36, 8 October 2010 (UTC) Love Me Do Since there were two separate versions of "Love Me Do," I thought it was important to note which single it was, and that the single included on 1 was the same as the album, as opposed to the non-album version. Why is this unnecessary? 98.221.129.63 (talk) 05:54, 15 October 2010 (UTC) Because we are talking about single releases, not album releases. It is common knowledge that the "Andy White" version is the more prevalent version of "Love Me Do" from the album releases. The version with Ringo on drums was the first version released as a single in the UK that peaked at #17 in 1963. The song's article is the place to note the differences between the two songs. So to note that the version that was #1 in the US in 1964 is the one with Andy White on drums and Ringo Starr on tambourine is sufficient detail for the "1" article. The song's article is more appropriate to note the additional details. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:50, 15 October 2010 (UTC) Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_The_Beatles#The_The_Beatles I think your comments here are a little heavy handed. You are free to have an opinion but I would refrain from characterizing other editors as such. Can we keep this discussion free of personal attacks and just let it run its course? thanks! riffic (talk) 13:35, 18 October 2010 (UTC) I think Steelbeard1 is doing exactly what is needed to clarify the situation. His evidence about trademarks has been ignored for far too long.--andreasegde (talk) 21:43, 20 October 2010 (UTC) comparing fellow editors to a 'Taliban' is not very civil. riffic (talk) 00:32, 21 October 2010 (UTC) Thanks for your noun vs adjective comment, Steelbeard1; very valid point. I would say that raises the score on your side. It's funny how this topic is more interesting than it sounds like it would be! —Prhartcom (talk) 19:08, 2 February 2011 (UTC) Fair use rationale for File:Happywanderer.jpg Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Happywanderer.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. 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DASHBot (talk) 05:44, 21 November 2010 (UTC) Proprietariness of Nielsen rankings The removal of the Neilsen rankings were due to a request filed by Neilsen in 2008, in which all information considered proprietary to Neilsen must be removed, including rankings. This eventually led to the wholesale deletion of TV market templates, all because it contains the ranking number. Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television Stations/Archive 8 has more information on this matter. -- azumanga (talk) 06:39, 9 December 2010 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. 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Cheers.Bellagio99 (talk) 19:42, 21 January 2011 (UTC) Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Epicrecords90s.png, File:Epicrecords70s.png and File:First epic logo.png Hi there. I have concerns about the validity of the rationale for File:Epicrecords90s.png, File:Epicrecords70s.png and File:First epic logo.png. Since only File:Epicrecords-logo.png and File:Epicrecords.jpg are currently used, I don't believe the rest fall under the fair use rationale "to identify the organization Epic Records". I'm sure you know the drill. Best regards. Muhandes (talk) 12:14, 23 January 2011 (UTC) Autopatrolled Hello, this is just to let you know that I have granted you the "autopatrolled" permission. This won't affect your editing, it just automatically marks any page you create as patrolled, benefiting new page patrollers. 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M-56 would have been decommissioned in 1984 with the modern design, which is why its infobox in the M-21 article uses the current style, not the older cutouts like M-21A or M-210. Imzadi 1979 → 03:24, 14 February 2011 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Producedbygeorgemartinhighlights.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Producedbygeorgemartinhighlights.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. 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Skier Dude2 (talk) 04:39, 18 February 2011 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:7uplogousa.png ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:7uplogousa.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 06:01, 28 February 2011 (UTC) The Nice revert. I reverted the talk page as well.--andreasegde (talk) 16:40, 14 March 2011 (UTC) )) "First solo recording". I thought I was wrong about that, so thanks for putting it right!--andreasegde (talk) 15:15, 18 March 2011 (UTC) ArbCom Request You are involved in a recently-filed request for arbitration. Please review the request at Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests#Disruption at The Beatles article and talkpage and, if you wish to do so, enter your statement and any other material you wish to submit to the Arbitration Committee. Additionally, the following resources may be of use— Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests#Requests for Arbitration; Wikipedia:Arbitration guide. Thanks, LessHeard vanU (talk) 22:29, 14 March 2011 (UTC) Arbcom case regarding The Beatles Hi Steelbeard1, this is just a friendly notification to inform you that the Arbitration Commitee has declined to hear the case regarding The Beatles to which you were a party. Cheers. Salvio Let's talk about it! 12:12, 19 March 2011 (UTC) The Long and Winding Road Thanks, as always. :)--andreasegde (talk) 21:12, 19 March 2011 (UTC) Past Masters It might be a good idea to lower the tone a bit: "I would not call tracks such as..." being a case in point. It's al the about the article. :) --andreasegde (talk) 21:48, 29 April 2011 (UTC) I was influenced by the collection's compiler Mark Lewisohn when he stated in the original 1988 liner notes' conclusion: "...Don't fall under the illusion that these songs are mere 'fillers'. 'She Loves You', 'I Want To Hold Your Hand', 'I Feel Fine', 'We Can Work It Out', 'Hey Jude' and many others like them didn't exactly wallow in the lower reaches of the chart." when I deleted the word 'rarities' as a description of the compilation. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:20, 29 April 2011 (UTC) Vernors... ...is already on my watch list. Thanks for the heads-up. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 13:28, 7 May 2011 (UTC) re: Vernors article Thanks for the note. I haven't defended the Halo Burger info since I'm undecided whether it is sufficiently notable for inclusion. Also, I'm not sure that photos on Flickr constitute reliable sources. Please don't count on me for its defense. Thanks, Kevin Forsyth (talk) 22:03, 7 May 2011 (UTC) Notification of Automated Replies Hey Steelbeard1, This is a friendly notification to inform you that automated notices are submitted to reported users on the WP:AN/EW noticeboard by User:NekoBot periodically during reviews of the page content to save editors from having to post their own notices and directly link to the report in question. Please see Wikipedia:Bots/Requests_for_approval/NekoBot and User:NekoBot for more information. + Crashdoom Talk // NekoBot OP 18:20, 8 June 2011 (UTC) (message from Rc Cola Girl forwarded to Administrators' Noticeboard.) Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:22, 9 June 2011 (UTC) Non-Free rationale for File:Jimmymacdonalddvd.jpg Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Jimmymacdonalddvd.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under Non-Free content criteria but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a Non-Free rationale. If you have uploaded other Non-Free media, consider checking that you have specified the Non-Free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:21, 26 June 2011 (UTC) License tagging for File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg Thanks for uploading File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information. To add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia. For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 16:11, 4 July 2011 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:14, 17 July 2011 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). PLEASE NOTE: I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions. If you have a question, place a {{helpme}} template, along with your question, beneath this message. I will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again. If you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request. To opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page. If you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page. Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:32, 17 July 2011 (UTC) Cavern performances I was wondering about exactly how many times the Fabs played at The Cavern Club. It says 292 appearances, but if you look here, I only count 14 times. They played from 1961 to 1963, which is only two-and-a-half years. Any ideas?--andreasegde (talk) 09:31, 18 July 2011 (UTC) No idea. We need to find a reliable source to settle on a number. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:56, 18 July 2011 (UTC) Possible fair-use rationale issue for File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg I'm not formally flagging it as a fair-use violation because my research indicates it was an IP-address editor who added your File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg image to the Columbia Records (US/current Sony Music label) article quite some time back. However, the image only has a fair-use rationale for the Columbia Graphophone Company (UK/former EMI label) article, not Columbia Records. It would be easy enough to copy your Columbia Graphophone fair-use rationale for Columbia Records--especially since it's a rather unique version of the "magic notes" logo (the only one I've seen to have "Columbia Records" written ON the notes themselves) and much of the technical details are the same since Sony bought out EMI's rights--but all that's listed about the source of your image is "scanned album cover", presumably from a Columbia Graphophone release but of unknown age. If it's from the pre-1931 period (Columbia US spun off Columbia UK in 1922, but Columbia UK turned around and bought Columbia US in 1925 before being forced to divest it in the 1931 EMI merger), it's probably appropriate for the Columbia US article and the fair-use rationale should be copied with relevant modifications (i.e., title change and rewording the ownership statement for US relevance). However, if it really IS from an EMI-era Columbia UK (1931-73) release, it's irrelevant to the Columbia US article and should be removed from there. (It shouldn't be deleted as it IS appropriate for the Columbia UK article.) --RBBrittain (talk) 08:51, 19 July 2011 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Haloburger.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Haloburger.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). PLEASE NOTE: I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions. If you have a question, place a {{helpme}} template, along with your question, beneath this message. I will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again. If you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request. To opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page. If you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page. Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:56, 20 August 2011 (UTC) Official vs. common name Hello - I was wondering if you had a chance to read WP:OFFICIAL and its interpretation of WP:NAMING, and what your thoughts were about it. Thanks. Dohn joe (talk) 17:59, 22 August 2011 (UTC) My opinion is unchanged. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:13, 22 August 2011 (UTC) That's fine, but do you at least agree that your opinion is at odds with Wikipedia policy? Dohn joe (talk) 18:19, 22 August 2011 (UTC) Look at the record label at . Once again, my opinion is unchanged. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:27, 22 August 2011 (UTC) Listen, I agree with you that "The Beatles" is the official name of the album, and "The White Album" is a nickname. What I'm saying is that we don't always use the official name of something for the title. Please read WP:COMMONNAME to see what Wikipedia policy is. For example, the official name of Rhode Island is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. But we put the article at Rhode Island because that's what people call it. Same here - everyone agrees that "The Beatles" is the official name. But because everyone calls it The White Album, that's where the title should be. Does that make any sense? Dohn joe (talk) 18:48, 22 August 2011 (UTC) No it does not. The short name of Rhode Island is indeed the common name with the full name used mainly on the state seal. OTOH, there is no record label for this album anywhere in the world that says "The White Album." Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:18, 22 August 2011 (UTC) I understand. But my question to that would be, what makes record labels the only place we should look when we decide how to title an article? Dohn joe (talk) 21:29, 22 August 2011 (UTC) Because the record label is is the OFFICIAL LAST WORD on how to describe the contents of an album. Album covers may contain erroneous material as in the case of the original Beatles for Sale LP which lists the "Kansas City/Hey Hey Hey Hey" medley simply as "Kansas City." When the error was noted, it was corrected on the record label, but not the sleeve, although the correction was made on the packaging of future configurations of the Beatles for Sale album. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:36, 22 August 2011 (UTC) But my question is, why should we listen to the official last word for Beatles albums, when we regularly ignore other official last words - like state seals, birth certificates, official titles of laws, etc. - when they aren't the common name? What makes this case different? Dohn joe (talk) 21:58, 22 August 2011 (UTC) It still does not say "The White Album" on the sleeve and record label. Didn't you read my previous comment? Or do you prefer to ignore all the links I gave? Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:14, 23 August 2011 (UTC) Hi Steelbeard - I wanted to say, first of all, that I very much appreciate all the research and links that you have provided on a number of occasions that show that the official name of the album is, and always has been, "The Beatles". As I've told you before, I agree with you. To me, there is absolutely, positively no doubt whatsoever that the official name is "The Beatles". "The White Album" is a popular name for the album, and has never been the official name of the album. I agree with you on that 100%.So, why do I keep arguing to change the article name to "The White Album"? Because Wikipedia does not always use the official name for article titles. It is Wikipedia's policy to give preference to common names. Not my policy - Wikipedia's. Sometimes there are good reasons to use an official name. But "because it's official" is not one of those good reasons. Does that make any sense at all? I'd suggest looking at Sarek's arguments in opposition and LtPower's arguments in favor to get a sense of what Wikipedia policy says. And finally, once more - thanks for your diligence in compiling the links and official references. Dohn joe (talk) 21:32, 24 August 2011 (UTC) The common name is not the official name. The redirect from the common name to the official name is sufficient and need not be changed. Also, for the sake of brevity, the official name is shorter than the popular name. But that does not preclude making the shorter popular name the name of the article. CCR goes to a disambig page and directs the reader to go to the Creedence Clearwater Revival article, for example. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:38, 24 August 2011 (UTC) Okay, but let me ask you this, and forget music and the Beatles for now: do you agree that there are times when Wikipedia chooses the common name instead of the official name? Dohn joe (talk) 21:42, 24 August 2011 (UTC) Actually it is NOT Wikipedia which decides, it's a consensus of editors of the article in question. An anal retentive member of the MOS police tried to rename the ABN AMRO article into "ABN Amro" to the chagrin of ABN AMRO followers such as myself as I was a customer of an ABN AMRO bank before that bank was sold. The official name is ABN AMRO in all-capital letters. The Talk:ABN AMRO page is still longer than the actual article because of the edit warring. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:47, 24 August 2011 (UTC) Okay, now we're getting somewhere. So, would it be fair to say that there are no policies or guidelines that you would ever find binding on an editor of Wikipedia? Or is that going too far? If so, what do you have to say about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines? Dohn joe (talk) 21:57, 24 August 2011 (UTC) Actually, there is a good Wikipedia guideline, in which "policy" loses to prevailing consensus: WP:IAR. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:00, 24 August 2011 (UTC) So if it turns out that whoever closes the discussion at Talk:The Beatles (album) decides that consensus wants it at The White Album, you'd be okay with that? Dohn joe (talk) 22:05, 24 August 2011 (UTC) If there is no consensus, and that this stage there is no consensus, the article stays as it is with the title The Beatles (album). Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:07, 24 August 2011 (UTC) I agree. But I asked you a what if. Dohn joe (talk) 22:09, 24 August 2011 (UTC) Again, no consensus means article stays the same. ¿Comprende? Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:13, 24 August 2011 (UTC) RE:August 2011 Thank you, captain obvious, I did not notice from my watchlist, till u told me. :P --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 14:23, 25 August 2011 (UTC) As I own a copy of 20 Greatest Hits (Parlophone version, to be exact), mine didn't come with an EP. Am I missing the EP? --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 14:47, 25 August 2011 (UTC) I believe it was a limited edition EP when it was originally released. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:17, 25 August 2011 (UTC) I believe you got ripped off because all eBay listings of this album include the EP. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:29, 25 August 2011 (UTC) Well, I'm rather annoyed now. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 15:36, 25 August 2011 (UTC) Do you have a later repackaging? The citation shows a 20-track LP and the 3-track EP complete with front and back cover photos. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:10, 25 August 2011 (UTC) I'll pull my copy off the shelf and get back to u, in a few mins. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 17:27, 25 August 2011 (UTC) I have a first pressing, all first pressings apparently don't come with the EP (I've been cross referencing with Discogs). --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 17:37, 25 August 2011 (UTC) As u may have noticed the links are now less likely to rot. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 18:27, 25 August 2011 (UTC) Hi, yes me again. To quote wat I added to the talk of The Number Ones. "Should we add the tracklist for the cassette version as well? It's different." --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 15:06, 27 August 2011 (UTC) Yes, along with mention in the text that the cassette version contains all 23 tracks because cassettes do not have the length limitations which LPs have. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:42, 27 August 2011 (UTC) Should we include an image of the EP cover? --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 15:32, 28 August 2011 (UTC) Looking the EP sleeve, is it similar to the gatefold design inside the LP sleeve? If so, yes. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:39, 28 August 2011 (UTC) Alright, I've added the image, tell me wat u think. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 21:50, 28 August 2011 (UTC) It should have a caption such as "Bonus EP sleeve." Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:46, 29 August 2011 (UTC) Yea, um.. I don't know how to add captions. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 14:10, 29 August 2011 (UTC) Caption has been added. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:30, 29 August 2011 (UTC) Michigan 2012 Senate race Thank you for contacting me. I see what you mean. It appears that the two editors that are adding that info are the same, there usernames are very similar. I am going to go ahead and give "final warnings" to both, let them know I suspect they are the same person, and the next time, I will take it up to WP:AIV. Thank you again for contacting me. I have your back here. America69 (talk) 02:42, 11 September 2011 (UTC) Lennon/McCartney or Lennon–McCartney There is a discussion here where we could use your input. Thanks. CuriousEric 23:41, 25 September 2011 (UTC) The Beatles/Years Active There is a discussion occuring here involving debate about whether or not the Beatles were "active" during 1994-1996. Your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 22:47, 21 October 2011 (UTC) WJRT-TV Please do not add or change content without verifying it by citing reliable sources, as you did to WJRT-TV. Please review the guidelines at Wikipedia:Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. TomCat4680 (talk) 17:22, 25 October 2011 (UTC) "Free as a Bird" proposed lede change FYI, there is a vote taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 03:18, 1 November 2011 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification Hi. When you recently edited Pendleton Woolen Mills, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Glacier National Park (check to confirm \| fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject. It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:06, 22 December 2011 (UTC) December 2011 Please do not add or change content without verifying it by citing reliable sources, as you did to Citizen Kane. Please review the guidelines at Wikipedia:Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. -- Doniago (talk) 17:00, 28 December 2011 (UTC) Reverted your removal and added citations. Read your talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:09, 28 December 2011 (UTC) Replied. Thank you for providing sources. Doniago (talk) 17:28, 28 December 2011 (UTC) Chess Records logo Hi Steelbeard1. Could you tell us what the logo represents? Maybe that could be added to the article? Many thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:32, 19 January 2012 (UTC) This is the current logo, dating back to the 1960s, used by the current owner of the Chess catalogue and trademark, Universal Music Group, at the official Chess web site at http://www.chessrecords.co.uk/ Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:47, 19 January 2012 (UTC) Yes, thanks, all good stuff. But I meant figuratively, what does it depict. Or what was it's inspiration. It looks a little like an amonite, or perhaps even a seahorse, but (of course?) not much like any chess piece. Maybe no-one knows. Martinevans123 (talk) 23:17, 19 January 2012 (UTC) It's a stylized knight chess piece. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:30, 20 January 2012 (UTC) Oh I see. Any reason for the Knight? Is there a source which says this? - it wasn't completely obvious to me! Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 08:43, 20 January 2012 (UTC) If you look at the old blue and white Chess label from the official Chess Records web site, the three chess pieces shown on the label include a knight. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:05, 20 January 2012 (UTC) Yes, that's quite clear. But the "current" version, which appears in the article info box is, as you say, quite stylized. If there is no citable source which describes the logo and/or its origins, would it be WP:OR to add a summary of what you have just explained above? Or maybe it's just not notable. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:21, 20 January 2012 (UTC) According to the logo design dates back to 1965. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:29, 20 January 2012 (UTC) That's a great source and I think could be used in the article, if it isn't already. The horse is much clearer in the early versions. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:33, 21 January 2012 (UTC) Non-free rationale for File:Post logo new.png Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Post logo new.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale. If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 22:47, 7 February 2012 (UTC) Hatnote on Blood libel Personally, I can't see that the hatnote is offensive. But if you or others think so, I have said that I have no objections to alter the language. And as I can't the offensiveness, I really unsure on how to alter the wording to everyones liking. So if you then could rephrase it, it would be very helpful. Steinberger (talk) 11:45, 8 February 2012 (UTC) It was written in the present tense. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:49, 8 February 2012 (UTC) Aha. There is contemporary examples of both blood libels against Jews and similar accusations towards others groups, so I figured it was okey. Any suggestions on a better way of putting it? Steinberger (talk) 11:53, 8 February 2012 (UTC) Go to the Blood libel talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:55, 8 February 2012 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Vanguardrecords.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Vanguardrecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:03, 9 February 2012 (UTC) Article restructuring at the Beatles There is a discussion taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 04:10, 26 February 2012 (UTC) There is a straw poll taking place here, your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 02:31, 1 March 2012 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Woap.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Woap.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:21, 1 March 2012 (UTC) AIV Please only report users to WP:AIV if they are currently active. The user you reported today had not edited for around 15 hours prior to your report, so does not require administrator intervention. Thanks, waggers (talk) 12:24, 22 March 2012 (UTC) Talkback Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Waggers's talk page.Message added 12:44, 22 March 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. waggers (talk) 12:44, 22 March 2012 (UTC) a.a.p. Yes, Turner/Time Warner owns the Associated Artists Productions library, but the a.a.p. name is part of MGM because a.a.p. became United Artists Associated and then United Artists Television Distribution. King Shadeed 00:51, March 30, 2012 (UTC) But when a company is acquired and absorbed into a subsidiary of the acquiring company, the absorbed company becomes defunct. Comprende??? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:35, 30 March 2012 (UTC) True. Here's another. If a company sells its library to another company, then the library doesn't count as a company subsidiary. Either way, defunct companies that has been acquired by another and has been folded still counts. While on topic, I think you'd better look at the Filmways and American International articles because they too are defunct but still has the MGM subsidiary category. King Shadeed 11:27, March 30, 2012 (UTC) By the way, sorry to bring up the topic like that. King Shadeed 11:42, March 30, 2012 (UTC) AIP and Filmways are also defunct so they are NOT MGM subsidiaries. The absorbing company, Orion Pictures is still technically an MGM subsidiary. I deleted the "MGM subsidiaries" links because that is not the case with AIP and Filmways. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:06, 30 March 2012 (UTC) So what do you suggest in the meantime? Use a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer category? King Shadeed 13:21, March 30, 2012 (UTC) Only if the unit is still active on paper. Orion Pictures, yes. AIP, Filmways, a.a.p., no. Those three units stopped existing before MGM acquired the libraries. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:26, 30 March 2012 (UTC) Then I think we'd better do the same thing to The Cannon Group. I was about to suggest using Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on them. King Shadeed 17:33, March 30, 2012 (UTC) Halo Burger Hi, just got your message. I think it would be best to contact an administrator if you suspect persistent 'bad-editing'. Sorry I can't be of more help, but I'm just a regular anti-vandalism patroller. I was reverting obvious vandalism by an IP editor on the above article, and, in fact, before this I had never heard of 'Halo Burger'!! Regards Denisarona (talk) 13:11, 3 April 2012 (UTC) Hi friend. You might want to step back from Halo Burger for a few days. No sense edit-warring over trivia. Give it a few days to let it breathe... Carrite (talk) 03:18, 4 April 2012 (UTC) I talked to the other party just now. But I see that you've reverted him again. Stop reverting edits in article space and start talking out your issues on the talk page. Seriously. Carrite (talk) 16:53, 4 April 2012 (UTC) I already did and the other parties are agreeing with me if you read the article's talk page.. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:18, 4 April 2012 (UTC) Just got your latest message. If you still have problems, go to the Edit war/3RR noticeboard, make a report with back-up arguements and an administrator will look at the complaint. Regards Denisarona (talk) 06:44, 5 April 2012 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Walt disney records logo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Walt disney records logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 06:16, 15 April 2012 (UTC) The Beatles "Current Members" No, you're right there was never a "Fab Six", but there have been six past members of a now dissolved group called the Beatles. How can two of the current members be dead? How can a person be a member of a band after they are no longer living? — GabeMc (talk) 22:28, 19 April 2012 (UTC) But why are two dead people considered "members" versus "past members"? Can a dead person be a member of a band? — GabeMc (talk) 22:35, 19 April 2012 (UTC) Steelbeard1, with all due respect, consensus can change, so the previous discussions on the topic matter little today. — GabeMc (talk) 22:49, 19 April 2012 (UTC) There is a straw poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 23:56, 19 April 2012 (UTC) There is a discussion taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 03:47, 21 April 2012 (UTC) Could you please explain to me how the current proposal is misleading or inaccurate, in any way shape or form. — GabeMc (talk) 00:09, 22 April 2012 (UTC) There is a Straw Poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 00:40, 22 April 2012 (UTC) There is a third straw poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 02:25, 22 April 2012 (UTC) I think I found a good solution to the template issue, take a look at the proposal now, it might satisfy everyone's concerns. — GabeMc (talk) 05:36, 22 April 2012 (UTC) Beatles infobox I have decided that listing them all under "members" is the best representation of consensus, but I would love your support before moving forward, are there any other outstanding issues we need to work out IYO? — GabeMc (talk) 05:02, 25 April 2012 (UTC) There is a Straw Poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 05:02, 25 April 2012 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:GoldenRecordsLogo.png) Thanks for uploading File:GoldenRecordsLogo.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:14, 16 June 2012 (UTC) Halo Burger former Logo As you know I start Topic Halo Burger. I already meet you in person at Miller Road that where you work there in 2008. Anyway, I notice that new logo Halo Burger on top right. There is any possible for you to add "former Halo Burger logo" inside the text? Thanks CFBancroft (talk) 12:42, 4 July 2012 (UTC) Sgt. Pepper straw poll Unfortunately, there is a straw poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated.--andreasegde (talk) 11:36, 8 July 2012 (UTC) Formal mediation has been requested The Mediation Committee has received a request for formal mediation of the dispute relating to "The Beatles". As an editor concerned in this dispute, you are invited to participate in the mediation. Mediation is a voluntary process which resolves a dispute over article content by facilitation, consensus-building, and compromise among the involved editors. After reviewing the request page, the formal mediation policy, and the guide to formal mediation, please indicate in the "party agreement" section whether you agree to participate. Because requests must be responded to by the Mediation Committee within seven days, please respond to the request by 20 July 2012. Discussion relating to the mediation request is welcome at the case talk page. Thank you. Message delivered by MediationBot (talk) on behalf of the Mediation Committee. 14:38, 13 July 2012 (UTC) AN/I report notice Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 11:37, 15 July 2012 (UTC) For clarity, since there are two open reports now, look here. ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 11:40, 15 July 2012 (UTC) Request for mediation accepted The request for formal mediation of the dispute concerning The Beatles, in which you were listed as a party, has been accepted by the Mediation Committee. The case will be assigned to an active mediator within two weeks, and mediation proceedings should begin shortly thereafter. Proceedings will begin at the case information page, Wikipedia:Requests for mediation/The Beatles, so please add this to your watchlist. Formal mediation is governed by the Mediation Committee and its Policy. The Policy, and especially the first two sections of the "Mediation" section, should be read if you have never participated in formal mediation. For a short guide to accepted cases, see the "Accepted requests" section of the Guide to formal mediation. You may also want to familiarise yourself with the internal Procedures of the Committee. As mediation proceedings begin, be aware that formal mediation can only be successful if every participant approaches discussion in a professional and civil way, and is completely prepared to compromise. Please contact the Committee if anything is unclear. For the Mediation Committee, User:WGFinley (talk) 15:36, 15 July 2012 (UTC) (Delivered by MediationBot, on behalf of the Mediation Committee.) FYI My views on this are quite simple. An admin telling a user to "grow the fuck up" is absolutely unacceptable under any circumstances and is ground for immediate desysopping. If we care about having a serious, thoughtful, kind, adult and mature community (which I assume was the sentiment behind that unseemly outburst) then we have to model that behavior ourselves as admins. There's a bit of sad irony in behaving in a juvenile and bullying fashion in an attempt to get others to behave better. Bwilkins, I recommend that you turn in your bit and take a break from being an admin for 6 months and then return if you feel you can handle the job in a more responsible fashion.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 13:49, 20 July 2012 (UTC) ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 04:24, 21 July 2012 (UTC) The Times Style and Usage Guide Thanks for the tip, I have a copy now, and on page 24 it says: Beatles, the: "No need to cap the unless at the start of a sentence." ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 00:57, 23 July 2012 (UTC) Last lap You're turning the last bend, and it's the last lap. The mediators have asked for your comments in the "Your response" section, at the bottom.--andreasegde (talk) 16:16, 4 August 2012 (UTC) The mediators have come up with a new idea, which seems good. It's under "Episode IV: A New Poll", and "Your thoughts".--andreasegde (talk) 10:08, 8 August 2012 (UTC) Could you look at this proposal and make a comment? I know it doesn't allow for arguments for/against, but it is as "simple as possible". Ta, --andreasegde (talk) 17:04, 11 August 2012 (UTC) Out I have been "asked" to leave the mediation, which is what I expected at some point; even a blind man would agree. Apparently, the last straw was that one is not allowed to complain about WP:Wikihounding. Ho-hum... :)--andreasegde (talk) 11:27, 14 August 2012 (UTC) Madison Records (Grey G Surely something must have gone wrong in the moving/redirecting of the above article? /FredrikT (talk) 08:19, 22 August 2012 (UTC) Tes it did. The title should be Madison Records (Grey Gull). Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:30, 22 August 2012 (UTC) CBS Records I moved the Presidents section to CBS records and reworded the opening. The title "President of CBS Records" and "President of CBS Records International" appear to be in use before 2006. I will make a separate section for CBS Records International. I hope this is ok with you. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 17:11, 23 August 2012 (UTC) My reply is in your talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:17, 23 August 2012 (UTC) Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement. Please be particularly aware, Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states: Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made; that is to say, editors are not automatically "entitled" to three reverts. Do not edit war even if you believe you are right. If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing. Notice of Edit warring noticeboard discussion Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion involving you at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring regarding a possible violation of Wikipedia's policy on edit warring. Thank you. It's not there. Steelbeard1 (talk) 23:01, 23 August 2012 (UTC) Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence When I removed the tag, I hadn't realised that the proposed new article actually existed. Therefore, may I suggest that you move the portions that you think ought to be moved. That would be better than leaving the tag for a long time. Op47 (talk) 12:41, 24 August 2012 (UTC) Created Flint Beecher Tornado article. Steelbeard1 (talk) 13:02, 24 August 2012 (UTC) Question about mass edits I am wondering why your changing the names of the record companies - when the refs clearly indicated the former name was the one used at the time? Is there an ongoing talk or consensus to change all the companies to there current name over the ones used at the time that would be historically correct? Moxy (talk) 17:30, 24 August 2012 (UTC) Great reason... but it would be best to keep the right name of the time and just redirect the link to the right page...now we have many article listing companies that were not even formed at the time. How many have been done in this manner...is there alot to go back to and fix?Moxy (talk) 17:40, 24 August 2012 (UTC) OMG have you changed all those links with the new company names? Do we have 1000 of edits that need to be fixed back to the proper name with the right link?Moxy (talk) 17:48, 24 August 2012 (UTC) O i see ..some do have CBS left in place with a new link ..I see....Odd we dont have redirects for the 2 different companies with the same name. Well actually its now 3 that use this name but O well.Moxy (talk) 17:55, 24 August 2012 (UTC) CBS Records You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement. Please be particularly aware, Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states: Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made; that is to say, editors are not automatically "entitled" to three reverts. Do not edit war even if you believe you are right. If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing. nowiki tags Please be careful when using nowiki tags. Because you didn't close it correctly, your signature didn't work and the next thread got gobbled up by your misstep. I've corrected the problem on your behalf. Hasteur (talk) 16:55, 28 August 2012 (UTC) Tone it down. This sort of behaviour is unacceptable. Please do not repeat it. Remember that dispute resolution works best when you focus on the issues at hand, rather than calling other users names. Thank you. Steven Zhang Help resolve disputes! 07:25, 29 August 2012 (UTC) Hello. There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Page moves Hello, Steelbeard1. I spent some time this morning cleaning up the mess of the history of CBS Records. Because you have been editing here frequently for the past six years, I assumed that you knew the correct way to rename a page, which is by using the Move function at (usually) the top of the page display. Perhaps I shouldn't make such assumptions, so please let me explain -- when you copy text out of one page (like the old CBS Records (disambiguation) and paste it into another page, you break the continuity of the page history. This is needed for attribution and copyright purposes, and splitting it is undesirable. This has nothing to do with whether the title of the page is correct or not, but rather with the method of changing the title. There is a right way and a wrong way to change the title of a page, and you used the wrong way three straight times, even after being told it was wrong. Please don't ever do that again. --R'n'B (call me Russ) 15:07, 29 August 2012 (UTC) I usually use the move section, but I found that the title I want to move to was locked forcing me to do the copy and paste type of move which we know is wrong. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:12, 29 August 2012 (UTC) Notice of Dispute resolution discussion Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard regarding a content dispute in which you may have been involved. Content disputes can hold up article development, therefore we request your participation in the discussion to help find a resolution. The thread is "CBS Records". Thank you! EarwigBot operator / talk 16:34, 29 August 2012 (UTC) I've restarted the DRN case. The previous DRN case was derailed too many times by Norton bringing up that whole conduct dispute hubbub over prior consensus. Hopefully the new DRN case will focus on the actual conduct dispute. :)--SGCM (talk) 16:48, 29 August 2012 (UTC) Take the high ground Could we get you to stop taking about Norton's TROUT. Pls stop adding salt to his wound - Would like to remind you that your copy and pasting has caused alot more problems thus far in the topic. So all involved need to look at there past actions and to learn form them....no need to bring theses things up every post. So pls move on...as was indicated to all on the other page - WP:INDCRIT.Moxy (talk) 19:42, 29 August 2012 (UTC) Instead of blaming each-other over an over for the mess we are in. Simply talk about how to fix it. Did he force you to do what you did or the other way around? Is one of you holding a gun to the others head? I think not ... so lets move on and not point out each-others mistakes over and over. Time to man up!Moxy (talk) 19:52, 29 August 2012 (UTC) Talkback Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Czarkoff's talk page.Message added 01:35, 5 September 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. Formal mediation has been requested The Mediation Committee has received a request for formal mediation of the dispute relating to "CBS Records". As an editor concerned in this dispute, you are invited to participate in the mediation. Mediation is a voluntary process which resolves a dispute over article content by facilitation, consensus-building, and compromise among the involved editors. After reviewing the request page, the formal mediation policy, and the guide to formal mediation, please indicate in the "party agreement" section whether you agree to participate. Because requests must be responded to by the Mediation Committee within seven days, please respond to the request by 12 September 2012. Discussion relating to the mediation request is welcome at the case talk page. Thank you. Message delivered by MediationBot (talk) on behalf of the Mediation Committee. 13:37, 5 September 2012 (UTC) CBS News I think I figured out why Norton began editing the article on the unrelated 2006 CBS Records, instead of creating an article on the pre-Sony CBS Records and requesting a move to the CBS Records page (which is what he should have done and what other editors advised him to do). Apparently, he was indefinitely topic banned from creating new articles. This may explain why he began inappropriately editing the page on the 2006 company, starting this whole mess. I hope you haven't been too exhausted by this dispute, but this might be a hint at why it began in the first place.--SGCM (talk) 23:35, 5 September 2012 (UTC) Thanks for sharing the info. Should that be a factor in the discussion we are having right now? Steelbeard1 (talk) 00:50, 6 September 2012 (UTC) I've already mentioned it in the MedCom discussion, as part of the history of the dispute. I think it's the reason why he started editing the 2006 CBS article (although I can't be certain). He wasn't allowed to create a new article on the pre-Sony CBS Records, so instead he started changing the 2006 one.--SGCM (talk) 00:58, 6 September 2012 (UTC) Talkback Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Czarkoff's talk page.Message added 17:24, 6 September 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. We were talking ... about trademarks I thought you might find this interesting: LAUREN LEE GAUCK, v. HOOMAN KARAMIAN et al, p. 10 (“... The TPRPA “does not prohibit all unauthorized uses of another's name or likeness.” Apple Corps., 843 F. Supp. at 347.(emphasis in original). Rather, the statute is “narrowly drawn,” id., “proscribing only the unauthorized use of another’s name or likeness in advertising.” Id. at 347 n.2. The limited Case scope of uses prohibited by the statute was explained in Apple Corps. In a Beatles look-alike performance case, the court granted the plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment, finding that, while the defendants’ advertisements for their performances did violate the TPRPA, the performances themselves did not. Id. at 347-49. Even though the defendants engaged in the performances as a commercial endeavor, the court reasoned that defendants’ use of the Beatles’ personas during the performances and the Beatles logo on the group’s bass drum did not violate the TPRPA because the statute only forbids use of name or likeness for the purpose of “advertising” or “soliciting” purchases of goods or services. Id. ...”). ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 02:56, 7 September 2012 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for September 12 Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Mi-Sex, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Columbia (check to confirm \| fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject. It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 12:31, 12 September 2012 (UTC) Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you.Moxy (talk) 18:14, 13 September 2012 (UTC) Re: CBS Records No, I don't believe so. Editors are not required to participate in mediation. Have you considered attempting an RfC?--SGCM (talk) 01:57, 14 September 2012 (UTC) You'll need to summarise the dispute in the RfC. The RfC also needs its own heading.--SGCM (talk) 02:01, 14 September 2012 (UTC) The Beatles poll Hello Steelbeard1; this message is to inform you that there is currently a public poll to determine whether to capitalize the definite article ("the") when mentioning the band "THE BEATLES" mid-sentence. As you've previously participated either here, here, or here, your input would be appreciated. Thank you for your time. Jburlinson (talk) 20:52, 17 September 2012 (UTC) Talkback Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Feezo's talk page.Message added 09:05, 20 September 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 09:05, 20 September 2012 (UTC) Request for mediation rejected The request for formal mediation concerning CBS Records, to which you were listed as a party, has been declined. To read an explanation by the Mediation Committee for the rejection of this request, see the mediation request page, which will be deleted by an administrator after a reasonable time. Please direct questions relating to this request to the Chairman of the Committee, or to the mailing list. For more information on forms of dispute resolution, other than formal mediation, that are available, see Wikipedia:Dispute resolution. For the Mediation Committee, AGK 11:34, 21 September 2012 (UTC) (Delivered by MediationBot, on behalf of the Mediation Committee.) Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence You added a split tag to this article 3 months ago. Do you intend to do anything about it? Op47 (talk) 22:36, 26 November 2012 (UTC) Already done with the creation of the 1953 Flint – Beecher tornado article. ```` Thankyou for clearing up the problem, may I remind you to remove tags when you clear up a problem. regards Op47 (talk) 22:12, 29 November 2012 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:Ralcorplogo.jpg) Thanks for uploading File:Ralcorplogo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:34, 30 November 2012 (UTC) Discussion about Newyorkbrad's closure of Beatles RfC Hello. This is to let you know that there is currently a discussion at User talk:Mr. Stradivarius#RfC closure questions about Newyorkbrad's closure of the RfC about whether to use upper-case "The" or lowercase "the" in mid-sentence in articles about (t/T)he Beatles. You are receiving this message because you were involved in the mediation case that led up to the RfC. Some editors have expressed dissatisfaction with the caveat in Newyorkbrad's close that "he suggestion that editors should try to structure sentences to avoid unnecessary mid-sentence use of "the Beatles" remains a valid one", and the discussion is focused on how that caveat is affecting the editing decisions in Beatles-related articles. There is also the opportunity to discuss other aspects of the close should the need arise. Please see the points at the top of the discussion thread and leave a comment if you think it is appropriate. Best regards — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 13:40, 19 December 2012 (UTC) Violating Beatles RfC Please note that this type of edit is simply not allowed--it's somewhere between edit warring and disruptive editing. The RfC was clearly closed to state that the "t" in "the Beatles" must be lowercase. I see that you do not agree with that; however, the closure is final until such point as consensus changes; you cannot unilaterally override that consensus. If you continue in that behavior, you will be blocked from editing. You have to live with the fact that consensus does not always go your way on Wikipedia--that's the nature of a collaborative project. Qwyrxian (talk) 12:23, 20 December 2012 (UTC) File:Beatlescoll2.jpg listed for deletion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Beatlescoll2.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MASEM (t) 17:11, 21 December 2012 (UTC) Don't be silly (deleted posting by a person I do not want to have contact with) Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:36, 24 December 2012 (UTC) Your comment at my talk Hi Steelbeard - about your question here, the thread at my talk isn't supposed to be about user conduct, so I think Feezo was right to remove the comment. It's not that we can't have that discussion elsewhere, but both Feezo and I want to keep the thread on-topic. If you're concerned about it, perhaps you could ask him on his talk page? Best — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 12:41, 23 December 2012 (UTC) Just to let you know that I removed the latest comment of yours at my talk page thread, for the same reasons as above. It's not that we can't talk about user conduct, but I'd like to keep that thread focused on Brad's close. If you want to talk about the removal, then we can do it here or at Feezo's talk page if you like. — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 08:23, 24 December 2012 (UTC) Hi, friend I have written a proposed remedy to the Richard Arthur Norton affair, to be taken to AN/I in the event that ArbCom defers the case. Since the original thread is hatted, the proposal has been made on his talk page (User_talk:Richard_Arthur_Norton_(1958-_)). As you were a participant in the original thread, I would very much appreciate your comments as to whether the proposed remedy satisfies your concerns. Thanks, —Tim /// Carrite (talk) 23:27, 4 February 2013 (UTC) Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) arbitration case opened An arbitration case in which you commented has been opened, and is located at Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ). Evidence that you wish the Arbitrators to consider should be added to the evidence sub-page, at Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )/Evidence. Please add your evidence by February 23, 2013, which is when the evidence phase closes. You can contribute to the case workshop sub-page, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )/Workshop. For a guide to the arbitration process, see Wikipedia:Arbitration/Guide to arbitration. For the Arbitration Committee, — ΛΧΣ21 03:16, 9 February 2013 (UTC) Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) case evidence phase closing This is a reminder to all parties as well as to those who have submitted evidence, that the evidence phase of this case closes at 00:00 UTC on 23 February 2013, which is in just over seven hours from now. For the Arbitration Committee --Alexandr Dmitri (talk) 16:48, 22 February 2013 (UTC) Funai, strange link/reference On 31 January 2013 (17:13), you added a statement to the Funai page about Funai acquiring "the rest of Philips consumer electronics operations" in 2013. The supporting reference/link seems quite unrelated to this, though - perhaps you copied the wrong link? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.226.32.203 (talk) 22:31, 28 February 2013 (UTC) Fixed link. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:58, 28 February 2013 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:WOAP logo 2012.jpg) Thanks for uploading File:WOAP logo 2012.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 05:01, 2 March 2013 (UTC) Talkback Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Christian75's talk page.Message added 22:45, 14 March 2013 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. Christian75 (talk) 22:45, 14 March 2013 (UTC) re: MGM Music re: "Your edit to the MGM Music article was reverted because it contains false info. A citation was added from to back up the current edit." My edit reverted an edit which was adding unsourced information. That's a poor reason to leave a message on my talk page about adding "false info". ChakaKongtalk 15:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC) The edit inserted info which was clearly incorrect which is why it was reverted with citation added. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:27, 26 April 2013 (UTC) It was NOT information I added to the article. As I said, I was merely following guidelines by reverting an unsourced addition. If it was "clearly incorrect" it should have been corrected with a proper citation to back it up. It wasn't and that has nothing to do with me. ChakaKongtalk 17:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC) User talk:Superastig made the error and he has been warned about making false edits time and time again. The proper thing to do is to insert a tag. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:38, 26 April 2013 (UTC) It's absolutely ridiculous that you left a warning on my talk page for following the guidelines. Don't you see that? I am under no obligation to add a tag; that is merely a suggestion and not "the proper thing to do". ChakaKongtalk 17:48, 26 April 2013 (UTC) It is YOUR responsibility to make sure the edit you make is correct and that you DO NOT revert to a false edit. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:51, 26 April 2013 (UTC) I am watching ChakaKong's edits and I will call out any faulty edits that editor makes, despite the dumb disclaimer he put on the top of his talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC) Wikistalking / threats You have now officially crossed the line in your harassment and have openly threatened to commit Wikihounding against me: . I'll now take the necessary action and have an admin look into your behaviour today. Sorry it had to come to this but you left me no choice. ChakaKongtalk 20:43, 26 April 2013 (UTC) ChakaKong has been reported. I did NOT make threats or harrassed him, what he did was self-inflicted due to his erroneous editing which I called out and he refused to acknowledge or apologize for. Hello. There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:01, 26 April 2013 (UTC) I sincerely hope this is the final communication I have with you and that you come to your senses and cease your harassment. The Incident Report which you inexplicably filed against me ("totally silly complaint" I believe was the terminology they used) was immediately closed as "a waste of time". I urge you to not follow through on your threats to wikistalk me. You don't seem to have a history of unusual behaviour here, so it would be a shame for you to get yourself blocked. Take care. ChakaKongtalk 14:54, 27 April 2013 (UTC) Steelbeard1, your behavior is indeed considered wikihounding. This is disruptive, and you need to stop. If you don't, further consequences may be considered. —GFOLEY FOUR!— 16:38, 27 April 2013 (UTC) What would you do if you come across an edit which is glaringly incorrect???? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:45, 28 April 2013 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:New Vikings Stadium.jpg) Thanks for uploading File:New Vikings Stadium.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:16, 18 May 2013 (UTC) You have been reported for Wikihounding Hello. There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChakaKong (talk • contribs) 13:21, 21 May 2013‎ (UTC) Talkback Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at TheSyndromeOfaDown's talk page.Message added 19:51, 24 May 2013 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. WorldTraveller101(Trouble?/My Work) 19:51, 24 May 2013 (UTC) Apologies Sorry, I see I linked to the article page before, not the talk page. The discussion is at Talk:Blood libel#Blood libel is a "false" accusation. I contacted you because you've commented on this issue in the past. Jayjg (talk) 19:23, 26 May 2013 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:7uplogopepsi.png) Thanks for uploading File:7uplogopepsi.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:41, 4 June 2013 (UTC) Google book tool Google book tool will covert bare url into {{cite book}} format for you and give a stable url. As of now the refs do not give any information that is useful to our readers - as in what is being cited - by whom - when - and pages numbers.Moxy (talk) 16:35, 5 June 2013 (UTC) So the long url = http://books.google.com/books?id=th0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=NARAS+%2B+conkling&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XWWvUaukOtTUyQHUh4H4CQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=NARAS%20%2B%20conkling&f=false Will end up like what is below with no effort on your part...just copy and paste the URL into the tool. References ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (10 June 1957). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 5 June 2013. {{cite book}}: \|author= has generic name (help) Warner Classics and EMI Classics Thanks for your message. WEA's classical division is called Warner Classics but its labels are Erato Records and Teldec Records. Nothing has ever been released in that fashion. WEA has been so ignorant over this division during the last decade that the wording here over the absorption over EMI Classics is ambiguous. I worked in the industry for many years in the retail sector, so I have first-hand experience with this. You should also note that ReJoyce, the first release under the new regime, features the Erato logo in EMI red. Thanks very much. Peace. —MuzikJunky (talk) 01:17, 1 August 2013 (UTC) Sent reply to MuzikJunky proving he is wrong. Joyce DiDonato was a Virgin Classics artist before the Warner Music takeover to give one example and gave too many examples from the EMI Classics web site of upcoming releases bearing the blue Warner Classics logo. Steelbeard1 (talk) 03:10, 1 August 2013 (UTC) File:Trailerparkboysmoviesoundtrack.jpg listed for deletion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Trailerparkboysmoviesoundtrack.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 20:48, 4 August 2013 (UTC) I-94 in Mi I'm glad you're enthusiastic about editing this article, however I placed the {{inuse}} template at the top of it so that I could complete my revisions without edit conflicts. The more you edit while I'm attempting to expand, update and re-cite the history of this freeway, the longer it takes me to complete my work because of conflicts. Sometimes the multiple searches with newspaperarchive.com and news.google.com take lots of computer resources, so I may have to save in the middle of longer edits of the history to avoid losing my work. I will remove the template from the top of the article when I complete my revisions. Imzadi 1979 → 17:43, 22 August 2013 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:Citizensrepublic.jpg) Thanks for uploading File:Citizensrepublic.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Werieth (talk) 07:33, 23 August 2013 (UTC) Carl Levin Levin is in Category:Detroit City Council members. This is a sub-cat of Category:People from Detroit, Michigan. In general people are only supposed to be in the most specific category in a tree that applies to them, not in both a category and its parent.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:50, 2 October 2013 (UTC) M.I.R.S. Citations (subscription firewall discussion) Sir, please allow me to first open with how much I appreciate your vigilance and diligence. I'm a bit new at this, and am grateful for the seasoned veterans who provide oversight and keep content accurate. That said, regarding our discussion on the United States Senate election in Michigan, 2014, specifically the use of media citations requiring a subscription, I've read the discussion on the Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard. If I read the discussion correctly, there is "nothing wrong with using a subscription source" as a reference (apparently, Wikipedia has a policy on this), and this isn't a violation in and of itself. Would you please be so kind as to go to the elections discussion page in question and restore what you've undone? Kevinrexheine (talk) 03:39, 22 October 2013 (UTC) Sony/ATV Music Publishing Sorry about mis-reverting your recent edit--my coffee hadn't quite kicked in, and I thought your fix was an edit-war by 66.26.78.8. I should've just cleaned up the India/US thing. Have a great day! Pstoller (talk) 19:55, 29 October 2013 (UTC) Guy edit warring on Survivor Hi, there. I wouldn't necessarily call him a "non-wikipedian" just because he edits as an IP. But yeah, it does seem that he doesn't understand the policy about edit warring. Survivorfan1995 (talk) 18:45, 18 December 2013 (UTC) slow mo edit war. Have you sought resolution on the article talk page? reverting each other's edits will get you nowhere. Dlohcierekim 01:21, 29 December 2013 (UTC) I started a discussion. When I tried to talk to the other editor, he blanked his talk page. And tagged it as an attack page. Not sure what 3rd opinion options y'all have sought. I'd stay away from their talkpage though. Good luck Dlohcierekim 01:31, 29 December 2013 (UTC) I am sending messages to other editors of the article. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:34, 29 December 2013 (UTC) He reverted again. Can you revert back? Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:44, 29 December 2013 (UTC) December 2013 Your recent editing history at Michigan gubernatorial election, 2014 shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war. Being involved in an edit war can result in your being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you don't violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly. To avoid being blocked, instead of reverting please consider using the article's talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. See BRD for how this is done. You can post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection. --2602:304:B0FD:19C0:90AA:941F:B0AF:76CF (talk) 02:02, 29 December 2013 (UTC) The editor who wrote the above has been reported. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:18, 29 December 2013 (UTC) Columbia Records logo Oh, I see! My apologies, then. Atomicbeachball (talk) 23:11, 6 January 2014 (UTC) Earliest I-69 alignment in Michigan I have to challenge your reverting of my edit which shows, with the citation at that the earliest portion of the future I-69 freeway opened in 1959 in Genesee County, Michigan. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:53, 18 January 2014 (UTC) A few points: Michigan Highways cannot be used as a source in articles. The site is self-published by Chris Bessert, who is a cartographer by trade not a historian. Because of that, no noticeboard has said that any of the exceptions at WP:SPS apply. Relying on it is ground to have the article delisted as a Good Article and jeopardizes the A-Class status for which it is currently being reviewed. If you look through all of the Featured Articles and the rest of the Good Articles on Michigan highways you will see that none of them use the website for more than an external link, period. When adding sources to an article, it is generally a good idea to make them match the established citation style already present. This goes especially for articles that are GAs or FAs. No matter what though, you never want to add bare URLs as citations per WP:Linkrot. Even if the website is stable (and Michigan Highways is slowly being overhauled to split every highway to a separate page which is slowly breaking the links), our readers should at a minimum get author, date, and title information so they can evaluate the reliability of the cited sources. An article lead does not need citations if the information present is cited below in the body of the article. This rule does not apply to things like direct quotations which always have to be cited. The information you added does not match the information in the body of the article. You're relying on Bessert to say that the freeway near Lennon opened in the 1950s when the cited information in the body of the article says "by the middle of 1960". In short, your addition can't stand as it was made. Imzadi 1979 → 21:57, 18 January 2014 (UTC) Also, you may want to set up archiving on your talk page given the length which means it hard for others to load your page on mobile or other devices. Imzadi 1979 → 22:24, 18 January 2014 (UTC) February 2014 Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that your edit to Comcast may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 "()"s. If you have, don't worry: just edit the page again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on my operator's talk page. List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page: television]], ], ]), ])</sub><br />''']''' <br />]<br />]<br />[[ Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 18:33, 13 February 2014 (UTC) Schick Razors The Schick Dry Shaver, Inc company, and the poster promoting the Schick Dry Razor has no connection to the Magazine Repeating Razor Co or it's subsequent incarnation as the Schick Safety Razor Co., Division of Eversharp. You want to mention a completely separate company, create an article on the Schick Dry Shaver, Inc company or add the detail on Jacob Schick page, do not pollute an article on a totally different company and product. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.234.53 (talk) 01:14, 17 March 2014 (UTC) 81.159.234.53 (talk) 01:19, 17 March 2014 (UTC) Soliciting comment... Hi! Would you care to review or comment at my FA nomination for the article Marquee Moon, an article about a rock music album? Information on reviewing an FA nomination's criteria is available at WP:FACR. If not, feel free to ignore this message. Cheers! Dan56 (talk) 07:40, 26 April 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Kapp records logo 1960s.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Kapp records logo 1960s.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 22:16, 1 May 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Survivor Cagayan Braun Brains Beauty logo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Survivor Cagayan Braun Brains Beauty logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 23:10, 1 May 2014 (UTC) File source problem with File:Bluenoterecords.jpg Thank you for uploading File:Bluenoterecords.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page. If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a list of your uploads. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 00:17, 20 June 2014 (UTC) engaging in disruptive editing, edit warring, playing supervisor, acting without good faith and POV edits on America: Imagine the World Without Her film article This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Yabbadabbadootucker (talk) 08:36, 8 July 2014 (UTC) Apparently he doesn't see his own militant editing -- or the sketchy use of CinemaScore to imply more than what CinemaScore really means -- as biased. I admit my initial edit was a bit clumsy, but I think I've come up with something more neutral. Krychek (talk) 15:08, 8 July 2014 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for July 31 Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Paul Anka, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page ABC. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject. It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:34, 31 July 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Bluenoterecords.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Bluenoterecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 13:46, 5 August 2014 (UTC) Proposed deletion of Demoscene compo The article Demoscene compo has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: A completely unreferenced article since 2009. While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Λeternus (talk) 09:22, 12 August 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:DorothyShayOnJackBennyShow.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:DorothyShayOnJackBennyShow.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 10:16, 2 September 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Elektrabox.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Elektrabox.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:45, 3 October 2014 (UTC) File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg listed for deletion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 19:45, 7 November 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Purinamillslogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Purinamillslogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 20:17, 7 November 2014 (UTC) Ambassador Bridge In this edit to Ambassador Bridge you claim "a twin span adjacent to the Ambassador Bridge, by itself, does not address Canadian concerns about traffic on Huron Church Road in Windsor, although a majority of the stop lights commonly cited will be removed by the planned expansion of the 401." to be a "misleading sentence" and add "...which would connect to the downriver NITC bridge." I'm no Matty Moroun fan, but completion of the Windsor-Essex Parkway in 2015 would reduce the number of stoplights even if one exits the 401 to the old bridge on Ontario Highway 3 because the trucks must currently get off the 401 at what will be exit 11 and take Huron Church Road. Once the WEP (under whatever name) opens, they'll get off at exit 3, the last exit before the E.C. Row Expressway (Ontario Highway 2) concurrency. That saves a few lights, even if it's a poor substitute for a bridge to Delray which would make all the lights go away. What's in the article is therefore technically true - and the crossing will likely operate in exactly that configuration between the 2015 WEP completion and the 2020 NITC bridge opening at the rate things are going. K7L (talk) 18:33, 12 November 2014 (UTC) Possibly unfree File:Outfront Billboards Flint MI.jpg A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Outfront Billboards Flint MI.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at the discussion if you object to the listing for any reason. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:00, 30 November 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:MercuryRecordsLogo.gif ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:MercuryRecordsLogo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 00:20, 24 December 2014 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:New Dot Records logo introduced in 2014.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:New Dot Records logo introduced in 2014.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 23:06, 24 December 2014 (UTC) A request for Arbitration has been made for America: Imagine a World Without her The request can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case Casprings (talk) 17:26, 27 January 2015 (UTC) Hi Steelbeard1, this is just a courtesy note to let you know that this case has been declined. On behalf of the Arbitration Committee, Lankiveil (speak to me) 06:55, 7 February 2015 (UTC). Buddah Records First of all, "other stuff exists" means that just because an article has or does something a certain way, that another article should also follow that convention. I also looked at the Dot Records article, which clearly indicates it was a revival (with the original label owner, no less), and it additionally has the same name as the old label. So there is no basis for comparison here. The Buddah article does not indicate that Sony revived the label. It states, in point of fact, that a producer with Sony decided to form his own imprint under Sony called Flying Buddha. It has a similar name to a defunct label Sony used to have, but you are the only person making that connection. There are no articles about the label that say anything about the two being related, not even in direct quotes from Salaam Remi (the founder and producer) himself. Do you have a verified source that specifically states that Flying Buddha is a revival of Buddah? The burden of proof is on the person who wishes to add information (see the very first part of WP:V), and that is what the issue is here. Another editor has also reverted your edit for basically the same reason. MSJapan (talk) 21:33, 8 February 2015 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Evolution Records If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. A tag has been placed on Evolution Records requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. The Dissident Aggressor 22:14, 24 April 2015 (UTC) Nomination has been contested in Talk:Evolution Records. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:33, 25 April 2015 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:OutfrontMediaLogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:OutfrontMediaLogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 22:06, 16 September 2015 (UTC) ArbCom elections are now open! Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:37, 23 November 2015 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:WFDF logo as of 2015.png ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:WFDF logo as of 2015.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:55, 1 January 2016 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Rccolainternationallogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Rccolainternationallogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:49, 24 January 2016 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Fantasyrec.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Fantasyrec.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:23, 10 February 2016 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for February 26 Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited The Judy Garland Show, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page George Jessel. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject. It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 15:24, 26 February 2016 (UTC) ShortSummary entries on Schitt's Creek According to the instructions on template:episode list: Episode summaries must not be copied from other sources, as this violates WP:COPYRIGHT. Not only can we not copy the zap descriptions, but these descriptions from zap are verbatim what I am reading on my TV guide, so zap copied them from the producers without permission as well. I kept what you typed in a quote= entry for the template:cite web entries (the references were useful for the RTitle= fields) for comparison purposes. Although we cannot directly duplicate these summaries, it is useful to cite them in the references to assure that replacement summaries are not duplicates of them. Did up some replacement summaries I came up with to fill the void, feel free to add. We need to describe the episodes in our own words not duplicate existing summaries. 184.145.18.50 (talk) 04:52, 2 March 2016 (UTC) Hudson Bay Blanket Capote Would it be possible to get the pattern or some help on making a capote like the one you made? I found some general guides, but the love the design you made. Haven't seen one like that with the shoulder flaps. Cuelco (talk) 16:33, 1 April 2016 (UTC) My capote was made by Northwest Traders and is of the Nor'Wester style. The link is at . Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:13, 1 April 2016 (UTC) File:Okehlogo.jpg listed for discussion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Okehlogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. George Ho (talk) 06:24, 4 June 2016 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Grprecords.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Grprecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:38, 11 July 2016 (UTC) File:Vervelogo.jpg listed for discussion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Vervelogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 08:26, 6 August 2016 (UTC) License tagging for File:Masterworks Broadway logo.jpg Thanks for uploading File:Masterworks Broadway logo.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information. To add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia. For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 19:05, 28 August 2016 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:HaloBurgerLogo2011.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:HaloBurgerLogo2011.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 02:41, 7 September 2016 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:1960sBellRecordsLogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:1960sBellRecordsLogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. George Ho (talk) 18:47, 2 November 2016 (UTC) ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open! Hello, Steelbeard1. Voting in the 2016 Arbitration Committee elections is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2016 election, please review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC) The Beatles in 1966 Hi Steelbeard1. I'm not sure if you're still watching this article, which you created in 2009, and whether you saw my recent message on the talk page. Just wanted to let you know that a couple of us are proposing that it be deleted in favour of a new article dedicated to the first leg of the Beatles' 1966 world tour. Please feel free to join in the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject The Beatles#1966 World? Tour. Cheers, JG66 (talk) 01:16, 29 January 2017 (UTC) I posted my comment in the talk page. I stopped working on articles related to The Beatles several years ago. So feel free to do what is needed. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:29, 29 January 2017 (UTC) Hi again, Steelbeard1. I've never had a hand in deleting an article before, but WP:PROD advocates leaving the notification template on the creator's talk page (which makes sense of course). Anyway, forgive the intrusion below. Cheers, JG66 (talk) 03:12, 6 February 2017 (UTC) Proposed deletion of The Beatles in 1966 The article The Beatles in 1966 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: Overlap of content with several Beatles album, tour and topical articles, and inconsistency with regard to a single year in the Beatles' history being afforded a separate article. (Proposal follows related discussion at the Beatles project talk page.) While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. JG66 (talk) 03:09, 6 February 2017 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Bfs lp corr.JPG ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Bfs lp corr.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:09, 7 April 2017 (UTC) Numbered lists Please format track listings or any other numbered list beginning with a pound sign, or number sign (#). I fixed it all on The Authorized Bang Collection. Also the use of the br tag is not needed when you make a numbered list this way. Thanks. This is per the album style guide: WP:MOSALBUM. --Jennica✿ / talk 10:20, 6 May 2017 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg. 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You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:49, 7 June 2017 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:MonumentRecordsLogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:MonumentRecordsLogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:21, 8 September 2017 (UTC) Kid Rock Hi I live in MI and YES Kid Rock told everyone at his concert the other night he is running for US Senate!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.36.68.29 (talk) 18:20, 16 September 2017 (UTC) Unless he officially files, he had teased us before, he is NOT a candidate. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:03, 16 September 2017 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Concordmusicgroup.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Concordmusicgroup.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:28, 3 October 2017 (UTC) Schitt's Creek I'm certainly not going to start an edit war over it. Indeed plot descriptions should be kept brief, and that, in itself, could be a valid argument to have reverted my edit in the Schitt's Creek article. However, the fact that Johnny Rose's business had been in bad financial shape for years was a significant plot point, and the embezzling by his business manager was simply the last nail in the coffin. Indeed, it was stated clearly that the business manager ran off with the last of the cash, with the company in extreme debt, to save his own financial ass, at the cost of Johnny's. This is why all their possessions were seized - to repay many years of deep debt. You may need to re-watch the episode. There was a thread that ran through the entire episode that all the Rose's tended to live in a perpetual state of denial of all their problems. Johnny lived in a state of denial that his business was failing. Moira lived in a state of denial that her career was washed up, etc. This was all part of introducing the audience to the flawed personalities of the Rose's. Fish Man (talk) 14:54, 9 November 2017 (UTC) ArbCom 2017 election voter message Hello, Steelbeard1. Voting in the 2017 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2017 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Post logo new.png ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Post logo new.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:29, 21 January 2018 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Cleveland Indians cap insignia.gif ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Cleveland Indians cap insignia.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:27, 13 May 2018 (UTC) Michigan's 13th Sherry Gay-Dagnogo declared but never turned in her petitions. She announced on her Facebook page, I believe, that she was running for re-election to her state house seat. Not sure where you'd put her. Perhaps as "did not quality" since she never bothered turning in her petitions. In any case, she's not listed on the SoS list of candidates for that race (http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/candlist/2018PRI_CANDLIST.html). --Criticalthinker (talk) 10:16, 9 July 2018 (UTC) Updated list accordingly. I missed that. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:30, 9 July 2018 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Final20thcenturyfoxlogo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Final20thcenturyfoxlogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 04:27, 11 November 2018 (UTC) ArbCom 2018 election voter message Hello, Steelbeard1. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. 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Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated files}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Willy1018 (talk) 14:09, 27 December 2018 (UTC) Help lobby to save separate articles for Beatle parents Hello, There is an all-out assault to remove individual Wikipedia articles devoted to the parents of Paul McCartney and John Lennon. Paul McCartney's parents — at least there's a discussion in progress about possibly keeping it — have an article that's targeted for expunction, via a redirect to a merging into their son's article, while the Alfred Lennon article has already been merged to the John Lennon article. I attempted to save the Alfred Lennon article, but there are only so many reverts I can do before I get reprimanded by the Wikipedia authorities. The Alfred Lennon article was merged, supposedly, based on poor sourcing, although that article and the Jim and Mary McCartney article are both rated as "GA" or good Wikipedia articles. Since, you're a Beatles fan (as am I), it would be great to have you join in on the discussion by clicking on the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jim_and_Mary_McCartney#Merge_discussion link. You can see that I'm being triple-teamed by other editors on the talk page. I can't assume your position on the matter, but if you could articulate your stance, it would be neat. Engines On (talk) 07:44, 12 April 2019 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Mrmikesmondovideo.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Mrmikesmondovideo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. 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The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and governed by this privacy statement (in English). Find more information about this project. Email us if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, RMaung (WMF) 16:29, 10 September 2019 (UTC) Reminder: Community Insights Survey Share your experience in this survey Hi Steelbeard1, A couple of weeks ago, we invited you to take the Community Insights Survey. It is the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual survey of our global communities. We want to learn how well we support your work on wiki. We are 10% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! Your voice matters to us. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and governed by this privacy statement (in English). Find more information about this project. Email us if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, RMaung (WMF) 15:37, 20 September 2019 (UTC) Popeye needs you Help Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 3 for the existency on Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.77.94.100 (talk) 03:28, 28 September 2019 (UTC) Waiting to receive the DVD first. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:56, 28 September 2019 (UTC) Got it and updated article. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:44, 3 October 2019 (UTC) Somebody deleted the image on the infobox of Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 3 while the article was a draft. Please ask the eraser of this image to undo the deletion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.165.192.51 (talk) 16:11, 8 November 2019 (UTC) Reminder: Community Insights Survey Share your experience in this survey Hi Steelbeard1, There are only a few weeks left to take the Community Insights Survey! We are 30% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! With this poll, the Wikimedia Foundation gathers feedback on how well we support your work on wiki. It only takes 15-25 minutes to complete, and it has a direct impact on the support we provide. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and governed by this privacy statement (in English). 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Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 19:03, 18 February 2020 (UTC) Personal attacks Hello, I'm Smith0124. I noticed that you made a comment on the page 2020 United States Senate election in Michigan that didn't seem very civil, so it has been removed. Wikipedia is built on collaboration, so it's one of our core principles to interact with one another in a polite and respectful manner. If you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. It was not a personal attack. You neglected to read the article before making a false edit. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:47, 23 April 2020 (UTC) Let's not be angry and defensive. Before when I looked at it the date was April 21st because it wasn't extended until recently. So I waited until April 22nd to make the edit. People make mistakes. Doesn't warrant you chasing after me and accusing me like you are. Smith0124 (talk) 18:49, 23 April 2020 (UTC) I posted on the talk page of the 2020 U.S. Senate election article asking other editors to take a look at your actions. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:52, 23 April 2020 (UTC) Yes and I took it down because you aren't being productive by just accusing me of trying to spread false information, which you are when you call it a false edit. And seeing how you try and take charge of the page in the talk page by essentially posting rules, I assume this isn't the first time. Instead of posting a thing on the talk page about how you're going to take down all false edits, why not just explain that the deadline was extended? It's not always easy to remember that stuff and it was a recent edit. You seem to just assume the worst of people. Smith0124 (talk) 18:55, 23 April 2020 (UTC) Other editors' talk pages Per WP:OWNTALK, an editor is free to remove comments from their own talk page. As explained in the guideline, Although archiving is preferred, users may freely remove comments from their own talk pages. Users may also remove some content in archiving. The removal of a warning is taken as evidence that the warning has been read by the user. You should not revert edits that other editors make to their talk pages. Schazjmd (talk) 19:01, 23 April 2020 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:VeryBestoftheDoors2007.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:VeryBestoftheDoors2007.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:12, 6 March 2023 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for March 9 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited WWCK (AM), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Mexican. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:04, 9 March 2023 (UTC) File:1970kapplogo.jpg listed for discussion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:1970kapplogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 09:00, 4 April 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 2) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Justiyaya was: This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements) reliable secondary strictly independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was: no mentions in 2, press release ref 4 Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Justiyaya 02:31, 2 November 2023 (UTC) Hello, Steelbeard1! Having an article draft declined at Articles for Creation can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! Justiyaya 02:31, 2 November 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 2) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Vanderwaalforces was: This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements) reliable secondary strictly independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was: Resubmitting without fixing the concerns of previous reviewer is not a good practice. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 08:25, 2 November 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 3) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Tails Wx was: This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements) reliable secondary strictly independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Tails Wx 16:49, 3 November 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 3) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by Voorts were: This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources.This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements) reliable secondary strictly independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was: For a Wikipedia article to be published, it must be notable; that is, it must have significant coverage in several independent, reliable sources. Pretty much all of the sources are press releases, and are therefore not independent of the subject of the article. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. voorts (talk/contributions) 21:20, 3 November 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 6) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Vanderwaalforces was: This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements) reliable secondary strictly independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 22:56, 6 November 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:24, 28 November 2023 (UTC) File permission problem with File:Logo for WMRP-LP Retro 1047.jpg Thanks for uploading File:Logo for WMRP-LP Retro 1047.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license. If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either make a note permitting reuse under the CC BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to [email protected], stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add {{permission pending}} to the file description page to prevent premature deletion. If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to [email protected]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Wikipedia:Non-free content, use a tag such as {{non-free fair use}} or one of the other tags listed at Wikipedia:File copyright tags#Fair use, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Wikipedia:File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. Here is a list of your uploads. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described in section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --Minorax«¦talk¦» 05:03, 29 December 2023 (UTC) I sent a message to one of the operators of WMRP-LP on his private Facebook page regarding the station's logo. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:11, 29 December 2023 (UTC) Nomination of W35DQ-D for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article W35DQ-D is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted. The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/W35DQ-D until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Mvcg66b3r (talk) 00:56, 21 February 2024 (UTC) Concern regarding Draft:The Nest (American TV network) Hello, Steelbeard1. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:The Nest (American TV network), a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace. If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it. Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:13, 3 May 2024 (UTC) Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Albums/Album_article_style_advice#"Release history" tables Hi @Steelbeard1: hope you're doing well. If you have time, your comments would be appreciated at WikiProject talk page. 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deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#Images.2FMedia"},{"link_name":"BJBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BJBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:BJBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steelbeard1&action=edit&section=42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_warning_blue.svg"},{"link_name":"Image:Sonyclassicallogo.gif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sonyclassicallogo.gif&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"claim of fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FU"},{"link_name":"orphaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan"},{"link_name":"You may add it back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BOLD"},{"link_name":"our policy for non-free media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Policy"},{"link_name":"my contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Steelbeard1"},{"link_name":"criteria for speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#Images.2FMedia"},{"link_name":"BJBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BJBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:BJBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steelbeard1&action=edit&section=43"},{"link_name":"this addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_American_Carol&diff=243585052&oldid=243583501"},{"link_name":"Grsz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Grsz11"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Grsz11"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"You need to forward slash or you create a new user name. PS: Did you know you already have some archive pages?User talk:Steelbeard1/archive1\nUser talk:Steelbeard1/archive2Berliner[edit]You have reversed my move from \"Berliner Gramophone\" to \"Berliner Records\" as you stipulate that the company was never called \"Berliner Records.\" The company was called the United States Gramophone Company and its records were issued under the logo of \"E. Berliner's Gramophone.\" But no one in the collecting or scholarly community uses that; they are officially called \"Berliner\" or \"Berliners;\" even EMI calls them that. And the Wiki Labels Project requires that a record label be preferably suffixed with \"records.\" \"Berliner Gramophone\" is inaccurate in describing the label; that is why I changed it as \"Berliner Gramophone\" is the name of the machine that played the records, not of the records -- it is like calling a disc of computer software a computer. There is no article about the machine, and I kindly ask that you change it back. Berliner did not use a conventional label, as they did not exist for flat disc records until Eldridge Johnson added one at Victor. If you have any doubt, check the EMI Archive Trust link on the page itself, or this auction listing: http://www.78rpm.com/auction_frame.htm Pinikadia 21:13, 7 April 2014 (UTC)Studios[edit]I saw that. But, starting a new section is not responding to an existing one. It is starting a topic. This is responding to an existing topic, in that topic with semicolons. How can I deduce that you were responding to my proposal if you start a whole other topic? I can't. Are you saying you want to move the article to \"The Lot\"? Please modify for clarity. — Archive! Archive! Archive! Archive! Archive!...the monkeys from the Wizard of Oz said as the flew away. ~ WikiDon (talk) 21:13, 8 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]RCA[edit]I saw the message you sent me. So you're saying that RCA corp doesn't exist, but thomson owns it and thomson is making their products with the rca brand??? I don't gfet it/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guy1423 (talk • contribs) 23:00, 10 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Oh, I get it! RCA Corporation was discontinued, but the trademark still exists and is used by some companies? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guy1423 (talk • contribs) 23:11, 10 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]This could make things clearer to some editors/readers ;) Gwen Gale (talk) 00:11, 11 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (Image:Masterworksbroadway.jpg)[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Masterworksbroadway.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:13, 18 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Popeye DVD 2[edit]I'm wondering which version of the DVD I got. I don't think it was the a.a.p. version. Maybe that only went out to some shipments, not all? I would say there are some other quality issues, but we're dealing with 70-year-old cartoons here. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 07:36, 18 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Some of the specials were good. It was interesting to hear Jack Mercer's real voice, which is surprisingly high-pitched. He also sounded like he was reading from a script, but whatever. They had a nice special about Mae Questel. Too bad they didn't have an interview comparable to the Mercer interview. The Fleischer documentary was excellent, and poignant. What they might have accomplished, had they not let personal issues get in the way, who knows? Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 07:39, 18 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks for your note. It's still not clear to me what the issue is, but I don't think it's worth going through the trouble. Maybe the original mistaken disc will become a collectible of sorts. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 12:55, 18 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]CQ Politics Michigan link[edit]Thanks for letting me know. I will get on that. America69 (talk) 18:49, 27 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Elektra Records[edit]I changed the logo to the last one because the releases of new material up until the absorbtion by Atlantic Records used that logo. Even the Elektra releases under the Atlantic aegis use this logo, so I think it should be the one that one sees when they access the page. The sooner that Time Warner buys WEA back from that Canadian maniac, the better. Peace. —MuzikJunky (talk) 07:00, 30 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Then should there be an infobox at all with the dormant label? Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:20, 30 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles Newsletter[edit]Beatles editor, Dendodge, wants to start sending out The Beatles Newsletter again. If you would like to receive it, please leave a message on this page. All the best, --andreasegde (talk) 17:27, 1 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Popeye as a Scot?[edit]Maybe his Scottish brogue gave it away. Or his Scottish surname. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 14:12, 2 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]And Popeye is into spinach. I don't know that that's a traditional Scottish dish. Haggis would be. Popeye has dealt with the Sea Hag, but not with Haggis. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 15:11, 2 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]List of active drive-in theaters[edit]Sorry it took so long to respond. My reply can be found on the article's talk page. --Reverend Loki (talk) 20:12, 8 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Happy Beatles Day![edit]...... Densock .. Talk(Dendodge on a public network) 10:09, 10 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Beatles newsletter July 2008[edit]Want to help on next month's newsletter? Don't want to receive these in future? Don't want it subst'd next time? – It's all here.{{../Issue-nav\|013}}...... Densock .. Talk(Dendodge on a public network) 10:04, 22 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]RE: User:Rebafan11[edit]Thanks, I caught him last night, and even though I thought it obvious he was another sock, I didn't have any evidence of disruptive editing at the time. I'll check his work again. dhett (talk • contribs) 23:20, 27 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Abbey Road (album)[edit]The songwriting credit is to \"Starkey\", not \"Richard Starkey\", at least on my vinyl & CD; that's why I always render credits verbatim and wlink if necessary, so as not to lie about the credit. --Rodhullandemu 18:30, 29 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Likewise, on my copes, credit is to \"Harrison\" rather than \"George Harrison\". I think the credits should at least be consistent and correct rather than consistent and wrong. --Rodhullandemu 18:46, 29 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Across The Universe (film)[edit]Thanks for the comment on my talk page about Across The Universe (film) on the Beatles template. Please note that I did not add this film to the template in the first place, I only modified the formatting. If you are of the opinion that that Across The Universe (film) should not be on the template, feel free to remove it. Personally, I feel that there are a number of off-topic references on this template. --Countdown to oblivion (talk) 13:16, 30 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]I see that you already removed it from the template. --Countdown to oblivion (talk) 13:19, 30 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Stub[edit]It may not be a stub okay, its start but not a B. A B is Def Leppard discography, Stone Temple Pilots discography, Pink Floyd discography or Eminem discography but not this one. But it doesn't have sources, ut has track listing at the page, it has a short lead to short, if you want to i can get the leader of the wikiproject discography to take a look at it. He'll probably call it a stub or a start just as me. I'm not goin to revert your edit if you want to denie it.I can show you the guidline for whats a stub, if you want. --Be Black Hole Sun (talk) 13:32, 31 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]personal attacks[edit]Regarding your comments on Talk:ABN AMRO: Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on contributors. Personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks will lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you.--Tikiwont (talk) 10:55, 6 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]Example please? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:58, 6 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]\nSuch as [1]. --Tikiwont (talk) 11:15, 6 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]\nChanged anal retentive to obsessive \"strictly by the book\" . Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:22, 6 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]ABN AMRO[edit]Can you add you input into another stupid edit war involving the Dutch financial institution ABN AMRO: I'm afraid this is a topic I know absolutely nothing about, and if I edit or contribute to talk I could end up making things worse. But good luck. Ward3001 (talk) 17:25, 6 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]If that company calls itself by all capital letters, and legal documents also call it that way, then that's what it is, and it is not wikipedia's place to try to change that by applying so-called \"grammar rules\" to it. This is the same debate as The CW, and it's worth pointing out that the guy who kept insisting it couldn't call itself that, got himself indefinitely blocked for disruption. [I also posted this comment on the article's talk page.] Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 17:46, 6 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]It's on my watch list. That guy is hung up on rules, like the late, unlamented Rollosmokes was. The first rule is, get it right. Don't make wikipedia look stupid(er). Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 18:33, 9 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]The \"the\" THING[edit]Oh bugger, it's here again, and just after I had stopped waking up and screaming \"definitive article!\" to the consternation of my neighbours. :))) --andreasegde (talk) 01:43, 10 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]RE: ABN Amro[edit]Please check out Wikipedia_talk:Requested_moves#Removal_of_statements_contesting_proposed_move before proceeding with any further discussion on the WP:RM proposal page. Thanks. JPG-GR (talk) 00:11, 11 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]And on a related note calling people anal retentive, while arguably an appropriate description of a class of behaviour, does not really help to avoid drama. Is it likely to encourage them to gracefully back down, or is it drawing battle lines? I'd say the latter. You have the facts on your side, and I believe also the best arguments, it's unnecessary to resort to rhetorical exuberance. Guy (Help!) 21:20, 11 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]Allow me to emphasise Guy's comment - that was uncivil behavior on your part, unnecessary, and not acceptable behavior. Please don't do it again. Georgewilliamherbert (talk) 20:24, 12 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]Request to move article Ron Richards incomplete[edit]You recently filed a request at Wikipedia:Requested moves to move the page Ron Richards to a different title - however your proposal is either incomplete or has been contested as being controversial. As a result, it has been moved to the incomplete and contested proposals section. Requests that remain incomplete after five days will be removed.Please make sure you have completed all three of the following:Added {{move\|NewName}} at the top of the talk page of the page you want moved, replacing \"NewName\" with the new name for the article. This creates the required template for you there.\nAdded {{subst:RMtalk\|NewName\|reason for move}} to the bottom of the talk page of the page you want to be moved, to automatically create a discussion section there.\nAdded {{subst:RMlink\|PageName\|NewName\|reason for move}} to the top of today's section here.If you need any further guidance, please leave a message at Wikipedia talk:Requested moves or contact me on my talk page. - JPG-GR (talk) 05:23, 19 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]Apology from Fangusu[edit]Steelbeard1, I'm very sorry about confusing the rabbit character in Porky's Hare Hunt with the official Bugs in A Wild Hare. He may not be the gray rabbit that we recognize, but he is supposed to be Bugs in prototype form, right? Fangusu (talk) 10:46, 26 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]You just need to read the history more, before making changes. We had this discussion some months back. \"Happy Rabbit\" was a figment of Mel Blanc's later imagination. The early rabbit characters are usually referred to as Bugs Bunny \"prototypes\", and Wild Hare is regarded by cartoon historians as the true debut of Bugsy. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 10:53, 26 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]Producers[edit]The Beatles Box Set I responded at the talk there. Apparently, I was ill-informed, but I retained one of the production credits. Please post on my talk if you need me again. Thanks. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:08, 27 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]Disputed non-free use rationale for Image:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG[edit]Thank you for uploading Image:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Wikipedia:Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies under this policy. 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Sfan00 IMG (talk) 12:38, 30 August 2008 (UTC)[reply]Talk:Ohio's 11th congressional district special election, 2008[edit]You are invited to contibute to the deletion discussion on this page.--Dr who1975 (talk) 17:53, 6 September 2008 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (Image:Americanstandardlogo.jpg)[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Americanstandardlogo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. 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Does the poll at the Time magazine link not show Nader with 6% in Michigan? --Criticalthinker (talk) 22:55, 12 September 2008 (UTC)[reply]Image copyright problem with Image:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please checkThat there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.\nThat every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 02:28, 17 September 2008 (UTC)[reply]Polling figures[edit]The \"Notes\" at the end of the \"Latest Results\" section in the article clearly state: \"'Likely' states are states that have polled ahead for a candidate in each circumstance for the previous 5 months (including polls in archive).\" I agree that Michigan can be considered \"Likely Obama\" if you use different criteria. However, according to the rules agreed upon for the article Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008, Michigan cannot be considered \"likely Obama\". Otherwise, Iowa should have been labeled \"Likely Obama\" for a long time. 85.178.69.10 (talk) 14:31, 27 September 2008 (UTC)[reply]Image copyright problem[edit]Thanks for your uploads. 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The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:29, 3 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (Image:Vanguardclassics.gif)[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Vanguardclassics.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:32, 3 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (Image:Decca logo.gif)[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Decca logo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:33, 3 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (Image:Sonyclassicallogo.gif)[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Sonyclassicallogo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:33, 3 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]An American Carol[edit]Thanks for this addition. I know it may seem kind of ridiculous, but if we're going to make claims like this, no matter how obvious, they need sourced, as it may not be obvious to everyone (in that case, they need to get out more). 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An admin telling a user to \"grow the fuck up\" is absolutely unacceptable under any circumstances and is ground for immediate desysopping. If we care about having a serious, thoughtful, kind, adult and mature community (which I assume was the sentiment behind that unseemly outburst) then we have to model that behavior ourselves as admins. There's a bit of sad irony in behaving in a juvenile and bullying fashion in an attempt to get others to behave better. Bwilkins, I recommend that you turn in your bit and take a break from being an admin for 6 months and then return if you feel you can handle the job in a more responsible fashion.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=503277835&oldid=503277782"},{"link_name":"Jimbo Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo_Wales#top"},{"link_name":"GabeMc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:GabeMc"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:GabeMc"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/GabeMc"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steelbeard1&action=edit&section=182"},{"link_name":"GabeMc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:GabeMc"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:GabeMc"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/GabeMc"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steelbeard1&action=edit&section=183"},{"link_name":"last lap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"andreasegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Andreasegde"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Andreasegde"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"mediators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"andreasegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Andreasegde"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Andreasegde"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"this proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/The_Beatles#Back_to_basics_poll_.28proposal.29"},{"link_name":"andreasegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Andreasegde"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Andreasegde"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"sub_title":"Religulous","text":"It's cited, but it's still irrelevant, and, thus, doesn't belong. 98.168.194.130 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 00:41, 12 October 2008 (UTC).[reply]As I said on the article talk page, where are the citations COMPARING the viewership figures of the two films? And what on earth does \"But they use the same citations and that matters\" mean? It doesn't make any sense to me. Nil Einne (talk) 13:13, 17 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion of Garpax Records[edit]A tag has been placed on Garpax Records requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notableIf you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding {{hangon}} to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or \"db\" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. cf38talk 15:47, 21 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]WJRT[edit]here's the proof that WJRT's digital signal will be 12 after February 17, from the FCC database.WJRT-TV MI FLINT USA (Digital)Licensee: FLINT LICENSE SUBSIDIARY CORP.\n Service Designation: DT Digital television stationChannel: 12 204 - 210 MHz Construction PermitThe link is already on the page as well on the template \"Wuery the FCC database for WJRT\".Stop removing the information from the page or I will report you for vandalism.The information is from FCC database for WJRT.Please read the entire page before making unneccessary edits.TomCat4680 (talk) 04:11, 11 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]You're the sloppy editor. You took off half of a sentence and turned it into a fragment and made a claim that was obviously untrue about what it will do after the conversion, then kept reverting my edits. I was just pointing out your errors. I'm not apologizing because I already corrected it twice and you keep uncorrecting it. Just accept the fact that you were wrong. Also I already told you, the link you just put in is already there, someone made a template (or shortcut) under the external liks section of the article for the exact same link, so putting it there again was unneccessary. Like I said, read the entire message (or page), instead of just what you want to read.TomCat4680 (talk) 04:30, 11 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]\nHe made several sloppy edits if you look at the WJRT history. Steelbeard1 (talk) 04:49, 11 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]Yes I saw your citiation. Its already on the page in the form of a template under the External links section of the article. You must be slow so I'll it explain it for you. Hold shift and press bracket twice then TVQ then a straight line then the callsign then close the bracketslookWJRT in the FCC TV station databaseit can do the same thing with any other station. for example:WSMH in the FCC TV station database\nWEYI in the FCC TV station database\nWDIV in the FCC TV station databaseSo the link you added is already there. Please don't put it back up. Its unneccessary and redundant.I think you both are edit warring on this article. Please review the three revert rule and remember it is a bright line, not an entitlement. I am warning both parties. ++Lar: t/c 12:38, 11 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]2010 Governor election[edit]Don't add random candidates to the races, we don't know, and it's considered WP:CRYSTAL unless a source comes up. BrianY (talk) 01:58, 13 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]So, here's a pargraph I deleted:Potential Republican candidates include 2006 nominee and businessman Dick DeVos, state Attorney General Mike Cox, Congressman Pete Hoekstra, state Secretary of State Terri Lynn Land, Congresswoman Candice Miller, state Senate Majority Leader Mike BishopAll those people have said to news sources they aren't running/are/or something related? Or am I confused? BrianY (talk) 02:38, 13 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]If I understand, since DeVos said he won't seek the office, there is a possibility that Cox/Lynn Land/Miller/Bishop might run but haven't said anything? If they haven't said anything, it would be speculation. BrianY (talk) 02:44, 13 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]As a side note, I have found a reference for Dennis Archer. BrianY (talk) 02:49, 13 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]WikiProject The Beatles newsletter issue 16 - November 2008[edit]{{../Issue-nav\|016}}Want to help on next month's newsletter? Don't want to receive these in future? Don't want it subst'd next time? – It's all here.{{../Issue-nav\|016}} Denbot (talk) 17:43, 19 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]Popeye[edit]Part of his argument is that it's just a list of the cartoons. But is there a separate list of the cartoons anywhere in wikipedia? Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 02:54, 23 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]MfD nomination of Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America[edit]Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Wikipedia:WikiProject Bank of America during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. John Carter (talk) 19:17, 23 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]Bugs Bunny edits[edit]I just found your note on my talk page about reverting my edit on Bugs Bunny. Are you on drugs or something? I've never made any edit such as you describe, and the most recent one that I have done there has not been reverted. --Ted Watson (talk) 22:53, 13 December 2008 (UTC)[reply]Misread edit change so an apology was sent. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:32, 14 December 2008 (UTC)[reply]RCA Victor SelectaVision CED video discs[edit]I just stumbled across your RCA Victor page, and I have to say, it's pretty complete. But, you left out (and I added) a section on the RCA Victor SelectaVision CED video discs from 1981-1985. What is funny is that my old boss at RCA-Camden, Charlie Horton (who also invented the VCR), was sent out to the Rockville Road plant in Indianapolis to run it.Ahh, those were the days... Discpad (talk) 05:35, 28 December 2008 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image (File:Parlophonelogo.jpg)[edit]You've uploaded File:Parlophonelogo.jpg, and indicated that it's used under Wikipedia's rules for non-free images. However, it's not presently used in any articles. Wikipedia policy requires that non-free images be either used or deleted, so if this image isn't used in an article in the next week, it will be deleted.This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. 01:25, 7 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]RCA Records Logo[edit]I put a new image in the Article RCA Records, but you undo the change, i think the new image is better by the before version, that new version is a SVG Vector Image, and with transparency, thanks. zzebah_punk™ Contact with me!!! 20:52, 13 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]But the logo is too big in relation to the RCA Victor logo. They should be equal in size. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:25, 13 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nBut is a Vector Image, if you don't like the size I put, resize the image of a size you like, but the other image is ugly, don't have transparency and is very small. zzebah_punk™ Contact with me!!! 21:28, 13 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nBut it should be small as logos are not supposed to be prominent in infoboxes. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:29, 13 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nI put the image with the size of 50px, look now please (RCA Records) zzebah_punk™ Contact with me!!! 21:32, 13 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:Rcarecords.gif)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:Rcarecords.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:13, 14 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]religulous[edit]i haven't edited wikipedia all that much (its mostly my brothers who edit it but i havent asked them yet), but from what i've read, talk pages are for discussing the article and not the general subject, and the latter is usually removed. wolfenstein was just making a snide comment about religion in general.--71.233.128.202 (talk) 21:05, 16 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]TomCat4680 (talk) has given you a cookie! Cookies promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a cookie, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Happy munching! \nSpread the goodness of cookies by adding {{subst:Cookie}} to someone's talk page with a friendly message, or eat this cookie on the giver's talk page with {{subst:munch}}!TomCat4680 (talk) 14:39, 20 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]RCA Class-action lawsuit[edit]You removed the class action lawsuit section I added. You said in the edit summary that it had something to do with GE. Could you tell me more about this because it seems like just about every RCA TV from my high-end 1987 RCA Dimensia to my early 2000s pos RCA Entertainment Series have that problem with the RF input. I always thought RCA products were of fairly poor quality, actually. Daniel Christensen (talk) 12:44, 3 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]PS: I know about the lawsuit because my grandma was part of it when her then new 1993 RCA Colortrak TV had the problem. She got it fixed and actually got paid or something as part of the lawsuit. Daniel Christensen (talk) 12:44, 3 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Replied in his talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 13:46, 3 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]CBS Records[edit]When you want to fix an interwiki you need to fix it on all sites, so in this case you need to link the japanese article to the correct article on the english site or bots like mine will keep adding the interwiki like it looks like has been happening. I will go and manually fix the japanese article so it doesn't keep happening this time. But in the future just reverting on English won't solve the issue. -Djsasso (talk) 15:33, 28 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Beatles in 1960[edit]Your totally right. I was meaning to write the members of The Beatles, but I must have forgot to erase the founded by part, honest mistake. Chasesboys (talk) 21:13, 5 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]Beatles Stereo/Mono[edit]Just because a stereo mix has vocals on one side and instruments on the other does not make it \"unmixed\". The stereo mixes on the albums had more reverb and compression than the twin-track session tapes, implying that they were mixed.The statement that \"The first two albums, Please Please Me and With the Beatles, were mixed in mono only\" clearly contradicts the information later on in the page that gives mono and stereo catalog numbers for the first two albums. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.45.114.67 (talk) 02:39, 24 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]John Barry[edit]Hello, why did you undo my edit to Columbia Graphophone Company? Rothorpe (talk) 22:37, 8 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]Replied in Rothorpe's talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:24, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]I've fixed the disambiguation; sorry I didn't see your point there. The list of EPs in 'External links' shows a couple of Barry's EPs on Columbia. I've also mentioned two of his hits with the JB7 in the Barry article. I hardly thought it worthwhile to mention the label, especially since the Adam Faith records were on Parlophone, but I did point out there was no EMI label at the time. Rothorpe (talk) 13:23, 9 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image (Image:Deccabroadwaylogo.gif)[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading Image:Deccabroadwaylogo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 20:47, 15 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at TomCat4680's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.TomCat4680 (talk) has given you a kitten! Kittens promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Kittens must be fed three times a day and will be your faithful companion forever! Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a kitten, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. \nSpread the goodness of kittens by adding {{subst:Kitten}} to someone's talk page with a friendly message!Orphaned non-free media (File:Kmartlogo.png)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:Kmartlogo.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:27, 6 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles in Hamburg[edit]Nice one, Steelbeard1!--andreasegde (talk) 20:17, 13 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]You're welcome. The article needed a formal intro. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:29, 13 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Whirlpool Logo[edit]No problem, man. I went to the wrong site, or misinterpreted something. It wasn't that hard adding it, though. ;) Connormah (talk) 03:35, 11 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Windows Media Center edits[edit]Hi, thanks for your contributions to Windows Media Center. Although you've added sources to attribute your information, you've improperly formatted those sources for use on Wikipedia. I have formatted them, but for future reference, you may be interested in reading how to format citations from the Manual of Style. Thanks again. Brian Reading (talk) 18:21, 15 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Trane/Coltrane[edit]The reason I moved the page is that \"Trane\" is more than a nickname. It is completely unanimous with Coltrane, such as \"Bird\" is with Charlie Parker and \"Satchmo\" is with Louis Armstrong. Jazz scholars, listeners and fans will most likely search for \"Trane\" to find material about Coltrane. His legacy and impact on American culture is no less notable than the financial impact of \"Trane\" the company. Considering all this, categorizing it as Trane (company) and creating a dab page puts both in equal perspective, without giving the company the unduly importance, which also goes against WP:NPOV. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 08:45, 18 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]Most people looking up Trane are looking up the heating and air conditioning company, not John Coltrane. Most people looking up John Coltrane's article would simply use his real name, not his one-word nickname. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:53, 18 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nThis is where you are wrong... it is what I've been trying to explain: even if a smaller percentage of readers will look up \"Trane\" to find John Coltrane than the HVAC company, it still justifies the dab page. Any particular reason you are so strongly against it? Hearfourmewesique (talk) 12:26, 19 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nTrane Inc. is a leading multinational HVAC company with nearly 100 years of experience. There is no other Trane, Coltrane notwithstanding, in a Wikipedia article. This is different from Satchmo, the nickname for Louis Armstrong which is also the name of a little known computer application. The dab page for Satchmo is therefore appropriate. If there are more than two articles which use the name Trane, then I can see a separate dab page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 13:36, 19 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nThere is no other Trane, Coltrane notwithstanding, in a Wikipedia article. I see that sadly, my explanations have landed on deaf ears; Coltrane's legacy and cultural impact is no less than Trane Inc.'s 100 years of experience. I am reminding you again about WP:NPOV since this is clear promotion of the monetary organization over a musical legend. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 14:20, 19 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nLooking over John Coltrane's extensive discography, there are a handful of albums which use the name Trane, but sadly there is no John Coltrane album which is titled \"Trane\" listed. So my statement, unfortunately, still stands. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:12, 19 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nThe thing is that many people still know him as Trane and these people shouldn't have the HVAC company article just pop up when looking up the word \"Trane\"... smells a little like spam, won't you agree? Being non-American, I personally felt awkward when that was my search result and I am positive many others felt and will feel the same way. Although his name was never officially fully substituted, he is still known to many as Trane and it is a good reason for the dab page to exist, just like with Satchmo (the company's popularity plays little importance). Hearfourmewesique (talk) 06:16, 20 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]If you look at any article about John Coltrane, they are listed under his real name instead of his nickname. There are examples in which the nickname is more prominent than the real name such as Buffalo Bill instead of William Cody. That's why the Wikipedia article for William Cody is actually called Buffalo Bill. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:49, 20 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]Group or band – which one?[edit]We are holding a straw poll (in a very friendly way, of course) to decide if The Beatles should be called a group, or a band. You can add your user signature to one or the other by clicking this link, Group or band – which one?. Thanks.--andreasegde (talk) 23:46, 19 July 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.171.159 (talk) [reply]Re: Grammar (Love Me Do)[edit]I'm not sure what the rules on transatlantic dialect conventions are, but, in UK English, one says \"in Abbey Road\" rather than the American \"on Abbey Road\" Solicitr (talk) 20:04, 20 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at TomCat4680's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.File:Elektralogo.png[edit]Hey, just letting you know, please don't revert my version without giving a reason. I spent a lot of time using GIMP to cut out the white edges, you know not trying to leave a lot of empty space as most of the logos on here leave no empty space, so it looks bigger. That's all. --Taylor Karras (talk) 00:27, 1 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]Replied in his talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:09, 1 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Taylor Karras's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.Labels[edit]Hey there, I was refereed to you by User:TenPoundHammer, who believes you can provide some insight into the following record label issue. Imperatore (talk) 01:00, 7 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]I have replied here. Imperatore (talk) 02:18, 7 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nI have now moved the discussion to my talk page so that it won't intrude on TenPoundHammer. You can respond there if you wish. Imperatore (talk) 21:59, 7 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks for the facts under \"columbia pictures\", but that section was for a completely unrelated discussion to the record companies which I started on User:King Shadeed's page. Do you still have any suggestions for the previous issue surrounding Celine? Imperatore (talk) 03:29, 8 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]Fair use rationale for File:Rcaredseal.jpg[edit]Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Rcaredseal.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? –Dream out loud (talk) 21:40, 13 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]Apology[edit]I have flipped a couple of times between accusing you of being stubborn regarding a change I proposed, to acknowledging that you were correct, or the problem was not as great as it first appeared to me. Now I'm apologizing again, and I withdraw any accusations made. I do a lot of editing on music related articles, and feel most of my edits are done properly and are well researched, and I don't often make accusations like the ones I made about you. In fact I often jump in to mediate when others make accusations over a misunderstanding. Please accept my apology, and hope to see you around on WP pages. --A Knight Who Says Ni (talk) 19:04, 14 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]Accepted. Steelbeard1 (talk) 19:10, 14 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]Please check the FFEIC list.[edit]Please see entry 48 in the FFEIC table at http://www.ffiec.gov/nicpubweb/nicweb/Top50Form.aspx to find City National Bank of California (whose . Someone must have missed this bank holding company when revamping this template for the June 30, 2009 update, and forgot to remove Webster Bank, the former #51 until Colonial failed. Colonial is now nowhere in that table. Jesse Viviano (talk) 21:14, 27 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]He is right about Colonial Bancgroup being replaced by City National Bank (California) on the source. I was very surprised to see that the FFIEC did a mid-quarter update of the list without changing the \"as of\" date. — Kralizec! (talk) 07:29, 28 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:55, 28 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]Sony Music[edit]Hey again. I noticed you made some modifications to the history section of Sony Music which I had tweaked over the summer months. The problem right now is in the first paragraph as its contradictory, suggesting it can trace back to 1888, but in the following phrase, to 1929 (which you added). I figured you have more input and knowledge on the history so let me know how we can remedy this. Imperatore (talk) 04:51, 3 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]I'll take a look at the early history section again to see if I can clarify the text further. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:28, 3 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nNice! Seems coherent enough now. Imperatore (talk) 17:31, 3 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nThe details on Date Records and other historical subsidiaries are nice, but seeing as the article is still very brief, I think including such details makes it look less comprehensive / not getting to the core of things??? Just wanna confirm if these historical/discontinued \"sublabels\" are notable for the evolution of \"sony music\". Ultimately, I think the juice of the company history lies in the Columbia Records article; definitely would be appropriate to transfer some info as the columbia article is very well detailed, albeit disorganized at the moment. Imperatore (talk) 02:13, 17 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nAs for what is more appropriate for Columbia and more appropriate for Sony Music depends on the time frame. Okeh was acquired by Columbia so it fits in the Columbia article. Epic is considered to be a sister label of Columbia, as was Date. So Epic and Date are more suitable for the Sony Music article. I hope this helps to clear things up. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:29, 17 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Release History for digital[edit]I noticed a pervasive issue with the release history table on albums. Digital format release is usually a common date across all territories of the big four for high profile releases, whereas physical release can vary significantly. On I Look to You for example, the digital release date is the same date under major and minor Sony Music markets, with the exception of the UK under RCA UK in October (justified by iTunes). But as the format reads now, it would appear that the digital release is in-line with the physical release date. Any suggestions?? Maybe wp:albums can help? Imperatore (talk) 23:45, 3 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]We can ask for consensus in the appropriate talk pages. I believe physical media release dates should prevail over digital download release dates. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:29, 4 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]i would like to add some input since i sourced the majority of the european and international releases for this album. In my experience it varies country by country. what tends to happen especially under Sony Music (whereby the artist is signed to a label who's parent company is sony) is that Sony Music distributes and markets the album in European Countries. The general case appears to be that continental Europe recieves the physical release of an album before the US and UK. With I Look to You the A&R was done Arista Records and so Arista focusses the release in the US - often the US recieves the download at the same time as the physical release. However Arista releases in the UK in partnership with RCA records whom have an unpredicatable pattern in their release dates. For example Ciara's Fantasy Ride was released to Amazon Download on the May 3, iTunes May 4 and CD May 5. As for trying to reach a consensus the only point i would like to make is that sometimes it is difficult to source exact download and physical releases for an album. Sometimes it is only possible to source one and not the other. With the case of I Look to You i refrained from using itunes because it is not accessible to everyone, i chose instead to search for the largest music retailers in those countries and source release dates from there which proven to mostly be phsyical CD releases. If individual release dates can be found for digital and CD releases then they should both be listed however in reality often only one of the release formats is usually found and properly sourced. both Amazon and iTunes confirm that the album is not released till october, something which i cannot understand personally. I hope this has helped. (Lil-unique1 (talk) 01:05, 5 September 2009 (UTC))[reply]Can the discussion be switched over to the appropriate talk page(s) concerning this subject? Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:16, 5 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Post Masters[edit]Hi, Steelbeard1. I think you might want to have a look at this, please. The remastered CD of Past Masters excludes from the previous versions three songs: \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\", its B-side \"Old Brown Shoe\" and \"Let It Be\". Now, \"Let It Be\" is, of course, included on the album of the same name. What's missing, however, from this collection are the other two songs. Am I correct? That is very strange about this. Best, --Discographer (talk) 23:14, 10 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Disregard, Steelbeard1...I see, it's the mono version. Chat at you later. Best, --Discographer (talk) 23:29, 10 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hello, Goodbye[edit]Hi, Steelbeard1. Well, the way the remastered series has the comma is our answer. You have the honours...Best, --Discographer (talk) 08:52, 12 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Steelbeard, I took comma back out. It only makes common sense in not having the comma in the song title, as practically everything there is does't show it anyway. Even the remastered series doesn't have it. That's definative enough. Best, --Discographer (talk) 13:48, 12 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nWell, bad news: The German single for \"Hello, Goodbye\" (see its Talk page) ahows the comma, though Magical Mystery Tour doesn't. Also, the compact disc for the remastered album shows it too. Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:46, 14 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles discography[edit]Hi Steelbeard... I was wondering might you have a look at (click-on) this and see what you think. Best, --Discographer (talk) 12:38, 27 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]The idea is sound, there are flaws which some people would comment on. My quibble is with the \"canon albums\" list with its inclusion of MMT and PM. Of course MMT was issued as a double EP in the UK and not initially as an LP was it was in the USA. PM was initally issued as two separate CDs and a double LP in 1988 and is considered to be a compilation as opposed to an original album in order to get The Beatles' entire musical output on CD along with the MMT album. Of course, PM was reissued as a double CD in 2009 along with the original British albums and the MMT album as compiled by Capitol in the USA. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:46, 27 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nI know the biggest concern is with PM, that it is just a comp. album and also what you've said. The only reason I've included it is for the sake of discographical completeness concerning all their singles/songs, and had it not been included in The Beatles Stereo Box Set. However, if the majority of the veteran editors (yourself) of which I'm seeking concensus on in this do not want PM listed, I will remove it without any questions asked. Thanks! Best, --Discographer (talk) 15:29, 27 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nYou could add footnotes to MMT and PM to give such info as MMT making the British charts as an American import and that PM was a double compilation album originally issued on separate CDs and a double LP in 1988 to ensure that The Beatles' entire commercial output from EMI was available on CD.\nI took your advice, and done just that. I see you have 120 edits done on The Beatles discography, being the only person who has more edits than me. Anyway, the point I'm trying to make, is ...I'm asking... if you could please help me on my sandbox page, and maybe we can turn this discography into an FL status one. I know you can write good (and good narrative prose), maybe you can work on the prose like you've done for the original discography, or do what you feel needs improved, I won't mind. So, you have my permission to edit on that sandbox page, if you like, and when it's all done, maybe we can transfer it over in place of the discography that's already there. I need and want help on this, and you're the best! Thanks! (Awaiting your response} Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:42, 28 September 2009 (UTC) Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:46, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nAlso, what do you think about having the track-listings shown for the canon albums? (Curious). Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:25, 28 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nFirst of all, those footnotes should have <ref>...</ref> right after the title requiring the footnote so users will look for the footnote info. The canon albums can have the track listings. Those revisions I made were made over a period of months and years so I don't know if I have the time to make major changes all at once.\nI'd like to work alingside with you and put these track listings in, though I was hoping that might you take care of the refs and anything else you think needs done. You are absolutely correct in that this will take time to do, as I was hoping for it to be done and out by the start of the new decade... so, there's no rush at all. I know there's still much to be done, and I think with us working together on this that we can turn it into a Featured List. I'd rather go about doing this slowly and making sure everything we have is correct, and also that nothing is left out. As you can see, the music videos list is far from done (directors, references). I really would like to make this not only the best we can, but the best appearance-wise too. Thanks! Best, --Discographer (talk) 05:34, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Would it be OK to shift this discussion to Talk:The Beatles discography? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:40, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Sure it'd be O.K. Also, I'm about done with the canon track listings. Best, --Discographer (talk) 19:08, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles discography Wikipedia:Featured list candidates[edit]Hi, Steelbeard1! I have nominated our discography for FL. Please, if you don't mind, clicking on the above link and show your support for it on that page. Thanks my friend! Best, --Discographer (talk) 03:12, 19 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]I've withdrawn nomination for now. Best, --Discographer (talk) 19:39, 19 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nI had noticed there were issues with the article in the comments showing it needs additional work before it is nominated again. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:19, 19 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hickory Records[edit]Okay, thanks for that. The article didn't make it clear so it seemed fishy to me that there was a 30+year gap in the chronology. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 13:29, 20 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Reply[edit]There is a difference between what publishing credits say and who actually wrote a given song, especially if sources verify that thet two differ. For comparison's sake, film articles always indicate actual writing credits in the infobox, regardless of what the \"official\" credits are. See WP:Verifiability. WesleyDodds (talk) 07:50, 25 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Because I help maintain the \"Hey Jude\" article, given I rewrote it when it underwent Featured Article Review. WesleyDodds (talk) 10:58, 25 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nYou have not established proof of any standard being established on Wikipedia. So far the only standard seems to be \"who wrote it\". WesleyDodds (talk) 03:25, 26 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]\"Hey Jude\"[edit]Oh, I was only fixing the link in the notes via the infobox. I'd nothing to do with the actual article itself. Best, --Discographer (talk) 17:19, 25 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]File:Elektrabox.jpg[edit]I have tagged File:Elektrabox.jpg as {{no rationale}}, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Wikipedia:Use rationale examples. Please also consider using {{non-free fair use in\|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 14:52, 26 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Done. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:59, 26 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Let Be and Get Back infoboxes[edit]I am glad you like the solution of using two infoboxes, and I appreciate your help making them accurate. — John Cardinal (talk) 16:21, 3 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]So am I. Thanks again. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:44, 3 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]List of HMV POP artists[edit]Hi, I've started an HMV list too. You may wish to change the alphabetical style, I'm easy. Same with the Parlophone list. Rothorpe (talk) 18:47, 15 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Fever[edit]It pleases me to tell you that you have my full support for the merge. Whether it will happen is another matter. Maybe AfD would sort it out? --Richhoncho (talk) 23:01, 20 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:TheBeatlesBoxSet.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 06:39, 8 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Pastmasters2label.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Pastmasters2label.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 06:44, 8 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Pastmasters1label.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Pastmasters1label.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 07:03, 8 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Pastmastersvol1and2albumcover.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Pastmastersvol1and2albumcover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 07:08, 8 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation of songs[edit]You recently opposed a suggestion to disambiguate songs by year, rather than artist or performer, something which I am in favour of. Perhaps you would like to revisit the discussion and add more weight to your arguments (or better still, change your mind!). I'd like to add it to the guidelines, but as you are the major dissenter I thought you should be given a chance to elucidate further, make alternative suggestions or as you feel. The discussion is at WikiProject Songs. Cheers. --Richhoncho (talk) 21:13, 8 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Epicrecords.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Epicrecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ZooFari 03:38, 9 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]RE: Edit war[edit]Unfortunately I am not familiar enough with Wikipedia policies and procedures in the realm of music content to be able to weigh in on this issue. Sorry, — Kralizec! (talk) 14:00, 16 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Mcanashvillelogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Mcanashvillelogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:34, 19 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Unreferenced BLPs[edit]Hello Steelbeard1! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created is an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current 875 article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the {{unreferencedBLP}} tag. Here is the article:Eddie Hodges - Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWLThanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:12, 2 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]\" somehow the reply is not appearing\"[edit]Steelbeard1, I am not sure what you mean by your editto my talk page with the comment \" somehow the reply is not appearing\". I see your edit from a week or so ago (a message about Das), then an entry by Das today, then my response to Das. What's not appearing? — John Cardinal (talk) 01:25, 10 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]I saw Das' reply and was about to reply to that when I saw that your reply (similar to what I was about to write) was already in the editing area. I returned to the talk page and your reply disappeared. I noticed the double space between Das' reply and your reply so I removed the extra spacing and your reply appeared on the talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 03:14, 10 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]Hmm. My reply was visible when I looked at the page. Anyway, all's well that ends well. — John Cardinal (talk) 04:06, 10 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]EMI Group Ltd should remain as EMI[edit]Steelbeard1, you're an expert on record music labels; see this redirect/move done by Electron9 concerning EMI. Personally, I thought it was okay where it was at, which was EMI. Best, --Discographer (talk) 09:48, 12 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]Yes. The article name should be EMI. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:37, 12 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nHi Steelbeaerd1, I also left a note on LessHeard vanU's talk page about Electon9's EMI move. It absolutely must be changed back to EMI, or we'd have hundreds (maybe thousands!) of articles to change just to avoid re-directs! Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:28, 12 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]Le Historie de Populaire Musica[edit]Hi my friend, read (click-on) this if you will, and let me know what you think. Thanks. Best, --Discographer (talk) 23:28, 11 February 2010 (UTC)[reply]We could possibly create a timeline of the music labels from past to present that now make up the big four. It could be based on The Beatles timeline. You've provided UMG's on John Cardinal's talk page, if maybe you get the other three, then maybe we can \"copy\" them together to form one single timeline for Wikipedia. We'd only have four sources to use as each of the big four's own timeline would qualify as its own source. John and I can set the timeline up as to where you can put it together with our help. What do you say about that? (Hello, Nipper!) Best, --Discographer (talk) 08:10, 12 February 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nI found the Warner Music Group timeline dating back to the founding of Chappell & Company in 1811, the forerunner of Warner/Chappell Music, at http://mobile.wmg.com/wmglinks?page=aboutwmg&subpage=timeline Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:44, 12 February 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nOkay my friend, two down and two to go. Also, what should this timeline be called? Music industry record labels timeline? Or something else. Best, --Discographer (talk) 22:29, 12 February 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nI left a note on John's talk page (please see)! Also, do you know which countries correspond to these four WWII devices: ULTRA, MAGIC, PURPLE, ENIGMA? Best, --Discographer (talk) 19:39, 13 February 2010 (UTC)[reply]MGM Nashville.[edit]Definite hoax; read here. No way would Metro Goldwyn Mayer let some small label use the same name. Found absolutely no evidence of a Brian Keith country singer at all, much less on that label. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 20:05, 3 March 2010 (UTC)[reply]Get Back[edit]Thank you for pointing that out, I didn't know there is a different version. But, by the way isn't almost every single got \"single version\"/\"radio version\" of the song? I think they're still considered single from/to promote the album.For example, The Boy with the Thorn in His Side (song), by The Smiths, which got an \"alternate mix\" for the single.\nAtomic (song) from Blondie, which got 7`` mix, and whole many other I think.They still considered from the album, rite? CMIIW\nBut Thanks hey. passport90## (talk) 04:44, 16 March 2010 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles discography singles[edit]Hi old Steelbeard1, quick question here, is there such a thing as \"canon\" singles, and also would that go thru \"Let It Be\" or \"The Long and Winding Road\" or something else, and include EMI-only releases worldwide, or just British? Also, since I truly believe you are the most knowledgable person in all of Wikipedia on this very subject, what changes, personally that is, would you (like to) bring about The Beatles discography, if any? Yes, I am curious, as you set the original precedent for this whole thing. Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:28, 19 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]This gets complicated as some of The Beatles' biggest hits (think \"Eight Days A Week\" and \"Yesterday\" as examples) were not issued as singles in the UK. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:30, 19 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nOnly UK singles are considered canon then, I take it. That's understandable. Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:34, 19 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nP.S. I can't see any changes that need to be made to The Beatles discography, as I find it \"complete\". How about you? (I will go along with any ruling you make, but no one else!) Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:39, 19 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nI think so. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:40, 19 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks, my friend! So much for the discussions on that talk page! Oh well! Best, --Discographer (talk) 21:43, 19 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]Columbia/Epic Label Group[edit]You have done some work on the Columbia label, so maybe you can look at recent edits to Columbia/Epic Label Group and see if they are valid. I can't tell because the article has no references. Another editor changed year of founding from 2009 to 2003. I reverted because the change was incomplete (and it's still incomplete; the category still says companies founded in 2009). The editor put it back, and also identified a 2003 album on the label, which I suspect is the reason for the change. The article now alleges this is the label's first release, but there is no citation for this, and the album's article does not mention it. This could just be a guess on the part of the editor. What we really need are some references for the whole article. --A Knight Who Says Ni (talk) 12:33, 20 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]Finding on line journalistic citations is difficult for this article. The Sony Music web sites do not have a Columbia/Epic Label Group URL, there are separate URLs for the Columbia and Epic imprints. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:54, 20 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]Gubernatorial Troll[edit]I'd reported the gubernatorial troll, too, but for whatever reason, the entry isn't showing on that page. --Criticalthinker (talk) 03:05, 23 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]The entry found at [2], like all entries, have internal links. The fun part was finding each example from the edit history to past them for the report. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:56, 23 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]Fair use rationale for File:Beatlescoll2.jpg[edit]Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Beatlescoll2.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 21:41, 23 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]Done. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:48, 23 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]Levin[edit]Looks like someone beat me to it. Best — e. ripley\\talk 02:16, 27 May 2010 (UTC)[reply]IP address still blocked[edit]Orphaned non-free image File:Columbiajapan.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Columbiajapan.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).PLEASE NOTE:I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions.\nI will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.\nIf you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.\nTo opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page.\nIf you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 06:15, 31 May 2010 (UTC)[reply]Jewel Records (Shreveport record label)[edit]Can you please explain to me why you didn't approve of the source I gave you concerning the fact that Jewel Records had a subsidiary label named Sue? You were right when you wrote on the discussion page that the wikipedia article Sue Records had nothing to do with Jewel Records but there really was an unrelated subsidiary label called Sue which is confirmed on two different pages in the \"Encyclopedia of the Blues\", page 523 and page 937. --Popiloll (talk) 19:49, 8 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]Because it was not made clear that it was a different Sue Records and the citation was NOT verifiable. Steelbeard1 (talk) 19:59, 8 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nWhat do you want me to do? I can't help that the Encyclopedia of the Blues is not available for reading in Google books. I will get back to you if and when I find a link. --Popiloll (talk) 20:24, 8 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nOk, I've found a link here. Write 588 or 1002 in the rectangle right above the book and push enter and that will prove that I'm right. --Popiloll (talk) 20:48, 8 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nI'm afraid a review of the cited book at [3] says otherwise. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:38, 8 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nPerhaps any of the sources given by the encyclopedia could corroborate the statement; Blues Access Magazine no.26 (1996) and Living Blues Magazine no.141 (1998). However, they are not available anywhere on the web unless you buy them. --Popiloll (talk) 05:40, 9 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nI've searched everywhere on the web and I can't find another source that mentions the sublabel Sue. It could have been a very short-lived label for all I know. If you still don't believe in the existence of a subsidiary called Sue despite the fact that it's written in an encyclopedia, feel free to remove that info and I won't interfere. I think I've proven my point. --Popiloll (talk) 06:15, 9 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]\nA linkable citation was found that Sue Records of Louisiana owned Jewel/Paula/Ronn Records at one time. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:35, 9 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]File source problem with File:Cameoparkwaylogo.jpg[edit]Thank you for uploading File:Cameoparkwaylogo.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created in your upload log. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 20:32, 9 June 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 20:32, 9 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]You are now a Reviewer[edit]Hello. Your account has been granted the \"reviewer\" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Wikipedia:Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 17:48, 19 June 2010 (UTC)[reply]Instant Records[edit]I have re-taged the Instant Records article for {{notability}} as I don't think the company meets WP:CORP or WP:ORG, I agree that http://www.bsnpubs.com/imperial/minit.html is coverage but not what could be called significant. Codf1977 (talk) 15:44, 5 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]Y[edit]Hello. I like the compromise of The Y (disambiguation). I still think that it's an unlikely search term but if any reader does make that search, the new dab page will be exactly what he needs. Cheers, Pichpich (talk) 17:56, 12 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Theylogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Theylogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:06, 17 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]Merge discussion for Manfred_Mann [edit]An article that you have been involved in editing, Manfred_Mann , has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going here, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. KoshVorlonNaluboutes,Aeria Gloris 17:03, 22 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]Monument Records[edit]Did I add a speedy delete to the Monument Records page? I didn't intend to do so. I need some help here. I am trying to amend the page as the information as originally presented on the page was incorrect. My husband was a partner in the Corporation. If I must cite SEC records I will. Can you please tell me how to so? TeenkingTeenking (talk) 01:53, 24 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]I've never edited the Manfred Mann page. What the? -teenkingTeenking (talk) 01:59, 24 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]You forgot to add a new heading. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:24, 24 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]File:Dorothyshay.jpg listed for deletion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Dorothyshay.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk 02:53, 4 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]Sorry - Sugar Hill[edit]Sorry, I was messing up your editing while you were doing it on the Sugar Hill page. I'll stay out! Airproofing (talk) 15:12, 13 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:7uplogousa.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:7uplogousa.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).PLEASE NOTE:I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions.\nI will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.\nIf you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.\nTo opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page.\nIf you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:14, 16 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]Talk:The Beatles discography[edit]Hi Steelbeard1! Care to vote on this matter concerning the song \"Something\" (peak position)? Thanks! Best, --Discographer (talk) 20:53, 16 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]Beatles members[edit]Ok. Thank you for clearing that up for me. --PhillieLWillie(Talk) 22:14, 22 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]Garpax[edit]Is there anyway I can see what was posted that Steelbeard1 edited? Garpax is an important and interesting topic. I'd like to know what was thrown out. I wonder if there may have been a baby in the bath water? Teenking (talk) 00:14, 8 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]The edit was to the Garpax Records article and what was deleted was material not related whatsoever to the record label called Garpax which was founded by Gary S. Paxton. The Garpax name was derived from his name. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:36, 8 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]Love Me Do[edit]Since there were two separate versions of \"Love Me Do,\" I thought it was important to note which single it was, and that the single included on 1 was the same as the album, as opposed to the non-album version. Why is this unnecessary? 98.221.129.63 (talk) 05:54, 15 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]Because we are talking about single releases, not album releases. It is common knowledge that the \"Andy White\" version is the more prevalent version of \"Love Me Do\" from the album releases. The version with Ringo on drums was the first version released as a single in the UK that peaked at #17 in 1963. The song's article is the place to note the differences between the two songs. So to note that the version that was #1 in the US in 1964 is the one with Andy White on drums and Ringo Starr on tambourine is sufficient detail for the \"1\" article. The song's article is more appropriate to note the additional details. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:50, 15 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_The_Beatles#The_The_Beatles[edit]I think your comments here are a little heavy handed. You are free to have an opinion but I would refrain from characterizing other editors as such. Can we keep this discussion free of personal attacks and just let it run its course? thanks! riffic (talk) 13:35, 18 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]I think Steelbeard1 is doing exactly what is needed to clarify the situation. His evidence about trademarks has been ignored for far too long.--andreasegde (talk) 21:43, 20 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]\ncomparing fellow editors to a 'Taliban' is not very civil. riffic (talk) 00:32, 21 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for your noun vs adjective comment, Steelbeard1; very valid point. I would say that raises the score on your side. It's funny how this topic is more interesting than it sounds like it would be! —Prhartcom (talk) 19:08, 2 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]Fair use rationale for File:Happywanderer.jpg[edit]Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Happywanderer.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 12:21, 21 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Ua liberty logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Ua liberty logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).PLEASE NOTE:I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions.\nI will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.\nIf you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.\nTo opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page.\nIf you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:44, 21 November 2010 (UTC)[reply]Proprietariness of Nielsen rankings[edit]The removal of the Neilsen rankings were due to a request filed by Neilsen in 2008, in which all information considered proprietary to Neilsen must be removed, including rankings. This eventually led to the wholesale deletion of TV market templates, all because it contains the ranking number. Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television Stations/Archive 8 has more information on this matter. -- azumanga (talk) 06:39, 9 December 2010 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Johnfogertymillenium.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Courcelles 05:24, 15 December 2010 (UTC)[reply]Blood libel[edit]Thanks for the restoration. I wondered why, as no one has ever deleted a comment by me from a Talk page. And altho we have our differences, I didn't think you were that kind of guy. Cheers.Bellagio99 (talk) 19:42, 21 January 2011 (UTC)[reply]Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Epicrecords90s.png, File:Epicrecords70s.png and File:First epic logo.png[edit]Hi there. I have concerns about the validity of the rationale for File:Epicrecords90s.png, File:Epicrecords70s.png and File:First epic logo.png. Since only File:Epicrecords-logo.png and File:Epicrecords.jpg are currently used, I don't believe the rest fall under the fair use rationale \"to identify the organization Epic Records\". I'm sure you know the drill. Best regards. Muhandes (talk) 12:14, 23 January 2011 (UTC)[reply]Autopatrolled[edit]Hello, this is just to let you know that I have granted you the \"autopatrolled\" permission. This won't affect your editing, it just automatically marks any page you create as patrolled, benefiting new page patrollers. Please remember:This permission does not give you any special status or authority\nSubmission of inappropriate material may lead to its removal\nYou may wish to display the {{Autopatrolled}} top icon and/or the {{User wikipedia/autopatrolled}} userbox on your user page\nIf, for any reason, you decide you do not want the permission, let me know and I can remove itIf you have any questions about the permission, don't hesitate to ask. Otherwise, happy editing!HJ Mitchell \| Penny for your thoughts? 04:32, 29 January 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Courcelles 04:18, 10 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]M-21 (Michigan highway)[edit]There have been 4 designs of highway marker in Michigan. The first was created in 1919. The second (called by the \"M-old\" type in the infobox) was created around 1926 or 1927. The third around 1948, and the current design in the early 1970s. M-56 would have been decommissioned in 1984 with the modern design, which is why its infobox in the M-21 article uses the current style, not the older cutouts like M-21A or M-210. Imzadi 1979 → 03:24, 14 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Producedbygeorgemartinhighlights.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Producedbygeorgemartinhighlights.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ww2censor (talk) 03:57, 14 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Nipponcolumbialogo.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Nipponcolumbialogo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 04:37, 18 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Nipponcolumbialogo.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Nipponcolumbialogo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 04:39, 18 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:7uplogousa.png[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:7uplogousa.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 06:01, 28 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]The[edit]Nice revert. I reverted the talk page as well.--andreasegde (talk) 16:40, 14 March 2011 (UTC)[reply])) \"First solo recording\". I thought I was wrong about that, so thanks for putting it right!--andreasegde (talk) 15:15, 18 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom Request[edit]You are involved in a recently-filed request for arbitration. Please review the request at Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests#Disruption at The Beatles article and talkpage and, if you wish to do so, enter your statement and any other material you wish to submit to the Arbitration Committee. Additionally, the following resources may be of use—Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests#Requests for Arbitration;\nWikipedia:Arbitration guide.Thanks, LessHeard vanU (talk) 22:29, 14 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]Arbcom case regarding The Beatles[edit]Hi Steelbeard1, this is just a friendly notification to inform you that the Arbitration Commitee has declined to hear the case regarding The Beatles to which you were a party. Cheers. Salvio Let's talk about it! 12:12, 19 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]The Long and Winding Road[edit]Thanks, as always. :)--andreasegde (talk) 21:12, 19 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]Past Masters[edit]It might be a good idea to lower the tone a bit: \"I would not call tracks such as...\" being a case in point. It's al the about the article. :) --andreasegde (talk) 21:48, 29 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]I was influenced by the collection's compiler Mark Lewisohn when he stated in the original 1988 liner notes' conclusion: \"...Don't fall under the illusion that these songs are mere 'fillers'. 'She Loves You', 'I Want To Hold Your Hand', 'I Feel Fine', 'We Can Work It Out', 'Hey Jude' and many others like them didn't exactly wallow in the lower reaches of the chart.\" when I deleted the word 'rarities' as a description of the compilation. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:20, 29 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]Vernors...[edit]...is already on my watch list. Thanks for the heads-up. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 13:28, 7 May 2011 (UTC)[reply]re: Vernors article[edit]Thanks for the note. I haven't defended the Halo Burger info since I'm undecided whether it is sufficiently notable for inclusion. Also, I'm not sure that photos on Flickr constitute reliable sources. Please don't count on me for its defense. Thanks, Kevin Forsyth (talk) 22:03, 7 May 2011 (UTC)[reply]Notification of Automated Replies[edit]Hey Steelbeard1,This is a friendly notification to inform you that automated notices are submitted to reported users on the WP:AN/EW noticeboard by User:NekoBot periodically during reviews of the page content to save editors from having to post their own notices and directly link to the report in question. Please see Wikipedia:Bots/Requests_for_approval/NekoBot and User:NekoBot for more information. + Crashdoom Talk // NekoBot OP 18:20, 8 June 2011 (UTC)[reply](message from Rc Cola Girl forwarded to Administrators' Noticeboard.) Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:22, 9 June 2011 (UTC)[reply]Non-Free rationale for File:Jimmymacdonalddvd.jpg[edit]Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Jimmymacdonalddvd.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under Non-Free content criteria but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a Non-Free rationale.If you have uploaded other Non-Free media, consider checking that you have specified the Non-Free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:21, 26 June 2011 (UTC)[reply]License tagging for File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg[edit]Thanks for uploading File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information.To add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click \"Edit this page\" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia. For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 16:11, 4 July 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:14, 17 July 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Whirlpoolcorp2010logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).PLEASE NOTE:I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions. If you have a question, place a {{helpme}} template, along with your question, beneath this message.\nI will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.\nIf you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.\nTo opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page.\nIf you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:32, 17 July 2011 (UTC)[reply]Cavern performances[edit]I was wondering about exactly how many times the Fabs played at The Cavern Club. It says 292 appearances, but if you look here, I only count 14 times. They played from 1961 to 1963, which is only two-and-a-half years. Any ideas?--andreasegde (talk) 09:31, 18 July 2011 (UTC)[reply]No idea. We need to find a reliable source to settle on a number. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:56, 18 July 2011 (UTC)[reply]Possible fair-use rationale issue for File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg[edit]I'm not formally flagging it as a fair-use violation because my research indicates it was an IP-address editor who added your File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg image to the Columbia Records (US/current Sony Music label) article quite some time back. However, the image only has a fair-use rationale for the Columbia Graphophone Company (UK/former EMI label) article, not Columbia Records.It would be easy enough to copy your Columbia Graphophone fair-use rationale for Columbia Records--especially since it's a rather unique version of the \"magic notes\" logo (the only one I've seen to have \"Columbia Records\" written ON the notes themselves) and much of the technical details are the same since Sony bought out EMI's rights--but all that's listed about the source of your image is \"scanned album cover\", presumably from a Columbia Graphophone release but of unknown age.If it's from the pre-1931 period (Columbia US spun off Columbia UK in 1922, but Columbia UK turned around and bought Columbia US in 1925 before being forced to divest it in the 1931 EMI merger), it's probably appropriate for the Columbia US article and the fair-use rationale should be copied with relevant modifications (i.e., title change and rewording the ownership statement for US relevance). However, if it really IS from an EMI-era Columbia UK (1931-73) release, it's irrelevant to the Columbia US article and should be removed from there. (It shouldn't be deleted as it IS appropriate for the Columbia UK article.) --RBBrittain (talk) 08:51, 19 July 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Haloburger.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Haloburger.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).PLEASE NOTE:I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions. If you have a question, place a {{helpme}} template, along with your question, beneath this message.\nI will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.\nIf you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.\nTo opt out of these bot messages, add {{bots\|deny=DASHBot}} to your talk page.\nIf you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:56, 20 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]Official vs. common name[edit]Hello - I was wondering if you had a chance to read WP:OFFICIAL and its interpretation of WP:NAMING, and what your thoughts were about it. Thanks. Dohn joe (talk) 17:59, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]My opinion is unchanged. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:13, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nThat's fine, but do you at least agree that your opinion is at odds with Wikipedia policy? Dohn joe (talk) 18:19, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nLook at the record label at [4]. Once again, my opinion is unchanged. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:27, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nListen, I agree with you that \"The Beatles\" is the official name of the album, and \"The White Album\" is a nickname. What I'm saying is that we don't always use the official name of something for the title. Please read WP:COMMONNAME to see what Wikipedia policy is. For example, the official name of Rhode Island is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. But we put the article at Rhode Island because that's what people call it. Same here - everyone agrees that \"The Beatles\" is the official name. But because everyone calls it The White Album, that's where the title should be. Does that make any sense? Dohn joe (talk) 18:48, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nNo it does not. The short name of Rhode Island is indeed the common name with the full name used mainly on the state seal. OTOH, there is no record label for this album anywhere in the world that says \"The White Album.\" Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:18, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI understand. But my question to that would be, what makes record labels the only place we should look when we decide how to title an article? Dohn joe (talk) 21:29, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nBecause the record label is is the OFFICIAL LAST WORD on how to describe the contents of an album. Album covers may contain erroneous material as in the case of the original Beatles for Sale LP which lists the \"Kansas City/Hey Hey Hey Hey\" medley simply as \"Kansas City.\" When the error was noted, it was corrected on the record label, but not the sleeve, although the correction was made on the packaging of future configurations of the Beatles for Sale album. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:36, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nBut my question is, why should we listen to the official last word for Beatles albums, when we regularly ignore other official last words - like state seals, birth certificates, official titles of laws, etc. - when they aren't the common name? What makes this case different? Dohn joe (talk) 21:58, 22 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nIt still does not say \"The White Album\" on the sleeve and record label. Didn't you read my previous comment? Or do you prefer to ignore all the links I gave? Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:14, 23 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]Hi Steelbeard - I wanted to say, first of all, that I very much appreciate all the research and links that you have provided on a number of occasions that show that the official name of the album is, and always has been, \"The Beatles\". As I've told you before, I agree with you. To me, there is absolutely, positively no doubt whatsoever that the official name is \"The Beatles\". \"The White Album\" is a popular name for the album, and has never been the official name of the album. I agree with you on that 100%.So, why do I keep arguing to change the article name to \"The White Album\"? Because Wikipedia does not always use the official name for article titles. It is Wikipedia's policy to give preference to common names. Not my policy - Wikipedia's. Sometimes there are good reasons to use an official name. But \"because it's official\" is not one of those good reasons. Does that make any sense at all? I'd suggest looking at Sarek's arguments in opposition and LtPower's arguments in favor to get a sense of what Wikipedia policy says. And finally, once more - thanks for your diligence in compiling the links and official references. Dohn joe (talk) 21:32, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]The common name is not the official name. The redirect from the common name to the official name is sufficient and need not be changed. Also, for the sake of brevity, the official name is shorter than the popular name. But that does not preclude making the shorter popular name the name of the article. CCR goes to a disambig page and directs the reader to go to the Creedence Clearwater Revival article, for example. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:38, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nOkay, but let me ask you this, and forget music and the Beatles for now: do you agree that there are times when Wikipedia chooses the common name instead of the official name? Dohn joe (talk) 21:42, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nActually it is NOT Wikipedia which decides, it's a consensus of editors of the article in question. An anal retentive member of the MOS police tried to rename the ABN AMRO article into \"ABN Amro\" to the chagrin of ABN AMRO followers such as myself as I was a customer of an ABN AMRO bank before that bank was sold. The official name is ABN AMRO in all-capital letters. The Talk:ABN AMRO page is still longer than the actual article because of the edit warring. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:47, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nOkay, now we're getting somewhere. So, would it be fair to say that there are no policies or guidelines that you would ever find binding on an editor of Wikipedia? Or is that going too far? If so, what do you have to say about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines? Dohn joe (talk) 21:57, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nActually, there is a good Wikipedia guideline, in which \"policy\" loses to prevailing consensus: WP:IAR. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:00, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nSo if it turns out that whoever closes the discussion at Talk:The Beatles (album) decides that consensus wants it at The White Album, you'd be okay with that? Dohn joe (talk) 22:05, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nIf there is no consensus, and that this stage there is no consensus, the article stays as it is with the title The Beatles (album). Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:07, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI agree. But I asked you a what if. Dohn joe (talk) 22:09, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nAgain, no consensus means article stays the same. ¿Comprende? Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:13, 24 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]RE:August 2011[edit]Thank you, captain obvious, I did not notice from my watchlist, till u told me. :P --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 14:23, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]As I own a copy of 20 Greatest Hits (Parlophone version, to be exact), mine didn't come with an EP. Am I missing the EP? --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 14:47, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI believe it was a limited edition EP when it was originally released. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:17, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI believe you got ripped off because all eBay listings of this album include the EP. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:29, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nWell, I'm rather annoyed now. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 15:36, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nDo you have a later repackaging? The citation shows a 20-track LP and the 3-track EP complete with front and back cover photos. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:10, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI'll pull my copy off the shelf and get back to u, in a few mins. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 17:27, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI have a first pressing, all first pressings apparently don't come with the EP (I've been cross referencing with Discogs). --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 17:37, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nAs u may have noticed the links are now less likely to rot. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 18:27, 25 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nHi, yes me again. To quote wat I added to the talk of The Number Ones. \"Should we add the tracklist for the cassette version as well? It's different.\" --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 15:06, 27 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nYes, along with mention in the text that the cassette version contains all 23 tracks because cassettes do not have the length limitations which LPs have. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:42, 27 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nShould we include an image of the EP cover? --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 15:32, 28 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nLooking the EP sleeve, is it similar to the gatefold design inside the LP sleeve? If so, yes. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:39, 28 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nAlright, I've added the image, tell me wat u think. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 21:50, 28 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nIt should have a caption such as \"Bonus EP sleeve.\" Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:46, 29 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nYea, um.. I don't know how to add captions. --Yeepsi (Talk to me!) 14:10, 29 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nCaption has been added. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:30, 29 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]Michigan 2012 Senate race[edit]Thank you for contacting me. I see what you mean. It appears that the two editors that are adding that info are the same, there usernames are very similar. I am going to go ahead and give \"final warnings\" to both, let them know I suspect they are the same person, and the next time, I will take it up to WP:AIV. Thank you again for contacting me. I have your back here. America69 (talk) 02:42, 11 September 2011 (UTC)[reply]Lennon/McCartney or Lennon–McCartney[edit]There is a discussion here where we could use your input. Thanks. CuriousEric 23:41, 25 September 2011 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles/Years Active[edit]There is a discussion occuring here involving debate about whether or not the Beatles were \"active\" during 1994-1996. Your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 22:47, 21 October 2011 (UTC)[reply]WJRT-TV[edit]Please do not add or change content without verifying it by citing reliable sources, as you did to WJRT-TV. Please review the guidelines at Wikipedia:Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. TomCat4680 (talk) 17:22, 25 October 2011 (UTC)[reply]\"Free as a Bird\" proposed lede change[edit]FYI, there is a vote taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 03:18, 1 November 2011 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification[edit]Hi. When you recently edited Pendleton Woolen Mills, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Glacier National Park (check to confirm \| fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of \"Did you mean...\" article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:06, 22 December 2011 (UTC)[reply]December 2011[edit]Please do not add or change content without verifying it by citing reliable sources, as you did to Citizen Kane. Please review the guidelines at Wikipedia:Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. -- Doniago (talk) 17:00, 28 December 2011 (UTC)[reply]Reverted your removal and added citations. Read your talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:09, 28 December 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nReplied. Thank you for providing sources. Doniago (talk) 17:28, 28 December 2011 (UTC)[reply]Chess Records logo[edit]Hi Steelbeard1. Could you tell us what the logo represents? Maybe that could be added to the article? Many thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:32, 19 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]This is the current logo, dating back to the 1960s, used by the current owner of the Chess catalogue and trademark, Universal Music Group, at the official Chess web site at http://www.chessrecords.co.uk/ Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:47, 19 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nYes, thanks, all good stuff. But I meant figuratively, what does it depict. Or what was it's inspiration. It looks a little like an amonite, or perhaps even a seahorse, but (of course?) not much like any chess piece. Maybe no-one knows. Martinevans123 (talk) 23:17, 19 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nIt's a stylized knight chess piece. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:30, 20 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nOh I see. Any reason for the Knight? Is there a source which says this? - it wasn't completely obvious to me! Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 08:43, 20 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nIf you look at the old blue and white Chess label from the official Chess Records web site, the three chess pieces shown on the label include a knight. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:05, 20 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nYes, that's quite clear. But the \"current\" version, which appears in the article info box is, as you say, quite stylized. If there is no citable source which describes the logo and/or its origins, would it be WP:OR to add a summary of what you have just explained above? Or maybe it's just not notable. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:21, 20 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nAccording to [5] the logo design dates back to 1965. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:29, 20 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nThat's a great source and I think could be used in the article, if it isn't already. The horse is much clearer in the early versions. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:33, 21 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]Non-free rationale for File:Post logo new.png[edit]Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Post logo new.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 22:47, 7 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]Hatnote on Blood libel[edit]Personally, I can't see that the hatnote is offensive. But if you or others think so, I have said that I have no objections to alter the language. And as I can't the offensiveness, I really unsure on how to alter the wording to everyones liking. So if you then could rephrase it, it would be very helpful. Steinberger (talk) 11:45, 8 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]It was written in the present tense. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:49, 8 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nAha. There is contemporary examples of both blood libels against Jews and similar accusations towards others groups, so I figured it was okey. Any suggestions on a better way of putting it? Steinberger (talk) 11:53, 8 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nGo to the Blood libel talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:55, 8 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Vanguardrecords.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Vanguardrecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:03, 9 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]Article restructuring at the Beatles[edit]There is a discussion taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 04:10, 26 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]There is a straw poll taking place here, your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 02:31, 1 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Woap.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Woap.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 05:21, 1 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]AIV[edit]Please only report users to WP:AIV if they are currently active. The user you reported today had not edited for around 15 hours prior to your report, so does not require administrator intervention. Thanks, waggers (talk) 12:24, 22 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Waggers's talk page.Message added 12:44, 22 March 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.[reply]waggers (talk) 12:44, 22 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]a.a.p.[edit]Yes, Turner/Time Warner owns the Associated Artists Productions library, but the a.a.p. name is part of MGM because a.a.p. became United Artists Associated and then United Artists Television Distribution. King Shadeed 00:51, March 30, 2012 (UTC)But when a company is acquired and absorbed into a subsidiary of the acquiring company, the absorbed company becomes defunct. Comprende??? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:35, 30 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nTrue. Here's another. If a company sells its library to another company, then the library doesn't count as a company subsidiary. Either way, defunct companies that has been acquired by another and has been folded still counts. While on topic, I think you'd better look at the Filmways and American International articles because they too are defunct but still has the MGM subsidiary category. King Shadeed 11:27, March 30, 2012 (UTC)\nBy the way, sorry to bring up the topic like that. King Shadeed 11:42, March 30, 2012 (UTC)AIP and Filmways are also defunct so they are NOT MGM subsidiaries. The absorbing company, Orion Pictures is still technically an MGM subsidiary. I deleted the \"MGM subsidiaries\" links because that is not the case with AIP and Filmways. Steelbeard1 (talk) 16:06, 30 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]So what do you suggest in the meantime? Use a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer category? King Shadeed 13:21, March 30, 2012 (UTC)\nOnly if the unit is still active on paper. Orion Pictures, yes. AIP, Filmways, a.a.p., no. Those three units stopped existing before MGM acquired the libraries. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:26, 30 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nThen I think we'd better do the same thing to The Cannon Group. I was about to suggest using Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on them. King Shadeed 17:33, March 30, 2012 (UTC)Halo Burger[edit]Hi, just got your message. I think it would be best to contact an administrator if you suspect persistent 'bad-editing'. Sorry I can't be of more help, but I'm just a regular anti-vandalism patroller. I was reverting obvious vandalism by an IP editor on the above article, and, in fact, before this I had never heard of 'Halo Burger'!! Regards Denisarona (talk) 13:11, 3 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]Hi friend. You might want to step back from Halo Burger for a few days. No sense edit-warring over trivia. Give it a few days to let it breathe... Carrite (talk) 03:18, 4 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]I talked to the other party just now. But I see that you've reverted him again. Stop reverting edits in article space and start talking out your issues on the talk page. Seriously. Carrite (talk) 16:53, 4 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nI already did and the other parties are agreeing with me if you read the article's talk page.. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:18, 4 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]Just got your latest message. If you still have problems, go to the Edit war/3RR noticeboard, make a report with back-up arguements and an administrator will look at the complaint. Regards Denisarona (talk) 06:44, 5 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Walt disney records logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Walt disney records logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude (talk) 06:16, 15 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles \"Current Members\"[edit]No, you're right there was never a \"Fab Six\", but there have been six past members of a now dissolved group called the Beatles. How can two of the current members be dead? How can a person be a member of a band after they are no longer living? — GabeMc (talk) 22:28, 19 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]But why are two dead people considered \"members\" versus \"past members\"? Can a dead person be a member of a band? — GabeMc (talk) 22:35, 19 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nSteelbeard1, with all due respect, consensus can change, so the previous discussions on the topic matter little today. — GabeMc (talk) 22:49, 19 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]There is a straw poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 23:56, 19 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]There is a discussion taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 03:47, 21 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]Could you please explain to me how the current proposal is misleading or inaccurate, in any way shape or form. — GabeMc (talk) 00:09, 22 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]There is a Straw Poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 00:40, 22 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]There is a third straw poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 02:25, 22 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]I think I found a good solution to the template issue, take a look at the proposal now, it might satisfy everyone's concerns. — GabeMc (talk) 05:36, 22 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]Beatles infobox[edit]I have decided that listing them all under \"members\" is the best representation of consensus, but I would love your support before moving forward, are there any other outstanding issues we need to work out IYO? — GabeMc (talk) 05:02, 25 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]There is a Straw Poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated. — GabeMc (talk) 05:02, 25 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:GoldenRecordsLogo.png)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:GoldenRecordsLogo.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:14, 16 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]Halo Burger former Logo[edit]As you know I start Topic Halo Burger. I already meet you in person at Miller Road that where you work there in 2008. Anyway, I notice that new logo Halo Burger on top right. There is any possible for you to add \"former Halo Burger logo\" inside the text? Thanks CFBancroft (talk) 12:42, 4 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]Sgt. Pepper straw poll[edit]Unfortunately, there is a straw poll taking place here, and your input would be appreciated.--andreasegde (talk) 11:36, 8 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]Formal mediation has been requested[edit]The Mediation Committee has received a request for formal mediation of the dispute relating to \"The Beatles\". As an editor concerned in this dispute, you are invited to participate in the mediation. Mediation is a voluntary process which resolves a dispute over article content by facilitation, consensus-building, and compromise among the involved editors. After reviewing the request page, the formal mediation policy, and the guide to formal mediation, please indicate in the \"party agreement\" section whether you agree to participate. Because requests must be responded to by the Mediation Committee within seven days, please respond to the request by 20 July 2012.\n\nDiscussion relating to the mediation request is welcome at the case talk page. Thank you.\nMessage delivered by MediationBot (talk) on behalf of the Mediation Committee. 14:38, 13 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]AN/I report notice[edit]Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 11:37, 15 July 2012 (UTC) For clarity, since there are two open reports now, look here. ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 11:40, 15 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]Request for mediation accepted[edit]The request for formal mediation of the dispute concerning The Beatles, in which you were listed as a party, has been accepted by the Mediation Committee. The case will be assigned to an active mediator within two weeks, and mediation proceedings should begin shortly thereafter. Proceedings will begin at the case information page, Wikipedia:Requests for mediation/The Beatles, so please add this to your watchlist. Formal mediation is governed by the Mediation Committee and its Policy. The Policy, and especially the first two sections of the \"Mediation\" section, should be read if you have never participated in formal mediation. For a short guide to accepted cases, see the \"Accepted requests\" section of the Guide to formal mediation. You may also want to familiarise yourself with the internal Procedures of the Committee.\n\nAs mediation proceedings begin, be aware that formal mediation can only be successful if every participant approaches discussion in a professional and civil way, and is completely prepared to compromise. Please contact the Committee if anything is unclear.\nFor the Mediation Committee, User:WGFinley (talk) 15:36, 15 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]\n(Delivered by MediationBot, on behalf of the Mediation Committee.)FYI[edit]My views on this are quite simple. An admin telling a user to \"grow the fuck up\" is absolutely unacceptable under any circumstances and is ground for immediate desysopping. If we care about having a serious, thoughtful, kind, adult and mature community (which I assume was the sentiment behind that unseemly outburst) then we have to model that behavior ourselves as admins. There's a bit of sad irony in behaving in a juvenile and bullying fashion in an attempt to get others to behave better. Bwilkins, I recommend that you turn in your bit and take a break from being an admin for 6 months and then return if you feel you can handle the job in a more responsible fashion.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 13:49, 20 July 2012 (UTC)~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 04:24, 21 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]The Times Style and Usage Guide[edit]Thanks for the tip, I have a copy now, and on page 24 it says: Beatles, the: \"No need to cap the unless at the start of a sentence.\" ~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 00:57, 23 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]Last lap[edit]You're turning the last bend, and it's the last lap. The mediators have asked for your comments in the \"Your response\" section, at the bottom.--andreasegde (talk) 16:16, 4 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]The mediators have come up with a new idea, which seems good. It's under \"Episode IV: A New Poll\", and \"Your thoughts\".--andreasegde (talk) 10:08, 8 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Could you look at this proposal and make a comment? I know it doesn't allow for arguments for/against, but it is as \"simple as possible\". 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tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Albums/Album_article_style_advice#%22Release_history%22_tables"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steelbeard1&action=edit&section=341"},{"link_name":"Steelbeard1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Steelbeard1"},{"link_name":"2001:D08:2950:1741:17D7:4F53:82D:D55A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:D08:2950:1741:17D7:4F53:82D:D55A"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2001:D08:2950:1741:17D7:4F53:82D:D55A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"sub_title":"Out","text":"I have been \"asked\" to leave the mediation, which is what I expected at some point; even a blind man would agree. Apparently, the last straw was that one is not allowed to complain about WP:Wikihounding. Ho-hum... :)--andreasegde (talk) 11:27, 14 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Madison Records (Grey G[edit]Surely something must have gone wrong in the moving/redirecting of the above article? /FredrikT (talk) 08:19, 22 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Tes it did. The title should be Madison Records (Grey Gull). Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:30, 22 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]CBS Records[edit]I moved the Presidents section to CBS records and reworded the opening. The title \"President of CBS Records\" and \"President of CBS Records International\" appear to be in use before 2006. I will make a separate section for CBS Records International. I hope this is ok with you. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 17:11, 23 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]My reply is in your talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:17, 23 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you.You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement.Please be particularly aware, Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states:Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made; that is to say, editors are not automatically \"entitled\" to three reverts.\nDo not edit war even if you believe you are right.If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing.Notice of Edit warring noticeboard discussion[edit]Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion involving you at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring regarding a possible violation of Wikipedia's policy on edit warring. Thank you.It's not there. Steelbeard1 (talk) 23:01, 23 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence[edit]When I removed the tag, I hadn't realised that the proposed new article actually existed. Therefore, may I suggest that you move the portions that you think ought to be moved. That would be better than leaving the tag for a long time. Op47 (talk) 12:41, 24 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Created Flint Beecher Tornado article. Steelbeard1 (talk) 13:02, 24 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Question about mass edits[edit]I am wondering why your changing the names of the record companies - when the refs clearly indicated the former name was the one used at the time? Is there an ongoing talk or consensus to change all the companies to there current name over the ones used at the time that would be historically correct? Moxy (talk) 17:30, 24 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Great reason... but it would be best to keep the right name of the time and just redirect the link to the right page...now we have many article listing companies that were not even formed at the time. How many have been done in this manner...is there alot to go back to and fix?Moxy (talk) 17:40, 24 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nOMG have you changed all those links with the new company names? Do we have 1000 of edits that need to be fixed back to the proper name with the right link?Moxy (talk) 17:48, 24 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nO i see ..some do have CBS left in place with a new link ..I see....Odd we dont have redirects for the 2 different companies with the same name. Well actually its now 3 that use this name but O well.Moxy (talk) 17:55, 24 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]CBS Records[edit]You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement.Please be particularly aware, Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states:Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made; that is to say, editors are not automatically \"entitled\" to three reverts.\nDo not edit war even if you believe you are right.If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing.nowiki tags[edit]Please be careful when using nowiki tags. Because you didn't close it correctly, your signature didn't work and the next thread got gobbled up by your misstep. I've corrected the problem on your behalf. Hasteur (talk) 16:55, 28 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Tone it down.[edit]This sort of behaviour is unacceptable. Please do not repeat it. Remember that dispute resolution works best when you focus on the issues at hand, rather than calling other users names. Thank you. Steven Zhang Help resolve disputes! 07:25, 29 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Hello. There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you.Page moves[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. I spent some time this morning cleaning up the mess of the history of CBS Records. Because you have been editing here frequently for the past six years, I assumed that you knew the correct way to rename a page, which is by using the Move function at (usually) the top of the page display. Perhaps I shouldn't make such assumptions, so please let me explain -- when you copy text out of one page (like the old CBS Records (disambiguation) and paste it into another page, you break the continuity of the page history. This is needed for attribution and copyright purposes, and splitting it is undesirable. This has nothing to do with whether the title of the page is correct or not, but rather with the method of changing the title. There is a right way and a wrong way to change the title of a page, and you used the wrong way three straight times, even after being told it was wrong. Please don't ever do that again. --R'n'B (call me Russ) 15:07, 29 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]I usually use the move section, but I found that the title I want to move to was locked forcing me to do the copy and paste type of move which we know is wrong. Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:12, 29 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Notice of Dispute resolution discussion[edit]Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard regarding a content dispute in which you may have been involved. Content disputes can hold up article development, therefore we request your participation in the discussion to help find a resolution. The thread is \"CBS Records\". Thank you! EarwigBot operator / talk 16:34, 29 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]I've restarted the DRN case. The previous DRN case was derailed too many times by Norton bringing up that whole conduct dispute hubbub over prior consensus. Hopefully the new DRN case will focus on the actual conduct dispute. :)--SGCM (talk) 16:48, 29 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Take the high ground[edit]Could we get you to stop taking about Norton's TROUT. Pls stop adding salt to his wound - Would like to remind you that your copy and pasting has caused alot more problems thus far in the topic. So all involved need to look at there past actions and to learn form them....no need to bring theses things up every post. So pls move on...as was indicated to all on the other page - WP:INDCRIT.Moxy (talk) 19:42, 29 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Instead of blaming each-other over an over for the mess we are in. Simply talk about how to fix it. Did he force you to do what you did or the other way around? Is one of you holding a gun to the others head? I think not ... so lets move on and not point out each-others mistakes over and over. Time to man up!Moxy (talk) 19:52, 29 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Czarkoff's talk page.Message added 01:35, 5 September 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.[reply]Formal mediation has been requested[edit]The Mediation Committee has received a request for formal mediation of the dispute relating to \"CBS Records\". As an editor concerned in this dispute, you are invited to participate in the mediation. Mediation is a voluntary process which resolves a dispute over article content by facilitation, consensus-building, and compromise among the involved editors. After reviewing the request page, the formal mediation policy, and the guide to formal mediation, please indicate in the \"party agreement\" section whether you agree to participate. Because requests must be responded to by the Mediation Committee within seven days, please respond to the request by 12 September 2012.\n\nDiscussion relating to the mediation request is welcome at the case talk page. Thank you.\nMessage delivered by MediationBot (talk) on behalf of the Mediation Committee. 13:37, 5 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]CBS News[edit]I think I figured out why Norton began editing the article on the unrelated 2006 CBS Records, instead of creating an article on the pre-Sony CBS Records and requesting a move to the CBS Records page (which is what he should have done and what other editors advised him to do). Apparently, he was indefinitely topic banned from creating new articles. This may explain why he began inappropriately editing the page on the 2006 company, starting this whole mess. I hope you haven't been too exhausted by this dispute, but this might be a hint at why it began in the first place.--SGCM (talk) 23:35, 5 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for sharing the info. Should that be a factor in the discussion we are having right now? Steelbeard1 (talk) 00:50, 6 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nI've already mentioned it in the MedCom discussion, as part of the history of the dispute. I think it's the reason why he started editing the 2006 CBS article (although I can't be certain). He wasn't allowed to create a new article on the pre-Sony CBS Records, so instead he started changing the 2006 one.--SGCM (talk) 00:58, 6 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Czarkoff's talk page.Message added 17:24, 6 September 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.[reply]We were talking ... about trademarks[edit]I thought you might find this interesting:LAUREN LEE GAUCK, v. HOOMAN KARAMIAN et al, p. 10 (“... The TPRPA “does not prohibit all unauthorized uses of another's name or likeness.” Apple Corps., 843 F. Supp. at 347.(emphasis in original). Rather, the statute is “narrowly drawn,” id., “proscribing only the unauthorized use of another’s name or likeness in advertising.” Id. at 347 n.2. The limited Case scope of uses prohibited by the statute was explained in Apple Corps. In a Beatles look-alike performance case, the court granted the plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment, finding that, while the defendants’ advertisements for their performances did violate the TPRPA, the performances themselves did not. Id. at 347-49. Even though the defendants engaged in the performances as a commercial endeavor, the court reasoned that defendants’ use of the Beatles’ personas during the performances and the Beatles logo on the group’s bass drum did not violate the TPRPA because the statute only forbids use of name or likeness for the purpose of “advertising” or “soliciting” purchases of goods or services. Id. ...”). \n~ GabeMc (talk\|contribs) 02:56, 7 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for September 12[edit]Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Mi-Sex, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Columbia (check to confirm \| fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of \"Did you mean...\" article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 12:31, 12 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you.Moxy (talk) 18:14, 13 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Re: CBS Records[edit]No, I don't believe so. Editors are not required to participate in mediation. Have you considered attempting an RfC?--SGCM (talk) 01:57, 14 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]You'll need to summarise the dispute in the RfC. The RfC also needs its own heading.--SGCM (talk) 02:01, 14 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles poll[edit]Hello Steelbeard1; this message is to inform you that there is currently a public poll to determine whether to capitalize the definite article (\"the\") when mentioning the band \"THE BEATLES\" mid-sentence. As you've previously participated either here, here, or here, your input would be appreciated. Thank you for your time. Jburlinson (talk) 20:52, 17 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Feezo's talk page.Message added 09:05, 20 September 2012 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.[reply]— Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 09:05, 20 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Request for mediation rejected[edit]The request for formal mediation concerning CBS Records, to which you were listed as a party, has been declined. To read an explanation by the Mediation Committee for the rejection of this request, see the mediation request page, which will be deleted by an administrator after a reasonable time. Please direct questions relating to this request to the Chairman of the Committee, or to the mailing list. For more information on forms of dispute resolution, other than formal mediation, that are available, see Wikipedia:Dispute resolution.\n\nFor the Mediation Committee, AGK [•] 11:34, 21 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]\n(Delivered by MediationBot, on behalf of the Mediation Committee.)Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence[edit]You added a split tag to this article 3 months ago. Do you intend to do anything about it? Op47 (talk) 22:36, 26 November 2012 (UTC)[reply]Already done with the creation of the 1953 Flint – Beecher tornado article. ````\nThankyou for clearing up the problem, may I remind you to remove tags when you clear up a problem. regards Op47 (talk) 22:12, 29 November 2012 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:Ralcorplogo.jpg)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:Ralcorplogo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:34, 30 November 2012 (UTC)[reply]Discussion about Newyorkbrad's closure of Beatles RfC[edit]Hello. This is to let you know that there is currently a discussion at User talk:Mr. Stradivarius#RfC closure questions about Newyorkbrad's closure of the RfC about whether to use upper-case \"The\" or lowercase \"the\" in mid-sentence in articles about (t/T)he Beatles. You are receiving this message because you were involved in the mediation case that led up to the RfC. Some editors have expressed dissatisfaction with the caveat in Newyorkbrad's close that \"[t]he suggestion that editors should try to structure sentences to avoid unnecessary mid-sentence use of \"the Beatles\" remains a valid one\", and the discussion is focused on how that caveat is affecting the editing decisions in Beatles-related articles. There is also the opportunity to discuss other aspects of the close should the need arise. Please see the points at the top of the discussion thread and leave a comment if you think it is appropriate. Best regards — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 13:40, 19 December 2012 (UTC)[reply]Violating Beatles RfC[edit]Please note that this type of edit is simply not allowed--it's somewhere between edit warring and disruptive editing. The RfC was clearly closed to state that the \"t\" in \"the Beatles\" must be lowercase. I see that you do not agree with that; however, the closure is final until such point as consensus changes; you cannot unilaterally override that consensus. If you continue in that behavior, you will be blocked from editing. You have to live with the fact that consensus does not always go your way on Wikipedia--that's the nature of a collaborative project. Qwyrxian (talk) 12:23, 20 December 2012 (UTC)[reply]File:Beatlescoll2.jpg listed for deletion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Beatlescoll2.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MASEM (t) 17:11, 21 December 2012 (UTC)[reply]Don't be silly[edit](deleted posting by a person I do not want to have contact with) Steelbeard1 (talk) 15:36, 24 December 2012 (UTC)[reply]Your comment at my talk[edit]Hi Steelbeard - about your question here, the thread at my talk isn't supposed to be about user conduct, so I think Feezo was right to remove the comment. It's not that we can't have that discussion elsewhere, but both Feezo and I want to keep the thread on-topic. If you're concerned about it, perhaps you could ask him on his talk page? Best — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 12:41, 23 December 2012 (UTC)[reply]Just to let you know that I removed the latest comment of yours at my talk page thread, for the same reasons as above. It's not that we can't talk about user conduct, but I'd like to keep that thread focused on Brad's close. If you want to talk about the removal, then we can do it here or at Feezo's talk page if you like. — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 08:23, 24 December 2012 (UTC)[reply]Hi, friend[edit]I have written a proposed remedy to the Richard Arthur Norton affair, to be taken to AN/I in the event that ArbCom defers the case. Since the original thread is hatted, the proposal has been made on his talk page (User_talk:Richard_Arthur_Norton_(1958-_)). As you were a participant in the original thread, I would very much appreciate your comments as to whether the proposed remedy satisfies your concerns. Thanks, —Tim /// Carrite (talk) 23:27, 4 February 2013 (UTC)[reply]Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) arbitration case opened[edit]An arbitration case in which you commented has been opened, and is located at Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ). Evidence that you wish the Arbitrators to consider should be added to the evidence sub-page, at Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )/Evidence. Please add your evidence by February 23, 2013, which is when the evidence phase closes. You can contribute to the case workshop sub-page, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )/Workshop. For a guide to the arbitration process, see Wikipedia:Arbitration/Guide to arbitration. For the Arbitration Committee, — ΛΧΣ21 03:16, 9 February 2013 (UTC)[reply]Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) case evidence phase closing[edit]This is a reminder to all parties as well as to those who have submitted evidence, that the evidence phase of this case closes at 00:00 UTC on 23 February 2013, which is in just over seven hours from now. For the Arbitration Committee --Alexandr Dmitri (talk) 16:48, 22 February 2013 (UTC)[reply]Funai, strange link/reference[edit]On 31 January 2013 (17:13), you added a statement to the Funai page about Funai acquiring \"the rest of Philips consumer electronics operations\" in 2013. The supporting reference/link seems quite unrelated to this, though - perhaps you copied the wrong link? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.226.32.203 (talk) 22:31, 28 February 2013 (UTC)[reply]Fixed link. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:58, 28 February 2013 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:WOAP logo 2012.jpg)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:WOAP logo 2012.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 05:01, 2 March 2013 (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at Christian75's talk page.Message added 22:45, 14 March 2013 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.[reply]Christian75 (talk) 22:45, 14 March 2013 (UTC)[reply]re: MGM Music[edit]re: \"Your edit to the MGM Music article was reverted because it contains false info. A citation was added from [3] to back up the current edit.\"My edit reverted an edit which was adding unsourced information. That's a poor reason to leave a message on my talk page about adding \"false info\". ChakaKongtalk 15:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]The edit inserted info which was clearly incorrect which is why it was reverted with citation added. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:27, 26 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]It was NOT information I added to the article. As I said, I was merely following guidelines by reverting an unsourced addition. If it was \"clearly incorrect\" it should have been corrected with a proper citation to back it up. It wasn't and that has nothing to do with me. ChakaKongtalk 17:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]\nUser talk:Superastig made the error and he has been warned about making false edits time and time again. The proper thing to do is to insert a [citation needed] tag. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:38, 26 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]\nIt's absolutely ridiculous that you left a warning on my talk page for following the guidelines. Don't you see that? I am under no obligation to add a [citation needed] tag; that is merely a suggestion and not \"the proper thing to do\". ChakaKongtalk 17:48, 26 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]\nIt is YOUR responsibility to make sure the edit you make is correct and that you DO NOT revert to a false edit. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:51, 26 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]I am watching ChakaKong's edits and I will call out any faulty edits that editor makes, despite the dumb disclaimer he put on the top of his talk page. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC)Wikistalking / threats[edit]You have now officially crossed the line in your harassment and have openly threatened to commit Wikihounding against me: [6]. I'll now take the necessary action and have an admin look into your behaviour today. Sorry it had to come to this but you left me no choice. ChakaKongtalk 20:43, 26 April 2013 (UTC)\nChakaKong has been reported. I did NOT make threats or harrassed him, what he did was self-inflicted due to his erroneous editing which I called out and he refused to acknowledge or apologize for. \nHello. There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Steelbeard1 (talk) 22:01, 26 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]I sincerely hope this is the final communication I have with you and that you come to your senses and cease your harassment. The Incident Report which you inexplicably filed against me (\"totally silly complaint\" I believe was the terminology they used) was immediately closed as \"a waste of time\". I urge you to not follow through on your threats to wikistalk me. You don't seem to have a history of unusual behaviour here, so it would be a shame for you to get yourself blocked. Take care. ChakaKongtalk 14:54, 27 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]Steelbeard1, your behavior is indeed considered wikihounding. This is disruptive, and you need to stop. If you don't, further consequences may be considered. —GFOLEY FOUR!— 16:38, 27 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]What would you do if you come across an edit which is glaringly incorrect???? Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:45, 28 April 2013 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:New Vikings Stadium.jpg)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:New Vikings Stadium.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:16, 18 May 2013 (UTC)[reply]You have been reported for Wikihounding[edit]Hello. There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChakaKong (talk • contribs) 13:21, 21 May 2013‎ (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. You have new messages at TheSyndromeOfaDown's talk page.Message added 19:51, 24 May 2013 (UTC). You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.[reply]WorldTraveller101(Trouble?/My Work) 19:51, 24 May 2013 (UTC)[reply]Apologies[edit]Sorry, I see I linked to the article page before, not the talk page. The discussion is at Talk:Blood libel#Blood libel is a \"false\" accusation. I contacted you because you've commented on this issue in the past. Jayjg (talk) 19:23, 26 May 2013 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:7uplogopepsi.png)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:7uplogopepsi.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:41, 4 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]Google book tool[edit]Google book tool will covert bare url into {{cite book}} format for you and give a stable url. As of now the refs do not give any information that is useful to our readers - as in what is being cited - by whom - when - and pages numbers.Moxy (talk) 16:35, 5 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]So the long url = http://books.google.com/books?id=th0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=NARAS+%2B+conkling&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XWWvUaukOtTUyQHUh4H4CQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=NARAS%20%2B%20conkling&f=false\nWill end up like what is below with no effort on your part...just copy and paste the URL into the tool. [1]References\n\n\n^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (10 June 1957). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 5 June 2013. {{cite book}}: \|author= has generic name (help)Warner Classics and EMI Classics[edit]Thanks for your message. WEA's classical division is called Warner Classics but its labels are Erato Records and Teldec Records. Nothing has ever been released in that fashion. WEA has been so ignorant over this division during the last decade that the wording here over the absorption over EMI Classics is ambiguous. I worked in the industry for many years in the retail sector, so I have first-hand experience with this. You should also note that ReJoyce, the first release under the new regime, features the Erato logo in EMI red. Thanks very much. Peace. —MuzikJunky (talk) 01:17, 1 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]Sent reply to MuzikJunky proving he is wrong. Joyce DiDonato was a Virgin Classics artist before the Warner Music takeover to give one example and gave too many examples from the EMI Classics web site of upcoming releases bearing the blue Warner Classics logo. Steelbeard1 (talk) 03:10, 1 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]File:Trailerparkboysmoviesoundtrack.jpg listed for deletion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Trailerparkboysmoviesoundtrack.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 20:48, 4 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]I-94 in Mi[edit]I'm glad you're enthusiastic about editing this article, however I placed the {{inuse}} template at the top of it so that I could complete my revisions without edit conflicts. The more you edit while I'm attempting to expand, update and re-cite the history of this freeway, the longer it takes me to complete my work because of conflicts. Sometimes the multiple searches with newspaperarchive.com and news.google.com take lots of computer resources, so I may have to save in the middle of longer edits of the history to avoid losing my work. I will remove the template from the top of the article when I complete my revisions. Imzadi 1979 → 17:43, 22 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:Citizensrepublic.jpg)[edit]Thanks for uploading File:Citizensrepublic.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Werieth (talk) 07:33, 23 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]Carl Levin[edit]Levin is in Category:Detroit City Council members. This is a sub-cat of Category:People from Detroit, Michigan. In general people are only supposed to be in the most specific category in a tree that applies to them, not in both a category and its parent.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:50, 2 October 2013 (UTC)[reply]M.I.R.S. Citations (subscription firewall discussion)[edit]Sir, please allow me to first open with how much I appreciate your vigilance and diligence. I'm a bit new at this, and am grateful for the seasoned veterans who provide oversight and keep content accurate. That said, regarding our discussion on the United States Senate election in Michigan, 2014, specifically the use of media citations requiring a subscription, I've read the discussion on the Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard. If I read the discussion correctly, there is \"nothing wrong with using a subscription source\" as a reference (apparently, Wikipedia has a policy on this), and this isn't a violation in and of itself. Would you please be so kind as to go to the elections discussion page in question and restore what you've undone? Kevinrexheine (talk) 03:39, 22 October 2013 (UTC)[reply]Sony/ATV Music Publishing[edit]Sorry about mis-reverting your recent edit--my coffee hadn't quite kicked in, and I thought your fix was an edit-war by 66.26.78.8. I should've just cleaned up the India/US thing. Have a great day! Pstoller (talk) 19:55, 29 October 2013 (UTC)[reply]Guy edit warring on Survivor[edit]Hi, there. I wouldn't necessarily call him a \"non-wikipedian\" just because he edits as an IP. But yeah, it does seem that he doesn't understand the policy about edit warring. Survivorfan1995 (talk) 18:45, 18 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]slow mo edit war.[edit]Have you sought resolution on the article talk page? reverting each other's edits will get you nowhere. Dlohcierekim 01:21, 29 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]I started a discussion. When I tried to talk to the other editor, he blanked his talk page.\nAnd tagged it as an attack page. Not sure what 3rd opinion options y'all have sought. I'd stay away from their talkpage though. Good luck Dlohcierekim 01:31, 29 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]\nI am sending messages to other editors of the article. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:34, 29 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]\nHe reverted again. Can you revert back? Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:44, 29 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]December 2013[edit]Your recent editing history at Michigan gubernatorial election, 2014 shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war. Being involved in an edit war can result in your being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you don't violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly.To avoid being blocked, instead of reverting please consider using the article's talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. See BRD for how this is done. You can post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection. --2602:304:B0FD:19C0:90AA:941F:B0AF:76CF (talk) 02:02, 29 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]The editor who wrote the above has been reported. Steelbeard1 (talk) 02:18, 29 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]Columbia Records logo[edit]Oh, I see! My apologies, then. Atomicbeachball (talk) 23:11, 6 January 2014 (UTC)[reply]Earliest I-69 alignment in Michigan[edit]I have to challenge your reverting of my edit which shows, with the citation at [7] that the earliest portion of the future I-69 freeway opened in 1959 in Genesee County, Michigan. Steelbeard1 (talk) 21:53, 18 January 2014 (UTC)[reply]A few points:\nMichigan Highways cannot be used as a source in articles. The site is self-published by Chris Bessert, who is a cartographer by trade not a historian. Because of that, no noticeboard has said that any of the exceptions at WP:SPS apply. Relying on it is ground to have the article delisted as a Good Article and jeopardizes the A-Class status for which it is currently being reviewed. If you look through all of the Featured Articles and the rest of the Good Articles on Michigan highways you will see that none of them use the website for more than an external link, period.\nWhen adding sources to an article, it is generally a good idea to make them match the established citation style already present. This goes especially for articles that are GAs or FAs. No matter what though, you never want to add bare URLs as citations per WP:Linkrot. Even if the website is stable (and Michigan Highways is slowly being overhauled to split every highway to a separate page which is slowly breaking the links), our readers should at a minimum get author, date, and title information so they can evaluate the reliability of the cited sources.\nAn article lead does not need citations if the information present is cited below in the body of the article. This rule does not apply to things like direct quotations which always have to be cited.\nThe information you added does not match the information in the body of the article. You're relying on Bessert to say that the freeway near Lennon opened in the 1950s when the cited information in the body of the article says \"by the middle of 1960\".\nIn short, your addition can't stand as it was made. Imzadi 1979 → 21:57, 18 January 2014 (UTC)[reply]\nAlso, you may want to set up archiving on your talk page given the length which means it hard for others to load your page on mobile or other devices. Imzadi 1979 → 22:24, 18 January 2014 (UTC)[reply]February 2014[edit]Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that your edit to Comcast may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 \"()\"s. If you have, don't worry: just edit the page again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on my operator's talk page.List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:television]], [[broadband internet]], [[Comcast Digital Voice\|digital voice]]), [[home networking]])</sub><br />'''[[Comcast Business]]''' <br />[[NBCUniversal]]<br />[[Comcast-Spectacor]]<br />[[Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 18:33, 13 February 2014 (UTC)[reply]Schick Razors[edit]The Schick Dry Shaver, Inc company, and the poster promoting the Schick Dry Razor has no connection to the Magazine Repeating Razor Co\nor it's subsequent incarnation as the Schick Safety Razor Co., Division of Eversharp. You want to mention a completely separate company, create an article on the Schick Dry Shaver, Inc company or add the detail on Jacob Schick page, do not pollute an article on a totally different company and product. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.234.53 (talk) 01:14, 17 March 2014 (UTC)[reply]81.159.234.53 (talk) 01:19, 17 March 2014 (UTC)[reply]Soliciting comment...[edit]Hi! Would you care to review or comment at my FA nomination for the article Marquee Moon, an article about a rock music album? Information on reviewing an FA nomination's criteria is available at WP:FACR. If not, feel free to ignore this message. Cheers! Dan56 (talk) 07:40, 26 April 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Kapp records logo 1960s.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Kapp records logo 1960s.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 22:16, 1 May 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Survivor Cagayan Braun Brains Beauty logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Survivor Cagayan Braun Brains Beauty logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 23:10, 1 May 2014 (UTC)[reply]File source problem with File:Bluenoterecords.jpg[edit]Thank you for uploading File:Bluenoterecords.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a list of your uploads. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 00:17, 20 June 2014 (UTC)[reply]engaging in disruptive editing, edit warring, playing supervisor, acting without good faith and POV edits on America: Imagine the World Without Her film article[edit]This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you.\nYabbadabbadootucker (talk) 08:36, 8 July 2014 (UTC)[reply]Apparently he doesn't see his own militant editing -- or the sketchy use of CinemaScore to imply more than what CinemaScore really means -- as biased. I admit my initial edit was a bit clumsy, but I think I've come up with something more neutral. Krychek (talk) 15:08, 8 July 2014 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for July 31[edit]Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Paul Anka, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page ABC. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of \"Did you mean...\" article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:34, 31 July 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Bluenoterecords.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Bluenoterecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 13:46, 5 August 2014 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of Demoscene compo[edit]The article Demoscene compo has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:A completely unreferenced article since 2009.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Λeternus (talk) 09:22, 12 August 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:DorothyShayOnJackBennyShow.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:DorothyShayOnJackBennyShow.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 10:16, 2 September 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Elektrabox.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Elektrabox.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:45, 3 October 2014 (UTC)[reply]File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg listed for deletion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Atlanticrecordslogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 19:45, 7 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Purinamillslogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Purinamillslogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 20:17, 7 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]Ambassador Bridge[edit]In this edit to Ambassador Bridge you claim \"a twin span adjacent to the Ambassador Bridge, by itself, does not address Canadian concerns about traffic on Huron Church Road in Windsor, although a majority of the stop lights commonly cited will be removed by the planned expansion of the 401.\" to be a \"misleading sentence\" and add \"...which would connect to the downriver NITC bridge.\"I'm no Matty Moroun fan, but completion of the Windsor-Essex Parkway in 2015 would reduce the number of stoplights even if one exits the 401 to the old bridge on Ontario Highway 3 because the trucks must currently get off the 401 at what will be exit 11 and take Huron Church Road. Once the WEP (under whatever name) opens, they'll get off at exit 3, the last exit before the E.C. Row Expressway (Ontario Highway 2) concurrency. That saves a few lights, even if it's a poor substitute for a bridge to Delray which would make all the lights go away. What's in the article is therefore technically true - and the crossing will likely operate in exactly that configuration between the 2015 WEP completion and the 2020 NITC bridge opening at the rate things are going. K7L (talk) 18:33, 12 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]Possibly unfree File:Outfront Billboards Flint MI.jpg[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Outfront Billboards Flint MI.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at the discussion if you object to the listing for any reason. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:00, 30 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:MercuryRecordsLogo.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:MercuryRecordsLogo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 00:20, 24 December 2014 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:New Dot Records logo introduced in 2014.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:New Dot Records logo introduced in 2014.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 23:06, 24 December 2014 (UTC)[reply]A request for Arbitration has been made for America: Imagine a World Without her[edit]The request can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case Casprings (talk) 17:26, 27 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]Hi Steelbeard1, this is just a courtesy note to let you know that this case has been declined. On behalf of the Arbitration Committee, Lankiveil (speak to me) 06:55, 7 February 2015 (UTC).[reply]Buddah Records[edit]First of all, \"other stuff exists\" means that just because an article has or does something a certain way, that another article should also follow that convention. I also looked at the Dot Records article, which clearly indicates it was a revival (with the original label owner, no less), and it additionally has the same name as the old label. So there is no basis for comparison here.The Buddah article does not indicate that Sony revived the label. It states, in point of fact, that a producer with Sony decided to form his own imprint under Sony called Flying Buddha. It has a similar name to a defunct label Sony used to have, but you are the only person making that connection. There are no articles about the label that say anything about the two being related, not even in direct quotes from Salaam Remi (the founder and producer) himself. Do you have a verified source that specifically states that Flying Buddha is a revival of Buddah?The burden of proof is on the person who wishes to add information (see the very first part of WP:V), and that is what the issue is here. Another editor has also reverted your edit for basically the same reason. MSJapan (talk) 21:33, 8 February 2015 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Evolution Records[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on Evolution Records requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Click here to contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. The Dissident Aggressor 22:14, 24 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]Nomination has been contested in Talk:Evolution Records. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:33, 25 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:OutfrontMediaLogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:OutfrontMediaLogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 22:06, 16 September 2015 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom elections are now open![edit]Hi,\nYou appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:37, 23 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:WFDF logo as of 2015.png[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:WFDF logo as of 2015.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. 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Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 15:24, 26 February 2016 (UTC)[reply]ShortSummary entries on Schitt's Creek[edit]According to the instructions on template:episode list:Episode summaries must not be copied from other sources, as this violates WP:COPYRIGHT.Not only can we not copy the zap descriptions, but these descriptions from zap are verbatim what I am reading on my TV guide, so zap copied them from the producers without permission as well.I kept what you typed in a quote= entry for the template:cite web entries (the references were useful for the RTitle= fields) for comparison purposes. Although we cannot directly duplicate these summaries, it is useful to cite them in the references to assure that replacement summaries are not duplicates of them.Did up some replacement summaries I came up with to fill the void, feel free to add. We need to describe the episodes in our own words not duplicate existing summaries. 184.145.18.50 (talk) 04:52, 2 March 2016 (UTC)[reply]Hudson Bay Blanket Capote[edit]Would it be possible to get the pattern or some help on making a capote like the one you made? I found some general guides, but the love the design you made. Haven't seen one like that with the shoulder flaps. Cuelco (talk) 16:33, 1 April 2016 (UTC)[reply]My capote was made by Northwest Traders and is of the Nor'Wester style. The link is at [8]. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:13, 1 April 2016 (UTC)[reply]File:Okehlogo.jpg listed for discussion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Okehlogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. George Ho (talk) 06:24, 4 June 2016 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Grprecords.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Grprecords.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. 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Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 02:41, 7 September 2016 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:1960sBellRecordsLogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:1960sBellRecordsLogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. George Ho (talk) 18:47, 2 November 2016 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open![edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. Voting in the 2016 Arbitration Committee elections is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2016 election, please review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC)[reply]The Beatles in 1966[edit]Hi Steelbeard1. I'm not sure if you're still watching this article, which you created in 2009, and whether you saw my recent message on the talk page. Just wanted to let you know that a couple of us are proposing that it be deleted in favour of a new article dedicated to the first leg of the Beatles' 1966 world tour. Please feel free to join in the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject The Beatles#1966 World? Tour. Cheers, JG66 (talk) 01:16, 29 January 2017 (UTC)[reply]I posted my comment in the talk page. I stopped working on articles related to The Beatles several years ago. So feel free to do what is needed. Steelbeard1 (talk) 01:29, 29 January 2017 (UTC)[reply]\nHi again, Steelbeard1. I've never had a hand in deleting an article before, but WP:PROD advocates leaving the notification template on the creator's talk page (which makes sense of course). Anyway, forgive the intrusion below. Cheers, JG66 (talk) 03:12, 6 February 2017 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of The Beatles in 1966[edit]The article The Beatles in 1966 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Overlap of content with several Beatles album, tour and topical articles, and inconsistency with regard to a single year in the Beatles' history being afforded a separate article. (Proposal follows related discussion at the Beatles project talk page.)While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. JG66 (talk) 03:09, 6 February 2017 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Bfs lp corr.JPG[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Bfs lp corr.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:09, 7 April 2017 (UTC)[reply]Numbered lists[edit]Please format track listings or any other numbered list beginning with a pound sign, or number sign (#). I fixed it all on The Authorized Bang Collection. Also the use of the br tag is not needed when you make a numbered list this way. Thanks. This is per the album style guide: WP:MOSALBUM. --Jennica✿ / talk 10:20, 6 May 2017 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Emicolumbiamagicnotes.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:21, 2 June 2017 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Hbclabel2002.JPG[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Hbclabel2002.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:35, 5 June 2017 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:WOAP logo 2015.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:WOAP logo 2015.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:49, 7 June 2017 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:MonumentRecordsLogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:MonumentRecordsLogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:21, 8 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]Kid Rock[edit]Hi I live in MI and YES Kid Rock told everyone at his concert the other night he is running for US Senate!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.36.68.29 (talk) 18:20, 16 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]Unless he officially files, he had teased us before, he is NOT a candidate. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:03, 16 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Concordmusicgroup.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Concordmusicgroup.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:28, 3 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]Schitt's Creek[edit]I'm certainly not going to start an edit war over it. Indeed plot descriptions should be kept brief, and that, in itself, could be a valid argument to have reverted my edit in the Schitt's Creek article. However, the fact that Johnny Rose's business had been in bad financial shape for years was a significant plot point, and the embezzling by his business manager was simply the last nail in the coffin. Indeed, it was stated clearly that the business manager ran off with the last of the cash, with the company in extreme debt, to save his own financial ass, at the cost of Johnny's. This is why all their possessions were seized - to repay many years of deep debt. You may need to re-watch the episode.There was a thread that ran through the entire episode that all the Rose's tended to live in a perpetual state of denial of all their problems. Johnny lived in a state of denial that his business was failing. Moira lived in a state of denial that her career was washed up, etc. This was all part of introducing the audience to the flawed personalities of the Rose's. Fish Man (talk) 14:54, 9 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2017 election voter message[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. Voting in the 2017 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2017 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Post logo new.png[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Post logo new.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:29, 21 January 2018 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Cleveland Indians cap insignia.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Cleveland Indians cap insignia.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:27, 13 May 2018 (UTC)[reply]Michigan's 13th[edit]Sherry Gay-Dagnogo declared but never turned in her petitions. She announced on her Facebook page, I believe, that she was running for re-election to her state house seat. Not sure where you'd put her. Perhaps as \"did not quality\" since she never bothered turning in her petitions. In any case, she's not listed on the SoS list of candidates for that race (http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/candlist/2018PRI_CANDLIST.html). --Criticalthinker (talk) 10:16, 9 July 2018 (UTC)[reply]Updated list accordingly. I missed that. Steelbeard1 (talk) 10:30, 9 July 2018 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Final20thcenturyfoxlogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Final20thcenturyfoxlogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 02:27, 22 October 2018 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Woolrich logo.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Woolrich logo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 04:27, 11 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2018 election voter message[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2018 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 19 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of File:Ua liberty logo.jpg[edit]The file File:Ua liberty logo.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Unused logo with no article used, it's also can't move to commons because of an unused logo will be deleted as of out of project scope.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated files}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated files}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Willy1018 (talk) 14:00, 26 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of File:WOAP logo introduced in 2013.jpg[edit]The file File:WOAP logo introduced in 2013.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Unused logo with no article used, it's also can't move to commons because of an unused logo will be deleted as of out of project scope.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated files}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated files}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Willy1018 (talk) 14:09, 27 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]Help lobby to save separate articles for Beatle parents[edit]Hello,There is an all-out assault to remove individual Wikipedia articles devoted to the parents of Paul McCartney and John Lennon. Paul McCartney's parents — at least there's a discussion in progress about possibly keeping it — have an article that's targeted for expunction, via a redirect to a merging into their son's article, while the Alfred Lennon article has already been merged to the John Lennon article. I attempted to save the Alfred Lennon article, but there are only so many reverts I can do before I get reprimanded by the Wikipedia authorities. The Alfred Lennon article was merged, supposedly, based on poor sourcing, although that article and the Jim and Mary McCartney article are both rated as \"GA\" or good Wikipedia articles. Since, you're a Beatles fan (as am I), it would be great to have you join in on the discussion by clicking on the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jim_and_Mary_McCartney#Merge_discussion link. You can see that I'm being triple-teamed by other editors on the talk page. I can't assume your position on the matter, but if you could articulate your stance, it would be neat. Engines On (talk) 07:44, 12 April 2019 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Mrmikesmondovideo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Mrmikesmondovideo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for files used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.If it is determined that the file does not qualify under the non-free content policy, it might be deleted by an administrator seven days after the file was tagged in accordance with section F7 of the criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:00, 31 August 2019 (UTC)[reply]Community Insights Survey[edit]Share your experience in this survey\nHi Steelbeard1,\nThe Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with Wikipedia and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation.\nPlease take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages.\nThis survey is hosted by a third-party and governed by this privacy statement (in English).\nFind more information about this project. Email us if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey.\nSincerely,RMaung (WMF) 16:29, 10 September 2019 (UTC)[reply]Reminder: Community Insights Survey[edit]Share your experience in this survey\nHi Steelbeard1,\nA couple of weeks ago, we invited you to take the Community Insights Survey. It is the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual survey of our global communities. We want to learn how well we support your work on wiki. We are 10% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! Your voice matters to us.\nPlease take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages.\nThis survey is hosted by a third-party and governed by this privacy statement (in English).\nFind more information about this project. Email us if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey.\nSincerely,RMaung (WMF) 15:37, 20 September 2019 (UTC)[reply]Popeye needs you[edit]Help Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 3 for the existency on Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.77.94.100 (talk) 03:28, 28 September 2019 (UTC)[reply]Waiting to receive the DVD first. Steelbeard1 (talk) 11:56, 28 September 2019 (UTC)[reply]\nGot it and updated article. Steelbeard1 (talk) 20:44, 3 October 2019 (UTC)[reply]Somebody deleted the image on the infobox of Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 3 while the article was a draft. Please ask the eraser of this image to undo the deletion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.165.192.51 (talk) 16:11, 8 November 2019 (UTC)[reply]Reminder: Community Insights Survey[edit]Share your experience in this survey\nHi Steelbeard1,\nThere are only a few weeks left to take the Community Insights Survey! We are 30% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal!\nWith this poll, the Wikimedia Foundation gathers feedback on how well we support your work on wiki. It only takes 15-25 minutes to complete, and it has a direct impact on the support we provide.\nPlease take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages.\nThis survey is hosted by a third-party and governed by this privacy statement (in English).\nFind more information about this project. Email us if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey.\nSincerely,RMaung (WMF) 20:38, 3 October 2019 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2019 election voter message[edit]Orphaned non-free image File:Finalmgmrecordslogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Finalmgmrecordslogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:30, 8 December 2019 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Logo for Decca Gold Records.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Logo for Decca Gold Records.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 19:03, 18 February 2020 (UTC)[reply]Personal attacks[edit]Hello, I'm Smith0124. I noticed that you made a comment on the page 2020 United States Senate election in Michigan that didn't seem very civil, so it has been removed. Wikipedia is built on collaboration, so it's one of our core principles to interact with one another in a polite and respectful manner. If you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you.It was not a personal attack. You neglected to read the article before making a false edit. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:47, 23 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]\nLet's not be angry and defensive. Before when I looked at it the date was April 21st because it wasn't extended until recently. So I waited until April 22nd to make the edit. People make mistakes. Doesn't warrant you chasing after me and accusing me like you are. Smith0124 (talk) 18:49, 23 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]\nI posted on the talk page of the 2020 U.S. Senate election article asking other editors to take a look at your actions. Steelbeard1 (talk) 18:52, 23 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]\nYes and I took it down because you aren't being productive by just accusing me of trying to spread false information, which you are when you call it a false edit. And seeing how you try and take charge of the page in the talk page by essentially posting rules, I assume this isn't the first time. Instead of posting a thing on the talk page about how you're going to take down all false edits, why not just explain that the deadline was extended? It's not always easy to remember that stuff and it was a recent edit. You seem to just assume the worst of people. Smith0124 (talk) 18:55, 23 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]Other editors' talk pages[edit]Per WP:OWNTALK, an editor is free to remove comments from their own talk page. As explained in the guideline, Although archiving is preferred, users may freely remove comments from their own talk pages. Users may also remove some content in archiving. The removal of a warning is taken as evidence that the warning has been read by the user. You should not revert edits that other editors make to their talk pages. Schazjmd (talk) 19:01, 23 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:VeryBestoftheDoors2007.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:VeryBestoftheDoors2007.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:57, 9 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message[edit]Disambiguation link notification for December 21[edit]Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited DTV America, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Laff. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 06:10, 21 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for December 28[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited That Means a Lot, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Ron Richards.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:29, 28 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:PopeyeVol1DVD.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:PopeyeVol1DVD.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:58, 23 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:PopeyeVol2DVD.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:PopeyeVol2DVD.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:59, 23 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Original Standard Oil of Indiana \"torch & oval\" logo used 1947–1961.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Original Standard Oil of Indiana \"torch & oval\" logo used 1947–1961.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 12:57, 16 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Imperial records 2006.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Imperial records 2006.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:52, 18 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]File:Original Standard Oil of Indiana \"torch & oval\" logo used 1947–1961.jpg listed for discussion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Original Standard Oil of Indiana \"torch & oval\" logo used 1947–1961.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. — Alexis Jazz (talk or ping me) 20:18, 22 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Golliwogs precreedence.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Golliwogs precreedence.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:01, 22 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Warner Classics logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Warner Classics logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:06, 25 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Asylum Records logo 2017.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Asylum Records logo 2017.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:08, 27 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Delta College Public Media PBS logo.jpeg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Delta College Public Media PBS logo.jpeg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. WCQuidditch ☎ ✎ 18:50, 9 October 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Delta College Public Radio NPR logo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Delta College Public Radio NPR logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. WCQuidditch ☎ ✎ 22:27, 9 October 2021 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]File:1970sBellRecordsLogo.jpg listed for discussion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:1970sBellRecordsLogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you.This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 21 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of File:Survivor Ghost Island logo.jpeg[edit]The file File:Survivor Ghost Island logo.jpeg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:replaced by File:Survivor ghost island season thirty-six region 1 dvd.png as lead image of Survivor: Ghost Island...While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated files}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated files}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 24 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Survivor Ghost Island logo.jpeg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Survivor Ghost Island logo.jpeg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:01, 25 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Rccolauslogo.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Rccolauslogo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:18, 5 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. 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You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:12, 6 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for March 9[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited WWCK (AM), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Mexican.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:04, 9 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]File:1970kapplogo.jpg listed for discussion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:1970kapplogo.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you.This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 09:00, 4 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 2)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Justiyaya was:\nThis draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: \nin-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements)\nreliable\nsecondary\nstrictly independent of the subject \nMake sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was:\nno mentions in 2, press release ref 4 Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nJustiyaya 02:31, 2 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 2)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Vanderwaalforces was:\nThis draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: \nin-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements)\nreliable\nsecondary\nstrictly independent of the subject \nMake sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was:\nResubmitting without fixing the concerns of previous reviewer is not a good practice. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nVanderwaalforces (talk) 08:25, 2 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 3)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Tails Wx was:\nThis draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: \nin-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements)\nreliable\nsecondary\nstrictly independent of the subject \nMake sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nTails Wx 16:49, 3 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 3)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by Voorts were:\nThis submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources.This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: \nin-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements)\nreliable\nsecondary\nstrictly independent of the subject \nMake sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was:\nFor a Wikipedia article to be published, it must be notable; that is, it must have significant coverage in several independent, reliable sources. Pretty much all of the sources are press releases, and are therefore not independent of the subject of the article. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nvoorts (talk/contributions) 21:20, 3 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: The Nest (American TV network) (November 6)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Vanderwaalforces was:\nThis draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: \nin-depth (not just brief mentions about the subject or routine announcements)\nreliable\nsecondary\nstrictly independent of the subject \nMake sure you add references that meet all four of these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:The Nest (American TV network) and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nVanderwaalforces (talk) 22:56, 6 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:24, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]File permission problem with File:Logo for WMRP-LP Retro 1047.jpg[edit]Thanks for uploading File:Logo for WMRP-LP Retro 1047.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please eithermake a note permitting reuse under the CC BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or\nSend an email from an address associated with the original publication to [email protected], stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. 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Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described in section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --Minorax«¦talk¦» 05:03, 29 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]I sent a message to one of the operators of WMRP-LP on his private Facebook page regarding the station's logo. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:11, 29 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of W35DQ-D for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article W35DQ-D is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.\nThe article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/W35DQ-D until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.\n\nUsers may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.Mvcg66b3r (talk) 00:56, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Concern regarding Draft:The Nest (American TV network)[edit]Hello, Steelbeard1. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:The Nest (American TV network), a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:13, 3 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Albums/Album_article_style_advice#\"Release history\" tables[edit]Hi @Steelbeard1: hope you're doing well. If you have time, your comments would be appreciated at WikiProject talk page. 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An admin telling a user to \"grow the fuck up\" is absolutely unacceptable under any circumstances and is ground for immediate desysopping. If we care about having a serious, thoughtful, kind, adult and mature community (which I assume was the sentiment behind that unseemly outburst) then we have to model that behavior ourselves as admins. There's a bit of sad irony in behaving in a juvenile and bullying fashion in an attempt to get others to behave better. Bwilkins, I recommend that you turn in your bit and take a break from being an admin for 6 months and then return if you feel you can handle the job in a more responsible fashion."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/The_Beatles","external_links_name":"last lap"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/The_Beatles","external_links_name":"mediators"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/The_Beatles#Back_to_basics_poll_.28proposal.29","external_links_name":"this proposal"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_noticeboard&diff=509699625&oldid=509697010","external_links_name":"This"},{"Link":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-tnwd-2_11-cv-02346/pdf/USCOURTS-tnwd-2_11-cv-02346-0.pdf","external_links_name":"LAUREN LEE GAUCK, v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_the_Pain	Bring the Pain	["1 Music video","2 Track listing","2.1 Side 1","2.2 Side 2","3 Charts","4 References"]	For comedian Chris Rock's television special, see Chris Rock: Bring the Pain. 1994 single by Method Man "Bring the Pain"Single by Method Manfrom the album Tical B-side"P.L.O. Style"ReleasedOctober 25, 1994Recorded1993GenreEast Coast hip hophardcore hip hopLength3:09LabelDef JamPolyGramSongwriter(s) Clifford Smith Robert Diggs Producer(s)RZAMethod Man singles chronology "Bring the Pain" (1994) "Release Yo' Delf" (1995) Music video"Bring the Pain" on YouTube "Bring the Pain" is a song recorded by the rap artist Method Man. It is the first single released from his debut album Tical. Comedian Chris Rock named his 1996 tour and television special "Bring the Pain" after this song. Method Man is credited in the special's closing credits. The song was also featured in the 2002 film 8 Mile. Industrial music band Mindless Self Indulgence covered it on their 1999 album, Tight, as did Candiria on their album The COMA Imprint. The beat was sampled by Timbaland for a song of the same name on Missy Elliott's Under Construction, which features Method Man. Tupac Shakur did an Interpolation of the song on his 1996 album All Eyez on Me on the track No More Pain, and even gave Method Man and RZA credits in the album's liner notes. The Chemical Brothers' remix was included in Pitchfork Media's 2010 list of "twenty-five great remixes" of the 1990s. Music video The music video was released for the week ending on October 23, 1994. Track listing Side 1 "Bring the Pain" (LP version) "Bring the Pain" (Radio edit) "Bring the Pain" (Instrumental) Side 2 "P.L.O. Style" (LP version) "P.L.O. Style" (Instrumental) "P.L.O. Style" (Acappella) Charts Chart (1994-1995) Peakposition US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 30 US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard) 4 References ^ More Music from 8 Mile. AllMusic. Retrieved September 6, 2021. ^ "A Feature About Nothing: The 1990s in Lists - Page 2". Pitchfork. 7 September 2010. ^ "Method Man Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "Method Man Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. ^ "Method Man Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. vteMethod Man Discography Videography Studio albums Tical (1994) Tical 2000: Judgement Day (1998) Tical 0: The Prequel (2004) 4:21... The Day After (2006) The Meth Lab (2015) Meth Lab Season 2: The Lithium (2018) Meth Lab Season 3: The Rehab (2022) Collaboration albums Blackout! (1999) Blackout! 2 (2009) Wu-Massacre (2010) Compilations Back to Back: Raw & Uncut (2008) Singles "Bring the Pain" "I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By" "How High" "The Riddler" "Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem)" "Judgement Day" "Da Rockwilder" "Part II" "Say" "A-Yo" "Mrs. International" Featured singles "Ice Cream" "Shadowboxin'" "4, 3, 2, 1" "The Worst" "Grand Finale" "Symphony 2000" "Left & Right" "N 2 Gether Now" "Love @ 1st Sight" "Still on It" "Trillmatic" Other songs "Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)" "Wu Tang Forever" Related articles Wu-Tang Clan Method Man & Redman Method & Red	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Rock: Bring the Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rock:_Bring_the_Pain"},{"link_name":"Method Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_Man"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Tical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tical_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chris Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rock"},{"link_name":"Bring the Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rock:_Bring_the_Pain"},{"link_name":"8 Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Mile_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Industrial music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"Mindless Self Indulgence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindless_Self_Indulgence"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Tight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_(Mindless_Self_Indulgence_album)"},{"link_name":"Candiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candiria"},{"link_name":"The COMA Imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_COMA_Imprint"},{"link_name":"sampled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Under Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Construction_(Missy_Elliott_album)"},{"link_name":"Tupac Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"All Eyez on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Eyez_on_Me"},{"link_name":"The Chemical Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For comedian Chris Rock's television special, see Chris Rock: Bring the Pain.1994 single by Method Man\"Bring the Pain\" is a song recorded by the rap artist Method Man. It is the first single released from his debut album Tical.Comedian Chris Rock named his 1996 tour and television special \"Bring the Pain\" after this song. Method Man is credited in the special's closing credits. The song was also featured in the 2002 film 8 Mile.[1]Industrial music band Mindless Self Indulgence covered it on their 1999 album, Tight, as did Candiria on their album The COMA Imprint.\nThe beat was sampled by Timbaland for a song of the same name on Missy Elliott's Under Construction, which features Method Man. Tupac Shakur did an Interpolation of the song on his 1996 album All Eyez on Me on the track No More Pain, and even gave Method Man and RZA credits in the album's liner notes.The Chemical Brothers' remix was included in Pitchfork Media's 2010 list of \"twenty-five great remixes\" of the 1990s.[2]","title":"Bring the Pain"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The music video was released for the week ending on October 23, 1994.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Side 1","text":"\"Bring the Pain\" (LP version)\n\"Bring the Pain\" (Radio edit)\n\"Bring the Pain\" (Instrumental)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Side 2","text":"\"P.L.O. Style\" (LP version)\n\"P.L.O. Style\" (Instrumental)\n\"P.L.O. Style\" (Acappella)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"More Music from 8 Mile. AllMusic. Retrieved September 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/more-music-from-8-mile-mw0002037888","url_text":"More Music from 8 Mile"}]},{"reference":"\"A Feature About Nothing: The 1990s in Lists - Page 2\". Pitchfork. 7 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7856-a-feature-about-nothing-the-1990s-in-lists/2/","url_text":"\"A Feature About Nothing: The 1990s in Lists - Page 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0BlXy3Roj4","external_links_name":"\"Bring the Pain\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/more-music-from-8-mile-mw0002037888","external_links_name":"More Music from 8 Mile"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7856-a-feature-about-nothing-the-1990s-in-lists/2/","external_links_name":"\"A Feature About Nothing: The 1990s in Lists - Page 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Method-Man/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Method Man Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Method-Man/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"Method Man Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Method-Man/chart-history/RAP","external_links_name":"\"Method Man Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambe_language	Anambé language	["1 References","2 External links"]	Endangered Tupian language of Brazil Not to be confused with the Anambé of Ehrenreich. AnambéNative toBrazilRegionPará, Cairari RiverEthnicity130 Anambé (2000)Native speakers6 (2006)Language familyTupian Tupi–GuaraníXinguAnambéLanguage codesISO 639-3aanGlottologanam1249ELPAnambé of CairaríAnambé is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Tupi (violet), Tupi-Guarini (pink) languages areas and early probable areas (pink-grey) in South America Anambé, or more specifically Anambe of Cairari, is a possibly extinct Tupi language spoken in Pará, on the Cairari River in Brazil. It is being supplanted by Portuguese. References ^ a b Anambé at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) External links For a list of words relating to Anambé language, see the Anambé language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. vteTupian languagesArikem Arikem Kabixiana Karitiâna Tupari Akuntsu Kepkiriwát Makurap Mekens Tupari Wayoró Mondé Aruáshi Cinta Larga Gavião of Jiparaná Guariba Arára Mondé Suruí Zoro Puruborá–Ramarama Karo Puruborá Urumi Yuruna Juruna Maritsauá Xipaya Munduruku Kuruaya Munduruku Maweti–Guarani Mawé Aweti–Guarani Awetï Tupi–GuaraniGuarani (I) Aché Guarani Chiripá Jopara East Bolivian Mbyá Paraguayan West Bolivian Kaiwá Pai Tavytera Xeta Guarayu (II) Guarayu Pauserna Sirionó Tupi (III) Old Tupi Paulista General Language Cocama Nheengatu Omagua Potiguara Tenetehara (IV) Akwáwa Avá-Canoeiro Tapirapé Tenetehara Guajajara Turiwára Xingu (V) Amanayé Anambé Ararandewara Araweté Aurá Xingu Asurini Kawahíb (VI) Apiaká Karipuna (Jau-Navo) Kagwahiva Kayabi Uru-Pa-In Kamayurá (VII) Kamayurá Northern (VIII) Emerillon Guajá Takunyapé Urubu–Kaapor Wayampi Wayampipukú Zo'é Proto-languages Proto-Tupian Italics indicate extinct languages This Tupian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anambé of Ehrenreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_of_Ehrenreich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tupi_languages.png"},{"link_name":"Tupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupian_languages"},{"link_name":"Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cairari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairari_River"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Anambé of Ehrenreich.Tupi (violet), Tupi-Guarini (pink) languages areas and early probable areas (pink-grey) in South AmericaAnambé, or more specifically Anambe of Cairari, is a possibly extinct Tupi language spoken in Pará, on the Cairari River in Brazil. It is being supplanted by Portuguese.","title":"Anambé language"}]	[{"image_text":"Tupi (violet), Tupi-Guarini (pink) languages areas and early probable areas (pink-grey) in South America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tupi_languages.png/132px-Tupi_languages.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anam1249","external_links_name":"anam1249"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1570","external_links_name":"Anambé of Cairarí"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/aan/","external_links_name":"Anambé"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anamb%C3%A9_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal:_Crown_Handler	Princess Principal: Crown Handler	["1 Films","1.1 Chapter 1","1.2 Chapter 2","1.3 Chapter 3","2 Cast and staff","2.1 Voice cast","2.2 Staff","3 Production","4 Music","5 Marketing","6 Release","6.1 Theatrical","6.2 Home media","7 Reception","7.1 Box office","7.2 Critical response","7.3 Accolade","8 Original video animations","9 Works cited","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]	Japanese animated film series by Masaki Tachibana Princess Principal: Crown HandlerKanjiプリンセス・プリンシパル Crown HandlerRevised HepburnPurinsesu Purinshiparu: Kuraun Handorā Directed byMasaki TachibanaScreenplay byNoboru KimuraProduced by Toshikazu Sugimoto Kazuyoshi Nishikawa Yoshinori Hasegawa Hirotaka Kaneko Yōhei HataC1 Yoko BabaC1 Kōsuke SatōC2 C3 Hirohito SakemiC2 C3 Jin TsuchihashiC3 Starring Aoi Koga Akira Sekine Yō Taichi Akari Kageyama Nozomi Furuki CinematographyYu WakabayashiEdited byGō SadamatsuMusic byYuki KajiuraProductioncompanyActasDistributed byShowgateRelease dates February 11, 2021 (Chapter 1) September 23, 2021 (Chapter 2) April 7, 2023 (Chapter 3) Running timeTotal (3 films):169 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBox officeTotal (3 films):¥280 million Princess Principal: Crown Handler (Japanese: プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler, Hepburn: Purinsesu Purinshiparu: Kuraun Handorā) is a six-part Japanese animated spy action film series and a sequel to the 2017 anime television series Princess Principal. Produced by Actas and distributed by Showgate, the film series is directed by Masaki Tachibana from a script written by Noboru Kimura and stars Aoi Koga, Akira Sekine, Yō Taichi, Akari Kageyama, and Nozomi Furuki. The film series follows Ange, Princess Charlotte, Dorothy, Beatrice, and Chise Tōdō, members of Team White Pigeon, as they are assigned to investigate Bishop, the Commonwealth spy within the Kingdom's royal family, for his loyalty. Following his death from an assailant and an assassination attempt on Prince Richard, the team is tasked to find the Cavorite bombs that are stolen from the Commonwealth. After the incident of missing bombs, Prince Richard, the mastermind behind it and the assassination of Prince Edward, invites Charlotte to join him for his plan to reform the Kingdom. The death of Prince Edward, who is first in succeeding the Queen of the Kingdom, has caused a power struggle between Prince Richard and Princess Mary, who is second in the line of succession. A sequel to the anime series was announced in April 2018. The staff and cast for the first film in the series were revealed in September 2019, with Koga replacing Ayaka Imamura as the voice actress for Ange due to the latter's health condition. That film's production was completed in March 2020. The staff and cast for the second film in the series were revealed in July 2021, while its production was completed in August. The staff and cast for the third film in the series were revealed in November 2022. Three films in the Princess Principal: Crown Handler series have been released in Japan since 2021: Chapter 1 on February 11, Chapter 2 on September 23, and Chapter 3 on April 7, 2023. The film series has grossed ¥280 million in Japan. Films Chapter 1 In response to the assassination attempt on the Queen, the Duke of Normandy begins cracking down on suspected Commonwealth of Albion spies. Concerned that their mole within the royal family may be a double agent, Control tasks the Team White Pigeon with making contact with the mole and investigating him. Ange disguises herself as Princess Charlotte and meets the mole in the royal palace, and is surprised to discover that the mole is Winston, the grand chamberlain and the man that used to take care of her when she was a child. Winston recognizes Ange and lets her know that he is aware she is the real Charlotte and the other is an impostor. Ange and Charlotte explain to the rest of the team that he knows they are investigating him. Despite knowing the risk of Winston exposing them, the team continues to investigate him and discovers that Winston has been secretly communicating with an unknown third party through coded messages he has hidden in the Queen's speeches. The team manages to expose him by feeding him false information and tricking him into sending out a message they can intercept. Control orders the team to detain Winston for interrogation, but Ange secretly arranges for his escape in return for keeping her and Charlotte's secret. Winston parts amicably with Ange but is shot by an assassin. With his dying words, Winston warns Ange that if she continues living a life of lies, she will end up like him. In the aftermath, both the Duke of Normandy and Control become aware of the unknown third party's involvement as the team feels defeated in failing to save Winston. Chapter 2 The Commonwealth tests a new and destructive Cavorite bomb which they intend to use against the Kingdom of Albion. Meanwhile, Prince Richard returns to the Kingdom but is injured in an assassination attempt. Control gives Team White Pigeon a new mission to search for three Cavorite bombs that were stolen from the Commonwealth and smuggled into the Kingdom, with the concern that those bombs may be used to instigate a war between both nations. Following a lead, the team investigates the Vegas Steam Theater and finds the bombs hidden there. They then put the theater under surveillance while they wait for Control to organize a retrieval team. However, when the surveillance teams are killed by the assassin, Ange, Dorothy, and Chise Tōdō have no choice but to raid the theater. They manage to capture the smuggler and recover two of the bombs, but they find out the third one has been smuggled onto a yacht where a royal ceremony is being held with Charlotte, Beatrice, and Princess Mary present. With Ange's quick thinking, they manage to stop the bomb from detonating and prevent it from falling into the Kingdom's hands. Charlotte returns to the royal palace, only to discover Prince Edward has been assassinated. She comes across Prince Richard, who admits he was behind the bomb plot and Prince Edward's death as he wants to seize power and reform the Kingdom. He then asks Charlotte whether she will join him or not. Chapter 3 Prince Richard says he will wait for Princess Charlotte's decision to his ultimatum. After Charlotte revealed Richard's ambition and role in the assassination of Prince Edward, Team White Pigeon decides to not make any decisions for the moment and informs Control. Control orders the team to infiltrate the royal household—Charlotte and Beatrice staying in the palace, while Ange and Dorothy pose as maids—to investigate the power struggles in the royal family. As the current one who is in line for the throne, Princess Mary is given more strict lessons and training to prepare her for her future duties. Charlotte speaks with Richard again and learns that he wants to fix inequality not just in Albion but also on the world stage. Richard covertly provokes nobles to demand that the Duke of Normandy be removed from his post as the Home Secretary for failing to protect Edward while in public. The Duke of Normandy tells Richard that he is aware of his machinations. Meanwhile, Richard also arranges for Mary's education to be even more strict along with a grueling schedule, much to the consternation of Olivia, the Princess' lady-in-waiting. Overcome by the stress, Mary tries to escape through the window and endangers herself, but she is saved by Dorothy. After discussing it with the others, Charlotte arranges a tea time with the rest of Team White Pigeon to provide Mary a break from her studies. Hearing of this, Richard plots to depose Mary more directly and arranges a plot on her life while Charlotte is not with her, but the result is unsuccessful. Distraught by this news, Charlotte decides that she wants to help Mary flee the country as her life is in danger, which is approved by Control. The operation goes smoothly at first but before Mary and Olivia can escape over the wall into the Commonwealth, they are intercepted by the Kingdom's forces. Team White Pigeon is arrested with their identities exposed. The Duke of Normandy reveals to Charlotte that he has also arrested Richard on suspicion of his role in assassinating Edward and gives Charlotte an ultimatum to become a double agent for the Kingdom. Cast and staff Voice cast The table shows the Japanese voice cast (green-colored cells) of the three films in the Princess Principal: Crown Handler series and the English dub cast (white-colored cells) of the series' first two films. Character Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Ange Aoi Koga Avery Smithhart Princess Charlotte Akira Sekine Patricia Duran Dorothy Yō Taichi Elizabeth Bunch Beatrice Akari Kageyama Shanae'a Moore Chise Tōdō Nozomi Furuki Rachael Messer L Takayuki Sugō David Wald 7 Miyuki Sawashiro Heidi Hinkle Dolly Shop Hiroyuki Honda Mark Laskowski The Colonel Takumi Yamazaki Chris Hutchison The Duke of Normandy Takaya Hashi Jay Hickman Gazelle Yūko Iida Melanie Burke The Queen Eiko Hanawa Juliet Oliver-Touchstone Head butler Mitsuki Nakamura John Swasey Ty Mahany Francis Hamilton Tomohisa Asō James Belcher Winston / Bishop Nobuo Tobita Sean Patrick Judge Prince Edward Teruyuki Tanzawa Todd Waite Princess Mary Rina Endō Cat Thomas Prince Richard Kazuyuki Okitsu Adam Gibbs Olivia Minami Takahashi Rachel Brownhill Billy Kengo Kawanishi Blake Jackson Peebles Tomoko Miyadera Lord Horikawa Hiroshi Naka Staff Staff Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Director Masaki Tachibana Screenwriter Noboru Kimura Original character designer Kōhaku Kuroboshi Character designer Yukie Akiya and Kimitake Nishio Chief animation director Kimitake Nishio Concept artist Munashichi Mechanical designer Fumihiro Katagai Researcher Seiichi Shirato Design assistant Rasenjin Hayami Prop designer Ryō Akizuki Composer Yuki Kajiura Sound director Yoshikazu Iwanami Art director Miho Sugiura Art designer Morihito Ohara, Yuuho Taniuchi, Gō Taniguchi, and Noboru Jitsuhara Color designer Yuko Tsumori Head of 3D animation Tri-Slash Graphic artist Hirofumi Araki Cinematographer Yu Wakabayashi Editor Gō Sadamatsu Animation production Actas Distributing company Showgate Production A sequel to the 2017 anime television series Princess Principal was announced during the Princess Principal Stage of Mission live event for the anime series in April 2018, which would comprise six films. Anime series director Masaki Tachibana and chief producer Atsushi Yukawa agreed on making films as a sequel because they found doing another television series "physically demanding". Ayaka Imamura, who voiced Ange in the anime series, announced her retirement in June 2018 due to declining health. The film's production staff and committee collaborated with her talent agency With Line to begin auditions for the role. The film series' full title was revealed in September 2019. The staff for the first film in the series, Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1, were revealed in September 2019. Noboru Kimura was revealed to be writing the script for the film instead of Ichirō Ōkouchi, who wrote the anime series. Actas was solely credited for the production as opposed to the collaboration they had with Studio 3Hz in the anime series. Additionally, Aoi Koga was revealed as the new voice actress for Ange, with Akira Sekine, Yō Taichi, Akari Kageyama, and Nozomi Furuki reprising their role as Princess Charlotte, Dorothy, Beatrice, and Chise Tōdō, respectively. The films James Bond, Mission: Impossible, and Charlie's Angels influenced Chapter 1, but Tachibana used Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011) to accomplish "a realistic spy story". While working on the script, Kimura was inspired by the American television series The Blacklist since he was interested on how "the drama and the development mesh well". Actas' president Shunpei Maruyama announced the completion of the film's production in March 2020 despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Tachibana likened the action scene at the double-deck bus to Jackie Chan's 1985 film Police Story. Sentai Filmworks revealed the English dub cast for the film in February 2022. The staff and cast for the second film in the series, Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2, were revealed in July 2021. Maruyama announced the completion of the film's production in August 2021. Teruyuki Tanzawa, Rina Endō, and Kazuyuki Okitsu were announced in September 2021 as the respective voices of Prince Edward, Princess Mary, and Prince Richard, who were initially revealed in July. The dragon Smerg from Michael Ende's 1979 novel The Neverending Story influenced the Steam Dragon animatronics in the film. In August 2022, Sentai Filmworks revealed the film would receive an English dub upon their release of the details about its Blu-ray release. The production for the third film in the series, Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3, was announced in September 2021. Tachibana stated the film would help the viewers to "finally begin to understand the meaning of the title Crown Handler". The staff and cast for the film were revealed in November 2022. Music Yuki Kajiura, who previously composed for the anime series Princess Principal, was reported to be composing Princess Principal: Crown Handler in September 2019. The opening theme music for the film series, "Lies & Ties", was revealed in October 2019 by Void_Chords featuring Yui Mugino. Masami Shimoda served as the director of the film's opening video after declining the initial offer to become the episode director of the eleventh episode of the anime series due to conflicting schedule. The ending theme music for the film series performed by Ange (Koga), Princess Charlotte (Sekine), Dorothy (Taichi), Beatrice (Kageyama), and Chise Tōdō (Furuki), titled "Nowhere Land", was revealed in January 2020. On April 8, 2020, the two singles were released in Japan by the record label Lantis. The insert song for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 titled "Fairy Game" was revealed in August 2021, with FictionJunction and Shuri performing it. Marketing A teaser visual and trailer for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 were released in September 2019. The main visual by the character designer and chief animation director Kimitake Nishio and a new trailer for the first film in the series were released in February 2020. In preparation for the upcoming release of the film, Misato Fukuen narrated twelve videos each summarising every episode of the anime series in one minute, which were released on the official YouTube channel of Bandai Namco Arts on January 31, 2021. A trailer and the main visual for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 were released in July 2021. The first 10 minutes of the second film in the series was released by Bandai Namco Arts on September 27, 2021. A trailer for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 was shown at the end of Chapter 2, following its main visual and another trailer in November. The first 11 minutes of the third film in the series was released on the YouTube channel of Emotion on April 9, 2023. Promotion partners for the film series included Dash Store, the Girls und Panzer's smartphone game Girls und Panzer: Great Tankery Operation!, the anime and manga merchandise manufacturer Amnibus, Don Quijote, GraffArt Shop, and GraffArt Cafe. Release Theatrical Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 was released in Japan on February 11, 2021. The film was previously scheduled to be released in 2019, before it was shifted to April 10, 2020, and then to the February 2021 premiere due to COVID-19 pandemic. Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 was released in Japan on September 23, 2021. Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 was released in Japan on April 7, 2023. Home media Hidive began streaming Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 on May 26, 2021. The film was released on Blu-ray in Japan on September 28, 2021. It is bundled with a 6-minute original video animation (OVA) titled Busy Easy Money, a special program first delivered on Niconico and YouTube called "Pri-Pri Secret Meeting Super", and Fukuen's 1-minute narrated recap of each Princess Principal episode. Sentai Filmworks released the film on Blu-ray in the United States and Canada on March 15, 2022. MVM Entertainment released it in the United Kingdom and Ireland on August 8, 2022. Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 was released on Blu-ray in Japan on March 29, 2022. It is bundled with a new OVA titled Revealing Reviews and the second part of the special program "Pri-Pri Secret Meeting Super". Sentai Filmworks released the film on Blu-ray in the United States and Canada on November 22, 2022. MVM Entertainment released its Blu-ray collector's edition in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 28, 2022. Hidive began streaming the film on February 21, 2023. The first two films in the series began streaming on Anime Hōdai, J:COM On Demand, d Anime Store, Bandai Channel, Hulu, Milplus, and U-NEXT in Japan on December 23, 2022. They aired on Wowow Prime on February 2, 2023. Niconico Live streamed the two films on April 7, 2023. They reaired on Tokyo MX on April 9, 2023. The limited-time advance rental distribution of Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 on streaming services in Japan began on June 16, 2023, until October 21. Its electronic sell-through began on October 22, 2023. The film was released on Blu-ray in Japan on November 22, 2023. It is bundled with a new OVA titled Cost for Custom Cars, the third episode of the special program "Pri-Pri Secret Meeting Super", and a one-minute summary video of the first two films in the series. Reception Box office Princess Principal: Crown Handler has collectively grossed ¥280 million in Japan: ¥100 million for Part 1, ¥90 million for Part 2, and ¥90 million for Part 3. Critical response The Japanese review and survey firm Filmarks placed Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 third in their first-day satisfaction ranking, with an average rating of 4.05/5, based on 129 reviews. Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 placed third in the firm's first-day satisfaction ranking, with an average rating of 4.03/5, based on 79 reviews. Richard Eisenbeis of Anime News Network graded Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 "B", feeling that the film was a "high-stakes spy story and a personally emotional tale all in one. It's a fun little self-contained mystery—but one with revelations and repercussions that will no doubt have a major effect on the Crown Handler films going forward." Eisenbeis lauded the film for the story setup that gave Ange a character development, introducing a mysterious third party that upset the status quo between the major players (Commonwealth and the Duke of Normandy), its major action sequence, and the opening theme song. However, Eisenbeis noted that the majority of the cast were "largely ignored." Eisenbeis gave Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 a similar grade, feeling that the film "delivers some solid character development for Charlotte and gives us a healthy helping of spy action that is simply fun to watch. And best of all, it ends on a cliffhanger that makes you want to rewatch both this film and the previous one to absorb every little hint about what is actually going on." He lauded the film's "good" setting and character design, and the insert song ("Fairy Game") but noted that Beatrice had nothing to do despite the other main characters had "much more to do in this film than in the previous one." In his review of Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3, Eisenbeis gave the film a grade of "B+", feeling that it was "easily the best of the Crown Handler films so far. It's full of high-stakes tension as our heroes play their spy game while fighting an internal battle between pragmatism and idealism—with a young girl's life hanging in the balance. To top it off, the film ends with a climax that completely upsets the status quo and promises a completely new direction for things going forward." However, he criticized the film's "least impressive" visuals, lack of action sequences, and lack of Beatrice's presence. Accolade In December 2021, the first two films in the Princess Principal: Crown Handler series were among the Top 100 Favorites nominated for the Anime of the Year at the Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2022. Original video animations No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Busy Easy Money"Hiroaki KudōNoboru KimuraSeptember 28, 2021 (2021-09-28) Dorothy wins a £1000 bet on horse racing. While Ange tallies the money, members of Team White Pigeon discuss their plans if they have that much money, with Beatrice wanting to enjoy Parisian cream puffs, Chise wanting to build a Japanese temple in Albion, and Princess Charlotte wanting to go to the moon. When Ange realizes that the funds are insufficient, Dorothy is forced to admit that she has won further bets. Dorothy eventually resolves to donate them to others in need. 2"Revealing Reviews"Hiroaki KudōNoboru KimuraMarch 29, 2022 (2022-03-29) Beatrice and Chise talk about what they disliked about the theater play they just saw with Princess Charlotte. Chise laments the fact that she didn't get to see the animatronic dragon fly, while Beatrice is upset about the story of the handmaid's exile after the fake princess she defended from the king left her alone. As Team White Pigeon heads home, Dorothy reminds Ange to not vanish on her own. 3"Cost for Custom Cars"Masaki TachibanaNoboru KimuraNovember 22, 2023 (2023-11-22) Works cited C1 indicates the producer only worked on Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1. C2 indicates the producer only worked on Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2. C3 indicates the producer only worked on Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3. Notes ^ Credited as "Antique bookshop owner" (古本屋, Furuhon'ya). References ^ プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章 . Eiga.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章 . Eiga.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第3章 . Eiga.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023. ^ a b スタッフ/キャスト第1章 . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ a b スタッフ/キャスト第2章 . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ a b スタッフ/キャスト第3章 . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ "Princess Principal Crown Handler English Dub Cast List Is Here at Long Last". Sentai Filmworks. February 21, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ a b Loo, Egan (April 29, 2018). "Princess Principal Anime Gets 6 Sequel Films Starting in 2019 (Updated)". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ Harunoto (March 27, 2020). 「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章」橘正紀×木村暢インタビュー . Natalie (in Japanese). p. 2. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. ^ 今村彩夏が6月末に引退、「プリプリ」アンジェや「たくのみ。」みちるなど演じる . Natalie (in Japanese). June 29, 2018. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ a b c d e f Loo, Egan (September 29, 2019). "1st Princess Principal Sequel Anime Film's Teaser Reveals Title, Cast & Staff Changes, Delay to April 10". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ Harunoto (March 27, 2020). 「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章」橘正紀×木村暢インタビュー . Natalie (in Japanese). p. 1. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. ^ Harding, Daryl (March 30, 2020). "Princess Principal Crown Handler Finishes Production "Despite the Difficult Times"". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ a b Maeda, Hisashi (September 28, 2021). プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章監督・橘正紀インタビュー前編 . Febri (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ Mateo, Alex (February 22, 2022). "Sentai Filmworks Reveals Princess Principal: Crown Handler Anime's English Dub Cast, Clip". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章劇場公開日決定！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). July 15, 2021. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ 丸山俊平 (August 9, 2021). プリンセス・プリンシパルCH第２章先程完成しました。スタッフ、制作の皆様お疲れ様でした。&ありがとうございました。#pripri (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022 – via Twitter. ^ a b c 「プリンセス・プリンシパル」第3章は鋭意製作中、本日公開の第2章ラストに予告編 . Natalie (in Japanese). September 23, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (July 15, 2021). "Princess Principal Crown Handler Film 2nd Chapter's Full Trailer Announces September 23 Release Date". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ a b "Sentai November 2022 Slate Is Here!". Sentai Filmworks. August 24, 2022. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022. ^ Maeda, Hisashi (September 30, 2021). プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章監督・橘正紀インタビュー後編 . Febri (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. ^ a b 「プリンセス・プリンシパル」第3章、2023年4月7日に公開決定！KV、本予告映像も到着 . Natalie (in Japanese). November 13, 2022. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ 「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」音楽情報解禁！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). October 19, 2019. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ Saitō, Takahiro (September 28, 2021). 「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」OP映像にアニメーター・下田正美が込めた思い、「プリプリ」初心者にも雰囲気を伝えたい . Natalie (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023. ^ 「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」OP&ED情報解禁！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). January 10, 2020. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ 劇場版『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』OPテーマ LIES & TIES (in Japanese). Lantis. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ 劇場版『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』EDテーマ Nowhere Land (in Japanese). Lantis. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章挿入歌情報解禁！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). August 15, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (February 28, 2020). "1st Princess Principal Sequel Anime Film Unveils New Trailer, Theme Song, Story". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ “1分くらいでだいたいわかる「プリンセス・プリンシパル」”全12本公開！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). January 31, 2021. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022. ^ a b Loo, Egan (July 15, 2021). "2nd Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film's Trailer Unveils September 23 Opening". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (September 28, 2021). "2nd Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film's 1st 10 Minutes Posted". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ a b Hodgkins, Crystalyn (November 13, 2022). "Princess Principal's 3rd Anime Film Reveals April 7 Debut in New Video". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (April 9, 2023). "Princess Principal 3rd Anime Film's 1st 11 Minutes Streamed". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023. ^ プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler＠ダッシュストアの開催が決定！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). January 31, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ スマホアプリ『ガールズ＆パンツァー戦車道大作戦！』コラボ決定！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). September 12, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』のAni-Art BIGアクリルキーホルダー、クリアファイルなどの受注を開始！！アニメ・漫画のオリジナルグッズを販売する「AMNIBUS」にて . PR Times (in Japanese). September 27, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』×ドン・キホーテ限定コラボグッズ発売決定！ . Don Quijote (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』のオリジナルグッズがGraffArt Shopに登場！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). February 25, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ GraffArt CAFE (March 29, 2022). 🎉お知らせ🎉 第２章のBlu-rayが本日発売！ますます盛り上がる劇場アニメ『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』がGraffArt CAFE に登場です👑 ▼開催期間：4/23(土)～5/8(日) ▼店舗：GraffArt CAFE(池袋) ▼通販ページ：https://eeo.today/store/101/title/search/product?parent_title_id=2139 #pripri (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022 – via Twitter. ^ a b Pineda, Rafael Antonio (September 24, 2020). "1st Princess Principal Sequel Film Opens on February 11 After COVID-19 Delay". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ "Where Can You Stream Princess Principal: Crown Handler? (Hint: It's on HIDIVE)". Hidive. May 19, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ a b Hodgkins, Crystalyn (June 7, 2021). "1st Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film to Include 6-Minute OVA on BD Release". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第１章Blu-rayを9月28日に発売 . PR Times (in Japanese). September 22, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ Mateo, Alex (March 17, 2022). "North American Anime, Manga Releases, March 13-19". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ Osmond, Andrew (August 7, 2022). "First Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film Released Monday". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022. ^ a b オリジナルTVアニメ『プリンセス・プリンシパル』の完全新作続編第2章がBlu-rayとなって登場『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章Blu-rayを3月29日に発売 . PR Times (in Japanese). March 24, 2022. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ Osmond, Andrew (November 27, 2022). "The Dungeon of Black Company and Ranking of Kings Released Monday". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022. ^ HIDIVE (February 20, 2023). "Did you know Princess Principal ~ Crown Handler ~ 2 is now dubbed? 😱 Watch now➡️: https://loom.ly/6jxuS_0" (Tweet). Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023 – via Twitter. ^ WOWOWにて『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 』第1章・第2章放送決定！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ 【ニコニコ無料アニメ一挙放送】「うたの☆プリンスさまっ♪マジLOVE1000％」「プリンセス・プリンシパル」「オーバーロード」他全11作品 Uta no Prince-sama: Maji Love 1000%, Princess Principal, Overlord, and 11 other works]. PR Times (in Japanese). March 31, 2023. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023. ^ 映画『プリンセス・プリンシパル』3章の舞台挨拶が決定！黒星紅白描き下ろし色紙など来場特典も解禁 . Dengeki Online (in Japanese). March 8, 2023. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第3章期間限定先行レンタル配信が決定！！ . pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』古賀葵さん、関根明良さん、大地葉さんら声優陣出演の第3章Blu-ray発売記念特別番組が公開 . Animate Times (in Japanese). October 4, 2023. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023. ^ a b 『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第3章 Blu-rayが11月22日（水）に発売！約5分の完全新作OVAなど特典が満載 . Animate Times (in Japanese). July 11, 2023. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023. ^ 2021年映画興行収入ランキング日本おすすめ（上半期/下半期/洋画/邦画/アニメ） . Movie Evaluation Pick Scene (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ 2023年映画興行収入ランキング日本国内と世界興収/評価一覧/洋画/邦画 . Movie Evaluation Pick Scene (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024. ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (September 28, 2021). "Japan Box Office: Tokyo Revengers Becomes Highest-grossing Live-action Film of 2021". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (April 11, 2023). "Japan Box Office Top 10: Doraemon's 42nd Film Stays on No.1 for 3 Consecutive Weekends". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2023. ^ Eisenbeis, Richard (April 20, 2023). "Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 1 - Review". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023. ^ Eisenbeis, Richard (May 1, 2023). "Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 2 - Review". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023. ^ Eisenbeis, Richard (May 5, 2023). "Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 3 - Review". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ たくさんの投票ありがとうございました！TAAF2022 みんなが選ぶベスト100が決定しましたので発表します！ (in Japanese). Tokyo Anime Award Festival. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2022. External links Official website (in Japanese) Princess Principal: Crown Handler (film) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteActasTelevision series Gozonji! Gekko Kamen-kun (1999–2000) Shin Megami Tensei: DeviChil (2000–2001) Transformers: Armada (2002–2003) Shin Megami Tensei: D-Children – Light & Dark (2002–2003) Pluster World (2003–2004) Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch (2003–2004) Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure (2004) Transformers: Energon (2004) Ginban Kaleidoscope (2005) Tactical Roar (2006) Night Head Genesis (2006) Kotetsushin Jeeg (2007) Moetan (2007) Mori no Sensha Bonolon (2007–2008) Girls und Panzer (2012–2013) Da Capo III (2013) Regalia: The Three Sacred Stars (2016) Long Riders! (2016–2017) Princess Principal (2017) Classroom for Heroes (2023) Wistoria: Wand and Sword (2024) Films éX-Driver: The Movie (2002) Kowarekake no Orgel (2010) Girls und Panzer der Film (2015) Girls und Panzer das Finale (2017–present) Princess Principal: Crown Handler (2021–present) OVA/ONAs éX-Driver (2000–2001) Ajimu - Kaigan Monogatari (2001–2002) éX-Driver: Danger Zone (2002) Ai Shimai 2: Futari no Kajitsu (2003) Tales of Phantasia: The Animation (2004–2006) The Idolmaster Live For You! (2008) Switch (2008–2009) Yutori-chan (2009–2010) Mayo Elle Otoko no Ko (2010) Mazinkaizer SKL (2011) Girls und Panzer (2012–2013) Girls und Panzer: This Is the Real Anzio Battle! (2014) Cyborg 009 VS Devilman (2015) Princess Principal: Crown Handler (2021–present) Video games Valkyrie Profile (1999) Kikou Souhei Armodyne (2007) Unchained Blades (2011) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Japanese animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_series"},{"link_name":"Princess Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal"},{"link_name":"Actas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actas"},{"link_name":"Showgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showgate"},{"link_name":"Aoi Koga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoi_Koga"},{"link_name":"Akira Sekine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Sekine"},{"link_name":"Yō Taichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D_Taichi"},{"link_name":"Akari Kageyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akari_Kageyama"},{"link_name":"Nozomi Furuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomi_Furuki"},{"link_name":"Ange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Ange"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Princess_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"Dorothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Dorothy"},{"link_name":"Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Beatrice"},{"link_name":"Chise Tōdō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Chise_T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ayaka Imamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaka_Imamura"},{"link_name":"¥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen"}],"text":"Princess Principal: Crown Handler (Japanese: プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler, Hepburn: Purinsesu Purinshiparu: Kuraun Handorā) is a six-part Japanese animated spy action film series and a sequel to the 2017 anime television series Princess Principal. Produced by Actas and distributed by Showgate, the film series is directed by Masaki Tachibana from a script written by Noboru Kimura and stars Aoi Koga, Akira Sekine, Yō Taichi, Akari Kageyama, and Nozomi Furuki.The film series follows Ange, Princess Charlotte, Dorothy, Beatrice, and Chise Tōdō, members of Team White Pigeon, as they are assigned to investigate Bishop, the Commonwealth spy within the Kingdom's royal family, for his loyalty. Following his death from an assailant and an assassination attempt on Prince Richard, the team is tasked to find the Cavorite bombs that are stolen from the Commonwealth. After the incident of missing bombs, Prince Richard, the mastermind behind it and the assassination of Prince Edward, invites Charlotte to join him for his plan to reform the Kingdom. The death of Prince Edward, who is first in succeeding the Queen of the Kingdom, has caused a power struggle between Prince Richard and Princess Mary, who is second in the line of succession.A sequel to the anime series was announced in April 2018. The staff and cast for the first film in the series were revealed in September 2019, with Koga replacing Ayaka Imamura as the voice actress for Ange due to the latter's health condition. That film's production was completed in March 2020. The staff and cast for the second film in the series were revealed in July 2021, while its production was completed in August. The staff and cast for the third film in the series were revealed in November 2022.Three films in the Princess Principal: Crown Handler series have been released in Japan since 2021: Chapter 1 on February 11, Chapter 2 on September 23, and Chapter 3 on April 7, 2023. The film series has grossed ¥280 million in Japan.","title":"Princess Principal: Crown Handler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#The_Duke_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Ange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Ange"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Princess_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"grand chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)"}],"sub_title":"Chapter 1","text":"In response to the assassination attempt on the Queen, the Duke of Normandy begins cracking down on suspected Commonwealth of Albion spies. Concerned that their mole within the royal family may be a double agent, Control tasks the Team White Pigeon with making contact with the mole and investigating him. Ange disguises herself as Princess Charlotte and meets the mole in the royal palace, and is surprised to discover that the mole is Winston, the grand chamberlain and the man that used to take care of her when she was a child. Winston recognizes Ange and lets her know that he is aware she is the real Charlotte and the other is an impostor. Ange and Charlotte explain to the rest of the team that he knows they are investigating him. Despite knowing the risk of Winston exposing them, the team continues to investigate him and discovers that Winston has been secretly communicating with an unknown third party through coded messages he has hidden in the Queen's speeches. The team manages to expose him by feeding him false information and tricking him into sending out a message they can intercept. Control orders the team to detain Winston for interrogation, but Ange secretly arranges for his escape in return for keeping her and Charlotte's secret. Winston parts amicably with Ange but is shot by an assassin. With his dying words, Winston warns Ange that if she continues living a life of lies, she will end up like him. In the aftermath, both the Duke of Normandy and Control become aware of the unknown third party's involvement as the team feels defeated in failing to save Winston.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Dorothy"},{"link_name":"Chise Tōdō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal#Chise_T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D"}],"sub_title":"Chapter 2","text":"The Commonwealth tests a new and destructive Cavorite bomb which they intend to use against the Kingdom of Albion. Meanwhile, Prince Richard returns to the Kingdom but is injured in an assassination attempt. Control gives Team White Pigeon a new mission to search for three Cavorite bombs that were stolen from the Commonwealth and smuggled into the Kingdom, with the concern that those bombs may be used to instigate a war between both nations. Following a lead, the team investigates the Vegas Steam Theater and finds the bombs hidden there. They then put the theater under surveillance while they wait for Control to organize a retrieval team. However, when the surveillance teams are killed by the assassin, Ange, Dorothy, and Chise Tōdō have no choice but to raid the theater. They manage to capture the smuggler and recover two of the bombs, but they find out the third one has been smuggled onto a yacht where a royal ceremony is being held with Charlotte, Beatrice, and Princess Mary present. With Ange's quick thinking, they manage to stop the bomb from detonating and prevent it from falling into the Kingdom's hands. Charlotte returns to the royal palace, only to discover Prince Edward has been assassinated. She comes across Prince Richard, who admits he was behind the bomb plot and Prince Edward's death as he wants to seize power and reform the Kingdom. He then asks Charlotte whether she will join him or not.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chapter 3","text":"Prince Richard says he will wait for Princess Charlotte's decision to his ultimatum. After Charlotte revealed Richard's ambition and role in the assassination of Prince Edward, Team White Pigeon decides to not make any decisions for the moment and informs Control. Control orders the team to infiltrate the royal household—Charlotte and Beatrice staying in the palace, while Ange and Dorothy pose as maids—to investigate the power struggles in the royal family. As the current one who is in line for the throne, Princess Mary is given more strict lessons and training to prepare her for her future duties. Charlotte speaks with Richard again and learns that he wants to fix inequality not just in Albion but also on the world stage. Richard covertly provokes nobles to demand that the Duke of Normandy be removed from his post as the Home Secretary for failing to protect Edward while in public. The Duke of Normandy tells Richard that he is aware of his machinations. Meanwhile, Richard also arranges for Mary's education to be even more strict along with a grueling schedule, much to the consternation of Olivia, the Princess' lady-in-waiting. Overcome by the stress, Mary tries to escape through the window and endangers herself, but she is saved by Dorothy. After discussing it with the others, Charlotte arranges a tea time with the rest of Team White Pigeon to provide Mary a break from her studies. Hearing of this, Richard plots to depose Mary more directly and arranges a plot on her life while Charlotte is not with her, but the result is unsuccessful. Distraught by this news, Charlotte decides that she wants to help Mary flee the country as her life is in danger, which is approved by Control. The operation goes smoothly at first but before Mary and Olivia can escape over the wall into the Commonwealth, they are intercepted by the Kingdom's forces. Team White Pigeon is arrested with their identities exposed. The Duke of Normandy reveals to Charlotte that he has also arrested Richard on suspicion of his role in assassinating Edward and gives Charlotte an ultimatum to become a double agent for the Kingdom.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter1Staff&Cast-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter2Staff&Cast-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter3Staff&Cast-4"},{"link_name":"dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Voice cast","text":"The table shows the Japanese voice cast (green-colored cells)[2][3][4] of the three films in the Princess Principal: Crown Handler series and the English dub cast (white-colored cells)[5] of the series' first two films.","title":"Cast and staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Staff","title":"Cast and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Princess Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Principal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019Release-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ayaka Imamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaka_Imamura"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April10Release-10"},{"link_name":"film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_series"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April10Release-10"},{"link_name":"Ichirō Ōkouchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_%C5%8Ckouchi"},{"link_name":"Actas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actas"},{"link_name":"Studio 3Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_3Hz"},{"link_name":"Aoi Koga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoi_Koga"},{"link_name":"Akira Sekine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Sekine"},{"link_name":"Yō Taichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D_Taichi"},{"link_name":"Akari Kageyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akari_Kageyama"},{"link_name":"Nozomi Furuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomi_Furuki"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April10Release-10"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Tailor_Soldier_Spy_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blacklist_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"double-deck bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-deck_bus"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Police Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Story_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TachibanaFebri-13"},{"link_name":"Sentai Filmworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks"},{"link_name":"dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rina Endō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rina_End%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kazuyuki Okitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuyuki_Okitsu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter2Characters-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Smerg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Neverending_Story_characters#Smerg"},{"link_name":"Michael Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ende"},{"link_name":"The Neverending Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neverending_Story"},{"link_name":"animatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TachibanaFebri-13"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter2SentaiBlu-ray-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter2Characters-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter3Staff&CastReveal-21"}],"text":"A sequel to the 2017 anime television series Princess Principal was announced during the Princess Principal Stage of Mission live event for the anime series in April 2018, which would comprise six films.[6] Anime series director Masaki Tachibana and chief producer Atsushi Yukawa agreed on making films as a sequel because they found doing another television series \"physically demanding\".[7] Ayaka Imamura, who voiced Ange in the anime series, announced her retirement in June 2018 due to declining health.[8] The film's production staff and committee collaborated with her talent agency With Line to begin auditions for the role.[9] The film series' full title was revealed in September 2019.[9]The staff for the first film in the series, Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1, were revealed in September 2019. Noboru Kimura was revealed to be writing the script for the film instead of Ichirō Ōkouchi, who wrote the anime series. Actas was solely credited for the production as opposed to the collaboration they had with Studio 3Hz in the anime series. Additionally, Aoi Koga was revealed as the new voice actress for Ange, with Akira Sekine, Yō Taichi, Akari Kageyama, and Nozomi Furuki reprising their role as Princess Charlotte, Dorothy, Beatrice, and Chise Tōdō, respectively.[9] The films James Bond, Mission: Impossible, and Charlie's Angels influenced Chapter 1, but Tachibana used Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011) to accomplish \"a realistic spy story\". While working on the script, Kimura was inspired by the American television series The Blacklist since he was interested on how \"the drama and the development [of the series] mesh well\".[10] Actas' president Shunpei Maruyama announced the completion of the film's production in March 2020 despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[11] Tachibana likened the action scene at the double-deck bus to Jackie Chan's 1985 film Police Story.[12] Sentai Filmworks revealed the English dub cast for the film in February 2022.[13]The staff and cast for the second film in the series, Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2, were revealed in July 2021.[14] Maruyama announced the completion of the film's production in August 2021.[15] Teruyuki Tanzawa, Rina Endō, and Kazuyuki Okitsu were announced in September 2021 as the respective voices of Prince Edward, Princess Mary, and Prince Richard,[16] who were initially revealed in July.[17] The dragon Smerg from Michael Ende's 1979 novel The Neverending Story influenced the Steam Dragon animatronics in the film.[12] In August 2022, Sentai Filmworks revealed the film would receive an English dub upon their release of the details about its Blu-ray release.[18]The production for the third film in the series, Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3, was announced in September 2021.[16] Tachibana stated the film would help the viewers to \"finally begin to understand the meaning of the title Crown Handler\".[19] The staff and cast for the film were revealed in November 2022.[20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuki Kajiura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Kajiura"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April10Release-10"},{"link_name":"theme music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_music"},{"link_name":"Void_Chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_Chords"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Lantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantis_(company)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"insert song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert_song"},{"link_name":"FictionJunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FictionJunction"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Yuki Kajiura, who previously composed for the anime series Princess Principal, was reported to be composing Princess Principal: Crown Handler in September 2019.[9] The opening theme music for the film series, \"Lies & Ties\", was revealed in October 2019 by Void_Chords featuring Yui Mugino.[21] Masami Shimoda served as the director of the film's opening video after declining the initial offer to become the episode director of the eleventh episode of the anime series due to conflicting schedule.[22] The ending theme music for the film series performed by Ange (Koga), Princess Charlotte (Sekine), Dorothy (Taichi), Beatrice (Kageyama), and Chise Tōdō (Furuki), titled \"Nowhere Land\", was revealed in January 2020.[23] On April 8, 2020, the two singles were released in Japan by the record label Lantis.[24][25] The insert song for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 titled \"Fairy Game\" was revealed in August 2021, with FictionJunction and Shuri performing it.[26]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April10Release-10"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Misato Fukuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misato_Fukuen"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Arts"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-September23Release-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter2Characters-17"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter3ReleaseAnnouncement-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Girls und Panzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_und_Panzer"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Don Quijote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quijote_(store)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"A teaser visual and trailer for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 were released in September 2019.[9] The main visual by the character designer and chief animation director Kimitake Nishio and a new trailer for the first film in the series were released in February 2020.[27] In preparation for the upcoming release of the film, Misato Fukuen narrated twelve videos each summarising every episode of the anime series in one minute, which were released on the official YouTube channel of Bandai Namco Arts on January 31, 2021.[28] A trailer and the main visual for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 were released in July 2021.[29] The first 10 minutes of the second film in the series was released by Bandai Namco Arts on September 27, 2021.[30] A trailer for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 was shown at the end of Chapter 2,[16] following its main visual and another trailer in November.[31] The first 11 minutes of the third film in the series was released on the YouTube channel of Emotion on April 9, 2023.[32]Promotion partners for the film series included Dash Store,[33] the Girls und Panzer's smartphone game Girls und Panzer: Great Tankery Operation!,[34] the anime and manga merchandise manufacturer Amnibus,[35] Don Quijote,[36] GraffArt Shop,[37] and GraffArt Cafe.[38]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February11Release-40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019Release-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April10Release-10"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February11Release-40"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-September23Release-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter3ReleaseAnnouncement-32"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 was released in Japan on February 11, 2021.[39] The film was previously scheduled to be released in 2019,[6] before it was shifted to April 10, 2020,[9] and then to the February 2021 premiere due to COVID-19 pandemic.[39] Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 was released in Japan on September 23, 2021.[29] Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 was released in Japan on April 7, 2023.[31]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidive"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OVA1-42"},{"link_name":"original video animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"Niconico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niconico"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"MVM Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVM_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OVA2-46"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter2SentaiBlu-ray-19"},{"link_name":"collector's edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector%27s_edition"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"d Anime Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docomo_Anime_Store"},{"link_name":"Bandai Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Channel"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter3Staff&CastReveal-21"},{"link_name":"Wowow Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wowow_Prime"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Niconico Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niconico"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Tokyo MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_MX"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"electronic sell-through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_sell-through"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapter3Bluray-54"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Hidive began streaming Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 on May 26, 2021.[40] The film was released on Blu-ray in Japan on September 28, 2021.[41] It is bundled with a 6-minute original video animation (OVA) titled Busy Easy Money, a special program first delivered on Niconico and YouTube called \"Pri-Pri Secret Meeting Super\", and Fukuen's 1-minute narrated recap of each Princess Principal episode.[42] Sentai Filmworks released the film on Blu-ray in the United States and Canada on March 15, 2022.[43] MVM Entertainment released it in the United Kingdom and Ireland on August 8, 2022.[44]Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 was released on Blu-ray in Japan on March 29, 2022. It is bundled with a new OVA titled Revealing Reviews and the second part of the special program \"Pri-Pri Secret Meeting Super\".[45] Sentai Filmworks released the film on Blu-ray in the United States and Canada on November 22, 2022.[18] MVM Entertainment released its Blu-ray collector's edition in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 28, 2022.[46] Hidive began streaming the film on February 21, 2023.[47]The first two films in the series began streaming on Anime Hōdai, J:COM On Demand, d Anime Store, Bandai Channel, Hulu, Milplus, and U-NEXT in Japan on December 23, 2022.[20] They aired on Wowow Prime on February 2, 2023.[48] Niconico Live streamed the two films on April 7, 2023.[49] They reaired on Tokyo MX on April 9, 2023.[50]The limited-time advance rental distribution of Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 on streaming services in Japan began on June 16, 2023, until October 21.[51] Its electronic sell-through began on October 22, 2023.[52] The film was released on Blu-ray in Japan on November 22, 2023. It is bundled with a new OVA titled Cost for Custom Cars, the third episode of the special program \"Pri-Pri Secret Meeting Super\", and a one-minute summary video of the first two films in the series.[53]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"¥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Princess Principal: Crown Handler has collectively grossed ¥280 million in Japan: ¥100 million for Part 1, ¥90 million for Part 2,[54] and ¥90 million for Part 3.[55]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Anime News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network"},{"link_name":"status quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The Japanese review and survey firm Filmarks placed Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 third in their first-day satisfaction ranking, with an average rating of 4.05/5, based on 129 reviews.[56] Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 placed third in the firm's first-day satisfaction ranking, with an average rating of 4.03/5, based on 79 reviews.[57]Richard Eisenbeis of Anime News Network graded Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 \"B\", feeling that the film was a \"high-stakes spy story and a personally emotional tale all in one. It's a fun little self-contained mystery—but one with revelations and repercussions that will no doubt have a major effect on the Crown Handler films going forward.\" Eisenbeis lauded the film for the story setup that gave Ange a character development, introducing a mysterious third party that upset the status quo between the major players (Commonwealth and the Duke of Normandy), its major action sequence, and the opening theme song. However, Eisenbeis noted that the majority of the cast were \"largely ignored.\"[58]Eisenbeis gave Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 a similar grade, feeling that the film \"delivers some solid character development for Charlotte and gives us a healthy helping of spy action that is simply fun to watch. And best of all, it ends on a cliffhanger that makes you want to rewatch both this film and the previous one to absorb every little hint about what is actually going on.\" He lauded the film's \"good\" setting and character design, and the insert song (\"Fairy Game\") but noted that Beatrice had nothing to do despite the other main characters had \"much more to do in this film than in the previous one.\"[59]In his review of Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3, Eisenbeis gave the film a grade of \"B+\", feeling that it was \"easily the best of the Crown Handler films so far. It's full of high-stakes tension as our heroes play their spy game while fighting an internal battle between pragmatism and idealism—with a young girl's life hanging in the balance. To top it off, the film ends with a climax that completely upsets the status quo and promises a completely new direction for things going forward.\" However, he criticized the film's \"least impressive\" visuals, lack of action sequences, and lack of Beatrice's presence.[60]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award_Festival"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Accolade","text":"In December 2021, the first two films in the Princess Principal: Crown Handler series were among the Top 100 Favorites nominated for the Anime of the Year at the Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2022.[61]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original video animations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"C1 indicates the producer only worked on Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1.\nC2 indicates the producer only worked on Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2.\nC3 indicates the producer only worked on Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3.","title":"Works cited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Credited as \"Antique bookshop owner\" (古本屋, Furuhon'ya).","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章 [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1]. Eiga.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/89136/","url_text":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407012959/https://eiga.com/movie/89136/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章 [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2]. Eiga.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/94566/","url_text":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404031540/https://eiga.com/movie/94566/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第3章 [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3]. Eiga.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/95752/","url_text":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第3章"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407013240/https://eiga.com/movie/95752/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"スタッフ/キャスト第1章 [Staff/Cast Chapter 1]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/staffcast/case1/","url_text":"スタッフ/キャスト第1章"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524083848/https://pripri-anime.jp/staffcast/case1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"スタッフ/キャスト第2章 [Staff/Cast Chapter 2]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/staffcast/case2/","url_text":"スタッフ/キャスト第2章"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524084309/https://pripri-anime.jp/staffcast/case2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"スタッフ/キャスト第3章 [Staff/Cast Chapter 3]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/staffcast/case3/","url_text":"スタッフ/キャスト第3章"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221113101347/https://pripri-anime.jp/staffcast/case3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Principal Crown Handler English Dub Cast List Is Here at Long Last\". Sentai Filmworks. February 21, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/a/news/princess-principal-crown-handler-english-dub-cast-list-is-here-at-long-last","url_text":"\"Princess Principal Crown Handler English Dub Cast List Is Here at Long Last\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks","url_text":"Sentai Filmworks"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524084658/https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/a/news/princess-principal-crown-handler-english-dub-cast-list-is-here-at-long-last","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (April 29, 2018). \"Princess Principal Anime Gets 6 Sequel Films Starting in 2019 (Updated)\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-04-29/princess-principal-anime-gets-6-sequel-films-starting-in-2019/.130989","url_text":"\"Princess Principal Anime Gets 6 Sequel Films Starting in 2019 (Updated)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522084153/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-04-29/princess-principal-anime-gets-6-sequel-films-starting-in-2019/.130989","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harunoto (March 27, 2020). 「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章」橘正紀×木村暢インタビュー [Interview with Masaki Tachibana and Noboru Kimura for Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1]. Natalie (in Japanese). p. 2. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/pp/pripri-ch03/page/2","url_text":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章」橘正紀×木村暢インタビュー"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522141555/https://natalie.mu/eiga/pp/pripri-ch03/page/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"今村彩夏が6月末に引退、「プリプリ」アンジェや「たくのみ。」みちるなど演じる [Ayaka Imamura, who voices Ange in Princess Principal and Michiru in Takunomi., retired at the end of June]. Natalie (in Japanese). June 29, 2018. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/288955","url_text":"今村彩夏が6月末に引退、「プリプリ」アンジェや「たくのみ。」みちるなど演じる"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522085403/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/288955","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (September 29, 2019). \"1st Princess Principal Sequel Anime Film's Teaser Reveals Title, Cast & Staff Changes, Delay to April 10\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. 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Archived from the original on May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/pp/pripri-ch03","url_text":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章」橘正紀×木村暢インタビュー"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522141328/https://natalie.mu/eiga/pp/pripri-ch03","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Daryl (March 30, 2020). \"Princess Principal Crown Handler Finishes Production \"Despite the Difficult Times\"\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. 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Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://febri.jp/topics/pripri_ch2_1/","url_text":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章監督・橘正紀インタビュー前編"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Febri&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Febri"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febri","url_text":"ja"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522123553/https://febri.jp/topics/pripri_ch2_1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mateo, Alex (February 22, 2022). \"Sentai Filmworks Reveals Princess Principal: Crown Handler Anime's English Dub Cast, Clip\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-02-21/sentai-filmworks-reveals-princess-principal-crown-handler-anime-english-dub-cast-clip/.182876","url_text":"\"Sentai Filmworks Reveals Princess Principal: Crown Handler Anime's English Dub Cast, Clip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523004649/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-02-21/sentai-filmworks-reveals-princess-principal-crown-handler-anime-english-dub-cast-clip/.182876","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章劇場公開日決定！ [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 has a new theatrical release date!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). July 15, 2021. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1983/","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章劇場公開日決定！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522131028/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1983/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"丸山俊平 [@k16angel] (August 9, 2021). プリンセス・プリンシパルCH第２章先程完成しました。スタッフ、制作の皆様お疲れ様でした。&ありがとうございました。#pripri [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 has just been completed. Thanks to all the staff and production staff for their hard work. Thank you very much. #pripri] (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/k16angel/status/1424650265886482434","url_text":"プリンセス・プリンシパルCH第２章先程完成しました。スタッフ、制作の皆様お疲れ様でした。&ありがとうございました。#pripri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523002659/https://twitter.com/k16angel/status/1424650265886482434","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル」第3章は鋭意製作中、本日公開の第2章ラストに予告編 [Chapter 3 of Princess Principal is in the works, trailer to be released today at the end of Chapter 2]. Natalie (in Japanese). September 23, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. 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Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/a/news/sentai-november-2022-slate-is-here","url_text":"\"Sentai November 2022 Slate Is Here!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks","url_text":"Sentai Filmworks"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220825233814/https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/a/news/sentai-november-2022-slate-is-here","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maeda, Hisashi (September 30, 2021). プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章監督・橘正紀インタビュー後編 [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 Interview with Director Masaki Tachibana Part 2]. Febri [ja] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://febri.jp/topics/pripri_ch2_2/","url_text":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章監督・橘正紀インタビュー後編"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Febri&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Febri"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febri","url_text":"ja"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230218001246/https://febri.jp/topics/pripri_ch2_2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル」第3章、2023年4月7日に公開決定！KV、本予告映像も到着 [Chapter 3 of Princess Principal is set for release on April 7, 2023! KV and preview video also revealed]. Natalie (in Japanese). November 13, 2022. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/501195","url_text":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル」第3章、2023年4月7日に公開決定！KV、本予告映像も到着"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221113103806/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/501195","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」音楽情報解禁！ [Music information of Princess Principal: Crown Handler is released!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). October 19, 2019. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1063/","url_text":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」音楽情報解禁！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523024347/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1063/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saitō, Takahiro (September 28, 2021). 「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」OP映像にアニメーター・下田正美が込めた思い、「プリプリ」初心者にも雰囲気を伝えたい [Masami Shimoda, the OP animator of Princess Principal: Crown Handler, puts his heart into the video to convey the atmosphere of Pripri to beginners]. Natalie (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/pp/pripri-ch2","url_text":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」OP映像にアニメーター・下田正美が込めた思い、「プリプリ」初心者にも雰囲気を伝えたい"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230210143527/https://natalie.mu/comic/pp/pripri-ch2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」OP&ED情報解禁！ [Princess Principal: Crown Handler OP & ED information released!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). January 10, 2020. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1143/","url_text":"「プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler」OP&ED情報解禁！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523025417/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1143/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"劇場版『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』OPテーマ LIES & TIES [OP theme for Princess Principal: Crown Handler the Movie LIES & TIES] (in Japanese). Lantis. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lantis.jp/release-item/LACM-14978.html","url_text":"劇場版『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』OPテーマ LIES & TIES"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantis_(company)","url_text":"Lantis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523030311/https://www.lantis.jp/release-item/LACM-14978.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"劇場版『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』EDテーマ Nowhere Land [ED theme for Princess Principal: Crown Handler the Movie Nowhere Land] (in Japanese). Lantis. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lantis.jp/release-item/LACM-14979.html","url_text":"劇場版『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』EDテーマ Nowhere Land"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantis_(company)","url_text":"Lantis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523030426/https://www.lantis.jp/release-item/LACM-14979.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章挿入歌情報解禁！ [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 Insert Song information released!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). August 15, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2068/","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章挿入歌情報解禁！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523140555/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2068/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pineda, Rafael Antonio (February 28, 2020). \"1st Princess Principal Sequel Anime Film Unveils New Trailer, Theme Song, Story\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-27/1st-princess-principal-sequel-anime-film-unveils-new-trailer-theme-song-story/.156929","url_text":"\"1st Princess Principal Sequel Anime Film Unveils New Trailer, Theme Song, Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523022726/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-27/1st-princess-principal-sequel-anime-film-unveils-new-trailer-theme-song-story/.156929","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"“1分くらいでだいたいわかる「プリンセス・プリンシパル」”全12本公開！ [\"Princess Principal in about a minute\", all 12 videos are open to the public!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). January 31, 2021. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1715/","url_text":"“1分くらいでだいたいわかる「プリンセス・プリンシパル」”全12本公開！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220528011902/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1715/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (July 15, 2021). \"2nd Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film's Trailer Unveils September 23 Opening\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. 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Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1728/","url_text":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler＠ダッシュストアの開催が決定！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524062710/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=1728/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"スマホアプリ『ガールズ＆パンツァー戦車道大作戦！』コラボ決定！ [Smartphone app Girls und Panzer: Great Tankery Operation! collaboration decided!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). September 12, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2217/","url_text":"スマホアプリ『ガールズ＆パンツァー戦車道大作戦！』コラボ決定！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524061202/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2217/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』のAni-Art BIGアクリルキーホルダー、クリアファイルなどの受注を開始！！アニメ・漫画のオリジナルグッズを販売する「AMNIBUS」にて [Orders for Ani-Art BIG acrylic key holders, clear files, and more for Princess Principal: Crown Handler are now available! at AMNIBUS, which sells original goods of anime and manga]. PR Times (in Japanese). September 27, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000003323.000016064.html","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』のAni-Art BIGアクリルキーホルダー、クリアファイルなどの受注を開始！！アニメ・漫画のオリジナルグッズを販売する「AMNIBUS」にて"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524061733/https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000003323.000016064.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』×ドン・キホーテ限定コラボグッズ発売決定！ [Princess Principal: Crown Handler and Don Quijote's limited collaboration goods will be on sale!]. Don Quijote (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ppihgroup.com/products/pripri/","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』×ドン・キホーテ限定コラボグッズ発売決定！"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quijote_(store)","url_text":"Don Quijote"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085544/https://www.ppihgroup.com/products/pripri/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』のオリジナルグッズがGraffArt Shopに登場！ [Original goods for Princess Principal: Crown Handler are now available at GraffArt Shop!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). February 25, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2363/","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』のオリジナルグッズがGraffArt Shopに登場！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524055158/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2363/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"GraffArt CAFE [@GraffartC] (March 29, 2022). 🎉お知らせ🎉 第２章のBlu-rayが本日発売！ますます盛り上がる劇場アニメ『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』がGraffArt CAFE に登場です👑 ▼開催期間：4/23(土)～5/8(日) ▼店舗：GraffArt CAFE(池袋) ▼通販ページ：https://eeo.today/store/101/title/search/product?parent_title_id=2139 #pripri [🎉Notice🎉 Blu-ray of Chapter 2 is on sale today! The ever-increasing theatrical anime Princess Principal: Crown Handler is now available at GraffArt CAFE👑 ▼Holding period: 4/23 (Sat) - 5/8 (Sun) ▼Store: GraffArt CAFE (Ikebukuro) ▼Mail order page: https://eeo.today/store/101/title/search/product?parent_title_id=2139 #pripri] (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/GraffartC/status/1508735002615291908","url_text":"🎉お知らせ🎉 第２章のBlu-rayが本日発売！ますます盛り上がる劇場アニメ『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』がGraffArt CAFE に登場です👑 ▼開催期間：4/23(土)～5/8(日) ▼店舗：GraffArt CAFE(池袋) ▼通販ページ：https://eeo.today/store/101/title/search/product?parent_title_id=2139 #pripri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524060526/https://twitter.com/GraffartC/status/1508735002615291908","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Pineda, Rafael Antonio (September 24, 2020). \"1st Princess Principal Sequel Film Opens on February 11 After COVID-19 Delay\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-09-24/1st-princess-principal-sequel-film-opens-on-february-11-after-covid-19-delay/.164384","url_text":"\"1st Princess Principal Sequel Film Opens on February 11 After COVID-19 Delay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523130254/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-09-24/1st-princess-principal-sequel-film-opens-on-february-11-after-covid-19-delay/.164384","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Where Can You Stream Princess Principal: Crown Handler? (Hint: It's on HIDIVE)\". Hidive. May 19, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hidive.com/news/2021/5/19/where-can-you-stream-princess-principal-crown-handler-hint-it-s-on-hidive","url_text":"\"Where Can You Stream Princess Principal: Crown Handler? (Hint: It's on HIDIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidive","url_text":"Hidive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523232906/https://www.hidive.com/news/2021/5/19/where-can-you-stream-princess-principal-crown-handler-hint-it-s-on-hidive","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkins, Crystalyn (June 7, 2021). \"1st Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film to Include 6-Minute OVA on BD Release\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-06-07/1st-princess-principal-crown-handler-film-to-include-6-minute-ova-on-bd-release/.173676","url_text":"\"1st Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film to Include 6-Minute OVA on BD Release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523230817/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-06-07/1st-princess-principal-crown-handler-film-to-include-6-minute-ova-on-bd-release/.173676","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第１章Blu-rayを9月28日に発売 [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 on Blu-ray on September 28]. PR Times (in Japanese). September 22, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000210.000029654.html","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第１章Blu-rayを9月28日に発売"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523232201/https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000210.000029654.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mateo, Alex (March 17, 2022). \"North American Anime, Manga Releases, March 13-19\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-03-16/north-american-anime-manga-releases-march-13-19/.183637","url_text":"\"North American Anime, Manga Releases, March 13-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524005535/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-03-16/north-american-anime-manga-releases-march-13-19/.183637","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Osmond, Andrew (August 7, 2022). \"First Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film Released Monday\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-08-07/first-princess-principal-crown-handler-film-released-monday/.188401","url_text":"\"First Princess Principal: Crown Handler Film Released Monday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220807064830/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-08-07/first-princess-principal-crown-handler-film-released-monday/.188401","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"オリジナルTVアニメ『プリンセス・プリンシパル』の完全新作続編第2章がBlu-rayとなって登場『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章Blu-rayを3月29日に発売 [Completely new sequel to the original TV anime Princess Principal is now available on Blu-ray. Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 2 on Blu-ray on March 29]. PR Times (in Japanese). March 24, 2022. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000254.000029654.html","url_text":"オリジナルTVアニメ『プリンセス・プリンシパル』の完全新作続編第2章がBlu-rayとなって登場『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第2章Blu-rayを3月29日に発売"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220523234636/https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000254.000029654.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Osmond, Andrew (November 27, 2022). \"The Dungeon of Black Company and Ranking of Kings Released Monday\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-27/the-dungeon-of-black-company-and-ranking-of-kings-released-monday/.192303","url_text":"\"The Dungeon of Black Company and Ranking of Kings Released Monday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221127134836/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-27/the-dungeon-of-black-company-and-ranking-of-kings-released-monday/.192303","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"HIDIVE [@HIDIVEofficial] (February 20, 2023). \"Did you know Princess Principal ~ Crown Handler ~ 2 is now dubbed? 😱 Watch now➡️: https://loom.ly/6jxuS_0\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIDIVE","url_text":"HIDIVE [@HIDIVEofficial]"},{"url":"https://x.com/HIDIVEofficial/status/1627775467666264080","url_text":"\"Did you know Princess Principal ~ Crown Handler ~ 2 is now dubbed? 😱 Watch now➡️: https://loom.ly/6jxuS_0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230222055928/https://twitter.com/HIDIVEofficial/status/1627775467666264080","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"WOWOWにて『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 』第1章・第2章放送決定！ [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 will be broadcast on WOWOW!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2555/","url_text":"WOWOWにて『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 』第1章・第2章放送決定！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221228133231/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2555/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"【ニコニコ無料アニメ一挙放送】「うたの☆プリンスさまっ♪マジLOVE1000％」「プリンセス・プリンシパル」「オーバーロード」他全11作品 [[Niconico Free Anime Broadcast] Uta no Prince-sama: Maji Love 1000%, Princess Principal, Overlord, and 11 other works]. PR Times (in Japanese). March 31, 2023. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000643.000056982.html","url_text":"【ニコニコ無料アニメ一挙放送】「うたの☆プリンスさまっ♪マジLOVE1000％」「プリンセス・プリンシパル」「オーバーロード」他全11作品"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230331150630/https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000643.000056982.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"映画『プリンセス・プリンシパル』3章の舞台挨拶が決定！黒星紅白描き下ろし色紙など来場特典も解禁 [The stage greeting of Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 is decided! Visitor perks, such as a color paper illustrated by Kohaku Kurosei, will also be unveiled]. Dengeki Online (in Japanese). March 8, 2023. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dengekionline.com/articles/175956/","url_text":"映画『プリンセス・プリンシパル』3章の舞台挨拶が決定！黒星紅白描き下ろし色紙など来場特典も解禁"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230308235748/https://dengekionline.com/articles/175956/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第3章期間限定先行レンタル配信が決定！！ [Advance rental of Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 will be available for a limited time!]. pripri-anime.jp (in Japanese). June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2927/","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第3章期間限定先行レンタル配信が決定！！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230616153152/https://pripri-anime.jp/news/?p=2927/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』古賀葵さん、関根明良さん、大地葉さんら声優陣出演の第3章Blu-ray発売記念特別番組が公開 [Special program commemorating the release of Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 on Blu-ray starring voice actors Aoi Koga, Akira Sekine, and Yō Taichi]. Animate Times (in Japanese). October 4, 2023. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1696402958","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』古賀葵さん、関根明良さん、大地葉さんら声優陣出演の第3章Blu-ray発売記念特別番組が公開"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animate_Times","url_text":"Animate Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231004182740/https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1696402958","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第3章 Blu-rayが11月22日（水）に発売！約5分の完全新作OVAなど特典が満載 [Princess Principal: Crown Handler – Chapter 3 will be released on Blu-ray on November 22 (Wednesday)! Full of extras, including a completely new 5-minute OVA]. Animate Times (in Japanese). July 11, 2023. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1689053897","url_text":"『プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler』第3章 Blu-rayが11月22日（水）に発売！約5分の完全新作OVAなど特典が満載"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animate_Times","url_text":"Animate Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230712221453/https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1689053897","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"2021年映画興行収入ランキング日本おすすめ（上半期/下半期/洋画/邦画/アニメ） [2021 Movie Box Office Revenue Ranking Japan Recommended (First half / Second half / Western films / Japanese films / Anime)]. Movie Evaluation Pick Scene (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pixiin.com/ranking-japan-boxoffice2021/","url_text":"2021年映画興行収入ランキング日本おすすめ（上半期/下半期/洋画/邦画/アニメ）"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524043504/https://pixiin.com/ranking-japan-boxoffice2021/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"2023年映画興行収入ランキング日本国内と世界興収/評価一覧/洋画/邦画 [2023 Movie Box Office Rankings Japan Domestic and World Box Office/Rating List/Western Films/Japanese Films]. Movie Evaluation Pick Scene (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pixiin.com/ranking-japan-boxoffice2023/","url_text":"2023年映画興行収入ランキング日本国内と世界興収/評価一覧/洋画/邦画"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508151411/https://pixiin.com/ranking-japan-boxoffice2023/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Komatsu, Mikikazu (September 28, 2021). \"Japan Box Office: Tokyo Revengers Becomes Highest-grossing Live-action Film of 2021\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2021/09/27-1/japan-box-office-tokyo-revengers-becomes-highest-grossing-live-action-film-of-2021","url_text":"\"Japan Box Office: Tokyo Revengers Becomes Highest-grossing Live-action Film of 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524044520/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2021/09/27-1/japan-box-office-tokyo-revengers-becomes-highest-grossing-live-action-film-of-2021","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Komatsu, Mikikazu (April 11, 2023). \"Japan Box Office Top 10: Doraemon's 42nd Film Stays on No.1 for 3 Consecutive Weekends\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2023/04/10-1/japan-box-office-top-10-doraemons-42nd-film-stays-on-no1-for-3-consecutive-weekends","url_text":"\"Japan Box Office Top 10: Doraemon's 42nd Film Stays on No.1 for 3 Consecutive Weekends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411042402/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2023/04/10-1/japan-box-office-top-10-doraemons-42nd-film-stays-on-no1-for-3-consecutive-weekends","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbeis, Richard (April 20, 2023). \"Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 1 - Review\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/princess-principal/crown-handler-chapter-1/.197131","url_text":"\"Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 1 - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230420233009/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/princess-principal/crown-handler-chapter-1/.197131","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbeis, Richard (May 1, 2023). \"Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 2 - Review\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/princess-principal/crown-handler/.197271","url_text":"\"Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 2 - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230501225934/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/princess-principal/crown-handler/.197271","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbeis, Richard (May 5, 2023). \"Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 3 - Review\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/princess-principal/crown-handler/.197666","url_text":"\"Princess Principal: Crown Handler - Chapter 3 - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230505222235/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/princess-principal/crown-handler/.197666","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"たくさんの投票ありがとうございました！TAAF2022 みんなが選ぶベスト100が決定しましたので発表します！ [Thank you for all the votes! TAAF2022's Top 100 Favorites has been chosen, and we are pleased to announce it!] (in Japanese). Tokyo Anime Award Festival. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211209075123/https://best100.animefestival.jp/finish.html","url_text":"たくさんの投票ありがとうございました！TAAF2022 みんなが選ぶベスト100が決定しましたので発表します！"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award_Festival","url_text":"Tokyo Anime Award Festival"},{"url":"https://best100.animefestival.jp/finish.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/89136/","external_links_name":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第1章"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407012959/https://eiga.com/movie/89136/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/94566/","external_links_name":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 第2章"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404031540/https://eiga.com/movie/94566/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/95752/","external_links_name":"プリンセス・プリンシパル Crown Handler 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Interests_Section	Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.	["1 History","1.1 Designations since 1953","2 Plenipotentiary representatives","2.1 Chiefs of Cuban Interests Section: 1977–2015","2.2 Ambassadors: 2015–present","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°55′27″N 77°02′13″W / 38.9242°N 77.037°W / 38.9242; -77.037Cuban diplomatic mission in the capital of the United States Diplomatic mission Cuban Embassy in Washington, D.C.The Embassy of Cuba in 2023Location2630 16th Street NWWashington, D.C. United StatesCoordinates38°55′27″N 77°02′13″W / 38.9242°N 77.037°W / 38.9242; -77.037AmbassadorH.E. Lianys Torres Rivera (since 2020) The Cuban Embassy in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of Cuba to the United States of America. It is located at 2630 16th Street Northwest, in the Meridian Hill neighborhood. The building was originally constructed in 1917 as the Cuban embassy, and served in that capacity until the United States severed relations with Cuba in 1961. On July 1, 2015, US President Barack Obama announced the formal restoration of diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba. The building resumed its role as the Cuban Embassy on July 20, 2015. History From 1977 to 2015, the former Cuban Embassy housed the Cuban Interests Section in the United States. The interests section was staffed by Cubans and operated independently, but it was formally a section of the protecting power's embassy. From 1977 to 1991, it operated as the Cuba Interests Section of the Czechoslovak Embassy to the United States. In 1991, the post-Communist government of Czechoslovakia refused to continue its sponsorship of Cuba. From 1991 to 2015, the Cuban Interests Section operated under the Swiss Embassy, until diplomatic relations were re-established and the building resumed its role as the Cuban embassy. On May 19, 1979, Omega 7 detonated a bomb in the building, which did more damage to the Lithuanian legation next door. On April 30, 2020, a gunman opened fire at the building with an AK-47 style rifle. No one was injured, and the gunman, a 42-year-old man from Aubrey, Texas, was arrested. Though the gunman's motivation was not officially known, a police report called it a "suspected hate crime". Two Molotov cocktails were thrown at the embassy in September 2023, causing no injuries or significant damage. Designations since 1953 Designation Period Title of representative Embassy 1923 – January 3, 1961 Ambassador Interests Section September 1, 1977 – July 20, 2015 Chief of Mission ad interim Embassy July 20, 2015 – present Ambassador Note ^ The U.S. and Cuba did not have bilateral diplomatic relations between 1961 and 2015. During this period, the U.S. diplomatic mission in Cuba operated under the auspices of the Embassy of Switzerland. Plenipotentiary representatives Main article: List of Cuban ambassadors to the United States Chiefs of Cuban Interests Section: 1977–2015 1977–89: Ramón Sánchez-Parodi Montoto 1989–92: José Antonio Arbesú 1992–98: Alfonso Fraga 1998–2001: Fernando Remírez de Estenoz Barciela 2001–07: Dagoberto Rodríguez Barrera 2007–12: Jorge Bolaños 2012–15: José Ramón Cabañas Rodríguez Ambassadors: 2015–present 2015–2020: José Ramón Cabañas Rodríguez 2020–present: Lianys Torres Rivera See also Cuba–United States relations Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States References ^ AfroCuba Web ^ Marshall, Serena; Stracqualursi, Veronica (July 1, 2015). "Take a Look Inside the Cuban Embassy That Will Reopen in the US". ABC News. ^ Montgomery, David (June 10, 2015). "Ready to raise the flag over the Cuban 'Embassy'…but when?". The Washington Post. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (July 1, 2015). "Announcing Cuba Embassy Deal, Obama Declares 'New Chapter'". The New York Times. ^ Spetalnik, Matt (July 20, 2015). "Cuba opens Washington embassy, urges end to embargo". Reuters. ^ Krauss, Clifford (February 12, 1991). "Swiss to Sponsor Cuba's Diplomats". The New York Times. ^ Hewitt, Christopher (2005). Political Violence and Terrorism in Modern America: A Chronology. Praeger Security International Series. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 121. ISBN 9780313334184. ^ Jonušauskas, Laurynas (2003). Likimo vedami: Lietuvos diplomatinės tarnybos egzilyje veikla 1940–1991 (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras. pp. 303–304. ISBN 9986-757-56-8. ^ Noori Farzan, Antonia; Flynn, Meagan (April 30, 2020). "Suspect in custody after targeting Cuban Embassy in shooting, police say". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2020. ^ Balsamo, Michael (April 30, 2020). "Police: Shooting at Cuban Embassy is 'suspected hate crime'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2020. ^ "Cuban Embassy in Washington, DC attacked with Molotov cocktails". www.aljazeera.com. September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023. ^ Luxner, Larry (November 2012). "Well-Wishers Host Cocktail Party for Retiring Cuban Diplomat". The Washington Diplomat. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuban Embassy, Washington, D.C.. Official website vte Foreign relations of CubaAfrica Angola Ethiopia Kenya Namibia Sahrawi Republic South Africa Americas Argentina Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Dominican Republic Grenada Guatemala Haiti Jamaica Mexico Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Turkey Vietnam Europe France Germany Greece Holy See Kosovo Poland Russia Serbia Spain United Kingdom Oceania Kiribati Solomon Islands Tuvalu Vanuatu Former Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral relations ACS ALBA Caribbean Community (CARICOM) CELAC European Union OAS Oceania OEI Rio Group UNECLAC Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of Cuba / in Cuba Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister Internationalism Military Medical Foreign interventions Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs vte Cuba–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States Embassy of the United States, Havana Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba United States Interests Section in Havana Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Diplomacy Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903) Hay-Quesada Treaty Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934) Good Neighbor policy Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance El Diálogo Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement Tripartite Accord (1988) Cuban thaw JetBlue Flight 387 Conflicts Spanish–American War Ostend Manifesto USS Maine Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana) United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations The Paquete Habana Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Propaganda United States Military Government in Cuba Second Occupation of Cuba Cuban Pacification Medal (Army) Banana Wars Negro Rebellion Sugar Intervention Cuban Revolution Aftermath La Coubre explosion Cuban exodus Cuban exile Golden exile Bay of Pigs Invasion Brigade 2506 Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front Cuban Revolutionary Council Operation Ortsac Polita Grau José Antonio Llama Bay of Pigs Monument Bay of Pigs Museum Operation Peter Pan Operation 40 Operation Mongoose JMWAVE Operation Northwoods Jamaican political conflict United States invasion of Grenada United States embargo against Cuba Incidents Cubana de Aviación Flight 493 Matthew Edward Duke Cuban Missile Crisis Crateology Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino Zemel v. Rusk Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings Pan Am Flight 281 Trans World Airlines Flight 106 Southern Airways Flight 49 Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents Mariel boatlift Garcia-Mir v. Meese Cuban boat people Sandy Pollack Regan v. Wald 1994 Cuban rafter crisis Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage Bill Gaede 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft Cuban Five Elián González Ana Montes Carlos Alvarez Elsa Alvarez Kendall Myers Alan Gross Havana syndrome American fugitives in Cuba Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro Legislation Teller Amendment Platt Amendment Cuban Assets Control Regulations Cuban Adjustment Act Wet feet, dry feet policy Helms–Burton Act Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act Cuban Democracy Act Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act Related Americans in Cuba Cuban Americans Little Havana Cuban migration to Miami Havana on the Hudson Cuban–American lobby Guantánamo Bay Timeline Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Guantanamo Bay detention camp 1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series Alpha 66 Antonio Maceo Brigade Brothers to the Rescue Balseros Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American National Foundation Cuban dissident movement Cuban Liberty Council CubaOne Foundation Cuban Power Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil Engage Cuba Fair Play for Cuba Committee Friends of Democratic Cuba Havana Jam Omega 7 Radio Free Dixie Radio y Televisión Martí US-Cuba Democracy PAC Varela Project Venceremos Brigade ZunZuneo Cuban football players who defected to the United States Filibuster (military) NOAAS Oregon II (R 332) Silver certificate Troika of tyranny Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame Boquerón, Cuba Straits of Florida Third Border Initiative State Sponsors of Terrorism United States and state-sponsored terrorism Luis Posada Carriles Orlando Bosch Cuba–OAS relations United Nations Security Council Resolution 144 Overthrow The Cuba Wars Balseros 638 Ways to Kill Castro Category:Cuba–United States relations vte Diplomatic missions of CubaAfrica Guinea Americas Brazil Canada Suriname United States Asia Japan Europe France Germany Norway Poland Russia United Kingdom Defunct Danzig (Gdańsk) Miami vte Diplomatic missions in the United StatesAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Equatorial Guinea Houston Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Boston Chicago Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Dallas Portland Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Houston Asia Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Los Angeles East Timor India Indonesia Chicago Houston Los Angeles New York San Francisco Iraq Israel San Francisco Japan Atlanta Anchorage Chicago Detroit Hagatna Honolulu Houston Los Angeles Miami Nashville New York City Saipan San Francisco Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Chicago Honolulu Houston Los Angeles New York City San Francisco Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Honolulu Los Angeles New York City San Francisco Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Atlanta Miami New York City San Francisco Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy New York City Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Chicago New York City Portugal Romania Russia Houston New York City Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden New York City San Francisco Switzerland Chicago Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Houston New York City Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia New Zealand Papua New Guinea De facto Artsakh Northern Cyprus Taiwan Atlanta Boston Chicago Denver Honolulu Houston Los Angeles Miami New York San Francisco Seattle Iran Somaliland International organizations European Union Organizations of American States UN missions Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Canada France India Japan Mexico North Korea Russia Turkey United States Former (including legations) Afghanistan China Houston France Iran Korean Empire Norway Houston Russia San Francisco Russia/USSR Soviet Bureau Territories Bermuda Gibraltar Greenland Hong Kong New York San Francisco Portals: Cuba United States Politics This article about a building or structure in Washington, D.C. is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diplomatic mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"16th Street Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Meridian Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Hill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-3"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"formal restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Thaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cuban diplomatic mission in the capital of the United StatesDiplomatic missionThe Cuban Embassy in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of Cuba to the United States of America. It is located at 2630 16th Street Northwest, in the Meridian Hill neighborhood.[1] The building was originally constructed in 1917 as the Cuban embassy,[2] and served in that capacity until the United States severed relations with Cuba in 1961.[3]\nOn July 1, 2015, US President Barack Obama announced the formal restoration of diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba.[4] The building resumed its role as the Cuban Embassy on July 20, 2015.[5]","title":"Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interests section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_embassy#Interests_sections"},{"link_name":"protecting power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_power"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Swiss Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Switzerland,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Omega 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian legation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Lithuania_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"AK-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47"},{"link_name":"Aubrey, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Molotov cocktails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktails"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"From 1977 to 2015, the former Cuban Embassy housed the Cuban Interests Section in the United States. The interests section was staffed by Cubans and operated independently, but it was formally a section of the protecting power's embassy. From 1977 to 1991, it operated as the Cuba Interests Section of the Czechoslovak Embassy to the United States. In 1991, the post-Communist government of Czechoslovakia refused to continue its sponsorship of Cuba. From 1991 to 2015, the Cuban Interests Section operated under the Swiss Embassy,[6] until diplomatic relations were re-established and the building resumed its role as the Cuban embassy.On May 19, 1979, Omega 7 detonated a bomb in the building,[7] which did more damage to the Lithuanian legation next door.[8]On April 30, 2020, a gunman opened fire at the building with an AK-47 style rifle. No one was injured, and the gunman, a 42-year-old man from Aubrey, Texas, was arrested.[9] Though the gunman's motivation was not officially known, a police report called it a \"suspected hate crime\".[10]Two Molotov cocktails were thrown at the embassy in September 2023, causing no injuries or significant damage.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"U.S. diplomatic mission in Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana"},{"link_name":"Embassy of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland"}],"sub_title":"Designations since 1953","text":"Note^ The U.S. and Cuba did not have bilateral diplomatic relations between 1961 and 2015. During this period, the U.S. diplomatic mission in Cuba operated under the auspices of the Embassy of Switzerland.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plenipotentiary representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramón Sánchez-Parodi Montoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_S%C3%A1nchez-Parodi_Montoto"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Arbesú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Arbes%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Fraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Fraga"},{"link_name":"Fernando Remírez de Estenoz Barciela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Rem%C3%ADrez_de_Estenoz"},{"link_name":"Dagoberto Rodríguez Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagoberto_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Barrera"},{"link_name":"Jorge Bolaños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Bola%C3%B1os"},{"link_name":"José Ramón Cabañas Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Caba%C3%B1as_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Chiefs of Cuban Interests Section: 1977–2015","text":"1977–89: Ramón Sánchez-Parodi Montoto\n1989–92: José Antonio Arbesú\n1992–98: Alfonso Fraga\n1998–2001: Fernando Remírez de Estenoz Barciela\n2001–07: Dagoberto Rodríguez Barrera\n2007–12: Jorge Bolaños\n2012–15: José Ramón Cabañas Rodríguez[12]","title":"Plenipotentiary representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Ramón Cabañas Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Caba%C3%B1as_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Lianys Torres Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lianys_Torres_Rivera&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ambassadors: 2015–present","text":"2015–2020: José Ramón Cabañas Rodríguez\n2020–present: Lianys Torres Rivera","title":"Plenipotentiary representatives"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cuba–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interests_Section_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Marshall, Serena; Stracqualursi, Veronica (July 1, 2015). \"Take a Look Inside the Cuban Embassy That Will Reopen in the US\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/inside-cuban-embassy-reopen-us/story?id=32165265","url_text":"\"Take a Look Inside the Cuban Embassy That Will Reopen in the US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, David (June 10, 2015). \"Ready to raise the flag over the Cuban 'Embassy'…but when?\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/06/10/ready-to-raise-the-flag-over-the-cuban-embassy-but-when/","url_text":"\"Ready to raise the flag over the Cuban 'Embassy'…but when?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (July 1, 2015). \"Announcing Cuba Embassy Deal, Obama Declares 'New Chapter'\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/02/us/us-cuba-restoring-diplomatic-ties-and-reopening-embassies.html","url_text":"\"Announcing Cuba Embassy Deal, Obama Declares 'New Chapter'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Spetalnik, Matt (July 20, 2015). \"Cuba opens Washington embassy, urges end to embargo\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa-idUSKCN0PU07N20150720","url_text":"\"Cuba opens Washington embassy, urges end to embargo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Krauss, Clifford (February 12, 1991). \"Swiss to Sponsor Cuba's Diplomats\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/12/world/swiss-to-sponsor-cuba-s-diplomats.html","url_text":"\"Swiss to Sponsor Cuba's Diplomats\""}]},{"reference":"Hewitt, Christopher (2005). Political Violence and Terrorism in Modern America: A Chronology. Praeger Security International Series. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 121. ISBN 9780313334184.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MgM1s1Kk0GwC&pg=PA121","url_text":"Political Violence and Terrorism in Modern America: A Chronology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313334184","url_text":"9780313334184"}]},{"reference":"Jonušauskas, Laurynas (2003). Likimo vedami: Lietuvos diplomatinės tarnybos egzilyje veikla 1940–1991 (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras. pp. 303–304. ISBN 9986-757-56-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvos_gyventoj%C5%B3_genocido_ir_rezistencijos_tyrimo_centras","url_text":"Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-757-56-8","url_text":"9986-757-56-8"}]},{"reference":"Noori Farzan, Antonia; Flynn, Meagan (April 30, 2020). \"Suspect in custody after targeting Cuban Embassy in shooting, police say\". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/04/30/cuban-embassy-shooting/","url_text":"\"Suspect in custody after targeting Cuban Embassy in shooting, police say\""}]},{"reference":"Balsamo, Michael (April 30, 2020). \"Police: Shooting at Cuban Embassy is 'suspected hate crime'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/8591f583057f48d26a236b4c2efb8959","url_text":"\"Police: Shooting at Cuban Embassy is 'suspected hate crime'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuban Embassy in Washington, DC attacked with Molotov cocktails\". www.aljazeera.com. September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/26/cuban-embassy-in-washington-dc-attacked-with-molotov-cocktails","url_text":"\"Cuban Embassy in Washington, DC attacked with Molotov cocktails\""}]},{"reference":"Luxner, Larry (November 2012). \"Well-Wishers Host Cocktail Party for Retiring Cuban Diplomat\". The Washington Diplomat. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152636/http://washdiplomat.com/DPouch/2012/November/story1cuba.html","url_text":"\"Well-Wishers Host Cocktail Party for Retiring Cuban Diplomat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Diplomat","url_text":"The Washington Diplomat"},{"url":"http://washdiplomat.com/DPouch/2012/November/story1cuba.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Embassy_of_Cuba,_Washington,_D.C.&params=38.9242_N_77.037_W_","external_links_name":"38°55′27″N 77°02′13″W / 38.9242°N 77.037°W / 38.9242; -77.037"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Embassy_of_Cuba,_Washington,_D.C.&params=38.9242_N_77.037_W_","external_links_name":"38°55′27″N 77°02′13″W / 38.9242°N 77.037°W / 38.9242; -77.037"},{"Link":"http://afrocubaweb.com/cubaseccion.htm","external_links_name":"AfroCuba Web"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/inside-cuban-embassy-reopen-us/story?id=32165265","external_links_name":"\"Take a Look Inside the Cuban Embassy That Will Reopen in the US\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/06/10/ready-to-raise-the-flag-over-the-cuban-embassy-but-when/","external_links_name":"\"Ready to raise the flag over the Cuban 'Embassy'…but when?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/02/us/us-cuba-restoring-diplomatic-ties-and-reopening-embassies.html","external_links_name":"\"Announcing Cuba Embassy Deal, Obama Declares 'New Chapter'\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa-idUSKCN0PU07N20150720","external_links_name":"\"Cuba opens Washington embassy, urges end to embargo\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/12/world/swiss-to-sponsor-cuba-s-diplomats.html","external_links_name":"\"Swiss to Sponsor Cuba's Diplomats\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MgM1s1Kk0GwC&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Political Violence and Terrorism in Modern America: A Chronology"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/04/30/cuban-embassy-shooting/","external_links_name":"\"Suspect in custody after targeting Cuban Embassy in shooting, police say\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/8591f583057f48d26a236b4c2efb8959","external_links_name":"\"Police: Shooting at Cuban Embassy is 'suspected hate crime'\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/26/cuban-embassy-in-washington-dc-attacked-with-molotov-cocktails","external_links_name":"\"Cuban Embassy in Washington, DC attacked with Molotov cocktails\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152636/http://washdiplomat.com/DPouch/2012/November/story1cuba.html","external_links_name":"\"Well-Wishers Host Cocktail Party for Retiring Cuban Diplomat\""},{"Link":"http://washdiplomat.com/DPouch/2012/November/story1cuba.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/usa/embassy-cuba-usa","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cubaminrex.cu/","external_links_name":"Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_Cuba,_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1692)	Siege of Namur (1692)	["1 Background","2 Siege","2.1 Fall of town","2.2 Fall of citadel","3 Aftermath","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Primary","5.2 Secondary"]	1692 battle of the Nine Years' War This article is about the battle in 1692 during the Nine Years' War. For other battles, see Siege of Namur. Siege of Namur (1692)Part of the Nine Years' WarSiege of Namur, June 1692 by Martin Jean-Baptiste le vieuxDate25 May–30 June 1692LocationNamur, Spanish Netherlands(present-day Belgium)50°28′N 04°52′E / 50.467°N 4.867°E / 50.467; 4.867Result French victoryBelligerents France Spain Holy Roman Empire Dutch RepublicCommanders and leaders King Louis XIV Marquis de Vauban Duc de Boufflers Duke of Barbançon Menno van CoehoornStrength 120,000151 guns 6,0008,000-9,000Casualties and losses 7,000 killed or wounded 4,000 killed or woundedvteTheatres of the Nine Years' War Mainland Europe Ireland Scotland North America vteNine Years' War Flanders and the Lower Rhine Kaiserswerth Walcourt Bonn Fleurus Mons Leuze 1st Namur Steenkerque Dottignies 1st Huy Landen Charleroi 1st Diksmuide 2nd Huy 2nd Namur 1st Deinze Brussels 2nd Diksmuide Givet 2nd Deinze Ath Upper Rhine Philippsburg Mannheim Frankenthal Mainz Piedmont Staffarda Susa Nice Cuneo Pinerolo Marsaglia Valenza Catalonia Barretinas Second Brotherhood Roses Torroella Girona Sant Esteve d'en Bas Barcelona Ireland Bandon Dromore Derry Newtownbutler Carrickfergus Newry Cavan Boyne 1st Athlone Waterford 1st Limerick Cork and Kinsale 2nd Athlone Aughrim 2nd Limerick Great Britain Invasion of England Wincanton Reading Loup Hill Killiecrankie Dunkeld Cromdale Caribbean 1st Guárico 2nd Guárico Cartagena de Indias 3rd Guárico Asia Pondichéry Naval battles Bantry Bay Beachy Head Alicante Barfleur and La Hogue Barfleur Cherbourg La Hogue Lagos Camaret Texel Dogger Bank The siege of Namur, 25 May–30 June 1692, was a major engagement of the Nine Years' War, and was part of the French grand plan (devised over the winter of 1691–92) to defeat the forces of the Grand Alliance and bring a swift conclusion to the war. Namur, sitting on the confluence of the Meuse and Sambre rivers, was a considerable fortress, and was a significant political and military asset. French forces, guided by Vauban, forced the town's surrender on 5 June, but the citadel, staunchly defended by Menno van Coehoorn, managed to hold on until 30 June before capitulating, bringing an end to the 36-day siege. Concerned that King William III planned to recapture the stronghold, King Louis XIV subsequently ordered his commander-in-chief, the duc de Luxembourg, to join battle with the Allies in the field, resulting in the bloody Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August. Background Detail of a contemporary map of the Spanish Netherlands that shows the limit of French conquests (in pink) shortly before the start of the campaign of Namur. As in 1691, five large armies were created for the five major fronts of the war: Flanders, the Moselle, the Rhine, Piedmont, and Roussillon. To them was added a further force in Flanders to attack what was to be France's major goal for 1692, the important Sambre–Meuse fortress of Namur. The capture of the fortress would give control of the vicinity to France, and it might also inspire the Dutch to make peace. If its capture did not lead to immediate talks, it would nevertheless be an important pawn at any future negotiations. To deter William from marching to the town's relief, Louis arranged for a simultaneous landing in England to assist King James II in his attempt to regain his throne. That force consisted of 12,000 Catholic Irish troops, released after the conclusion of the Irish war under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, supported by a similar number of French troops. However, an essential preliminary to the invasion was the acquisition of naval supremacy in the English Channel. Siege Louis, accompanied by individuals of the court, left Versailles for Flanders on 10 May. French cavalry invested the town on the night of 25–26 May; the main army arrived the following day. The French forces were even larger than Louis had gathered for the Siege of Mons the previous year: the besieging army amounted some 60,000 men and 151 guns; the duc de Luxembourg's army of observation, designed to prevent William coming to Namur's assistance, also had about 60,000 men. Namur's garrison, under the command of Octavius Ignatius, Prince of Arenberg and Barbançon, totalled approximately 6,000. Fall of town The Siege of Namur in 1692 was a particularly notable operation of King Louis's reign. First, the action involved the two great military engineers of the day: Vauban, who oversaw the siege, and the Dutch engineer, Menno van Coehoorn, who directed the defences of the stronghold. Second, the location and topography of the position made the siege particularly challenging. The actual town of Namur sat on low flat land on the north bank of the Sambre that was dominated by heights on all sides. However, by reason of the position of its citadel (a complex of fortifications occupying the height on the south bank between the confluence of the Sambre and Meuse), it was one of the strongest frontiers in Flanders. Vauban had secretly reconnoitred Namur the year before and managed to draw up plans of the town's defences. Guided by those drawings, the French constructed lines of circumvallation, and positioned several large, well-equipped batteries; trenches for three lines of advance opened on the night of 29–30 May. William, meanwhile, moved his forces southwest closer to Namur, and Luxembourg moved his army of observation east from Gembloux to Longchamps, north of the town. William hoped to bring Luxembourg to battle on the Mehaigne, but the rain-swollen river had made a crossing impossible. Most of the garrison of Namur were Spanish troops, weak and in poor condition. The garrison managed a small sortie to reinforce a battery covering the main town, but it met with limited success. Offering little resistance the town capitulated on 5 June, when it was agreed there would be a truce until the morning of 7 June. During that respite, the garrison crossed over to the citadel complex, and the French entered the town. It was also agreed that during the rest of the siege, the Allies would not fire down on the town from the heights, and the French would not attack the citadel from that direction. In his memoirs, Jean Martin de la Colonie, a participant of the siege wrote, "It was through ignorance of the true state of the fortifications that these articles were agreed to, as it is only from the town side that the fortress could be taken, the rest being almost impregnable". Vauban, King Louis XIV's greatest military engineer. Fall of citadel The River Sambre separates the citadel and the town; the weakest side of the citadel lies along the river, but the terms of the truce signed at the surrender of the town prevented the French from attacking from this direction. The section of the citadel overlooking the Meuse is on a rocky height that is inaccessible and impossible to attack. The key to the citadel, therefore, was Fort William (named after William of Orange, who had built it), positioned to the west of the other main strongpoints. It was in that direction that the French were obliged to attack (see map). Contemporary plan of the Siege of Namur 1692 (shown here with the Meuse running south–north). The first task for the attackers was to take the outlying redoubt of La Cachotte, which covered the approaches to Fort William. The trench was opened on 8 June; a major assault – consisting of seven battalions, accompanied by the King's Musketeers – followed on 12 June. La Cachotte fell, and Vauban turned to seizing Fort William, which was personally defended by Coehoorn. The fort was well sited, just over the crest of the rise, obscuring the stronghold from the attackers until they were almost upon it and masking its walls from artillery fire. French sappers approached from two directions, but the recent heavy rain had made the whole operation extremely difficult. In a dramatic gesture, Coehoorn ordered his own grave dug to symbolise his commitment to defend the position to the end, but although his grave was not needed, the Dutch engineer was wounded in the head by a shell that killed his valet. The final assault on Fort William came on 22 June. Despite Coehoorn's resolute defence, he and the 200 men who had garrisoned the fort, capitulated. Vauban greeted his rival the next day and consoled him that at least he had "the honour of being attacked by the greatest king in the world". Coehoorn replied that his real consolation was in the fact that he had forced his great rival to move his siege batteries seven times during the assault. Menno van Coehoorn leads Vauban around the fortifications of Namur The heavy rain had made the roads become virtually impassable, which greatly restricted the supply of ammunition to the French gun batteries. Saint-Simon wrote, "It sometimes took as much as three days to move a cannon from one battery to another. The wagons were unusable, and shells, cannon-balls, etc., had to be transported on mules and horses.... Without them nothing would have been possible". However, the surrounding country, much of it woodland, provided so little forage that the French were forced to feed their animals on leaves and branches, which resulted in many losses. Hampered in this way and lacking ammunition, Vauban had sought permission from the King to renege on their earlier treaty and to attack the citadel from the side of the town: an act that, in Vauban's opinion, would be less disgraceful than raising the siege. However, after Fort William fell, the other works did not hold out long. The final capitulation came on 30 June; the remainder of the garrison left on 1 July. To Saint-Simon, who was at the siege, that came none too soon for the besiegers, "whose strength and provisions were nearly exhausted on account of the continual rain that had turned everything to a quagmire". Aftermath Louis and his entourage left Namur on 2 July and reached Versailles two weeks later. The King ordered Te Deums of thanksgiving for the victory, but in the words of the historian John Wolf, he may have neglected the work of his engineers when he wrote that "the gloire of so great a victory belong to God alone …" Although Louis had secured a great victory at Namur, the proposed descent on England was, however, a failure. Defeat at the Battle of La Hogue in early June had denied the French naval superiority in the English Channel, thus ending any hopes of a landing. The Irish troops destined for England marched off to the Rhineland; the French troops joined the army in Flanders or were deployed to coastal defence. Luxembourg waited while Namur was put into a state of defence before decamping on 8 July and following William III towards Nivelles. News arrived at Versailles that William was planning the recapture of Namur as soon as the Allied commander could assemble his army. Louis wrote to Luxembourg, urging him to "march with speed... and fight him before he can establish his trenches ...". On 1 August William moved to Halle. William, like Louis, also sought battle and on 3 August surprised and attacked Luxembourg near the village of Steenkerque. The issue was not completely decisive, and both sides could claim a victory of sorts, but William left the field in French hands, thus ending the Allied threat to Namur. Little of note happened in the remainder of the campaign before they went into winter quarters. Notes ^ Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 225. Statistics taken from Lynn. Wolf puts the French strength as high as 130,000. ^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226. ^ Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 225. Statistics taken from Lynn. Wolf puts the French strength as high as 130,000. ^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226. ^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226. ^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226. ^ Wolf: Louis XIV, p. 573. ^ Childs: Warfare in the Seventeenth Century, p. 192. ^ The members of Louis' entourage included the poet and dramatist Jean Racine. ^ a b c Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 225. ^ La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 15. ^ a b La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 16. ^ a b La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 17. ^ a b c Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 226. ^ Saint-Simon: Memoirs: 1691–1709 vol. i, p. 7. ^ La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 19. ^ Saint-Simon: Memoirs: 1691–1709 vol. i, p. 8. ^ Wolf: Louis XIV, p. 574. ^ a b c Wolf: Louis XIV, p. 575. References Primary La Colonie, Jean Martin de. The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, (trans. W. C. Horsley), (1904) Saint-Simon. Memoirs: 1691–1709 vol. i. Prion Books Ltd., (1999). ISBN 1-85375-352-1 Secondary Childs, John. Warfare in the Seventeenth Century. Cassell, (2003). ISBN 0-304-36373-1 Lynn, John A. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman, (1999). ISBN 0-582-05629-2 Wolf, John B. Louis XIV. Panther Books, (1970). ISBN 0-586-03332-7 Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning (in Dutch). Prometheus. ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4. 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Coehoorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Theatres_of_the_War_of_the_Grand_Alliance"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Theatres_of_the_War_of_the_Grand_Alliance"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Theatres_of_the_War_of_the_Grand_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Mainland 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War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Kaiserswerth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kaiserswerth_(1689)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Walcourt"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bonn_(1689)"},{"link_name":"Fleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1691)"},{"link_name":"Leuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leuze"},{"link_name":"1st Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Steenkerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque"},{"link_name":"Dottignies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dottignies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Huy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Huy_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Landen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landen"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charleroi_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Diksmuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Diksmuide_(1694)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Huy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1694)"},{"link_name":"2nd Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)"},{"link_name":"1st Deinze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Deinze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)"},{"link_name":"2nd 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Bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sant_Esteve_d%27en_Bas"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(1697)"},{"link_name":"Bandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Bandon"},{"link_name":"Dromore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_of_Dromore"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"Newtownbutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Newtownbutler"},{"link_name":"Carrickfergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus_(1689)"},{"link_name":"Newry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Newry"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cavan"},{"link_name":"Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne"},{"link_name":"1st Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone_(1690)"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"1st Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)"},{"link_name":"Cork and Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"2nd Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"Aughrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim"},{"link_name":"2nd Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)"},{"link_name":"Invasion of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Wincanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincanton_Skirmish"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(1688)"},{"link_name":"Loup Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loup_Hill"},{"link_name":"Killiecrankie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie"},{"link_name":"Dunkeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld"},{"link_name":"Cromdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cromdale"},{"link_name":"1st Guárico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_(1691)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Guárico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_(1695)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cartagena de Indias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1697)"},{"link_name":"3rd Guárico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_(1697)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pondichéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pondich%C3%A9ry_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bantry Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bantry_Bay"},{"link_name":"Beachy Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_(1690)"},{"link_name":"Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alicante_(1691)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barfleur and La Hogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Barfleur_and_La_Hougue"},{"link_name":"Barfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Barfleur"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Cherbourg_(1692)"},{"link_name":"La Hogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_La_Hogue_(1692)"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos_(1693)"},{"link_name":"Camaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camaret"},{"link_name":"Texel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Texel_(1694)"},{"link_name":"Dogger Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1696)"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Grand Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namur_(city)"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Sambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambre"},{"link_name":"Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban"},{"link_name":"citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel"},{"link_name":"Menno van Coehoorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"duc de Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Montmorency,_duc_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Steenkerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque"}],"text":"This article is about the battle in 1692 during the Nine Years' War. For other battles, see Siege of Namur.Siege of Namur (1692)Part of the Nine Years' WarSiege of Namur, June 1692 by Martin Jean-Baptiste le vieuxDate25 May–30 June 1692LocationNamur, Spanish Netherlands(present-day Belgium)50°28′N 04°52′E / 50.467°N 4.867°E / 50.467; 4.867Result\nFrench victoryBelligerents\n France\n Spain Holy Roman Empire Dutch RepublicCommanders and leaders\n King Louis XIV Marquis de Vauban Duc de Boufflers\n Duke of Barbançon Menno van CoehoornStrength\n120,000[1][2]151 guns\n6,000[3]8,000-9,000[4]Casualties and losses\n7,000 killed or wounded[5]\n4,000 killed or wounded[6]vteTheatres of the Nine Years' War\nMainland Europe\nIreland\nScotland\nNorth America\n\nvteNine Years' War\nFlanders and the Lower Rhine\nKaiserswerth\nWalcourt\nBonn\nFleurus\nMons\nLeuze\n1st Namur\nSteenkerque\nDottignies\n1st Huy\nLanden\nCharleroi\n1st Diksmuide\n2nd Huy\n2nd Namur\n1st Deinze\nBrussels\n2nd Diksmuide\nGivet\n2nd Deinze\nAth\nUpper Rhine\nPhilippsburg\nMannheim\nFrankenthal\nMainz\nPiedmont\nStaffarda\nSusa\nNice\nCuneo\nPinerolo\nMarsaglia\nValenza\nCatalonia\nBarretinas\nSecond Brotherhood\nRoses\nTorroella\nGirona\nSant Esteve d'en Bas\nBarcelona\nIreland\nBandon\nDromore\nDerry\nNewtownbutler\nCarrickfergus\nNewry\nCavan\nBoyne\n1st Athlone\nWaterford\n1st Limerick\nCork and Kinsale\n2nd Athlone\nAughrim\n2nd Limerick\nGreat Britain\nInvasion of England\nWincanton\nReading\nLoup Hill\nKilliecrankie\nDunkeld\nCromdale\nCaribbean\n1st Guárico\n2nd Guárico\nCartagena de Indias\n3rd Guárico\nAsia\nPondichéry\nNaval battles\nBantry Bay\nBeachy Head\nAlicante\nBarfleur and La Hogue\nBarfleur\nCherbourg\nLa Hogue\nLagos\nCamaret\nTexel\nDogger BankThe siege of Namur, 25 May–30 June 1692, was a major engagement of the Nine Years' War, and was part of the French grand plan (devised over the winter of 1691–92) to defeat the forces of the Grand Alliance and bring a swift conclusion to the war. Namur, sitting on the confluence of the Meuse and Sambre rivers, was a considerable fortress, and was a significant political and military asset. French forces, guided by Vauban, forced the town's surrender on 5 June, but the citadel, staunchly defended by Menno van Coehoorn, managed to hold on until 30 June before capitulating, bringing an end to the 36-day siege. Concerned that King William III planned to recapture the stronghold, King Louis XIV subsequently ordered his commander-in-chief, the duc de Luxembourg, to join battle with the Allies in the field, resulting in the bloody Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August.","title":"Siege of Namur (1692)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Spainish_Netherlands_1690_detail_Namur.png"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_River"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Roussillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussillon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"King James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Irish war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Detail of a contemporary map of the Spanish Netherlands that shows the limit of French conquests (in pink) shortly before the start of the campaign of Namur.As in 1691, five large armies were created for the five major fronts of the war: Flanders, the Moselle, the Rhine, Piedmont, and Roussillon. To them was added a further force in Flanders to attack what was to be France's major goal for 1692, the important Sambre–Meuse fortress of Namur. The capture of the fortress would give control of the vicinity to France, and it might also inspire the Dutch to make peace. If its capture did not lead to immediate talks, it would nevertheless be an important pawn at any future negotiations.[7]To deter William from marching to the town's relief, Louis arranged for a simultaneous landing in England to assist King James II in his attempt to regain his throne. That force consisted of 12,000 Catholic Irish troops, released after the conclusion of the Irish war under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, supported by a similar number of French troops. However, an essential preliminary to the invasion was the acquisition of naval supremacy in the English Channel.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Siege of Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1691)"},{"link_name":"Octavius Ignatius, Prince of Arenberg and Barbançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavius_Ignatius,_Prince_of_Arenberg_and_Barban%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn225-10"}],"text":"Louis, accompanied by individuals of the court, left Versailles for Flanders on 10 May.[9] French cavalry invested the town on the night of 25–26 May; the main army arrived the following day. The French forces were even larger than Louis had gathered for the Siege of Mons the previous year: the besieging army amounted some 60,000 men and 151 guns; the duc de Luxembourg's army of observation, designed to prevent William coming to Namur's assistance, also had about 60,000 men. Namur's garrison, under the command of Octavius Ignatius, Prince of Arenberg and Barbançon, totalled approximately 6,000.[10]","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban"},{"link_name":"Menno van Coehoorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn"},{"link_name":"Sambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"circumvallation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_(military)"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn225-10"},{"link_name":"Gembloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gembloux"},{"link_name":"Mehaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehaigne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colonie16-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colonie16-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sebastien_le_Prestre_de_Vauban.png"},{"link_name":"Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"}],"sub_title":"Fall of town","text":"The Siege of Namur in 1692 was a particularly notable operation of King Louis's reign. First, the action involved the two great military engineers of the day: Vauban, who oversaw the siege, and the Dutch engineer, Menno van Coehoorn, who directed the defences of the stronghold. Second, the location and topography of the position made the siege particularly challenging. The actual town of Namur sat on low flat land on the north bank of the Sambre that was dominated by heights on all sides. However, by reason of the position of its citadel (a complex of fortifications occupying the height on the south bank between the confluence of the Sambre and Meuse), it was one of the strongest frontiers in Flanders.[11]Vauban had secretly reconnoitred Namur the year before and managed to draw up plans of the town's defences. Guided by those drawings, the French constructed lines of circumvallation, and positioned several large, well-equipped batteries; trenches for three lines of advance opened on the night of 29–30 May.[10] William, meanwhile, moved his forces southwest closer to Namur, and Luxembourg moved his army of observation east from Gembloux to Longchamps, north of the town. William hoped to bring Luxembourg to battle on the Mehaigne, but the rain-swollen river had made a crossing impossible.Most of the garrison of Namur were Spanish troops, weak and in poor condition.[12] The garrison managed a small sortie to reinforce a battery covering the main town, but it met with limited success. Offering little resistance the town capitulated on 5 June, when it was agreed there would be a truce until the morning of 7 June. During that respite, the garrison crossed over to the citadel complex, and the French entered the town. It was also agreed that during the rest of the siege, the Allies would not fire down on the town from the heights, and the French would not attack the citadel from that direction. In his memoirs, Jean Martin de la Colonie, a participant of the siege wrote, \"It was through ignorance of the true state of the fortifications that these articles were agreed to, as it is only from the town side that the fortress could be taken, the rest being almost impregnable\".[12]Vauban, King Louis XIV's greatest military engineer.","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colonie17-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siege_of_Namur_1692.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoubt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn225-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn226-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn226-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn226-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anno_1692._Menno_van_Couhoorn_leads_Vauban_around_the_fortifications_of_Namur.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colonie17-13"},{"link_name":"Saint-Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Fall of citadel","text":"The River Sambre separates the citadel and the town; the weakest side of the citadel lies along the river, but the terms of the truce signed at the surrender of the town prevented the French from attacking from this direction. The section of the citadel overlooking the Meuse is on a rocky height that is inaccessible and impossible to attack.[13] The key to the citadel, therefore, was Fort William (named after William of Orange, who had built it), positioned to the west of the other main strongpoints. It was in that direction that the French were obliged to attack (see map).Contemporary plan of the Siege of Namur 1692 (shown here with the Meuse running south–north).The first task for the attackers was to take the outlying redoubt of La Cachotte, which covered the approaches to Fort William. The trench was opened on 8 June; a major assault – consisting of seven battalions, accompanied by the King's Musketeers – followed on 12 June.[10] La Cachotte fell, and Vauban turned to seizing Fort William, which was personally defended by Coehoorn. The fort was well sited, just over the crest of the rise, obscuring the stronghold from the attackers until they were almost upon it and masking its walls from artillery fire.[14] French sappers approached from two directions, but the recent heavy rain had made the whole operation extremely difficult. In a dramatic gesture, Coehoorn ordered his own grave dug to symbolise his commitment to defend the position to the end, but although his grave was not needed, the Dutch engineer was wounded in the head by a shell that killed his valet.[14] The final assault on Fort William came on 22 June. Despite Coehoorn's resolute defence, he and the 200 men who had garrisoned the fort, capitulated. Vauban greeted his rival the next day and consoled him that at least he had \"the honour of being attacked by the greatest king in the world\". Coehoorn replied that his real consolation was in the fact that he had forced his great rival to move his siege batteries seven times during the assault.[14]Menno van Coehoorn leads Vauban around the fortifications of NamurThe heavy rain had made the roads become virtually impassable, which greatly restricted the supply of ammunition to the French gun batteries.[13] Saint-Simon wrote, \"It sometimes took as much as three days to move a cannon from one battery to another. The wagons were unusable, and shells, cannon-balls, etc., had to be transported on mules and horses.... Without them nothing would have been possible\".[15] However, the surrounding country, much of it woodland, provided so little forage that the French were forced to feed their animals on leaves and branches, which resulted in many losses.Hampered in this way and lacking ammunition, Vauban had sought permission from the King to renege on their earlier treaty and to attack the citadel from the side of the town: an act that, in Vauban's opinion, would be less disgraceful than raising the siege.[16] However, after Fort William fell, the other works did not hold out long. The final capitulation came on 30 June; the remainder of the garrison left on 1 July. To Saint-Simon, who was at the siege, that came none too soon for the besiegers, \"whose strength and provisions were nearly exhausted on account of the continual rain that had turned everything to a quagmire\".[17]","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Te Deums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Deum"},{"link_name":"John Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_Wolf"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Battle of La Hogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Barfleur_and_La_Hogue"},{"link_name":"Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland"},{"link_name":"Nivelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolf575-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolf575-19"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"surprised and attacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolf575-19"}],"text":"Louis and his entourage left Namur on 2 July and reached Versailles two weeks later. The King ordered Te Deums of thanksgiving for the victory, but in the words of the historian John Wolf, he may have neglected the work of his engineers when he wrote that \"the gloire of so great a victory belong to God alone …\"[18] Although Louis had secured a great victory at Namur, the proposed descent on England was, however, a failure. Defeat at the Battle of La Hogue in early June had denied the French naval superiority in the English Channel, thus ending any hopes of a landing. The Irish troops destined for England marched off to the Rhineland; the French troops joined the army in Flanders or were deployed to coastal defence.Luxembourg waited while Namur was put into a state of defence before decamping on 8 July and following William III towards Nivelles. News arrived at Versailles that William was planning the recapture of Namur as soon as the Allied commander could assemble his army.[19] Louis wrote to Luxembourg, urging him to \"march with speed... and fight him before he can establish his trenches [before Namur]...\".[19] On 1 August William moved to Halle. William, like Louis, also sought battle and on 3 August surprised and attacked Luxembourg near the village of Steenkerque. The issue was not completely decisive, and both sides could claim a victory of sorts, but William left the field in French hands, thus ending the Allied threat to Namur.[19] Little of note happened in the remainder of the campaign before they went into winter quarters.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Jean Racine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Racine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lynn225_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lynn225_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lynn225_10-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colonie16_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colonie16_12-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colonie17_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-colonie17_13-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lynn226_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lynn226_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lynn226_14-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wolf575_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wolf575_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wolf575_19-2"}],"text":"^ Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 225. Statistics taken from Lynn. Wolf puts the French strength as high as 130,000.\n\n^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226.\n\n^ Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 225. Statistics taken from Lynn. Wolf puts the French strength as high as 130,000.\n\n^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226.\n\n^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226.\n\n^ Van Nimwegen: De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning, p. 226.\n\n^ Wolf: Louis XIV, p. 573.\n\n^ Childs: Warfare in the Seventeenth Century, p. 192.\n\n^ The members of Louis' entourage included the poet and dramatist Jean Racine.\n\n^ a b c Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 225.\n\n^ La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 15.\n\n^ a b La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 16.\n\n^ a b La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 17.\n\n^ a b c Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, p. 226.\n\n^ Saint-Simon: Memoirs: 1691–1709 vol. i, p. 7.\n\n^ La Colonie: The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, p. 19.\n\n^ Saint-Simon: Memoirs: 1691–1709 vol. i, p. 8.\n\n^ Wolf: Louis XIV, p. 574.\n\n^ a b c Wolf: Louis XIV, p. 575.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Detail of a contemporary map of the Spanish Netherlands that shows the limit of French conquests (in pink) shortly before the start of the campaign of Namur.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Spainish_Netherlands_1690_detail_Namur.png/220px-The_Spainish_Netherlands_1690_detail_Namur.png"},{"image_text":"Vauban, King Louis XIV's greatest military engineer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sebastien_le_Prestre_de_Vauban.png/170px-Sebastien_le_Prestre_de_Vauban.png"},{"image_text":"Contemporary plan of the Siege of Namur 1692 (shown here with the Meuse running south–north).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Siege_of_Namur_1692.jpg/250px-Siege_of_Namur_1692.jpg"},{"image_text":"Menno van Coehoorn leads Vauban around the fortifications of Namur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Anno_1692._Menno_van_Couhoorn_leads_Vauban_around_the_fortifications_of_Namur.jpg/220px-Anno_1692._Menno_van_Couhoorn_leads_Vauban_around_the_fortifications_of_Namur.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning [The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King] (in Dutch). Prometheus. ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-446-3871-4","url_text":"978-90-446-3871-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Namur_(1692)&params=50_28_N_04_52_E_region:BE_type:city","external_links_name":"50°28′N 04°52′E / 50.467°N 4.867°E / 50.467; 4.867"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007581309305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010015508","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenthaler_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)	Rosenthaler Platz (Berlin U-Bahn)	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 52°31′48″N 13°24′04″E / 52.530°N 13.401°E / 52.530; 13.401Station of the Berlin U-Bahn Platform view Rosenthaler Platz is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the U8. Opened in 1930, the station was designed by Alfred Grenander, making prominent use of orange uranium tiles. From 1961 to 1989 the station was one of the city's many "ghost stations". The station served as a temporary border crossing after the fall of the Berlin Wall. References ^ "Rosenthaler Platz". Berlin.Barwick.de. Retrieved March 10, 2012.- J. Meyer-Kronthaler, Berlins U-Bahnhöfe, Berlin: be.bra, 1996 ^ "Berlin: Bleibende Werte". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). 2007-12-09. ISSN 1865-2263. Retrieved 2023-02-06. ^ "Rosenthaler Platz". Berlin.Barwick.de. Retrieved March 10, 2012. Preceding station Berlin U-Bahn Following station Bernauer Straßetowards Wittenau U8 Weinmeisterstraßetowards Hermannstraße vteStations on the Berlin U-Bahn Warschauer Straße Stralauer Tor (dismantled) Schlesisches Tor Görlitzer Bahnhof Kottbusser Tor Prinzenstraße Hallesches Tor Möckernbrücke Gleisdreieck Kurfürstenstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Kurfürstendamm Uhlandstraße Pankow Vinetastraße Schönhauser Allee Eberswalder Straße Senefelderplatz Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz Alexanderplatz Klosterstraße Märkisches Museum Spittelmarkt Hausvogteiplatz Stadtmitte Mohrenstraße Potsdamer Platz Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park Gleisdreieck Bülowstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Zoologischer Garten Ernst-Reuter-Platz Deutsche Oper Bismarckstraße Sophie-Charlotte-Platz Kaiserdamm Theodor-Heuss-Platz Neu-Westend Olympia-Stadion Ruhleben Warschauer Straße Stralauer Tor (dismantled) Schlesisches Tor Görlitzer Bahnhof Kottbusser Tor Prinzenstraße Hallesches Tor Möckernbrücke Gleisdreieck Kurfürstenstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Augsburger Straße Nürnberger Platz (dismantled) Spichernstraße Hohenzollernplatz Fehrbelliner Platz Heidelberger Platz Rüdesheimer Platz Breitenbachplatz Podbielskiallee Dahlem-Dorf Freie Universität (Thielplatz) Oskar-Helene-Heim Onkel Toms Hütte Krumme Lanke Nollendorfplatz Viktoria-Luise-Platz Bayerischer Platz Rathaus Schöneberg Innsbrucker Platz Hauptbahnhof Bundestag Brandenburger Tor Unter den Linden Museumsinsel Rotes Rathaus Alexanderplatz Schillingstraße Strausberger Platz Weberwiese Frankfurter Tor Samariterstraße Frankfurter Allee Magdalenenstraße Lichtenberg Friedrichsfelde Tierpark Biesdorf-Süd Elsterwerdaer Platz Wuhletal Kaulsdorf Nord Kienberg (Gärten der Welt) Cottbusser Platz Hellersdorf Louis-Lewin-Straße Hönow Alt-Tegel Borsigwerke Holzhauser Straße Otisstraße Scharnweberstraße Kurt-Schumacher-Platz Afrikanische Straße Rehberge Seestraße Leopoldplatz Wedding Reinickendorfer Straße Schwartzkopffstraße Naturkundemuseum Oranienburger Tor Friedrichstraße Unter den Linden Französische Straße (closed) Stadtmitte Kochstraße Hallesches Tor Mehringdamm Platz der Luftbrücke Paradestraße Tempelhof Alt Tempelhof Kaiserin-Augusta-Straße Ullsteinstraße Westphalweg Alt-Mariendorf Rathaus Spandau Altstadt Spandau Zitadelle Haselhorst Paulsternstraße Rohrdamm Siemensdamm Halemweg Jakob-Kaiser-Platz Jungfernheide Mierendorffplatz Richard-Wagner-Platz Bismarckstraße Wilmersdorfer Straße Adenauerplatz Konstanzer Straße Fehrbelliner Platz Blissestraße Berliner Straße Bayerischer Platz Eisenacher Straße Kleistpark Yorckstraße Möckernbrücke Mehringdamm Gneisenaustraße Südstern Hermannplatz Rathaus Neukölln Karl-Marx-Straße Neukölln Grenzallee Blaschkoallee Parchimer Allee Britz-Süd Johannisthaller Chaussee Lipschitzallee Wutzkyallee Zwickauer Damm Rudow Wittenau Rathaus Reinickendorf Karl-Bonhoeffer-Nervenklinik Lindauer Allee Paracelsus-Bad Residenzstraße Franz-Neumann-Platz Osloer Straße Pankstraße Gesundbrunnen Voltastraße Bernauer Straße Rosenthaler Platz Weinmeisterstraße Alexanderplatz Jannowitzbrücke Heinrich-Heine-Straße Moritzplatz Kottbusser Tor Schönleinstraße Hermannplatz Boddinstraße Leinestraße Hermannstraße Osloer Straße Nauener Platz Leopoldplatz Amrumer Straße Westhafen Birkenstraße Turmstraße Hansaplatz Zoologischer Garten Kurfürstendamm Spichernstraße Güntzelstraße Berliner Straße Bundesplatz Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz Walther-Schreiber-Platz Schloßstraße Rathaus Steglitz 52°31′48″N 13°24′04″E / 52.530°N 13.401°E / 52.530; 13.401 This Berlin U-Bahn-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a railway station in Berlin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubahn-Rosenthalerplatz.JPG"},{"link_name":"Berlin U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Berlin_U-Bahn_stations"},{"link_name":"U8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U8_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Grenander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Grenander"},{"link_name":"uranium tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_tile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ghost stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_station#Ghost_stations_in_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Station of the Berlin U-BahnPlatform viewRosenthaler Platz is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the U8.\nOpened in 1930, the station was designed by Alfred Grenander, making prominent use of orange uranium tiles.[1][2]From 1961 to 1989 the station was one of the city's many \"ghost stations\". The station served as a temporary border crossing after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[3]","title":"Rosenthaler Platz (Berlin U-Bahn)"}]	[{"image_text":"Platform view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ubahn-Rosenthalerplatz.JPG/220px-Ubahn-Rosenthalerplatz.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rosenthaler Platz\". Berlin.Barwick.de. Retrieved March 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://berlin.barwick.de/travel-transport/stations/rosenthaler-platz.html","url_text":"\"Rosenthaler Platz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin: Bleibende Werte\". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). 2007-12-09. ISSN 1865-2263. Retrieved 2023-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bleibende-werte-1545553.html","url_text":"\"Berlin: Bleibende Werte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1865-2263","url_text":"1865-2263"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosenthaler Platz\". Berlin.Barwick.de. Retrieved March 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://berlin.barwick.de/travel-transport/stations/rosenthaler-platz.html","url_text":"\"Rosenthaler Platz\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rosenthaler_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&params=52.530_N_13.401_E_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"52°31′48″N 13°24′04″E / 52.530°N 13.401°E / 52.530; 13.401"},{"Link":"http://berlin.barwick.de/travel-transport/stations/rosenthaler-platz.html","external_links_name":"\"Rosenthaler Platz\""},{"Link":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bleibende-werte-1545553.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlin: Bleibende Werte\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1865-2263","external_links_name":"1865-2263"},{"Link":"http://berlin.barwick.de/travel-transport/stations/rosenthaler-platz.html","external_links_name":"\"Rosenthaler Platz\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rosenthaler_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&params=52.530_N_13.401_E_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"52°31′48″N 13°24′04″E / 52.530°N 13.401°E / 52.530; 13.401"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosenthaler_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosenthaler_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2004	Farm to Market Road 2004	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References"]	Farm to Market Road 2004Route informationMaintained by TxDOTLength46.901 mi (75.480 km)Existed1953–presentMajor junctionsSouth end SH 36 near Jones CreekMajor intersections SH 332 in Lake Jackson SH 288 in Lake Jackson SH 6 in Hitchcock I-45 in La Marque North end SH 3 in Texas City LocationCountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountiesBrazoria, Galveston Highway system Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec ← FM 2003→ FM 2005 Farm to Market Road 2004 (FM 2004) is a farm to market road in Brazoria and Galveston counties, Texas. Route description FM 2004 begins near the village of Jones Creek and the TDCJ Clemens Unit prison, at an intersection with SH 36; the roadway past SH 36 is FM 2611. The route travels to the northeast, crossing the Brazos River and entering Lake Jackson, where it intersects SH 332 and then the SH 288 expressway north of Brazos Mall. FM 2004 travels through Richwood before entering unincorporated areas of Brazoria County, south of Danbury and Liverpool, and north of the Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge. The highway crosses a steep bridge over Chocolate Bayou and passes chemical plants before entering Galveston County. The route turns more to the north, crossing SH 6 in Hitchcock. The route begins a brief concurrency with FM 1764 in La Marque just prior to a junction with I-45. FM 1764 turns to the east past the I-45 junction, while FM 2004 resumes its northerly route through Texas City, passing of Mall of the Mainland before ending at SH 3. In 2005, the Brazoria County section of FM 2004, from the Galveston County line to SH 36, was designated the Jason Oliff Memorial Highway in honor of Brazoria County Sheriff Deputy Jason Oliff. Oliff was killed on December 5, 2005, while placing flares in front of the BP Amoco plant on FM 2004 just southwest of the FM 2917 intersection. History FM 2004 was first designated in Galveston County on December 17, 1952; its routing then was from SH 3 FM 1765. On January 16, 1953, the road was extended south to SH 6, replacing the section of FM 1765 south of its western terminus. It was extended to FM 1561 on June 28, 1963. The road was extended to SH 288 in Brazoria County on October 8, 1964, replacing most of FM 1561, which was cancelled. The remainder of FM 1561 north to SH 6 became part of FM 646. The southern terminus saw two more changes: a short extension from SH 288 to SH 332 in Lake Jackson on June 1, 1965, and an extension to the current terminus at SH 36 on September 29, 1977. TxDOT edited the designation by September 17, 1979, to indicate a discontinuity at FM 1764 (which had been there since designation); that amendment was repealed from the official description on October 16, 1989. On June 27, 1995, the mileage of the section between SH 3 and SH 6 was transferred to Urban Road 2004 (UR 2004). The designation of that section reverted to FM 2004 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Brazoria0.00.0 SH 36 / FM 2611 – Brazoria, FreeportSouthern terminus Lake Jackson5.48.7 SH 332 – Brazoria, Clute 6.610.6 SH 288 (Nolan Ryan Expwy.) – Angleton, Clute Richwood9.715.6 Bus. SH 288 (Brazosport Blvd.) – Angleton, Clute 13.321.4 FM 523 – Angleton 29.447.3 FM 2917 – Chocolate Bayou GalvestonHitchcock36.558.7 FM 646 – Santa Fe 40.765.5 SH 6 La Marque42.468.2 FM 1765 (Texas Ave.) – Santa Fe 44.171.0 FM 1764 west – Santa FeSouth end of FM 1764 concurrency 44.271.1 I-45 – Houston, Galveston Texas City44.471.5 FM 1764 east (Emmett F. Lowry Expwy.)North end of FM 1764 concurrency 47.075.6 SH 3 (Galveston Rd.) – Dickinson, La MarqueNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also Texas portal U.S. Roads portal References ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2004". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2012). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2012 ed.). 1:120,000. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 565. OCLC 867856197. Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2012). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2012 ed.). 1:120,000. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 564. OCLC 867856197. Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2012). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2012 ed.). 1:120,000. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 584. OCLC 867856197. Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2012). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2012 ed.). 1:120,000. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 583. OCLC 867856197. Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ Texas House of Representatives, 80th Session, HB 1682. . Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ "Off-Duty Deputy Dies While Working 2nd Job". Click2Houston.com. December 5, 2005. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2004". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 8, 2011. ^ "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020. ^ Google (January 8, 2011). "Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2004 Distances Between Interchanges" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 8, 2011.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"farm to market road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_market_road"},{"link_name":"Brazoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2004-1"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2004 (FM 2004) is a farm to market road in Brazoria and Galveston counties, Texas.[1]","title":"Farm to Market Road 2004"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Creek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"TDCJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDCJ"},{"link_name":"Clemens Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Unit"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"FM 2611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2611"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook565-2"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Jackson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_332"},{"link_name":"SH 288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_288"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook564-3"},{"link_name":"Richwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Danbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danbury,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazoria_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Chocolate Bayou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_Bayou"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook584-4"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchcock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1764"},{"link_name":"La Marque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marque,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45"},{"link_name":"Texas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook583-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2004-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oliffbill-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oliffstory-7"}],"text":"FM 2004 begins near the village of Jones Creek and the TDCJ Clemens Unit prison, at an intersection with SH 36; the roadway past SH 36 is FM 2611.[2] The route travels to the northeast, crossing the Brazos River and entering Lake Jackson, where it intersects SH 332 and then the SH 288 expressway north of Brazos Mall.[3] FM 2004 travels through Richwood before entering unincorporated areas of Brazoria County, south of Danbury and Liverpool, and north of the Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge. The highway crosses a steep bridge over Chocolate Bayou and passes chemical plants before entering Galveston County.[4] The route turns more to the north, crossing SH 6 in Hitchcock. The route begins a brief concurrency with FM 1764 in La Marque just prior to a junction with I-45. FM 1764 turns to the east past the I-45 junction, while FM 2004 resumes its northerly route through Texas City, passing of Mall of the Mainland before ending at SH 3.[5][1]In 2005, the Brazoria County section of FM 2004, from the Galveston County line to SH 36, was designated the Jason Oliff Memorial Highway in honor of Brazoria County Sheriff Deputy Jason Oliff.[6] Oliff was killed on December 5, 2005, while placing flares in front of the BP Amoco plant on FM 2004 just southwest of the FM 2917 intersection.[7]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1765"},{"link_name":"FM 1561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1561"},{"link_name":"TxDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TxDOT"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2004-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2004-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-9"}],"text":"FM 2004 was first designated in Galveston County on December 17, 1952; its routing then was from SH 3 FM 1765. On January 16, 1953, the road was extended south to SH 6, replacing the section of FM 1765 south of its western terminus. It was extended to FM 1561 on June 28, 1963. The road was extended to SH 288 in Brazoria County on October 8, 1964, replacing most of FM 1561, which was cancelled. The remainder of FM 1561 north to SH 6 became part of FM 646. The southern terminus saw two more changes: a short extension from SH 288 to SH 332 in Lake Jackson on June 1, 1965, and an extension to the current terminus at SH 36 on September 29, 1977. TxDOT edited the designation by September 17, 1979, to indicate a discontinuity at FM 1764 (which had been there since designation); that amendment was repealed from the official description on October 16, 1989.[1]On June 27, 1995, the mileage of the section between SH 3 and SH 6 was transferred to Urban Road 2004 (UR 2004).[8] The designation of that section reverted to FM 2004 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[]	[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]	[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2004\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2004.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 8, 2011). \"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2004 Distances Between Interchanges\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N&daddr=Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Camp+Wallace+Rd%2FFarm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm+to+Market+1764+E+to:Farm+to+Market+1764+E+to:Camp+Wallace+Rd%2FFarm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N&hl=en&geocode=FddIugEdhItO-g%3BFWw7uwEdeDlP-g%3BFZJluwEdOndP-g%3BFaKkuwEdVChQ-g%3BFSVSvAEduZpQ-g%3BFR5SvgEdAd5T-g%3BFQpOvwEdxC1V-g%3BFfzivwEdHPNV-g%3BFWxFwAEd5vFV-g%3BFVCiwAEdgORV-g%3BFRalwAEdFuhV-g%3BFZGrwAEdzO5V-g%3BFRo7wQEdMvxV-g&mra=mi&mrcr=11&mrsp=12&sz=16&sll=29.439448,-95.0244&sspn=0.016108,0.033023&ie=UTF8&ll=29.225894,-95.175934&spn=0.516541,1.056747&z=11","url_text":"\"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2004 Distances Between Interchanges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2004.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook2006/Pages/565.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867856197","external_links_name":"867856197"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook2006/Pages/564.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867856197","external_links_name":"867856197"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook2006/Pages/584.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867856197","external_links_name":"867856197"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook2006/Pages/583.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867856197","external_links_name":"867856197"},{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.tx.us/billlookup/History.aspx?LegSess=80R&Bill=HB1682&Sort=A","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091105061844/http://www.click2houston.com/news/5468367/detail.html","external_links_name":"\"Off-Duty Deputy Dies While Working 2nd Job\""},{"Link":"http://www.click2houston.com/news/5468367/detail.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2004.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2004\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 115371\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N&daddr=Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Camp+Wallace+Rd%2FFarm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N+to:Farm+to+Market+1764+E+to:Farm+to+Market+1764+E+to:Camp+Wallace+Rd%2FFarm-To-Market+Rd+2004+N&hl=en&geocode=FddIugEdhItO-g%3BFWw7uwEdeDlP-g%3BFZJluwEdOndP-g%3BFaKkuwEdVChQ-g%3BFSVSvAEduZpQ-g%3BFR5SvgEdAd5T-g%3BFQpOvwEdxC1V-g%3BFfzivwEdHPNV-g%3BFWxFwAEd5vFV-g%3BFVCiwAEdgORV-g%3BFRalwAEdFuhV-g%3BFZGrwAEdzO5V-g%3BFRo7wQEdMvxV-g&mra=mi&mrcr=11&mrsp=12&sz=16&sll=29.439448,-95.0244&sspn=0.016108,0.033023&ie=UTF8&ll=29.225894,-95.175934&spn=0.516541,1.056747&z=11","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2004 Distances Between Interchanges\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_of_Cruachan_railway_station	Falls of Cruachan railway station	["1 History","1.1 Reopening","1.2 Signalling","1.3 Accidents and incidents","2 Facilities","3 Passenger volume","4 The Falls of Cruachan Railway Viaduct","5 Services","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 56°23′38″N 5°06′46″W / 56.3940°N 5.1128°W / 56.3940; -5.1128Scottish railway station Falls of CruachanScottish Gaelic: Eas ChruachainThe station in May 2019General informationLocationBen Cruachan, Argyll and ButeScotlandCoordinates56°23′38″N 5°06′46″W / 56.3940°N 5.1128°W / 56.3940; -5.1128Grid referenceNN079267Managed byScotRailPlatforms1Other informationStation codeFOCHistoryOriginal companyCallander and Oban RailwayPre-groupingCallander and Oban Railway operated by Caledonian RailwayKey dates1 October 1893Opened1 November 1965Closed20 June 1988Re-opened25 October 2020Closed (temporarily)17 May 2021Re-openedPassengers2018/19 5382019/20 6262020/21 1342021/22 4922022/23 888 NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road Falls of Cruachan railway station is a railway station located at the foot of Ben Cruachan in Scotland. This station is on the Oban branch of the West Highland Line, originally part of the Callander and Oban Railway. It is sited between Taynuilt and Loch Awe, sited 52 miles 69 chains (85.1 km) from Callander via Glen Ogle. ScotRail manage the station and operate all services. History The shelter at the Falls of Cruachan station. The station (on the lower slopes of Ben Cruachan, above Loch Awe) opened on 1 October 1893 with a single platform, but was later closed on 1 November 1965. Reopening The station was reopened on 20 June 1988. Signalling Although Falls of Cruachan station has never had any signalling directly associated with it, its platform falls within the four mile stretch of railway that is protected by the Pass of Brander stone signals. Accidents and incidents Main article: Falls of Cruachan derailment The area near the station has been the site of five derailments due to the rock fall: in 1881, 1946, 1997, and in 2010, which proved the most significant. On 6 June 2010, a two carriage train from Glasgow to Oban derailed near Falls of Cruachan station. The train derailed shortly before 8.53 p.m. and was left balanced precariously on a 15-metre (50 ft) embankment. There was also a minor fire. Sixty passengers had been on board the train, but all were safely evacuated down the line to the station with no major injuries. Nine people were injured. The train hit a boulder that had fallen onto the track. The train crew later received a commendation for the actions they took to protect their passengers. Facilities The station has no facilities bar an electronic display and a bench. There is no car park or drop-off point, as the only entrance is directly off the A85. The station does not have step-free access. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train. As the station does not have lighting, trains cannot call between dusk and dawn. Passenger volume Passenger Volume at Falls of Cruachan 2002-03 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 Entries and exits 68 124 108 154 160 218 204 200 258 244 498 654 734 734 726 538 626 134 492 888 The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April. The Falls of Cruachan Railway Viaduct Falls of Cruachan Railway ViaductCoordinates56°23′40″N 5°06′51″W / 56.3945°N 5.1142°W / 56.3945; -5.1142CarriesWest Highland LineCrossesFalls of CruachanCharacteristicsMaterialConcreteLongest span24 feet (7.3 m)No. of spans3HistoryEngineering design byJohn StrainOpened1880LocationThe viaduct carries the West Highland Line over the Falls of Cruachan, near Loch Awe. It was engineered by John Strain, and is dated 1880. It was built for the Callander and Oban Railway. It was listed as a Category A listed building in 2007. It has three arches, with a main centre span of 24 feet (7.3 m) and side arches of 19 feet (5.8 m). The piers are made of bull-faced stone, and the arches from mass concrete, a material not previously employed on British railways. There is a parapet with a central crenulation, topped with a recent steel safety rail. The viaduct spans the small gully created by the Falls of Cruachan, close to the entrance to the pumped-storage Cruachan Power Station, which is located in a chamber within Ben Cruachan. Services All services at Falls of Cruachan are operated by ScotRail. However, unlike other stations on the line, the station is only open in the summer months from March to October every year. This is because the station is mainly used by hikers in the summer months, who walk past the falls to climb Ben Cruachan. When the station is operational, there are five trains each way (eastbound to Glasgow Queen Street, westbound to Oban) on weekdays and Saturdays, along with four each way on Sundays. Preceding station National Rail Following station Loch Awe ScotRailWest Highland Line Taynuilt Historical railways Loch AweLine and Station open Callander and Oban RailwayOperated by Caledonian Railway TaynuiltLine and Station open References ^ Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (December 2017) . "Gaelic/English Station Index". Railway Track Diagrams 1: Scotland & Isle of Man (6th ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8. ^ Deaves, Phil. "Railway Codes". railwaycodes.org.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ Bridge, Mike, ed. (2017). TRACKatlas of Mainland Britain: A Comprehensive Geographic Atlas Showing the Rail Network of Great Britain (3rd ed.). Sheffield: Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. pp. 87, 88. ISBN 978-1909431-26-3. ^ a b "Falls Of Cruachan, Railway Halt \| Canmore". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2022. ^ "Boulders 'caused Glasgow to Oban rail derailment'". BBC News. 7 June 2010. ^ "Train derailment in Scotland leaves carriages "precariously balanced" over a 15 metre embankment". Daily Mirror. 6 June 2010. ^ "Passengers in hospital after Glasgow to Oban train derails". STV. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2010. ^ The Railway Observer, August 2010 ^ "National Rail Enquiries -". www.nationalrail.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2022. ^ "Estimates of station usage \| ORR Data Portal". dataportal.orr.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ a b c d e f "FALLS OF CRUACHAN RAILWAY VIADUCT (Ref:50811)". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 2 January 2015. ^ Google (2 January 2015). "Falls of Cruachan Railway Viaduct" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2 January 2015. ^ eNRT May 2022 Edition, Table 218 Bibliography Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Fryer, Charles (1989). The Callander and Oban Railway. Oxford: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-8536-1377-X. OCLC 21870958. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falls of Cruachan railway station. Train times and station information for Falls of Cruachan railway station from National Rail vteRailway stations served by ScotRailStations listed in italics are request stops.A Aberdeen Aberdour Achanalt Achnasheen Achnashellach Addiewell Airbles Airdrie Alexandra Parade Alexandria Alloa Alness Altnabreac Anderston Annan Anniesland Arbroath Ardgay Ardlui Ardrossan Harbour Ardrossan South Beach Ardrossan Town Argyle Street Arisaig Armadale (West Lothian) Arrochar & Tarbet Ashfield Attadale Auchinleck Aviemore Ayr B Baillieston Balloch Balmossie Banavie Barassie Bargeddie Barnhill Barrhead Barrhill Barry Links Bathgate Bearsden Beasdale Beauly Bellgrove Bellshill Bishopbriggs Bishopton Blackridge Blair Atholl Blairhill Blantyre Bogston Bowling Branchton Breich Bridge of Allan Bridge of Orchy Bridgeton Brora Broughty Ferry Brunstane Burnside Burntisland Busby C Caldercruix Cambuslang Camelon Cameron Bridge Cardenden Cardonald Cardross Carfin Carlisle Carluke Carmyle Carnoustie Carntyne Carrbridge Carstairs Cartsdyke Cathcart Charing Cross (Glasgow) Chatelherault Clarkston Cleland Clydebank Coatbridge Central Coatbridge Sunnyside Coatdyke Connel Ferry Conon Bridge Corkerhill Corpach Corrour Cowdenbeath Craigendoran Crianlarich Croftfoot Crookston Crosshill Crossmyloof Croy Culrain Cumbernauld Cupar Curriehill D Dalgety Bay Dalmally Dalmarnock Dalmeny Dalmuir Dalreoch Dalry Dalwhinnie Dingwall Drem Drumchapel Drumfrochar Drumgelloch Drumry Duirinish Duke Street Dumbarton Central Dumbarton East Dumbreck Dumfries Dunbar Dunblane Duncraig Dundee Dunfermline City Dunfermline Queen Margaret Dunkeld & Birnam Dunlop Dunrobin Castle Dyce E East Kilbride East Linton Easterhouse Edinburgh Gateway Edinburgh Park Edinburgh Waverley Elgin Eskbank Exhibition Centre F Fairlie Falkirk Grahamston Falkirk High Falls of Cruachan Fauldhouse Fearn Forres Forsinard Fort Matilda Fort William G Galashiels Garelochhead Garrowhill Garscadden Gartcosh Garve Georgemas Junction Giffnock Gilshochill Girvan Glasgow Central Glasgow Queen Street Gleneagles Glenfinnan Glengarnock Glenrothes with Thornton Golf Street Golspie Gorebridge Gourock Greenfaulds Greenock Central Greenock West Gretna Green H Hairmyres Hamilton Central Hamilton West Hartwood Hawkhead Haymarket Helensburgh Central Helensburgh Upper Helmsdale High Street (Glasgow) Hillfoot Hillington East Hillington West Holytown Howwood Huntly Hyndland I Insch Invergordon Invergowrie Inverkeithing Inverkip Inverness Inverness Airport Invershin Inverurie Irvine J Johnstone Jordanhill K Keith Kelvindale Kennishead Kildonan Kilmarnock Kilmaurs Kilpatrick Kilwinning Kinbrace Kinghorn King's Park Kingsknowe Kingussie Kintore Kirkcaldy Kirkconnel Kirkhill Kirknewton Kirkwood Kyle of Lochalsh L Ladybank Lairg Lanark Langbank Langside Larbert Largs Larkhall Laurencekirk Lenzie Leuchars Leven Linlithgow Livingston North Livingston South Loch Awe Loch Eil Outward Bound Lochailort Locheilside Lochgelly Lochluichart Lochwinnoch Longniddry M Mallaig Markinch Maryhill Maxwell Park Maybole Merryton Milliken Park Milngavie Monifieth Montrose Morar Mosspark Motherwell Mount Florida Mount Vernon Muir of Ord Muirend Musselburgh N Nairn Neilston New Cumnock Newcraighall Newton (Lanark) Newtongrange Newtonmore Newton-on-Ayr Nitshill North Berwick North Queensferry O Oban P Paisley Canal Paisley Gilmour Street Paisley St James Partick Patterton Perth Pitlochry Plockton Pollokshaws East Pollokshaws West Pollokshields East Pollokshields West Polmont Port Glasgow Portlethen Possilpark & Parkhouse Prestonpans Prestwick International Airport Prestwick Town Priesthill & Darnley Q Queens Park (Glasgow) R Rannoch Renton Robroyston Rogart Rosyth Roy Bridge Rutherglen S Saltcoats Sanquhar Scotscalder Scotstounhill Shawfair Shawlands Shettleston Shieldmuir Shotts Singer Slateford South Gyle Spean Bridge Springburn Springfield Stepps Stevenston Stewarton Stirling Stonehaven Stow Stranraer Strathcarron Stromeferry Summerston T Tain Taynuilt Thornliebank Thorntonhall Thurso Troon Tulloch Tweedbank Tyndrum Lower U Uddingston Uphall Upper Tyndrum W Wallyford Wemyss Bay West Calder West Kilbride Wester Hailes Westerton Whifflet Whinhill Whitecraigs Wick Williamwood Wishaw Woodhall Y Yoker Rail transport in the United Kingdom	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ben Cruachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cruachan"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Oban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oban"},{"link_name":"West Highland Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Highland_Line"},{"link_name":"Callander and Oban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callander_and_Oban_Railway"},{"link_name":"Taynuilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taynuilt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Loch Awe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Awe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Callander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callander_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Glen Ogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Ogle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ScotRail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotRail"}],"text":"Scottish railway stationFalls of Cruachan railway station is a railway station located at the foot of Ben Cruachan in Scotland. This station is on the Oban branch of the West Highland Line, originally part of the Callander and Oban Railway. It is sited between Taynuilt and Loch Awe, sited 52 miles 69 chains (85.1 km) from Callander via Glen Ogle.[3] ScotRail manage the station and operate all services.","title":"Falls of Cruachan railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falls_of_Cruachan_station_shelter.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ben Cruachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cruachan"},{"link_name":"Loch Awe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Awe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The shelter at the Falls of Cruachan station.The station (on the lower slopes of Ben Cruachan, above Loch Awe) opened on 1 October 1893 with a single platform, but was later closed on 1 November 1965.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Reopening","text":"The station was reopened on 20 June 1988.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"Pass of Brander stone signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_of_Brander_stone_signals"}],"sub_title":"Signalling","text":"Although Falls of Cruachan station has never had any signalling directly associated with it, its platform falls within the four mile stretch of railway that is protected by the Pass of Brander stone signals.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Queen_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oban_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Accidents and incidents","text":"The area near the station has been the site of five derailments due to the rock fall: in 1881, 1946, 1997, and in 2010, which proved the most significant.On 6 June 2010, a two carriage train from Glasgow to Oban derailed near Falls of Cruachan station. The train derailed shortly before 8.53 p.m. and was left balanced precariously on a 15-metre (50 ft) embankment. There was also a minor fire. Sixty passengers had been on board the train, but all were safely evacuated down the line to the station with no major injuries.[5][6][7] Nine people were injured. The train hit a boulder that had fallen onto the track. The train crew later received a commendation for the actions they took to protect their passengers.[8][better source needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A85_road"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The station has no facilities bar an electronic display and a bench. There is no car park or drop-off point, as the only entrance is directly off the A85. The station does not have step-free access.[9] As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train. As the station does not have lighting, trains cannot call between dusk and dawn.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.","title":"Passenger volume"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Highland Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Highland_Line"},{"link_name":"Loch Awe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Awe"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-11"},{"link_name":"Callander and Oban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callander_and_Oban_Railway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-11"},{"link_name":"mass concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concrete"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-11"},{"link_name":"Cruachan Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruachan_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Ben Cruachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cruachan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmap-12"}],"text":"The viaduct carries the West Highland Line over the Falls of Cruachan, near Loch Awe. It was engineered by John Strain, and is dated 1880.[11] It was built for the Callander and Oban Railway. It was listed as a Category A listed building in 2007.[11]It has three arches, with a main centre span of 24 feet (7.3 m) and side arches of 19 feet (5.8 m).[11] The piers are made of bull-faced stone, and the arches from mass concrete, a material not previously employed on British railways.[11] There is a parapet with a central crenulation, topped with a recent steel safety rail.[11]The viaduct spans the small gully created by the Falls of Cruachan, close to the entrance to the pumped-storage Cruachan Power Station, which is located in a chamber within Ben Cruachan.[11][12]","title":"The Falls of Cruachan Railway Viaduct"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ScotRail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotRail"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Queen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Queen_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oban_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"All services at Falls of Cruachan are operated by ScotRail. However, unlike other stations on the line, the station is only open in the summer months from March to October every year. This is because the station is mainly used by hikers in the summer months, who walk past the falls to climb Ben Cruachan.When the station is operational, there are five trains each way (eastbound to Glasgow Queen Street, westbound to Oban) on weekdays and Saturdays, along with four each way on Sundays.[13]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butt, R. V. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt"},{"link_name":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Sparkford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkford"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85260-508-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60251199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11956311M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8536-1377-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8536-1377-X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21870958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21870958"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85260-086-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-086-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22311137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/22311137"}],"text":"Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.\nFryer, Charles (1989). The Callander and Oban Railway. Oxford: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-8536-1377-X. OCLC 21870958.\nJowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"The shelter at the Falls of Cruachan station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Falls_of_Cruachan_station_shelter.JPG/250px-Falls_of_Cruachan_station_shelter.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (December 2017) [1987]. \"Gaelic/English Station Index\". Railway Track Diagrams 1: Scotland & Isle of Man (6th ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549866-9-8","url_text":"978-0-9549866-9-8"}]},{"reference":"Deaves, Phil. \"Railway Codes\". railwaycodes.org.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaycodes.org.uk/crs/crsf.shtm","url_text":"\"Railway Codes\""}]},{"reference":"Bridge, Mike, ed. (2017). TRACKatlas of Mainland Britain: A Comprehensive Geographic Atlas Showing the Rail Network of Great Britain (3rd ed.). Sheffield: Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. pp. 87, 88. ISBN 978-1909431-26-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909431-26-3","url_text":"978-1909431-26-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Falls Of Cruachan, Railway Halt \| Canmore\". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/150861/falls-of-cruachan-railway-halt","url_text":"\"Falls Of Cruachan, Railway Halt \| Canmore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boulders 'caused Glasgow to Oban rail derailment'\". BBC News. 7 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/10251545.stm","url_text":"\"Boulders 'caused Glasgow to Oban rail derailment'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Train derailment in Scotland leaves carriages \"precariously balanced\" over a 15 metre embankment\". Daily Mirror. 6 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/06/06/train-derailment-in-scotland-leaves-carriages-precariously-balanced-over-a-15-metre-embankment-115875-22315381/","url_text":"\"Train derailment in Scotland leaves carriages \"precariously balanced\" over a 15 metre embankment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passengers in hospital after Glasgow to Oban train derails\". STV. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229143641/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/west-central/181424-derailed-train-from-glasgow-to-oban-balanced-over-embankment/","url_text":"\"Passengers in hospital after Glasgow to Oban train derails\""},{"url":"http://news.stv.tv/scotland/west-central/181424-derailed-train-from-glasgow-to-oban-balanced-over-embankment/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Rail Enquiries -\". www.nationalrail.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations-and-destinations/stations-made-easy/falls-of-cruachan-station-plan","url_text":"\"National Rail Enquiries -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates of station usage \| ORR Data Portal\". dataportal.orr.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","url_text":"\"Estimates of station usage \| ORR Data Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"FALLS OF CRUACHAN RAILWAY VIADUCT (Ref:50811)\". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 2 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:50811","url_text":"\"FALLS OF CRUACHAN RAILWAY VIADUCT (Ref:50811)\""}]},{"reference":"Google (2 January 2015). \"Falls of Cruachan Railway Viaduct\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@56.3942563,-5.1142845,492m/data=!3m1!1e3","url_text":"\"Falls of Cruachan Railway Viaduct\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt","url_text":"Butt, R. V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Leigh	Leigh, Staffordshire	["1 Transport","2 History","3 Notable people","4 Localities","4.1 Withington","4.2 Nobut","4.3 Upper Leigh","4.4 Lower Leigh","4.5 Morrilow Heath","4.6 Middleton Green","4.7 Dodsley","4.8 Godstone","4.9 Field","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°55′12″N 1°57′57″W / 52.919978°N 1.965834°W / 52.919978; -1.965834 Human settlement in EnglandLeighAll Saints Church, Church LeighLeighLocation within StaffordshireArea29.46 km2 (11.37 sq mi)Population1,031 • Density35/km2 (91/sq mi)OS grid referenceSK020350• London148 mi (238 km)Civil parishLeighDistrictEast StaffordshireShire countyStaffordshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSTOKE-ON-TRENTPostcode districtST10Dialling code01889PoliceStaffordshireFireStaffordshireAmbulanceWest Midlands UK ParliamentBurton List of places UK England Staffordshire 52°55′12″N 1°57′57″W / 52.919978°N 1.965834°W / 52.919978; -1.965834 Leigh is a civil parish in the English county of Staffordshire. The parish includes the village of Church Leigh, together with the settlements of Withington, Upper Leigh, Lower Leigh, Morrilow Heath, Middleton Green, Dodsley, Godstone, Nobut and Field. Church Leigh is 6.2 miles (10.0 km) WNW of the town of Uttoxeter, 14.3 miles (23.0 km) north east of Stafford and 148 miles (238 km) north west of London. The other settlements are within 3 miles (4.8 km) of Church Leigh. The population of Leigh is stable at around 900. Transport Roads Church Leigh lies 0.8 miles south of the A50 that runs from Warrington to Leicester and is dualled on this section (between Stoke-on-Trent and the M1 motorway). Leigh has 17 miles (27 km) of roads throughout the parish. Rail The nearest railway station is at Uttoxeter for the Crewe to Derby line on the national network. Leigh railway station was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway in 1848 and was closed in 1966 as part of the Beeching Cuts. Other The nearest airport is East Midlands Airport between Derby, Loughborough and Nottingham. History Church Leigh has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the great book Church Leigh is recorded by the name Lege. The earliest mentioned event occurred in 1002 during Æthelred the Unready's rule of England and the Danish rule of Mercia. Following the appropriation of the chapelry 'Legh' by Wulfric Spot, Ealdorman of Mercia, the Benedictine Abbey of St. Mary was endowed with 70 manors. The Domesday Book documents the presence of Burton Abbey in Staffordshire as the owners of Legh, with the tenants consisting of one free man and 10 other holdings under villeinage. These holdings employed a total of 5 ploughs. Leigh is listed among the manors recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. The monks cultivated the monastic lands in Leigh until 1178, when the ecclesiastical tie ended. At that time, the Abbot sold Leigh Church to Robert Fitz Ulviet for 5 marks, marking Fitz Ulviet as the first non-monastic lord of the manor. In the following years, the lords of the manor included Reginald de Legh in 1268, Philip de Legh in 1341, and Hugh de Legh in 1366. Through the marriage of Sir Thomas Aston to Elizabeth, co-heiress to Reginald de Legh, Leigh manor came under the ownership of the Aston family from Tixall, Staffordshire. The Astons resided in the old mansion, known as Park Hall, situated in Church Leigh. The senior branch held the Scots title Lord Aston of Forfar. During the reign of King Henry V, a branch of the Bagots of Blithfield grew prominent in the region. Sir Hervey Bagot died in Field, Staffordshire in 1660 and was buried at Blithfield; his title being inherited by his eldest surviving son Edward. According to the 1848 Tithe Survey of Leigh, there is a plot of land that was previously designated as the parish workhouse. This particular site was located across from the "Star Inn" in Church Leigh, where a residential house is presently situated. Notable people Sir Hervey Bagot, 1st Baronet (1591 - 1660) a high sheriff and Member of Parliament for Staffordshire. He was created 1st Baronet Bagot of Blithfield Hall in the Baronetage of England on 31 May 1627. Bagot family, who held land in Staffordshire, including Leigh. Sir William Aston (1613 in Leigh - 1671) a barrister, politician, soldier and a justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland). Ernald Lane (born 1836) an Anglican priest, Rector of Leigh, then a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral until 1888 when he became Archdeacon of Stoke; also a rower who represented Oxford in the 1858 Boat Race. Localities The civil parish of Leigh is centred on the clustered village of Church Leigh but has nine satellite hamlets, with Church Leigh being separated into Upper and Lower. Separating the first two from the others is a field buffer including the River Blithe which flows south, via the Blithfield Reservoir lake 5 miles (8.0 km) south to feed the River Trent at Alrewas, Staffordshire. Withington Withington is a linear settlement on five lanes that is separated to the west from Church Leigh by fields covering 300 m; its oldest farmhouse is a listed building, very well known for its pub. Nobut Nobut is one of the smallest hamlets; with Upper Nobut farm and Withington farm making up the majority of Nobut. Nobut lies 160 m west of Withington, primarily upon Nobut Road. Upper Leigh Upper Leigh is a linear settlement on five or six lanes that is separated to the south-east from Lower Leigh by fields covering 100 m; it has three listed buildings: Moor Farm, Moor House Farm and Manor Farm. Lower Leigh Lower Leigh is on a winding lane, separated from the village Primary School and recreation ground by less than 100 m, to its north-west. The middle of the parish's three bridges along the lanes over the River Blithe is close to the centre of Lower Leigh. Next to this bridge is the aptly-named Brook Farmhouse. Morrilow Heath This is the largest hamlet in area and population, and the most remote. To the south-west, it is on high ground and has a salient boundary as far as the source of the Sprink Brook. Middleton Green Middleton Green is small in population and less than 200 m north-east of Morrilow Heath and is 1 mile (1.6 km) south-west of Lower Leigh. Birchwood Park, an isolated farm, towards the Sprink Brook was historically a manor of sorts and is an architectural listed building, like the others in the parish which are non-ecclesiastical, at Grade II only. Big Wood, rises to the southern border here with extensive views over the rest of the village Dodsley This traditionally agricultural cluster of buildings includes a chapel, and is 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of Lower Leigh. Godstone Just 300 m south of Dodsley, a traditional manor forms a linear settlement, the traces of which can be made out from the properties, The Orchard, Godstone House and Godstone Cottage, as well as Old Woodcutter, the main four buildings. Field Six farms make up a cluster which forms Field; the Sprink Brook discharges to the River Blythe at a point in the south of the hamlet. See also Listed buildings in Leigh, Staffordshire References ^ Census, 2021 ^ a b c d e f "History of Leigh". www.leighstaffs.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ a b A to Z East Midlands Road Map, ISBN 1-84348-283-5 ^ The Domesday Book, Englands Heritage, Then and Now, Editor: Thomas Hinde, Shropshire, Leigh, page 248, ISBN 1-85833-440-3 ^ "Baronetage". 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ Listed Old Farmhouse in Withington hamlet Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1190246)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 October 2013. ^ a b c d e f OS Explorer Map 259, Derby, Ashbourne & Cheadle. ISBN 0-319-21895-3 ^ Brook Farmhouse Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1190226)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 October 2013. ^ Birchwood Park Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1038371)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 October 2013. External links Media related to Leigh at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"WNW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_the_compass"},{"link_name":"Uttoxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttoxeter"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandLeigh is a civil parish in the English county of Staffordshire. The parish includes the village of Church Leigh, together with the settlements of Withington, Upper Leigh, Lower Leigh, Morrilow Heath, Middleton Green, Dodsley, Godstone, Nobut and Field.Church Leigh is 6.2 miles (10.0 km) WNW of the town of Uttoxeter, 14.3 miles (23.0 km) north east of Stafford and 148 miles (238 km) north west of London. The other settlements are within 3 miles (4.8 km) of Church Leigh. The population of Leigh is stable at around 900.[2]","title":"Leigh, Staffordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A50_road"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Uttoxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttoxeter_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Crewe to Derby line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe-Derby_Line"},{"link_name":"Leigh railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_railway_station_(Staffordshire)"},{"link_name":"North Staffordshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"Beeching Cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeching_cuts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"link_name":"Loughborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"}],"text":"RoadsChurch Leigh lies 0.8 miles south of the A50 that runs from Warrington to Leicester and is dualled on this section (between Stoke-on-Trent and the M1 motorway).[3] Leigh has 17 miles (27 km) of roads throughout the parish.[2]RailThe nearest railway station is at Uttoxeter for the Crewe to Derby line on the national network.Leigh railway station was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway in 1848 and was closed in 1966 as part of the Beeching Cuts.[2]OtherThe nearest airport is East Midlands Airport between Derby, Loughborough and Nottingham.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Æthelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"chapelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelry"},{"link_name":"Wulfric Spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfric_Spot"},{"link_name":"Ealdorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdorman"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines"},{"link_name":"Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"},{"link_name":"manors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"villeinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"lord of the manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Aston,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Tixall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixall"},{"link_name":"Lord Aston of Forfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Aston_of_Forfar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"King Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"Blithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithfield"},{"link_name":"Sir Hervey Bagot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervey_Bagot"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Bagot,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1848 Tithe Survey of Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/details.aspx?IO=1&ResourceID=42467&PageIndex=9&SearchType=2&ThemeID=774"},{"link_name":"workhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse"},{"link_name":"Star Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Leigh,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Church Leigh has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086.[4] In the great book Church Leigh is recorded by the name Lege. The earliest mentioned event occurred in 1002 during Æthelred the Unready's rule of England and the Danish rule of Mercia. Following the appropriation of the chapelry 'Legh' by Wulfric Spot, Ealdorman of Mercia, the Benedictine Abbey of St. Mary was endowed with 70 manors. The Domesday Book documents the presence of Burton Abbey in Staffordshire as the owners of Legh, with the tenants consisting of one free man and 10 other holdings under villeinage. These holdings employed a total of 5 ploughs. Leigh is listed among the manors recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086.[2]The monks cultivated the monastic lands in Leigh until 1178, when the ecclesiastical tie ended. At that time, the Abbot sold Leigh Church to Robert Fitz Ulviet for 5 marks, marking Fitz Ulviet as the first non-monastic lord of the manor. In the following years, the lords of the manor included Reginald de Legh in 1268, Philip de Legh in 1341, and Hugh de Legh in 1366. Through the marriage of Sir Thomas Aston to Elizabeth, co-heiress to Reginald de Legh, Leigh manor came under the ownership of the Aston family from Tixall, Staffordshire. The Astons resided in the old mansion, known as Park Hall, situated in Church Leigh. The senior branch held the Scots title Lord Aston of Forfar.[2]During the reign of King Henry V, a branch of the Bagots of Blithfield grew prominent in the region. Sir Hervey Bagot died in Field, Staffordshire in 1660 and was buried at Blithfield; his title being inherited by his eldest surviving son Edward.[5]According to the 1848 Tithe Survey of Leigh, there is a plot of land that was previously designated as the parish workhouse. This particular site was located across from the \"Star Inn\" in Church Leigh, where a residential house is presently situated.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Hervey Bagot, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervey_Bagot"},{"link_name":"high sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Blithfield Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithfield_Hall"},{"link_name":"Baronetage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Bagot family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Bagot"},{"link_name":"William Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aston_(Irish_judge)"},{"link_name":"Court of King's Bench (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ernald Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernald_Lane"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Lichfield Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Stoke"},{"link_name":"1858 Boat Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Race_1858"}],"text":"Sir Hervey Bagot, 1st Baronet (1591 - 1660) a high sheriff and Member of Parliament for Staffordshire. He was created 1st Baronet Bagot of Blithfield Hall in the Baronetage of England on 31 May 1627.\nBagot family, who held land in Staffordshire, including Leigh.\nSir William Aston (1613 in Leigh - 1671) a barrister, politician, soldier and a justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland).\nErnald Lane (born 1836) an Anglican priest, Rector of Leigh, then a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral until 1888 when he became Archdeacon of Stoke; also a rower who represented Oxford in the 1858 Boat Race.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clustered village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleated_village"},{"link_name":"hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"field buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_zone"},{"link_name":"River Blithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Blithe"},{"link_name":"Blithfield Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithfield_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Alrewas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alrewas"}],"text":"The civil parish of Leigh is centred on the clustered village of Church Leigh but has nine satellite hamlets, with Church Leigh being separated into Upper and Lower.[3] Separating the first two from the others is a field buffer including the River Blithe which flows south, via the Blithfield Reservoir lake 5 miles (8.0 km) south to feed the River Trent at Alrewas, Staffordshire.","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_settlement"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-7"}],"sub_title":"Withington","text":"Withington is a linear settlement on five lanes that is separated to the west from Church Leigh by fields covering 300 m; its oldest farmhouse is a listed building, very well known for its pub.[6][7]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nobut","text":"Nobut is one of the smallest hamlets; with Upper Nobut farm and Withington farm making up the majority of Nobut. Nobut lies 160 m west of Withington, primarily upon Nobut Road.","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_settlement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-7"}],"sub_title":"Upper Leigh","text":"Upper Leigh is a linear settlement on five or six lanes that is separated to the south-east from Lower Leigh by fields covering 100 m; it has three listed buildings: Moor Farm, Moor House Farm and Manor Farm.[7]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Lower Leigh","text":"Lower Leigh is on a winding lane, separated from the village Primary School and recreation ground by less than 100 m, to its north-west. The middle of the parish's three bridges along the lanes over the River Blithe is close to the centre of Lower Leigh. Next to this bridge is the aptly-named Brook Farmhouse.[7][8]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salient_(geography)"}],"sub_title":"Morrilow Heath","text":"This is the largest hamlet in area and population, and the most remote. To the south-west, it is on high ground and has a salient boundary as far as the source of the Sprink Brook.","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Middleton Green","text":"Middleton Green is small in population and less than 200 m north-east of Morrilow Heath and is 1 mile (1.6 km) south-west of Lower Leigh. Birchwood Park, an isolated farm, towards the Sprink Brook was historically a manor of sorts and is an architectural listed building, like the others in the parish which are non-ecclesiastical, at Grade II only. Big Wood, rises to the southern border here with extensive views over the rest of the village[9]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-7"}],"sub_title":"Dodsley","text":"This traditionally agricultural cluster of buildings includes a chapel, and is 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of Lower Leigh.[7]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_settlement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-7"}],"sub_title":"Godstone","text":"Just 300 m south of Dodsley, a traditional manor forms a linear settlement, the traces of which can be made out from the properties, The Orchard, Godstone House and Godstone Cottage, as well as Old Woodcutter, the main four buildings.[7]","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-7"}],"sub_title":"Field","text":"Six farms make up a cluster which forms Field; the Sprink Brook discharges to the River Blythe at a point in the south of the hamlet.[7]","title":"Localities"}]	[]	[{"title":"Listed buildings in Leigh, Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Leigh,_Staffordshire"}]	[{"reference":"\"History of Leigh\". www.leighstaffs.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leighstaffs.co.uk/history.html","url_text":"\"History of Leigh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baronetage\". 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021184256/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","url_text":"\"Baronetage\""},{"url":"http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1190246)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1190246","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1190246)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1190226)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1190226","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1190226)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1038371)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1038371","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1038371)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leigh,_Staffordshire&params=52.919978_N_1.965834_W_region:GB_type:city(1031)","external_links_name":"52°55′12″N 1°57′57″W / 52.919978°N 1.965834°W / 52.919978; -1.965834"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leigh,_Staffordshire&params=52.912423_N_1.971704_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Leigh","external_links_name":"SK020350"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leigh,_Staffordshire&params=52.919978_N_1.965834_W_region:GB_type:city(1031)","external_links_name":"52°55′12″N 1°57′57″W / 52.919978°N 1.965834°W / 52.919978; -1.965834"},{"Link":"https://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/details.aspx?IO=1&ResourceID=42467&PageIndex=9&SearchType=2&ThemeID=774","external_links_name":"1848 Tithe Survey of Leigh"},{"Link":"http://www.leighstaffs.co.uk/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of Leigh\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021184256/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"\"Baronetage\""},{"Link":"http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1190246","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1190246)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1190226","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1190226)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1038371","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1038371)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125750148","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw94gFtx9wcRGp7jqq84q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2009004898","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ellis_(Irish_emigrant)	Thomas Ellis (Irish emigrant)	["1 Background","2 References"]	Thomas Ellis was the first European settler in the area known today as Penticton, British Columbia, Canada. He was the biggest cattle baron in the South Okanagan area. Background Thomas Ellis was born in Ireland but left for British Columbia when he was nineteen. In January 1865, Ellis sailed for British Columbia and arrived in Victoria in March 1865. It was in the late 1860s that Ellis began to accumulate large acreages in the South Okanagan. His original holding had 642.35 acres and was located on a large piece of land in modern-day Penticton. Ellis returned to Ireland and married Wilhemina Wade on February 10, 1873. Ellis and his wife would have nine children together. Wilhemina would become well known for her nursing skills in the Okanagan. After his marriage, Ellis returned to the Okanagan and by the 1890s he had 20,000 heads of cattle and 31,000 acres of land from the South Okanagan all the way to the Canada–US border. Mining companies provided a good market for his beef. Although Ellis claimed all of that land as his own, much of the land that his cattle roamed on was not actually owned by him, but he built up his empire based on grazing rights. In the 1890s, Ellis arrived in the Mission Valley and purchased a pioneer ranch. Ellis' ranch had three stacks of premium hay in the yard. When he brought up his cattle he found two-thirds of his premium hay had burned. In the following investigation and trial, Arthur Booth (A.B.) Knox was found guilty of arson, although there was much doubt from early Kelowna residents as to whether he actually burned the hay. Ellis later entered into a partnership with Captain Thomas Shorts and he invested in Shorts' next business venture; a large ferry boat which was to be called the Penticton. The boat only lasted a short time before Ellis and Thomas Shorts sold the boat to Leon Lequime for five thousand dollars in 1892. In the early half of the 1890s, Ellis started to think about selling his empire. He entered an agreement with the Penticton Townsite Company. he sold his land and it became part of the City of Penticton. Ellis also sold some of his land to Southern Okanagan Land Company who then sold to the Okanagan Falls Townsite for development. References ^ The History of Okanagan Mission A Centennial Project, Primrose Upton, 1958, Okanagan Mission Centennial Committee ^ a b c d e Penticton Years To Remember, A. David MacDonald, 1983, British Columbia Heritage Trust ^ a b c d e The Kelowna Story An Okanagan history, Sharron J. Simpson, 2011, Harbour Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 978-1-55017-539-4	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Thomas Ellis (Irish emigrant)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penticton-2"},{"link_name":"South Okanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Okanagan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelowna-3"},{"link_name":"Penticton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penticton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penticton-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penticton-2"},{"link_name":"Okanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelowna-3"},{"link_name":"Okanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penticton-2"},{"link_name":"Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelowna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelowna-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shorts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelowna-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shorts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelowna-3"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Falls"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penticton-2"}],"text":"Thomas Ellis was born in Ireland but left for British Columbia when he was nineteen. In January 1865, Ellis sailed for British Columbia and arrived in Victoria in March 1865.[2] It was in the late 1860s that Ellis began to accumulate large acreages in the South Okanagan.[3] His original holding had 642.35 acres and was located on a large piece of land in modern-day Penticton.[2]Ellis returned to Ireland and married Wilhemina Wade on February 10, 1873. Ellis and his wife would have nine children together.[2] Wilhemina would become well known for her nursing skills in the Okanagan.[3]\nAfter his marriage, Ellis returned to the Okanagan and by the 1890s he had 20,000 heads of cattle and 31,000 acres of land from the South Okanagan all the way to the Canada–US border. Mining companies provided a good market for his beef. Although Ellis claimed all of that land as his own, much of the land that his cattle roamed on was not actually owned by him, but he built up his empire based on grazing rights.[2]In the 1890s, Ellis arrived in the Mission Valley and purchased a pioneer ranch. Ellis' ranch had three stacks of premium hay in the yard. When he brought up his cattle he found two-thirds of his premium hay had burned. In the following investigation and trial, Arthur Booth (A.B.) Knox was found guilty of arson, although there was much doubt from early Kelowna residents as to whether he actually burned the hay.[3]Ellis later entered into a partnership with Captain Thomas Shorts and he invested in Shorts' next business venture; a large ferry boat which was to be called the Penticton.[3] The boat only lasted a short time before Ellis and Thomas Shorts sold the boat to Leon Lequime for five thousand dollars in 1892.[3]In the early half of the 1890s, Ellis started to think about selling his empire. He entered an agreement with the Penticton Townsite Company. he sold his land and it became part of the City of Penticton. Ellis also sold some of his land to Southern Okanagan Land Company who then sold to the Okanagan Falls Townsite for development.[2]","title":"Background"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_John_Clark	Gregory John Clark	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Service","3 Awards and honours","4 References"]	Australian physicist and business executive For other people named Gregory Clark, see Gregory Clark (disambiguation). Gregory John ClarkACBornFebruary 1943 (age 81)NationalityAustralianAlma materUniversity of TasmaniaAustralian National UniversityAwardsPawsey Medal (1979)Companion of the Order of Australia (2018)Scientific careerFieldsMineral physicsThesis (1962) Gregory John Clark AC (born February 1943) is an Australian physicist and business executive. His research focused on the field of high-pressure mineral physics. Subsequently, his business career included senior management roles at News Corporation, Loral Space and Communications, ANZ Banking Group, NextDC, and KaComm Communications. He was awarded the Pawsey Medal in 1979 for his research, and in 2018, he was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia. Early life and education Clark was born in February 1943 in the Australian state of Tasmania, where he grew up. He earned his First Class Honours degree in physics from the University of Tasmania and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the Australian National University in 1968. His thesis focused on the properties of crystals under high pressures and temperatures. Career After completing his Ph.D., Clark went to the United Kingdom where he was a Harwell Fellow at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority from 1969 to 1972. Returning to Australia, he was a Principal Research Scientist at the CSIRO Division of Mineral Physics from 1973 to 1980. While there, he also took on the role of Visiting Principal Scientist for Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States Atomic Energy Agency from 1976 to 1977. In his research, Clark made significant contributions to the field of mineral physics, particularly in the areas of high-pressure physics and geophysics, phase transformations and crystallography. He also conducted research in the area of diamond anvil cells, which are devices used to study materials at very high pressures. He bombarded materials with nuclear particles to find new information about their properties, including determining the location of trace elements in mineral grains, deficiencies of chromium in human blood, the quality of uranium ores, the structure of solar absorber surfaces, properties of semi-conducting materials, and trace analysis of air pollutants. From 1980 to 1993, Clark worked as Director of Science and Technology (Australia) and research scientist at the IBM Research Division, Yorktown Heights, in New York before developing a business management career. After completing his research roles, Clark broadened his roles in business senior management. In 1993, he joined News Corporation, a multinational mass media company. At News Corporation, Clark served as the President of Technology, where he was responsible for transforming its assets for program creation and media delivery from analogue to digital platforms, across film, print, and television. Clark then moved on to become the President and Chief Operating Officer of Loral Space and Communications, the world's largest commercial satellite manufacturer. During his tenure, he was credited with turning around the struggling company and making it profitable. Clark also served on the Board of the ANZ Banking Group, one of Australia's largest banks, from 2004 to 2013. He founded and served as the chairman of KaComm Communications in 2006, a company that provided satellite-based communication solutions to businesses and governments around the world. Service In addition to his corporate roles, Clark has had active roles on the boards of diverse public and professional service organisations. These include serving on the National ICT Australia Review Board since 2006, being on the council of the Royal Institution of Australia since 2010, chairman of the advisory board to the A.R.C. Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems since 2011, a Councillor at the University of Sydney Physics Foundation since 2013, chairman of the Commercial and Philanthropic Development Board, Australian National University's School of Physical Sciences and Engineering since 2013, and a board member at Questacon National Science and Technology Centre since 2014. Awards and honours In 1979, Clark was awarded the Pawsey Medal by the Australian Academy of Science, in recognition of his contributions to the field of mineral physics. The Pawsey Medal is awarded to a scientist under the age of 36 years for distinguished research in experimental physics. He later received the Reginald A. Fessenden Award from the Canadian Geophysical Union in 1992, and the Mineralogical Society of America Award in 2003. In 2012 he was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Pearcey Foundation. The Australian government awarded him the Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian society in technology and communications. He received the Israeli Government's Einstein Medal in 2005. In 2018, he was awarded a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) "for eminent service to science as a physicist, researcher and academic in the area of technological development and communications, to business as an innovator and enabler of emerging technologies, and to the promotion of philanthropy". He was elected as a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1988, the New York Explorers Club in 1989, the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 1991, and the Australian Academy of Science in 2021. References ^ a b "Gregory John CLARK personal appointments". company-information.service.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023. ^ "2018 Australia Day Honours recipients". ANU. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ a b Director, Research School of Physics. "Event - All School Morning Tea to Honour Dr Greg Clark". physics.anu.edu.au. Australian National University. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ a b c Director, Research School of Physics. "Event - Public Lecture - Life after Physics at ANU - Where Physics & Engineering can take you". physics.anu.edu.au. Australian National University. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ a b "Greg Clark". www.science.org.au. Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved 11 May 2023. (including the Featured Video on that page) ^ a b c d e f g "Clark, Gregory John". Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation. Swinburne University of Technology - Centre for Transformative Innovation. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ a b Hofmeister, AM (1974). "The Pawsey Medal". Australian Journal of Physics. 27 (4): 579–582. ^ a b "Pawsey Medal 1979". Records of Australian Academy of Science. 4 (2). CSIRO / Australian Academy of Science: Historical Records of Australian Science: 110. 1979. doi:10.1071/hr9790420110. ISSN 1448-5508. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ "NEXTDC Senior Management". www.nextdc.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ "Pawsey Medal". The Australian Institute of Physics. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Award extract: Dr Gregory John CLARK". honours.pmc.gov.au. Australian Government: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ "APS Fellow Archive". American Physical Society. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Twenty-two Australians recognised among our nation's most distinguished scientists". www.science.org.au. Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ "Director's Message". Event Horizon. 46 (21). Australian National University. 31 May 2021. Authority control databases International VIAF National Australia People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Clark (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Company_Information_Service-1"},{"link_name":"News Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Loral Space and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loral_Space_and_Communications"},{"link_name":"ANZ Banking Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZ_Banking_Group"},{"link_name":"KaComm Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KaComm_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pawsey Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawsey_Medal"},{"link_name":"Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"}],"text":"For other people named Gregory Clark, see Gregory Clark (disambiguation).Gregory John Clark AC (born February 1943)[1] is an Australian physicist and business executive. His research focused on the field of high-pressure mineral physics. Subsequently, his business career included senior management roles at News Corporation, Loral Space and Communications, ANZ Banking Group, NextDC, and KaComm Communications. He was awarded the Pawsey Medal in 1979 for his research, and in 2018, he was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia.","title":"Gregory John Clark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANU_2018_awards-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANU_2018_Tea-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANU_2012_lecture-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAS_profile-5"}],"text":"Clark was born in February 1943 in the Australian state of Tasmania, where he grew up. He earned his First Class Honours degree in physics from the University of Tasmania and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the Australian National University in 1968. His thesis focused on the properties of crystals under high pressures and temperatures.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority"},{"link_name":"CSIRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoAS_biography-6"},{"link_name":"diamond anvil cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_anvil_cell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hofmeister-7"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawsey_CSIRO-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoAS_biography-6"},{"link_name":"News Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Loral Space and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loral_Space_and_Communications"},{"link_name":"ANZ Banking Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZ_(bank)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Company_Information_Service-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoAS_biography-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEXTDC-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANU_2012_lecture-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAS_profile-5"}],"text":"After completing his Ph.D., Clark went to the United Kingdom where he was a Harwell Fellow at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority from 1969 to 1972. \nReturning to Australia, he was a Principal Research Scientist at the CSIRO Division of Mineral Physics from 1973 to 1980.\nWhile there, he also took on the role of Visiting Principal Scientist for Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States Atomic Energy Agency from 1976 to 1977.[6] In his research, Clark made significant contributions to the field of mineral physics, particularly in the areas of high-pressure physics and geophysics, phase transformations and crystallography. He also conducted research in the area of diamond anvil cells, which are devices used to study materials at very high pressures.[7]\nHe bombarded materials with nuclear particles to find new information about their properties, including determining the location of trace elements in mineral grains, deficiencies of chromium in human blood, the quality of uranium ores, the structure of solar absorber surfaces, properties of semi-conducting materials, and trace analysis of air pollutants. From 1980 to 1993, Clark worked as Director of Science and Technology (Australia) and research scientist at the IBM Research Division, Yorktown Heights, in New York before developing a business management career.[8][6]After completing his research roles, Clark broadened his roles in business senior management. In 1993, he joined News Corporation, a multinational mass media company. At News Corporation, Clark served as the President of Technology, where he was responsible for transforming its assets for program creation and media delivery from analogue to digital platforms, across film, print, and television. Clark then moved on to become the President and Chief Operating Officer of Loral Space and Communications, the world's largest commercial satellite manufacturer. During his tenure, he was credited with turning around the struggling company and making it profitable. Clark also served on the Board of the ANZ Banking Group, one of Australia's largest banks, from 2004 to 2013.[1] He founded and served as the chairman of KaComm Communications in 2006, a company that provided satellite-based communication solutions to businesses and governments around the world.[6][9][4][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Institution of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Ultrahigh_Bandwidth_Devices_for_Optical_Systems"},{"link_name":"Questacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questacon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANU_2018_Tea-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoAS_biography-6"}],"sub_title":"Service","text":"In addition to his corporate roles, Clark has had active roles on the boards of diverse public and professional service organisations. These include serving on the National ICT Australia Review Board since 2006, being on the council of the Royal Institution of Australia since 2010, chairman of the advisory board to the A.R.C. Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems since 2011, a Councillor at the University of Sydney Physics Foundation since 2013, chairman of the Commercial and Philanthropic Development Board, Australian National University's School of Physical Sciences and Engineering since 2013, and a board member at Questacon National Science and Technology Centre since 2014.[3][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pawsey Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawsey_Medal"},{"link_name":"Australian Academy of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawsey_Medal-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawsey_CSIRO-8"},{"link_name":"Canadian Geophysical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Geophysical_Union"},{"link_name":"Mineralogical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Pearcey Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hofmeister-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoAS_biography-6"},{"link_name":"Centenary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_Medal"},{"link_name":"Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANU_2012_lecture-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APS-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoAS_biography-6"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"New York Explorers Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Explorers_Club"},{"link_name":"Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoAS_biography-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAS_Fellows-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Event_Horizon_2021-14"}],"text":"In 1979, Clark was awarded the Pawsey Medal by the Australian Academy of Science, in recognition of his contributions to the field of mineral physics.[10][8] The Pawsey Medal is awarded to a scientist under the age of 36 years for distinguished research in experimental physics.\nHe later received the Reginald A. Fessenden Award from the Canadian Geophysical Union in 1992, and the Mineralogical Society of America Award in 2003. In 2012 he was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Pearcey Foundation.[7][6]The Australian government awarded him the Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian society in technology and communications.\nHe received the Israeli Government's Einstein Medal in 2005.\nIn 2018, he was awarded a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) \"for eminent service to science as a physicist, researcher and academic in the area of technological development and communications, to business as an innovator and enabler of emerging technologies, and to the promotion of philanthropy\".[11][4][12][6]He was elected as a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1988, the New York Explorers Club in 1989, the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 1991, and the Australian Academy of Science in 2021.[6][13][14]","title":"Awards and honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gregory John CLARK personal appointments\". company-information.service.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230517122858/https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/_YbvOhwafCMNgaASeamjdR4Blr4/appointments","url_text":"\"Gregory John CLARK personal appointments\""},{"url":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/_YbvOhwafCMNgaASeamjdR4Blr4/appointments","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Australia Day Honours recipients\". ANU. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anu.edu.au/alumni/awards/2018-australia-day-honours-recipients","url_text":"\"2018 Australia Day Honours recipients\""}]},{"reference":"Director, Research School of Physics. \"Event - All School Morning Tea to Honour Dr Greg Clark\". physics.anu.edu.au. Australian National University. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://physics.anu.edu.au/news_events/?EventID=847","url_text":"\"Event - All School Morning Tea to Honour Dr Greg Clark\""}]},{"reference":"Director, Research School of Physics. \"Event - Public Lecture - Life after Physics at ANU - Where Physics & Engineering can take you\". physics.anu.edu.au. Australian National University. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://physics.anu.edu.au/news_events/?EventID=80","url_text":"\"Event - Public Lecture - Life after Physics at ANU - Where Physics & Engineering can take you\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Clark\". www.science.org.au. Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org.au/profile/greg-clark","url_text":"\"Greg Clark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clark, Gregory John\". Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation. Swinburne University of Technology - Centre for Transformative Innovation. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eoas.info/biogs/P006320b.htm","url_text":"\"Clark, Gregory John\""}]},{"reference":"Hofmeister, AM (1974). \"The Pawsey Medal\". Australian Journal of Physics. 27 (4): 579–582.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Pawsey Medal 1979\". Records of Australian Academy of Science. 4 (2). CSIRO / Australian Academy of Science: Historical Records of Australian Science: 110. 1979. doi:10.1071/hr9790420110. ISSN 1448-5508. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publish.csiro.au/hr/HR9790420110","url_text":"\"Pawsey Medal 1979\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fhr9790420110","url_text":"10.1071/hr9790420110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1448-5508","url_text":"1448-5508"}]},{"reference":"\"NEXTDC Senior Management\". www.nextdc.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230509151308/https://www.nextdc.com/about-us/our-leadership","url_text":"\"NEXTDC Senior Management\""},{"url":"https://www.nextdc.com/about-us/our-leadership","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pawsey Medal\". The Australian Institute of Physics. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aip.org.au/pawsey-medal/","url_text":"\"Pawsey Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Award extract: Dr Gregory John CLARK\". honours.pmc.gov.au. Australian Government: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2000388","url_text":"\"Award extract: Dr Gregory John CLARK\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Fellow Archive\". American Physical Society. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=1990&unit_id=&institution=","url_text":"\"APS Fellow Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twenty-two Australians recognised among our nation's most distinguished scientists\". www.science.org.au. Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/twenty-two-australians-recognised-among-nations-distinguished-scientists","url_text":"\"Twenty-two Australians recognised among our nation's most distinguished scientists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director's Message\". Event Horizon. 46 (21). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Arundell	Henry Arundell	["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 London Irish","2.2 Racing 92","3 International career","4 Career statistics","4.1 List of international tries","5 References","6 External links"]	English rugby union player Rugby playerHenry ArundellDate of birth (2002-11-08) 8 November 2002 (age 21)Place of birthDhekelia, British Overseas TerritoriesHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Weight98 kg (216 lb; 15 st 6 lb)SchoolBeechen Cliff SchoolHarrow SchoolRugby union careerPosition(s) Fullback, WingCurrent team Racing 92Senior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2021–2023 London Irish 23 (50)2023– Racing 92 8 (35) Correct as of 18 January 2024International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2022 England U20 3 (20)2022– England 10 (35) Correct as of 27 October 2023 Henry Arundell (born 8 November 2002) is an English professional rugby union player who plays as a fullback for Top 14 club Racing 92 and the England national team. Early life Arundell was born on Cyprus in 2002, at the then Royal Air Force base in Dhekelia; a Sovereign Base Area and British Overseas Territory. He spent the first two years of his life on Cyprus before moving back to the United Kingdom. His father, Ralph Arundell, was an army officer in The Rifles (formerly The Light Infantry) for thirty years, completing tours in Northern Ireland, Iraq and Afghanistan. His mother, Jane Arundell, is a nurse and health visitor working for the NHS. Arundell started his sporting career at a young age, excelling at various sports while a pupil at Holt VC Primary School. He subsequently attended Beechen Cliff School in nearby Bath. After his father joined the staff of Harrow School, Arundell enrolled at the all-boys London boarding school, putting him in the catchment area for London Irish's academy, which he joined aged fourteen. Club career London Irish In the Premiership Rugby Cup in 2022, a number of Arundell's performances drew attention, including two tries against Leicester Tigers in a semi-final; a 20-minute substitute appearance against Wasps, scoring a try and being named Man of the Match, and a try that started on his own goal-line against Toulon. His performances for London Irish saw him named as Premiership Rugby's young player of the season for 2021–22. On 10 June 2022, Arundell signed a new "long term" contract with London Irish. Racing 92 After London Irish collapsed into administration in June 2023, Arundell joined Grand Paris-based French side Racing 92. After the Rugby World Cup, he played his first game for the Sky Blue and Whites at Toulon on 12 November and scored a hat-trick in a 31–26 narrow loss. On 12 December, Racing 92 announced his contract extension until 2026, despite outside interest from Premiership Rugby clubs like Bath or Gloucester as well as National Rugby League teams. International career Arundell was highlighted as "one to watch" in the 2022 Six Nations Under 20s Championship, and was the competition's joint-top try scorer, scoring four. Arundell was named as an "apprentice player" in England's squad for their 2022 tour of Australia. He scored a try, from his first touch, on his debut on 2 July 2022, coming on from the bench. As of July 2023, he has 7 international caps. Arundell was named in England's 2023 Rugby World Cup squad on 7 August 2023, scoring a joint England record 5 tries on his World Cup debut against Chile on 23 September 2023 in a 71–0 win. Career statistics List of international tries As of 23 September 2023 Try Opposing team Location Venue Competition Date Result Score 1 Australia Perth, Australia Optus Stadium 2022 England rugby union tour of Australia 2 July 2022 Loss 30 - 28 2 Italy London, England Twickenham Stadium 2023 Six Nations 12 February 2023 Win 31–14 3 Chile Lille, France Stade Pierre-Mauroy 2023 Rugby World Cup 23 September 2023 Win 71–0 4 5 6 7 References ^ "Henry Arundell profile". ItsRugby. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "Henry Arundell London Irish profile". London Irish. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ a b "Henry Arundell Discusses His Quick Climb To The Top After A Great Season With London Irish". Nix Olympia. 11 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ ""Not born in England" - Five things you didn't know about Henry Arundell". Ruck. 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ Correspondent, Will Kelleher, Deputy Rugby. "Henry Arundell: I feared England's 'big dogs' but I feel right at home". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 July 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Henry Arundell". www.ultimaterugby.com. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ Evely, John (2 July 2022). "How Bath Rugby missed out on new England sensation Henry Arundell". SomersetLive. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ Bridge, Bobby (26 April 2022). "Henry Arundell-inspired London Irish end Leicester Tigers' treble hopes". Leicester Mercury. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ Heagney, Liam (6 May 2022). "How 'really coachable' 19-year-old produced a 20-minute MOTM cameo". Rugby Pass. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "Watch: Teenage star Henry Arundell scores stunning try in defeat to Toulon". Rugby Pass. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ Coles, Ben (9 May 2022). "The rise of Henry Arundell: Toulon wonder try suggests England prospect is the real deal". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ Spink, Alex; Sunderland, Tom (8 May 2022). "Henry Arundell scores incredible solo try as teenager swerves past helpless defenders". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ Godwin, Hugh (8 June 2022). "Inside Henry Arundell's breakthrough year, from pub trips with Marcus Smith and Ellis Genge to England hopes". i Newspaper. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ a b "Henry Arundell: London Irish full-back signs 'long-term' deal". BBC Sport. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ Morgan, Charlie; Mairs, Gavin (16 June 2023). "Henry Arundell set to join Racing 92 after London Irish collapse". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ Westerby, John (7 July 2023). "Henry Arundell's plight encapsulates sad state of English rugby". Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ Cameron, Ian (13 November 2023). "The obvious question Henry Arundell hat-trick raises". Rugby Pass. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ "English winger Arundell extends Racing deal until 2026". France 24. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Evely, John (10 October 2023). "Bath and Gloucester given boost by the RFU in pursuit of signing Henry Arundell". Gloucestershire Echo. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Morton, Finn (17 November 2023). "England's Henry Arundell knocks back interest from two NRL clubs". Rugby Pass. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ "England U20: Six New and Six Old to Watch". nextgen Rugby. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "England Summer Tour Squad". Rugby World. 20 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "Henry Arundell scores on England debut \| 2nd July 2022 \| News". London Irish. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ Sansom, Tom (16 June 2023). "England's Henry Arundell Completes Shock Move To The Top 14". Ruck. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "Henry Arundell scores five in England's 11-try Rugby World Cup rout of Chile". Guardian. 23 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023. ^ "Henry ARUNDELL profile and stats". all.rugby. Retrieved 12 February 2023. External links Henry Arundell at Premiership Rugby Henry Arundell at ItsRugby.co.uk vteEngland squad – 2023 Rugby World Cup third placeForwards Chessum Cole Curry Dan Earl Genge George Itoje Lawes Ludlam Marler Martin Ribbans Rodd Sinckler Stuart Underhill (replaced Willis) Vunipola Walker Willis Backs Arundell Care Daly Farrell (c) Ford Lawrence Malins Marchant May Mitchell Smith Steward Tuilagi Youngs Head coach: Steve Borthwick	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Top 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"Racing 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_92"},{"link_name":"England national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rugby playerHenry Arundell (born 8 November 2002) is an English professional rugby union player who plays as a fullback for Top 14 club Racing 92 and the England national team.[1][2]","title":"Henry Arundell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Dhekelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia"},{"link_name":"British Overseas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nix-3"},{"link_name":"The Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rifles"},{"link_name":"The Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nix-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Holt VC Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beechen Cliff School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechen_Cliff_School"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"London Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Arundell was born on Cyprus in 2002, at the then Royal Air Force base in Dhekelia; a Sovereign Base Area and British Overseas Territory. He spent the first two years of his life on Cyprus before moving back to the United Kingdom.[3]His father, Ralph Arundell, was an army officer in The Rifles (formerly The Light Infantry) for thirty years, completing tours in Northern Ireland, Iraq and Afghanistan.[3][4][5] His mother, Jane Arundell, is a nurse and health visitor working for the NHS.Arundell started his sporting career at a young age, excelling at various sports while a pupil at Holt VC Primary School.[6] He subsequently attended Beechen Cliff School in nearby Bath. After his father joined the staff of Harrow School, Arundell enrolled at the all-boys London boarding school, putting him in the catchment area for London Irish's academy, which he joined aged fourteen.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premiership Rugby Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby_Cup"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps_RFC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Toulonnais"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Premiership Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Premiership_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_contract-14"}],"sub_title":"London Irish","text":"In the Premiership Rugby Cup in 2022, a number of Arundell's performances drew attention, including two tries against Leicester Tigers in a semi-final;[8] a 20-minute substitute appearance against Wasps, scoring a try and being named Man of the Match,[9] and a try that started on his own goal-line against Toulon.[10][11][12]His performances for London Irish saw him named as Premiership Rugby's young player of the season for 2021–22.[13] On 10 June 2022, Arundell signed a new \"long term\" contract with London Irish.[14]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris"},{"link_name":"Racing 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_92"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Toulon"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Racing 92","text":"After London Irish collapsed into administration in June 2023, Arundell joined Grand Paris-based French side Racing 92.[15][16] After the Rugby World Cup, he played his first game for the Sky Blue and Whites at Toulon on 12 November and scored a hat-trick in a 31–26 narrow loss.[17]On 12 December, Racing 92 announced his contract extension until 2026,[18] despite outside interest from Premiership Rugby clubs like Bath or Gloucester as well as National Rugby League teams.[19][20]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Six Nations Under 20s Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Six_Nations_Under_20s_Championship"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_contract-14"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2022 tour of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2023 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Arundell was highlighted as \"one to watch\" in the 2022 Six Nations Under 20s Championship,[21] and was the competition's joint-top try scorer, scoring four.[14]Arundell was named as an \"apprentice player\" in England's squad for their 2022 tour of Australia.[22] He scored a try, from his first touch, on his debut on 2 July 2022, coming on from the bench.[23] As of July 2023, he has 7 international caps.[24] Arundell was named in England's 2023 Rugby World Cup squad on 7 August 2023, scoring a joint England record 5 tries on his World Cup debut against Chile on 23 September 2023 in a 71–0 win.[25]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"List of international tries","text":"As of 23 September 2023[26]","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Henry Arundell profile\". ItsRugby. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itsrugby.co.uk/players/henry-arundell-51563.html","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Arundell London Irish profile\". London Irish. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london-irish.com/players/henry-arundell/s270698933/","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell London Irish profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Arundell Discusses His Quick Climb To The Top After A Great Season With London Irish\". Nix Olympia. 11 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220611224432/https://nixolympia.com/henry-arundell-discusses-his-quick-climb-to-the-top-after-a-great-season-with-london-irish/","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell Discusses His Quick Climb To The Top After A Great Season With London Irish\""},{"url":"https://nixolympia.com/henry-arundell-discusses-his-quick-climb-to-the-top-after-a-great-season-with-london-irish/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Not born in England\" - Five things you didn't know about Henry Arundell\". Ruck. 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruck.co.uk/not-born-in-england-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-henry-arundell/","url_text":"\"\"Not born in England\" - Five things you didn't know about Henry Arundell\""}]},{"reference":"Correspondent, Will Kelleher, Deputy Rugby. \"Henry Arundell: I feared England's 'big dogs' but I feel right at home\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/henry-arundell-i-feared-englands-big-dogs-but-i-feel-right-at-home-nfthj8s6q","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell: I feared England's 'big dogs' but I feel right at home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Arundell\". www.ultimaterugby.com. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimaterugby.com/henry-arundell","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell\""}]},{"reference":"Evely, John (2 July 2022). \"How Bath Rugby missed out on new England sensation Henry Arundell\". SomersetLive. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/sport/other-sport/i-set-playing-bath-how-7284270","url_text":"\"How Bath Rugby missed out on new England sensation Henry Arundell\""}]},{"reference":"Bridge, Bobby (26 April 2022). \"Henry Arundell-inspired London Irish end Leicester Tigers' treble hopes\". Leicester Mercury. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/rugby/match-reports/henry-arundell-inspired-london-irish-7003713","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell-inspired London Irish end Leicester Tigers' treble hopes\""}]},{"reference":"Heagney, Liam (6 May 2022). \"How 'really coachable' 19-year-old produced a 20-minute MOTM cameo\". Rugby Pass. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/how-really-coachable-19-year-old-produced-a-20-minute-motm-cameo-arundell-london-irish/","url_text":"\"How 'really coachable' 19-year-old produced a 20-minute MOTM cameo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch: Teenage star Henry Arundell scores stunning try in defeat to Toulon\". Rugby Pass. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/watch-teenage-star-henry-arundell-scores-stunning-try-in-defeat-to-toulon/","url_text":"\"Watch: Teenage star Henry Arundell scores stunning try in defeat to Toulon\""}]},{"reference":"Coles, Ben (9 May 2022). \"The rise of Henry Arundell: Toulon wonder try suggests England prospect is the real deal\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2022/05/09/rise-henry-arundell-toulon-wonder-try-suggests-england-prospect/","url_text":"\"The rise of Henry Arundell: Toulon wonder try suggests England prospect is the real deal\""}]},{"reference":"Spink, Alex; Sunderland, Tom (8 May 2022). \"Henry Arundell scores incredible solo try as teenager swerves past helpless defenders\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/arundell-london-irish-toulon-try-26907188","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell scores incredible solo try as teenager swerves past helpless defenders\""}]},{"reference":"Godwin, Hugh (8 June 2022). \"Inside Henry Arundell's breakthrough year, from pub trips with Marcus Smith and Ellis Genge to England hopes\". i Newspaper. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/henry-arundell-breakthrough-year-marcus-smith-ellis-genge-england-1676345","url_text":"\"Inside Henry Arundell's breakthrough year, from pub trips with Marcus Smith and Ellis Genge to England hopes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Arundell: London Irish full-back signs 'long-term' deal\". BBC Sport. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/61757943","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell: London Irish full-back signs 'long-term' deal\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Charlie; Mairs, Gavin (16 June 2023). \"Henry Arundell set to join Racing 92 after London Irish collapse\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2023/06/16/henry-arundell-racing-92-london-irish-england-world-cup/","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell set to join Racing 92 after London Irish collapse\""}]},{"reference":"Westerby, John (7 July 2023). \"Henry Arundell's plight encapsulates sad state of English rugby\". Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/henry-arundell-s-plight-encapsulates-sad-state-of-english-rugby-fljlz386r","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell's plight encapsulates sad state of English rugby\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Ian (13 November 2023). \"The obvious question Henry Arundell hat-trick raises\". Rugby Pass. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/henry-arundell-hat-trick-has-england-rugby-fans-wondering","url_text":"\"The obvious question Henry Arundell hat-trick raises\""}]},{"reference":"\"English winger Arundell extends Racing deal until 2026\". France 24. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231212-english-winger-arundell-extends-racing-deal-until-2026","url_text":"\"English winger Arundell extends Racing deal until 2026\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24","url_text":"France 24"}]},{"reference":"Evely, John (10 October 2023). \"Bath and Gloucester given boost by the RFU in pursuit of signing Henry Arundell\". Gloucestershire Echo. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/bath-gloucester-given-boost-rfu-8820119","url_text":"\"Bath and Gloucester given boost by the RFU in pursuit of signing Henry Arundell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Echo","url_text":"Gloucestershire Echo"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Finn (17 November 2023). \"England's Henry Arundell knocks back interest from two NRL clubs\". Rugby Pass. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/englands-henry-arundell-knocks-back-interest-from-nrl-clubs-report","url_text":"\"England's Henry Arundell knocks back interest from two NRL clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"England U20: Six New and Six Old to Watch\". nextgen Rugby. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nextgenxv.com/2022/01/05/england-u20-six-new-and-six-old-to-watch/","url_text":"\"England U20: Six New and Six Old to Watch\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Summer Tour Squad\". Rugby World. 20 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbyworld.com/countries/england-countries/england-summer-tour-squad-training-squad-announced-142142","url_text":"\"England Summer Tour Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Arundell scores on England debut \| 2nd July 2022 \| News\". London Irish. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london-irish.com/news/henry-arundell-scores-on-england-debut/bp3616/","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell scores on England debut \| 2nd July 2022 \| News\""}]},{"reference":"Sansom, Tom (16 June 2023). \"England's Henry Arundell Completes Shock Move To The Top 14\". Ruck. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruck.co.uk/reports-englands-henry-arundell-to-complete-move-to-racing-92-after-london-irish-collapse/","url_text":"\"England's Henry Arundell Completes Shock Move To The Top 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Arundell scores five in England's 11-try Rugby World Cup rout of Chile\". Guardian. 23 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/sep/23/england-chile-rugby-world-cup-match-report","url_text":"\"Henry Arundell scores five in England's 11-try Rugby World Cup rout of Chile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry ARUNDELL profile and stats\". all.rugby. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://all.rugby/player/henry-arundell","url_text":"\"Henry ARUNDELL profile and stats\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.itsrugby.co.uk/players/henry-arundell-51563.html","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.london-irish.com/players/henry-arundell/s270698933/","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell London Irish profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220611224432/https://nixolympia.com/henry-arundell-discusses-his-quick-climb-to-the-top-after-a-great-season-with-london-irish/","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell Discusses His Quick Climb To The Top After A Great Season With London Irish\""},{"Link":"https://nixolympia.com/henry-arundell-discusses-his-quick-climb-to-the-top-after-a-great-season-with-london-irish/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ruck.co.uk/not-born-in-england-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-henry-arundell/","external_links_name":"\"\"Not born in England\" - Five things you didn't know about Henry Arundell\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/henry-arundell-i-feared-englands-big-dogs-but-i-feel-right-at-home-nfthj8s6q","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell: I feared England's 'big dogs' but I feel right at home\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.ultimaterugby.com/henry-arundell","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell\""},{"Link":"https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/sport/other-sport/i-set-playing-bath-how-7284270","external_links_name":"\"How Bath Rugby missed out on new England sensation Henry Arundell\""},{"Link":"https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/rugby/match-reports/henry-arundell-inspired-london-irish-7003713","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell-inspired London Irish end Leicester Tigers' treble hopes\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/how-really-coachable-19-year-old-produced-a-20-minute-motm-cameo-arundell-london-irish/","external_links_name":"\"How 'really coachable' 19-year-old produced a 20-minute MOTM cameo\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/watch-teenage-star-henry-arundell-scores-stunning-try-in-defeat-to-toulon/","external_links_name":"\"Watch: Teenage star Henry Arundell scores stunning try in defeat to Toulon\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2022/05/09/rise-henry-arundell-toulon-wonder-try-suggests-england-prospect/","external_links_name":"\"The rise of Henry Arundell: Toulon wonder try suggests England prospect is the real deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/arundell-london-irish-toulon-try-26907188","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell scores incredible solo try as teenager swerves past helpless defenders\""},{"Link":"https://inews.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/henry-arundell-breakthrough-year-marcus-smith-ellis-genge-england-1676345","external_links_name":"\"Inside Henry Arundell's breakthrough year, from pub trips with Marcus Smith and Ellis Genge to England hopes\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/61757943","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell: London Irish full-back signs 'long-term' deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2023/06/16/henry-arundell-racing-92-london-irish-england-world-cup/","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell set to join Racing 92 after London Irish collapse\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/henry-arundell-s-plight-encapsulates-sad-state-of-english-rugby-fljlz386r","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell's plight encapsulates sad state of English rugby\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/henry-arundell-hat-trick-has-england-rugby-fans-wondering","external_links_name":"\"The obvious question Henry Arundell hat-trick raises\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231212-english-winger-arundell-extends-racing-deal-until-2026","external_links_name":"\"English winger Arundell extends Racing deal until 2026\""},{"Link":"https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/bath-gloucester-given-boost-rfu-8820119","external_links_name":"\"Bath and Gloucester given boost by the RFU in pursuit of signing Henry Arundell\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbypass.com/news/englands-henry-arundell-knocks-back-interest-from-nrl-clubs-report","external_links_name":"\"England's Henry Arundell knocks back interest from two NRL clubs\""},{"Link":"https://nextgenxv.com/2022/01/05/england-u20-six-new-and-six-old-to-watch/","external_links_name":"\"England U20: Six New and Six Old to Watch\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbyworld.com/countries/england-countries/england-summer-tour-squad-training-squad-announced-142142","external_links_name":"\"England Summer Tour Squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.london-irish.com/news/henry-arundell-scores-on-england-debut/bp3616/","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell scores on England debut \| 2nd July 2022 \| News\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruck.co.uk/reports-englands-henry-arundell-to-complete-move-to-racing-92-after-london-irish-collapse/","external_links_name":"\"England's Henry Arundell Completes Shock Move To The Top 14\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/sep/23/england-chile-rugby-world-cup-match-report","external_links_name":"\"Henry Arundell scores five in England's 11-try Rugby World Cup rout of Chile\""},{"Link":"https://all.rugby/player/henry-arundell","external_links_name":"\"Henry ARUNDELL profile and stats\""},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/0/http://rd.premiershiprugby.com/players/player-archive.php?player=147910&includeref=dynamic","external_links_name":"Henry Arundell"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112797279#P861"},{"Link":"https://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_51563.html","external_links_name":"Henry Arundell"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112797279#P3769"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya	Commuter rail in Surabaya	["1 Greater Surabaya Commuter trains","2 Other commuter trains","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Overview of commuter rail services in Surabaya, Indonesia Commuter rail in SurabayaKA Jenggala passing Tarik, Sidoarjo RegencyOverviewNative name KA Komuter Surabaya–Bangil KA Komuter Supas KA Komuter Jenggala KA Komuter Sindro KA Komuter Blorasura KA Komuter Dhoho KA Komuter Penataran KA Komuter Tumapel OwnerKereta Api IndonesiaLocaleEast Java (Surabaya, Gresik Regency, Lamongan Regency, Pasuruan Regency, Sidoarjo Regency, Mojokerto City, Mojokerto Regency, also Malang and Blitar)Transit typeCommuter railNumber of lines7Daily ridership41,447 (2023)Annual ridership13.4 million (2023)Websitewww.kai.idwww.commuterline.idOperationOperator(s)KAI Commuter (Surabaya area)Kereta Api Indonesia (Jember area)Rolling stockINKA Kereta Rel Diesel Indonesia (KRDI) DMUTechnicalTrack gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Top speed80 km/h (50 mph) Commuter rails in Surabaya metropolitan area consists of separate commuter-type local train services operated by KAI Commuter in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, and its surrounding areas, such as Gresik, Mojokerto, Pasuruan, Sidoarjo and Lamongan with Commuter Line Supas (KA Komuter Supas), Commuter Line Jenggala (KA Komuter Jenggala), Commuter Line Sindro (KA Komuter Sindro), and Commuter Line Blorasura (KA Komuter Blorasura) trains, also Malang and Blitar with Commuter Line Dhoho (KA Komuter Dhoho), Commuter Line Penataran (KA Komuter Penataran), and Commuter Line Tumapel (KA Komuter Tumapel) These trains currently use INKA-built Kereta Rel Diesel Indonesia (KRDI) diesel multiple unit (DMU) for their service. Greater Surabaya Commuter trains The map of Commuter rail of Surabaya as per December 2023. Commuter Line Supas is a commuter train serving Surabaya Kota station for Pasuruan station and vice versa. The train was first launched on 9 February 2004 as KA Delta Ekspres and inaugurated by President Megawati Sukarnoputri, serving Surabaya and Sidoarjo. Several stops were built by KAI along the Surabaya–Sidoarjo railway line to support the train's operation, but in 2021 all stops were closed. The route was extended further to Porong station in December 2017, and finally to Bangil station starting from December 2019. Formerly using Nippon Sharyo-built MCW 302 DMU, currently the train using KRDI DMU for its service. An extended line of KA Komuter Surabaya–Bangil, it was launched on 10 February 2021 as the 2021 train timetable (Gapeka 2021) was started. Commuter Line Jenggala is a commuter train serving Surabaya Kota station for Mojokerto station and Sidoarjo station, vice versa. First operating on 12 November 2014, the train is the first train operating in the reactivated Tarik–Sidoarjo railway line. Commuter Line Sindro is a commuter train serving Sidoarjo station for Indro station in Gresik and vice versa. First operating on 10 February 2021, the train is the first train operating in the partly reactivated, previously freight-only Indro–Kandangan railway line. Commuter Line Blorasura is a commuter train serving Surabaya Pasar Turi station for Cepu station in Blora and vice versa with a stop in Lamongan station. Between 2004-2023, the line that served Lamongan station was called "Sulam", from the abbreviation for Surabaya and Lamongan, indicating the train terminus. On June 1, 2023, followed by the enactment of the 2023 train timetable (Gapeka 2023) , the "Sulam" commuter train was merged with the Blorasura which serves the same line. Other commuter trains Besides the aforementioned trains, there are a number of medium-range commuter trains services between Surabaya and several cities/regencies: Commuter Line Dhoho and Commuter Line Penataran, two train routes starting from Surabaya Kota station for Blitar station and vice versa via Kertosono for Dhoho and Malang for Penataran (make a stop in each station excluding Ngagel). Commuter Line Tumapel, starting from Surabaya Kota station to Malang station, vice versa. Between 2009 and 2013, KA Arek Surokerto (, Arek Surokerto Train) was operational, serving Surabaya Gubeng station for Mojokerto station and vice versa, and make a stop in each station. "Arek Surokerto" stands for Angkutan Rakyat Ekonomi Kecil Surabaya-Mojokerto (Small Economy People's Transport Surabaya-Mojokerto). The train was using INKA-built electro-diesel train as its rolling stock. Gallery KA Delta Ekspres (currently Commuter Line Supas) trainset in Surabaya Gubeng Station, 2011. Commuter Line Sindro trainset in Indro Station, Gresik. Commuter Line Jenggala trainset in Mojokerto Station. See also Rail transport in Indonesia KAI Commuter References ^ "KAI prediksi penumpang komuter meningkat di wilayah 8 Surabaya". 14 June 2023. ^ "'KAI Commuter layani 331 juta penumpang selama 2023'". Antara News. ^ "Mega Resmikan KA Komuter". Suara Merdeka. Semarang. 2004-02-10. Archived from the original on 2005-05-06. Retrieved 2019-12-04. ^ PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (2021). Expose Gapeka 2021 Daop 8 Surabaya. ^ "PT KAI Operasikan KA Jenggala Mojokerto-Sidoarjo \| Investor Daily". id.beritasatu.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-27. Retrieved 2018-03-26. ^ Widayati, Rully (2016-09-09). "KAI Daop 8 Surabaya Hidupkan Lagi Stasiun Indro Gresik". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-09-07. ^ Sugeng Dwi Hartantyo, Hammam Rofiqi Agustapraja (2018). Analisis Kinerja KA Komuter Surabaya–Lamongan. Universitas Islam Lamongan. p. 35. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2020-12-22. ^ Okta, Maria (2019). "KA Arek Surokerto, Akankah Kembali Mengular Saat Tarif Tol Naik?". Kabar Penumpang. Retrieved 22 December 2020. External links (in Indonesian) Jadwal KRD Kertosono 2015 (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) vte Urban transit in IndonesiaNational: Perum DAMRI • Teman BusSumatraAceh Trans Koetaradja (BRT) Cut Meutia North Sumatra A Kualanamu ARS Greater Medan Commuter Trans Mebidang (BRT) Trans Metro Deli (BRT) South Sumatra Palembang LRT Trans Musi (BRT) West Sumatra Minangkabau Express Trans Padang (BRT) Other Trans Metro Pekanbaru (BRT) Trans Bandar Lampung (BRT) Trans Metro Batam (BRT) JavaGreater JakartaRail Greater Jakarta Commuter Jakarta MRT Jakarta LRT Jabodebek LRT Whoosh HSR SHIA Skytrain SHIA ARS Bus TransJakarta (BRT) Metrotrans Minitrans Mayasari Bakti JR Connexion JA Connexion TransJabodetabek Trans Pakuan (BRT) Trans Patriot (BRT) BRT Depok Trans Kota Tangerang (BRT) BSD Link bus Trans Anggrek (BRT) Banten Greater Jakarta Commuter Merak Commuter West Java Trans Metro Pasundan (BRT) Trans Metro Bandung (BRT) Trans Cirebon (BRT) Greater Bandung Commuter Whoosh HSR Central Java Yogyakarta-Solo Commuter Adisumarmo ARS Batara Kresna Railbus Greater Semarang Commuter Trans Jateng (BRT) Trans Semarang (BRT) Batik Solo Trans (BRT) Trans Banyumas (BRT) Yogyakarta Yogyakarta-Solo Commuter YIA ARS Trans Jogja (BRT) East Java Suroboyo Bus (BRT) Trans Jatim (BRT) Trans Semanggi Suroboyo (BRT) Greater Surabaya Commuter Bali(Lesser Sunda Islands) Trans Sarbagita (BRT) Trans Metro Dewata (BRT) KalimantanWest Kalimantan Trans Metro Pontianak (BRT) Central Kalimantan Trans Palangka Raya (BRT) South Kalimantan BRT Banjarbakula Sulawesi Trans Mamminasata (BRT) Papua(Western New Guinea) Trans Jayapura (BRT) Other Share taxi (angkot, bemo, mikrolet) Car jockey Auto rickshaw Note: Except TransJakarta, BRT in Indonesia commonly merely a bus with shelter and not isolated from traffic vteUrban rail transit in Southeast Asia IndonesiaJava Jakarta Public Integrated Transportation System Greater Jakarta Commuter Jakarta MRT M2 2B 3 4 Jakarta LRT 2 3 Jabodebek LRT BG GR SH SHIA Skytrain SHIA ARS Whoosh HSR Merak Commuter Greater Bandung Commuter BDG GRT LWJ KC Yogyakarta-Solo Commuter Adisumarmo ARS YIA ARS Greater Semarang Commuter Greater Surabaya Commuter Sumatra Palembang LRT Kualanamu ARS A Greater Medan Commuter Minangkabau Express Medan LRT MalaysiaPeninsular Malaysia Klang Valley Integrated Transit System KTM Komuter Central Sector 1 2 10 Rapid KL 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 13 ERL 6 7 KTM Komuter Northern Sector 1 2 Penang LRT Mutiara line Johor Bahru ART KLIA Aerotrain Penang Hill Railway ETS RTS ECR East Malaysia Kota Kinabalu LRT Line Kota Kinabalu Monorail Kuching ART Myanmar Yangon Circular Railway Yangon Urban Mass Rapid Transit PhilippinesLuzon Metro Manila Rail Network Manila LRT 6 Manila MRT 3 4 8 MMS 10 11 Makati Intra-city Subway PNR NSCR NECL Bicol Commuter Pasig River Light Rail SkyTrain Visayas Cebu Monorail Mindanao Davao People Mover Singapore Singapore MRT NSL EWL NEL CCL DTL TEL JRL CRL Singapore LRT BPLRT SKLRT PGLRT Changi Airport Skytrain Sentosa Express RTS ThailandBangkok Metropolitan Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan BTS Silom Sukhumvit Gold MRT Blue Purple Yellow Pink Orange Brown BMA Grey Light Blue Silver SRTET ARL Light Red Dark Red APM Suvarnabhumi Don Mueang Utapao HSR Eastern Northeastern Northern Southern Provincial Chiang Mai LRT Hat Yai Monorail Khon Kaen LRT Nakhon Ratchasima LRT Pattaya Monorail Phitsanulok Tram Phuket Island LRT Vietnam Hanoi Metro 2A 3 4 Ho Chi Minh City Metro North-South HSR Note: Under construction & planned lines are in Italics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surabaya metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"commuter-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"KAI Commuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAI_Commuter"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"East Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Gresik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresik"},{"link_name":"Mojokerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojokerto"},{"link_name":"Pasuruan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasuruan"},{"link_name":"Sidoarjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidoarjo"},{"link_name":"Lamongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamongan"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang"},{"link_name":"Blitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitar"},{"link_name":"INKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_Kereta_Api"},{"link_name":"diesel multiple unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"}],"text":"Commuter rails in Surabaya metropolitan area consists of separate commuter-type local train services operated by KAI Commuter in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, and its surrounding areas, such as Gresik, Mojokerto, Pasuruan, Sidoarjo and Lamongan with Commuter Line Supas (KA Komuter Supas), Commuter Line Jenggala (KA Komuter Jenggala), Commuter Line Sindro (KA Komuter Sindro), and Commuter Line Blorasura (KA Komuter Blorasura) trains, also Malang and Blitar with Commuter Line Dhoho (KA Komuter Dhoho), Commuter Line Penataran (KA Komuter Penataran), and Commuter Line Tumapel (KA Komuter Tumapel)These trains currently use INKA-built Kereta Rel Diesel Indonesia (KRDI) diesel multiple unit (DMU) for their service.","title":"Commuter rail in Surabaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commuter_rail_map_of_Greater_Surabaya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Kota station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Kota_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pasuruan station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasuruan_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Megawati Sukarnoputri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gapeka_2021-4"},{"link_name":"Nippon Sharyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Mojokerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojokerto"},{"link_name":"Sidoarjo station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidoarjo_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Gresik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresik"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Pasar Turi station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Pasar_Turi_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cepu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepu"},{"link_name":"Blora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blora"},{"link_name":"Lamongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamongan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The map of Commuter rail of Surabaya as per December 2023.Commuter Line Supas is a commuter train serving Surabaya Kota station for Pasuruan station and vice versa. The train was first launched on 9 February 2004 as KA Delta Ekspres and inaugurated by President Megawati Sukarnoputri,[3] serving Surabaya and Sidoarjo. Several stops were built by KAI along the Surabaya–Sidoarjo railway line to support the train's operation, but in 2021 all stops were closed.[4] The route was extended further to Porong station in December 2017, and finally to Bangil station starting from December 2019. Formerly using Nippon Sharyo-built MCW 302 DMU, currently the train using KRDI DMU for its service. An extended line of KA Komuter Surabaya–Bangil, it was launched on 10 February 2021 as the 2021 train timetable (Gapeka 2021) was started.Commuter Line Jenggala is a commuter train serving Surabaya Kota station for Mojokerto station and Sidoarjo station, vice versa. First operating on 12 November 2014, the train is the first train operating in the reactivated Tarik–Sidoarjo railway line.[5]Commuter Line Sindro is a commuter train serving Sidoarjo station for Indro station in Gresik and vice versa. First operating on 10 February 2021, the train is the first train operating in the partly reactivated, previously freight-only Indro–Kandangan railway line.[6]Commuter Line Blorasura is a commuter train serving Surabaya Pasar Turi station for Cepu station in Blora and vice versa with a stop in Lamongan station. Between 2004-2023, the line that served Lamongan station was called \"Sulam\", from the abbreviation for Surabaya and Lamongan, indicating the train terminus. On June 1, 2023, followed by the enactment of the 2023 train timetable (Gapeka 2023) , the \"Sulam\" commuter train was merged with the Blorasura which serves the same line.[7]","title":"Greater Surabaya Commuter trains"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Kota station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Kota_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Blitar station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitar_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Kota station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Kota_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Malang station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[id]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api_Arek_Surokerto"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Gubeng station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Gubeng_railway_station"},{"link_name":"electro-diesel train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive"}],"text":"Besides the aforementioned trains, there are a number of medium-range commuter trains services between Surabaya and several cities/regencies:Commuter Line Dhoho and Commuter Line Penataran, two train routes starting from Surabaya Kota station for Blitar station and vice versa via Kertosono for Dhoho and Malang for Penataran (make a stop in each station excluding Ngagel).Commuter Line Tumapel, starting from Surabaya Kota station to Malang station, vice versa.Between 2009 and 2013, KA Arek Surokerto ([id], Arek Surokerto Train) was operational,[8] serving Surabaya Gubeng station for Mojokerto station and vice versa, and make a stop in each station. \"Arek Surokerto\" stands for Angkutan Rakyat Ekonomi Kecil Surabaya-Mojokerto (Small Economy People's Transport Surabaya-Mojokerto). The train was using INKA-built electro-diesel train as its rolling stock.","title":"Other commuter trains"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delta_Ekspress_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Gubeng Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Gubeng_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KomuterIndro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gresik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KA_Jenggala_2020_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mojokerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojokerto"}],"text":"KA Delta Ekspres (currently Commuter Line Supas) trainset in Surabaya Gubeng Station, 2011.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommuter Line Sindro trainset in Indro Station, Gresik.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommuter Line Jenggala trainset in Mojokerto Station.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"The map of Commuter rail of Surabaya as per December 2023.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Commuter_rail_map_of_Greater_Surabaya.jpg/170px-Commuter_rail_map_of_Greater_Surabaya.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Rail transport in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia"},{"title":"KAI Commuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAI_Commuter"}]	[{"reference":"\"KAI prediksi penumpang komuter meningkat di wilayah 8 Surabaya\". 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/706008/kai-prediksi-penumpang-komuter-meningkat-di-wilayah-8-surabaya","url_text":"\"KAI prediksi penumpang komuter meningkat di wilayah 8 Surabaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"'KAI Commuter layani 331 juta penumpang selama 2023'\". Antara News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3910815/kai-commuter-layani-331-juta-penumpang-selama-2023#:~:text=Adapun%20rincian%20jumlah%20penumpang%20331.894,Surbaya%2013.360.638%20orang%2C%20dan","url_text":"\"'KAI Commuter layani 331 juta penumpang selama 2023'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mega Resmikan KA Komuter\". Suara Merdeka. Semarang. 2004-02-10. Archived from the original on 2005-05-06. Retrieved 2019-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050506222319/http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0402/10/nas18.htm","url_text":"\"Mega Resmikan KA Komuter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara_Merdeka","url_text":"Suara Merdeka"},{"url":"http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0402/10/nas18.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (2021). Expose Gapeka 2021 Daop 8 Surabaya.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"PT KAI Operasikan KA Jenggala Mojokerto-Sidoarjo \| Investor Daily\". id.beritasatu.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-27. Retrieved 2018-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124340/https://id.beritasatu.com/home/pt-kai-operasikan-ka-jenggala-mojokerto-sidoarjo/100827","url_text":"\"PT KAI Operasikan KA Jenggala Mojokerto-Sidoarjo \| Investor Daily\""},{"url":"http://id.beritasatu.com/home/pt-kai-operasikan-ka-jenggala-mojokerto-sidoarjo/100827","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Widayati, Rully (2016-09-09). \"KAI Daop 8 Surabaya Hidupkan Lagi Stasiun Indro Gresik\". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/803180/kai-daop-8-surabaya-hidupkan-lagi-stasiun-indro-gresik","url_text":"\"KAI Daop 8 Surabaya Hidupkan Lagi Stasiun Indro Gresik\""}]},{"reference":"Sugeng Dwi Hartantyo, Hammam Rofiqi Agustapraja (2018). Analisis Kinerja KA Komuter Surabaya–Lamongan. Universitas Islam Lamongan. p. 35. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2020-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210112175053/http://download.garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/article.php?article=1283667&val=10444&title=ANALISA%20KINERJA%20KA%20KOMUTER%20SURABAYA%20%20LAMONGAN","url_text":"Analisis Kinerja KA Komuter Surabaya–Lamongan"},{"url":"http://download.garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/article.php?article=1283667&val=10444&title=ANALISA%20KINERJA%20KA%20KOMUTER%20SURABAYA%20%20LAMONGAN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Okta, Maria (2019). \"KA Arek Surokerto, Akankah Kembali Mengular Saat Tarif Tol Naik?\". Kabar Penumpang. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kabarpenumpang.com/ka-arek-surokerto-akankah-kembali-mengular-saat-tarif-tol-naik/","url_text":"\"KA Arek Surokerto, Akankah Kembali Mengular Saat Tarif Tol Naik?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.kai.id/","external_links_name":"www.kai.id"},{"Link":"http://www.commuterline.id/","external_links_name":"www.commuterline.id"},{"Link":"https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/706008/kai-prediksi-penumpang-komuter-meningkat-di-wilayah-8-surabaya","external_links_name":"\"KAI prediksi penumpang komuter meningkat di wilayah 8 Surabaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3910815/kai-commuter-layani-331-juta-penumpang-selama-2023#:~:text=Adapun%20rincian%20jumlah%20penumpang%20331.894,Surbaya%2013.360.638%20orang%2C%20dan","external_links_name":"\"'KAI Commuter layani 331 juta penumpang selama 2023'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050506222319/http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0402/10/nas18.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mega Resmikan KA Komuter\""},{"Link":"http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0402/10/nas18.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124340/https://id.beritasatu.com/home/pt-kai-operasikan-ka-jenggala-mojokerto-sidoarjo/100827","external_links_name":"\"PT KAI Operasikan KA Jenggala Mojokerto-Sidoarjo \| Investor Daily\""},{"Link":"http://id.beritasatu.com/home/pt-kai-operasikan-ka-jenggala-mojokerto-sidoarjo/100827","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/803180/kai-daop-8-surabaya-hidupkan-lagi-stasiun-indro-gresik","external_links_name":"\"KAI Daop 8 Surabaya Hidupkan Lagi Stasiun Indro Gresik\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210112175053/http://download.garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/article.php?article=1283667&val=10444&title=ANALISA%20KINERJA%20KA%20KOMUTER%20SURABAYA%20%20LAMONGAN","external_links_name":"Analisis Kinerja KA Komuter Surabaya–Lamongan"},{"Link":"http://download.garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/article.php?article=1283667&val=10444&title=ANALISA%20KINERJA%20KA%20KOMUTER%20SURABAYA%20%20LAMONGAN","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.kabarpenumpang.com/ka-arek-surokerto-akankah-kembali-mengular-saat-tarif-tol-naik/","external_links_name":"\"KA Arek Surokerto, Akankah Kembali Mengular Saat Tarif Tol Naik?\""},{"Link":"http://www.kaskus.co.id/show_post/551a25da9e74047d0d8b4571/3492/lokalan-daop-8","external_links_name":"Jadwal KRD Kertosono 2015"},{"Link":"http://www.railway.web.id/2014/05/kereta-api-komuter-surabaya-lamongan.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.railway.web.id/2014/05/jadwal-komuter-surabaya-porong-terbaru.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://keretaapikita.com/jadwal-dan-harga-tiket-ka-jenggala/","external_links_name":"[3]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalyv_Shipbuilding_yard	Zalyv Shipbuilding Yard	["1 History","2 Facilities and services","3 Specialization","3.1 Building","4 Notable vessels","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°15′50.0″N 36°24′44.7″E / 45.263889°N 36.412417°E / 45.263889; 36.412417Shipyard located in Kerch, Crimea ZalyvNative nameЗаливIndustryshipbuildingFounded1938HeadquartersKerch, CrimeaOwnerOOO Vesta (60%)OOO Enkor (40%)Websitekerchbutoma.ru MykolaivMariupolZalyv (Kerch)KhersonKuznia na Rybalskomu (Kyiv)SevastopolMoreclass=notpageimage\| Ukraine Shipyards There are three shipyards located in Mykolaiv: Black Sea Shipyard, Okean Shipyard, and Mykolayiv. The Zaliv Shipbuilding Yard (Russian: Судостроительный завод «Залив», Ukrainian: Суднобудівний завод «Залив») is located in Kerch, Crimea and specializes in the construction of tankers and container carriers, and the repair of ships of different types and tonnage. The shipyard was also known as Kamysh-Burun Zavod, and Soviet Shipyard No. 532 named after Butoma Boris Evstaf'evich. History The joint stock company Zalyv Shipyard was founded in 1938. It is situated on the shore of the Kerch Strait, between two seas, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. From 1945 to 1980, the yard built about 600 ships, including sea trawlers, small torpedo boats, fishing boats and barges. Since the 1960s, it has built tankers. The shipyard was formerly affiliated with the KrAZ Holding Company (Kremenchuk). As of April 2017, the company is owned by OOO Vesta (60%) and OOO Enkor (40%).. The facilities were targeted by a missile attack on November 4, 2023, with one ship in dock being allegedly damaged. Facilities and services The shipyard occupies an area of 350 acres (0.55 sq mi). It has a graving dock that is 360 meters long and 60 meters wide. It can accommodate ships with a draught of 13 meters. Two gantry cranes, each with a 200-tons lifting capacity, are part of this dock. Specialization Type "Krym" Project 1511 tanker was built 1974-1980, created in 1973 by "Baltsudnoproekt" Project 12990 Pobeda tanker Panamax was built 1980-1996 Nuclear-powered icebreaking cargo ship Sevmorput in the 1980s Series of stationary oil platform Several military frigates Krivak I class (along with Yantar and Severnaya Verf) Krivak III class (exclusively at Zalyv). Building Project 22800 corvette Amur Project 22160 corvettes / patrol boats Project 23900 amphibious assault ships Project 23560 destroyers / cruisers / ASWs (planned) Tankers, Oceanographic, Coast Guard MVD and other vessels Many of the metal hardware beam barges for the Crimean Bridge Passenger hydrofoil boats (hulls) Name Class and type Plant № Laid Launched Simferopol Pr. A145 passenger ship (SPM-150) 701 5 September 2014 Kerch Pr. A145 passenger ship (SPM-150) 702 5 September 2014 Pr. A145 passenger ship (SPM-150) 703 Pr. 23131 marine tanker 301 26 December 2014 Pr. 23131 marine tanker 302 26 December 2014 Volga Pr. 15310 cable ship nd 6 January 2015 Vyatka Pr. 15310 cable ship nd 6 January 2015 Pr. A163 search and rescue ship Spasatel Ilin 112 28 July 2015 21 February 2019 Pr. A163 search and rescue ship 113 9 December 2015 Amur Pr. 22800 small missile ship 803 (? nd) 30 July 2017 26 December 2022 Pr. 19910 small hydrographic ship 801 26 July 2016 Pr. 19910 small hydrographic ship 802 18 November 2016 Amur Pr. 19910 small hydrographic ship 803 30 July 2016 Pr. 19910 small hydrographic ship 804 Early 2017 Pr. 19910 small hydrographic ship 805 Early 2017 Ivan Rogov Pr. 23900 landing helicopter dock 20 July 2020 Mitrofan Moskalenko Pr. 23900 landing helicopter dock 20 July 2020 Pr. 23560 destroyer/cruiser/ASW (planned) Notable vessels The Krivak class frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy is the former flagship of the Ukrainian navy. Name Class and type Plant № Laid Launched Bezzavetnyy Pr. 1135 frigate 1973 1977 Pobeda Pr. 12990 marine tanker 1981 1988 Sevmorput Nuclear-powered LASH carrier 1982 1988 Hetman Sahaydachniy (U130) Pr. 11351 frigate 1991 1992 See also List of ships of Russia by project number List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes References ^ a b "Список аффилированных лиц". E-disclosure.ru. Retrieved 15 July 2017. ^ Official Zalyv Shipyard Public Website ^ Andrew Toppan, World Navies Today: Ukraine (2003), Online: Hazegray.org Website ^ Тип Крым, проект 1511 ^ Data on Krym ^ Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny frigate to join NATO's anti-piracy operation, Interfax-Ukraine (17 September 2013) External links Official website Port of the shipyard 45°15′50.0″N 36°24′44.7″E / 45.263889°N 36.412417°E / 45.263889; 36.412417 vteShipbuilders and shipyards in UkraineActual Kuznya na Rybalskomu (Kyiv) Mykolayiv Shipyard (Mykolaiv) Black Sea Shipyard (Mykolaiv) Okean Shipyard (Mykolaiv) Kherson Shipyard (Kherson) Pallada State Plant (Kherson) Mariupol Shipyard (Mariupol) Illichivsk Odesa Ship yard port and repair Ochakiv Ship yard port and repair Illichivsk Mariupol Ship yard port and repair Former More Shipbuilding yard (Feodosiya) Sevastopol Shipyard (Sevastopol) Zalyv Shipbuilding Yard (Kerch) Authority control databases Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_under_russian_occupation_grey.svg"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Zalyv (Kerch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalyv_Shipbuilding_yard"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Kuznia na Rybalskomu (Kyiv)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuznia_na_Rybalskomu"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_(Feodosiya)"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_under_russian_occupation_grey.svg"},{"link_name":"Black Sea Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Okean Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Mykolayiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolayiv_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Kerch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hazegray-3"}],"text":"Shipyard located in Kerch, CrimeaMykolaivMariupolZalyv (Kerch)KhersonKuznia na Rybalskomu (Kyiv)SevastopolMoreclass=notpageimage\| Ukraine Shipyards There are three shipyards located in Mykolaiv: Black Sea Shipyard, Okean Shipyard, and Mykolayiv.The Zaliv Shipbuilding Yard (Russian: Судостроительный завод «Залив», Ukrainian: Суднобудівний завод «Залив») is located in Kerch, Crimea and specializes in the construction of tankers and container carriers, and the repair of ships of different types and tonnage.[2]The shipyard was also known as Kamysh-Burun Zavod,[3] and Soviet Shipyard No. 532 named after Butoma Boris Evstaf'evich.","title":"Zalyv Shipbuilding Yard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"KrAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KrAZ"},{"link_name":"Kremenchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenchuk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edisclaff-1"}],"text":"The joint stock company Zalyv Shipyard was founded in 1938. It is situated on the shore of the Kerch Strait, between two seas, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. From 1945 to 1980, the yard built about 600 ships, including sea trawlers, small torpedo boats, fishing boats and barges. Since the 1960s, it has built tankers.The shipyard was formerly affiliated with the KrAZ Holding Company (Kremenchuk). As of April 2017, the company is owned by OOO Vesta (60%) and OOO Enkor (40%).[1]. The facilities were targeted by a missile attack on November 4, 2023, with one ship in dock being allegedly damaged.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The shipyard occupies an area of 350 acres (0.55 sq mi). It has a graving dock that is 360 meters long and 60 meters wide. It can accommodate ships with a draught of 13 meters. Two gantry cranes, each with a 200-tons lifting capacity, are part of this dock.","title":"Facilities and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project 1511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_1511&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Panamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamax"},{"link_name":"Nuclear-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered"},{"link_name":"icebreaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"Sevmorput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevmorput"},{"link_name":"Yantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantar,_Kaliningrad"},{"link_name":"Severnaya Verf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Verf"}],"text":"Type \"Krym\" Project 1511 tanker was built 1974-1980, created in 1973 by \"Baltsudnoproekt\"[4][5]\nProject 12990 Pobeda tanker\nPanamax was built 1980-1996\nNuclear-powered icebreaking cargo ship Sevmorput in the 1980s\nSeries of stationary oil platform\nSeveral military frigates\nKrivak I class (along with Yantar and Severnaya Verf)\nKrivak III class (exclusively at Zalyv).","title":"Specialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project 22800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakurt-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"Project 22160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_22160-class_patrol_ship"},{"link_name":"Project 23900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_23900_amphibious_assault_ship"},{"link_name":"Project 23560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lider-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Crimean Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"Building","text":"Project 22800 corvette Amur\nProject 22160 corvettes / patrol boats\nProject 23900 amphibious assault ships\nProject 23560 destroyers / cruisers / ASWs (planned)\nTankers, Oceanographic, Coast Guard MVD and other vessels\nMany of the metal hardware beam barges for the Crimean Bridge\nPassenger hydrofoil boats (hulls)","title":"Specialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Het%27man_Sahaidachnyi_ide_na_chornomu_mori_2012-07-17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krivak class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivak_class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Hetman Sahaydachniy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaydachniy_(U130)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_navy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Krivak class frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy is the former flagship of the Ukrainian navy.[6]","title":"Notable vessels"}]	[{"image_text":"The Krivak class frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy is the former flagship of the Ukrainian navy.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Het%27man_Sahaidachnyi_ide_na_chornomu_mori_2012-07-17.jpg/220px-Het%27man_Sahaidachnyi_ide_na_chornomu_mori_2012-07-17.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of ships of Russia by project number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_Russia_by_project_number"},{"title":"List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Russian_submarine_classes"}]	[{"reference":"\"Список аффилированных лиц\". E-disclosure.ru. Retrieved 15 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-disclosure.ru/portal/files.aspx?id=36975&type=6","url_text":"\"Список аффилированных лиц\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zalyv_Shipbuilding_Yard&params=45_15_50.0_N_36_24_44.7_E_","external_links_name":"45°15′50.0″N 36°24′44.7″E / 45.263889°N 36.412417°E / 45.263889; 36.412417"},{"Link":"https://kerchbutoma.ru/","external_links_name":"kerchbutoma.ru"},{"Link":"http://www.e-disclosure.ru/portal/files.aspx?id=36975&type=6","external_links_name":"\"Список аффилированных лиц\""},{"Link":"https://kerchbutoma.ru/","external_links_name":"Official Zalyv Shipyard Public Website"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/europe/ukraine.htm","external_links_name":"Hazegray.org Website"},{"Link":"http://fleetphoto.ru/models/2264/","external_links_name":"Тип Крым, проект 1511"},{"Link":"http://lovim-rubu.ru/?p=1618","external_links_name":"Data on Krym"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130917123531/http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/kozhara-hetman-sahaidachny-frigate-to-join-natos-anti-piracy-operation/","external_links_name":"Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny frigate to join NATO's anti-piracy operation"},{"Link":"https://kerchbutoma.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.sifservice.com/ru/informatsiya/porty-ukrainy/drugie-porty-i-kompleksy/item/115-kerchensky-sudostroitelny-zavod-zaliv-port","external_links_name":"Port of the shipyard"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zalyv_Shipbuilding_Yard&params=45_15_50.0_N_36_24_44.7_E_","external_links_name":"45°15′50.0″N 36°24′44.7″E / 45.263889°N 36.412417°E / 45.263889; 36.412417"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=14748","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"}]

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