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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Knight_(aircraft)	Red Knight (aerobatic team)	["1 History","2 References"]	Red KnightThe Red Knight flying over Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, November 1960Active1958–1969Country CanadaBranch Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian ForcesRoleAerobatic flight demonstrationSizeOne aircraft majority of the timeGarrison/HQTrenton, Saskatoon, Portage la Prairie, Moose JawColorsRedAircraft flownTrainerCanadair CT-133 Silver Star, CT-114 TutorMilitary unit The Red Knight was a Canadian air force aerobatic display aircraft that operated from 1958 to 1969. The red-painted Silver Star performed loops, rolls, Cuban 8s, horizontal 360s, inverted flight, and high speed passes at airshows around North America, often appearing as an opening act for or in conjunction with the Golden Hawks display team and later the Golden Centennaires, Canada's contemporary aerobatic teams. The Silver Star was replaced by the Tutor in July 1968. History During its service with the Royal Canadian Air Force (1958–1968) and the Canadian Forces (1968–1969), the Red Knight was flown by seventeen different pilots from four different bases. Beginning in 1961 a second Red Knight aircraft with alternate pilot entered service, and the aircraft sometimes performed together or separately in different locations. An accident involving two Red Knights occurred on August 21, 1963 at the Gimli Air Force Day airshow. When the aircraft were performing a Cuban 8, alternate pilot Flight Lieutenant Wayne MacLellan recognized that he was too low to the ground and aborted the manoeuvre. Lead pilot Flight Lieutenant J.W. "Bud" Morin failed to recognize this and was killed when his plane contacted the ground. An air force investigation allowed the team to continue, but forbade any further coordinated acts. The "new" Red Knight in Reno, Nevada, 2004 The Red Knight had five trouble-free years of flying after Morin's accident, but that was cut short when pilot Capt. John Reid crashed during a photo shoot on May 22, 1968. After conducting a low-altitude loop, Reid could not pull the aircraft up fast enough and crashed into the ground. Though he was thrown clear of the wreckage, Reid died in hospital. This tragedy was closely followed by another. On July 13, 1969, Red Knight Capt. Bryan Alston was killed when his Tutor suffered a power failure and crashed during the forced landing. These two crashes in short succession led the air force to seriously reconsider the program. Ultimately, because of budget considerations and personnel cuts, the Red Knight program was canceled in 1969. After its disappearance as a formal demonstration aircraft, the Red Knight was resurrected as a private show in the United States. Between 1990 and 1993, Rick Brickert flew a restored Lockheed T-33 in airshows around the United States and as the pace plane for the Reno Air Races. After Rick's death in 1993 when he crashed the Pond Racer experimental aircraft, the T-33 sat unused until acquired by Red Knight Air Shows, LLC in 2003. This company currently operates the T-33 and coordinates appearances at airshows around the continent. The Jet Aircraft Museum in London, Ontario has restored a Silver Star to flying condition and the aircraft has been painted in the Red Knight paint scheme. References ^ Dempsey 2002, p. 709. ^ Dempsey 2002, p. 217. ^ a b Dempsey 2002, p. 222. ^ "Return of the Red Knight". Skies Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-12. ^ "Jet Aircraft Museum restores CT-133 for U.S. customer". Skies Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-12. Dempsey, Daniel V. A Tradition of Excellence: Canada's Airshow Team Heritage. Victoria, BC: High Flight Enterprises, 2002. ISBN 0-9687817-0-5. vteCanadian aerobatic teams Siskins Blue Devils Easy Aces Fireballs Skylancers The Red Knight Golden Hawks Goldilocks Golden Centennaires Warlocks Deadeye Zips Snowbirds	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CT-133_Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Golden Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Golden Centennaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Centennaires"},{"link_name":"Tutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CT-114_Tutor"}],"text":"Military unitThe Red Knight was a Canadian air force aerobatic display aircraft that operated from 1958 to 1969. The red-painted Silver Star performed loops, rolls, Cuban 8s, horizontal 360s, inverted flight, and high speed passes at airshows around North America, often appearing as an opening act for or in conjunction with the Golden Hawks display team and later the Golden Centennaires, Canada's contemporary aerobatic teams. The Silver Star was replaced by the Tutor in July 1968.","title":"Red Knight (aerobatic team)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dempsey709-1"},{"link_name":"Gimli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF_Station_Gimli"},{"link_name":"Flight Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Lieutenant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadair_T-33.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dempsey222-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dempsey222-3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Reno Air Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Air_Races"},{"link_name":"Pond Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled_Composites_Pond_Racer"},{"link_name":"Jet Aircraft Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Aircraft_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"During its service with the Royal Canadian Air Force (1958–1968) and the Canadian Forces (1968–1969), the Red Knight was flown by seventeen different pilots from four different bases.[1] Beginning in 1961 a second Red Knight aircraft with alternate pilot entered service, and the aircraft sometimes performed together or separately in different locations. An accident involving two Red Knights occurred on August 21, 1963 at the Gimli Air Force Day airshow. When the aircraft were performing a Cuban 8, alternate pilot Flight Lieutenant Wayne MacLellan recognized that he was too low to the ground and aborted the manoeuvre. Lead pilot Flight Lieutenant J.W. \"Bud\" Morin failed to recognize this and was killed when his plane contacted the ground. An air force investigation allowed the team to continue, but forbade any further coordinated acts.The \"new\" Red Knight in Reno, Nevada, 2004The Red Knight had five trouble-free years of flying after Morin's accident, but that was cut short when pilot Capt. John Reid crashed during a photo shoot on May 22, 1968.[2] After conducting a low-altitude loop, Reid could not pull the aircraft up fast enough and crashed into the ground. Though he was thrown clear of the wreckage, Reid died in hospital. This tragedy was closely followed by another. On July 13, 1969, Red Knight Capt. Bryan Alston was killed when his Tutor suffered a power failure and crashed during the forced landing.[3] These two crashes in short succession led the air force to seriously reconsider the program. Ultimately, because of budget considerations and personnel cuts, the Red Knight program was canceled in 1969.[3]After its disappearance as a formal demonstration aircraft, the Red Knight was resurrected as a private show in the United States. Between 1990 and 1993, Rick Brickert flew a restored Lockheed T-33 in airshows around the United States and as the pace plane for the Reno Air Races. After Rick's death in 1993 when he crashed the Pond Racer experimental aircraft, the T-33 sat unused until acquired by Red Knight Air Shows, LLC in 2003. This company currently operates the T-33 and coordinates appearances at airshows around the continent.The Jet Aircraft Museum in London, Ontario has restored a Silver Star to flying condition and the aircraft has been painted in the Red Knight paint scheme.[4][5]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"The \"new\" Red Knight in Reno, Nevada, 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Canadair_T-33.jpg/220px-Canadair_T-33.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Return of the Red Knight\". Skies Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://skiesmag.com/news/return-red-knight/","url_text":"\"Return of the Red Knight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jet Aircraft Museum restores CT-133 for U.S. customer\". Skies Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://skiesmag.com/news/jet-aircraft-museum-restores-ct-133-for-u-s-customer/","url_text":"\"Jet Aircraft Museum restores CT-133 for U.S. customer\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://skiesmag.com/news/return-red-knight/","external_links_name":"\"Return of the Red Knight\""},{"Link":"https://skiesmag.com/news/jet-aircraft-museum-restores-ct-133-for-u-s-customer/","external_links_name":"\"Jet Aircraft Museum restores CT-133 for U.S. customer\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui	Thami El Glaoui	["1 Early life and career","2 French influence","3 Lord of the Atlas","4 Collaboration with the French","4.1 Opposition to the nationalists","4.2 Rupture with the sultan","4.3 Coup d'état","4.4 Popular uprising against the coup","5 Rallying to the sultan","6 Personal fortune","7 Death","8 Descendants","9 Honours","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]	Moroccan politician (1870–1956) Thami El GlaouiPasha of MarrakeshIn office1909–1911Succeeded byDriss MennouPasha of MarrakeshIn office1912–1956Preceded byDriss Mennou Personal detailsBornThami El Mezouari El Glaoui1879Telouet, High Atlas, MoroccoDied(1956-01-23)January 23, 1956 (76-77)Marrakesh, Morocco Thami El Glaoui (Arabic: التهامي الكلاوي; 1879–23 January 1956) was the Pasha of Marrakesh from 1912 to 1956. His family name was el Mezouari, from a title given an ancestor by Ismail Ibn Sharif in 1700, while El Glaoui refers to his chieftainship of the Glaoua (Glawa) tribe of the Berbers of southern Morocco, based at the Kasbah of Telouet in the High Atlas and at Marrakesh. El Glaoui became head of the Glaoua upon the death of his elder brother, Si el-Madani, and as an ally of the French protectorate in Morocco, conspired with them in the overthrow of Sultan Mohammed V. On October 25 of 1955, El-Glaoui announced his acceptance of Mohammed V's restoration as well as Morocco's independence. Early life and career Thami El Glaoui as a young man Thami was born in 1879 in the Imezouaren family, in the Ait Telouet tribe, a clan of the Southern Glaoua. His family was originally in a place called Tigemmi n'Imezouaren in the Fatwaka tribe, near the Tassaout river. His father was the qaid of Telouet, Mohammed ben Hammou, known as Tibibit, and his mother was Zouhra Oum El Khaïr, a black slave. When Si Mohammed died on 4 August 1886, his eldest son Si Mhamed took over his father's position and then died the same year. After the death of Si M'hammed, his brother Si Madani took power and put his brother T'hami as his khalifat (assistant). In the autumn of 1893, Sultan Moulay Hassan and his army were crossing the High Atlas mountains after a tax-gathering expedition when they were caught in a blizzard. They were rescued by Si Madani, and the grateful Sultan bestowed on Si Madani qaidats from Tafilalt to the Sous. In addition, he presented the Glaoua arsenal with a working 77-mm Krupp cannon, the only such weapon in Morocco outside the imperial army. The Glaoua army used this weapon to subdue rival warlords. In 1902, Madani, T'hami and the Glaoua force joined the imperial army of Moulay Abdelaziz as it marched against the pretender Bou Hamara. The Sultan's forces were routed by the pretender. Madani became a scapegoat, and spent months of humiliation at court before being allowed to return home. He thereupon began to actively work to depose Moulay Abdelaziz. This was achieved in 1907 with the enthronement of Abdelhafid of Morocco, who rewarded the Glaoua by appointing Si Madani as his Grand Vizier, and T'hami as Pasha of Marrakesh. French influence The ruinous reigns of Moulay Abdelaziz and Moulay Hafid bankrupted Morocco and led first to riots, then to armed intervention by the French to protect their citizens and financial interests. As the situation worsened, a scapegoat once again had to be found, and again it was the Glaoua. Moulay Hafid accused Madani of keeping back tax money, and in 1911 stripped all Glaoua family members of their positions. In 1912 the Sultan was forced to sign the Treaty of Fez, which gave the French immense control over the Sultan, his pashas and qaids. Later that year, the pretender El Hiba entered Marrakesh with his army and demanded of the new Pasha, Driss Mennou (who had replaced T'hami), that he hand over all foreign Christians as hostages. These had sought refuge with the former Pasha, T'hami, who had tried previously but failed to get them out of the district. T'hami handed over the hostages, except for a sergeant whom he hid and supplied with a line of communication with the approaching French army. The French scattered El Hiba's warriors, and Driss Mennou ordered his men to overpower El Hiba's guards and liberate the hostages. These then went to T'hami's place to collect their belongings, and were found there by the French army in circumstances which suggested T'hami alone had saved them. T'hami was restored to his position as Pasha on the spot. Seeing that the French were now the only effective power, T'hami aligned himself with them.Thami El Glaoui with his son, Brahim. Lord of the Atlas A pre-1923 depiction of Thami El Glaoui, Pasha of Marrakesh by André Suréda Madani died in 1918. The French immediately repaid T'hami's support by appointing him the head of the family ahead of Madani's sons. Only Si Hammou, Madani's son-in-law, managed to remain in his position as qaid of the Glawa (Aglaw in Tashelhit), based in Telouet (and therefore in charge of its arsenal). Not until Hammou died in 1934 did T'hami get full control of his legacy. From that time on, T'hami's wealth and influence grew. His position as Pasha enabled him to acquire great wealth by means which were often dubious, with interests in agriculture and mineral resources. His personal style and charm, as well as his prodigality with his wealth, made him many friends among the international fashionable set of the day. He visited the European capitals often, while his visitors at Marrakesh included Winston Churchill, Colette, Maurice Ravel, Charlie Chaplin. Thami el-Glawi (center) at his reception at the Élysée Palace in Paris in 1921, photographed with Abdelqader Bin Ghabrit (right).The Pasha attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as a private guest of Winston Churchill, the two had met during the latter's trips to Marrakech, often to paint. The Pasha's lavish gifts of a jeweled crown and an ornate dagger were refused as it was not customary for gifts to be received from individuals not representing a government. Autochrome portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1927 According to his son Abdessadeq, one of the principal means by which he acquired great landholdings was that he was able to buy land at cheap prices during times of drought. During one such drought, he constructed an irrigated private golf course at Marrakesh at which Churchill often played. When the French protested about the waste of water, they were easily silenced by granting playing rights to the top officials. T'hami had two wives: Lalla Zineb, mother of his sons Hassan and Abdessadeq and widow of his brother Si Madani; and Lalla Fadna, by whom he had a son, Mehdi, and a daughter, Khaddouj. Mehdi was killed fighting in the French forces at the Battle of Monte Cassino. T'hami also had a number of concubines, of whom he had children by three: Lalla Kamar (sons Brahim, Abdellah, Ahmed and Madani), Lalla Nadida (son Mohammed and daughter Fattouma) and Lalla Zoubida (daughter Saadia). The first two of these had originally entered T'hami's harem as musicians imported from Turkey. Collaboration with the French Opposition to the nationalists As part of the resistance against the French occupation, a political party, the Istiqlal had started up with a nationalist (i.e. anti-colonialist) policy. T'hami and his son Brahim were supporters of the French, but several of T'hami's other sons were nationalists. This could be risky; he had one of them imprisoned in a dungeon. T'hami had grown up and lived most of his life as a feudal warlord, and so had many of the other pashas and qaids. Their opposition to the nationalists was based on conservatism: The only line of communication between the people and the Sultan was by means of the pashas and qaids; this was the route by which tax money found its way to the Makhzen. No-one - certainly not the nationalists, who were mostly commoners - should breach this protocol. The pashas and qaids believed that this social order was to the benefit of their subjects as well as themselves. This was perhaps true to this extent: any pasha or qaid expressing a nationalist sympathy was likely to be stripped of his position by the French and replaced by either a puppet or even a French official to the detriment of their subjects. As well as challenging traditional political power, the nationalists were also held to be responsible for endangering the spiritual leadership. Traditional religious sensibilities amongst the pashas and qaids were outraged by media pictures of royal princesses in bathing suits at the beach or by the pool. The nationalists were held to blame for introducing the Sultan to such new-fangled anti-Islamic ideas. Thami was not opposed to nationalism (in the sense of being against French colonialism) in itself, but was offended that it seemed to be associated with an upset of the established temporal and spiritual authority of the Sultan. Rupture with the sultan Two incidents led up to the rupture of relations between T'hami and Sultan Mohammed V. Mesfioua incident: On 18 November 1950 nationalists staged a demonstration at a tomb in the ruins of Aghmat. This was brutally suppressed by police acting on the orders of the local qaid of the Mesfioua tribe. The Sultan, on hearing of this, commanded the qaid to appear before him to explain himself. This order would normally have gone to the qaid's superior, T'hami, but he was in Paris and it went instead to his deputy, his son Brahim. Brahim, instead of obeying, decided to consult his father, but omitted to obtain a definite response. The end result was that the Sultan's order was not carried out, and the Sultan gained the impression that the Glaoui family had deliberately ignored it. Laghzaoui incident: the French had set up a Council of the Throne supposedly to advise the Sultan, but in reality to impose policy upon him. At a meeting of the Council on 6 December 1950, Mohammed Laghzaoui, a nationalist, was expelled by the person who effectively controlled the Council, the French Resident. The other nationalist members left with him, and were immediately received in private audience with the Sultan. This confirmed to T'hami that the nationalists and the Sultan were breaching established protocols of communication. At the annual Feast of Mouloud it was customary for the Sultan's subjects to renew their vows of loyalty to him. This was done in private audiences with the pashas and qaids, and by a public demonstration by their assembled tribe. T'hami's audience took place on 23 December 1950. Prior to this, Moulay Larbi El Alaoui, a member of the Makhzen had reportedly primed the Sultan to expect trouble from T'hami. The Sultan let it be known that he expected the audience to conform to the traditional pledges of loyalty with no political content. T'hami, however, started off by blaming the Mesfioua and Laghzaoui incidents on the nationalists. When the Sultan calmly responded that he considered the nationalists to be loyal Moroccans, T'hami exploded into a diatribe to which the Sultan could only sit speechless, judging it was better not to provoke a man who clearly had lost control of his passions. After T'hami exhausted himself, the Sultan continued his silence so T'hami left the palace. The Sultan then conferred with his Grand Vizier and Moulay Larbi and gave orders that T'hami was barred from appearing before him until further notice. After the Grand Vizier left to recall T'hami to receive this order, the next two qaids were admitted for their audience. As it happened these were Brahim and Mohammed, T'hami's sons, who were qaids in their own right. Brahim attempted to smooth things over by saying that T'hami had only spoken as a father might to his son. Suggesting that this was an acceptable way for a subject to speak to a king was in itself a breach of protocol which only made matters worse. When T'hami arrived back at the palace, the Grand Vizier told him that both he and his family were no longer welcome. T'hami then sent his assembled tribespeoples and subordinate qaids' home without waiting for the customary public demonstration of loyalty; this action was construed by the palace as open mutiny. Coup d'état On May 19, 1953, Thami El Glaoui published an announcement of his friendliness and loyalty to the French protectorate, asking the colonial government to drive out Sultan Muhammad V. T'hami regarded the Sultan's order as a personal insult that must be wiped out at all costs. In addition, the Makhzen was dominated by Fassis (those from the city of Fez), and there was a traditional mutual distrust between the Fassis and those from Marrakesh. In T'hami's memory was the humiliation of himself and his brother Si Madani at the hands of a Fassi-dominated Makhzen during the reigns of Moulay Abdelaziz and Moulay Hafid. From that moment on he conspired with Abd El Hay Kittani and the French to replace Mohammed V with a new sultan, an elderly member of the royal family named Ben Arafa. A revolt broke out in Oujda August 16, 1953, ten days after Glaoui's "electoral tour" passed through the city. On 17 August 1953, Kittani and the Glaoui unilaterally declared Ben Arafa to be the country's imām. On 25 August 1953, the French Resident had the Sultan and his family forcibly seized and deported to exile, and Ben Arafa was proclaimed the new sultan. Popular uprising against the coup T'hami had already participated in one dethronement of a sultan in 1907, which had been met with popular indifference. With this "ossified" memory, he never expected another dethronement would lead to an insurrection. The great mistake made by T'hami and his associated pashas and qaids, according to his son Abdessadeq, was that unlike Mohammed V they simply failed to realise that by 1950 Moroccan society had evolved to the stage where feudal government was no longer acceptable to their subjects. A popular uprising began, directed mainly against the French but also against their Moroccan supporters. French citizens were massacred, the French forces responded with equal brutality, and French colonists began a campaign of terrorism against anyone (Moroccan or French) who expressed nationalist sympathies. T'hami was the target of a grenade attack, which did not however injure him. His chamberlain Haj Idder (formerly a slave of Si Madani) was injured in another such attack, and on recovery came to oppose the French. Finally, an all-out war began in the Rif. Rallying to the sultan Thami El-Glaoui ca. 1950 T'hami was at first totally prepared to support the French, machine gun in hand if necessary. He was shaken, however, by the political "reforms" which the French began to demand to consolidate their hold on power, which would have had the same outcome as what he had feared from the nationalists: the eventual removal of the pashas and qaids. The French government, unnerved by way the country was rapidly becoming ungovernable, slowly began to think about how it might undo what had happened. T'hami detected this and equally slowly became as receptive to his nationalist son Abdessadeq as he had formerly been to his pro-French son Brahim. Ben Arafa abdicated on 1 August 1955. The French brought Mohammed V to France from exile, but also created a "Council of the Throne" as a caretaker government. T'hami now no longer believed in anything the French said, and pointedly refused them support to suppress a student strike. By 17 October, T'hami had decided to notify the French and their Council that he supported the restoration of Mohammed V as Sultan. This notification was never sent, apparently because Brahim became aware of his intention and began his own negotiations with French interests. T'hami was shocked into a sudden suspicion that Brahim may have been planning to supersede him. To forestall this, Abdessadeq arranged a meeting between his father and leading nationalists, which took place over dinner on 25 October. At this meeting an announcement was drawn up in which T'hami recognized Mohammed V as rightful Sultan. The next day, as soon as T'hami had addressed the Council of the Throne, the announcement was read out by Abdessadeq to a waiting crowd and simultaneously released to the media by nationalists in Cairo. The whole of Morocco was now united in the demand for the Sultan's restoration, and the French had no choice but to capitulate. T'hami flew to France and on 8 November 1955 knelt in submission before Mohammed V, who forgave him his past mistakes. Personal fortune El Glaoui was one of Morocco's richest men following Pacha Boujemaa Mesfioui of Beni Mellal. He took a tithe of the almond, saffron and olive harvests in his vast domain, owned huge blocks of stock in French-run mines and factories, and received a rebate on machinery and automobiles imported into his realm. El Glaoui's fortune was somewhere in the neighborhood of $50 million at the time, more than $880 million, adjusted for inflation. Death El Glaoui died during his night prayers on 23 January 1956, not long after the return of the Sultan. His properties and wealth were later seized by the state. Descendants Hassan El Glaoui, one of T'hami's sons, is among Morocco's best-known figurative painters, with works selling for hundreds of thousands pounds at Sotheby's. Abdessadeq El Glaoui, another one of T'hami's sons, is a former Moroccan ambassador to the USA, has written a book about his father and his relations with the French and the monarchy. Touria El Glaoui, a granddaughter of Thami El Glaoui and daughter of Hassan El Glaoui, is the founder of the 1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair. Mehdi El Glaoui, a grandson of Thami El Glaoui and son of Brahim El Glaoui is famous for his role as Sébastien in the French television series Belle et Sébastien Brice Bexter, a great-grandson of Thami El Glaoui an grandson of Hassan El Glaoui, is a rising Moroccan and international actor. Honours Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur (1925) Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur (1919) Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur (1913) Officier of the Légion d'honneur (1912) Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur (1912) Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 with two palms (1916 at Sektana and 1917 at Tiznit) See also Dar el Bacha in Marrakesh Dar Glaoui in Fez Perdicaris Park in Tangier Telouet Kasbah Kasbah Taourirt Notes ^ Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 35 (4): 569–592. doi:10.1080/03086530701667526. S2CID 153965067. Perhaps el-Glaoui realised that his die-hard opposition to the ex-Sultan was no longer supported by the dignitaries and was merely contributing to the country's divisions. Thus he succumbed to the nationalist pressure, although not fully. Realising that the traditionalist dignitaries' strength was declining because of the rise of nationalism and feeling abandoned by France, el-Glaoui accepted the return of the ex-Sultan, who himself was at the apex of the traditional Muslim hierarchy, aiming to limit any further reduction of traditionalist force. ^ a b Lahnite 2011, p. 81. ^ Lahnite 2011, p. 79. ^ Lahnite 2011, p. 81-82. ^ a b Lahnite 2011, p. 82. ^ Lahnite 2011, p. 84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Source: G. Maxwell, see References below ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Source: Abdessadeq El Glaoui, see References below. ^ البطيوي, توفيق. "التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-09-28. في التاسع عشر من ماي 1953 أصدر الباشا الكلاوي بيانا معلنا فيه صداقته وإخلاصه للحماية الفرنسية مطالبا إياها بإبعاد السلطان محمد الخامس ^ "Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1954-11-30. Retrieved 2022-09-28. ^ "MOROCCO: Who Is Boss?". Time. May 20, 1957. Retrieved August 27, 2019 – via content.time.com. ^ "telquel-online.com". www.telquel-online.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019. ^ "African art breaks records at Sotheby's". Financial Times. 5 April 2019. ^ Interview (in French) with Abdessadeq El Glaoui in Hebdo Press (2004) Maroc Hebdo ^ Mitic, Ginanne Brownell (October 2018). "Touria el Glaoui Brings Contemporary African Art to the World". The New York Times. ^ "Andy Garcia's Political Thriller 'Redemption Day' Debuts First Look Photos". 30 January 2020. References Lords of the Atlas, by Gavin Maxwell (ISBN 0-907871-14-3). This is the classic work on El Glaoui in any language, by a best-selling author. Le Ralliement. Le Glaoui mon Père, by Abdessadeq El Glaoui (published 2004 in Morocco only, Ed. Marsam, Rabat, 391p.) (ISBN 9981-149-79-9). Gives a unique insight into family politics. Lahnite, Abraham (2011). La politique berbère du protectorat français au Maroc, 1912-1956 (in French). Vol. L'application du Traité de Fez dans la région de Souss Tome 3. Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-54982-1. External links Media related to Thami El Glaoui at Wikimedia Commons The palace of El Glaoui in Ouarzazate History as narrative Hassan El Glaoui the painter BBC article on the Kasbah of Telouet British Pathé footage of El Glaoui's funeral vteFranco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934) French protectorate in Morocco Spanish protectorate in Morocco Wars First Franco-Moroccan War (1844) Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) First Melilla War (1893–94) Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12) Second Melilla War (1909) Zaian War (1914–21) Rif War (1921–26) Battles Bombardment of Salé (1851) Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909) Bloody Days of Fes (1912) Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912) Battle of El Ksiba (1913) Battle of El Herri (1914) Battle of Annual (1921) Alhucemas Landing (1925) Key peopleMoroccans Mohammed Ameziane Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni Mouha ou Hammou Zayani Moha ou Said Mhand n'Ifrutant Ali Amhaouch Sidi Ahmed El Hiba Ma al-'Aynayn Abd el-Krim Assou Oubasslam Aït Atta Zayanes Beni Ouryaghel French Charles Mangin Hubert Lyautey Paul Prosper Henrys Joseph-François Poeymirau Philippe Pétain Henry de Bournazel French allies Thami El Glaoui Spaniards Juan García y Margallo Arsenio Martínez-Campos José Marina Vega Manuel Fernández Silvestre Dámaso Berenguer José Millán-Astray Miguel Primo de Rivera José Sanjurjo Francisco Franco Spanish allies Mohamed Meziane Treaties Treaty of Tangier (1844) Treaty of Wad Ras (1860) Treaty of Fes (1894) Algeciras Conference (1906) Pact of Cartagena (1907) Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911) Treaty of Fes (1912) Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912) Crises Tangier Crisis (1905–06) Agadir Crisis (1911) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh"},{"link_name":"Ismail Ibn Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Kasbah of Telouet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telouet_Kasbah"},{"link_name":"High Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Si el-Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madani_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"French protectorate in Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Sultan Mohammed V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Thami El Glaoui (Arabic: التهامي الكلاوي; 1879–23 January 1956) was the Pasha of Marrakesh from 1912 to 1956. His family name was el Mezouari, from a title given an ancestor by Ismail Ibn Sharif in 1700, while El Glaoui refers to his chieftainship of the Glaoua (Glawa) tribe of the Berbers of southern Morocco, based at the Kasbah of Telouet in the High Atlas and at Marrakesh. El Glaoui became head of the Glaoua upon the death of his elder brother, Si el-Madani, and as an ally of the French protectorate in Morocco, conspired with them in the overthrow of Sultan Mohammed V.On October 25 of 1955, El-Glaoui announced his acceptance of Mohammed V's restoration as well as Morocco's independence.[1]","title":"Thami El Glaoui"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T._Glaoui_jako_m%C5%82ody_cz%C5%82owiek_-_Maroko_-_004431n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glaoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaoua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnite201181-2"},{"link_name":"Tassaout river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassaout"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnite201179-3"},{"link_name":"Telouet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telouet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnite201181-82-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnite201182-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnite201181-2"},{"link_name":"Si Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madani_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnite201182-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnite201184-6"},{"link_name":"Sultan Moulay Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_I_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"High Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Tafilalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafilalt"},{"link_name":"Sous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"link_name":"Moulay Abdelaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Bou Hamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou_Hamara"},{"link_name":"Moulay Abdelaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Abdelhafid of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhafid_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"}],"text":"Thami El Glaoui as a young manThami was born in 1879 in the Imezouaren family, in the Ait Telouet tribe, a clan of the Southern Glaoua.[2] His family was originally in a place called Tigemmi n'Imezouaren in the Fatwaka tribe, near the Tassaout river.[3] His father was the qaid of Telouet, Mohammed ben Hammou, known as Tibibit,[4] and his mother was Zouhra Oum El Khaïr, a black slave.[5] When Si Mohammed died on 4 August 1886, his eldest son Si Mhamed took over his father's position and then died the same year.[2] After the death of Si M'hammed, his brother Si Madani took power[5] and put his brother T'hami as his khalifat (assistant).[6]In the autumn of 1893, Sultan Moulay Hassan and his army were crossing the High Atlas mountains after a tax-gathering expedition when they were caught in a blizzard. They were rescued by Si Madani, and the grateful Sultan bestowed on Si Madani qaidats from Tafilalt to the Sous. In addition, he presented the Glaoua arsenal with a working 77-mm Krupp cannon, the only such weapon in Morocco outside the imperial army. The Glaoua army used this weapon to subdue rival warlords.[7]In 1902, Madani, T'hami and the Glaoua force joined the imperial army of Moulay Abdelaziz as it marched against the pretender Bou Hamara. The Sultan's forces were routed by the pretender. Madani became a scapegoat, and spent months of humiliation at court before being allowed to return home. He thereupon began to actively work to depose Moulay Abdelaziz. This was achieved in 1907 with the enthronement of Abdelhafid of Morocco, who rewarded the Glaoua by appointing Si Madani as his Grand Vizier, and T'hami as Pasha of Marrakesh.[7]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moulay Abdelaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Moulay Hafid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhafid_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Moulay Hafid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhafid_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez"},{"link_name":"El Hiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba"},{"link_name":"El Hiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba"},{"link_name":"El Hiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T._Glaoui_i_jego_syn_Brahim_-_Telouet_-_004423n.jpg"}],"text":"The ruinous reigns of Moulay Abdelaziz and Moulay Hafid bankrupted Morocco and led first to riots, then to armed intervention by the French to protect their citizens and financial interests. As the situation worsened, a scapegoat once again had to be found, and again it was the Glaoua. Moulay Hafid accused Madani of keeping back tax money, and in 1911 stripped all Glaoua family members of their positions.[7]In 1912 the Sultan was forced to sign the Treaty of Fez, which gave the French immense control over the Sultan, his pashas and qaids. Later that year, the pretender El Hiba entered Marrakesh with his army and demanded of the new Pasha, Driss Mennou (who had replaced T'hami), that he hand over all foreign Christians as hostages. These had sought refuge with the former Pasha, T'hami, who had tried previously but failed to get them out of the district. T'hami handed over the hostages, except for a sergeant whom he hid and supplied with a line of communication with the approaching French army. The French scattered El Hiba's warriors, and Driss Mennou ordered his men to overpower El Hiba's guards and liberate the hostages. These then went to T'hami's place to collect their belongings, and were found there by the French army in circumstances which suggested T'hami alone had saved them. T'hami was restored to his position as Pasha on the spot.[7] Seeing that the French were now the only effective power, T'hami aligned himself with them.Thami El Glaoui with his son, Brahim.","title":"French influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sureda_glaoui_painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"André Suréda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sur%C3%A9da"},{"link_name":"Tashelhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_language"},{"link_name":"arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Colette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette"},{"link_name":"Maurice Ravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ravel"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg"},{"link_name":"Élysée Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace"},{"link_name":"Abdelqader Bin Ghabrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Kaddour_Benghabrit"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1927_Thami_El_Glaoui.jpg"},{"link_name":"Autochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"}],"text":"A pre-1923 depiction of Thami El Glaoui, Pasha of Marrakesh by André SurédaMadani died in 1918. The French immediately repaid T'hami's support by appointing him the head of the family ahead of Madani's sons. Only Si Hammou, Madani's son-in-law, managed to remain in his position as qaid of the Glawa (Aglaw in Tashelhit), based in Telouet (and therefore in charge of its arsenal). Not until Hammou died in 1934 did T'hami get full control of his legacy.[7]From that time on, T'hami's wealth and influence grew. His position as Pasha enabled him to acquire great wealth by means which were often dubious,[7] with interests in agriculture and mineral resources. His personal style and charm, as well as his prodigality with his wealth, made him many friends among the international fashionable set of the day. He visited the European capitals often, while his visitors at Marrakesh included Winston Churchill, Colette, Maurice Ravel, Charlie Chaplin.[8]Thami el-Glawi (center) at his reception at the Élysée Palace in Paris in 1921, photographed with Abdelqader Bin Ghabrit (right).The Pasha attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as a private guest of Winston Churchill, the two had met during the latter's trips to Marrakech, often to paint. The Pasha's lavish gifts of a jeweled crown and an ornate dagger were refused as it was not customary for gifts to be received from individuals not representing a government.[7]Autochrome portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1927According to his son Abdessadeq, one of the principal means by which he acquired great landholdings was that he was able to buy land at cheap prices during times of drought. During one such drought, he constructed an irrigated private golf course at Marrakesh at which Churchill often played. When the French protested about the waste of water, they were easily silenced by granting playing rights to the top officials.[8]T'hami had two wives: Lalla Zineb, mother of his sons Hassan and Abdessadeq and widow of his brother Si Madani; and Lalla Fadna, by whom he had a son, Mehdi, and a daughter, Khaddouj. Mehdi was killed fighting in the French forces at the Battle of Monte Cassino. T'hami also had a number of concubines, of whom he had children by three: Lalla Kamar (sons Brahim, Abdellah, Ahmed and Madani), Lalla Nadida (son Mohammed and daughter Fattouma) and Lalla Zoubida (daughter Saadia). The first two of these had originally entered T'hami's harem as musicians imported from Turkey.[8]","title":"Lord of the Atlas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collaboration with the French"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istiqlal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiqlal_Party"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to the nationalists","text":"As part of the resistance against the French occupation, a political party, the Istiqlal had started up with a nationalist (i.e. anti-colonialist) policy. T'hami and his son Brahim were supporters of the French, but several of T'hami's other sons were nationalists.[8] This could be risky; he had one of them imprisoned in a dungeon.[7]T'hami had grown up and lived most of his life as a feudal warlord, and so had many of the other pashas and qaids. Their opposition to the nationalists was based on conservatism:[8]The only line of communication between the people and the Sultan was by means of the pashas and qaids; this was the route by which tax money found its way to the Makhzen. No-one - certainly not the nationalists, who were mostly commoners - should breach this protocol. The pashas and qaids believed that this social order was to the benefit of their subjects as well as themselves. This was perhaps true to this extent: any pasha or qaid expressing a nationalist sympathy was likely to be stripped of his position by the French and replaced by either a puppet or even a French official to the detriment of their subjects.\nAs well as challenging traditional political power, the nationalists were also held to be responsible for endangering the spiritual leadership. Traditional religious sensibilities amongst the pashas and qaids were outraged by media pictures of royal princesses in bathing suits at the beach or by the pool. The nationalists were held to blame for introducing the Sultan to such new-fangled anti-Islamic ideas.Thami was not opposed to nationalism (in the sense of being against French colonialism) in itself, but was offended that it seemed to be associated with an upset of the established temporal and spiritual authority of the Sultan.","title":"Collaboration with the French"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Mohammed V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"Aghmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghmat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"}],"sub_title":"Rupture with the sultan","text":"Two incidents led up to the rupture of relations between T'hami and Sultan Mohammed V.[8]Mesfioua incident: On 18 November 1950 nationalists staged a demonstration at a tomb in the ruins of Aghmat. This was brutally suppressed by police acting on the orders of the local qaid of the Mesfioua tribe. The Sultan, on hearing of this, commanded the qaid to appear before him to explain himself. This order would normally have gone to the qaid's superior, T'hami, but he was in Paris and it went instead to his deputy, his son Brahim. Brahim, instead of obeying, decided to consult his father, but omitted to obtain a definite response. The end result was that the Sultan's order was not carried out, and the Sultan gained the impression that the Glaoui family had deliberately ignored it.\nLaghzaoui incident: the French had set up a Council of the Throne supposedly to advise the Sultan, but in reality to impose policy upon him. At a meeting of the Council on 6 December 1950, Mohammed Laghzaoui, a nationalist, was expelled by the person who effectively controlled the Council, the French Resident. The other nationalist members left with him, and were immediately received in private audience with the Sultan. This confirmed to T'hami that the nationalists and the Sultan were breaching established protocols of communication.At the annual Feast of Mouloud it was customary for the Sultan's subjects to renew their vows of loyalty to him. This was done in private audiences with the pashas and qaids, and by a public demonstration by their assembled tribe.T'hami's audience took place on 23 December 1950. Prior to this, Moulay Larbi El Alaoui, a member of the Makhzen had reportedly primed the Sultan to expect trouble from T'hami.[7] The Sultan let it be known that he expected the audience to conform to the traditional pledges of loyalty with no political content. T'hami, however, started off by blaming the Mesfioua and Laghzaoui incidents on the nationalists. When the Sultan calmly responded that he considered the nationalists to be loyal Moroccans, T'hami exploded into a diatribe to which the Sultan could only sit speechless, judging it was better not to provoke a man who clearly had lost control of his passions.[8] After T'hami exhausted himself, the Sultan continued his silence so T'hami left the palace.\nThe Sultan then conferred with his Grand Vizier and Moulay Larbi and gave orders that T'hami was barred from appearing before him until further notice. After the Grand Vizier left to recall T'hami to receive this order, the next two qaids were admitted for their audience. As it happened these were Brahim and Mohammed, T'hami's sons, who were qaids in their own right. Brahim attempted to smooth things over by saying that T'hami had only spoken as a father might to his son. Suggesting that this was an acceptable way for a subject to speak to a king was in itself a breach of protocol which only made matters worse.[8] When T'hami arrived back at the palace, the Grand Vizier told him that both he and his family were no longer welcome. T'hami then sent his assembled tribespeoples and subordinate qaids' home without waiting for the customary public demonstration of loyalty; this action was construed by the palace as open mutiny.[8]","title":"Collaboration with the French"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Muhammad V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"Fez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes"},{"link_name":"Moulay Abdelaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Moulay Hafid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhafid_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"Abd El Hay Kittani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abd_El_Hay_Kittani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A"},{"link_name":"Mohammed V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Ben Arafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa"},{"link_name":"revolt broke out in Oujda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Oujda_revolt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ben Arafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa"},{"link_name":"imām","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"Ben Arafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"}],"sub_title":"Coup d'état","text":"On May 19, 1953, Thami El Glaoui published an announcement of his friendliness and loyalty to the French protectorate, asking the colonial government to drive out Sultan Muhammad V.[9] T'hami regarded the Sultan's order as a personal insult that must be wiped out at all costs.[8] In addition, the Makhzen was dominated by Fassis (those from the city of Fez), and there was a traditional mutual distrust between the Fassis and those from Marrakesh. In T'hami's memory was the humiliation of himself and his brother Si Madani at the hands of a Fassi-dominated Makhzen during the reigns of Moulay Abdelaziz and Moulay Hafid.[8]From that moment on he conspired with Abd El Hay Kittani [ar] and the French to replace Mohammed V with a new sultan, an elderly member of the royal family named Ben Arafa. A revolt broke out in Oujda August 16, 1953, ten days after Glaoui's \"electoral tour\" passed through the city.[10] On 17 August 1953, Kittani and the Glaoui unilaterally declared Ben Arafa to be the country's imām. On 25 August 1953, the French Resident had the Sultan and his family forcibly seized and deported to exile, and Ben Arafa was proclaimed the new sultan.[7]","title":"Collaboration with the French"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dethronement of a sultan in 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafidiya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"Rif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif"}],"sub_title":"Popular uprising against the coup","text":"T'hami had already participated in one dethronement of a sultan in 1907, which had been met with popular indifference. With this \"ossified\" memory, he never expected another dethronement would lead to an insurrection. The great mistake made by T'hami and his associated pashas and qaids, according to his son Abdessadeq, was that unlike Mohammed V they simply failed to realise that by 1950 Moroccan society had evolved to the stage where feudal government was no longer acceptable to their subjects.[8]A popular uprising began, directed mainly against the French but also against their Moroccan supporters. French citizens were massacred, the French forces responded with equal brutality, and French colonists began a campaign of terrorism against anyone (Moroccan or French) who expressed nationalist sympathies. T'hami was the target of a grenade attack, which did not however injure him. His chamberlain Haj Idder (formerly a slave of Si Madani) was injured in another such attack, and on recovery came to oppose the French.[8] Finally, an all-out war began in the Rif.","title":"Collaboration with the French"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%27hami_Glaoui_%E2%80%93_g%C5%82owa_rodu_%E2%80%93_u_szczytu_w%C5%82adzy,_ok._1950r._-_Maroko_-_004420n.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwell-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"Ben Arafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa"},{"link_name":"Mohammed V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"}],"text":"Thami El-Glaoui ca. 1950T'hami was at first totally prepared to support the French, machine gun in hand if necessary.[7] He was shaken, however, by the political \"reforms\" which the French began to demand to consolidate their hold on power, which would have had the same outcome as what he had feared from the nationalists: the eventual removal of the pashas and qaids.[8]The French government, unnerved by way the country was rapidly becoming ungovernable, slowly began to think about how it might undo what had happened. T'hami detected this and equally slowly became as receptive to his nationalist son Abdessadeq as he had formerly been to his pro-French son Brahim. Ben Arafa abdicated on 1 August 1955. The French brought Mohammed V to France from exile, but also created a \"Council of the Throne\" as a caretaker government.T'hami now no longer believed in anything the French said, and pointedly refused them support to suppress a student strike. By 17 October, T'hami had decided to notify the French and their Council that he supported the restoration of Mohammed V as Sultan. This notification was never sent, apparently because Brahim became aware of his intention and began his own negotiations with French interests. T'hami was shocked into a sudden suspicion that Brahim may have been planning to supersede him.[8]To forestall this, Abdessadeq arranged a meeting between his father and leading nationalists, which took place over dinner on 25 October. At this meeting an announcement was drawn up in which T'hami recognized Mohammed V as rightful Sultan.[8] The next day, as soon as T'hami had addressed the Council of the Throne, the announcement was read out by Abdessadeq to a waiting crowd and simultaneously released to the media by nationalists in Cairo. The whole of Morocco was now united in the demand for the Sultan's restoration, and the French had no choice but to capitulate.T'hami flew to France and on 8 November 1955 knelt in submission before Mohammed V, who forgave him his past mistakes.","title":"Rallying to the sultan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beni Mellal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Mellal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"El Glaoui was one of Morocco's richest men following Pacha Boujemaa Mesfioui of Beni Mellal. He took a tithe of the almond, saffron and olive harvests in his vast domain, owned huge blocks of stock in French-run mines and factories, and received a rebate on machinery and automobiles imported into his realm. El Glaoui's fortune was somewhere in the neighborhood of $50 million at the time, more than $880 million, adjusted for inflation. [11]","title":"Personal fortune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"El Glaoui died during his night prayers on 23 January 1956, not long after the return of the Sultan. His properties and wealth were later seized by the state.[12]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hassan El Glaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaoui-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Touria El Glaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touria_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"Hassan El Glaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-54_Contemporary_African_Art_Fair"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mehdi El Glaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"Belle et Sébastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_et_S%C3%A9bastien"},{"link_name":"Brice Bexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Bexter"},{"link_name":"Hassan El Glaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_El_Glaoui"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Hassan El Glaoui, one of T'hami's sons, is among Morocco's best-known figurative painters, with works selling for hundreds of thousands pounds at Sotheby's.[13]Abdessadeq El Glaoui, another one of T'hami's sons, is a former Moroccan ambassador to the USA, has written a book about his father and his relations with the French and the monarchy.[8][14]\nTouria El Glaoui, a granddaughter of Thami El Glaoui and daughter of Hassan El Glaoui, is the founder of the 1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair. [15]\nMehdi El Glaoui, a grandson of Thami El Glaoui and son of Brahim El Glaoui is famous for his role as Sébastien in the French television series Belle et Sébastien\nBrice Bexter, a great-grandson of Thami El Glaoui an grandson of Hassan El Glaoui, is a rising Moroccan and international actor.[16]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre 1914–1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)"}],"text":"Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur (1925)\nGrand Officer of the Légion d'honneur (1919)\nCommandeur of the Légion d'honneur (1913)\nOfficier of the Légion d'honneur (1912)\nChevalier of the Légion d'honneur (1912)\nCroix de Guerre 1914–1918 with two palms (1916 at Sektana and 1917 at Tiznit)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/03086530701667526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530701667526"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153965067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153965067"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnite201181_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnite201181_2-1"},{"link_name":"Lahnite 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLahnite2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnite201179_3-0"},{"link_name":"Lahnite 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLahnite2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnite201181-82_4-0"},{"link_name":"Lahnite 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLahnite2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnite201182_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnite201182_5-1"},{"link_name":"Lahnite 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLahnite2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnite201184_6-0"},{"link_name":"Lahnite 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLahnite2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-maxwell_7-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-glaoui_8-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/5/8/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%b5%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1954/11/30/quatre-vingt-seize-marocains-poursuivis-pour-participation-a-la-tuerie-qui-fit-le-16-aout-1953-trente-morts-a-oujda-passent-en-jugement_2026822_1819218.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"MOROCCO: Who Is Boss?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809500-1,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"telquel-online.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.telquel-online.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"African art breaks records at Sotheby's\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//amp.ft.com/content/bb13a174-55fd-11e9-8b71-f5b0066105fe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Interview (in French) with Abdessadeq El Glaoui in Hebdo Press (2004) Maroc Hebdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_616/pdf_616/page28.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Touria el Glaoui Brings Contemporary African Art to the World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/arts/touria-el-glaoui-african-art-frieze.amp.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Andy Garcia's Political Thriller 'Redemption Day' Debuts First Look Photos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//variety.com/2020/film/news/andy-garcia-action-drama-redemption-day-1203486366/"}],"text":"^ Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). \"The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco\". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 35 (4): 569–592. doi:10.1080/03086530701667526. S2CID 153965067. Perhaps el-Glaoui realised that his die-hard opposition to the ex-Sultan was no longer supported by the dignitaries and was merely contributing to the country's divisions. Thus he succumbed to the nationalist pressure, although not fully. Realising that the traditionalist dignitaries' strength was declining because of the rise of nationalism and feeling abandoned by France, el-Glaoui accepted the return of the ex-Sultan, who himself was at the apex of the traditional Muslim hierarchy, aiming to limit any further reduction of traditionalist force.\n\n^ a b Lahnite 2011, p. 81.\n\n^ Lahnite 2011, p. 79.\n\n^ Lahnite 2011, p. 81-82.\n\n^ a b Lahnite 2011, p. 82.\n\n^ Lahnite 2011, p. 84.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Source: G. Maxwell, see References below\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Source: Abdessadeq El Glaoui, see References below.\n\n^ البطيوي, توفيق. \"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث\". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-09-28. في التاسع عشر من ماي 1953 أصدر الباشا الكلاوي بيانا معلنا فيه صداقته وإخلاصه للحماية الفرنسية مطالبا إياها بإبعاد السلطان محمد الخامس\n\n^ \"Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement\". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1954-11-30. Retrieved 2022-09-28.\n\n^ \"MOROCCO: Who Is Boss?\". Time. May 20, 1957. Retrieved August 27, 2019 – via content.time.com.\n\n^ \"telquel-online.com\". www.telquel-online.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.\n\n^ \"African art breaks records at Sotheby's\". Financial Times. 5 April 2019.\n\n^ Interview (in French) with Abdessadeq El Glaoui in Hebdo Press (2004) Maroc Hebdo\n\n^ Mitic, Ginanne Brownell (October 2018). \"Touria el Glaoui Brings Contemporary African Art to the World\". The New York Times.\n\n^ \"Andy Garcia's Political Thriller 'Redemption Day' Debuts First Look Photos\". 30 January 2020.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Thami El Glaoui as a young man","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/T._Glaoui_jako_m%C5%82ody_cz%C5%82owiek_-_Maroko_-_004431n.jpg/168px-T._Glaoui_jako_m%C5%82ody_cz%C5%82owiek_-_Maroko_-_004431n.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thami El Glaoui with his son, Brahim.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/T._Glaoui_i_jego_syn_Brahim_-_Telouet_-_004423n.jpg/220px-T._Glaoui_i_jego_syn_Brahim_-_Telouet_-_004423n.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pre-1923 depiction of Thami El Glaoui, Pasha of Marrakesh by André Suréda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sureda_glaoui_painting.jpg/220px-Sureda_glaoui_painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thami el-Glawi (center) at his reception at the Élysée Palace in Paris in 1921, photographed with Abdelqader Bin Ghabrit (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg"},{"image_text":"Autochrome portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1927","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/1927_Thami_El_Glaoui.jpg/220px-1927_Thami_El_Glaoui.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thami El-Glaoui ca. 1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/T%27hami_Glaoui_%E2%80%93_g%C5%82owa_rodu_%E2%80%93_u_szczytu_w%C5%82adzy%2C_ok._1950r._-_Maroko_-_004420n.jpg/220px-T%27hami_Glaoui_%E2%80%93_g%C5%82owa_rodu_%E2%80%93_u_szczytu_w%C5%82adzy%2C_ok._1950r._-_Maroko_-_004420n.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Dar el Bacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_el_Bacha"},{"title":"Dar Glaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Glaoui"},{"title":"Perdicaris Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdicaris_Park"},{"title":"Telouet Kasbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telouet_Kasbah"},{"title":"Kasbah Taourirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasbah_Taourirt"}]	[{"reference":"Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). \"The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco\". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 35 (4): 569–592. doi:10.1080/03086530701667526. S2CID 153965067. Perhaps el-Glaoui realised that his die-hard opposition to the ex-Sultan was no longer supported by the dignitaries and was merely contributing to the country's divisions. Thus he succumbed to the nationalist pressure, although not fully. Realising that the traditionalist dignitaries' strength was declining because of the rise of nationalism and feeling abandoned by France, el-Glaoui accepted the return of the ex-Sultan, who himself was at the apex of the traditional Muslim hierarchy, aiming to limit any further reduction of traditionalist force.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530701667526","url_text":"10.1080/03086530701667526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153965067","url_text":"153965067"}]},{"reference":"البطيوي, توفيق. \"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث\". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-09-28. في التاسع عشر من ماي 1953 أصدر الباشا الكلاوي بيانا معلنا فيه صداقته وإخلاصه للحماية الفرنسية مطالبا إياها بإبعاد السلطان محمد الخامس","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/5/8/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%b5%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae","url_text":"\"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement\". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1954-11-30. Retrieved 2022-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1954/11/30/quatre-vingt-seize-marocains-poursuivis-pour-participation-a-la-tuerie-qui-fit-le-16-aout-1953-trente-morts-a-oujda-passent-en-jugement_2026822_1819218.html","url_text":"\"Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOROCCO: Who Is Boss?\". Time. May 20, 1957. Retrieved August 27, 2019 – via content.time.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809500-1,00.html","url_text":"\"MOROCCO: Who Is Boss?\""}]},{"reference":"\"telquel-online.com\". www.telquel-online.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telquel-online.com/","url_text":"\"telquel-online.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"African art breaks records at Sotheby's\". Financial Times. 5 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.ft.com/content/bb13a174-55fd-11e9-8b71-f5b0066105fe","url_text":"\"African art breaks records at Sotheby's\""}]},{"reference":"Mitic, Ginanne Brownell (October 2018). \"Touria el Glaoui Brings Contemporary African Art to the World\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/arts/touria-el-glaoui-african-art-frieze.amp.html","url_text":"\"Touria el Glaoui Brings Contemporary African Art to the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Garcia's Political Thriller 'Redemption Day' Debuts First Look Photos\". 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/andy-garcia-action-drama-redemption-day-1203486366/","url_text":"\"Andy Garcia's Political Thriller 'Redemption Day' Debuts First Look Photos\""}]},{"reference":"Lahnite, Abraham (2011). La politique berbère du protectorat français au Maroc, 1912-1956 (in French). Vol. L'application du Traité de Fez dans la région de Souss Tome 3. Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-54982-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OVO0iUeBwZEC","url_text":"La politique berbère du protectorat français au Maroc, 1912-1956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-54982-1","url_text":"978-2-296-54982-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530701667526","external_links_name":"10.1080/03086530701667526"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153965067","external_links_name":"153965067"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/5/8/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%b5%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae","external_links_name":"\"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1954/11/30/quatre-vingt-seize-marocains-poursuivis-pour-participation-a-la-tuerie-qui-fit-le-16-aout-1953-trente-morts-a-oujda-passent-en-jugement_2026822_1819218.html","external_links_name":"\"Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809500-1,00.html","external_links_name":"\"MOROCCO: Who Is Boss?\""},{"Link":"http://www.telquel-online.com/","external_links_name":"\"telquel-online.com\""},{"Link":"https://amp.ft.com/content/bb13a174-55fd-11e9-8b71-f5b0066105fe","external_links_name":"\"African art breaks records at Sotheby's\""},{"Link":"http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_616/pdf_616/page28.pdf","external_links_name":"Interview (in French) with Abdessadeq El Glaoui in Hebdo Press (2004) Maroc Hebdo"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/arts/touria-el-glaoui-african-art-frieze.amp.html","external_links_name":"\"Touria el Glaoui Brings Contemporary African Art to the World\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/andy-garcia-action-drama-redemption-day-1203486366/","external_links_name":"\"Andy Garcia's Political Thriller 'Redemption Day' Debuts First Look Photos\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OVO0iUeBwZEC","external_links_name":"La politique berbère du protectorat français au Maroc, 1912-1956"},{"Link":"http://lexicorient.com/morocco/ouarzazate02.htm","external_links_name":"The palace of El Glaoui in Ouarzazate"},{"Link":"http://www.bcc.ctc.edu/liberalarts/Le_Pacha.pdf","external_links_name":"History as narrative"},{"Link":"http://www.maghrebarts.ma/artsplastiques/expo/glaoui.html","external_links_name":"Hassan El Glaoui the painter"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8704571.stm","external_links_name":"BBC article on the Kasbah of Telouet"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5-l_LiuWyM","external_links_name":"British Pathé footage of El Glaoui's funeral"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/472842/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000037814738","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2640159248572804870001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1243832584","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007291164505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002052860","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/100456847","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Costa	Moses Costa	["1 Early life","2 Priesthood","3 Episcopate","4 Health and death","5 References"]	Bangladeshi Roman Catholic prelate (1950–2020) The Most ReverendMoses M. CostaC.S.C.Archbishop Emeritus of ChittagongArchdioceseChattogramSeeChittagongAppointed2 February 2017Installed2 February 2017Term ended13 July 2020Other post(s)Secretary General of Catholic Bishops' Conference of BangladeshOrdersOrdination5 February 1981Consecration6 September 1996by Adriano BernardiniPersonal detailsBorn(1950-11-17)17 November 1950Dhaka, BangladeshDied13 July 2020(2020-07-13) (aged 69)Square Hospital, Dhaka, BangladeshNationalityBangladeshiPrevious post(s)Bishop of ChittagongMottoJoy of Communion in Contemplation and ServiceStyles ofMoses M. Costa, C.S.C.Reference styleThe Most ReverendSpoken styleYour ExcellencyReligious styleMonsignor Moses M. Costa, C.S.C. (17 November 1950 – 13 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi Roman Catholic prelate, who served as the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong, Bangladesh. until his death on 13 July 2020. Early life Costa was born on 17 November 1950 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Priesthood Costa was ordained a holy priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross on 5 February 1981. Episcopate On 5 July 1996, Costa was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dinajpur and consecrated on 6 September 1996 by Adriano Bernardini. On 6 April 2011 he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong and was installed on 27 May 2011. He was appointed Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong on 2 February 2017 by Pope Francis. Health and death On 13 June 2020, Costa was admitted to hospital after resulting positive to COVID-19, but later recovered from the disease. On 9 July 2020, Costa suffered a stroke, and was put on life support two days later. He died 13 July 2020, aged 70, due to complications of the stroke and post Covid-19 complications. References ^ a b c d "Archbishop Moses M. Costa ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2019-07-24. ^ a b c d "Most Rev. Moses M. Costa, CSC, DD". www.cbcbsec.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-07-24. ^ a b "Pope Francis Appoints Bishop Moses Costa, C.S.C., First Archbishop of Chittagong, Bangaldesh // News // Congregation of Holy Cross". holycrosscongregation.org. Retrieved 2019-07-24. ^ "Archdiocese of Chattogram, Bangladesh". GCatholic. Retrieved 2019-07-24. ^ "New Chittagong archbishop invested with pallium". Union of Catholic Asian News. Retrieved 2019-07-24. ^ https://www.fides.org/en/news/68339-ASIA_BANGLADESH_Archbishop_Moses_Costa_dies_due_to_the_consequences_of_Covid_19 ^ Chittagong Archbishop Moses M Costa no more ^ Vatican news 15 July 2020	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Moses M. Costa, C.S.C. (17 November 1950 – 13 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi Roman Catholic prelate, who served as the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong, Bangladesh.[1][2][3][4][5] until his death on 13 July 2020.","title":"Moses Costa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Costa was born on 17 November 1950 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[2][1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregation of Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Costa was ordained a holy priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross on 5 February 1981.[1][2]","title":"Priesthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dinajpur"},{"link_name":"Adriano Bernardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Bernardini"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"On 5 July 1996, Costa was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dinajpur and consecrated on 6 September 1996 by Adriano Bernardini. On 6 April 2011 he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong and was installed on 27 May 2011. He was appointed Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong on 2 February 2017 by Pope Francis.[3][1][2]","title":"Episcopate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 13 June 2020, Costa was admitted to hospital after resulting positive to COVID-19, but later recovered from the disease. On 9 July 2020, Costa suffered a stroke, and was put on life support two days later.He died 13 July 2020, aged 70, due to complications of the stroke and post Covid-19 complications.[6][7][8]","title":"Health and death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archbishop Moses M. Costa [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2019-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcostamo.html","url_text":"\"Archbishop Moses M. Costa [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Rev. Moses M. Costa, CSC, DD\". www.cbcbsec.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190724020214/https://www.cbcbsec.org/member/details/6","url_text":"\"Most Rev. Moses M. 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Retrieved 2019-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucanews.com/news/new-chittagong-archbishop-invested-with-pallium/80227","url_text":"\"New Chittagong archbishop invested with pallium\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcostamo.html","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop Moses M. Costa [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190724020214/https://www.cbcbsec.org/member/details/6","external_links_name":"\"Most Rev. Moses M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_mob	Polish-American organized crime	["1 Prohibition-era","2 Philadelphia and New York Polish Mobs","2.1 Philly Polish Mob (Kielbasa Posse)","2.2 Greenpoint Crew","3 See also","4 References"]	Organized crime done by Polish-Americans Criminal organization Polish MobPolska MafiaFounded byPolish American immigrantsFounding locationUnited StatesYears active1920s–presentTerritoryPoland, Western and Central Europe, New York City, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Chicago, Orlando, New Jersey, Dallas, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Buffalo, St. LouisEthnicityPoles and Polish Americans (in the US)Criminal activitiesDrug trafficking, weapon trafficking, Racketeering, loansharking, extortion, kidnapping, gambling, murder, theftAlliesChicago OutfitRivalsIrish MobRussian mafia Polish-American organized crime has existed in the United States throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Although not as well known as Cosa Nostra or Irish and Russian crime groups, the Polish Mob has a presence in many urban Polish American communities. Prohibition-era This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) During Prohibition, many Polish-American criminal gangs took advantage of the opportunity to make money through the illegal sale of alcohol. In Chicago, Joseph Saltis and Jake Guzik allied themselves with Al Capone's Chicago Outfit. However, fighting Capone was the North Side Gang, which, while mostly Irish-American, had a large Polish presence as well, with Hymie Weiss (Wojciechowski) having Polish heritage. Fred Goetz was involved in carrying out the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. In New Jersey, the organization led by Mickey Cusick, was the prominent boss of bootlegging in Southern Jersey. The infamous gangster Meyer Lansky, one of the leaders of the National Crime Syndicate and associate of Lucky Luciano, was a Polish Jew. Joseph Filkowski led a mostly Polish bootlegging ring in Cleveland, Ohio, along with gangster Joseph Stazek. In Pittsburgh, Paul Jarwarski was also a prominent figure, carrying out the first armored car robbery. In Buffalo, New York John "Korney" Kwiatkowski led a gang called the "Korney Gang" that was involved in multiple murders and robberies. Philadelphia and New York Polish Mobs Philly Polish Mob (Kielbasa Posse) The Philadelphia Polish Mob, known as the Kielbasa Posse, are a Polish American organized crime group operating from the Port Richmond area in Philadelphia. Named after the Polish word for sausage, the gang is made up of Polish immigrants living in Port Richmond, Kensington, North Philadelphia, Northeast Philly, Bucks County, and South Jersey, as well as second-generation Polish Americans. The gang moved into territory occupied by Irish, Russian, and Italian Mafia outfits, namely the trafficking and dealing of Ecstasy, and are said to have moved into bookmaking and loansharking operations as well. They would meet several times a week at a local Polish bar. Many residents in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia can tell of multiple accounts where these so-called gang members have caused trouble. They do not have a good relationship with the K&A Gang who controls most of Northeast Philly, because the Northeast is predominantly Irish. According to local residents, they are not well known and the older Polish residents of the neighborhood choose to ignore the existence of the gang. Greenpoint Crew In March 2006, the United States Attorney's Office in New York City published a press release covering the indictment of twenty-one members of the so-called Greenpoint Crew, a Polish criminal organization based in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Led by Ostap Kapelioujnyj and Krzysztof Sprysak, the gang ran its operations of gunrunning, armed robbery, drug trafficking, extortion, car theft, credit card fraud and fencing (reportedly including a stolen Stradivarius violin) mostly in New York City, as well as having connections back in Poland and Eastern Europe. The gang was not above resorting to violence to achieve their aims, as one video used as evidence shows Kapelioujnyj discussing his threatening to kill a debtor with a golf club after already taking two computers, a camera, and an iPod. See also Organized crime in Poland Organized crime groups in Europe (navbox) North Side Gang Russian mafia Jewish-American organized crime You Kill Me The Informer The Wire References ^ McGarvey, Brendan (December 12, 2002), "Pole-Vaulting: Another group of Eastern-European gunsels makes its mark", Philadelphia City Paper ^ United States Attorney's Office - Greenpoint Crew Indictment Archived 2008-03-09 at the Wayback Machine vteOrganized crime groups in the AmericasArgentina Ashkenazum Puccio family Zwi Migdal Bolivia Chapare Cartel La Corporación Santa Cruz Cartel Brazil Amigos dos Amigos Brazilian police militias Carecas do ABC Comando Vermelho Família do Norte Guardiões do Estado Primeiro Comando da Capital Terceiro Comando Terceiro Comando Puro Zwi Migdal CanadaSee: Organized crime groups in CanadaCaribbean No Limit Soldiers (Curaçao) Zoe Pound (Haiti) Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies (Haiti) Jamaican posse Shower Posse Yardies Colombia Black Eagles Bloque Meta Cali Cartel Clan del Golfo Libertadores del Vichada Medellín Cartel The Extraditables Muerte a Secuestradores Los Priscos Norte del Valle Cartel North Coast Cartel Oficina de Envigado Los Rastrojos Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC dissidents United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia El Salvador Texis Cartel Mexico La Barredora Beltrán-Leyva Organization Los Mazatlecos Los Negros Colima Cartel La Familia Michoacana Guadalajara Cartel Gulf Cartel Los Metros Los Pelones Los Rojos Independent Cartel of Acapulco Jalisco New Generation Cartel Juárez Cartel La Línea Knights Templar Cartel Milenio Cartel Oaxaca Cartel Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel Sinaloa Cartel Los Ántrax Artistas Asesinos Gente Nueva Los Mexicles La Resistencia Sonora Cartel South Pacific Cartel Tijuana Cartel Los Viagras Los Zetas United StatesSee: Organized crime groups in the United StatesVenezuela Cartel of the Suns Tren de Aragua Mafia bibliography vteOrganized crime groups in ChicagoAfrican-AmericanActive Black Disciples Black P. Stones Four Corner Hustlers Gangster Disciples OutLaw Gangster Disciples Mickey Cobras Vice Lords Arab-AmericanInactive TAP Boyz European-AmericanActive Gaylords Polish Mob Popes Simon City Royals Inactive Jousters HispanicActive Almighty Saints La Raza Nation Latin Counts Latin Eagles Latin Kings Maniac Latin Disciples Sinaloa Cartel Spanish Cobras Spanish Gangster Disciples Inactive Young Lords Irish-AmericanInactive North Side Gang Ragen's Colts Valley Gang Italian-AmericanActive Chicago Outfit Inactive Forty-Two Gang Genna crime family Italian-American National Union Outlaw motorcycle gangsActive Hells Angels Hell's Lovers Outlaws See also: List of Chicago criminal organizations and crime bosses and Timeline of organized crime in Chicago vteOrganized crime groups in New York CityItalian American MafiaActive The "Five Families": Bonanno Colombo Gambino Genovese Lucchese Inactive or in decline Camorra in New York City D'Aquila crime family Five Points Gang Morello crime family Murder, Inc. New Springville Boys Purple Gang South Brooklyn Boys Tanglewood Boys Irish MobInactive 19th Street Gang 40 Thieves Bowe Brothers Dead Rabbits The Ducky Boys Gopher Gang Grady Gang Hudson Dusters Kerryonians Marginals Patsy Conroy Gang Potashes Short Tails Rhodes Gang Roach Guards Swamp Angels Westies White Hand Gang Whyos Yakey Yakes Jewish-American organized crimeInactive Arnold Rothstein Bugsy Siegel Dutch Schultz Bugs and Meyer Mob Murder, Inc. Brooklyn Thrill Killers Eastman Gang Lenox Avenue Gang New York divorce coercion gang Yiddish Black Hand Zwi Migdal Howard Spira Russian mafiaInactive Evsei Agron's Bratva Marat Balagula's Bratva Potato Bag Gang Eastern and Southeastern European groups Velentzas Organization (Greek) The Greenpoint Crew (Polish) Rudaj Organization (Albanian, inactive) Albanian Boys Outlaw motorcycle gangsActive Hells Angels Pagans Inactive Breed African-American groupsActive Crips Rollin' 30s Harlem Crips United Blood Nation Nine Trey Gangsters Sex Money Murder Inactive Black Spades Bumpy Johnson's gang Casper Holstein's gang Frank Lucas's gang Frank Matthews' gang Nicky Barnes's Council Supreme Team Stephanie St. Clair's gang Hispanic-American groupsColombian drug cartels Medellín Cartel (inactive) Cali Cartel (inactive) Norte del Valle Cartel (inactive) Dominican gangs Dominicans Don't Play Trinitarios Jheri Curls (inactive) Puerto Rican gangs Latin Kings Ghetto Brothers Mau Maus (inactive) Ñetas Central American gangs 18th Street MS-13 Sur 13 Chinese American groupsTongs Four Brothers Hip Sing Association On Leong Tong Gangs Flying Dragons Ghost Shadows White Tigers Continentals Foreign Triad gangs 14K Big Circle Gang Sister Ping's Snakehead Other Asian American groups Born to Kill (Vietnamese, inactive) Tiny Rascal Gang Other historical groups Atlantic Guards Batavia Street Gang Baxter Street Dudes Boodle Gang Broadway Mob Charlton Street Gang Cherry Hill Gang Chichesters Crazy Butch Gang Daybreak Boys Decepticons Dutch Mob Gas House Gang Honeymoon Gang Hook Gang Lenox Avenue Gang Molasses Gang Neighbors' Sons Savage Nomads Savage Skulls Shirt Tails Slaughter House Gang Tenth Avenue Gang Tub of Blood Bunch Bowery Boys	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cosa Nostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Mob"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia"},{"link_name":"Polish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_American"}],"text":"Criminal organizationPolish-American organized crime has existed in the United States throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Although not as well known as Cosa Nostra or Irish and Russian crime groups, the Polish Mob has a presence in many urban Polish American communities.","title":"Polish-American organized crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Joseph Saltis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Saltis"},{"link_name":"Jake Guzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Guzik"},{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Chicago Outfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Outfit"},{"link_name":"North Side Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Side_Gang"},{"link_name":"Irish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American"},{"link_name":"Hymie Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymie_Weiss"},{"link_name":"Fred Goetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Goetz"},{"link_name":"St. Valentine's Day Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Valentine%27s_Day_Massacre"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Mickey Cusick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"National Crime Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Lucky Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luciano"},{"link_name":"Polish Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Jew"},{"link_name":"Joseph Filkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Filkowski"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stazek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Stazek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Paul Jarwarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jarwarski"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"}],"text":"During Prohibition, many Polish-American criminal gangs took advantage of the opportunity to make money through the illegal sale of alcohol. In Chicago, Joseph Saltis and Jake Guzik allied themselves with Al Capone's Chicago Outfit. However, fighting Capone was the North Side Gang, which, while mostly Irish-American, had a large Polish presence as well, with Hymie Weiss (Wojciechowski) having Polish heritage. Fred Goetz was involved in carrying out the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.In New Jersey, the organization led by Mickey Cusick, was the prominent boss of bootlegging in Southern Jersey.The infamous gangster Meyer Lansky, one of the leaders of the National Crime Syndicate and associate of Lucky Luciano, was a Polish Jew.Joseph Filkowski led a mostly Polish bootlegging ring in Cleveland, Ohio, along with gangster Joseph Stazek. In Pittsburgh, Paul Jarwarski was also a prominent figure, carrying out the first armored car robbery.In Buffalo, New York John \"Korney\" Kwiatkowski led a gang called the \"Korney Gang\" that was involved in multiple murders and robberies.","title":"Prohibition-era"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Philadelphia and New York Polish Mobs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Richmond,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielbasa"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"North Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Northeast Philly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Philly"},{"link_name":"Bucks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County"},{"link_name":"South Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Polish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"K&A Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%26A_Gang"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Philly Polish Mob (Kielbasa Posse)","text":"The Philadelphia Polish Mob, known as the Kielbasa Posse, are a Polish American organized crime group operating from the Port Richmond area in Philadelphia. Named after the Polish word for sausage, the gang is made up of Polish immigrants living in Port Richmond, Kensington, North Philadelphia, Northeast Philly, Bucks County, and South Jersey, as well as second-generation Polish Americans.The gang moved into territory occupied by Irish, Russian, and Italian Mafia outfits, namely the trafficking and dealing of Ecstasy, and are said to have moved into bookmaking and loansharking operations as well. They would meet several times a week at a local Polish bar. Many residents in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia can tell of multiple accounts where these so-called gang members have caused trouble. They do not have a good relationship with the K&A Gang who controls most of Northeast Philly, because the Northeast is predominantly Irish. According to local residents, they are not well known and the older Polish residents of the neighborhood choose to ignore the existence of the gang.[1]","title":"Philadelphia and New York Polish Mobs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Attorney's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney%27s_Office"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Greenpoint, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"gunrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunrunning"},{"link_name":"armed robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_robbery"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_trafficking"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"car theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_theft"},{"link_name":"credit card fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_fraud"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Stradivarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradivarius"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Greenpoint Crew","text":"In March 2006, the United States Attorney's Office in New York City published a press release covering the indictment of twenty-one members of the so-called Greenpoint Crew, a Polish criminal organization based in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Led by Ostap Kapelioujnyj and Krzysztof Sprysak, the gang ran its operations of gunrunning, armed robbery, drug trafficking, extortion, car theft, credit card fraud and fencing (reportedly including a stolen Stradivarius violin) mostly in New York City, as well as having connections back in Poland and Eastern Europe. The gang was not above resorting to violence to achieve their aims, as one video used as evidence shows Kapelioujnyj discussing his threatening to kill a debtor with a golf club after already taking two computers, a camera, and an iPod.[2]","title":"Philadelphia and New York Polish Mobs"}]	[]	[{"title":"Organized crime in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Poland#Organized_crime"},{"title":"Organized crime groups in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe"},{"title":"North Side Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Side_Gang"},{"title":"Russian mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia"},{"title":"Jewish-American organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish-American_organized_crime"},{"title":"You Kill Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Kill_Me"},{"title":"The Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Informer_(2019_film)"},{"title":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire"}]	[{"reference":"McGarvey, Brendan (December 12, 2002), \"Pole-Vaulting: Another group of Eastern-European gunsels makes its mark\", Philadelphia City Paper","urls":[{"url":"http://mycitypaper.com/articles/2002-12-12/cb3.shtml","url_text":"\"Pole-Vaulting: Another group of Eastern-European gunsels makes its mark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Paper","url_text":"Philadelphia City Paper"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://mycitypaper.com/articles/2002-12-12/cb3.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Pole-Vaulting: Another group of Eastern-European gunsels makes its mark\""},{"Link":"https://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006mar8.html","external_links_name":"United States Attorney's Office - Greenpoint Crew Indictment"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080309203126/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006mar8.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_EFL_League_Two_play-off_final	2022 EFL League Two play-off final	["1 Route to the final","2 Match","2.1 Background","2.2 Summary","2.3 Details","3 Post-match","4 References"]	Association football match Football match2022 EFL League Two play-off finalWembley Stadium in London hosted the final. Mansfield Town Port Vale 0 3 Date28 May 2022 (2022-05-28)VenueWembley Stadium, LondonMan of the MatchJames WilsonRefereeJarred GillettAttendance37,303← 2021 2023 → The 2022 EFL League Two play-off final was an association football match which was played on 28 May 2022 at Wembley Stadium, London, to determine the fourth and final team to gain promotion from EFL League Two, the fourth tier of English football, to EFL League One. The top three teams of the League Two, Forest Green Rovers, Exeter City and Bristol Rovers, gained automatic promotion to League One, while the clubs placed from fourth to seventh in the table took part in the 2022 English Football League play-offs. Port Vale and Mansfield Town competed for the final place in the 2022–23 season in League One. Jarred Gillett was the referee for the match, which was played in front of 37,303 spectators. Port Vale took the lead midway through the first half through Kian Harratt and doubled their advantage four minutes later when James Wilson scored. Mansfield Town's Oliver Hawkins was then sent off after being shown two yellow cards in the space of five minutes to reduce his team to ten players. Port Vale had two goals disallowed for offside before Mal Benning scored with five minutes to go to secure a 3–0 win for his side. Wilson was named man of the match. Route to the final Main articles: 2021–22 EFL League Two and 2022 English Football League play-offs § League Two EFL League Two final table, leading positions Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Forest Green Rovers (C, P) 46 23 15 8 75 44 +31 84 2 Exeter City (P) 46 23 15 8 65 41 +24 84 3 Bristol Rovers (P) 46 23 11 12 71 49 +22 80 4 Northampton Town 46 23 11 12 60 38 +22 80 5 Port Vale 46 22 12 12 67 46 +21 78 6 Swindon Town 46 22 11 13 77 54 +23 77 7 Mansfield Town 46 22 11 13 67 52 +15 77 (C) Champions; (P) Promoted Port Vale finished the regular 2021–22 season in fifth place in EFL League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system, two places and one point ahead of Mansfield Town. Both therefore missed out on the three automatic places for promotion to EFL League One and instead took part in the play-offs to determine the fourth promoted team. Port Vale finished two points behind Bristol Rovers (who were promoted in third place) and six behind both second-placed Exeter City and league winners Forest Green Rovers. Northampton Town dropped to fourth position in the table on the final day of regular season despite winning 3–1 at Barrow, as Bristol Rovers defeated bottom club Scunthorpe United 7–0 to secure automatic promotion on goals scored. Mansfield Town faced fourth-placed Northampton Town in their play-off semi-final with the first match of the two-legged tie being held at the One Call Stadium in Mansfield on 14 May 2022. Rhys Oates gave the home side an early lead when he struck the ball into the Northampton Town goal through goalkeeper Jonny Maxted's legs. Jordan Bowery then scored in the 31st minute from a Jamie Murphy cross to double Mansfield Town's lead. Midway through the second half, Northampton Town halved the deficit when Ali Koiki scored after a pass from Louis Appéré, and the match ended 2–1. The second leg took place four days later at Sixfields Stadium in Northampton. Steve McLaughlin gave the visiting side the lead in the 31st minute, from an Elliott Hewitt cross, to extend Mansfield Town's aggregate lead. Despite dominating possession, Northampton Town failed to score and the match ended 1–0, with Mansfield Town progressing to the play-off final 3–1 on aggregate. In the other play-off semi-final, Port Vale faced Swindon Town and the first leg was played on 15 May 2022 at the County Ground in Swindon. Midway through the first half, Harry McKirdy gave the home side the lead, scoring with a header from a corner from Jonny Williams. He doubled his side's advantage in the 68th minute: Port Vale goalkeeper Aidan Stone saved a shot from Jack Payne but the ball rebounded to McKirdy who scored. With seven minutes remaining, Port Vale scored through James Wilson who tapped the ball into the Swindon Town goal from a Jamie Proctor shot, and the match ended 2–1 to Swindon Town. The return leg took place at Vale Park, Stoke-on-Trent, four days later. Eight minutes into the match, Kian Harratt crossed the ball for Port Vale's Wilson to score, to level the tie 2–2 on aggregate. No further goals were scored in regular time, and the match went into extra time, during which Darrell Clarke, the Port Vale manager, was sent off after an altercation with Dion Conroy. No additional goals were scored so the game had to be decided with a penalty shoot-out. Swindon Town goalkeeper Lewis Ward saved penalties from both David Worrall and Ryan Edmondson but McKirdy's strike went high over the crossbar. Stone then saved Josh Davison's penalty before Mal Benning scored Port Vale's sixth spot-kick to make it 6–5. Ellis Iandolo's penalty was off-target and Port Vale won the shoot-out to qualify for the final. After the shoot-out, a crowd of supporters invaded the pitch, with Swindon Town manager Ben Garner stating that his players had been "verbally and physically abused". Match Background The play-off trophy in Port Vale colours This was Mansfield Town's second appearance in a play-off final, having lost on penalties to Huddersfield Town in the 2004 Football League Third Division play-off final. They had played in the fourth tier of English football since gaining promotion back to the English Football League after winning the Football Conference in the 2012–13 season. This was Mansfield Town's first visit to Wembley Stadium since losing 1–0 against Darlington in the 2011 FA Trophy final. Port Vale had participated in play-off finals twice before, winning the two-legged 1989 Football League Third Division play-off final against Bristol Rovers, and losing the 1993 Football League Second Division play-off final 3–0 against West Bromwich Albion at the old Wembley stadium. They had played in League Two since being relegated from League One in the 2016–17 season. This year's play-off final marked Port Vale's first appearance at the renovated Wembley Stadium. In the league games between the sides during the regular season, Port Vale secured a 1–1 draw away at the One Call Stadium in October 2021 before winning 3–1 at home the following March. Going into the final, Wilson was Port Vale's top scorer with 14 goals in 46 matches, followed by Proctor on 13 goals in 33 games. Oates was the leading scorer for Mansfield Town, having scored 12 goals in 44 games, followed by Bowery on 9 goals in 46 matches. In May 2022, the EFL announced that for the first time, the video assistant referee (VAR) system would be used at all play-off finals. The referee for the final was Jarred Gillett, who was assisted by Neil Davies and Nick Greenhalgh. James Linnington was the fourth official while Peter Bankes acted as the VAR. Before the match, Mansfield Town's manager Nigel Clough confirmed that neither he nor Clarke were consulted about the introduction of VAR. Port Vale made no changes to their starting eleven from the side who played in the second leg of the play-off semi-final while Mansfield brought in Murphy and Matty Longstaff. Mansfield Town wore gold shirts, navy shorts and gold socks while Port Vale's kit comprised white shirts, shorts and socks. Port Vale manager Clarke had returned from bereavement leave 22 days before the final and upon winning the play-off semi-final stated that: "We've got one more game to go against Mansfield, which is fitting because it's where my eldest daughter came from ... it's the town where I was born ... it'll be an emotional day but I'm looking forward to the final." Andy Crosby, Port Vale's assistant manager, led his side out for the final, having covered for Clarke during his absence earlier in the season. Summary James Wilson scored Port Vale's second goal. Mansfield Town kicked off the match at around 4.00 p.m. on 28 May 2022 in front of 37,303 supporters at Wembley Stadium, London. In the ninth minute, Murphy took advantage of a mistake between Port Vale's goalkeeper Stone and James Gibbons but his header was saved by Stone. Seven minutes later, Hall headed the ball back into his own penalty area forcing Stone to make a clearance. On 19 minutes, John-Joe O'Toole conceded possession of the ball midway inside his own half allowing Port Vale's Ben Garrity to pass to Harratt whose long-range shot struck the bottom of the Mansfield Town goalpost. A minute later, Port Vale took the lead when Benning's cross was headed into the Mansfield Town goal at close range by Harratt. In the 24th minute, Port Vale doubled their lead through Wilson: Worrall crossed from the right and Garrity's header struck the Mansfield Town crossbar, rebounding to Wilson who scored. In the 30th minute, Hawkins received the first booking of the game for a foul on Port Vale's Nathan Smith. Four minutes later, Benning's shot was saved at the near post by Mansfield Town's goalkeeper Nathan Bishop. Hawkins was then sent off in the 35th minute after receiving his second yellow card in the space of five minutes, this time for a late tackle on Wilson. With three minutes of regular time in the half remaining, Connor Hall cleared a close-range shot from Bowery after a mistake from Stone. Hewitt became the second Mansfield Town player to be booked when he fouled Jake Taylor in the 44th minute before Benning's free kick was headed wide of the Mansfield Town goal. In first-half injury time, James Perch was shown a yellow card for late tackle on Garrity but the resulting free kick Wilson went narrowly outside the post. Bishop then saved from Wilson and the half came to an end with Port Vale leading 2–0. Neither side made any changes to their playing personnel during the interval. In the 52nd minute, Taylor's volley from just outside the Mansfield Town penalty area went wide of the goalpost. Two minutes later, Mansfield Town made the first substitution of the match with George Lapslie coming on to replace Murphy. On the hour mark, McLaughlin's strike went wide of Port Vale's goal. Soon after, Harratt shot the ball from close range into the Mansfield Town net but the goal was disallowed as he was adjudged to have been offside. In the 66th minute, Mansfield Town made their second change, with George Maris replacing Longstaff. A minute later, former Mansfield Town player Harry Charsley came on in place of Taylor in Port Vale's first substitution of the game. In the 70th minute, Port Vale had a second disallowed goal after Charsley struck the ball into the net from a curling Worrall cross: the recent substitute was deemed to have been offside. Two minutes later Stone saved a shot from Oates who also saw a 74th-minute strike go wide of the Port Vale goal. With fourteen minutes of the match remaining, Proctor replaced Harratt for Port Vale in their second substitution. Three minutes later Lucas Akins came on for Mansfield Town's last substitution, in place of Stephen Quinn. In the 85th minute, Benning made it 3–0 to Port Vale after volleying in a cross from Worrall. Aaron Martin then replaced Worrall in Port Vale's final substitution of the game. After three minutes of injury time, the final whistle was blown and Port Vale won the match 3–0 to secure promotion to League One. Details 28 May 2022 (2022-05-28)16:00 BST Mansfield Town0–3Port Vale Report Harratt 20' Wilson 24' Benning 85' Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 37,303Referee: Jarred Gillett Mansfield Town Port Vale GK 1 Nathan Bishop RB 4 Elliott Hewitt 44' CB 14 James Perch 45+4' CB 12 Oliver Hawkins 30' 35' LB 3 Stephen McLaughlin RM 44 Matty Longstaff 65' CM 35 John-Joe O'Toole LM 16 Stephen Quinn 79' MF 7 Jamie Murphy 54' FW 9 Jordan Bowery FW 18 Rhys Oates Substitutes: GK 24 Marek Štěch DF 23 Kieran Wallace MF 8 Ollie Clarke MF 10 George Maris 65' MF 25 Ryan Stirk MF 32 George Lapslie 54' FW 34 Lucas Akins 79' Manager: Nigel Clough GK 26 Aidan Stone RB 2 James Gibbons CB 6 Nathan Smith LB 5 Connor Hall RM 7 David Worrall 86' CM 23 Tom Pett CM 17 Jake Taylor 67' LM 11 Mal Benning MF 8 Ben Garrity FW 9 James Wilson FW 24 Kian Harratt 77' Substitutes: GK 1 Lucas Covolan DF 16 Aaron Martin 86' DF 21 Sammy Robinson MF 20 Harry Charsley 67' FW 13 Jamie Proctor 77' FW 19 David Amoo FW 29 Ryan Edmondson Manager: Darrell Clarke Statistics Mansfield Town Port Vale Possession 55% 45% Goals scored 0 3 Shots on target 2 6 Shots off target 5 11 Fouls committed 9 6 Corner kicks 5 3 Yellow cards 3 0 Red cards 1 0 Post-match Reflecting on the season and his personal life, Port Vale manager Clarke said "With all we’ve come through, to put in that performance in the manner we did was outstanding." Mansfield Town manager Nigel Clough said "We didn't give ourselves a chance" and noted that he would not be watching his former side Nottingham Forest in the 2022 EFL Championship play-off final, claiming "I don’t care if I don’t see another football game for the foreseeable future". Wilson was named as man of the match. References ^ a b "League Two – 2021/2022 – Regular season". Soccerway. Perform Group. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ a b c Scott, Ged. "Northampton Town 0–1 Mansfield Town (agg 1–3)". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ Aloia, Andrew (14 May 2022). "Mansfield Town 2–1 Northampton Town". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Northampton Town v Mansfield Town, 18 May 2022". 11v11. AFS Enterprises. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ Hurcom, Sophie (15 May 2022). "Swindon Town 2–1 Port Vale". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ a b Scott, Ged (19 May 2022). "Port Vale 1–0 Swindon Town (agg 2–2): Vale win 6–5 on penalties". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Mansfield Town". Football Club History Database. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Mansfield Town celebrates Football League return". BBC News. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "FA Trophy final: Darlington 1–0 Mansfield Town". BBC Sport. 7 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Port Vale". Football Club History Database. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ Frostick, Nancy (20 May 2022). "Port Vale reach new Wembley for first time but victory marred by ugly scenes". The Athletic. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Mansfield Town football club: record v Port Vale". 11v11. AFS Enterprises. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Port Vale – top scorers". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Mansfield Town – top scorers". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "VAR to be used in all three EFL play-off finals". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022. ^ "Referee appointments: Sky Bet Championship and Sky Bet League Two Play-Off finals". English Football League. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022. ^ a b c d e f Glendenning, Barry (29 May 2022). "Mansfield 0–3 Port Vale (2 of 2)". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022. ^ Smith, Peter (19 May 2022). "Port Vale boss Darrell Clarke issues apology to Swindon and Dion Conroy". StokeonTrentLive. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ Aloia, Andrew (28 May 2022). "Mansfield Town 0–3 Port Vale". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022. ^ a b c d Glendenning, Barry (29 May 2022). "Mansfield 0–3 Port Vale (1 of 2)". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022. ^ a b Ames, Nick (28 May 2022). "Port Vale and emotional Darrell Clarke seal promotion against Mansfield". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022. vteEnglish Football League play-offsCompetitions EFL Championship play-offs EFL League One play-offs EFL League Two play-offs Play-offs 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 FinalsChampionship 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 League One 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 League Two 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteMansfield Town Football Club History Records Honours Managers Seasons General All articles Ground Field Mill Players Players Current squad Matches 1987 Associate Members' Cup final 2004 Football League Third Division play-off final 2011 FA Trophy final 2022 EFL League Two play-off final vtePort Vale F.C. matchesFootball League play-off finals 1989 Third Division 1993 Second Division 2022 League Two Football League Trophy finals 1993 2001 Other matches 1996 Anglo-Italian Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"EFL League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"fourth tier of English football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"EFL League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Forest Green Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bristol Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022 English Football League play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_English_Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022–23 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Jarred Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarred_Gillett"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Kian Harratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kian_Harratt"},{"link_name":"James Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1995)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"sent off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_off"},{"link_name":"yellow cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_card#Yellow_card"},{"link_name":"offside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offside_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Mal Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Benning"},{"link_name":"man of the match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_of_the_match"}],"text":"Association football matchFootball matchThe 2022 EFL League Two play-off final was an association football match which was played on 28 May 2022 at Wembley Stadium, London, to determine the fourth and final team to gain promotion from EFL League Two, the fourth tier of English football, to EFL League One. The top three teams of the League Two, Forest Green Rovers, Exeter City and Bristol Rovers, gained automatic promotion to League One, while the clubs placed from fourth to seventh in the table took part in the 2022 English Football League play-offs. Port Vale and Mansfield Town competed for the final place in the 2022–23 season in League One.Jarred Gillett was the referee for the match, which was played in front of 37,303 spectators. Port Vale took the lead midway through the first half through Kian Harratt and doubled their advantage four minutes later when James Wilson scored. Mansfield Town's Oliver Hawkins was then sent off after being shown two yellow cards in the space of five minutes to reduce his team to ten players. Port Vale had two goals disallowed for offside before Mal Benning scored with five minutes to go to secure a 3–0 win for his side. Wilson was named man of the match.","title":"2022 EFL League Two play-off final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-league-1"},{"link_name":"Forest Green Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bristol Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Northampton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"EFL League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"EFL League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_English_Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Bristol Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Forest Green Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-league-1"},{"link_name":"Northampton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"goals scored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goals_scored"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mans2-2"},{"link_name":"two-legged tie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"One Call Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Mill"},{"link_name":"Rhys Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Oates"},{"link_name":"Jonny Maxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Maxted"},{"link_name":"Jordan Bowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Bowery"},{"link_name":"Jamie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Murphy_(footballer,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ali Koiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Koiki"},{"link_name":"pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Louis Appéré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_App%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sixfields Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixfields_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Steve McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Elliott Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"aggregate lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_score"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mans2-2"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"County Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Ground_(Swindon)"},{"link_name":"Harry McKirdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_McKirdy"},{"link_name":"header","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_kick"},{"link_name":"Jonny Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Williams"},{"link_name":"Aidan Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Stone"},{"link_name":"shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jack Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Payne_(footballer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"James Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1995)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Proctor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vale Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Park"},{"link_name":"Kian Harratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kian_Harratt"},{"link_name":"crossed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Darrell Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Clarke"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"sent off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_off"},{"link_name":"Dion Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Conroy"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Ward_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"David Worrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Worrall"},{"link_name":"Ryan Edmondson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Edmondson"},{"link_name":"Josh Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Davison"},{"link_name":"Mal Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Benning"},{"link_name":"Ellis Iandolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Iandolo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vale2-6"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch"},{"link_name":"Ben Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Garner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vale2-6"}],"text":"EFL League Two final table, leading positions[1]\n\n\nPos\n\nTeam\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\nGD\n\nPts\n\n\n1\n\nForest Green Rovers (C, P)\n\n46\n\n23\n\n15\n\n8\n\n75\n\n44\n\n+31\n\n84\n\n\n2\n\nExeter City (P)\n\n46\n\n23\n\n15\n\n8\n\n65\n\n41\n\n+24\n\n84\n\n\n3\n\nBristol Rovers (P)\n\n46\n\n23\n\n11\n\n12\n\n71\n\n49\n\n+22\n\n80\n\n\n4\n\nNorthampton Town\n\n46\n\n23\n\n11\n\n12\n\n60\n\n38\n\n+22\n\n80\n\n\n5\n\nPort Vale\n\n46\n\n22\n\n12\n\n12\n\n67\n\n46\n\n+21\n\n78\n\n\n6\n\nSwindon Town\n\n46\n\n22\n\n11\n\n13\n\n77\n\n54\n\n+23\n\n77\n\n\n7\n\nMansfield Town\n\n46\n\n22\n\n11\n\n13\n\n67\n\n52\n\n+15\n\n77\n(C) Champions; (P) PromotedPort Vale finished the regular 2021–22 season in fifth place in EFL League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system, two places and one point ahead of Mansfield Town. Both therefore missed out on the three automatic places for promotion to EFL League One and instead took part in the play-offs to determine the fourth promoted team. Port Vale finished two points behind Bristol Rovers (who were promoted in third place) and six behind both second-placed Exeter City and league winners Forest Green Rovers.[1] Northampton Town dropped to fourth position in the table on the final day of regular season despite winning 3–1 at Barrow, as Bristol Rovers defeated bottom club Scunthorpe United 7–0 to secure automatic promotion on goals scored.[2]Mansfield Town faced fourth-placed Northampton Town in their play-off semi-final with the first match of the two-legged tie being held at the One Call Stadium in Mansfield on 14 May 2022. Rhys Oates gave the home side an early lead when he struck the ball into the Northampton Town goal through goalkeeper Jonny Maxted's legs. Jordan Bowery then scored in the 31st minute from a Jamie Murphy cross to double Mansfield Town's lead. Midway through the second half, Northampton Town halved the deficit when Ali Koiki scored after a pass from Louis Appéré, and the match ended 2–1.[3] The second leg took place four days later at Sixfields Stadium in Northampton.[4] Steve McLaughlin gave the visiting side the lead in the 31st minute, from an Elliott Hewitt cross, to extend Mansfield Town's aggregate lead. Despite dominating possession, Northampton Town failed to score and the match ended 1–0, with Mansfield Town progressing to the play-off final 3–1 on aggregate.[2]In the other play-off semi-final, Port Vale faced Swindon Town and the first leg was played on 15 May 2022 at the County Ground in Swindon. Midway through the first half, Harry McKirdy gave the home side the lead, scoring with a header from a corner from Jonny Williams. He doubled his side's advantage in the 68th minute: Port Vale goalkeeper Aidan Stone saved a shot from Jack Payne but the ball rebounded to McKirdy who scored. With seven minutes remaining, Port Vale scored through James Wilson who tapped the ball into the Swindon Town goal from a Jamie Proctor shot, and the match ended 2–1 to Swindon Town.[5] The return leg took place at Vale Park, Stoke-on-Trent, four days later. Eight minutes into the match, Kian Harratt crossed the ball for Port Vale's Wilson to score, to level the tie 2–2 on aggregate. No further goals were scored in regular time, and the match went into extra time, during which Darrell Clarke, the Port Vale manager, was sent off after an altercation with Dion Conroy. No additional goals were scored so the game had to be decided with a penalty shoot-out. Swindon Town goalkeeper Lewis Ward saved penalties from both David Worrall and Ryan Edmondson but McKirdy's strike went high over the crossbar. Stone then saved Josh Davison's penalty before Mal Benning scored Port Vale's sixth spot-kick to make it 6–5. Ellis Iandolo's penalty was off-target and Port Vale won the shoot-out to qualify for the final.[6] After the shoot-out, a crowd of supporters invaded the pitch, with Swindon Town manager Ben Garner stating that his players had been \"verbally and physically abused\".[6]","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFL_League_Two_play-off_trophy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"2004 Football League Third Division play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Football_League_Third_Division_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"English Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(English_football)"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"2011 FA Trophy final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FA_Trophy_final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mans2-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1989 Football League Third Division play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Football_League_Third_Division_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"1993 Football League Second Division play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Football_League_Second_Division_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"old Wembley stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"relegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"2016–17 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"video assistant referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_assistant_referee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jarred Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarred_Gillett"},{"link_name":"assisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"fourth official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_official"},{"link_name":"Peter Bankes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bankes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nigel Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Clough"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit-17"},{"link_name":"Matty Longstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Longstaff"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit-17"},{"link_name":"kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Andy Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit-17"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The play-off trophy in Port Vale coloursThis was Mansfield Town's second appearance in a play-off final, having lost on penalties to Huddersfield Town in the 2004 Football League Third Division play-off final. They had played in the fourth tier of English football since gaining promotion back to the English Football League after winning the Football Conference in the 2012–13 season.[7][8] This was Mansfield Town's first visit to Wembley Stadium since losing 1–0 against Darlington in the 2011 FA Trophy final.[2][9] Port Vale had participated in play-off finals twice before, winning the two-legged 1989 Football League Third Division play-off final against Bristol Rovers, and losing the 1993 Football League Second Division play-off final 3–0 against West Bromwich Albion at the old Wembley stadium. They had played in League Two since being relegated from League One in the 2016–17 season.[10] This year's play-off final marked Port Vale's first appearance at the renovated Wembley Stadium.[11]In the league games between the sides during the regular season, Port Vale secured a 1–1 draw away at the One Call Stadium in October 2021 before winning 3–1 at home the following March.[12] Going into the final, Wilson was Port Vale's top scorer with 14 goals in 46 matches, followed by Proctor on 13 goals in 33 games.[13] Oates was the leading scorer for Mansfield Town, having scored 12 goals in 44 games, followed by Bowery on 9 goals in 46 matches.[14]In May 2022, the EFL announced that for the first time, the video assistant referee (VAR) system would be used at all play-off finals.[15] The referee for the final was Jarred Gillett, who was assisted by Neil Davies and Nick Greenhalgh. James Linnington was the fourth official while Peter Bankes acted as the VAR.[16] Before the match, Mansfield Town's manager Nigel Clough confirmed that neither he nor Clarke were consulted about the introduction of VAR.[17] Port Vale made no changes to their starting eleven from the side who played in the second leg of the play-off semi-final while Mansfield brought in Murphy and Matty Longstaff.[17] Mansfield Town wore gold shirts, navy shorts and gold socks while Port Vale's kit comprised white shirts, shorts and socks.[17]Port Vale manager Clarke had returned from bereavement leave 22 days before the final and upon winning the play-off semi-final stated that: \"We've got one more game to go against Mansfield, which is fitting because it's where my eldest daughter came from ... it's the town where I was born ... it'll be an emotional day but I'm looking forward to the final.\"[18] Andy Crosby, Port Vale's assistant manager, led his side out for the final, having covered for Clarke during his absence earlier in the season.[17]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Wilson_Accrington_Celebration.jpg"},{"link_name":"kicked off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick-off_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit-17"},{"link_name":"James Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbons_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcrep-19"},{"link_name":"headed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"penalty area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_area"},{"link_name":"John-Joe O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Ben Garrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Garrity"},{"link_name":"booking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_association_football_terms#B"},{"link_name":"Nathan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Smith_(footballer,_born_1996)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bishop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit-17"},{"link_name":"tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)"},{"link_name":"Connor Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Hall_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"fouled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouls_and_misconduct_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jake Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1998)"},{"link_name":"free kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"James Perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Perch"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit2-20"},{"link_name":"volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"George Lapslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lapslie"},{"link_name":"offside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offside_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"George Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maris"},{"link_name":"Harry Charsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Charsley"},{"link_name":"Lucas Akins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Akins"},{"link_name":"Stephen Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Quinn"},{"link_name":"volleying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Martin_(footballer,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit2-20"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"James Wilson scored Port Vale's second goal.Mansfield Town kicked off the match at around 4.00 p.m. on 28 May 2022 in front of 37,303 supporters at Wembley Stadium, London.[17] In the ninth minute, Murphy took advantage of a mistake between Port Vale's goalkeeper Stone and James Gibbons but his header was saved by Stone.[19] Seven minutes later, Hall headed the ball back into his own penalty area forcing Stone to make a clearance. On 19 minutes, John-Joe O'Toole conceded possession of the ball midway inside his own half allowing Port Vale's Ben Garrity to pass to Harratt whose long-range shot struck the bottom of the Mansfield Town goalpost. A minute later, Port Vale took the lead when Benning's cross was headed into the Mansfield Town goal at close range by Harratt. In the 24th minute, Port Vale doubled their lead through Wilson: Worrall crossed from the right and Garrity's header struck the Mansfield Town crossbar, rebounding to Wilson who scored. In the 30th minute, Hawkins received the first booking of the game for a foul on Port Vale's Nathan Smith. Four minutes later, Benning's shot was saved at the near post by Mansfield Town's goalkeeper Nathan Bishop.[17] Hawkins was then sent off in the 35th minute after receiving his second yellow card in the space of five minutes, this time for a late tackle on Wilson. With three minutes of regular time in the half remaining, Connor Hall cleared a close-range shot from Bowery after a mistake from Stone. Hewitt became the second Mansfield Town player to be booked when he fouled Jake Taylor in the 44th minute before Benning's free kick was headed wide of the Mansfield Town goal. In first-half injury time, James Perch was shown a yellow card for late tackle on Garrity but the resulting free kick Wilson went narrowly outside the post. Bishop then saved from Wilson and the half came to an end with Port Vale leading 2–0.[20]Neither side made any changes to their playing personnel during the interval. In the 52nd minute, Taylor's volley from just outside the Mansfield Town penalty area went wide of the goalpost. Two minutes later, Mansfield Town made the first substitution of the match with George Lapslie coming on to replace Murphy. On the hour mark, McLaughlin's strike went wide of Port Vale's goal. Soon after, Harratt shot the ball from close range into the Mansfield Town net but the goal was disallowed as he was adjudged to have been offside. In the 66th minute, Mansfield Town made their second change, with George Maris replacing Longstaff. A minute later, former Mansfield Town player Harry Charsley came on in place of Taylor in Port Vale's first substitution of the game. In the 70th minute, Port Vale had a second disallowed goal after Charsley struck the ball into the net from a curling Worrall cross: the recent substitute was deemed to have been offside. Two minutes later Stone saved a shot from Oates who also saw a 74th-minute strike go wide of the Port Vale goal. With fourteen minutes of the match remaining, Proctor replaced Harratt for Port Vale in their second substitution. Three minutes later Lucas Akins came on for Mansfield Town's last substitution, in place of Stephen Quinn. In the 85th minute, Benning made it 3–0 to Port Vale after volleying in a cross from Worrall. Aaron Martin then replaced Worrall in Port Vale's final substitution of the game. After three minutes of injury time, the final whistle was blown and Port Vale won the match 3–0 to secure promotion to League One.[20]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61532410"},{"link_name":"Harratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kian_Harratt"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1995)"},{"link_name":"Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Benning"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Jarred Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarred_Gillett"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"28 May 2022 (2022-05-28)16:00 BST\nMansfield Town0–3Port Vale\n\nReport\n\nHarratt 20'\nWilson 24'\nBenning 85'\nWembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 37,303Referee: Jarred Gillett","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardrep-21"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022 EFL Championship play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_EFL_Championship_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardrep-21"},{"link_name":"man of the match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_of_the_match"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardasit2-20"}],"text":"Reflecting on the season and his personal life, Port Vale manager Clarke said \"With all we’ve come through, to put in that performance in the manner we did was outstanding.\"[21] Mansfield Town manager Nigel Clough said \"We didn't give ourselves a chance\" and noted that he would not be watching his former side Nottingham Forest in the 2022 EFL Championship play-off final, claiming \"I don’t care if I don’t see another football game for the foreseeable future\".[21] Wilson was named as man of the match.[20]","title":"Post-match"}]	[{"image_text":"The play-off trophy in Port Vale colours","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/EFL_League_Two_play-off_trophy.jpg/220px-EFL_League_Two_play-off_trophy.jpg"},{"image_text":"James Wilson scored Port Vale's second goal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/James_Wilson_Accrington_Celebration.jpg/170px-James_Wilson_Accrington_Celebration.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"League Two – 2021/2022 – Regular season\". Soccerway. Perform Group. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/national/england/league-two/20212022/regular-season/r63679/","url_text":"\"League Two – 2021/2022 – Regular season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220409175031/https://uk.soccerway.com/national/england/league-two/20212022/regular-season/r63679/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Ged. \"Northampton Town 0–1 Mansfield Town (agg 1–3)\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61403413","url_text":"\"Northampton Town 0–1 Mansfield Town (agg 1–3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520021833/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61403413","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aloia, Andrew (14 May 2022). \"Mansfield Town 2–1 Northampton Town\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61366427","url_text":"\"Mansfield Town 2–1 Northampton Town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520012044/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61366427","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Northampton Town v Mansfield Town, 18 May 2022\". 11v11. AFS Enterprises. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/northampton-town-v-mansfield-town-18-may-2022-375047/","url_text":"\"Northampton Town v Mansfield Town, 18 May 2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520133328/https://www.11v11.com/matches/northampton-town-v-mansfield-town-18-may-2022-375047/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hurcom, Sophie (15 May 2022). \"Swindon Town 2–1 Port Vale\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61368138","url_text":"\"Swindon Town 2–1 Port Vale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220515131055/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61368138","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Ged (19 May 2022). \"Port Vale 1–0 Swindon Town (agg 2–2): Vale win 6–5 on penalties\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61417878","url_text":"\"Port Vale 1–0 Swindon Town (agg 2–2): Vale win 6–5 on penalties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220519220027/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61417878","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mansfield Town\". Football Club History Database. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fchd.info/MANSFIET.HTM","url_text":"\"Mansfield Town\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131092328/https://www.fchd.info/MANSFIET.HTM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mansfield Town celebrates Football League return\". BBC News. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-22238901","url_text":"\"Mansfield Town celebrates Football League return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210524160510/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-22238901","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FA Trophy final: Darlington 1–0 Mansfield Town\". BBC Sport. 7 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/13296719","url_text":"\"FA Trophy final: Darlington 1–0 Mansfield Town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220108034739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/13296719","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Vale\". Football Club History Database. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fchd.info/PORTVALE.HTM","url_text":"\"Port Vale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411042518/https://www.fchd.info/PORTVALE.HTM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frostick, Nancy (20 May 2022). \"Port Vale reach new Wembley for first time but victory marred by ugly scenes\". The Athletic. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/3319150/2022/05/20/port-vale-reach-new-wembley-for-first-time-but-victory-marred-by-ugly-scenes/","url_text":"\"Port Vale reach new Wembley for first time but victory marred by ugly scenes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athletic","url_text":"The Athletic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520133327/https://theathletic.com/3319150/2022/05/20/port-vale-reach-new-wembley-for-first-time-but-victory-marred-by-ugly-scenes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mansfield Town football club: record v Port Vale\". 11v11. AFS Enterprises. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/teams/mansfield-town/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Port%20Vale/","url_text":"\"Mansfield Town football club: record v Port Vale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010055833/http://www.11v11.com/teams/mansfield-town/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Port%20Vale/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Vale – top scorers\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/teams/port-vale/top-scorers","url_text":"\"Port Vale – top scorers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520130549/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/teams/port-vale/top-scorers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mansfield Town – top scorers\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/teams/mansfield-town/top-scorers","url_text":"\"Mansfield Town – top scorers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520130826/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/teams/mansfield-town/top-scorers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"VAR to be used in all three EFL play-off finals\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61429573","url_text":"\"VAR to be used in all three EFL play-off finals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220517062306/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61429573","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Referee appointments: Sky Bet Championship and Sky Bet League Two Play-Off finals\". English Football League. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/news/2022/may/referee-appointments-sky-bet-championship-and-sky-bet-league-two-play-off-finals/","url_text":"\"Referee appointments: Sky Bet Championship and Sky Bet League Two Play-Off finals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League","url_text":"English Football League"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524093929/https://www.efl.com/news/2022/may/referee-appointments-sky-bet-championship-and-sky-bet-league-two-play-off-finals/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glendenning, Barry (29 May 2022). \"Mansfield 0–3 Port Vale (2 of 2)\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Glendenning","url_text":"Glendenning, Barry"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2022/may/28/mansfield-v-port-vale-league-two-playoff-final-live?page=with:block-629240dd8f08866f4c2beed3&filterKeyEvents=false","url_text":"\"Mansfield 0–3 Port Vale (2 of 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220603183211/https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2022/may/28/mansfield-v-port-vale-league-two-playoff-final-live?page=with:block-629240dd8f08866f4c2beed3&filterKeyEvents=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter (19 May 2022). \"Port Vale boss Darrell Clarke issues apology to Swindon and Dion Conroy\". StokeonTrentLive. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/port-vale-swindon-darrell-clarke-7105219","url_text":"\"Port Vale boss Darrell Clarke issues apology to Swindon and Dion Conroy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520133329/https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/port-vale-swindon-darrell-clarke-7105219","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aloia, Andrew (28 May 2022). \"Mansfield Town 0–3 Port Vale\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61532410","url_text":"\"Mansfield Town 0–3 Port Vale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220604110146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61532410","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glendenning, Barry (29 May 2022). \"Mansfield 0–3 Port Vale (1 of 2)\". The Guardian. 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Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/may/28/mansfield-port-vale-league-two-playoff-final-match-report","url_text":"\"Port Vale and emotional Darrell Clarke seal promotion against Mansfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220605231247/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/may/28/mansfield-port-vale-league-two-playoff-final-match-report","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61532410","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/national/england/league-two/20212022/regular-season/r63679/","external_links_name":"\"League Two – 2021/2022 – Regular 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(sense)	Visual perception	["1 Visual system","2 Study","2.1 Early studies","2.2 Unconscious inference","2.3 Gestalt theory","2.4 Analysis of eye movement","2.5 Face and object recognition","3 Cognitive and computational approaches","4 Transduction","5 Opponent process","6 Artificial visual perception","7 See also","7.1 Vision deficiencies or disorders","7.2 Related disciplines","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum "Sight" and "Eyesight" redirect here. For other uses, see Sight (disambiguation) and Eyesight (song). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Visual perception" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onPsychology Outline History Subfields Basic psychology Abnormal Affective neuroscience Affective science Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive/Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Coaching Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Positive Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Concepts Behavior Behavioral engineering Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Cognition Competence Consciousness Consumer behavior Emotions Feelings Human factors and ergonomics Intelligence Mind Psychology of religion Psychometrics Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Psychology portalvte Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment. This is different from visual acuity, which refers to how clearly a person sees (for example "20/20 vision"). A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision. The resulting perception is also known as vision, sight, or eyesight (adjectives visual, optical, and ocular, respectively). The various physiological components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the visual system, and are the focus of much research in linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and molecular biology, collectively referred to as vision science. Visual system Main article: Visual system In humans and a number of other mammals, light enters the eye through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina, a light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye. The retina serves as a transducer for the conversion of light into neuronal signals. This transduction is achieved by specialized photoreceptive cells of the retina, also known as the rods and cones, which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural impulses. These signals are transmitted by the optic nerve, from the retina upstream to central ganglia in the brain. The lateral geniculate nucleus, which transmits the information to the visual cortex. Signals from the retina also travel directly from the retina to the superior colliculus. The lateral geniculate nucleus sends signals to primary visual cortex, also called striate cortex. Extrastriate cortex, also called visual association cortex is a set of cortical structures, that receive information from striate cortex, as well as each other. Recent descriptions of visual association cortex describe a division into two functional pathways, a ventral and a dorsal pathway. This conjecture is known as the two streams hypothesis. The human visual system is generally believed to be sensitive to visible light in the range of wavelengths between 370 and 730 nanometers of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, some research suggests that humans can perceive light in wavelengths down to 340 nanometers (UV-A), especially the young. Under optimal conditions these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (UV) to 1100 nm (NIR). Study See also: Two-streams hypothesis The major problem in visual perception is that what people see is not simply a translation of retinal stimuli (i.e., the image on the retina), with the brain altering the basic information taken in. Thus people interested in perception have long struggled to explain what visual processing does to create what is actually seen. Early studies The visual dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. Much of the human cerebral cortex is involved in vision. There were two major ancient Greek schools, providing a primitive explanation of how vision works. The first was the "emission theory" of vision which maintained that vision occurs when rays emanate from the eyes and are intercepted by visual objects. If an object was seen directly it was by 'means of rays' coming out of the eyes and again falling on the object. A refracted image was, however, seen by 'means of rays' as well, which came out of the eyes, traversed through the air, and after refraction, fell on the visible object which was sighted as the result of the movement of the rays from the eye. This theory was championed by scholars who were followers of Euclid's Optics and Ptolemy's Optics. The second school advocated the so-called 'intromission' approach which sees vision as coming from something entering the eyes representative of the object. With its main propagator Aristotle (De Sensu), and his followers, this theory seems to have some contact with modern theories of what vision really is, but it remained only a speculation lacking any experimental foundation. (In eighteenth-century England, Isaac Newton, John Locke, and others, carried the intromission theory of vision forward by insisting that vision involved a process in which rays—composed of actual corporeal matter—emanated from seen objects and entered the seer's mind/sensorium through the eye's aperture.) Both schools of thought relied upon the principle that "like is only known by like", and thus upon the notion that the eye was composed of some "internal fire" that interacted with the "external fire" of visible light and made vision possible. Plato makes this assertion in his dialogue Timaeus (45b and 46b), as does Empedocles (as reported by Aristotle in his De Sensu, DK frag. B17). Leonardo da Vinci: The eye has a central line and everything that reaches the eye through this central line can be seen distinctly. Alhazen (965 – c. 1040) carried out many investigations and experiments on visual perception, extended the work of Ptolemy on binocular vision, and commented on the anatomical works of Galen. He was the first person to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then is directed to one's eyes. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is believed to be the first to recognize the special optical qualities of the eye. He wrote "The function of the human eye ... was described by a large number of authors in a certain way. But I found it to be completely different." His main experimental finding was that there is only a distinct and clear vision at the line of sight—the optical line that ends at the fovea. Although he did not use these words literally he actually is the father of the modern distinction between foveal and peripheral vision. Isaac Newton (1642–1726/27) was the first to discover through experimentation, by isolating individual colors of the spectrum of light passing through a prism, that the visually perceived color of objects appeared due to the character of light the objects reflected, and that these divided colors could not be changed into any other color, which was contrary to scientific expectation of the day. Unconscious inference Main article: Unconscious inference Hermann von Helmholtz is often credited with the first modern study of visual perception. Helmholtz examined the human eye and concluded that it was incapable of producing a high-quality image. Insufficient information seemed to make vision impossible. He, therefore, concluded that vision could only be the result of some form of "unconscious inference", coining that term in 1867. He proposed the brain was making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences. Inference requires prior experience of the world. Examples of well-known assumptions, based on visual experience, are: light comes from above; objects are normally not viewed from below; faces are seen (and recognized) upright; closer objects can block the view of more distant objects, but not vice versa; and figures (i.e., foreground objects) tend to have convex borders. The study of visual illusions (cases when the inference process goes wrong) has yielded much insight into what sort of assumptions the visual system makes. Another type of unconscious inference hypothesis (based on probabilities) has recently been revived in so-called Bayesian studies of visual perception. Proponents of this approach consider that the visual system performs some form of Bayesian inference to derive a perception from sensory data. However, it is not clear how proponents of this view derive, in principle, the relevant probabilities required by the Bayesian equation. Models based on this idea have been used to describe various visual perceptual functions, such as the perception of motion, the perception of depth, and figure-ground perception. The "wholly empirical theory of perception" is a related and newer approach that rationalizes visual perception without explicitly invoking Bayesian formalisms. Gestalt theory Main article: Gestalt psychology Gestalt psychologists working primarily in the 1930s and 1940s raised many of the research questions that are studied by vision scientists today. The Gestalt Laws of Organization have guided the study of how people perceive visual components as organized patterns or wholes, instead of many different parts. "Gestalt" is a German word that partially translates to "configuration or pattern" along with "whole or emergent structure". According to this theory, there are eight main factors that determine how the visual system automatically groups elements into patterns: Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Symmetry, Common Fate (i.e. common motion), Continuity as well as Good Gestalt (pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly) and Past Experience. Analysis of eye movement See also: Eye movement Eye movement first 2 seconds (Yarbus, 1967) During the 1960s, technical development permitted the continuous registration of eye movement during reading, in picture viewing, and later, in visual problem solving, and when headset-cameras became available, also during driving. The picture to the right shows what may happen during the first two seconds of visual inspection. While the background is out of focus, representing the peripheral vision, the first eye movement goes to the boots of the man (just because they are very near the starting fixation and have a reasonable contrast). Eye movements serve the function of attentional selection, i.e., to select a fraction of all visual inputs for deeper processing by the brain. The following fixations jump from face to face. They might even permit comparisons between faces. It may be concluded that the icon face is a very attractive search icon within the peripheral field of vision. The foveal vision adds detailed information to the peripheral first impression. It can also be noted that there are different types of eye movements: fixational eye movements (microsaccades, ocular drift, and tremor), vergence movements, saccadic movements and pursuit movements. Fixations are comparably static points where the eye rests. However, the eye is never completely still, and gaze position will drift. These drifts are in turn corrected by microsaccades, very small fixational eye movements. Vergence movements involve the cooperation of both eyes to allow for an image to fall on the same area of both retinas. This results in a single focused image. Saccadic movements is the type of eye movement that makes jumps from one position to another position and is used to rapidly scan a particular scene/image. Lastly, pursuit movement is smooth eye movement and is used to follow objects in motion. Face and object recognition There is considerable evidence that face and object recognition are accomplished by distinct systems. For example, prosopagnosic patients show deficits in face, but not object processing, while object agnosic patients (most notably, patient C.K.) show deficits in object processing with spared face processing. Behaviorally, it has been shown that faces, but not objects, are subject to inversion effects, leading to the claim that faces are "special". Further, face and object processing recruit distinct neural systems. Notably, some have argued that the apparent specialization of the human brain for face processing does not reflect true domain specificity, but rather a more general process of expert-level discrimination within a given class of stimulus, though this latter claim is the subject of substantial debate. Using fMRI and electrophysiology Doris Tsao and colleagues described brain regions and a mechanism for face recognition in macaque monkeys. The inferotemporal cortex has a key role in the task of recognition and differentiation of different objects. A study by MIT shows that subset regions of the IT cortex are in charge of different objects. By selectively shutting off neural activity of many small areas of the cortex, the animal gets alternately unable to distinguish between certain particular pairments of objects. This shows that the IT cortex is divided into regions that respond to different and particular visual features. In a similar way, certain particular patches and regions of the cortex are more involved in face recognition than other object recognition. Some studies tend to show that rather than the uniform global image, some particular features and regions of interest of the objects are key elements when the brain needs to recognise an object in an image. In this way, the human vision is vulnerable to small particular changes to the image, such as disrupting the edges of the object, modifying texture or any small change in a crucial region of the image. Studies of people whose sight has been restored after a long blindness reveal that they cannot necessarily recognize objects and faces (as opposed to color, motion, and simple geometric shapes). Some hypothesize that being blind during childhood prevents some part of the visual system necessary for these higher-level tasks from developing properly. The general belief that a critical period lasts until age 5 or 6 was challenged by a 2007 study that found that older patients could improve these abilities with years of exposure. Cognitive and computational approaches In the 1970s, David Marr developed a multi-level theory of vision, which analyzed the process of vision at different levels of abstraction. In order to focus on the understanding of specific problems in vision, he identified three levels of analysis: the computational, algorithmic and implementational levels. Many vision scientists, including Tomaso Poggio, have embraced these levels of analysis and employed them to further characterize vision from a computational perspective. The computational level addresses, at a high level of abstraction, the problems that the visual system must overcome. The algorithmic level attempts to identify the strategy that may be used to solve these problems. Finally, the implementational level attempts to explain how solutions to these problems are realized in neural circuitry. Marr suggested that it is possible to investigate vision at any of these levels independently. Marr described vision as proceeding from a two-dimensional visual array (on the retina) to a three-dimensional description of the world as output. His stages of vision include: A 2D or primal sketch of the scene, based on feature extraction of fundamental components of the scene, including edges, regions, etc. Note the similarity in concept to a pencil sketch drawn quickly by an artist as an impression. A 21⁄2 D sketch of the scene, where textures are acknowledged, etc. Note the similarity in concept to the stage in drawing where an artist highlights or shades areas of a scene, to provide depth. A 3 D model, where the scene is visualized in a continuous, 3-dimensional map. Marr's 21⁄2D sketch assumes that a depth map is constructed, and that this map is the basis of 3D shape perception. However, both stereoscopic and pictorial perception, as well as monocular viewing, make clear that the perception of 3D shape precedes, and does not rely on, the perception of the depth of points. It is not clear how a preliminary depth map could, in principle, be constructed, nor how this would address the question of figure-ground organization, or grouping. The role of perceptual organizing constraints, overlooked by Marr, in the production of 3D shape percepts from binocularly-viewed 3D objects has been demonstrated empirically for the case of 3D wire objects, e.g. For a more detailed discussion, see Pizlo (2008). A more recent, alternative framework proposes that vision is composed instead of the following three stages: encoding, selection, and decoding. Encoding is to sample and represent visual inputs (e.g., to represent visual inputs as neural activities in the retina). Selection, or attentional selection, is to select a tiny fraction of input information for further processing, e.g., by shifting gaze to an object or visual location to better process the visual signals at that location. Decoding is to infer or recognize the selected input signals, e.g., to recognize the object at the center of gaze as somebody's face. In this framework, attentional selection starts at the primary visual cortex along the visual pathway, and the attentional constraints impose a dichotomy between the central and peripheral visual fields for visual recognition or decoding. Transduction Main article: Visual phototransduction Transduction is the process through which energy from environmental stimuli is converted to neural activity. The retina contains three different cell layers: photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer and ganglion cell layer. The photoreceptor layer where transduction occurs is farthest from the lens. It contains photoreceptors with different sensitivities called rods and cones. The cones are responsible for color perception and are of three distinct types labelled red, green and blue. Rods are responsible for the perception of objects in low light. Photoreceptors contain within them a special chemical called a photopigment, which is embedded in the membrane of the lamellae; a single human rod contains approximately 10 million of them. The photopigment molecules consist of two parts: an opsin (a protein) and retinal (a lipid). There are 3 specific photopigments (each with their own wavelength sensitivity) that respond across the spectrum of visible light. When the appropriate wavelengths (those that the specific photopigment is sensitive to) hit the photoreceptor, the photopigment splits into two, which sends a signal to the bipolar cell layer, which in turn sends a signal to the ganglion cells, the axons of which form the optic nerve and transmit the information to the brain. If a particular cone type is missing or abnormal, due to a genetic anomaly, a color vision deficiency, sometimes called color blindness will occur. Opponent process Transduction involves chemical messages sent from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells to the ganglion cells. Several photoreceptors may send their information to one ganglion cell. There are two types of ganglion cells: red/green and yellow/blue. These neurons constantly fire—even when not stimulated. The brain interprets different colors (and with a lot of information, an image) when the rate of firing of these neurons alters. Red light stimulates the red cone, which in turn stimulates the red/green ganglion cell. Likewise, green light stimulates the green cone, which stimulates the green/red ganglion cell and blue light stimulates the blue cone which stimulates the blue/yellow ganglion cell. The rate of firing of the ganglion cells is increased when it is signaled by one cone and decreased (inhibited) when it is signaled by the other cone. The first color in the name of the ganglion cell is the color that excites it and the second is the color that inhibits it. i.e.: A red cone would excite the red/green ganglion cell and the green cone would inhibit the red/green ganglion cell. This is an opponent process. If the rate of firing of a red/green ganglion cell is increased, the brain would know that the light was red, if the rate was decreased, the brain would know that the color of the light was green. Artificial visual perception Theories and observations of visual perception have been the main source of inspiration for computer vision (also called machine vision, or computational vision). Special hardware structures and software algorithms provide machines with the capability to interpret the images coming from a camera or a sensor. For instance, the 2022 Toyota 86 uses the Subaru EyeSight system for driver-assist technology. 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The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (11): 4302–11. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997. PMC 6573547. PMID 9151747. ^ Gauthier, Isabel; Skudlarski, Pawel; Gore, John C.; Anderson, Adam W. (February 2000). "Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (2): 191–7. doi:10.1038/72140. PMID 10649576. S2CID 15752722. ^ Chang, Le; Tsao, Doris Y. (June 1, 2017). "The Code for Facial Identity in the Primate Brain". Cell. 169 (6): 1013–1028.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 8088389. PMID 28575666. ^ "How the brain distinguishes between objects". MIT News. March 13, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ Srivastava, Sanjana; Ben-Yosef, Guy; Boix, Xavier (February 8, 2019). Minimal Images in Deep Neural Networks: Fragile Object Recognition in Natural Images. arXiv:1902.03227. OCLC 1106329907. ^ Ben-Yosef, Guy; Assif, Liav; Ullman, Shimon (February 2018). "Full interpretation of minimal images". Cognition. 171: 65–84. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.006. hdl:1721.1/106887. ISSN 0010-0277. PMID 29107889. S2CID 3372558. ^ Elsayed, Gamaleldin F.; Shankar, Shreya; Cheung, Brian; Papernot, Nicolas; Kurakin, Alex; Goodfellow, Ian; Sohl-Dickstein, Jascha (February 22, 2018). "Adversarial Examples that Fool both Computer Vision and Time-Limited Humans" (PDF). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018). arXiv:1802.08195. OCLC 1106289156. ^ Man with restored sight provides new insight into how vision develops ^ Out Of Darkness, Sight: Rare Cases Of Restored Vision Reveal How The Brain Learns To See ^ Poggio, Tomaso (1981). "Marr's Computational Approach to Vision". Trends in Neurosciences. 4: 258–262. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(81)90081-3. S2CID 53163190. ^ Marr, D (1982). Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. MIT Press. ^ Rock, Irvin; DiVita, Joseph (1987). "A case of viewer-centered object perception". Cognitive Psychology. 19 (2): 280–293. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90013-2. PMID 3581759. S2CID 40154873. ^ Pizlo, Zygmunt; Stevenson, Adam K. (1999). "Shape constancy from novel views". Perception & Psychophysics. 61 (7): 1299–1307. doi:10.3758/BF03206181. ISSN 0031-5117. PMID 10572459. S2CID 8041318. ^ 3D Shape, Z. Pizlo (2008) MIT Press ^ Zhaoping, Li (2014). Understanding vision: theory, models, and data. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199564668. ^ Zhaoping, L (2019). "A new framework for understanding vision from the perspective of the primary visual cortex". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 58: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2019.06.001. PMID 31271931. S2CID 195806018. ^ Hecht, Selig (April 1, 1937). "Rods, Cones, and the Chemical Basis of Vision". Physiological Reviews. 17 (2): 239–290. doi:10.1152/physrev.1937.17.2.239. ISSN 0031-9333. ^ Carlson, Neil R. (2013). "6". Physiology of Behaviour (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Pearson Education Inc. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-205-23939-9. ^ a b Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald (2010). "5". Psychology the science of behaviour (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Pearson Education Inc. pp. 138–145. ISBN 978-0-205-64524-4. ^ "2022 Toyota GR 86 embraces sports car evolution with fresh looks, more power". Further reading Von Helmholtz, Hermann (1867). Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Voss. Quotations are from the English translation produced by the Optical Society of America (1924–25): Treatise on Physiological Optics Archived September 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sight and Vision. Wikiquote has quotations related to Vision. Look up vision in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Organization of the Retina and Visual System Effect of Detail on Visual Perception by Jon McLoone, the Wolfram Demonstrations Project The Joy of Visual Perception, resource on the eye's perception abilities. VisionScience. Resource for Research in Human and Animal Vision A collection of resources in vision science and perception Vision and Psychophysics Vision, Scholarpedia Expert articles about Vision What are the limits of human vision? Topics related to visual perception vteMental processesCognition Awareness Cognitive liberty Comprehension Consciousness Critical thinking Decision-making Imagination Intuition Problem solving Perception Amodal Color RGB model Depth Form Haptic (Touch) Perception as interpretation Peripheral Social Sound Harmonics Pitch Speech Visual Memory Consolidation Encoding Storage Recall Other Attention Higher nervous activity Intention Learning Mental fatigue Mental set Thinking Volition vteSensation and perceptionProcesses and conceptsSensation Stimulus Sensory receptor Transduction (physiology) Sensory processing Active sensory system Perception Multimodal integration Awareness Consciousness Cognition Feeling Motion perception Qualia HumanExternalSensory organs Eyes Ears Inner ear Nose Mouth Skin Sensory systems Visual system (sense of vision) Auditory system (sense of hearing) Vestibular system (sense of balance) Olfactory system (sense of smell) Gustatory system (sense of taste) Somatosensory system (sense of touch) Sensory cranial and spinal nerves Optic (II) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Olfactory (I) Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Trigeminal (V) Spinal Cerebral cortices Visual cortex Auditory cortex Vestibular cortex Olfactory cortex Gustatory cortex Somatosensory cortex Perceptions Visual perception (vision) Auditory perception (hearing) Equilibrioception (balance) Olfaction (smell) Gustation (taste or flavor) Touch mechanoreception nociception (pain) thermoception Internal Proprioception Hunger Thirst Suffocation Nausea NonhumanAnimal Electroreception Magnetoreception Echolocation Infrared sensing in vampire bats Infrared sensing in snakes Surface wave detection Frog hearing Toad vision Plant Photomorphogenesis Gravitropism Artificial Robotic sensing Computer vision Machine hearing Types of sensory receptorsMechanoreceptor Baroreceptor Mechanotransduction Lamellar corpuscle Tactile corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Bulbous corpuscle Campaniform sensilla Slit sensilla Stretch receptor Photoreceptor Photoreceptor cell Cone cell Rod cell ipRGC Photopigment Aureochrome Chemoreceptor Taste receptor Olfactory receptor Osmoreceptor Thermoreceptor Cilium TRP channels Nociceptor Nociceptin receptor Juxtacapillary receptor DisordersVisual Visual impairment Alice in Wonderland syndrome Amaurosis Anopsia Color blindness Diplopia Hemeralopia and Nyctalopia Optic neuropathy Oscillopsia Palinopsia Papilledema Photophobia Photopsia Polyopia Scotoma Stereoblindness Visual snow Auditory Amblyaudia Auditory agnosia Auditory hallucination Auditory verbal agnosia Cortical deafness Hearing loss Microwave auditory effect Music-specific disorders Palinopsia Spatial hearing loss Tinnitus Vestibular Vertigo BPPV Labyrinthine fistula Labyrinthitis Ménière's disease Olfactory Anosmia Dysosmia Hyperosmia Hyposmia Olfactory reference syndrome Parosmia Phantosmia Gustatory Ageusia Hypergeusia Hypogeusia Parageusia Tactile Astereognosis CMT disease Formication Hyperesthesia Hypoesthesia Paresthesia Tactile hallucination Nociception (pain) Hyperalgesia Hypoalgesia Pain dissociation Phantom pain Proprioception Asomatognosia Phantom limb syndrome Somatoparaphrenia Supernumerary phantom limb Multimodal Aura Agnosia Allochiria Derealization Hallucination HSAN Sensory processing disorder Synesthesia Biases and errors Pareidolia vteOptical illusions (list)Illusions Afterimage Ambigram Ambiguous image Ames room Autostereogram Barberpole Bezold Café wall Checker shadow Chubb Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Gravity hill Grid Hering Impossible trident Irradiation Jastrow Lilac chaser Mach bands McCollough Müller-Lyer Necker cube Oppel-Kundt Orbison Penrose stairs Penrose triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin vase Sander Schroeder stairs Shepard tables Spinning dancer Ternus Vertical–horizontal White's Wundt Zöllner Popular culture Op art Trompe-l'œil Spectropia (1864 book) Ascending and Descending (1960 drawing) Waterfall (1961 drawing) The dress (2015 photograph) Related Accidental viewpoint Auditory illusions Illusions Tactile illusions Temporal illusion vteVision in animalsVision Birds Chameleons Dinosaurs Fish Toads Mammals horses dogs cats Eyes Arthropod eye Compound eye Eagle eye Eye shine Simple eye in invertebrates Mammalian eye human Mollusc eye cephalopod gastropod Holochroal eye Parietal eye Schizochroal eye Evolution Evolution of the eye Evolution of color vision Evolution of color vision in primates Coloration Albinism Animal coloration Aposematism Camouflage Chromatophore Counter-illumination Countershading Crypsis Deimatic behaviour Disruptive coloration coincident Eyespot (mimicry) Mimicry Structural coloration Underwater camouflage Related topics Animal senses Blindness in animals Eyespot apparatus Feature detection Infrared sensing in snakes Monocular deprivation Ommatidium Palpebral (bone) Pseudopupil Rhopalium Underwater vision Visual perception vteVisualization of technical informationFields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Social visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Sankey diagram Schematic Skeletal formula Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration PeoplePre-19th century Edmond Halley Charles-René de Fourcroy Joseph Priestley Gaspard Monge 19th century Charles Dupin Adolphe Quetelet André-Michel Guerry William Playfair August Kekulé Charles Joseph Minard Luigi Perozzo Francis Amasa Walker John Venn Oliver Byrne Matthew Sankey Charles Booth Georg von Mayr John Snow Florence Nightingale Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Toussaint Loua Francis Galton Early 20th century Edward Walter Maunder Otto Neurath W. E. B. Du Bois Henry Gantt Arthur Lyon Bowley Howard G. Funkhouser John B. Peddle Ejnar Hertzsprung Henry Norris Russell Max O. Lorenz Fritz Kahn Harry Beck Erwin Raisz Mid 20th century Jacques Bertin Rudolf Modley Arthur H. Robinson John Tukey Mary Eleanor Spear Edgar Anderson Howard T. Fisher Late 20th century Borden Dent Nigel Holmes William S. Cleveland George G. Robertson Bruce H. McCormick Catherine Plaisant Stuart Card Pat Hanrahan Edward Tufte Ben Shneiderman Michael Friendly Howard Wainer Clifford A. Pickover Lawrence J. Rosenblum Thomas A. DeFanti George Furnas Sheelagh Carpendale Cynthia Brewer Miriah Meyer Jock D. Mackinlay Alan MacEachren David Goodsell Kwan-Liu Ma Michael Maltz Leland Wilkinson Alfred Inselberg Early 21st century Ben Fry Hans Rosling Christopher R. Johnson David McCandless Mauro Martino John Maeda Tamara Munzner Jeffrey Heer Gordon Kindlmann Hanspeter Pfister Manuel Lima Aaron Koblin Martin Krzywinski Bang Wong Jessica Hullman Hadley Wickham Polo Chau Fernanda Viégas Martin Wattenberg Claudio Silva Ade Olufeko Moritz Stefaner Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Color coding Computer graphics in computer science CPK coloring Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Information art vteEvolutionary psychology History Evolutionary thought Theoretical foundations Adaptationism Cognitive revolution Cognitivism Gene selection theory Modern synthesis Criticism Evolutionaryprocesses Adaptations Altruism Cheating Hamiltonian spite Reciprocal Baldwin effect By-products Evolutionarily stable strategy Exaptation Fitness Inclusive Kin selection Mismatch Natural selection Parental investment Parent–offspring conflict Sexual selection Costly signaling Male/female intrasexual competition Mate choice Sexual dimorphism Social selection AreasCognition /Emotion Affect Display Display rules Facial expression Behavioral modernity Cognitive module/modularity of mind Automatic and controlled processes Computational theory of mind Domain generality Domain specificity Dual process theory Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis Evolution of the brain Evolution of nervous systems Fight-or-flight response Arachnophobia Basophobia Ophidiophobia Folk biology/taxonomy Folk psychology/theory of mind Intelligence Flynn effect Wason selection task Motor control/skill Multitasking Sleep Visual perception Color vision Eye Naïve physics Culture Aesthetics Literary criticism Musicology Anthropology Biological Crime Language Origin Psychology Speech Morality Moral foundations Religion Origin Universals Development Attachment Bonding Affectional/maternal/paternal bond Caregiver deprivation Childhood attachment Cinderella effect Cognitive development Education Language acquisition Personality development Socialization Human factors /Mental health Cognitive ergonomics Computer-mediated communication Engineering psychology Human–computer interaction Media naturalness theory Neuroergonomics Depression Digital media use and mental health Hypophobia Imprinted brain hypothesis Mind-blindness Psychological effects of Internet use Rank theory of depression Schizophrenia Screen time Smartphones and pedestrian safety Social aspects of television Societal impacts of cars Distracted driving Lead–crime hypothesis Mobile phones and driving safety Texting while driving Sex Activity Adult attachment Age disparity Arousal Concealed ovulation Coolidge effect Desire Fantasy Hormonal motivation Jealousy Mate guarding Mating preferences Mating strategies Orientation Ovulatory shift hypothesis Pair bond Physical/Sexual attraction Sexuality/male/female Sexy son hypothesis Westermarck effect Sex differences Aggression Autism Cognition Crime Division of labour Emotional intelligence Empathising–systemising theory Gender role Intelligence Memory Mental health Narcissism Neuroscience Schizophrenia Substance abuse Suicide Variability hypothesis Related subjectsAcademic disciplines Behavioral/evolutionary economics Behavioral epigenetics/genetics Affective/behavioral/cognitive/evolutionary neuroscience Biocultural anthropology Biological psychiatry Cognitive psychology Cognitive science Ethology Evolutionary biology Evolutionary medicine Functional psychology Neuropsychology Philosophy of mind Population genetics Primatology Sociobiology Research topics Cultural evolution Evolutionary epistemology Great ape language Human–animal communication Missing heritability problem Primate cognition Unit of selection Coevolution Cultural group selection Dual inheritance theory Fisher's principle Group selection Hologenome theory Lamarckism Population Punctuated equilibrium Recent human evolution Species Species complex Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance Trivers–Willard hypothesis Theoretical positions Cultural selection theory Determinism/indeterminism Biological determinism Connectionism Cultural determinism Environmental determinism Nature versus nurture Psychological nativism Social constructionism Social determinism Standard social science model Functionalism Memetics Multilineal evolution Neo-Darwinism Neoevolutionism Sociocultural evolution Unilineal evolution Evolutionary psychologists Evolutionary psychology Psychology portal Evolutionary biology portal Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic 2 Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sight (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Eyesight (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyesight_(song)"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_environment"},{"link_name":"photopic vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopic_vision"},{"link_name":"color vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_vision"},{"link_name":"scotopic vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotopic_vision"},{"link_name":"mesopic vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopic_vision"},{"link_name":"visible spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"visual acuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity"},{"link_name":"perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"visual system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system"},{"link_name":"linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"cognitive science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"vision science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_science"}],"text":"\"Sight\" and \"Eyesight\" redirect here. For other uses, see Sight (disambiguation) and Eyesight (song).Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment. This is different from visual acuity, which refers to how clearly a person sees (for example \"20/20 vision\"). A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision.The resulting perception is also known as vision, sight, or eyesight (adjectives visual, optical, and ocular, respectively). The various physiological components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the visual system, and are the focus of much research in linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and molecular biology, collectively referred to as vision science.","title":"Visual perception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"transducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer"},{"link_name":"neuronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"photoreceptive cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cells"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"neural impulses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential"},{"link_name":"optic nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve"},{"link_name":"ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"lateral geniculate nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus"},{"link_name":"visual cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex"},{"link_name":"superior colliculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_colliculus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"primary visual cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_visual_cortex"},{"link_name":"Extrastriate cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrastriate_cortex"},{"link_name":"visual association cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_association_cortex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson_2013_187-189-2"},{"link_name":"ventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location"},{"link_name":"two streams hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_streams_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"visible light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margaret._2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"NIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In humans and a number of other mammals, light enters the eye through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina, a light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye. The retina serves as a transducer for the conversion of light into neuronal signals. This transduction is achieved by specialized photoreceptive cells of the retina, also known as the rods and cones, which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural impulses. These signals are transmitted by the optic nerve, from the retina upstream to central ganglia in the brain. The lateral geniculate nucleus, which transmits the information to the visual cortex. Signals from the retina also travel directly from the retina to the superior colliculus.[1]The lateral geniculate nucleus sends signals to primary visual cortex, also called striate cortex. Extrastriate cortex, also called visual association cortex is a set of cortical structures, that receive information from striate cortex, as well as each other.[2] Recent descriptions of visual association cortex describe a division into two functional pathways, a ventral and a dorsal pathway. This conjecture is known as the two streams hypothesis.The human visual system is generally believed to be sensitive to visible light in the range of wavelengths between 370 and 730 nanometers of the electromagnetic spectrum.[3] However, some research suggests that humans can perceive light in wavelengths down to 340 nanometers (UV-A), especially the young.[4] Under optimal conditions these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (UV) to 1100 nm (NIR).[5][6]","title":"Visual system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two-streams hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-streams_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"visual processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_processing"}],"text":"See also: Two-streams hypothesisThe major problem in visual perception is that what people see is not simply a translation of retinal stimuli (i.e., the image on the retina), with the brain altering the basic information taken in. Thus people interested in perception have long struggled to explain what visual processing does to create what is actually seen.","title":"Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg"},{"link_name":"dorsal stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_stream"},{"link_name":"ventral stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_stream"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"emission theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_theory_(vision)"},{"link_name":"Euclid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid"},{"link_name":"Optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"De Sensu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finger-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finger-7"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"John Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Timaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)"},{"link_name":"Empedocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles"},{"link_name":"DK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Kranz_numbering_system"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finger-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_Line_of_sight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Alhazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen"},{"link_name":"experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment"},{"link_name":"binocular vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khaleefa-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"fovea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis"},{"link_name":"peripheral vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(optics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margaret._2008-3"}],"sub_title":"Early studies","text":"The visual dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. Much of the human cerebral cortex is involved in vision.There were two major ancient Greek schools, providing a primitive explanation of how vision works.The first was the \"emission theory\" of vision which maintained that vision occurs when rays emanate from the eyes and are intercepted by visual objects. If an object was seen directly it was by 'means of rays' coming out of the eyes and again falling on the object. A refracted image was, however, seen by 'means of rays' as well, which came out of the eyes, traversed through the air, and after refraction, fell on the visible object which was sighted as the result of the movement of the rays from the eye. This theory was championed by scholars who were followers of Euclid's Optics and Ptolemy's Optics.The second school advocated the so-called 'intromission' approach which sees vision as coming from something entering the eyes representative of the object. With its main propagator Aristotle (De Sensu),[7] and his followers,[7] this theory seems to have some contact with modern theories of what vision really is, but it remained only a speculation lacking any experimental foundation. (In eighteenth-century England, Isaac Newton, John Locke, and others, carried the intromission theory of vision forward by insisting that vision involved a process in which rays—composed of actual corporeal matter—emanated from seen objects and entered the seer's mind/sensorium through the eye's aperture.)[8]Both schools of thought relied upon the principle that \"like is only known by like\", and thus upon the notion that the eye was composed of some \"internal fire\" that interacted with the \"external fire\" of visible light and made vision possible. Plato makes this assertion in his dialogue Timaeus (45b and 46b), as does Empedocles (as reported by Aristotle in his De Sensu, DK frag. B17).[7]Leonardo da Vinci: The eye has a central line and everything that reaches the eye through this central line can be seen distinctly.Alhazen (965 – c. 1040) carried out many investigations and experiments on visual perception, extended the work of Ptolemy on binocular vision, and commented on the anatomical works of Galen.[9][10] He was the first person to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then is directed to one's eyes.[11]Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is believed to be the first to recognize the special optical qualities of the eye. He wrote \"The function of the human eye ... was described by a large number of authors in a certain way. But I found it to be completely different.\" His main experimental finding was that there is only a distinct and clear vision at the line of sight—the optical line that ends at the fovea. Although he did not use these words literally he actually is the father of the modern distinction between foveal and peripheral vision.[12]Isaac Newton (1642–1726/27) was the first to discover through experimentation, by isolating individual colors of the spectrum of light passing through a prism, that the visually perceived color of objects appeared due to the character of light the objects reflected, and that these divided colors could not be changed into any other color, which was contrary to scientific expectation of the day.[3]","title":"Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann von Helmholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vonHelmholtz1867-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"visual illusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_illusions"},{"link_name":"Bayesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_approaches_to_brain_function"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bayesian inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference"},{"link_name":"perception of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_perception"},{"link_name":"perception of depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception"},{"link_name":"figure-ground perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure-ground_(perception)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Unconscious inference","text":"Hermann von Helmholtz is often credited with the first modern study of visual perception. Helmholtz examined the human eye and concluded that it was incapable of producing a high-quality image. Insufficient information seemed to make vision impossible. He, therefore, concluded that vision could only be the result of some form of \"unconscious inference\", coining that term in 1867. He proposed the brain was making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences.[13]Inference requires prior experience of the world.Examples of well-known assumptions, based on visual experience, are:light comes from above;\nobjects are normally not viewed from below;\nfaces are seen (and recognized) upright;[14]\ncloser objects can block the view of more distant objects, but not vice versa; and\nfigures (i.e., foreground objects) tend to have convex borders.The study of visual illusions (cases when the inference process goes wrong) has yielded much insight into what sort of assumptions the visual system makes.Another type of unconscious inference hypothesis (based on probabilities) has recently been revived in so-called Bayesian studies of visual perception.[15] Proponents of this approach consider that the visual system performs some form of Bayesian inference to derive a perception from sensory data. However, it is not clear how proponents of this view derive, in principle, the relevant probabilities required by the Bayesian equation. Models based on this idea have been used to describe various visual perceptual functions, such as the perception of motion, the perception of depth, and figure-ground perception.[16][17] The \"wholly empirical theory of perception\" is a related and newer approach that rationalizes visual perception without explicitly invoking Bayesian formalisms.[citation needed]","title":"Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gestalt psychologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gestalt_and_Vision-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Gestalt theory","text":"Gestalt psychologists working primarily in the 1930s and 1940s raised many of the research questions that are studied by vision scientists today.[18]The Gestalt Laws of Organization have guided the study of how people perceive visual components as organized patterns or wholes, instead of many different parts. \"Gestalt\" is a German word that partially translates to \"configuration or pattern\" along with \"whole or emergent structure\". According to this theory, there are eight main factors that determine how the visual system automatically groups elements into patterns: Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Symmetry, Common Fate (i.e. common motion), Continuity as well as Good Gestalt (pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly) and Past Experience.[citation needed]","title":"Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eye movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vision_2_secondes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Yarbus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_1965-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"peripheral vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision"},{"link_name":"attentional selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"foveal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveal"},{"link_name":"fixational eye movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixational_eye_movements"},{"link_name":"microsaccades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsaccade"},{"link_name":"Saccadic movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade"},{"link_name":"pursuit movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_pursuit"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Analysis of eye movement","text":"See also: Eye movementEye movement first 2 seconds (Yarbus, 1967)During the 1960s, technical development permitted the continuous registration of eye movement during reading,[19] in picture viewing,[20] and later, in visual problem solving,[21] and when headset-cameras became available, also during driving.[22]The picture to the right shows what may happen during the first two seconds of visual inspection. While the background is out of focus, representing the peripheral vision, the first eye movement goes to the boots of the man (just because they are very near the starting fixation and have a reasonable contrast). Eye movements serve the function of attentional selection, i.e., to select a fraction of all visual inputs for deeper processing by the brain.[citation needed]The following fixations jump from face to face. They might even permit comparisons between faces.[citation needed]It may be concluded that the icon face is a very attractive search icon within the peripheral field of vision. The foveal vision adds detailed information to the peripheral first impression.It can also be noted that there are different types of eye movements: fixational eye movements (microsaccades, ocular drift, and tremor), vergence movements, saccadic movements and pursuit movements. Fixations are comparably static points where the eye rests. However, the eye is never completely still, and gaze position will drift. These drifts are in turn corrected by microsaccades, very small fixational eye movements. Vergence movements involve the cooperation of both eyes to allow for an image to fall on the same area of both retinas. This results in a single focused image. Saccadic movements is the type of eye movement that makes jumps from one position to another position and is used to rapidly scan a particular scene/image. Lastly, pursuit movement is smooth eye movement and is used to follow objects in motion.[23]","title":"Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"object recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_visual_object_recognition"},{"link_name":"prosopagnosic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopagnosia"},{"link_name":"agnosic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosia"},{"link_name":"patient C.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_agnosia#Patient_CK"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMID_23965118-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMID_23965118-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"substantial debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiform_face_area#Function_and_controversy"},{"link_name":"face recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_perception"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"inferotemporal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"critical period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Face and object recognition","text":"There is considerable evidence that face and object recognition are accomplished by distinct systems. For example, prosopagnosic patients show deficits in face, but not object processing, while object agnosic patients (most notably, patient C.K.) show deficits in object processing with spared face processing.[24] Behaviorally, it has been shown that faces, but not objects, are subject to inversion effects, leading to the claim that faces are \"special\".[24][25] Further, face and object processing recruit distinct neural systems.[26] Notably, some have argued that the apparent specialization of the human brain for face processing does not reflect true domain specificity, but rather a more general process of expert-level discrimination within a given class of stimulus,[27] though this latter claim is the subject of substantial debate. Using fMRI and electrophysiology Doris Tsao and colleagues described brain regions and a mechanism for face recognition in macaque monkeys.[28]The inferotemporal cortex has a key role in the task of recognition and differentiation of different objects. A study by MIT shows that subset regions of the IT cortex are in charge of different objects.[29] By selectively shutting off neural activity of many small areas of the cortex, the animal gets alternately unable to distinguish between certain particular pairments of objects. This shows that the IT cortex is divided into regions that respond to different and particular visual features. In a similar way, certain particular patches and regions of the cortex are more involved in face recognition than other object recognition.Some studies tend to show that rather than the uniform global image, some particular features and regions of interest of the objects are key elements when the brain needs to recognise an object in an image.[30][31] In this way, the human vision is vulnerable to small particular changes to the image, such as disrupting the edges of the object, modifying texture or any small change in a crucial region of the image.[32]Studies of people whose sight has been restored after a long blindness reveal that they cannot necessarily recognize objects and faces (as opposed to color, motion, and simple geometric shapes). Some hypothesize that being blind during childhood prevents some part of the visual system necessary for these higher-level tasks from developing properly.[33] The general belief that a critical period lasts until age 5 or 6 was challenged by a 2007 study that found that older patients could improve these abilities with years of exposure.[34]","title":"Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marr_(neuroscientist)"},{"link_name":"Tomaso Poggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Poggio"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"two-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_plane"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marr-36"},{"link_name":"3D shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_shape"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"attentional selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention"},{"link_name":"shifting gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"primary visual cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex"},{"link_name":"peripheral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision"}],"text":"In the 1970s, David Marr developed a multi-level theory of vision, which analyzed the process of vision at different levels of abstraction. In order to focus on the understanding of specific problems in vision, he identified three levels of analysis: the computational, algorithmic and implementational levels. Many vision scientists, including Tomaso Poggio, have embraced these levels of analysis and employed them to further characterize vision from a computational perspective.[35]The computational level addresses, at a high level of abstraction, the problems that the visual system must overcome. The algorithmic level attempts to identify the strategy that may be used to solve these problems. Finally, the implementational level attempts to explain how solutions to these problems are realized in neural circuitry.Marr suggested that it is possible to investigate vision at any of these levels independently. Marr described vision as proceeding from a two-dimensional visual array (on the retina) to a three-dimensional description of the world as output. His stages of vision include:A 2D or primal sketch of the scene, based on feature extraction of fundamental components of the scene, including edges, regions, etc. Note the similarity in concept to a pencil sketch drawn quickly by an artist as an impression.\nA 21⁄2 D sketch of the scene, where textures are acknowledged, etc. Note the similarity in concept to the stage in drawing where an artist highlights or shades areas of a scene, to provide depth.\nA 3 D model, where the scene is visualized in a continuous, 3-dimensional map.[36]Marr's 21⁄2D sketch assumes that a depth map is constructed, and that this map is the basis of 3D shape perception. However, both stereoscopic and pictorial perception, as well as monocular viewing, make clear that the perception of 3D shape precedes, and does not rely on, the perception of the depth of points. It is not clear how a preliminary depth map could, in principle, be constructed, nor how this would address the question of figure-ground organization, or grouping. The role of perceptual organizing constraints, overlooked by Marr, in the production of 3D shape percepts from binocularly-viewed 3D objects has been demonstrated empirically for the case of 3D wire objects, e.g.[37][38] For a more detailed discussion, see Pizlo (2008).[39]A more recent, alternative framework proposes that vision is composed instead of the following three stages: encoding, selection, and decoding.[40] Encoding is to sample and represent visual inputs (e.g., to represent visual inputs as neural activities in the retina). Selection, or attentional selection, is to select a tiny fraction of input information for further processing, e.g., by shifting gaze to an object or visual location to better process the visual signals at that location. Decoding is to infer or recognize the selected input signals, e.g., to recognize the object at the center of gaze as somebody's face. In this framework,[41] attentional selection starts at the primary visual cortex along the visual pathway, and the attentional constraints impose a dichotomy between the central and peripheral visual fields for visual recognition or decoding.","title":"Cognitive and computational approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"opsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin"},{"link_name":"retinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson_2013_170-43"},{"link_name":"optic nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve"},{"link_name":"color vision deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_vision_deficiency"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson_2010_138%E2%80%93145-44"}],"text":"Transduction is the process through which energy from environmental stimuli is converted to neural activity. The retina contains three different cell layers: photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer and ganglion cell layer. The photoreceptor layer where transduction occurs is farthest from the lens. It contains photoreceptors with different sensitivities called rods and cones. The cones are responsible for color perception and are of three distinct types labelled red, green and blue. Rods are responsible for the perception of objects in low light.[42] Photoreceptors contain within them a special chemical called a photopigment, which is embedded in the membrane of the lamellae; a single human rod contains approximately 10 million of them. The photopigment molecules consist of two parts: an opsin (a protein) and retinal (a lipid).[43] There are 3 specific photopigments (each with their own wavelength sensitivity) that respond across the spectrum of visible light. When the appropriate wavelengths (those that the specific photopigment is sensitive to) hit the photoreceptor, the photopigment splits into two, which sends a signal to the bipolar cell layer, which in turn sends a signal to the ganglion cells, the axons of which form the optic nerve and transmit the information to the brain. If a particular cone type is missing or abnormal, due to a genetic anomaly, a color vision deficiency, sometimes called color blindness will occur.[44]","title":"Transduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opponent process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opponent_process"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson_2010_138%E2%80%93145-44"}],"text":"Transduction involves chemical messages sent from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells to the ganglion cells. Several photoreceptors may send their information to one ganglion cell. There are two types of ganglion cells: red/green and yellow/blue. These neurons constantly fire—even when not stimulated. The brain interprets different colors (and with a lot of information, an image) when the rate of firing of these neurons alters. Red light stimulates the red cone, which in turn stimulates the red/green ganglion cell. Likewise, green light stimulates the green cone, which stimulates the green/red ganglion cell and blue light stimulates the blue cone which stimulates the blue/yellow ganglion cell. The rate of firing of the ganglion cells is increased when it is signaled by one cone and decreased (inhibited) when it is signaled by the other cone. The first color in the name of the ganglion cell is the color that excites it and the second is the color that inhibits it. i.e.: A red cone would excite the red/green ganglion cell and the green cone would inhibit the red/green ganglion cell. This is an opponent process. If the rate of firing of a red/green ganglion cell is increased, the brain would know that the light was red, if the rate was decreased, the brain would know that the color of the light was green.[44]","title":"Opponent process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"link_name":"machine vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_vision"},{"link_name":"Toyota 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_86"},{"link_name":"Subaru EyeSight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_EyeSight"},{"link_name":"driver-assist technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_systems"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Theories and observations of visual perception have been the main source of inspiration for computer vision (also called machine vision, or computational vision). Special hardware structures and software algorithms provide machines with the capability to interpret the images coming from a camera or a sensor.For instance, the 2022 Toyota 86 uses the Subaru EyeSight system for driver-assist technology.[45]","title":"Artificial visual perception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Von Helmholtz, Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz"},{"link_name":"Treatise on Physiological Optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//poseidon.sunyopt.edu/BackusLab/Helmholtz/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180927064524/http://poseidon.sunyopt.edu/BackusLab/Helmholtz/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Von Helmholtz, Hermann (1867). Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Voss. Quotations are from the English translation produced by the Optical Society of America (1924–25): Treatise on Physiological Optics Archived September 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The visual dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. Much of the human cerebral cortex is involved in vision.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg/290px-Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Leonardo da Vinci: The eye has a central line and everything that reaches the eye through this central line can be seen distinctly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Eye_Line_of_sight.jpg/220px-Eye_Line_of_sight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eye movement first 2 seconds (Yarbus, 1967)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vision_2_secondes.jpg/220px-Vision_2_secondes.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Color vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_vision"},{"title":"Computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"title":"Depth perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception"},{"title":"Entoptic phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoptic_phenomenon"},{"title":"Gestalt psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology"},{"title":"Lateral masking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_masking"},{"title":"Looming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looming"},{"title":"Naked eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_eye"},{"title":"Machine vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_vision"},{"title":"McGill Picture Anomaly Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_Picture_Anomaly_Test"},{"title":"Motion perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_perception"},{"title":"Multisensory integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisensory_integration"},{"title":"Interpretation (philosophy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(philosophy)"},{"title":"Spatial frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_frequency"},{"title":"Visual illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_illusion"},{"title":"Visual processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_processing"},{"title":"Visual system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system"},{"title":"Sensations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation"}]	[{"reference":"Sadun, Alfredo A.; Johnson, Betty M.; Smith, Lois E. H. (1986). \"Neuroanatomy of the human visual system: Part II Retinal projections to the superior colliculus and pulvinar\". Neuro-Ophthalmology. 6 (6): 363–370. doi:10.3109/01658108609016476. ISSN 0165-8107.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/01658108609016476","url_text":"\"Neuroanatomy of the human visual system: Part II Retinal projections to the superior colliculus and pulvinar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F01658108609016476","url_text":"10.3109/01658108609016476"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0165-8107","url_text":"0165-8107"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Neil R. (2013). \"6\". Physiology of Behaviour (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Pearson Education Inc. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-205-23939-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-23939-9","url_text":"978-0-205-23939-9"}]},{"reference":"Margaret, Livingstone (2008). Vision and art : the biology of seeing. Hubel, David H. New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-9554-3. OCLC 192082768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-9554-3","url_text":"978-0-8109-9554-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192082768","url_text":"192082768"}]},{"reference":"Brainard, George C.; Beacham, Sabrina; Sanford, Britt E.; Hanifin, John P.; Streletz, Leopold; Sliney, David (March 1, 1999). \"Near ultraviolet radiation elicits visual evoked potentials in children\". 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PMID 26768917.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763133","url_text":"\"What is light? The visible spectrum and beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.2015.252","url_text":"10.1038/eye.2015.252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5454","url_text":"1476-5454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763133","url_text":"4763133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26768917","url_text":"26768917"}]},{"reference":"W. C. Livingston (2001). Color and light in nature (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekebyhov	Ekebyhov Castle	["1 See also","2 References"]	Ekebyhov CastleEkerö Municipality, Sweden Ekebyhov Castle (Ekebyhovs slott) is a former manor in Ekerö Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. The facility has been owned by Ekerö municipality since 1980 and has been the site of Ekebyhovs Äppelgenbank since 1998. Ekebyhov park Much of SVT's Christmas calendar Mirakel (2020) was shot at Ekebyhov Castle. See also List of castles in Sweden References ^ "Ekebyhovs slott". ekero.se. Retrieved September 1, 2020. ^ "Ekebyhovs Äppelgenbank". Ekebyhovs slott. Retrieved September 1, 2020. ^ "Johan Glans i årets julkalender" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020. This article about a castle in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ekerö Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eker%C3%B6_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Stockholm County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ekebyhov_Castle_park_in_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"SVT's Christmas calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVT%27s_Christmas_calendar"},{"link_name":"Mirakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirakel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ekebyhov Castle (Ekebyhovs slott) is a former manor in Ekerö Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. The facility has been owned by Ekerö municipality since 1980 and has been the site of Ekebyhovs Äppelgenbank since 1998.\n[1]\n[2]Ekebyhov parkMuch of SVT's Christmas calendar Mirakel (2020) was shot at Ekebyhov Castle.[3]","title":"Ekebyhov Castle"}]	[{"image_text":"Ekebyhov park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ekebyhov_Castle_park_in_2009.jpg/220px-Ekebyhov_Castle_park_in_2009.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of castles in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Sweden"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ekebyhovs slott\". ekero.se. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ekero.se/Uppleva_och_gora/Turism/Se-och-gora/Ekebyhovs-slott/","url_text":"\"Ekebyhovs slott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ekebyhovs Äppelgenbank\". Ekebyhovs slott. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ekero.se/Uppleva_och_gora/Ekebyhovs-slott/Slottsparken-och-appelgenbanken/","url_text":"\"Ekebyhovs Äppelgenbank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johan Glans i årets julkalender\" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/wPLLx1/johan-glans-i-arets-julkalender","url_text":"\"Johan Glans i årets julkalender\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ekero.se/Uppleva_och_gora/Turism/Se-och-gora/Ekebyhovs-slott/","external_links_name":"\"Ekebyhovs slott\""},{"Link":"https://www.ekero.se/Uppleva_och_gora/Ekebyhovs-slott/Slottsparken-och-appelgenbanken/","external_links_name":"\"Ekebyhovs Äppelgenbank\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/wPLLx1/johan-glans-i-arets-julkalender","external_links_name":"\"Johan Glans i årets julkalender\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekebyhov_Castle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Holman	Marr & Holman	["1 References"]	"Thomas Marr" redirects here. For the talk show host, see Tom Marr. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marr & Holman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)U.S. Post Office in Nashville, now Frist Center Tennessee Supreme Court Building in Nashville Marr & Holman was an architectural firm in Nashville, Tennessee known for their traditional design. Notable buildings include the Nashville Post Office (now known as the Frist Art Museum) and the Milliken Memorial Community House in Elkton, Kentucky. The firm was formed in 1913 with Joseph Holman (1890–1952) and Thomas Marr (1866–1936) as principals. A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Works include (with attribution): East Nashville High and Junior High Schools (built 1932), 110, 112 Gallatin Rd. Nashville, Tennessee, NRHP-listed Estes Kefauver Federal Building and United States Courthouse (1948–52), 801 Broadway, Nashville, NRHP-listed in 2016 Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 226 N. 3rd Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed Franklin County Courthouse, Public Sq. Winchester, Tennessee, NRHP-listed James A. Cayce Homes, housing project in East Nashville James Robertson Hotel, 118 N. 7th Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed Lauderdale County Courthouse, Town Sq. Ripley, Tennessee, NRHP-listed Madison County Courthouse, Public Sq. Jackson, TN, NRHP-listed Middle Tennessee State Teachers College Training School, 923 E. Lytle St. Murfreesboro, TN, NRHP-listed Morgan School, Built 1919 - Petersburg, Tennessee Nashville Municipal Auditorium Noel Hotel, 200-204 N. 4th Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed Obion County Courthouse, jct. of Third and Washington Sts. Union City, Tennessee, NRHP-listed Pickett County Courthouse, Town Sq. Byrdstown, Tennessee, NRHP-listed Rich-Schwartz Building, 202-204 N. 6th Ave., Nashville, (with local contractor), NRHP-listed Tennessee Supreme Court Building, 401 Seventh Avenue North, Nashville, built in 1937 by Rock City Construction; NRHP-listed Union City Armory, 415 W. Main St., Union City, Tennessee, NRHP-listed United States Post Office (Nashville, Tennessee), 901 Broadway, Nashville, NRHP-listed One or more works in Tennessee School for the Deaf Historic District, 2725 Island Home Blvd. Knoxville, Tennessee, NRHP-listed One or more works in Fifth Avenue Historic District, Roughly bounded by Church and Union Sts., 4th, 5th, and 6th Aves., Nashville, NRHP-listed One or more works in Tennessee State University Historic District, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, (Marr & Holman, et al.), NRHP-listed References ^ a b "Marr and Holman Buildings in Downtown Nashville TR". ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Fleenor, E. Michael (1998). East Nashville. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 0-7524-1339-2. OCLC 42081061. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Marr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frist_Center_Nashville_TN_USA.JPG"},{"link_name":"U.S. Post Office in Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frist_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennessee_Supreme_Court_building_Nashville_TN_2013-07-20_004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Supreme Court Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court_Building_(Nashville)"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Frist Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frist_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Milliken Memorial Community House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliken_Memorial_Community_House"},{"link_name":"Elkton, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tr-1"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-2"},{"link_name":"East Nashville High and Junior High Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Nashville_High_and_Junior_High_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Estes Kefauver Federal Building and United States Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver_Federal_Building_and_United_States_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Franklin County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County_Courthouse_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Winchester, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"James A. Cayce Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Cayce_Homes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Robertson Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robertson_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Lauderdale County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauderdale_County_Courthouse_(Ripley,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Ripley, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Madison County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County_Courthouse_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Jackson, TN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_TN"},{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee State Teachers College Training School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University"},{"link_name":"Murfreesboro, TN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murfreesboro,_TN"},{"link_name":"Nashville Municipal Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Municipal_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Noel Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Obion County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obion_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Union City, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pickett County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Byrdstown, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrdstown,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Rich-Schwartz Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich-Schwartz_Building"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Supreme Court Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court_Building_(Nashville)"},{"link_name":"Union City Armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_City_Armory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Union City, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"United States Post Office (Nashville, Tennessee)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee School for the Deaf Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_School_for_the_Deaf_Historic_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Knoxville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Historic_District_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee State University Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_State_University_Historic_District&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"\"Thomas Marr\" redirects here. For the talk show host, see Tom Marr.U.S. Post Office in Nashville, now Frist CenterTennessee Supreme Court Building in NashvilleMarr & Holman was an architectural firm in Nashville, Tennessee known for their traditional design. Notable buildings include the Nashville Post Office (now known as the Frist Art Museum) and the Milliken Memorial Community House in Elkton, Kentucky.The firm was formed in 1913 with Joseph Holman (1890–1952) and Thomas Marr (1866–1936) as principals.[1]A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[1]\n[2]Works include (with attribution):East Nashville High and Junior High Schools (built 1932), 110, 112 Gallatin Rd. Nashville, Tennessee, NRHP-listed\nEstes Kefauver Federal Building and United States Courthouse (1948–52), 801 Broadway, Nashville, NRHP-listed in 2016\nFederal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 226 N. 3rd Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed\nFranklin County Courthouse, Public Sq. Winchester, Tennessee, NRHP-listed\nJames A. Cayce Homes, housing project in East Nashville[3]\nJames Robertson Hotel, 118 N. 7th Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed\nLauderdale County Courthouse, Town Sq. Ripley, Tennessee, NRHP-listed\nMadison County Courthouse, Public Sq. Jackson, TN, NRHP-listed\nMiddle Tennessee State Teachers College Training School, 923 E. Lytle St. Murfreesboro, TN, NRHP-listed\nMorgan School, Built 1919 - Petersburg, Tennessee\nNashville Municipal Auditorium\nNoel Hotel, 200-204 N. 4th Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed\nObion County Courthouse, jct. of Third and Washington Sts. Union City, Tennessee, NRHP-listed\nPickett County Courthouse, Town Sq. Byrdstown, Tennessee, NRHP-listed\nRich-Schwartz Building, 202-204 N. 6th Ave., Nashville, (with local contractor), NRHP-listed\nTennessee Supreme Court Building, 401 Seventh Avenue North, Nashville, built in 1937 by Rock City Construction; NRHP-listed\nUnion City Armory, 415 W. Main St., Union City, Tennessee, NRHP-listed\nUnited States Post Office (Nashville, Tennessee), 901 Broadway, Nashville, NRHP-listed\nOne or more works in Tennessee School for the Deaf Historic District, 2725 Island Home Blvd. Knoxville, Tennessee, NRHP-listed\nOne or more works in Fifth Avenue Historic District, Roughly bounded by Church and Union Sts., 4th, 5th, and 6th Aves., Nashville, NRHP-listed\nOne or more works in Tennessee State University Historic District, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, (Marr & Holman, et al.), NRHP-listed","title":"Marr & Holman"}]	[{"image_text":"U.S. Post Office in Nashville, now Frist Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Frist_Center_Nashville_TN_USA.JPG/220px-Frist_Center_Nashville_TN_USA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tennessee Supreme Court Building in Nashville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tennessee_Supreme_Court_building_Nashville_TN_2013-07-20_004.jpg/220px-Tennessee_Supreme_Court_building_Nashville_TN_2013-07-20_004.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Marr and Holman Buildings in Downtown Nashville TR\".","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000807_text","url_text":"\"Marr and Holman Buildings in Downtown Nashville TR\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Fleenor, E. Michael (1998). East Nashville. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 0-7524-1339-2. OCLC 42081061.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgDFXSirX6EC&pg=PA90","url_text":"East Nashville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1339-2","url_text":"0-7524-1339-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42081061","url_text":"42081061"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marr+%26+Holman%22","external_links_name":"\"Marr & Holman\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marr+%26+Holman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marr+%26+Holman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marr+%26+Holman%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marr+%26+Holman%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marr+%26+Holman%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000807_text","external_links_name":"\"Marr and Holman Buildings in Downtown Nashville TR\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgDFXSirX6EC&pg=PA90","external_links_name":"East Nashville"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42081061","external_links_name":"42081061"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142977838","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500216729","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6383k14","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Rock_(horse)	Pop Rock (horse)	["1 Finishes","2 Pedigree","3 See also","4 References"]	Japanese-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Pop RockPop Rock at Tokyo Racecourse on May 27, 2007SireHelissioGrandsireFairy KingDamPopsDamsireSunday SilenceSexStallionFoaled2001CountryJapanColourBayBreederNorthern FarmOwnerKatsumi YoshidaTrainerKatsuhiko SumiiRecord29: 7-5-8Earnings511,186,000 JPY +A$825,000 +USD1,000,000+ €16,590Major winsMeguro Kinen (2006, 2007)Last updated on June 6, 2011 Pop Rock (ポップロック, poppu rokku) (born March 19, 2001) is a Japanese racehorse trained by Katsuhiko Sumii. Pop Rock is best known for having placed second in the 2006 Melbourne Cup, ridden by Damien Oliver. By the time the race was run, Pop Rock had effectively become joint favourite. It was Oliver's 17th time racing in the Melbourne Cup. On his next start, it managed to get the closest to Deep Impact in the 2006 Group 1 Arima Kinen and was beaten to second by Admire Moon in the 2007 Japan Cup. In 2010 Pop Rock was sold to new owners and was trained in Ireland by Takashi Kodama. It won on his European debut at Galway Racecourse in July 2010. Its final race was the Irish St. Leger but it trailed the field and was then retired to stud. Finishes Wins 2006 and 2007 Meguro Kinen (Domestic GII), Tokyo Turf 2500m Second 2006 Melbourne Cup (G1), Flemington Turf 3200m 2006 Arima Kinen (Grand Prix) (Domestic G1), Nakayama Turf 2500m 2007 Japan Cup (G1), Tokyo Turf 2400m Pedigree Pedigree of Pop Rock SireHelissio Fairy King Northern Dancer Nearctic Natalma Fairy Bridge Bold Reason Special Helice Slewpy Seattle Slew Rare Bouquet Hirondelle Val de l'Orne Hermanville DamPops Sunday Silence Halo Hail to Reason Cosmah Wishing Well Understanding Mountain Flower Pop Singer Secretariat Bold Ruler Somethingroyal Icy Pop Icecapade Calaki (F-No.7-c) See also List of millionaire racehorses in Australia References ^ "Delta Blues takes Melbourne Cup". BBC News. 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ Pandaram, Jamie (2006-11-08). "Japanese storm home for a Cup double". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ a b c d e "Racing Post's Irish team offer their favourite Galway memories". Racing Post. 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ "Arima Kinen (Grade 1) results". Racing Post. 2006-12-24. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ "Japan Cup (Grade 1) results". Racing Post. 2007-11-25. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ "The Irish Field St. Leger (Group 1) results". Racing Post. 2010-09-11. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ a b "Pop Rock profile". Racing Post. Retrieved 2020-01-02. This article about a racehorse is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Katsuhiko Sumii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuhiko_Sumii"},{"link_name":"2006 Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"Damien Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Oliver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racing-3"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"Deep Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Arima Kinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arima_Kinen"},{"link_name":"Admire Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admire_Moon"},{"link_name":"Japan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racing-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racing-3"},{"link_name":"Galway Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racing-3"},{"link_name":"Irish St. Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_St._Leger"},{"link_name":"stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racing-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Pop Rock (ポップロック, poppu rokku) (born March 19, 2001) is a Japanese racehorse trained by Katsuhiko Sumii. Pop Rock is best known for having placed second in the 2006 Melbourne Cup, ridden by Damien Oliver.[1][2] By the time the race was run, Pop Rock had effectively become joint favourite.[3] It was Oliver's 17th time racing in the Melbourne Cup.On his next start, it managed to get the closest to Deep Impact in the 2006 Group 1 Arima Kinen and was beaten to second by Admire Moon in the 2007 Japan Cup.[3][4][5]In 2010 Pop Rock was sold to new owners and was trained in Ireland by Takashi Kodama.[3] It won on his European debut at Galway Racecourse in July 2010.[3] Its final race was the Irish St. Leger but it trailed the field and was then retired to stud.[3][6]","title":"Pop Rock (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meguro Kinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meguro_Kinen"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"2006 Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"Flemington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemington_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Arima Kinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arima_Kinen"},{"link_name":"Nakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakayama_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Japan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Cup"}],"text":"Wins2006 and 2007 Meguro Kinen (Domestic GII), Tokyo Turf 2500mSecond2006 Melbourne Cup (G1), Flemington Turf 3200m\n2006 Arima Kinen (Grand Prix) (Domestic G1), Nakayama Turf 2500m\n2007 Japan Cup (G1), Tokyo Turf 2400m","title":"Finishes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pedigree"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of millionaire racehorses in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_millionaire_racehorses_in_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Delta Blues takes Melbourne Cup\". BBC News. 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/6120472.stm","url_text":"\"Delta Blues takes Melbourne Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Pandaram, Jamie (2006-11-08). \"Japanese storm home for a Cup double\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/racing/japanese-storm-home-for-a-cup-double-20061108-gdos0b.html","url_text":"\"Japanese storm home for a Cup double\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Racing Post's Irish team offer their favourite Galway memories\". Racing Post. 2019-07-29. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Trinity	Leeds Trinity University	["1 History","2 Campus and facilities","2.1 Accommodation","2.2 Library","2.3 Laboratories","2.4 Primary education classrooms","2.5 Sports facilities","3 Organisation and structure","4 Academic profile","4.1 Rankings and reputation","5 Research","5.1 Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies","5.2 Schools History Project","6 Links with industry","6.1 Leeds Trinity Business Network","6.2 Centre for Journalism partnerships","7 Notable alumni","7.1 Politics and government","7.2 Arts and media","7.3 Sport","8 See also","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°50′55″N 1°38′53″W / 53.8486°N 1.6480°W / 53.8486; -1.6480Public University in West Yorkshire, England "Leeds Trinity" redirects here. For the shopping centre in Leeds, see Trinity Leeds. This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Leeds Trinity University" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leeds Trinity UniversityFormer namesAll Saints CollegeTrinity CollegeLeeds Trinity & All SaintsTypePublicEstablished19661980 – merger2012 – university statusReligious affiliationRoman CatholicAcademic affiliationsCathedrals GroupACCUChancellorDeborah McAndrewVice-ChancellorProfessor Charles EgbuStudents4,985 (2019/20)Undergraduates4,220 (2019/20)Postgraduates760 (2019/20)LocationHorsforth, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England53°50′55″N 1°38′53″W / 53.8486°N 1.6480°W / 53.8486; -1.6480CampusSuburbanWebsiteleedstrinity.ac.uk Leeds Trinity University is a public university in Horsforth, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Originally established to provide qualified teachers to Catholic schools, it gradually expanded and now offers foundation, undergraduate, and postgraduate degrees in a range of humanities and social sciences. Previously known as Leeds Trinity & All Saints, the institution became a university college in 2009 after gaining the right to award its own degrees, and was granted full university status in December 2012. The university is a member of the Cathedrals Group and the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities. History Trinity and All Saints College, 1999 Leeds Trinity opened in 1966 as two Roman Catholic teacher training colleges for Yorkshire – Trinity College for women and All Saints College for men. At the time there was a great demand for new teachers in Britain due to the post-war baby boom. Trinity College was composed of three residential halls to accommodate the female students: Shrewsbury (named after the birthplace of Elizabeth Prout), Whitby (Saint Hilda, who was Abbess of Whitby), and Norwich (Julian of Norwich). Located near these halls was a convent occupied by the Sisters of the Cross and Passion. All Saints College, meanwhile, was built on the south side of the campus, with four halls constructed for male students: Fountains and Rievaulx (after Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey), St Albans (Alban), and Ripon (Wilfrid, Bishop of Ripon). Both colleges appointed separate principals: Augusta Maria, a Manchester University physics graduate and former deputy head of a Grammar School, was put in charge of Trinity College, while Andrew Kean, a Deputy Director of the Leeds University Institute of Education, became the first principal of All Saints. The colleges merged in 1980 to form Trinity and All Saints College, with one principal appointed for the new unified college – biochemist Dr Mary Hallaway. In November 1970 Kean informed the governors that the colleges should diversify and offer other courses in order to survive – although the driving purpose of the institution would remain as preparing Catholic teachers for Catholic schools. As a result, new academic divisions were introduced including Humanities, Modern Languages, Mathematics and Sciences and Social and Environmental Sciences, enabling students to specialise in another subject in addition to their teacher training. The Postgraduate Certificate in Education was introduced for prospective secondary school teachers. After the merger in 1980, the college was forced to justify courses deemed uneconomical. Consequently, course content was modified and efforts made to increase student numbers without diluting the college's Catholic identity. However, cuts still forced the closure of the Linguistic and Arts departments, with the Music, Science and Drama departments eventually meeting the same fate. Despite this student numbers gradually increased over the remainder of the decade. During the 1990s Trinity & All Saints once again found itself in challenging circumstances. It faced increased competition from newer universities such as Lincoln, Huddersfield, and Leeds Metropolitan – all of which had been granted university status in 1992. On top of this, the government of John Major had continued a policy of spending reductions on smaller university colleges. Nonetheless, academic provision was able to expand, particularly in Communications and Media, and by 1998 the college numbered nearly 2,000 undergraduates and 250 postgraduates. In 1991 Leeds Trinity was designated a college of the University of Leeds, and established a formal accreditation agreement with the university in 2001. In 2009 Leeds Trinity gained taught degree awarding powers from the Privy Council, and became a university college with the right to award its own degrees. In 2011 students at the new university college held the longest running sit-in in the country as a protest against the national increase in tuition fees. In November 2012, following the government's announcement that the qualifying threshold for university title will be lowered from 4,000 to 1,000 students, it was announced that it would be recommended to the Privy Council that 10 institutions, including Leeds Trinity, should be granted university status. The change of title was made in December 2012. In 2016 Leeds Trinity marked its 50th anniversary by holding a Mass at Westminster Cathedral. A series of high-profile guest lectures was announced. Among them was Nobel Peace Prize winner Mairead Maguire, who delivered a talk about her experiences during The Troubles. Campus and facilities Leeds Trinity is a campus university off Brownberrie Lane in Horsforth, close to the village of Rawdon. The campus is 6 miles (10 km) from Leeds city centre. Horsforth railway station is a 15-minute walk away, and trains into Leeds city centre also take 15 minutes. In 2009–10 the campus underwent major developments and refurbishment, most notable being the new student accommodation block All Saints Court, with 198 bedrooms. View from the sports fields Accommodation There are eight Halls of Residence on campus at Leeds Trinity. These include All Saints Court, which is a £6m development of 198 bedrooms with ensuite and self-catered facilities that was opened in September 2010. Library Leeds Trinity's library is housed within the Andrew Kean Learning Centre and gives students access to over 500,000 electronic books and 115,000 print volumes, including a large classroom resources section to support students on teaching practice. There are 24-hour facilities. Laboratories There is a fully equipped sports science laboratory and a separate nutrition and food preparation laboratory. Both offer facilities for physiology, fitness testing, sport psychology practicals, dietary analysis and practical work with food. For Psychology students, there are a number of laboratories which include a Biopsychology and Psychophysiology Research Laboratory, a Human Assessment Laboratory, a Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, a Developmental / Social Psychology Laboratory and a Forensic Psychology Laboratory. Primary education classrooms See also: Leeds SCITT Primary education classrooms have resources available for to practice with the equipment used in schools including interactive whiteboards, early years resources, ICT suites, art and DT resources. Sports facilities Leeds Trinity's sports centre was refurbished and extended in 2007. Its indoor facilities include a sports hall, a fully fitted fitness suite with free weights area, two treatment rooms, a movement and spin studio, a gymnasium (incorporating dance studio facilities) and two squash courts. Leeds Trinity outdoor sports facilities include 3 full-size rugby/football pitches, 6 dedicated tennis courts, 2 multi-use hard courts and a running track. In 2012, Leeds Trinity opened a new 3G All Weather Pitch. The pitch is the latest generation of 3G synthetic turf accredited by FIFATM for football and the FIHTM for Hockey. Organisation and structure Leeds Trinity is an independent Roman Catholic foundation, and until earning the right to award its own degrees in 2009 was accredited by the University of Leeds. Overall responsibility for the activities of Leeds Trinity University rests with its Board of Governors. The ex officio Chair of the Board is the Rt Revd. Marcus Stock, Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds. The Board delegate the day-to-day management of Leeds Trinity to Professor Charles Egbu (Vice-Chancellor), who is advised by the Executive Team, consisting of Professor Malcolm Todd (Deputy Vice-Chancellor), Professor Catherine O'Connor (Pro Vice-Chancellor for Education and Experience), Phill Dixon (Chief Operating Officer) and David Butcher (Director of Finance and University Secretary). In addition the Board of Governors delegates oversight of the academic function of the university to the Academic Board. The Vice-Chancellor is an ex officio member of the Board of Governors and the Chairperson of the Academic Board. The university's Chancellor, installed on 15 June 2018, is actor and playwright Deborah McAndrew. Academic profile Leeds Trinity had 4,985 students in 2019/20, almost all of whom are full-time. The ratio of male/female students is 35/65. A professional work placement is offered with every degree, through links Leeds Trinity maintains with local business, industry and schools. Foundation year programs are available for prospective students who may not already hold the required qualifications for university study. They are currently offered in Sport, Social Science, Law studies, and Computing. Rankings and reputation RankingsNational rankingsComplete (2025)116Guardian (2024)113Times / Sunday Times (2024)100 In the latest editions of the main university ranking guides, Leeds Trinity was ranked outside the top 100 in The Complete University Guide – being placed 108th in the country out of 131 listed institutions. It was rated somewhat higher in The Guardian league table, placing 85th out of 121 institutions. The university performed best in The Times/The Sunday Times table, finishing equal 67th alongside De Montfort University in Leicester out of 129 listed institutions. It is notable that Leeds Trinity is mainly a teaching institution and because of this has a low research output – contributing to a lower position in the major tables. In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework it was ranked 145th out of 154 for research power, with only 20 research staff. The university has traditionally performed better in other criteria, such as teaching quality. In the 2018 The Times/The Sunday Times University league table it was ranked in the top 10 for both teaching quality and student experience, and was ranked 39th for the percentage of students achieving either a first or a 2:1 during their degrees. In 2016 overall satisfaction from students was 81% (National Student Survey 2016), with 100% satisfaction in some courses such as Business and Management, English and Media. Research Leeds Trinity is the home of a number of research centres and research projects. Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies Established in 1994, the LCVS is one of the longest-established and most active Victorian Studies centres in Britain. As well as sponsoring the publication of the Journal of Victorian Culture and the Leeds Working Papers in Victorian Studies, it runs an MA in Victorian Studies, and sponsors a full programme of seminars, one day colloquia and residential conferences. Schools History Project The Schools History Project is a curriculum development project concerned with history education in the 13–16 age range. The Project holds an annual conference, sponsors in-service training, publishes a regular bulletin, and collaborates with John Murray Ltd in the publishing of materials to support the SHP curriculum. Links with industry Leeds Trinity Business Network The Leeds Trinity Business Network is an opportunity for local businesses to network, raise profiles, and work together to support local business. Piloted in 2011, it currently has 80+ members. Centre for Journalism partnerships Leeds Trinity is the current holder of the BBC North Education Partnership Achievement award, given in recognition of its 'inspirational' journalism teaching, and Leeds Trinity news trainees have won the Partnership's Journalism award in two years out of the preceding three. Leeds Trinity works closely with the BBC to give its students access to a wide range of placements, challenges, workshops and other opportunities based at MediaCity in Salford and at BBC Yorkshire in Leeds. At the core of the Centre for Journalism's provision are extended periods of live and as-live newsroom operation, giving students a real understanding of working to deadline. Leeds Trinity also works closely with the commercial sector; the news editors of Radio Aire, Hallam FM, Capital FM (Yorkshire) and The Pulse all trained at Leeds Trinity, as did correspondents and reporters with ITN, Sky and ITV Yorkshire. Notable alumni Steven Linares, Gibraltar politician and trade unionist Jason McCartney, Conservative Party MP for Colne Valley Mary Davis, CEO of Special Olympics Fiona May, long jump silver medallist at 1996 and 2000 Olympics Politics and government Nicola Chapman, Baroness Chapman – British peer and disability rights activist Mary Davis – Irish presidential candidate Kris Hopkins – Conservative Party MP Steven Linares – Liberal Party of Gibraltar MP, Minister for Culture, Media, Youth, and Sports Jason McCartney – Conservative Party MP Paul McGrath – Irish Fine Gael politician, Teachta Dála (TD) for Longford–Westmeath and Westmeath constituencies from 1989 to 2007 Arts and media Xana Antunes – business journalist, former Editor of New York Post Kate Bottley – Church of England priest and television personality Stephanie Busari – journalist, CNN Kate Fox – writer and comedian Nick Hodgson – English musician, former Kaiser Chiefs drummer Lis Howell – Journalist and author, Director of Broadcasting at City, University of London Julian Jarrold – TV and Film Director, known for Kinky Boots and Becoming Jane Edward Jarvis – Author and historian of religion Rebecca John – TV presenter Shaun Keaveny – Radio presenter, BBC Radio 6 Music Dorothy Koomson – Novelist Rachel Mackley – TV weather presenter South East Today Maureen Meikle – Historian, and Head of Humanities 2009–2018 Mark Morris – Author Hughie O'Donoghue – British painter David Olusoga – historian and broadcaster Gervase Phinn – Author and broadcaster Paula Pryke – Florist Don Riddell – Sports journalist, CNN World Sport Natalie Sawyer – Sky Sports News presenter Kimberley Walsh – singer, Girls Aloud Sport Dayle Coleing – goalkeeper, Gibraltar national team Fiona May – British-born Italian athlete, Olympic medalist in Atlanta and Sydney Ian Thompson – Marathon runner, Commonwealth Games champion See also Armorial of UK universities College of Education List of universities in the UK References ^ List of ACCU members Archived 27 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d "Where do HE students study?". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ a b "History". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 14 August 2018. ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 25. Retrieved 14 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 25. Retrieved 14 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 25–26. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 38. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ a b c d "History". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 62. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 63. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 83. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 83. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Garner, Richard (6 July 2011). "Student protest against Leeds Trinity's fee rises is longest sit-in in the country". The Independent. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ "Ten institutions on track to become universities". Department for Business Innovation & Skills. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. ^ "Leeds Trinity granted university title". Leeds Trinity University. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012. ^ "Leeds Trinity University Celebrates 50 Years of Education – Diocese of Westminster". rcdow.org.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "Free talks help Leeds Trinity University celebrate 50 years". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "Northern Ireland peacemaker to speak at Leeds Trinity University". Ilkley Gazette. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "Top of the range". Leedstrinity.ac.uk. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ "Library collections". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ "Facilities". Leedstrinity.ac.uk. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ a b c "Sports and fitness centre". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Our Chancellor". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 15 June 2018. ^ "Deborah McAndrew installed as Chancellor of Leeds Trinity University". Leeds Trinity University. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018. ^ "Leeds Trinity University College (formerly Leeds Trinity and All Saints) (L24)". UCAS. Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ a b "Foundation Year". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Complete University Guide 2025". The Complete University Guide. 14 May 2024. ^ "Guardian University Guide 2024". The Guardian. 9 September 2023. ^ "Good University Guide 2024". The Times. 15 September 2023. ^ "University Guide 2018 – The Times". nuk-tnl-editorial-prod-staticassets.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "University Research Excellence Framework 2014 – the full rankings". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Leeds Trinity University". www.leedstrinity.ac.uk. Leeds Trinity University. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016. ^ "University Guide 2018 – The Times". nuk-tnl-editorial-prod-staticassets.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "hefce". www.hefce.ac.uk. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016. ^ "Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies – Leeds Trinity University". research.leedstrinity.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Welcome to the Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies". Leedstrinity.ac.uk. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ "Schools History Project". Leedstrinity.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ "Leeds Trinity Lecturer wins BBC Achievement Award". Leedstrinity.ac.uk. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ "News Breakers – Leeds Trinity breaks new ground in radio news training". Leedstrinity.ac.uk. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ Wainwright, Martin (8 September 2009). "Obituary: Lady Chapman". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ a b "Influential Women at Leeds Trinity University". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ "Kristan Hopkins for Keighley in the 2017 General Election". Who Can I Vote For? by Democracy Club. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ "From Journalist to MP: Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee Member to close Journalism Week". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ Mangan, Dan (28 January 2020). "Xana Antunes, former editor of CNBC, New York Post, dies". CNBC. Retrieved 29 January 2020. ^ a b c d e "Leeds Trinity University – Glittering Alumni". The Independent. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ "Suzy Spencer (Lis Howell)". Clerical Detectives. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ Bloomfield, Steve. ""We got each other through some tricky times": how BBC presenter Shaun Keaveny built a 12-year friendship with listeners". Prospect. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ "South East Today – Rachel Mackley". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004. Psychology Press. 2003. p. 396. ^ O'Donoghue, Hughie, (born 5 July 1953), artist. Who's Who. 2012. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U255843. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 29 May 2018. ^ "From Leeds Trinity University student to CNN Presenter: Don Riddell's story". Leeds Trinity University. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2019. ^ "Girls Aloud announce Leeds gig". Yorkshire Evening Post. Johnston Press. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Hegarty, James. "1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning" (PDF): 59. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Bibliography James Hegarty, Trinity and All Saints 1966 to 2006 Celebrating 40 years of learning External links Media related to Leeds Trinity University at Wikimedia Commons Leeds Trinity University vteUniversities and colleges in Yorkshire and the HumberUniversities BPP Bradford Huddersfield Hull Law Leeds Leeds Arts Leeds Beckett Leeds Conservatoire Leeds Trinity Sheffield Sheffield Hallam York York St John Further Education colleges Askham Bryan Barnsley Bishop Burton Bradford Calderdale Craven Dearne Valley Doncaster East Riding Endeavour Grimsby Harrogate Hull Keighley College Kirklees Leeds Building Leeds City Northern North Lindsey Rotherham Scarborough Selby Sheffield Shipley Wakefield York Sixth form colleges Chapeltown Doncaster Collegiate Elliott Hudson Franklin Greenhead Huddersfield New John Leggott Longley Park Maltings New Notre Dame Scarborough Thomas Rotherham Wilberforce Wyke vteUniversities in the United KingdomEnglandEast of England Anglia Ruskin Bedfordshire Cambridge Cranfield East Anglia Essex Hertfordshire Norwich University of the Arts Suffolk LondonUniversity of London Birkbeck City Courtauld Goldsmiths Institute of Cancer Research King's London Business School LSE LSHTM Queen Mary Royal Academy of Music Royal Central School of Speech and Drama Royal Holloway Royal Veterinary College School of Advanced Study St George's SOAS UCL Other Brunel East London Greenwich Imperial Kingston London Met London South Bank Middlesex Northeastern University – London Ravensbourne Regent's Richmond, The American International University in London Royal College of Art Royal College of Music Roehampton St Mary's University of the Arts London Westminster West London Midlands Aston Birmingham Birmingham City Bishop Grosseteste Coventry De Montfort Derby Harper Adams Keele Leicester Lincoln Loughborough Newman Northampton Nottingham Nottingham Trent Staffordshire University College Birmingham Warwick Wolverhampton Worcester North Bolton Bradford Central Lancashire Chester Cumbria Durham Edge Hill Huddersfield Hull Lancaster Leeds Leeds Arts Leeds Beckett Leeds Trinity Liverpool Liverpool Hope Liverpool John Moores LSTM Manchester Manchester Metropolitan Newcastle Northumbria Salford Sheffield Sheffield Hallam Sunderland Teesside York York St. John South Arts University Bournemouth Bath Bath Spa Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Buckingham Buckinghamshire New Canterbury Christ Church Chichester Creative Arts Exeter Falmouth Hartpury Gloucestershire Kent Oxford Oxford Brookes Plymouth Plymouth Marjon Arts University Plymouth Portsmouth Reading Royal Agricultural Solent Southampton Surrey Sussex UWE Bristol Winchester Northern Ireland Queen's Ulster Scotland Aberdeen Abertay Dundee Edinburgh Edinburgh Napier Glasgow Glasgow Caledonian Heriot-Watt Highlands and Islands Queen Margaret Robert Gordon Royal Conservatoire of Scotland St Andrews Stirling Strathclyde West of Scotland Wales Aberystwyth Bangor Cardiff Cardiff Metropolitan South Wales Swansea Wales Trinity Saint David Wrexham Overseas territories Bermuda College Cayman Islands Law School Gibraltar International College of the Cayman Islands Saint James School of Medicine St. Matthew's University University College of the Cayman Islands University of Science, Arts and Technology University of the West Indies Open Campus Crown dependencies University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey Non-geographic Arden BPP Law London International Programmes Open Related 2010 United Kingdom student protests List by date of foundation (Ancient; Third-oldest in England; Redbrick; Plate glass; Post-1992) List by endowment List by enrolment Colleges within universities Degree abbreviations HEFCW Office for Students (HEFCE) Rankings Scottish Funding Council Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom Student Radio Association Student television in the United Kingdom Student unionism in the United Kingdom Tuition fees in the United Kingdom Undergraduate degree classification UCAS University and College Union Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom) Category List vteRoman Catholic Diocese of Leeds Roman Catholic Bishops of Leeds I: Robert Cornthwaite II: William Gordon III: Joseph Robert Cowgill IV: Henry John Poskitt V: John Carmel Heenan VI: George Patrick Dwyer VII: Gordon Wheeler VIII: David Konstant IX: Arthur Roche (Bishop Emeritus) X: Marcus Stock Parishes Leeds Cathedral - Cathedral Church of St Anne Blessed John Henry Newman, Leeds Holy Redeemer, Huddersfield St Edward's, Clifford St Ignatius, Ossett St Jeanne Jugan, Leeds St Joseph's, Bradford St Austin's and English Martyrs, Wakefield St Mary's, Halifax St Patrick's, Leeds St Robert's, Harrogate St Wilfrid's Church, Ripon St Stephen's, Skipton St Joseph's Wetherby Leeds Trinity University Patronal Feasts of the Diocese Our Lady of Perpetual Succour (27 June) St Wilfrid (12 October) Schools All Saints, Huddersfield Cardinal Heenan, Meanwood Corpus Christi, Leeds Leeds Trinity University Mount St Mary's, Leeds Notre Dame, Leeds St Bede's & St Joseph's, Bradford St Catherine's, Halifax St John Fisher, Dewsbury St John Fisher, Harrogate St John's School for the Deaf, Boston Spa St Mary's Menston St Thomas à Becket, Wakefield St Wilfrid's, Featherstone See also: Bradford Girls' Choir The Bishop Wheeler Catholic Academy Trust Mount St Mary's Church, Leeds Diocese of Beverley Catholicism portal Yorkshire portal vteMillionPlus Abertay Anglia Ruskin Bath Spa Bedfordshire Bolton Canterbury Christ Church Cumbria East London Edinburgh Napier Highlands and Islands Leeds Trinity London Metropolitan Middlesex Southampton Solent Staffordshire Sunderland West London West of Scotland vteCathedrals Group universities Birmingham Newman Bishop Grosseteste Canterbury Christ Church Chester Chichester Cumbria Gloucestershire Leeds Trinity Liverpool Hope Plymouth Marjon Roehampton Twickenham St Mary's Wales Trinity Saint David Winchester York St John Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinity Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Horsforth, Leeds, West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsforth,_Leeds,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"university college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_college"},{"link_name":"Cathedrals Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedrals_Group"},{"link_name":"Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Catholic_Colleges_and_Universities"}],"text":"Public University in West Yorkshire, England\"Leeds Trinity\" redirects here. For the shopping centre in Leeds, see Trinity Leeds.Leeds Trinity University is a public university in Horsforth, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Originally established to provide qualified teachers to Catholic schools, it gradually expanded and now offers foundation, undergraduate, and postgraduate degrees in a range of humanities and social sciences.Previously known as Leeds Trinity & All Saints, the institution became a university college in 2009 after gaining the right to award its own degrees, and was granted full university status in December 2012. The university is a member of the Cathedrals Group and the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities.","title":"Leeds Trinity University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_and_All_Saints_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_236433.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"post-war baby boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-twentieth_century_baby_boom#In_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Prout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Prout"},{"link_name":"Saint Hilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Hilda"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"Julian of Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Cross and Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fountains Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountains_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Rievaulx Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Alban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Alban"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ripon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Manchester University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leedstrinity.ac.uk-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Postgraduate Certificate in Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_Certificate_in_Education"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"Leeds Metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leedstrinity.ac.uk-8"},{"link_name":"government of John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Major_ministry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leedstrinity.ac.uk-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leedstrinity.ac.uk-8"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"sit-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in"},{"link_name":"tuition fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Westminster Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Mairead Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairead_Maguire"},{"link_name":"The Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Trinity and All Saints College, 1999Leeds Trinity opened in 1966 as two Roman Catholic teacher training colleges for Yorkshire – Trinity College for women and All Saints College for men.[3] At the time there was a great demand for new teachers in Britain due to the post-war baby boom.[3]Trinity College was composed of three residential halls to accommodate the female students: Shrewsbury (named after the birthplace of Elizabeth Prout), Whitby (Saint Hilda, who was Abbess of Whitby), and Norwich (Julian of Norwich).[4] Located near these halls was a convent occupied by the Sisters of the Cross and Passion.[5] All Saints College, meanwhile, was built on the south side of the campus, with four halls constructed for male students: Fountains and Rievaulx (after Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey), St Albans (Alban), and Ripon (Wilfrid, Bishop of Ripon).[6]Both colleges appointed separate principals: Augusta Maria, a Manchester University physics graduate and former deputy head of a Grammar School, was put in charge of Trinity College, while Andrew Kean, a Deputy Director of the Leeds University Institute of Education, became the first principal of All Saints.[7]The colleges merged in 1980 to form Trinity and All Saints College, with one principal appointed for the new unified college – biochemist Dr Mary Hallaway.[8]In November 1970 Kean informed the governors that the colleges should diversify and offer other courses in order to survive – although the driving purpose of the institution would remain as preparing Catholic teachers for Catholic schools.[9] As a result, new academic divisions were introduced including Humanities, Modern Languages, Mathematics and Sciences and Social and Environmental Sciences, enabling students to specialise in another subject in addition to their teacher training.[10] The Postgraduate Certificate in Education was introduced for prospective secondary school teachers.After the merger in 1980, the college was forced to justify courses deemed uneconomical. Consequently, course content was modified and efforts made to increase student numbers without diluting the college's Catholic identity.[11] However, cuts still forced the closure of the Linguistic and Arts departments, with the Music, Science and Drama departments eventually meeting the same fate. Despite this student numbers gradually increased over the remainder of the decade.[12]During the 1990s Trinity & All Saints once again found itself in challenging circumstances. It faced increased competition from newer universities such as Lincoln, Huddersfield, and Leeds Metropolitan – all of which had been granted university status in 1992.[8] On top of this, the government of John Major had continued a policy of spending reductions on smaller university colleges.[8] Nonetheless, academic provision was able to expand, particularly in Communications and Media, and by 1998 the college numbered nearly 2,000 undergraduates and 250 postgraduates.[8]In 1991 Leeds Trinity was designated a college of the University of Leeds, and established a formal accreditation agreement with the university in 2001. In 2009 Leeds Trinity gained taught degree awarding powers from the Privy Council, and became a university college with the right to award its own degrees. In 2011 students at the new university college held the longest running sit-in in the country as a protest against the national increase in tuition fees.[13]In November 2012, following the government's announcement that the qualifying threshold for university title will be lowered from 4,000 to 1,000 students, it was announced that it would be recommended to the Privy Council that 10 institutions,[14] including Leeds Trinity, should be granted university status. The change of title was made in December 2012.[15] In 2016 Leeds Trinity marked its 50th anniversary by holding a Mass at Westminster Cathedral.[16] A series of high-profile guest lectures was announced.[17] Among them was Nobel Peace Prize winner Mairead Maguire, who delivered a talk about her experiences during The Troubles.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rawdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawdon,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Leeds city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Horsforth railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsforth_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leeds_Trinity_University_wide_May_2017.jpg"}],"text":"Leeds Trinity is a campus university off Brownberrie Lane in Horsforth, close to the village of Rawdon. The campus is 6 miles (10 km) from Leeds city centre. Horsforth railway station is a 15-minute walk away, and trains into Leeds city centre also take 15 minutes.In 2009–10 the campus underwent major developments and refurbishment, most notable being the new student accommodation block All Saints Court, with 198 bedrooms.View from the sports fields","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Accommodation","text":"There are eight Halls of Residence on campus at Leeds Trinity. These include All Saints Court, which is a £6m development of 198 bedrooms with ensuite and self-catered facilities that was opened in September 2010.[19]","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Library","text":"Leeds Trinity's library is housed within the Andrew Kean Learning Centre and gives students access to over 500,000 electronic books and 115,000 print volumes, including a large classroom resources section to support students on teaching practice.[20] There are 24-hour facilities.","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Laboratories","text":"There is a fully equipped sports science laboratory and a separate nutrition and food preparation laboratory. Both offer facilities for physiology, fitness testing, sport psychology practicals, dietary analysis and practical work with food.For Psychology students, there are a number of laboratories which include a Biopsychology and Psychophysiology Research Laboratory, a Human Assessment Laboratory, a Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, a Developmental / Social Psychology Laboratory and a Forensic Psychology Laboratory.[21]","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds SCITT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_SCITT"}],"sub_title":"Primary education classrooms","text":"See also: Leeds SCITTPrimary education classrooms have resources available for to practice with the equipment used in schools including interactive whiteboards, early years resources, ICT suites, art and DT resources.","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports_and_fitness_centre-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports_and_fitness_centre-22"},{"link_name":"synthetic turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_turf"},{"link_name":"Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Hockey"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports_and_fitness_centre-22"}],"sub_title":"Sports facilities","text":"Leeds Trinity's sports centre was refurbished and extended in 2007. Its indoor facilities include a sports hall, a fully fitted fitness suite with free weights area, two treatment rooms, a movement and spin studio, a gymnasium (incorporating dance studio facilities) and two squash courts.[22]Leeds Trinity outdoor sports facilities include 3 full-size rugby/football pitches, 6 dedicated tennis courts, 2 multi-use hard courts and a running track.[22]In 2012, Leeds Trinity opened a new 3G All Weather Pitch. The pitch is the latest generation of 3G synthetic turf accredited by FIFATM for football and the FIHTM for Hockey.[22]","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Board of Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Governors"},{"link_name":"Marcus Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Stock"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Deborah McAndrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_McAndrew"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chancellor-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-installed-24"}],"text":"Leeds Trinity is an independent Roman Catholic foundation, and until earning the right to award its own degrees in 2009 was accredited by the University of Leeds.Overall responsibility for the activities of Leeds Trinity University rests with its Board of Governors. The ex officio Chair of the Board is the Rt Revd. Marcus Stock, Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds.The Board delegate the day-to-day management of Leeds Trinity to Professor Charles Egbu (Vice-Chancellor), who is advised by the Executive Team, consisting of Professor Malcolm Todd (Deputy Vice-Chancellor), Professor Catherine O'Connor (Pro Vice-Chancellor for Education and Experience), Phill Dixon (Chief Operating Officer) and David Butcher (Director of Finance and University Secretary).In addition the Board of Governors delegates oversight of the academic function of the university to the Academic Board. The Vice-Chancellor is an ex officio member of the Board of Governors and the Chairperson of the Academic Board.The university's Chancellor, installed on 15 June 2018, is actor and playwright Deborah McAndrew.[23][24]","title":"Organisation and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HESA_citation-2"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foundation_Year-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foundation_Year-26"}],"text":"Leeds Trinity had 4,985 students in 2019/20, almost all of whom are full-time.[2] The ratio of male/female students is 35/65.[25]A professional work placement is offered with every degree, through links Leeds Trinity maintains with local business, industry and schools.Foundation year programs are available for prospective students who may not already hold the required qualifications for university study.[26] They are currently offered in Sport, Social Science, Law studies, and Computing.[26]","title":"Academic profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"main university ranking guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Complete University Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Complete_University_Guide"},{"link_name":"The Guardian league table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Times/The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Times/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"De Montfort University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Montfort_University"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Research Excellence Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesundaytimes1-32"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#First-class_honours"},{"link_name":"2:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2:1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Student Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Student_Survey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Rankings and reputation","text":"In the latest editions of the main university ranking guides, Leeds Trinity was ranked outside the top 100 in The Complete University Guide – being placed 108th in the country out of 131 listed institutions. It was rated somewhat higher in The Guardian league table, placing 85th out of 121 institutions.The university performed best in The Times/The Sunday Times table, finishing equal 67th alongside De Montfort University in Leicester out of 129 listed institutions.[30] It is notable that Leeds Trinity is mainly a teaching institution and because of this has a low research output – contributing to a lower position in the major tables. In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework it was ranked 145th out of 154 for research power, with only 20 research staff.[31]The university has traditionally performed better in other criteria, such as teaching quality.[32] In the 2018 The Times/The Sunday Times University league table it was ranked in the top 10 for both teaching quality and student experience, and was ranked 39th for the percentage of students achieving either a first or a 2:1 during their degrees.[33] In 2016 overall satisfaction from students was 81% (National Student Survey 2016), with 100% satisfaction in some courses such as Business and Management, English and Media.[34]","title":"Academic profile"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Leeds Trinity is the home of a number of research centres and research projects.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Studies"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies","text":"Established in 1994, the LCVS is one of the longest-established and most active Victorian Studies centres in Britain.[35] As well as sponsoring the publication of the Journal of Victorian Culture and the Leeds Working Papers in Victorian Studies, it runs an MA in Victorian Studies, and sponsors a full programme of seminars, one day colloquia and residential conferences.[36]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Schools History Project","text":"The Schools History Project is a curriculum development project concerned with history education in the 13–16 age range. The Project holds an annual conference, sponsors in-service training, publishes a regular bulletin, and collaborates with John Murray Ltd in the publishing of materials to support the SHP curriculum.[37]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Links with industry"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leeds Trinity Business Network","text":"The Leeds Trinity Business Network is an opportunity for local businesses to network, raise profiles, and work together to support local business. Piloted in 2011, it currently has 80+ members.","title":"Links with industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_North"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"MediaCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaCityUK"},{"link_name":"BBC Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Radio Aire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Aire"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Hallam FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallam_FM"},{"link_name":"Capital FM (Yorkshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_FM_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"The Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_1"},{"link_name":"ITN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN"},{"link_name":"Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK"},{"link_name":"ITV Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Yorkshire"}],"sub_title":"Centre for Journalism partnerships","text":"Leeds Trinity is the current holder of the BBC North Education Partnership Achievement award, given in recognition of its 'inspirational' journalism teaching, and Leeds Trinity news trainees have won the Partnership's Journalism award in two years out of the preceding three.[38] Leeds Trinity works closely with the BBC to give its students access to a wide range of placements, challenges, workshops and other opportunities based at MediaCity in Salford and at BBC Yorkshire in Leeds. At the core of the Centre for Journalism's provision are extended periods of live and as-live newsroom operation, giving students a real understanding of working to deadline. Leeds Trinity also works closely with the commercial sector; the news editors of Radio Aire,[39] Hallam FM, Capital FM (Yorkshire) and The Pulse all trained at Leeds Trinity, as did correspondents and reporters with ITN, Sky and ITV Yorkshire.","title":"Links with industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steven_Linares_at_the_2013_Gibraltar_Music_Festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steven Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Linares"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Jason_McCartney_MP_crop_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jason McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_McCartney_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Colne Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colne_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Davis_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mary Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Davis_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Special Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fiona_May,_Olympic_Games_and_world_championship_athlete_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fiona May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_May"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_long_jump"},{"link_name":"2000 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_long_jump"}],"text":"Steven Linares, Gibraltar politician and trade unionist\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJason McCartney, Conservative Party MP for Colne Valley\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMary Davis, CEO of Special Olympics\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFiona May, long jump silver medallist at 1996 and 2000 Olympics","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicola Chapman, Baroness Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Chapman,_Baroness_Chapman"},{"link_name":"peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"disability rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mary Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Davis_(activist)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltuwomen-41"},{"link_name":"Kris Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Steven Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Linares"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Jason McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_McCartney_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Paul McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGrath_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael"},{"link_name":"Teachta Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Longford–Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford%E2%80%93Westmeath_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmeath_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Politics and government","text":"Nicola Chapman, Baroness Chapman – British peer and disability rights activist[40]\nMary Davis – Irish presidential candidate[41]\nKris Hopkins – Conservative Party MP[42]\nSteven Linares – Liberal Party of Gibraltar MP, Minister for Culture, Media, Youth, and Sports\nJason McCartney – Conservative Party MP[43]\nPaul McGrath – Irish Fine Gael politician, Teachta Dála (TD) for Longford–Westmeath and Westmeath constituencies from 1989 to 2007","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xana Antunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xana_Antunes"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Kate Bottley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bottley"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Busari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Busari"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Kate Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Fox_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Nick Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltualumni-45"},{"link_name":"Lis Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis_Howell"},{"link_name":"City, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Julian Jarrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Jarrold"},{"link_name":"Kinky Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinky_Boots_(film)"},{"link_name":"Becoming Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becoming_Jane"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltualumni-45"},{"link_name":"Edward Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jarvis_(author)"},{"link_name":"Rebecca John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_John"},{"link_name":"Shaun Keaveny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Keaveny"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 6 Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Koomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Koomson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltualumni-45"},{"link_name":"Rachel Mackley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Mackley"},{"link_name":"South East Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Today"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Maureen Meikle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Meikle"},{"link_name":"Mark Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morris_(author)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Hughie O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"David Olusoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Olusoga"},{"link_name":"Gervase Phinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervase_Phinn"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltualumni-45"},{"link_name":"Paula Pryke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Pryke"},{"link_name":"Don Riddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Riddell"},{"link_name":"CNN World Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_World_Sport"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Natalie Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports_News"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltualumni-45"},{"link_name":"Kimberley Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Arts and media","text":"Xana Antunes – business journalist, former Editor of New York Post[44]\nKate Bottley – Church of England priest and television personality\nStephanie Busari – journalist, CNN\nKate Fox – writer and comedian\nNick Hodgson – English musician, former Kaiser Chiefs drummer[45]\nLis Howell – Journalist and author, Director of Broadcasting at City, University of London[46]\nJulian Jarrold – TV and Film Director, known for Kinky Boots and Becoming Jane[45]\nEdward Jarvis – Author and historian of religion\nRebecca John – TV presenter\nShaun Keaveny – Radio presenter, BBC Radio 6 Music[47]\nDorothy Koomson – Novelist[45]\nRachel Mackley – TV weather presenter South East Today[48]\nMaureen Meikle – Historian, and Head of Humanities 2009–2018\nMark Morris – Author[49]\nHughie O'Donoghue – British painter[50]\nDavid Olusoga – historian and broadcaster\nGervase Phinn – Author and broadcaster[45]\nPaula Pryke – Florist\nDon Riddell – Sports journalist, CNN World Sport[51]\nNatalie Sawyer – Sky Sports News presenter[45]\nKimberley Walsh – singer, Girls Aloud[52]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dayle Coleing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayle_Coleing"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Fiona May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_May"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltuwomen-41"},{"link_name":"Ian Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Thompson_(runner)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Dayle Coleing – goalkeeper, Gibraltar national team\nFiona May – British-born Italian athlete, Olympic medalist in Atlanta and Sydney[41]\nIan Thompson – Marathon runner, Commonwealth Games champion[53]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"James Hegarty, Trinity and All Saints 1966 to 2006 Celebrating 40 years of learning","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Trinity and All Saints College, 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Trinity_and_All_Saints_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_236433.jpg/220px-Trinity_and_All_Saints_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_236433.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from the sports fields","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Leeds_Trinity_University_wide_May_2017.jpg/600px-Leeds_Trinity_University_wide_May_2017.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Armorial of UK universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_of_UK_universities"},{"title":"College of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_school#United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of universities in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_UK"}]	[{"reference":"\"Where do HE students study?\". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study","url_text":"\"Where do HE students study?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Statistics_Agency","url_text":"Higher Education Statistics Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 14 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/about-us/our-vision-and-values/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, James. \"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\" (PDF): 25. Retrieved 14 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/Documents/1966-2006%20Celebrating%2040%20years%20of%20learning.pdf","url_text":"\"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, James. \"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\" (PDF): 25. Retrieved 14 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/Documents/1966-2006%20Celebrating%2040%20years%20of%20learning.pdf","url_text":"\"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, James. \"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\" (PDF): 25–26. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/Documents/1966-2006%20Celebrating%2040%20years%20of%20learning.pdf","url_text":"\"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, James. \"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\" (PDF): 38. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/Documents/1966-2006%20Celebrating%2040%20years%20of%20learning.pdf","url_text":"\"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Leeds Trinity University. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/about-us/our-vision-and-values/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, James. \"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\" (PDF): 62. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/Documents/1966-2006%20Celebrating%2040%20years%20of%20learning.pdf","url_text":"\"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, James. \"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\" (PDF): 63. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/Documents/1966-2006%20Celebrating%2040%20years%20of%20learning.pdf","url_text":"\"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, James. \"1966–2006: Celebrating 40 Years of Learning\" (PDF): 83. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_Stukas	Orchestre Stukas	["1 History","2 Partial discography","2.1 Gaby Lita Bembo & the Stukas","2.2 Stukas without Gaby Lita Bembo","2.3 Gaby Lita Bembo solo albums","3 Footnotes","4 References"]	"Stukas" redirects here. For the Brazilian footballer, see Luiz Carlos Guedes Stukas. For other uses of "Stuka", see Stuka (disambiguation).Orchestre StukasGaby Lita Bembo playing piano in the 1970sBackground informationOriginKinshasa, Democratic Republic of the CongoGenres Soukous Congolese rumba Musical artist The Orchestre Stukas (also referred to as the Stukas Boys, the Stukas or the Stukas of Zaire) was a Congolese soukous band of the 1970s. It was based in Kinshasa, Zaire (now DR Congo). At the apex of their popularity, the Stukas were led by singer and showman Gaby Lita Bembo. History The Stukas were founded by Alida Domingo in 1968. Since the band's early years, when the Stukas mostly played James Brown covers, two members of its personnel emerged as the most talented: singer Gaby Lita Bembo (who reportedly "set the audience on fire" with his on stage dancing) and guitarist Samunga Tediangaye, nicknamed "the professor". Also acclaimed guitarist Dodoly (nicknamed "the sewing machine" for his high speed solos) began his career in Stukas before his successful experience in Bozi Boziana's Anti Choc. While great soukous bands such as Zaïko Langa Langa, Bella Bella or OK Jazz competed with each other for the favors of the Kinshasa youth, Stukas deliberately played in the outskirts, for the people in the suburbs, who could hardly afford going to the venues downtown to see musical shows. In the 1970 they already had a relatively large number of followers, so that they were invited by television channel Voix du Zaire to play in their shows. They became so popular that the Zairean authorities eventually put pressure on Voix du Zaire to let the Stukas appear on TV on a daily basis, because their shows helped "keep the children out of the streets". The Stukas also became the top band of the "Para fifi" club, one of the most important venues of Kinshasa. In 1974, Stukas were invited to play at Zaire '74, a great musical event that was meant to introduce the so-called Rumble in the Jungle, i.e., the boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. In Zaire '74, the Stukas had the chance to play side by side with international stars such as Miriam Makeba, Manu Dibango, B. B. King, and even their favourite James Brown. As a consequence of the Stukas' much appreciated performance at the event, Lita Bembo was acclaimed as the best Congolese artist of 1974 in a readers' poll of the popular Congolese newspaper Salongo. Since 1977, Stukas experienced several personnel changes. Some of its members were invited to play by great soukous bands such as Yoka Lokole and Bozi Boziana's Orchestre Anti-Choc. Lita Bembo eventually left, to relocate to Brussels, where he began a new career as a producer and sound engineer. The Stukas recorded at least one album without Lita Bembo, called Ballade a Libreville. Lita Bembo also recorded some solo albums while he was in Europe, in the mid-1980s. Partial discography Gaby Lita Bembo & the Stukas Kita Mata ABC Stukas without Gaby Lita Bembo Ballade a Libreville Gaby Lita Bembo solo albums Conflit Nouveau Rhythme Saccade Footnotes ^ Stewart, p. 210-211 ^ a b Stewart, p. 211 ^ a b c d Lita Bembo's European albums ^ Afromix References Gary Stewart, Rumba on the River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congo Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luiz Carlos Guedes Stukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Carlos_Guedes_Stukas"},{"link_name":"Stuka (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuka_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Congolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"soukous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soukous"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Stukas\" redirects here. For the Brazilian footballer, see Luiz Carlos Guedes Stukas.For other uses of \"Stuka\", see Stuka (disambiguation).Musical artistThe Orchestre Stukas (also referred to as the Stukas Boys, the Stukas or the Stukas of Zaire) was a Congolese soukous band of the 1970s. It was based in Kinshasa, Zaire (now DR Congo). At the apex of their popularity, the Stukas were led by singer and showman Gaby Lita Bembo.[1]","title":"Orchestre Stukas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alida Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alida_Domingo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Samunga Tediangaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samunga_Tediangaye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dodoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodoly"},{"link_name":"sewing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_machine"},{"link_name":"Bozi Boziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozi_Boziana"},{"link_name":"Anti Choc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti_Choc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zaïko Langa Langa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C3%AFko_Langa_Langa"},{"link_name":"Bella Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Bella_(band)"},{"link_name":"OK Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK_Jazz"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Voix du Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voix_du_Zaire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart,_p._211-2"},{"link_name":"Zaire '74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire_%2774"},{"link_name":"Rumble in the Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Jungle"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"George Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foreman"},{"link_name":"Miriam Makeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Makeba"},{"link_name":"Manu Dibango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Dibango"},{"link_name":"B. B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._B._King"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart,_p._211-2"},{"link_name":"Yoka Lokole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoka_Lokole"},{"link_name":"Bozi Boziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozi_Boziana"},{"link_name":"Orchestre Anti-Choc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchestre_Anti-Choc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"sound engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_engineer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambiance-3"}],"text":"The Stukas were founded by Alida Domingo in 1968. Since the band's early years, when the Stukas mostly played James Brown covers, two members of its personnel emerged as the most talented: singer Gaby Lita Bembo (who reportedly \"set the audience on fire\" with his on stage dancing) and guitarist Samunga Tediangaye, nicknamed \"the professor\". Also acclaimed guitarist Dodoly (nicknamed \"the sewing machine\" for his high speed solos) began his career in Stukas before his successful experience in Bozi Boziana's Anti Choc.While great soukous bands such as Zaïko Langa Langa, Bella Bella or OK Jazz competed with each other for the favors of the Kinshasa youth, Stukas deliberately played in the outskirts, for the people in the suburbs, who could hardly afford going to the venues downtown to see musical shows. In the 1970 they already had a relatively large number of followers, so that they were invited by television channel Voix du Zaire to play in their shows. They became so popular that the Zairean authorities eventually put pressure on Voix du Zaire to let the Stukas appear on TV on a daily basis, because their shows helped \"keep the children out of the streets\". The Stukas also became the top band of the \"Para fifi\" club, one of the most important venues of Kinshasa.[2]In 1974, Stukas were invited to play at Zaire '74, a great musical event that was meant to introduce the so-called Rumble in the Jungle, i.e., the boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. In Zaire '74, the Stukas had the chance to play side by side with international stars such as Miriam Makeba, Manu Dibango, B. B. King, and even their favourite James Brown. As a consequence of the Stukas' much appreciated performance at the event, Lita Bembo was acclaimed as the best Congolese artist of 1974 in a readers' poll of the popular Congolese newspaper Salongo.[2]Since 1977, Stukas experienced several personnel changes. Some of its members were invited to play by great soukous bands such as Yoka Lokole and Bozi Boziana's Orchestre Anti-Choc. Lita Bembo eventually left, to relocate to Brussels, where he began a new career as a producer and sound engineer. The Stukas recorded at least one album without Lita Bembo, called Ballade a Libreville.[3] Lita Bembo also recorded some solo albums while he was in Europe, in the mid-1980s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Gaby Lita Bembo & the Stukas","text":"Kita Mata ABC[4]","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambiance-3"}],"sub_title":"Stukas without Gaby Lita Bembo","text":"Ballade a Libreville[3]","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambiance-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambiance-3"}],"sub_title":"Gaby Lita Bembo solo albums","text":"Conflit[3]\nNouveau Rhythme Saccade[3]","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stewart,_p._211_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stewart,_p._211_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ambiance_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ambiance_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ambiance_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ambiance_3-3"},{"link_name":"Lita Bembo's European albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ambiancecongo.blogspot.com/2008/11/lita-bembos-european-albums.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Afromix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.afromix.org/html/musique/artistes/gaby-lita-bembo/kita-mata-abc.en.html"}],"text":"^ Stewart, p. 210-211\n\n^ a b Stewart, p. 211\n\n^ a b c d Lita Bembo's European albums\n\n^ Afromix","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://ambiancecongo.blogspot.com/2008/11/lita-bembos-european-albums.html","external_links_name":"Lita Bembo's European albums"},{"Link":"http://www.afromix.org/html/musique/artistes/gaby-lita-bembo/kita-mata-abc.en.html","external_links_name":"Afromix"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146412766","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017083512","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Gates	Crawford Gates	["1 Early life and education","2 Music career","2.1 College teaching","2.2 Conducting","2.3 Composing","3 Awards and legacy","4 Personal life","5 In other media","6 References"]	Crawford Marion Gates (December 29, 1921 – June 9, 2018) was an American musician, composer, and conductor known for his contributions to the body of music for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Early life and education Gates was born in San Francisco, December 29, 1921, and grew up in Palo Alto, California. He started playing piano at age eight and violin at age nine. In his first year of college at the College of the Pacific and San Jose State, he won a student composition contest sponsored by the Stockton Symphony During his mission for the LDS Church, he directed the Mormon Male Chorus of Philadelphia, a group of eight other missionaries. The chorus performed for local radio stations, including WFIL. Gates wrote forty-three arrangements for the choir. Gates received a BA "with great distinction" from San Jose State University in 1943. From September 1944 until August 1945 he was stationed in Pearl Harbor but never sent into combat. He studied for his MA from Brigham Young University from 1946 to 1948, studying there with Leroy Robertson. Gates earned his Ph.D. from the Eastman School of Music under Howard Hanson in 1954. He studied there from 1948 to 1950, and returned to study in the summers of 1951 and 1954. Music career College teaching He was a member of the music faculty at Brigham Young University during the summers of 1948 to 1960, full-time from 1950 to 1966. He conducted the chorus there from 1950 to 1958. He was the chair of BYU's music department from 1960 to 1966, and conducted the BYU Symphony 1964 to 1966. Gates was a professor of music and artist in residence at Beloit College in Wisconsin from 1966 to 1989. From 1982 to 1987 he was the Chair of Music at Beloit College. After his retirement from Beloit College in 1989, he continued his work as an emeritus artist-in-residence. Conducting Gates was the music director of the Beloit-Janesville Symphony Orchestra for 34 years (1963–1964, 1966–1999), where he prepared orchestral and orchestral-choral arrangements for annual pops and children's concerts. He was the music director of the Quincy Symphony from 1969 to 1970 and of the Rockford Symphony Orchestra from 1970 to 1986. While conducting the Rockford Symphony Orchestra, he professionalized the orchestra. He guest conducted for the Utah Symphony twenty-five times. At Tanglewood in 1957, Gates studied orchestral conducting with Eleazar de Carvalho. In the summer of 1967, he studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky. Composing Since age eight, Gates has composed or arranged nearly 900 titles. His works have been performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic and orchestras in Dallas, Kansas City, Rochester and Milwaukee. Gates has had musical relationships (guest conducting, recording, commissioned compositions and premieres) with five major musical organizations in Utah: the Utah Symphony, the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, the Orchestra at Temple Square, Ballet West, the Utah Opera and the Oratorio Society of Utah. He wrote the music score to the play Promised Valley (1947), celebrating the centennial entrance of Mormon pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley. This stage work has been produced over 2,700 times, in six languages and on five continents. He composed and orchestrated the score from January until July 22, 1947, just before the first performance. The first performances were produced in the University of Utah stadium, which held 12,500 people at the time. Gates is most known for his works with religious themes. In 1953, Harold Hansen, the director of the pageant, asked Gates to write an original score for the Hill Cumorah Pageant. This church assignment was approved by the first presidency of the LDS Church. His teaching schedule and local church service did not leave him much time to compose, so the score was not complete until 1957. During this time, he studied composition with Ernst Toch at UCLA in 1954. After having difficulty composing the Christ theme for the Hill Cumorah Pageant, he received a blessing from Harold B. Lee, which told him he would "hear the music in the night." After hearing the music in a dream, Gates composed what he felt was the "right" theme. In 1987, Gates started composing a new score for Orson Scott Card's new script for the Hill Cumorah Pageant. Gates conducted the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, Utah Symphony Orchestra, and Salt Lake Children's choir to make a recording of the new score to use in rehearsals. He composed two hymns in the LDS hymn book: "Our Savior’s Love" and "Ring Out, Wild Bells", and wrote the music for two hymns in the LDS Children's Songbook: "On a Golden Springtime" and "Baptism". In 1976, Gates premiered his Symphony No. 4: A New Morning based on a text by Carol Lynn Pearson, for the United States Bicentennial. Milton Barlow commissioned Gates to write the ballet Desert As A Rose for Utah's statehood centennial in 1996. Gates collaborated with William Auld to write an Esperanto hymn, which premiered at the 76th Universala Kongreso in 1991. Claudia Bushman, Gates's sister-in-law, encouraged him to write an opera on Joseph Smith. Gates wrote Joseph! Joseph!, which was performed in 2004 and 2005. Awards and legacy In 1955, Gates won the Max Wald Memorial Fund's first composition competition for his Symphony No.1, written for his doctoral dissertation. Gates's works have won the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) every year from 1967 to 1989. In 1997, Gates received a Governor's Commendation from Tommy Thompson for his musical service in southern Wisconsin. In 1998, he received a Rotary Club Service Above Self award. In 2010, the instrumental qualities of Gates's choral arrangements were the subject of a doctoral dissertation by Matthew Thompson at Kansas University. Personal life Crawford Gates married Georgia Lauper on December 19, 1952. They had four children. Crawford and Georgia moved to Salt Lake City in 1999. Gates died June 9, 2018, at the age of 96. In other media Gates appears together with Gordon B. Hinckley and two other Latter-day Saint missionaries who visit the protagonists of the 2019 film The Fighting Preacher in order to tour the Sacred Grove on their ways home from missionary service. In fact, Gates's mission occurred seven years after Hinckley's, and concluded after the family he visits in the film had returned home. The Gates role is portrayed by Joseph Skousen. References ^ a b c d e "Crawford Gates Obituary". Dignity Memorial. Salt Lake City, UT: SCI Shared Resources, LLC. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g Mangelson, Annie. "Crawford Gates". mormonartist.net. Mormon Artist. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d e Wadley, Carma (22 October 2006). "The music of Crawford Gates". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Biography Timeline - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates". crawfordgates.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d Thompson, Matthew S. (2010). The Instrumental Conception of Choral Ensemble in the Secular Choral Arrangements of Crawford M. Gates. University of Kansas. p. 7. ^ Beloit Teacher Index "Welcome to nginx". Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2008-04-01. ^ a b c d "Conductor Retiring, but Not From Music". The Rockford Register Star. 23 April 1989. Retrieved 25 September 2018. ^ "Home - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates". crawfordgates.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ Promised Valley Info "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-04-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b c Gates, Crawford. "The Delights of Making Cumorah's Music". Maxwell Institute. Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. ^ Children's Songbook. Salt Lake City: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2005, pp. 88, 100. ^ "Symphony, Choir to Perform Here". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. 23 May 1976. p. 20. ^ Sowby, Laurie Williams (6 April 1997). "Composer's Performances Celebrate Utah's History". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). p. B2. ^ Kern, Paul (1991). "Majstra duopo, majstra verko". Esperanto Mormonaro: 16–19. ^ "Crawford Gates Wins National Music Competition". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). 4 December 1955. p. 27. ^ Conducting Work "Crawford Gates - Winter 1999". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2008-04-01. ^ Wadley, Carma (4 April 2010). "Music man: Ph.D. student honors composer Crawford Gates". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved 29 May 2023. ^ Former RSO director Crawford Gates dies ^ "The life of President Gordon B. Hinckley", Deseret News, January 28, 2008. ^ "Willard Washington Bean". The Salt Lake Tribune. September 27, 1949. p. 21. Retrieved November 4, 2019. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crawford Gates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mormonartist-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mormonartist-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadley-3"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_(LDS)"},{"link_name":"WFIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFIL"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mormonartist-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"San Jose State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Leroy Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"Eastman School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Howard Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hanson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"}],"text":"Gates was born in San Francisco, December 29, 1921, and grew up in Palo Alto, California.[1][2] He started playing piano at age eight and violin at age nine.[2] In his first year of college at the College of the Pacific and San Jose State, he won a student composition contest sponsored by the Stockton Symphony [1][3] During his mission for the LDS Church, he directed the Mormon Male Chorus of Philadelphia, a group of eight other missionaries. The chorus performed for local radio stations, including WFIL. Gates wrote forty-three arrangements for the choir.[2][1]Gates received a BA \"with great distinction\"[4] from San Jose State University in 1943. From September 1944 until August 1945 he was stationed in Pearl Harbor but never sent into combat. He studied for his MA from Brigham Young University from 1946 to 1948, studying there with Leroy Robertson.[4] Gates earned his Ph.D. from the Eastman School of Music under Howard Hanson in 1954. He studied there from 1948 to 1950, and returned to study in the summers of 1951 and 1954.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadley-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"artist in residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_in_residence"},{"link_name":"Beloit College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beloit-7"}],"sub_title":"College teaching","text":"He was a member of the music faculty at Brigham Young University during the summers of 1948 to 1960,[5] full-time from 1950 to 1966.[4] He conducted the chorus there from 1950 to 1958. He was the chair of BYU's music department from 1960 to 1966,[3] and conducted the BYU Symphony 1964 to 1966.[4] Gates was a professor of music and artist in residence at Beloit College in Wisconsin from 1966 to 1989.[6] From 1982 to 1987 he was the Chair of Music at Beloit College.[4] After his retirement from Beloit College in 1989, he continued his work as an emeritus artist-in-residence.[7]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beloit-Janesville Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit-Janesville_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Rockford Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beloit-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadley-3"},{"link_name":"Eleazar de Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_de_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"Hans Swarowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Swarowsky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-5"}],"sub_title":"Conducting","text":"Gates was the music director of the Beloit-Janesville Symphony Orchestra for 34 years (1963–1964, 1966–1999), where he prepared orchestral and orchestral-choral arrangements for annual pops and children's concerts. He was the music director of the Quincy Symphony from 1969 to 1970 and of the Rockford Symphony Orchestra from 1970 to 1986.[5][4] While conducting the Rockford Symphony Orchestra, he professionalized the orchestra.[7] He guest conducted for the Utah Symphony twenty-five times.[3]At Tanglewood in 1957, Gates studied orchestral conducting with Eleazar de Carvalho. In the summer of 1967, he studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky.[4][5]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Chicago Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beloit-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Mormon Tabernacle Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_Tabernacle_Choir"},{"link_name":"Orchestra at Temple Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra_at_Temple_Square"},{"link_name":"Ballet West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_West"},{"link_name":"Utah Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Opera"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mormon pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_pioneers"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadley-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mormonartist-2"},{"link_name":"Hill Cumorah Pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Cumorah_Pageant"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwelli-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mormonartist-2"},{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwelli-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxwelli-10"},{"link_name":"LDS hymn book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)"},{"link_name":"Ring Out, Wild Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Out,_Wild_Bells"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadley-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Carol Lynn Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Lynn_Pearson"},{"link_name":"United States Bicentennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"William Auld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Auld"},{"link_name":"Esperanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto"},{"link_name":"Universala Kongreso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universala_Kongreso"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Claudia Bushman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Bushman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mormonartist-2"}],"sub_title":"Composing","text":"Since age eight, Gates has composed or arranged nearly 900 titles.[8] His works have been performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,[7] the Los Angeles Philharmonic and orchestras in Dallas, Kansas City, Rochester and Milwaukee. Gates has had musical relationships (guest conducting, recording, commissioned compositions and premieres) with five major musical organizations in Utah: the Utah Symphony, the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, the Orchestra at Temple Square, Ballet West, the Utah Opera and the Oratorio Society of Utah.[citation needed]He wrote the music score to the play Promised Valley (1947), celebrating the centennial entrance of Mormon pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley. This stage work has been produced over 2,700 times, in six languages and on five continents.[3][9] He composed and orchestrated the score from January until July 22, 1947, just before the first performance. The first performances were produced in the University of Utah stadium, which held 12,500 people at the time.[2]Gates is most known for his works with religious themes. In 1953, Harold Hansen, the director of the pageant, asked Gates to write an original score for the Hill Cumorah Pageant. This church assignment was approved by the first presidency of the LDS Church. His teaching schedule and local church service did not leave him much time to compose, so the score was not complete until 1957.[10] During this time, he studied composition with Ernst Toch at UCLA in 1954.[4] After having difficulty composing the Christ theme for the Hill Cumorah Pageant, he received a blessing from Harold B. Lee, which told him he would \"hear the music in the night.\" After hearing the music in a dream, Gates composed what he felt was the \"right\" theme.[2]In 1987, Gates started composing a new score for Orson Scott Card's new script for the Hill Cumorah Pageant.[10] Gates conducted the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, Utah Symphony Orchestra, and Salt Lake Children's choir to make a recording of the new score to use in rehearsals.[10] He composed two hymns in the LDS hymn book: \"Our Savior’s Love\" and \"Ring Out, Wild Bells\",[1][3] and wrote the music for two hymns in the LDS Children's Songbook: \"On a Golden Springtime\" and \"Baptism\".[11]In 1976, Gates premiered his Symphony No. 4: A New Morning based on a text by Carol Lynn Pearson, for the United States Bicentennial.[12] Milton Barlow commissioned Gates to write the ballet Desert As A Rose for Utah's statehood centennial in 1996.[13] Gates collaborated with William Auld to write an Esperanto hymn, which premiered at the 76th Universala Kongreso in 1991.[14] Claudia Bushman, Gates's sister-in-law, encouraged him to write an opera on Joseph Smith. Gates wrote Joseph! Joseph!, which was performed in 2004 and 2005.[2]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beloit-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 1955, Gates won the Max Wald Memorial Fund's first composition competition for his Symphony No.1, written for his doctoral dissertation.[15]Gates's works have won the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) every year from 1967 to 1989.[7] In 1997, Gates received a Governor's Commendation from Tommy Thompson for his musical service in southern Wisconsin. In 1998, he received a Rotary Club Service Above Self award.[16]In 2010, the instrumental qualities of Gates's choral arrangements were the subject of a doctoral dissertation by Matthew Thompson at Kansas University.[17]","title":"Awards and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Crawford Gates married Georgia Lauper on December 19, 1952. They had four children.[4][5] Crawford and Georgia moved to Salt Lake City in 1999.[1] Gates died June 9, 2018, at the age of 96.[18]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon B. Hinckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Preacher"},{"link_name":"Sacred Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mormonartist-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Gates appears together with Gordon B. Hinckley and two other Latter-day Saint missionaries who visit the protagonists of the 2019 film The Fighting Preacher in order to tour the Sacred Grove on their ways home from missionary service. In fact, Gates's mission occurred seven years after Hinckley's, and concluded after the family he visits in the film had returned home.[2][19][20] The Gates role is portrayed by Joseph Skousen.","title":"In other media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Crawford Gates Obituary\". Dignity Memorial. Salt Lake City, UT: SCI Shared Resources, LLC. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/salt-lake-city-ut/crawford-gates-7874462","url_text":"\"Crawford Gates Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Mangelson, Annie. \"Crawford Gates\". mormonartist.net. Mormon Artist. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mormonartist.net/interviews/crawford-gates/","url_text":"\"Crawford Gates\""}]},{"reference":"Wadley, Carma (22 October 2006). \"The music of Crawford Gates\". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,650200356,00.html","url_text":"\"The music of Crawford Gates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography Timeline - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates\". crawfordgates.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://crawfordgates.com/biography/timeline","url_text":"\"Biography Timeline - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Matthew S. (2010). The Instrumental Conception of Choral Ensemble in the Secular Choral Arrangements of Crawford M. Gates. University of Kansas. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to nginx\". Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2008-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20080615134955/http://www.beloit.edu/~archives/documents/archival_collections/faculty/index.php","url_text":"\"Welcome to nginx\""},{"url":"http://www.beloit.edu/~archives/documents/archival_collections/faculty/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conductor Retiring, but Not From Music\". The Rockford Register Star. 23 April 1989. Retrieved 25 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beloit.edu/archives/documents/archival_collections/faculty/crawford_gates/","url_text":"\"Conductor Retiring, but Not From Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates\". crawfordgates.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://crawfordgates.com/","url_text":"\"Home - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509164022/http://www.sonsofutahpioneers.org/pdf/gates.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.sonsofutahpioneers.org/pdf/gates.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gates, Crawford. \"The Delights of Making Cumorah's Music\". Maxwell Institute. Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070407090052/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/pdf.php?filename=OTk5Njc3NDEzLTEzLTEucGRm&type=amJtcw==","url_text":"\"The Delights of Making Cumorah's Music\""},{"url":"http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/pdf.php?filename=OTk5Njc3NDEzLTEzLTEucGRm&type=amJtcw==","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Symphony, Choir to Perform Here\". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. 23 May 1976. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sowby, Laurie Williams (6 April 1997). \"Composer's Performances Celebrate Utah's History\". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). p. B2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kern, Paul (1991). \"Majstra duopo, majstra verko\". Esperanto Mormonaro: 16–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Crawford Gates Wins National Music Competition\". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). 4 December 1955. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Crawford Gates - Winter 1999\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2008-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013010030/http://www.sai-national.org/pubs/win99/cgates.html","url_text":"\"Crawford Gates - Winter 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.sai-national.org/pubs/win99/cgates.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wadley, Carma (4 April 2010). \"Music man: Ph.D. student honors composer Crawford Gates\". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved 29 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2010/4/4/20106284/music-man-ph-d-student-honors-composer-crawford-gates","url_text":"\"Music man: Ph.D. student honors composer Crawford Gates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willard Washington Bean\". The Salt Lake Tribune. September 27, 1949. p. 21. Retrieved November 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17220122/willard_washington_bean/","url_text":"\"Willard Washington Bean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"The Salt Lake Tribune"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/salt-lake-city-ut/crawford-gates-7874462","external_links_name":"\"Crawford Gates Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://mormonartist.net/interviews/crawford-gates/","external_links_name":"\"Crawford Gates\""},{"Link":"http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,650200356,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The music of Crawford Gates\""},{"Link":"http://crawfordgates.com/biography/timeline","external_links_name":"\"Biography Timeline - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20080615134955/http://www.beloit.edu/~archives/documents/archival_collections/faculty/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to nginx\""},{"Link":"http://www.beloit.edu/~archives/documents/archival_collections/faculty/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.beloit.edu/archives/documents/archival_collections/faculty/crawford_gates/","external_links_name":"\"Conductor Retiring, but Not From Music\""},{"Link":"http://crawfordgates.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home - The Official Site of the Composer Crawford Gates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509164022/http://www.sonsofutahpioneers.org/pdf/gates.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonsofutahpioneers.org/pdf/gates.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070407090052/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/pdf.php?filename=OTk5Njc3NDEzLTEzLTEucGRm&type=amJtcw==","external_links_name":"\"The Delights of Making Cumorah's Music\""},{"Link":"http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/pdf.php?filename=OTk5Njc3NDEzLTEzLTEucGRm&type=amJtcw==","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013010030/http://www.sai-national.org/pubs/win99/cgates.html","external_links_name":"\"Crawford Gates - Winter 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.sai-national.org/pubs/win99/cgates.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/2010/4/4/20106284/music-man-ph-d-student-honors-composer-crawford-gates","external_links_name":"\"Music man: Ph.D. student honors composer Crawford Gates\""},{"Link":"http://rockrivertimes.com/2018/06/13/former-rso-director-crawford-gates-dies/","external_links_name":"Former RSO director Crawford Gates dies"},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695247910/The-life-of-President-Gordon-B-Hinckley.html?pg=all","external_links_name":"\"The life of President Gordon B. Hinckley\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17220122/willard_washington_bean/","external_links_name":"\"Willard Washington Bean\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/410974/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/56223990","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbpV4kJ37BmYjxbfCJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98023026","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bee4b8e6-d6d7-4d8c-834f-12c1738fe73e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xk8qs3","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Alphonse_Mucha	List of works by Alphonse Mucha	["1 Notes and references","2 External links"]	This is a truncated, illustrated list of works by Alphonse Maria Mucha, and shows few examples of the many iconic images for which he is famous. The list does not include all of Mucha's 1910-1928 series The Slav Epic. Title Format Year Note Collection Picture Gismonda, Theatre de la Renaissance 1894 Luchon lithograph 1895 advertisement The Judgement of Paris lithograph 1895 (untitled) photograph 1895 Portrait of Paul Gauguin playing a harmonium Winter 1896 Spring 1896 Summer 1896 Autumn 1896 Salammbô lithograph 1896 Lorenzaccio lithograph 1896 Biscuits Lefèvre-Utile lithograph 1896 The Lady of the Camellias lithograph 1896 Biscuits Champagne-Lefèvre-Utile lithograph 1896 Monaco Monte Carlo lithograph 1897 Fruit lithograph 1897 Bières de la Meuse lithograph 1897 F. Champenois Imprimeur-Éditeur lithograph 1897 Nestlé's Food for Infants lithograph 1897 Savonnerie de Bagnolet lithograph 1897 Dance lithograph 1898 Bénédictine lithograph 1898 Medea lithograph 1898 The Rose lithograph 1898 Hamlet lithograph 1899 Moët & Chandon Crémant Impérial lithograph 1899 Moët & Chandon White Star lithograph 1899 Heidsieck & Co. lithograph 1901 Cycles Perfecta lithograph 1902 Maude Adams as Joan of Arc lithograph 1909 Princezna Hyacinta lithograph 1911 Moravian Teachers' Choir lithograph 1911 The Celebration of Svantovit lithograph 1912 The second painting of The Slav Epic Window in St. Vitus Cathedral stained glass early 1930s (untitled) watercolor unknown Notes and references ^ John Price, The Celebration of Svantovit: When Gods Are at War, Salvation is in the Arts - 1912 Archived 2008-04-13 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 23 February 2010. External links Media related to Paintings by Alfons Mucha at Wikimedia Commons vteLists of paintingsBy gallery/collection Accademia Carrara, Bergamo Art Institute of Chicago El Greco Museum, Toledo Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem Frick Collection, New York Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples Hampton Court Palace, London Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent Indianapolis Museum of Art Louvre Museum, Paris Musée d'Orsay Museum of Modern Art, New York National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. National Gallery, London Los Angeles County Museum of Art Palatine Gallery, Florence Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Ukrainian Museums Web Gallery of Art, Internet By artist Pieter Coecke van Aelst Ivan Albright Albrecht Altdorfer Sophie Gengembre Anderson Sofonisba Anguissola Francis Bacon Giacomo Balla Banksy Jean-Michel Basquiat Frédéric Bazille Giovanni Bellini Frank Weston Benson Gian Lorenzo Bernini Albert Bierstadt Joseph Blackburn Arnold Böcklin Giovanni Boldini Hieronymus Bosch Sandro Botticelli François Boucher Eugène Boudin Valentin de Boulogne Ford Madox Brown Bronzino Pieter Bruegel the Elder Edward Burne-Jones Guido Cagnacci Gustave Caillebotte Canaletto Caravaggio Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Marc Chagall William Merritt Chase Gaetano Chierici Frederic Edwin Church Thomas Cole John Constable Adriaen Coorte Terence Cuneo John Steuart Curry Salvador Dalí Edward Thomas Daniell Jacques-Louis David Edgar Degas Marcel Duchamp Carolus-Duran Albrecht Dürer Anthony van Dyck Thomas Eakins James Ensor Jan van Eyck Caspar David Friedrich Fujishima Takeji Paul Gauguin Orazio Gentileschi Artemisia Gentileschi Luca Giordano Albert Gleizes Hugo van der Goes Vincent van Gogh Francisco Goya El Greco Hans Gude Frans Hals Bartholomeus van der Helst Catharina van Hemessen William Hogarth Hans Holbein the Younger Pieter de Hooch Edward Hopper Edward Robert Hughes John Ingleby Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Johan Jongkind Frida Kahlo Wassily Kandinsky Paul Klee Gustav Klimt Peder Severin Krøyer Philip de László Georges Lebacq Leonardo da Vinci Judith Leyster August Macke René Magritte Édouard Manet Masaccio Henri Matisse Victor Meirelles Jean Metzinger Michelangelo John Middleton Pierre Mignard John Everett Millais Claude Monet Water Lilies Alphonse Mucha Edvard Munch Elizabeth Murray Mikhail Nesterov Clara Peeters Robert Antoine Pinchon Camille Pissarro Giambattista Pittoni Frans Post Nicolas Poussin Raphael Rembrandt Guido Reni Pierre-Auguste Renoir Diego Rivera Suze Robertson Dante Gabriel Rossetti François Rude Jacob van Ruisdael Charles Marion Russell Rachel Ruysch John Singer Sargent Thérèse Schwartze De Es Schwertberger Georges Seurat Sharaku Alfred Sisley Matthias Stom August Strindberg Titian J. M. W. Turner Suzanne Valadon Diego Velázquez Johannes Vermeer George Vincent John William Waterhouse Michaelina Wautier J. Alden Weir Rogier van der Weyden Eugenio Zampighi Erotic works by Thomas Rowlandson By type Gold-glass portraits Haunted paintings National Treasures of Japan May paintings Most expensive On Soviet postage stamps On United States postage stamps Pre-Raphaelite paintings Stolen paintings Stone Age paintings Related 100 Great Paintings (1980 BBC series) 120 Paintings from the Rijksmuseum Still life paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alphonse Maria Mucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Maria_Mucha"},{"link_name":"The Slav Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slav_Epic"}],"text":"This is a truncated, illustrated list of works by Alphonse Maria Mucha, and shows few examples of the many iconic images for which he is famous. The list does not include all of Mucha's 1910-1928 series The Slav Epic.","title":"List of works by Alphonse Mucha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Celebration of Svantovit: When Gods Are at War, Salvation is in the Arts - 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pricejb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/slav-epic/02.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080413005202/http://www.pricejb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/slav-epic/02.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ John Price, The Celebration of Svantovit: When Gods Are at War, Salvation is in the Arts - 1912 Archived 2008-04-13 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 23 February 2010.","title":"Notes and references"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.pricejb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/slav-epic/02.htm","external_links_name":"The Celebration of Svantovit: When Gods Are at War, Salvation is in the Arts - 1912"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080413005202/http://www.pricejb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/slav-epic/02.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Huppenthal	John Huppenthal	["1 Personal","2 Political","2.1 Chandler City Council (1984–1992)","2.2 Arizona State Senate (1992–2000)","2.3 Arizona House of Representatives (2000–2004)","2.4 Arizona State Senate (2005–2010)","2.5 Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction (2011–2015)","3 Controversy","4 References"]	American politician John HuppenthalArizona Superintendent of Public InstructionIn officeJanuary 3, 2011 – January 5, 2015GovernorJan BrewerPreceded byTom HorneSucceeded byDiane DouglasArizona State SenatorIn office2005–2010ConstituencyDistrict 20Arizona State RepresentativeIn office2000–2004Arizona State SenatorIn office1992–2000ConstituencyDistrict 6 Personal detailsBorn (1954-03-03) March 3, 1954 (age 70)Michigan City, Indiana, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseJennifer Huppenthal (2 daughters) John Huppenthal (born March 3, 1954) is an American politician who served as Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2011 to 2015. Prior to being elected Superintendent, Huppenthal served as City Councilman, State Representative, and State Senator. Huppenthal was also a Senior Planning Analyst for Salt River Project. Personal Huppenthal was born in Michigan City, Indiana and moved with his family to Arizona during childhood. He graduated from Salpointe Catholic High School in Tucson. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Northern Arizona University. He then obtained a Master of Business Administration from Arizona State University. Political Chandler City Council (1984–1992) Huppenthal was elected to the Chandler City Council in 1984, where he served two four-year terms. Arizona State Senate (1992–2000) Huppenthal was first elected State Senator in 1992. In the primary election, Huppenthal faced two opponents; former Chandler Mayor Jerry Brooks and Don Goldwater, nephew of Barry Goldwater. Huppenthal won with nearly 50% of the vote. As a state senator from District 6, he was chairman of the Senate Education Committee. Arizona House of Representatives (2000–2004) In 2000, Huppenthal was elected State Representative, serving from 2000 to 2004. Arizona State Senate (2005–2010) In 2004, Huppenthal announced he would seek to reelection to the State Senate. Huppenthal was supported by U.S. Senator John McCain, who issued a statement praising Huppenthal as a "straight shooter" and a "friend of the taxpayer". Huppenthal won by a 60% to 40% margin. In 2005, an effort to recall John Huppenthal was launched but failed to obtain enough signatures to make it to the ballot. The recall effort claimed he was out-of-touch with District 20 voters. Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction (2011–2015) Huppenthal was elected Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction in the 2010 state election. Huppenthal ran on a platform of "stopping La Raza" ("The Race", i.e., Hispanic identity.) He banned state funding for ethnic studies programs, resulting in the Tucson Unified School District ("TUSD") having to shut down its Mexican-American studies program and remove numerous books from classrooms, including William Shakespeare's The Tempest. Huppenthal's ban was based on passage of House Bill 2281 (also known as HB 2281 and A.R.S. § 15–112), which he had co-authored as an Arizona State Senator. The bill targeted the TUSD Mexican-American studies program, based on claims that it was politicizing students and breeding resentment against whites. A subsequent report commissioned by Huppenthal was released in May 2011 finding no evidence of the ethnic studies program being in violation of the law. The study did, however, find that the program was helping to close the achievement gap." Huppenthal was defeated in his race for reelection in the Republican Party primary in 2014 by Diane Douglas, who subsequently won the general election, and succeeded him in office in January 2015. On his last day in office, Huppenthal issued a letter warning the Tucson Unified School District that they were illegally promoting ethnic solidarity and the overthrow of the U.S. government by teaching Mexican history and hip hop. The letter stated that a culturally relevant U.S. history class taught from the Mexican-American perspective violates HB 2281's restrictions against advocating ethnic solidarity because it "includes substantial Mexican history", and that another such history course violates the law's ban on promoting the overthrow of the U.S. government by teaching the Rage Against the Machine song "Take the Power Back". The letter also stated that a culturally relevant U.S. history course taught from the African-American perspective violates the law because it includes "An Introduction to Hip Hop Presented by Master Teacher, KRS-One." The Tucson Unified School District offers these culturally relevant courses pursuant to a federal court order, arising from a decades-long desegregation lawsuit. In 2017, HB 2281 was criticized for showing "discriminatory intent" and violating the constitutional rights of the students of Arizona from Federal Judge A. Wallace Tashima. Controversy In 2010, as part of a High School television production class project, Keith Wagner interviewed Huppenthal, then a State Senator and running for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, on the topic of budget cuts for Career and Technical Education ("CTE"). Huppenthal stated that "these are critically important programs", and decried the budget cuts to them as being "simply horrendous". Wagner then reminded Huppenthal that he had voted for a legislative bill to cut $550 million from the Arizona Department of Education's budget, with "a lot of that" cut being in CTE, then asked what factors led to that decision. Huppenthal did not address the question, but, when pressed, walked out of the interview. In June 2014, an Arizona political blogger alleged that Huppenthal was the person behind pseudonyms used for several years to post anonymous comments on his blog, and other political websites. The anonymous comments referred to Huppenthal in the third-person, discussed subjects including abortion, the economy, education, child protection and race, and were overtly supportive of Huppenthal's actions and policies. Comments labeled critics as "evil scum", called recipients of public assistance "lazy pigs", and compared the work of Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger to the actions of the Nazis. One group of comments included a call to shut down Spanish-language media: "We all need to stomp out balkanization. No Spanish radio stations, no Spanish billboards, no Spanish tv stations, no Spanish newspapers. This is America, speak English. I don't mind them selling Mexican food as long as the menus are mostly in English. And, I'm not being humorous or racist. A lot is at stake here." Media outlets characterized the comments as "harsh", "inflammatory", and "racist screeds". On June 16, 2014, Phoenix television station KPNX broke the story, claiming that not only was Huppenthal responsible for the comments, but that he had posted many of them from his office at the Arizona Department of Education. Although Huppenthal did not respond to KPNX's request for comment, two days after the story ran he held a news conference, where he admitted to making the comments, and hundreds of other anonymous posts on political blogs. He defended his positions, but apologized for his "hurtful" comments, stating "I sincerely regret if my comments have offended anyone." References ^ a b c Fehr-Snyder, Kerry (2011-01-08). "New Arizona schools chief John Huppenthal tackles tough issues". Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2011-01-12. ^ a b Schmuck, Frank. "Huppenthal's Bio". Schmuck Fest. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. ^ "1992 Arizona Secretary of State canvas results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2013-12-31. ^ "Project Vote Smart – Senator John Huppenthal – Biography". Archived from the original on 2005-02-18. ^ Sunnucks, Mike (August 24, 2004). "McCain helps Huppenthal, tech group backs Mead in key race". The Business Journal of Phoenix. Archived from the original on 2010-08-04. ^ "Arizona Secretary of State 2004 Primary Canvas results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-10-22. ^ Templar, Le. "Huppenthal recall drive ends". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ "Huppenthal recall". Archived from the original on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2006-12-02. ^ Biggers, Jeff (September 28, 2011). "AZ School Chief Compares Mexican-American Studies to Hitler Jugend (As He Endorses White Supremacist-Backed Candidate)". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ "Who's afraid of 'The Tempest'?". Salon.com. 14 January 2012. ^ "Rejected in Tucson". The New York Times. January 21, 2012. ^ "House Bill 2281" (PDF). Arizona Legislature. 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ a b c "Format Document". Arizona Legislature. ^ Biggers, Jeff (June 17, 2011). "Did Arizona Education Chief Huppenthal Commit a Felony in Growing Ethnic Studies Scandal?". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ "Diane Douglas sworn in today - KGUN9". Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ^ Planas, Roque (January 5, 2015). "Teaching Hip Hop Illegally Promotes Ethnic Solidarity, Arizona Official Says". Huffington Post. ^ Nevarez, Griselda (February 8, 2013). "Mexican American Studies Are Back". Huffington Post. ^ Depenbrock, Julie (August 22, 2017). "Federal Judge Finds Racism Behind Arizona Law Banning Ethnic Studies". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-03-01. ^ Stuart, Hunter (19 June 2010). "John Huppenthal, Keith Wagner Interview: AZ State Senator Schooled by High School Student (VIDEO)". HuffPost UK Politics. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Safier, David (June 11, 2014). "Does John Huppenthal Write Blog Comments As Thucydides and Falcon9?". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Roberts, Laurie (June 24, 2014). "John Huppenthal: all Spanish media should be silenced". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Hendley, Matthew (June 24, 2014). "More John Huppenthal Comments Surface, Including His Proposed Ban on Spanish". Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. ^ Lemons, Stephen (June 17, 2014). "John Huppenthal's Top Ten (Alleged) Comments as a Sock Puppet (w/Update)". Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. ^ a b Doktor Zoom (June 19, 2014). "Arizona Schools Chief Super Busy Penning Anonymous Blog Comments About Poor People, Lazy Pigs (Same Thing)". Wonkette. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ a b Creno, Cathryn (June 18, 2014). "School Superintendent Huppenthal acknowledges anonymous blog posts". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Rendall, Steve (June 27, 2014). "Racism in Politics Too Often Goes Unreported". Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ AZCentral staff (June 16, 2014). "Arizona blogger busts schools chief's anonymous online posts". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Faller, Mary Beth; Creno, Cathryn (June 25, 2014). "Huppenthal breaks down in tears over blog posts". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Christie, Bob (June 26, 2014). "Arizona Official Offers Teary Apology For Racist Blog Posts, Won't Resign". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Appearances on C-SPAN Political offices Preceded byTom Horne Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction 2011–2015 Succeeded byDiane Douglas Biography portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction"},{"link_name":"City Councilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Councilman"},{"link_name":"State Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Representative"},{"link_name":"State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Senator"},{"link_name":"Salt River Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_Project"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fehr-1"}],"text":"John Huppenthal (born March 3, 1954) is an American politician who served as Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2011 to 2015. Prior to being elected Superintendent, Huppenthal served as City Councilman, State Representative, and State Senator. Huppenthal was also a Senior Planning Analyst for Salt River Project.[1]","title":"John Huppenthal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan City, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_City,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Salpointe Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpointe_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"Northern Arizona University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fehr-1"}],"text":"Huppenthal was born in Michigan City, Indiana and moved with his family to Arizona during childhood. He graduated from Salpointe Catholic High School in Tucson. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Northern Arizona University. He then obtained a Master of Business Administration from Arizona State University.[1]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchmuckFest-2"}],"sub_title":"Chandler City Council (1984–1992)","text":"Huppenthal was elected to the Chandler City Council in 1984, where he served two four-year terms.[2]","title":"Political"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1992Primary-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchmuckFest-2"}],"sub_title":"Arizona State Senate (1992–2000)","text":"Huppenthal was first elected State Senator in 1992. In the primary election, Huppenthal faced two opponents; former Chandler Mayor Jerry Brooks and Don Goldwater, nephew of Barry Goldwater. Huppenthal won with nearly 50% of the vote.[3] As a state senator from District 6, he was chairman of the Senate Education Committee.[2]","title":"Political"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-votesmartbio-4"}],"sub_title":"Arizona House of Representatives (2000–2004)","text":"In 2000, Huppenthal was elected State Representative, serving from 2000 to 2004.[4]","title":"Political"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOS2004-6"},{"link_name":"recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TribuneRecall-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recall-8"}],"sub_title":"Arizona State Senate (2005–2010)","text":"In 2004, Huppenthal announced he would seek to reelection to the State Senate. Huppenthal was supported by U.S. Senator John McCain, who issued a statement praising Huppenthal as a \"straight shooter\" and a \"friend of the taxpayer\".[5] Huppenthal won by a 60% to 40% margin.[6]In 2005, an effort to recall John Huppenthal was launched but failed to obtain enough signatures to make it to the ballot.[7] The recall effort claimed he was out-of-touch with District 20 voters.[8]","title":"Political"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_elections,_2010"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fehr-1"},{"link_name":"La Raza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Raza"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_9-28-2011-9"},{"link_name":"Tucson Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_1-21-2012-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_1-13-2015-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_1-13-2015-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_6-17-2011-14"},{"link_name":"Diane Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rage Against the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Take the Power Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_the_Power_Back"},{"link_name":"KRS-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_1-5-2015-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_1-13-2015-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_2-8-2013-17"},{"link_name":"A. Wallace Tashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Wallace_Tashima"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction (2011–2015)","text":"Huppenthal was elected Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction in the 2010 state election.[1]Huppenthal ran on a platform of \"stopping La Raza\" (\"The Race\", i.e., Hispanic identity.)[9] He banned state funding for ethnic studies programs, resulting in the Tucson Unified School District (\"TUSD\") having to shut down its Mexican-American studies program and remove numerous books from classrooms, including William Shakespeare's The Tempest.[10] Huppenthal's ban was based on passage of House Bill 2281 (also known as HB 2281 and A.R.S. § 15–112), which he had co-authored as an Arizona State Senator.[11][12][13] The bill targeted the TUSD Mexican-American studies program, based on claims that it was politicizing students and breeding resentment against whites.[13] A subsequent report commissioned by Huppenthal was released in May 2011 finding no evidence of the ethnic studies program being in violation of the law. The study did, however, find that the program was helping to close the achievement gap.[14]\"Huppenthal was defeated in his race for reelection in the Republican Party primary in 2014 by Diane Douglas, who subsequently won the general election, and succeeded him in office in January 2015.[15]On his last day in office, Huppenthal issued a letter warning the Tucson Unified School District that they were illegally promoting ethnic solidarity and the overthrow of the U.S. government by teaching Mexican history and hip hop. The letter stated that a culturally relevant U.S. history class taught from the Mexican-American perspective violates HB 2281's restrictions against advocating ethnic solidarity because it \"includes substantial Mexican history\", and that another such history course violates the law's ban on promoting the overthrow of the U.S. government by teaching the Rage Against the Machine song \"Take the Power Back\". The letter also stated that a culturally relevant U.S. history course taught from the African-American perspective violates the law because it includes \"An Introduction to Hip Hop Presented by Master Teacher, KRS-One.\"[16] The Tucson Unified School District offers these culturally relevant courses pursuant to a federal court order, arising from a decades-long desegregation lawsuit.[13][17]In 2017, HB 2281 was criticized for showing \"discriminatory intent\" and violating the constitutional rights of the students of Arizona from Federal Judge A. Wallace Tashima.[18]","title":"Political"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"third-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illeism"},{"link_name":"Planned Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood"},{"link_name":"Margaret Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonkette-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZcentral_2014-6-18-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"KPNX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPNX"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZcentral_2014-6-18-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonkette-24"}],"text":"In 2010, as part of a High School television production class project, Keith Wagner interviewed Huppenthal, then a State Senator and running for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, on the topic of budget cuts for Career and Technical Education (\"CTE\"). Huppenthal stated that \"these are critically important programs\", and decried the budget cuts to them as being \"simply horrendous\". Wagner then reminded Huppenthal that he had voted for a legislative bill to cut $550 million from the Arizona Department of Education's budget, with \"a lot of that\" cut being in CTE, then asked what factors led to that decision. Huppenthal did not address the question, but, when pressed, walked out of the interview.[19]In June 2014, an Arizona political blogger alleged that Huppenthal was the person behind pseudonyms used for several years to post anonymous comments on his blog, and other political websites.[20]The anonymous comments referred to Huppenthal in the third-person, discussed subjects including abortion, the economy, education, child protection and race, and were overtly supportive of Huppenthal's actions and policies. Comments labeled critics as \"evil scum\", called recipients of public assistance \"lazy pigs\", and compared the work of Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger to the actions of the Nazis. One group of comments included a call to shut down Spanish-language media: \"We all need to stomp out balkanization. No Spanish radio stations, no Spanish billboards, no Spanish tv stations, no Spanish newspapers. This is America, speak English. [...] I don't mind them selling Mexican food as long as the menus are mostly in English. And, I'm not being humorous or racist. A lot is at stake here.\"[21][22][23][24] Media outlets characterized the comments as \"harsh\", \"inflammatory\", and \"racist screeds\".[25][26]On June 16, 2014, Phoenix television station KPNX broke the story, claiming that not only was Huppenthal responsible for the comments, but that he had posted many of them from his office at the Arizona Department of Education.[27] Although Huppenthal did not respond to KPNX's request for comment, two days after the story ran he held a news conference, where he admitted to making the comments, and hundreds of other anonymous posts on political blogs. He defended his positions, but apologized for his \"hurtful\" comments, stating \"I sincerely regret if my comments have offended anyone.\"[25][28][29][24]","title":"Controversy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fehr-Snyder, Kerry (2011-01-08). \"New Arizona schools chief John Huppenthal tackles tough issues\". Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2011-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2011/01/08/20110108Arizona-school-chief-john-huppenthal-ethnic-studies.html","url_text":"\"New Arizona schools chief John Huppenthal tackles tough issues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Republic","url_text":"Arizona Republic"}]},{"reference":"Schmuck, Frank. \"Huppenthal's Bio\". Schmuck Fest. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150106165759/http://www.schmuckfest.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=343841&module_id=4050","url_text":"\"Huppenthal's Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.schmuckfest.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=343841&module_id=4050","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1992 Arizona Secretary of State canvas results\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-20. 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Archived from the original on June 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140628075842/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/06/more_john_huppenthal_comments_surface_including_his_proposed_ban_on_spanish.php","url_text":"\"More John Huppenthal Comments Surface, Including His Proposed Ban on Spanish\""},{"url":"http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/06/more_john_huppenthal_comments_surface_including_his_proposed_ban_on_spanish.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lemons, Stephen (June 17, 2014). \"John Huppenthal's Top Ten (Alleged) Comments as a Sock Puppet (w/Update)\". Archived from the original on June 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140619212517/https://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/06/john_huppenthals_top_ten_alleged_comments_as_a_sock_puppet.php","url_text":"\"John Huppenthal's Top Ten (Alleged) Comments as a Sock Puppet (w/Update)\""},{"url":"http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/06/john_huppenthals_top_ten_alleged_comments_as_a_sock_puppet.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doktor Zoom (June 19, 2014). \"Arizona Schools Chief Super Busy Penning Anonymous Blog Comments About Poor People, Lazy Pigs (Same Thing)\". Wonkette. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Media	Vaughan Media	["1 History","2 Stations","2.1 Current","2.2 Former Vaughan stations","3 References"]	American television broadcasting company This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vaughan Media" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vaughan Media, LLCCompany typePrivateIndustryBroadcastingFounded2011HeadquartersPort Charlotte, Florida, U.S.Key peopleThomas J. VaughanRevenue$94,000 Vaughan Media, LLC is a company which owns the broadcast licenses of several stations operated by Nexstar Media Group. History The company was formed in 2011 when it made its first acquisition, WBDT, from ACME Communications. LIN Media, the owner of WDTN, could not legally own both WDTN and WBDT. It sold off certain assets, including WBDT's broadcast license, to Vaughan Media. The sale was consummated on May 20, 2011, at which point LIN took control of the station via a shared services agreement with WDTN. In 2012, the company acquired television stations owned by PBC Broadcasting which were operated by New Vision Television. In August 2014, it was announced that Sinclair Broadcast Group would take over the shared services agreement to operate WTGS as well as rights to acquire the station. Sinclair exercised the option and acquired the station upon close of the sale of LIN Media to Media General. The remaining Vaughan stations continued under operation by Media General after the LIN sale. On January 17, 2017, Nexstar Media Group closed its acquisition of Media General and took over operation of the Vaughan stations. Stations Current City of license / Market Station ChannelTV (RF) Owned since Network affiliation Topeka, Kansas KTKA-TV 49 (16) 2012 ABCThe CW Plus (DT3) Dayton - Springfield, Ohio WBDT 26 (31) 2011 The CW Youngstown, Ohio WYTV 33 (31) 2012 ABCMyNetworkTV (DT2) Austin, Texas KNVA 54 (23) 2012 The CW Former Vaughan stations City of License / Market Station ChannelTV (RF) Years owned Current status Hardeeville, South Carolina - Savannah, Georgia WTGS 28 (28) 2012–2014 Fox affiliate owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group References ^ Vaughan Media LLC, FCC Form 603. Explanation of Transaction, May 2012 ^ McAdams, Deborah (2014-08-20). "Nine U.S. TV Stations Swapped for $537 Million". TVTechnology. Retrieved 2019-03-03. vteNexstar Media Groupsorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC KAMC 1 KCAU-TV KMID KODE-TV 1 KSVI KTKA-TV 1 KTVX WATE-TV WAWV-TV 1 WBOY-TV 2 WDHN WEHT WGNO WHTM-TV WIVT WJBF WJET-TV WJHL-TV 2 WKRN-TV WLAJ 1 WMBB WOTV WRIC-TV WSYR-TV WTEN WTNH WTRF-TV 2 WTVO 1 WUTR 1 WVNY 1 WWTI WYTV 1 CBS KELO-TV / KCLO-TV / KDLO-TV / KPLO-TV KGPE KLAS-TV KLBK-TV KLFY-TV KLST KOIN KOLR 1 KREX-TV / KREY-TV KRQE / KBIM-TV / KREZ-TV KTAB-TV KVEO-TV 2 KXMB-TV / KXMC-TV / KXMD-TV / KXMA-TV 2 WANE-TV WBTW WCIA WFRV-TV WHBF-TV WHNT-TV WHLT WIAT WIVB-TV WJHL-TV WJTV WKBN-TV WKRG-TV WLNS-TV WMBD-TV WNCN WNCT-TV WOWK-TV WPRI-TV WRBL WREG-TV WROC-TV WSPA-TV WTAJ-TV WTRF-TV WTTV / WTTK WVNS-TV WYOU 1 The CW (O&O) KASN 1 KAUT-TV KAZT-TV / KAZT-CD 1 KELO-TV / KCLO-TV / KDLO-TV / KPLO-TV 2 KDAF KGCW KGET-TV 2 KHON-TV / KHAW-TV / KAII-TV 2 KIAH KNVA 1 KPLR-TV KRCW-TV KRON-TV KSVI 2 KTKA-TV 1, 2 KTLA KUCW KWBQ / KRWB-TV 1 KWGN-TV KXMB-TV 2 / KXMC-TV 2 / KXMD-TV 2 / KXMA-TV KXTU-LD WBDT 1 WBRL-CD WCBD-TV 2 WDCW WFNA WHDF WHLT 2 WJTV 2 WLAJ 1, 2 WMBB1, 2 WNAC-TV 1, 2 WNCT-TV 2 WNLO WNOL-TV WOTV 2 WPIX 1 WPHL-TV WSAV-TV 2 WTTA WTVW 1 WWCW WWLP / WFXQ-CD 2 WWTI 2 WYCW Fox KARD KCIT 1 KDVR / KFCT KFQX 1 KFTA-TV KFXK-TV 1 KHON-TV / KHAW-TV / KAII-TV KHMT 1 KJTL 1 KLJB 1 KLRT-TV 1 KMSS-TV 1 KPEJ-TV 1 KRBK KRQE / KBIM-TV / KREZ-TV 2 KSWB-TV KTMJ-CD KTVI KTXL KWKT-TV KXRM-TV WDAF-TV WDKY-TV WFFF-TV WFXP 1 WFXR WFXV WGHP WGMB-TV WJKT WJZY WJW WLAX / WEUX WNAC-TV 1 WNTZ-TV WQRF-TV WVBT WVNS-TV 2 WXIN WXXA-TV 1 WYFX-LD WYZZ-TV 1 MyNetworkTV KARZ-TV KASY-TV 1 KBVO / KBVO-CD KCPN-LD KELO-TV / KDLO-TV / KPLO-TV KGJT-CD KHII-TV / KGMD-TV / KGMV KJBO-LD KOZL-TV KSHV-TV KTPN-LD KXNW KYLE-TV WBTW WCIX WCTX WJMN-TV WMYT-TV WNTZ-TV WPNY-LD WPRI-TV 2 WSAV-TV 2 WSNN-LD WTRF-TV 2 WTVO 1, 2 WVNS-TV 2 WXSP-CD WYTV-DT2 1, 2 NBC KAMR-TV KARK-TV KETK-TV KFDX-TV KFOR-TV KGET-TV KNWA-TV KRBC-TV 1 KSAN-TV 1 KSEE KSNF KSNT KSNW / KSNC / KSNG / KSNK / KSNL-LD KTAL-TV KTSM-TV KTVE 1 KVEO-TV KXAN-TV WAVY-TV WBGH-CD WBOY-TV WBRE-TV WCBD-TV WCMH-TV WDTN WETM-TV WFLA-TV WHO-DT WOOD-TV WSAV-TV WTWO WVLA-TV 1 WWLP / WFXQ-CD Other stations Antenna TV KGBT-TV Telemundo KKEY-LP KTAB-TV 2 Independent KUSI-TV KZUP-CD WDVM WGN-TV AM Radio WGN TV channels Broadcast Antenna TV The CW (75%) Rewind TV Cable Cooking Channel (30%) Food Network (30%) NewsNation TV programs Bozo, Gar and Ray: WGN TV Classics Banfield The Donlon Report Eye Opener KTLA Morning News NewsFix NewsNation Prime WGN Morning News WGN Sports Yule Log Other assets Border Report The Hill Zap2it TV by the Numbers TV CMS company Lakana LIN Digital Online ad company Yashi Former assets CLTV Acquisitions Communications Corporation of America Grant Broadcasting Media General LIN Media New Vision Television Park Communications Spartan Communications Young Broadcasting Newport Television Tribune Media Tribune Broadcasting Local TV LLC Renaissance Broadcasting WGN America West Virginia Media Holdings 1 Nexstar operates these stations under an SSA. 2 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels.	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LIN Media, the owner of WDTN, could not legally own both WDTN and WBDT. It sold off certain assets, including WBDT's broadcast license, to Vaughan Media. The sale was consummated on May 20, 2011, at which point LIN took control of the station via a shared services agreement with WDTN.In 2012, the company acquired television stations owned by PBC Broadcasting which were operated by New Vision Television.[1]In August 2014, it was announced that Sinclair Broadcast Group would take over the shared services agreement to operate WTGS as well as rights to acquire the station.[2] Sinclair exercised the option and acquired the station upon close of the sale of LIN Media to Media General.The remaining Vaughan stations continued under operation by Media General after the LIN sale. On January 17, 2017, Nexstar Media Group closed its acquisition of Media General and took over operation of the Vaughan stations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former Vaughan stations","title":"Stations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McAdams, Deborah (2014-08-20). \"Nine U.S. TV Stations Swapped for $537 Million\". TVTechnology. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Prieto	Ariel Prieto	["1 Career","1.1 Coaching career","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Cuban baseball player (born 1969) Baseball player Ariel PrietoPitcherBorn: (1969-10-22) October 22, 1969 (age 54)Havana, CubaBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJuly 2, 1995, for the Oakland AthleticsLast MLB appearanceMay 10, 2001, for the Tampa Bay Devil RaysMLB statisticsWin–loss record15–24Earned run average4.85Strikeouts231 Teams Oakland Athletics (1995–1998, 2000) Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2001) As Coach Oakland Athletics (2011–2014) Arizona Diamondbacks (2016–2017) Ariel Prieto (born October 22, 1969) is a Cuban former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1995 to 2001 for the Oakland Athletics and Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He is currently the pitching coach for the GCL Mets. Career Prieto played baseball both for Fajardo University, located in Santiago de Cuba, and for Piratas de Isla de la Juventud in the Cuban National Series, a winter baseball league in Cuba. Concerned that he would be unable to leave Cuba if he was highly valued as an athlete, Prieto intentionally pitched poorly during the winter of 1994. Prieto and his wife were granted visas to travel outside of Cuba in April 1995, and they relocated to Florida. Prieto was selected fifth overall in the 1995 MLB draft by the Oakland Athletics. He made his major-league debut for the Athletics that July. Prieto, being unfamiliar with American banks and credit cards, walked around with his $1.2 million signing-bonus check in his pocket for over a week. He won two games and lost six, becoming one of the few players to be drafted and then play in MLB during the same season. In 1996, Prieto had what was arguably his best season, winning 6 games and losing 7 with an earned run average (ERA) of 4.15. Prieto was traded to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays before the 2001 season. With the Devil Rays, Prieto saw action in three games, without any decisions, allowing one earned run in 3+2⁄3 innings pitched. His one season with the Devil Rays was his last season in the major leagues. Prieto played in Mexico during the middle 2000s, playing with the Venados de Mazatlán, a team that he also played for in the Caribbean World Series, held that year in Venezuela. During six MLB seasons, Prieto won 15 games and lost 24, with an overall 4.85 ERA. Prieto played professionally until 2005 in Minor League Baseball, without returning to MLB. Coaching career Prieto spent the 2009 through 2011 seasons as the pitching coach for the Athletics' Arizona League team. On November 10, 2011, Prieto was announced as the pitching coach for the Vermont Lake Monsters, the Athletics' New York–Penn League (Single A, short season) team. From 2012 to 2015, Prieto served as interpreter for fellow Cuban defector, New York Mets outfielder Yoenis Céspedes. In 2015, Prieto was hired as a coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was let go in 2017. Prieto was named as the pitching coach for the GCL Mets of the New York Mets organization for the 2018 season. See also Baseball portal List of baseball players who defected from Cuba List of baseball players who went directly to Major League Baseball References ^ "Ariel Prieto". Baseball America. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ a b "Ariel Prieto Cuban, Independent, and Minor & Winter Leagues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ a b Frey, Jennifer (August 17, 1995). "Deceptive Practices : Prieto Played His Way Out of Cuba and Into the Major Leagues". Los Angeles Times. ^ "Le Batard: Let's cut Yasiel Puig some slack for his young-man antics". 5 April 2014. ^ "Athletics announce appointments to Minor League coaching staffs". MLB.com. 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2008-12-25. ^ "Vermont 2012 Field Staff Announced". MLB.com. 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2012-07-04. ^ "Bush named bullpen coach to complete 2013 staff \| MLB.com". External links Career statistics and player information from ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) vte1995 Major League Baseball draft first round selections Darin Erstad Ben Davis José Cruz Kerry Wood Ariel Prieto Jamie Jones Jonathan Johnson Todd Helton Geoff Jenkins Chad Hermansen Mike Drumright Matt Morris Mark Redman Reggie Taylor Andy Yount Joe Fontenot Roy Halladay Ryan Jaroncyk Juan Lebron David Yocum Alvie Shepherd Tony McKnight David Miller Corey Jenkins Jeff Liefer Chad Hutchinson Shea Morenz Michael Barrett Chris Haas Dave Coggin vteOakland Athletics first-round draft picks 1965: Monday 1966: Jackson 1967: Bickerton 1968: Broberg 1969: Stanhouse 1970: Ford 1971: Daniels 1972: Lemon 1973: Scarbery 1974: Johnson 1975: Robinson 1976: T. Sullivan 1977: Harris 1978: Morgan, Conroy 1979: Bustabad, Stenhouse 1980: King 1981: Pyznarski 1982: None 1983: Hilton 1984: McGwire 1985: Weiss 1986: Hemond 1987: Tinsley 1988: Royer 1989: None 1990: Van Poppel, Peters, Zancanaro, Dressendorfer 1991: Gates, Rossiter 1992: Grigsby 1993: Wasdin, Adams 1994: Grieve 1995: Prieto 1996: Chavez 1997: Enochs, DuBose, Haynes, Wagner 1998: Mulder 1999: Zito 2000: None 2001: Crosby, Bonderman, Rheinecker 2002: Swisher, Blanton, McCurdy, Fritz, J. Brown, Obenchain, Teahen 2003: B. Sullivan, Snyder, Quintanilla 2004: Powell, Robnett, Putnam, Street 2005: Pennington, Buck 2006: None 2007: Simmons, Doolittle, C. Brown 2008: Weeks 2009: Green 2010: Choice 2011: Gray 2012: Russell, Robertson, Olson 2013: McKinney 2014: Chapman 2015: Martin 2016: Puk 2017: Beck 2018: Murray 2019: Davidson 2020: Soderstrom 2021: Muncy 2022: Susac 2023: Wilson vtePhiladelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics Opening Day starting pitchers Brett Anderson Kevin Appier Chris Bassitt Chief Bender Bill Bernhard Joe Blanton Vida Blue Joe Bush Dallas Braden Sugar Cain Trevor Cahill Tom Candiotti George Caster Russ Christopher Chris Codiroli Jack Coombs Bud Daley Chubby Dean Bill Dietrich Moe Drabowsky George Earnshaw Mike Fiers Chick Fraser Tony Freitas Dick Fowler Ned Garver Kendall Graveman Sonny Gray Bob Grim Lefty Grove Dan Haren Lum Harris Slim Harriss Ray Herbert Gil Heredia Rich Hill Ken Holtzman Tim Hudson Catfish Hunter Harry Kelley Alex Kellner Rick Langford Phil Marchildon Brandon McCarthy Steve McCatty Frankie Montas Tom Morgan Mark Mulder Kyle Muller Elmer Myers Jack Nabors Jim Nash Rollie Naylor Bobo Newsom Mike Norris Blue Moon Odom Orlando Peña Herb Pennock Scott Perry Eddie Plank Ariel Prieto Ed Rakow Carlos Reyes Eddie Rommel Carl Scheib Diego Seguí Bobby Shantz Ben Sheets Eddie Smith Dave Stewart Mike Torrez Rube Waddell Rube Walberg Bob Welch Bobby Witt Alex Wood Carroll Yerkes Curt Young Barry Zito	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"GCL Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_Mets"}],"text":"Baseball playerAriel Prieto (born October 22, 1969) is a Cuban former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1995 to 2001 for the Oakland Athletics and Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He is currently the pitching coach for the GCL Mets.","title":"Ariel Prieto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Piratas de Isla de la Juventud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratas_de_Isla_de_la_Juventud"},{"link_name":"Cuban National Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_National_Series"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-2"},{"link_name":"winter baseball league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-3"},{"link_name":"visas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_(document)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-3"},{"link_name":"1995 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"earned run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Venados de Mazatlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venados_de_Mazatl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Caribbean World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-2"}],"text":"Prieto played baseball both for Fajardo University, located in Santiago de Cuba,[1] and for Piratas de Isla de la Juventud in the Cuban National Series,[2] a winter baseball league in Cuba. Concerned that he would be unable to leave Cuba if he was highly valued as an athlete, Prieto intentionally pitched poorly during the winter of 1994.[3] Prieto and his wife were granted visas to travel outside of Cuba in April 1995, and they relocated to Florida.[3]Prieto was selected fifth overall in the 1995 MLB draft by the Oakland Athletics. He made his major-league debut for the Athletics that July. Prieto, being unfamiliar with American banks and credit cards, walked around with his $1.2 million signing-bonus check in his pocket for over a week.[4] He won two games and lost six, becoming one of the few players to be drafted and then play in MLB during the same season. In 1996, Prieto had what was arguably his best season, winning 6 games and losing 7 with an earned run average (ERA) of 4.15.Prieto was traded to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays before the 2001 season. With the Devil Rays, Prieto saw action in three games, without any decisions, allowing one earned run in 3+2⁄3 innings pitched. His one season with the Devil Rays was his last season in the major leagues. Prieto played in Mexico during the middle 2000s, playing with the Venados de Mazatlán, a team that he also played for in the Caribbean World Series, held that year in Venezuela. During six MLB seasons, Prieto won 15 games and lost 24, with an overall 4.85 ERA.Prieto played professionally until 2005 in Minor League Baseball,[2] without returning to MLB.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New York–Penn League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Penn_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Yoenis Céspedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoenis_C%C3%A9spedes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"GCL Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_Mets"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"}],"sub_title":"Coaching career","text":"Prieto spent the 2009 through 2011 seasons as the pitching coach for the Athletics' Arizona League team.[5]On November 10, 2011, Prieto was announced as the pitching coach for the Vermont Lake Monsters, the Athletics' New York–Penn League (Single A, short season) team.[6]From 2012 to 2015, Prieto served as interpreter for fellow Cuban defector, New York Mets outfielder Yoenis Céspedes.[7]In 2015, Prieto was hired as a coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was let go in 2017.Prieto was named as the pitching coach for the GCL Mets of the New York Mets organization for the 2018 season.","title":"Career"}]	[]	[{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"List of baseball players who defected from Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baseball_players_who_defected_from_Cuba"},{"title":"List of baseball players who went directly to Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baseball_players_who_went_directly_to_Major_League_Baseball"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ariel Prieto\". Baseball America. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/players/662558-ariel-prieto/","url_text":"\"Ariel Prieto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America","url_text":"Baseball America"}]},{"reference":"\"Ariel Prieto Cuban, Independent, and Minor & Winter Leagues Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. 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Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-17/sports/sp-36002_1_major-league","url_text":"\"Deceptive Practices : Prieto Played His Way Out of Cuba and Into the Major Leagues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Batard: Let's cut Yasiel Puig some slack for his young-man antics\". 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.espn.go.com/mlb/story?storyId=10733609","url_text":"\"Le Batard: Let's cut Yasiel Puig some slack for his young-man antics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics announce appointments to Minor League coaching staffs\". MLB.com. 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2008-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20081118&content_id=3683353&vkey=pr_oak&fext=.jsp&c_id=oak","url_text":"\"Athletics announce appointments to Minor League coaching staffs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vermont 2012 Field Staff Announced\". MLB.com. 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2012-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20111110&content_id=25951134&vkey=news_t462&fext=.jsp&sid=t462","url_text":"\"Vermont 2012 Field Staff Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bush named bullpen coach to complete 2013 staff \| MLB.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20121026&content_id=40064680&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Bush named bullpen coach to complete 2013 staff \| MLB.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/players/662558-ariel-prieto/","external_links_name":"\"Ariel Prieto\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=prieto001ari","external_links_name":"\"Ariel Prieto Cuban, Independent, and Minor & Winter Leagues Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-17/sports/sp-36002_1_major-league","external_links_name":"\"Deceptive Practices : Prieto Played His Way Out of Cuba and Into the Major Leagues\""},{"Link":"http://m.espn.go.com/mlb/story?storyId=10733609","external_links_name":"\"Le Batard: Let's cut Yasiel Puig some slack for his young-man antics\""},{"Link":"http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20081118&content_id=3683353&vkey=pr_oak&fext=.jsp&c_id=oak","external_links_name":"\"Athletics announce appointments to Minor League coaching staffs\""},{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20111110&content_id=25951134&vkey=news_t462&fext=.jsp&sid=t462","external_links_name":"\"Vermont 2012 Field Staff Announced\""},{"Link":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20121026&content_id=40064680&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb","external_links_name":"\"Bush named bullpen coach to complete 2013 staff \| MLB.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/3280","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/prietar01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1010536","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=prieto001ari","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Twister	Wicked Twister	["1 History","2 Ride details","2.1 Layout","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°28′55.25″N 82°40′47.50″W / 41.4820139°N 82.6798611°W / 41.4820139; -82.6798611Defunct roller coaster Wicked TwisterCedar PointLocationCedar PointCoordinates41°28′55.25″N 82°40′47.50″W / 41.4820139°N 82.6798611°W / 41.4820139; -82.6798611StatusRemovedSoft opening dateMay 2, 2002 (2002-05-02)Opening dateMay 5, 2002 (2002-05-05)Closing dateSeptember 7, 2021 (2021-09-07)Cost$9 millionReplacedAquariumReplaced byGrand Pavilion Restaurant & BarGeneral statisticsTypeSteel – Inverted – LaunchedManufacturerIntaminDesignerWerner StengelModelTwisted Impulse CoasterLift/launch systemLIM Launch trackHeight215 ft (66 m)Drop206 ft (63 m)Length675 ft (206 m)Speed72 mph (116 km/h)Inversions0Max vertical angle90°Capacity1000 riders per hourHeight restriction52–78 in (132–198 cm)TrainsSingle train with 8 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 32 riders per train.Wicked Twister at RCDB Wicked Twister was an inverted roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. Designed by Werner Stengel, it was a second-generation, double-twisting Impulse model manufactured by Intamin. Wicked Twister opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002. It was retired by the park on September 6, 2021, closed on September 7, and gave over 16 million rides during its lifetime. History Construction on Wicked Twister began on October 15, 2001, shortly after Stadium Games, formerly known as the Aquarium, was razed. The new coaster was officially announced the following month, and its media day was held on May 2, 2002. Built as the tallest and fastest double-twisting impulse coaster ever built, Wicked Twister actually opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002. It held both records until the opening of Legendary Twin Dragon at Chongqing Sunac Land in China in 2021. Additional supports were added to the ride's structure for the 2003 season. Two yellow supports were added to each spike to connect the track to the top of the main support structure. Wicked Twister cars toward the top of one of the spiral towers In May 2021, park official Tony Clark implied in a series of tweets that Wicked Twister was going to be retired. This was confirmed on August 6, 2021, when Cedar Point officially announced the closure of Wicked Twister, scheduled for September 6, 2021. The ride then closed September 7, and on its last day of operation, park employees handed out "last launch" buttons to riders, sold limited-edition commemorative t-shirts, and gave away 16 "golden tickets" granting winners a spot on the last public train. Wicked Twister had accumulated over 16 million rides in 20 seasons of operation. On November 3, 2021, Cedar Point announced that Wicked Twister would be demolished. Demolition and removal was completed on February 8, 2022. After the closure of Wicked Twister, Cedar Point lost the record for most rollercoasters at any amusement park in the Cedar Fair chain to sister park Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario. Ride details Wicked Twister consisted of two 215 feet (66 m) tall spikes. Both ends of the track were designed with 450-degree vertical twists, referred to as the front and rear towers, which differentiated Wicked Twister from other Impulse Coaster models from Intamin. The loading platform and linear induction motor (LIM) propulsion system sat between the two towers along a horizontal track section. The ride was built directly on Cedar Point Beach, and its entrance plaza was located in the former Aquarium location. The track was painted yellow with teal supports. The ride featured one train that consisted of eight cars. Riders were arranged two across in two rows for a total of 32 riders. Wicked Twister's theme song was "The Winner" by the Crystal Method. Layout Train being launched Linear induction motors propelled the train forward out of the station at 50 mph (80 km/h) during the first launch, which carried the train approximately halfway up the front tower. After coming to a stop, the train then fell and returned through the station, re-entering the LIM section and accelerating for a second launch to 63 mph (101 km/h) in the opposite direction. After climbing to its peak approximately halfway up the rear tower, the process would repeat a third time accelerating to 69 mph (111 km/h) and climbing to its highest point on the front tower. A fourth and final LIM launch on the train's return through the station accelerated the train to its maximum speed of 72 mph (116 km/h), reaching a maximum height of 206 ft (63 m) up the rear tower. The train then made one more final pass through the station without any interaction from the LIM launch section and up the front spike. Subsequent passes through the station were met with the brakes being applied to slow the train slightly more each time until finally coming to rest. See also The Flash: Vertical Velocity – similar coaster located at Six Flags Great America Possessed – similar coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom Steel Venom – similar coaster located at Valleyfair References ^ a b "PointBuzz history". PointBuzz. Retrieved October 22, 2012. ^ "Wicked Twister Press Release". November 20, 2002. Retrieved October 22, 2012. ^ DeCicco, Diana (June 8, 2009). "Record-breaking roller coasters: Ride the world's 10 tallest, fastest and longest coasters". NBC News. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ a b "Tallest rollercoaster inverted design". Guinness World Records. 2021. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. ^ a b "Fastest rollercoaster inverted design". Guinness World Records. 2021. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. ^ a b c d Marden, Duane. "Wicked Twister (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved October 22, 2012. ^ Weisenberger, Nick (August 6, 2021). "Cedar Point Announces Closure of Wicked Twister Coaster". Coaster101. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ a b "New support pictures". Magnumforcexl200. April 26, 2003. Retrieved October 22, 2012. ^ "Is Cedar Point removing its Wicked Twister roller coaster? Here's what park officials are saying about the rumors". 7 May 2021. ^ "Cedar Point announces Wicked Twister will close in September". 6 August 2021. ^ Haidet, Ryan (August 6, 2021). "Cedar Point closing the Wicked Twister roller coaster forever". Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ "Last Launch Details". Cedar Point. ^ "Cedar Point plans to close down one of its roller coasters". ^ "Cedar Point official details what happens in the winter; Wicked Twister is 'being disposed of'". 3 November 2021. ^ "Wicked Twister coaster officially gone from Cedar Point". 9 February 2022. ^ "Wicked Twister". AmericaCoasters.com. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ "Wicked Twister POV". Sharp Productions. August 3, 2010. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved October 25, 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wicked Twister. Cedarpoint.com - Official Wicked Twister page Wicked Twister Photo Gallery at The Point Online Preceded byAlpengeist World's tallest inverted roller coaster May 2002–February 2021 Succeeded byLegendary Twin Dragon Preceded byVolcano, The Blast Coaster World's fastest inverted roller coaster May 2002–February 2021 Succeeded byLegendary Twin Dragon vteCedar Point History Current attractions Former attractions Roller coasters Blue Streak Cedar Creek Mine Ride Corkscrew GateKeeper Gemini Iron Dragon Magnum XL-200 Maverick Millennium Force Raptor Rougarou Steel Vengeance Top Thrill 2 Valravn Wild Mouse Wilderness Run Woodstock Express Attractions Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad maXair Power Tower Skyhawk SlingShot WindSeeker Water rides Snake River Expedition Snake River Falls Thunder Canyon Resorts Camper Village Castaway Bay Cedar Point's Express Hotel Hotel Breakers Lighthouse Point Other Cedar Point Shores Planet Snoopy Cedar Point Light Fast Lane Camp Snoopy HalloWeekends Former attractions Demon Drop Dinosaurs Alive! Disaster Transport Jumbo Jet Luminosity — Ignite the Night! Mill Race Shoot the Rapids Space Spiral VertiGo White Water Landing Wicked Twister WildCat Website: cedarpoint.com vteIntaminList of Intamin ridesCurrent roller coaster models Giga Hot Racer Impulse LSM Launch Mega Mine train MotorBike Multi Inversion Coaster Prefabricated Wooden Reverse Free Fall Coaster Spinning Surf Rider Suspended Vertical Lift Water Wing Coaster Wing Rider Wooden ZacSpin Discontinued roller coaster models Accelerator Bobsled Space Diver Polercoaster (in association with US Thrill Rides) Stand-up Other current rides Bounty Flume Ride Flying Dutchman Giant Drop Gyro Drop Gyro Swing Gyro tower Hyper Splash Looping Starship Mega Splash Rapid Ride Super Splash Tow boat ride Other discontinued rides Double and triple Ferris wheels Freefall Notable rides Alpine Bobsled American Eagle The Claw Colossos Colossus Demon Drop Disaster Transport El Toro Escape from Pompeii Falcon's Fury Formula Rossa The Giant Drop Green Lantern: First Flight Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure Incredicoaster Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril Insane Project 305 Jupiter Kingda Ka Kirnu Maverick Millennium Force Pantheon Pegasus Possessed Shockwave Sky Whirl Skyrush Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Stealth Storm Runner Superman: Escape from Krypton Superman The Ride Swiss Bob Thirteen Thunder River Top Thrill Dragster Toutatis Tower of Terror II La Vibora VelociCoaster Volcano: The Blast Coaster Wicked Twister Wilderness Run Woodstock's Express Xcelerator	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inverted roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Cedar Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Point"},{"link_name":"Sandusky, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Werner Stengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Stengel"},{"link_name":"Impulse model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Intamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intamin"}],"text":"Defunct roller coasterWicked Twister was an inverted roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. Designed by Werner Stengel, it was a second-generation, double-twisting Impulse model manufactured by Intamin. Wicked Twister opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002. It was retired by the park on September 6, 2021, closed on September 7, and gave over 16 million rides during its lifetime.","title":"Wicked Twister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB_history-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_release-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB_history-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-NBC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tallest_record-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fastest_record-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-6"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tallest_record-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fastest_record-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_support_pics-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_support_pics-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wicked_Twister.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Removal_announcement-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Construction on Wicked Twister began on October 15, 2001, shortly after Stadium Games, formerly known as the Aquarium, was razed.[1] The new coaster was officially announced the following month,[2] and its media day was held on May 2, 2002.[1]Built as the tallest and fastest double-twisting impulse coaster ever built,[3] Wicked Twister actually opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002.[4][5][6] It held both records until the opening of Legendary Twin Dragon at Chongqing Sunac Land in China in 2021.[4][5][7] Additional supports were added to the ride's structure for the 2003 season.[8] Two yellow supports were added to each spike to connect the track to the top of the main support structure.[8]Wicked Twister cars toward the top of one of the spiral towersIn May 2021, park official Tony Clark implied in a series of tweets that Wicked Twister was going to be retired.[9] This was confirmed on August 6, 2021, when Cedar Point officially announced the closure of Wicked Twister, scheduled for September 6, 2021.[10][11] The ride then closed September 7, and on its last day of operation, park employees handed out \"last launch\" buttons to riders, sold limited-edition commemorative t-shirts, and gave away 16 \"golden tickets\" granting winners a spot on the last public train.[12] Wicked Twister had accumulated over 16 million rides in 20 seasons of operation.[13]On November 3, 2021, Cedar Point announced that Wicked Twister would be demolished.[14] Demolition and removal was completed on February 8, 2022.[15]After the closure of Wicked Twister, Cedar Point lost the record for most rollercoasters at any amusement park in the Cedar Fair chain to sister park Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear induction motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-6"},{"link_name":"train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-6"},{"link_name":"the Crystal Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Method"}],"text":"Wicked Twister consisted of two 215 feet (66 m) tall spikes. Both ends of the track were designed with 450-degree vertical twists, referred to as the front and rear towers, which differentiated Wicked Twister from other Impulse Coaster models from Intamin. The loading platform and linear induction motor (LIM) propulsion system sat between the two towers along a horizontal track section. The ride was built directly on Cedar Point Beach, and its entrance plaza was located in the former Aquarium location. The track was painted yellow with teal supports.[6]The ride featured one train that consisted of eight cars. Riders were arranged two across in two rows for a total of 32 riders.[6] Wicked Twister's theme song was \"The Winner\" by the Crystal Method.","title":"Ride details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wicked_Twister_(Launch).JPG"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"LIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wicked_Twister_review-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POV-17"}],"sub_title":"Layout","text":"Train being launchedLinear induction motors propelled the train forward out of the station at 50 mph (80 km/h) during the first launch, which carried the train approximately halfway up the front tower. After coming to a stop, the train then fell and returned through the station, re-entering the LIM section and accelerating for a second launch to 63 mph (101 km/h) in the opposite direction. After climbing to its peak approximately halfway up the rear tower, the process would repeat a third time accelerating to 69 mph (111 km/h) and climbing to its highest point on the front tower.A fourth and final LIM launch on the train's return through the station accelerated the train to its maximum speed of 72 mph (116 km/h), reaching a maximum height of 206 ft (63 m) up the rear tower. The train then made one more final pass through the station without any interaction from the LIM launch section and up the front spike. Subsequent passes through the station were met with the brakes being applied to slow the train slightly more each time until finally coming to rest.[6][16][17]","title":"Ride details"}]	[{"image_text":"Wicked Twister cars toward the top of one of the spiral towers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wicked_Twister.jpg/200px-Wicked_Twister.jpg"},{"image_text":"Train being launched","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wicked_Twister_%28Launch%29.JPG/220px-Wicked_Twister_%28Launch%29.JPG"}]	[{"title":"The Flash: Vertical Velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash:_Vertical_Velocity_(Six_Flags_Great_America)"},{"title":"Possessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessed_(roller_coaster)"},{"title":"Steel Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Venom_(Valleyfair)"}]	[{"reference":"\"PointBuzz history\". PointBuzz. Retrieved October 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pointbuzz.com/c/history.aspx","url_text":"\"PointBuzz history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wicked Twister Press Release\". November 20, 2002. Retrieved October 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcdb.com/1571.htm?dt=126&d=53","url_text":"\"Wicked Twister Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"DeCicco, Diana (June 8, 2009). \"Record-breaking roller coasters: Ride the world's 10 tallest, fastest and longest coasters\". NBC News. Retrieved May 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31046379/ns/travel-active_travel/t/record-breaking-roller-coasters/#.Xq28fahKiUk","url_text":"\"Record-breaking roller coasters: Ride the world's 10 tallest, fastest and longest coasters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tallest rollercoaster inverted design\". Guinness World Records. 2021. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85487-tallest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","url_text":"\"Tallest rollercoaster inverted design\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210908153510/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85487-tallest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fastest rollercoaster inverted design\". Guinness World Records. 2021. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85487-tallest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","url_text":"\"Fastest rollercoaster inverted design\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210908153425/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85489-fastest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marden, Duane. \"Wicked Twister (Cedar Point)\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved October 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://rcdb.com/1571.htm","url_text":"\"Wicked Twister (Cedar Point)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"}]},{"reference":"Weisenberger, Nick (August 6, 2021). \"Cedar Point Announces Closure of Wicked Twister Coaster\". Coaster101. Retrieved September 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coaster101.com/2021/08/06/cedar-point-announces-closure-of-wicked-twister-roller-coaster/","url_text":"\"Cedar Point Announces Closure of Wicked Twister Coaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"New support pictures\". Magnumforcexl200. April 26, 2003. Retrieved October 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://travel.webshots.com/album/70983109sUbnIs","url_text":"\"New support pictures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Cedar Point removing its Wicked Twister roller coaster? Here's what park officials are saying about the rumors\". 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/places/cedar-point/cedar-point-wicked-twister-roller-coaster/95-17a42ac9-c1d7-439d-936b-853351455a0c","url_text":"\"Is Cedar Point removing its Wicked Twister roller coaster? Here's what park officials are saying about the rumors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cedar Point announces Wicked Twister will close in September\". 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/cedar-point-announces-wicked-twister-will-close-in-september","url_text":"\"Cedar Point announces Wicked Twister will close in September\""}]},{"reference":"Haidet, Ryan (August 6, 2021). \"Cedar Point closing the Wicked Twister roller coaster forever\". Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/places/cedar-point/cedar-point-closing-wicked-twister-roller-coaster-forever/95-99c41257-7f2f-4837-857b-c6c5e458948a","url_text":"\"Cedar Point closing the Wicked Twister roller coaster forever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last Launch Details\". Cedar Point.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cedarpoint.com/blog/last-launch-details","url_text":"\"Last Launch Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cedar Point plans to close down one of its roller coasters\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc57.com/news/cedar-point-plans-to-close-down-one-of-its-roller-coasters","url_text":"\"Cedar Point plans to close down one of its roller coasters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cedar Point official details what happens in the winter; Wicked Twister is 'being disposed of'\". 3 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/cedar-point-official-details-what-happens-in-the-winter-wicked-twister-is-being-disposed-of","url_text":"\"Cedar Point official details what happens in the winter; Wicked Twister is 'being disposed of'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wicked Twister coaster officially gone from Cedar Point\". 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox8.com/news/wicked-twister-coaster-officially-gone-from-cedar-point/","url_text":"\"Wicked Twister coaster officially gone from Cedar Point\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wicked Twister\". AmericaCoasters.com. Retrieved June 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americacoasters.com/Reviews/?page=wickedtwister","url_text":"\"Wicked Twister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wicked Twister POV\". Sharp Productions. August 3, 2010. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved October 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMXcr1Oln4w","url_text":"\"Wicked Twister POV\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jMXcr1Oln4w","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wicked_Twister&params=41_28_55.25_N_82_40_47.50_W_region:US-OH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°28′55.25″N 82°40′47.50″W / 41.4820139°N 82.6798611°W / 41.4820139; -82.6798611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wicked_Twister&params=41_28_55.25_N_82_40_47.50_W_region:US-OH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°28′55.25″N 82°40′47.50″W / 41.4820139°N 82.6798611°W / 41.4820139; -82.6798611"},{"Link":"https://rcdb.com/1571.htm","external_links_name":"Wicked Twister at RCDB"},{"Link":"http://pointbuzz.com/c/history.aspx","external_links_name":"\"PointBuzz history\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcdb.com/1571.htm?dt=126&d=53","external_links_name":"\"Wicked Twister Press Release\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31046379/ns/travel-active_travel/t/record-breaking-roller-coasters/#.Xq28fahKiUk","external_links_name":"\"Record-breaking roller coasters: Ride the world's 10 tallest, fastest and longest coasters\""},{"Link":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85487-tallest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","external_links_name":"\"Tallest rollercoaster inverted design\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210908153510/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85487-tallest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85487-tallest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","external_links_name":"\"Fastest rollercoaster inverted design\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210908153425/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/85489-fastest-roller-coaster-inverted-design","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://rcdb.com/1571.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wicked Twister (Cedar Point)\""},{"Link":"https://www.coaster101.com/2021/08/06/cedar-point-announces-closure-of-wicked-twister-roller-coaster/","external_links_name":"\"Cedar Point Announces Closure of Wicked Twister Coaster\""},{"Link":"http://travel.webshots.com/album/70983109sUbnIs","external_links_name":"\"New support pictures\""},{"Link":"https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/places/cedar-point/cedar-point-wicked-twister-roller-coaster/95-17a42ac9-c1d7-439d-936b-853351455a0c","external_links_name":"\"Is Cedar Point removing its Wicked Twister roller coaster? Here's what park officials are saying about the rumors\""},{"Link":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/cedar-point-announces-wicked-twister-will-close-in-september","external_links_name":"\"Cedar Point announces Wicked Twister will close in September\""},{"Link":"https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/places/cedar-point/cedar-point-closing-wicked-twister-roller-coaster-forever/95-99c41257-7f2f-4837-857b-c6c5e458948a","external_links_name":"\"Cedar Point closing the Wicked Twister roller coaster forever\""},{"Link":"https://www.cedarpoint.com/blog/last-launch-details","external_links_name":"\"Last Launch Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc57.com/news/cedar-point-plans-to-close-down-one-of-its-roller-coasters","external_links_name":"\"Cedar Point plans to close down one of its roller coasters\""},{"Link":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/cedar-point-official-details-what-happens-in-the-winter-wicked-twister-is-being-disposed-of","external_links_name":"\"Cedar Point official details what happens in the winter; Wicked Twister is 'being disposed of'\""},{"Link":"https://fox8.com/news/wicked-twister-coaster-officially-gone-from-cedar-point/","external_links_name":"\"Wicked Twister coaster officially gone from Cedar Point\""},{"Link":"http://www.americacoasters.com/Reviews/?page=wickedtwister","external_links_name":"\"Wicked Twister\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMXcr1Oln4w","external_links_name":"\"Wicked Twister POV\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jMXcr1Oln4w","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cedarpoint.com/rides/Roller-Coasters/Wicked-Twister","external_links_name":"Cedarpoint.com - Official Wicked Twister page"},{"Link":"http://thepointol.com/wicked-twister/","external_links_name":"Wicked Twister Photo Gallery"},{"Link":"http://cedarpoint.com/","external_links_name":"cedarpoint.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercubic_lattice	Hypercubic honeycomb	["1 Wythoff construction classes by dimension","2 See also","3 References"]	Regular tilings of ≥3D spaces with hypercubes A regular square tiling.1 color A cubic honeycomb in its regular form.1 color A checkboard square tiling2 colors A cubic honeycomb checkerboard.2 colors Expanded square tiling3 colors Expanded cubic honeycomb4 colors 4 colors 8 colors In geometry, a hypercubic honeycomb is a family of regular honeycombs (tessellations) in n-dimensional spaces with the Schläfli symbols {4,3...3,4} and containing the symmetry of Coxeter group Rn (or B~n–1) for n ≥ 3. The tessellation is constructed from 4 n-hypercubes per ridge. The vertex figure is a cross-polytope {3...3,4}. The hypercubic honeycombs are self-dual. Coxeter named this family as δn+1 for an n-dimensional honeycomb. Wythoff construction classes by dimension A Wythoff construction is a method for constructing a uniform polyhedron or plane tiling. The two general forms of the hypercube honeycombs are the regular form with identical hypercubic facets and one semiregular, with alternating hypercube facets, like a checkerboard. A third form is generated by an expansion operation applied to the regular form, creating facets in place of all lower-dimensional elements. For example, an expanded cubic honeycomb has cubic cells centered on the original cubes, on the original faces, on the original edges, on the original vertices, creating 4 colors of cells around in vertex in 1:3:3:1 counts. The orthotopic honeycombs are a family topologically equivalent to the cubic honeycombs but with lower symmetry, in which each of the three axial directions may have different edge lengths. The facets are hyperrectangles, also called orthotopes; in 2 and 3 dimensions the orthotopes are rectangles and cuboids respectively. δn Name Schläfli symbols Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams Orthotopic{∞}(n)(2m colors, m < n) Regular(Expanded){4,3n–1,4} (1 color, n colors) Checkerboard{4,3n–4,31,1} (2 colors) δ2 Apeirogon {∞} δ3 Square tiling {∞}(2){4,4} δ4 Cubic honeycomb {∞}(3){4,3,4}{4,31,1} δ5 4-cube honeycomb {∞}(4){4,32,4}{4,3,31,1} δ6 5-cube honeycomb {∞}(5){4,33,4}{4,32,31,1} δ7 6-cube honeycomb {∞}(6){4,34,4}{4,33,31,1} δ8 7-cube honeycomb {∞}(7){4,35,4}{4,34,31,1} δ9 8-cube honeycomb {∞}(8){4,36,4}{4,35,31,1} δn n-hypercubic honeycomb {∞}(n){4,3n-3,4}{4,3n-4,31,1} ... See also Alternated hypercubic honeycomb Quarter hypercubic honeycomb Simplectic honeycomb Truncated simplectic honeycomb Omnitruncated simplectic honeycomb References Coxeter, H.S.M. Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 pp. 122–123. (The lattice of hypercubes γn form the cubic honeycombs, δn+1) pp. 154–156: Partial truncation or alternation, represented by h prefix: h{4,4}={4,4}; h{4,3,4}={31,1,4}, h{4,3,3,4}={3,3,4,3} p. 296, Table II: Regular honeycombs, δn+1 vteFundamental convex regular and uniform honeycombs in dimensions 2–9 Space Family A ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{n-1}} C ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{n-1}} B ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{n-1}} D ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{n-1}} G ~ 2 {\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}} / F ~ 4 {\displaystyle {\tilde {F}}_{4}} / E ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {E}}_{n-1}} E2 Uniform tiling {3} δ3 hδ3 qδ3 Hexagonal E3 Uniform convex honeycomb {3} δ4 hδ4 qδ4 E4 Uniform 4-honeycomb {3} δ5 hδ5 qδ5 24-cell honeycomb E5 Uniform 5-honeycomb {3} δ6 hδ6 qδ6 E6 Uniform 6-honeycomb {3} δ7 hδ7 qδ7 222 E7 Uniform 7-honeycomb {3} δ8 hδ8 qδ8 133 • 331 E8 Uniform 8-honeycomb {3} δ9 hδ9 qδ9 152 • 251 • 521 E9 Uniform 9-honeycomb {3} δ10 hδ10 qδ10 E10 Uniform 10-honeycomb {3} δ11 hδ11 qδ11 En-1 Uniform (n-1)-honeycomb {3} δn hδn qδn 1k2 • 2k1 • k21	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"regular honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regular_polytopes#Tessellations"},{"link_name":"tessellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"Schläfli symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"},{"link_name":"Coxeter group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_diagram#Infinite_Coxeter_groups"},{"link_name":"hypercubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube"},{"link_name":"ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"vertex figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"cross-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-polytope"},{"link_name":"self-dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dual_polytope"},{"link_name":"Coxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter"}],"text":"In geometry, a hypercubic honeycomb is a family of regular honeycombs (tessellations) in n-dimensional spaces with the Schläfli symbols {4,3...3,4} and containing the symmetry of Coxeter group Rn (or B~n–1) for n ≥ 3.The tessellation is constructed from 4 n-hypercubes per ridge. The vertex figure is a cross-polytope {3...3,4}.The hypercubic honeycombs are self-dual.Coxeter named this family as δn+1 for an n-dimensional honeycomb.","title":"Hypercubic honeycomb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wythoff construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wythoff_construction"},{"link_name":"uniform polyhedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_polyhedron"},{"link_name":"checkerboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkerboard"},{"link_name":"expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"hyperrectangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrectangle"},{"link_name":"rectangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangle"},{"link_name":"cuboids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid"}],"text":"A Wythoff construction is a method for constructing a uniform polyhedron or plane tiling.The two general forms of the hypercube honeycombs are the regular form with identical hypercubic facets and one semiregular, with alternating hypercube facets, like a checkerboard.A third form is generated by an expansion operation applied to the regular form, creating facets in place of all lower-dimensional elements. For example, an expanded cubic honeycomb has cubic cells centered on the original cubes, on the original faces, on the original edges, on the original vertices, creating 4 colors of cells around in vertex in 1:3:3:1 counts.The orthotopic honeycombs are a family topologically equivalent to the cubic honeycombs but with lower symmetry, in which each of the three axial directions may have different edge lengths. The facets are hyperrectangles, also called orthotopes; in 2 and 3 dimensions the orthotopes are rectangles and cuboids respectively.","title":"Wythoff construction classes by dimension"}]	[]	[{"title":"Alternated hypercubic honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternated_hypercubic_honeycomb"},{"title":"Quarter hypercubic honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_hypercubic_honeycomb"},{"title":"Simplectic honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplectic_honeycomb"},{"title":"Truncated simplectic honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_simplectic_honeycomb"},{"title":"Omnitruncated simplectic honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnitruncated_simplectic_honeycomb"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_in_Indonesia	Indonesia	["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Colonial era","2.3 Post-World War II","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","3.2 Geology","3.3 Biodiversity and conservation","4 Government and politics","4.1 Parties and elections","4.2 Administrative divisions","4.3 Foreign relations","4.4 Military","5 Economy","5.1 Transport","5.2 Energy","5.3 Science and technology","5.4 Tourism","6 Demographics","6.1 Ethnic groups and languages","6.2 Religion","6.3 Education","6.4 Healthcare","6.5 Issues","7 Culture","7.1 Art and architecture","7.2 Music, dance and clothing","7.3 Theatre and cinema","7.4 Mass media and literature","7.5 Cuisine","7.6 Sports","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Citations","10.2 Bibliography","11 External links","11.1 Government","11.2 General"]	Coordinates: 5°S 120°E / 5°S 120°E / -5; 120Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania This article is about the country. For other uses, see Indonesia (disambiguation). Republic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia (Indonesian) Flag National emblem Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old Javanese)"Unity in Diversity"Anthem: Indonesia Raya"Indonesia the Great"National ideology:Pancasila(lit. 'Five principles')Show globeShow map of ASEANCapitaland largest cityJakarta6°10′S 106°49′E / 6.167°S 106.817°E / -6.167; 106.817Official languageIndonesianRegional languagesOver 700 languagesEthnic groups Over 1,300 ethnic groupsReligion (2022) 87.02% Islam 86.02% Sunni 1% Shia, others 10.49% Christianity 7.43% Protestant 3.06% Catholic 1.7% Hinduism 0.7% Buddhism 0.1% Folk, Bahai, Confucianism, Jews and Others Demonym(s)IndonesianGovernmentUnitary presidential republic• President Joko Widodo• Vice President Ma'ruf Amin• House Speaker Puan Maharani• Chief Justice Muhammad Syarifuddin LegislaturePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR)• Upper houseRegional Representative Council (DPD)• Lower housePeople's Representative Council (DPR)Independence from the Netherlands• Proclaimed 17 August 1945• Recognised 27 December 1949 Area • Total1,904,569 km2 (735,358 sq mi) (14th)• Water (%)4.85Population• Q2 2023 estimate 279,118,866 (4th)• 2020 census270,203,917• Density143/km2 (370.4/sq mi) (90th)GDP (PPP)2024 estimate• Total $4.721 trillion (7th)• Per capita $16,861 (96th)GDP (nominal)2024 estimate• Total $1.476 trillion (16th)• Per capita $5,271 (114th)Gini (2022) 37.9mediumHDI (2022) 0.713high (112th)CurrencyIndonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR)Time zoneUTC+7 to +9 (various)Date formatDD/MM/YYYYDriving sideleftCalling code+62ISO 3166 codeIDInternet TLD.id Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 279 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special autonomous status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most-populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity. The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century when the Srivijaya and later Majapahit Kingdoms engaged in commerce with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Over the centuries, local rulers assimilated foreign influences, leading to the flourishing of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic growth. Indonesia consists of thousands of distinct native ethnic and hundreds of linguistic groups, with Javanese being the largest. A shared identity has developed with the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), defined by a national language, cultural diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. The economy of Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. It is the world's third-largest democracy, a regional power, and is considered a middle power in global affairs. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, D-8, APEC, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Etymology Further information: Names of Indonesia The name Indonesia derives from the Greek words Indos (Ἰνδός) and nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands". The name dates back to the 19th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago". In the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. They preferred Malay Archipelago (Dutch: Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde. After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first native scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara when in 1913, he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau. History Main article: History of Indonesia Early history Main article: Prehistoric Indonesia A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur temple, c. 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa and Madagascar as early as the 1st century CE Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. Homo sapiens reached the region around 43,000 BCE. Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from what is now Taiwan. They arrived in the archipelago around 2,000 BCE and confined the native Melanesians to the far eastern regions as they spread east. Ideal agricultural conditions and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the eighth century BCE allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. The archipelago's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including with Indian kingdoms and Chinese dynasties, from several centuries BCE. Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. From the seventh century CE, the Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished due to trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism. Between the eighth and tenth centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia. This period is often referred to as the "Golden Age" in Indonesian history. The earliest evidence of Islamized populations in the archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra. Other parts of the archipelago gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. Colonial era Main article: Dutch East Indies The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830 The first Europeans arrived in the archipelago in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in the Maluku Islands. Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) and became the dominant European power for almost 200 years. The VOC was dissolved in 1799 following bankruptcy, and the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony. For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous. Dutch forces were engaged continuously in quelling rebellions on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as Prince Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra, Pattimura in Maluku, and the bloody thirty-year Aceh War weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces. Only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. During World War II, the Japanese invasion and occupation ended Dutch rule and encouraged the independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, influential nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta issued the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. Sukarno, Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir, were appointed president, vice-president and prime minister, respectively. The Netherlands attempted to re-establish their rule, beginning the Indonesian National Revolution which ended in December 1949 when the Dutch recognised Indonesian independence in the face of international pressure. Despite extraordinary political, social, and sectarian divisions, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence. Post-World War II Sukarno (left) and Hatta (right), Indonesia's founding fathers and the first President and Vice President respectively As president, Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism and maintained power by balancing the opposing forces of the military, political Islam, and the increasingly powerful Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). Tensions between the military and the PKI culminated in an attempted coup in 1965. The army, led by Major General Suharto, countered by instigating a violent anti-communist purge that killed between 500,000 and one million people and incarcerated roughly a million more in concentration camps. The PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed. Suharto capitalised on Sukarno's weakened position, and following a drawn-out power play with Sukarno, Suharto was appointed president in March 1968. His US-backed "New Order" administration encouraged foreign direct investment, which was a crucial factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. It brought out popular discontent with the New Order's corruption and suppression of political opposition and ultimately ended Suharto's presidency. In 1999, East Timor seceded from Indonesia, following its 1975 invasion by Indonesia and a 25-year occupation marked by international condemnation of human rights abuses. Since 1998, democratic processes have been strengthened by enhancing regional autonomy and instituting the country's first direct presidential election in 2004. Political, economic and social instability, corruption, and instances of terrorism remained problems in the 2000s; however, the economy has performed strongly since 2007. Although relations among the diverse population are mostly harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problematic in some areas. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005. Geography Main articles: Geography of Indonesia and List of islands of Indonesia Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest Indonesia is the southernmost country in Asia. The country lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N and longitudes 95°E and 141°E. A transcontinental country spanning Southeast Asia and Oceania, it is the world's largest archipelagic state, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. The country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs says Indonesia has 17,504 islands (with 16,056 registered at the UN) scattered over both sides of the equator, around 6,000 of which are inhabited. The largest are Sumatra, Java, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo and Sebatik, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia. At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of 1,145 km2 (442 sq mi). Indonesia's largest rivers are in Kalimantan and New Guinea and include Kapuas, Barito, Mamberamo, Sepik and Mahakam. They serve as communication and transport links between the island's river settlements. Climate Main articles: Climate of Indonesia and Climate change in Indonesia Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West Kalimantan Indonesia lies along the equator, and its climate tends to be relatively even year-round. Indonesia has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season—with no extremes of summer or winter. For most of Indonesia, the dry season falls between May and October, with the wet season between November and April. Indonesia's climate is almost entirely tropical, dominated by the tropical rainforest climate found on every large island of Indonesia. More cooling climate types do exist in mountainous regions that are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in highland areas adjacent to rainforest climates, with uniform precipitation year-round. In highland areas near the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is more pronounced during dry season. Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Indonesia Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in the dry season and floods in the wet. Rainfall varies across regions, with more in western Sumatra, Java, and the interiors of Kalimantan and Papua, and less in areas closer to Australia, such as Nusa Tenggara, which tends to be dry. The almost uniformly warm waters that constitute 81% of Indonesia's area ensure that land temperatures remain relatively constant. Humidity is quite high, at between 70 and 90%. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with monsoons usually blowing in from the south and east in June through October and from the northwest in November through March. Typhoons and large-scale storms pose little hazard to mariners; significant dangers come from swift currents in channels, such as the Lombok and Sape straits. Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected effects of climate change. These include unreduced emissions resulting in an average temperature rise of around 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-century, raising the frequency of drought and food shortages (with an impact on precipitation and the patterns of wet and dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agriculture system) as well as numerous diseases and wildfires. Rising sea levels would also threaten most of Indonesia's population, who live in low-lying coastal areas. Impoverished communities would likely be affected the most by climate change. Geology Main article: Geology of Indonesia See also: Volcanoes of Indonesia Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area Tectonically, most of Indonesia's area is highly unstable, making it a site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. It lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, where the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate are pushed under the Eurasian plate, where they melt at about 100 kilometres (62 miles) deep. A string of volcanoes runs through Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and then to the Banda Islands of Maluku to northeastern Sulawesi. Of the 400 volcanoes, around 130 are active. Between 1972 and 1991, there were 29 volcanic eruptions, mostly on Java. Volcanic ash has made agricultural conditions unpredictable in some areas. However, it has also resulted in fertile soils, a factor in historically sustaining the high population densities of Java and Bali. A massive supervolcano erupted at present-day Lake Toba around 70,000 BCE. It is believed to have caused a global volcanic winter and cooling of the climate and subsequently led to a genetic bottleneck in human evolution, though this is still in debate. The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa were among the largest in recorded history. The former caused 92,000 deaths and created an umbrella of volcanic ash that spread and blanketed parts of the archipelago and made much of the Northern Hemisphere without summer in 1816. The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused 36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around the world years after the event. Recent catastrophic disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake. Biodiversity and conservation Main articles: Fauna of Indonesia, Flora of Indonesia, and Conservation in Indonesia Species endemic to Indonesia. Clockwise from top: Rafflesia arnoldii; orangutan; greater bird-of-paradise; and Komodo dragon Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity, and it is among the 17 megadiverse countries identified by Conservation International. Its flora and fauna are a mixture of Asian and Australasian species. The Sunda Shelf islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to mainland Asia and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the Sumatran tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, Asian elephant, and leopard were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Having been long separated from the continental landmasses, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku have developed their unique flora and fauna. Papua was part of the Australian landmass and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic. Indonesia harbours 83% of Southeast Asia's old-growth forest, and the highest amount of forest carbon in the region. Tropical seas surround Indonesia's 80,000 kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline. The country has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. Indonesia is one of the Coral Triangle countries with the world's most enormous diversity of coral reef fish, with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line (Wallace Line) between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. It runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. Flora and fauna on the west of the line are generally Asian, while east from Lombok is increasingly Australian until the tipping point at the Weber Line. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea. Deforestation in Riau province, Sumatra, to make way for an oil palm plantation (2007) Indonesia's large and growing population and rapid industrialisation present serious environmental issues. They are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance. Problems include the destruction of peatlands, large-scale illegal deforestation (causing extensive haze across parts of Southeast Asia), over-exploitation of marine resources, air pollution, garbage management, and reliable water and wastewater services. These issues contribute to Indonesia's low ranking (number 116 out of 180 countries) in the 2020 Environmental Performance Index. The report also indicates that Indonesia's performance is generally below average in both regional and global context. Indonesia has one of the world's fastest deforestation rates. In 2020, forests covered approximately 49.1% of the country's land area, down from 87% in 1950. Since the 1970s, log production, various plantations and agriculture have been responsible for much of the deforestation in Indonesia. Most recently, it has been driven by the palm oil industry, which has been criticised for its environmental impact and displacement of local communities. The situation has made Indonesia the world's largest forest-based emitter of greenhouse gases. It also threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) identified 140 species of mammals as threatened and 15 as critically endangered, including the Bali myna, Sumatran orangutan, and Javan rhinoceros. Some academics describe the deforestation and other environmental destruction in the country as an ecocide. Government and politics Main article: Politics of Indonesia A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014 Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. Following the fall of the New Order in 1998, political and governmental structures have undergone sweeping reforms, with four constitutional amendments revamping the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Chief among them is the delegation of power and authority to various regional entities while remaining a unitary state. The President of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI), and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. The highest representative body at the national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating and impeaching the president, and formalising broad outlines of state policy. The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR), with 575 members, and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), with 136. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased its role in national governance, while the DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management. Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). The Supreme Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial branch and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) which listens to constitutional and political matters, and the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama), which deals with codified Islamic Personal Law (sharia) cases. Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges. Parties and elections Main articles: List of political parties in Indonesia and Elections in Indonesia Joko Widodo, 7th President of IndonesiaMa'ruf Amin, 13th Vice President of Indonesia Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In all legislative elections since the fall of the New Order, no political party has won an overall majority of seats. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), which secured the most votes in the 2019 elections, is the party of the incumbent president, Joko Widodo. Other notable parties include the Party of the Functional Groups (Golkar), the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), the Democratic Party, and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). The first general election was held in 1955 to elect members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly (Konstituante). The most recent elections in 2019 resulted in nine political parties in the DPR, with a parliamentary threshold of 4% of the national vote. At the national level, Indonesians did not elect a president until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD. Beginning with the 2015 local elections, elections for governors and mayors have occurred on the same date. In 2014, the Constitutional Court ruled that legislative and presidential elections would be held simultaneously, starting in 2019. Administrative divisions Main article: Subdivisions of Indonesia Indonesia has several levels of subdivisions. The first level are the provinces, which have a legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected governor. A total of 38 provinces have been established from the original eight in 1945, the most recent change being the split of Southwest Papua from the province of West Papua in 2022. The second level are the regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), led by regents (bupati) and mayors (walikota) respectively and a legislature (DPRD Kabupaten/Kota). The third level are the districts (kecamatan, distrik in Papua, or kapanewon and kemantren in Yogyakarta), and the fourth are the villages (either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh). The village is the lowest level of government administration. It is divided into several community groups (rukun warga, RW), which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT). In Java, the village (desa) is divided into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), which are the same as RW. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, regencies and cities have become chief administrative units responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles village or neighbourhood matters through an elected village head (lurah or kepala desa). Nine provinces—Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua and West Papua—are granted a special autonomous status (otonomi khusus) from the central government. Aceh, a conservative Islamic territory, has the right to create some aspects of an independent legal system implementing sharia. Jakarta is the only city with a provincial government due to its position as the capital of Indonesia. Yogyakarta is the only pre-colonial monarchy legally recognised within Indonesia, with the positions of governor and vice governor being prioritised for the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta and Duke of Pakualaman, respectively. The six Papuan provinces are the only ones where the indigenous people have privileges in their local government. This section is transcluded from Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map. (edit \| history) Aceh NorthSumatra WestSumatra Riau RiauIslands BangkaBelitung Jambi SouthSumatra Bengkulu Lampung Banten Jakarta↓ WestJava CentralJava ↑Yogyakarta EastJava Bali WestNusaTenggara East NusaTenggara WestKalimantan CentralKalimantan NorthKalimantan EastKalimantan SouthKalimantan NorthSulawesi NorthMaluku CentralSulawesi Gorontalo↓ WestSulawesi SouthSulawesi SoutheastSulawesi Maluku SouthwestPapua WestPapua CentralPapua Papua HighlandPapua SouthPapua Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Indonesia Indonesia serves as the seat of ASEAN Headquarters and capital city Jakarta serves as the organization's diplomatic capital Indonesia maintains 132 diplomatic missions abroad, including 95 embassies. The country adheres to what it calls a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking a role in regional affairs in proportion to its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among other countries. Indonesia was a significant battleground during the Cold War. Numerous attempts by the United States and the Soviet Union, and China to some degree, culminated in the 1965 coup attempt and subsequent upheaval that led to a reorientation of foreign policy. Quiet alignment with the Western world while maintaining a non-aligned stance has characterised Indonesia's foreign policy since then. Today, it maintains close relations with its neighbours and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the East Asia Summit. In common with most of the Muslim world, Indonesia does not have diplomatic relations with Israel and has actively supported Palestine. However, observers have pointed out that Indonesia has ties with Israel, albeit discreetly. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Indonesia is a signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and a former member of OPEC. Indonesia has been a humanitarian and development aid recipient since 1967, and recently, the country established its first overseas aid programme in late 2019. Military Main articles: Indonesian National Armed Forces and Military history of Indonesia Indonesian Armed Forces. Clockwise from top: Indonesian Army during training session; Sukhoi Su-30; Pindad Anoa; and Indonesian naval vessel KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda (367) Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNI–AU). The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defence spending in the national budget was 0.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018, with controversial involvement of military-owned commercial interests and foundations. The Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution when it undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. Since then, territorial lines have formed the basis of all TNI branches' structure, aimed at maintaining domestic stability and deterring foreign threats. The military has possessed a strong political influence since its founding, which peaked during the New Order. Political reforms in 1998 included the removal of the TNI's formal representation from the legislature. Nevertheless, its political influence remains, albeit at a reduced level. Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements. Some, notably in Aceh and Papua, have led to an armed conflict and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides. The former was resolved peacefully in 2005, while the latter has continued amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses as of 2006. Other engagements of the army include the conflict against the Netherlands over the Dutch New Guinea, the opposition to the British-sponsored creation of Malaysia ("Konfrontasi"), the mass killings of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), and the invasion of East Timor, which remains Indonesia's most massive military operation. Economy Main articles: Economy of Indonesia and Economic history of Indonesia See also: Agriculture in Indonesia Vast palm oil plantation in Bogor Regency, West Java. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil. Industrial area in Batam Indonesia has a mixed economy in which the private sector and government play vital roles. As the only G20 member state in Southeast Asia, the country has the largest economy in the region and is classified as a newly industrialised country. Per a 2023 estimate, it is the world's 16th largest economy by nominal GDP and 7th in terms of GDP at PPP, estimated to be US$1.417 trillion and US$4.393 trillion, respectively. Per capita GDP in PPP is US$15,835, while nominal per capita GDP is US$5,108. Services are the economy's largest sector and account for 43.4% of GDP (2018), followed by industry (39.7%) and agriculture (12.8%). Since 2009, it has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 47.7% of the total labour force, followed by agriculture (30.2%) and industry (21.9%). Over time, the structure of the economy has changed considerably. Historically, it has been weighted heavily towards agriculture, reflecting both its stage of economic development and government policies in the 1950s and 1960s to promote agricultural self-sufficiency. A gradual process of industrialisation and urbanisation began in the late 1960s and accelerated in the 1980s as falling oil prices saw the government focus on diversifying away from oil exports and towards manufactured exports. This development continued throughout the 1980s and into the next decade despite the 1990 oil price shock, during which the GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1%. As a result, the official poverty rate fell from 60% to 15%. Trade barriers reduction from the mid-1980s made the economy more globally integrated. The growth ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis that severely impacted the economy, including a 13.1% real GDP contraction in 1998 and a 78% inflation. The economy reached its low point in mid-1999 with only 0.8% real GDP growth. Relatively steady inflation and an increase in GDP deflator and the Consumer Price Index have contributed to strong economic growth in recent years. From 2007 to 2019, annual growth accelerated to between 4% and 6% due to improvements in the banking sector and domestic consumption, helping Indonesia weather the 2008–2009 Great Recession, and regain in 2011 the investment grade rating it had lost in 1997. As of 2019, 9.41% of the population lived below the poverty line, and the official open unemployment rate was 5.28%. During the first year of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the economy suffered its first recession since the 1997 crisis but recovered in the following year. Indonesia has abundant natural resources. Its primary industries are fishing, petroleum, timber, paper products, cotton cloth, tourism, petroleum mining, natural gas, bauxite, coal and tin. Its main agricultural products are rice, coconuts, soybeans, bananas, coffee, tea, palm, rubber, and sugar cane. These commodities make up a large portion of the country's exports, with palm oil and coal briquettes as the leading export commodities. In addition to refined and crude petroleum as the primary imports, telephones, vehicle parts and wheat cover the majority of additional imports. China, the United States, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand are Indonesia's principal export markets and import partners. Transport Main article: Transport in Indonesia Transport modes in Indonesia. Clockwise from top: DAMRI bus; KAI train; Garuda Indonesia airliner; and Pelni ship Indonesia's transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an archipelago and the distribution of its 275 million people highly concentrated on Java. All transport modes play a role in the country's transport system and are generally complementary rather than competitive. In 2016, the transport sector generated about 5.2% of GDP. The road transport system is predominant, with a total length of 542,310 kilometres (336,980 miles) as of 2018. Jakarta has the most extended bus rapid transit system globally, boasting 251.2 kilometres (156.1 miles) in 13 corridors and ten cross-corridor routes. Rickshaws such as bajaj and becak and share taxis such as Angkot and Minibus are a regular sight in the country. Whoosh is the first high-speed rail in Southeast Asia and the Southern Hemisphere Most railways are in Java, and partly Sumatra and Sulawesi, used for freight and passenger transport, such as local commuter rail services (mainly in Greater Jakarta and Yogyakarta–Solo) complementing the inter-city rail network in several cities. In the late 2010s, Jakarta and Palembang were the first cities in Indonesia to have rapid transit systems, with more planned for other cities in the future. In 2023, a high-speed rail called Whoosh connecting the cities of Jakarta and Bandung commenced operations, a first for Southeast Asia and the Southern Hemisphere. Indonesia's largest airport, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, is among the busiest in the Southern Hemisphere, serving 49 million passengers in 2023. Ngurah Rai International Airport and Juanda International Airport are the country's second-and third-busiest airport, respectively. Garuda Indonesia, the country's flag carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and a member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam. The Port of Tanjung Priok is the busiest and most advanced Indonesian port, handling more than 50% of Indonesia's trans-shipment cargo traffic. Energy Main article: Energy in Indonesia Sidrap wind farm, Indonesia's first wind power plant, in Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi In 2019, Indonesia produced 4,999 terawatt-hours (17.059 quadrillion British thermal units) and consumed 2,357 terawatt-hours (8.043 quadrillion British thermal units) worth of energy. The country has substantial energy resources, including 22 billion barrels (3.5 billion cubic metres) of conventional oil and gas reserves (of which about 4 billion barrels are recoverable), 8 billion barrels of oil-equivalent of coal-based methane (CBM) resources, and 28 billion tonnes of recoverable coal. In late 2020, Indonesia's total national installed power generation capacity stands at 72,750.72 MW. Although reliance on domestic coal and imported oil has increased between 2010 and 2019, Indonesia has seen progress in renewable energy, with hydropower and geothermal being the most abundant sources that account for more than 8% in the country's energy mix. A prime example of the former is the country's largest dam, Jatiluhur, which has an installed capacity of 186.5 MW that feeds into the Java grid managed by the State Electricity Company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN). Furthermore, Indonesia has the potential for solar, wind, biomass and ocean energy, although as of 2021, power generation from these sources remain small. Science and technology Main article: Science and technology in Indonesia Palapa satellite launch in 1984 Government expenditure on research and development is relatively low (0.3% of GDP in 2019), and Indonesia only ranked 61st on the 2023 Global Innovation Index report. Historical examples of scientific and technological developments include the paddy cultivation technique terasering, which is common in Southeast Asia, and the pinisi boats by the Bugis and Makassar people. In the 1980s, Indonesian engineer Tjokorda Raka Sukawati invented a road construction technique named Sosrobahu that later became widely used in several countries. The country is also an active producer of passenger trains and freight wagons with its state-owned company, the Indonesian Railway Industry (INKA), and has exported trains abroad. Indonesia has a long history of developing military and small commuter aircraft. It is the only country in Southeast Asia to build and produce aircraft. The state-owned Indonesian Aerospace company (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) has provided components for Boeing and Airbus. The company also collaborated with EADS CASA of Spain to develop the CN-235, which has been used by several countries. Former President B. J. Habibie played a vital role in this achievement. Indonesia has also joined the South Korean programme to manufacture the 4.5-generation fighter jet KAI KF-21 Boramae. Indonesia has a space programme and space agency, the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN). In the 1970s, Indonesia became the first developing country to operate a satellite system called Palapa, a series of communication satellites owned by Indosat. The first satellite, PALAPA A1, was launched on 8 July 1976 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States. As of 2024, Indonesia has launched 19 satellites for various purposes. In May 2024, Indonesia granted licensure to satellite internet provider Starlink aimed at bringing Internet connectivity to the rural and underserved regions of Indonesia. Tourism Main article: Tourism in IndonesiaBorobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia Tourism contributed around US$9.8 billion to GDP in 2020, and in the previous year, Indonesia received 15.4 million visitors. Overall, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and Japan are the top five sources of visitors to Indonesia. Since 2011, Wonderful Indonesia has been the country's international marketing campaign slogan to promote tourism. Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to Conservation International Nature and culture are prime attractions of Indonesian tourism. The country has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rainforests stretching over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres). Forests on Sumatra and Kalimantan are examples of popular destinations, such as the Orangutan wildlife reserve. Moreover, Indonesia has one of the world's longest coastlines, measuring 54,716 kilometres (33,999 mi). The ancient Borobudur and Prambanan temples, as well as Toraja and Bali with their traditional festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism. Indonesia has ten UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Komodo National Park and the Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks; and a further 18 in a tentative list that includes Bunaken National Park and Raja Ampat Islands. Other attractions include specific points in Indonesian history, such as the colonial heritage of the Dutch East Indies in the old towns of Jakarta and Semarang and the royal palaces of Pagaruyung and Ubud. Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Indonesia and Indonesians See also: List of Indonesian cities by population and List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia Indonesia's ten metropolitan areas labeled with their populations The 2020 census recorded Indonesia's population as 270.2 million, the fourth largest in the world, with a moderately high population growth rate of 1.25%. Java is the world's most populous island, where 56% of the country's population lives. The population density is 141 people per square kilometre (370 people/sq mi), ranking 88th in the world, although Java has a population density of 1,067 people per square kilometre (2,760 people/sq mi). In 1961, the first post-colonial census recorded a total of 97 million people. It is expected to grow to around 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by 2050. The country currently possesses a relatively young population, with a median age of 30.2 years (2017 estimate). The spread of the population is uneven throughout the archipelago, with a varying habitats and levels of development, ranging from the megacity of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in Papua. As of 2017, about 54.7% of the population lives in urban areas. Jakarta is the country's primate city and the second-most populous urban area globally, with over 34 million residents. About 8 million Indonesians live overseas; most settled in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore, Hong Kong, the United States, and Australia. vte Largest cities in Indonesia2023 BPS estimate Rank Name Province Municipal pop. Rank Name Province Municipal pop. JakartaSurabaya 1 Jakarta Special Capital Region of Jakarta 11,350,328 11 South Tangerang Banten 1,404,785 BekasiBandung 2 Surabaya East Java 3,009,286 12 Batam Riau Islands 1,269,820 3 Bekasi West Java 2,627,207 13 Bandar Lampung Lampung 1,209,937 4 Bandung West Java 2,506,603 14 Bogor West Java 1,127,408 5 Medan North Sumatra 2,494,512 15 Pekanbaru Riau 1,007,540 6 Depok West Java 2,145,400 16 Padang West Sumatra 919,145 7 Tangerang Banten 1,912,679 17 Malang East Java 847,182 8 Palembang South Sumatra 1,729,546 18 Samarinda East Kalimantan 834,824 9 Semarang Central Java 1,694,740 19 Tasikmalaya West Java 741,760 10 Makassar South Sulawesi 1,474,393 20 Denpasar Bali 726,808 Ethnic groups and languages Main articles: Ethnic groups in Indonesia, Native Indonesians, and Languages of Indonesia A map of ethnic groups in Indonesia Indonesia is an ethnically diverse country, with around 1,300 distinct native ethnic groups. Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian peoples whose languages had origins in Proto-Austronesian, which possibly originated in what is now Taiwan. Another major grouping is the Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea and the eastern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands). The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, constituting 40.2% of the population, and are politically dominant. They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of Java and also in sizeable numbers in most provinces. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by Malay, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis people. A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities. The country's official language is Indonesian, a variant of Malay based on its prestige dialect, which had been the archipelago's lingua franca for centuries. It was promoted by nationalists in the 1920s and achieved official status in 1945 under the name Bahasa Indonesia. Due to centuries-long contact with other languages, it is rich in local and foreign influences. Nearly every Indonesian speaks the language due to its widespread use in education, academics, communications, business, politics, and mass media. Most Indonesians also speak at least one of more than 700 local languages, often as their first language. Most belong to the Austronesian language family, while over 270 Papuan languages are spoken in eastern Indonesia. Of these, Javanese is the most widely spoken and has co-official status in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In 1930, Dutch and other Europeans (Totok), Eurasians, and derivative people like the Indos, numbered 240,000 or 0.4% of the total population. Historically, they constituted only a tiny fraction of the native population and remain so today. Also, the Dutch language never had a substantial number of speakers or official status despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years. The small minorities that can speak it or Dutch-based creole languages fluently are the aforementioned ethnic groups and descendants of Dutch colonisers. This reflected the Dutch colonial empire's primary purpose, which was commercial exchange as opposed to sovereignty over homogeneous landmasses. Today, there is some degree of fluency by either educated members of the oldest generation or legal professionals, as specific law codes are still only available in Dutch. Religion Main article: Religion in Indonesia Buddhist monks performing Pradakshina ritual at Borobudur temple, Central Java Although the government officially recognises only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and indigenous religions for administrative purpose, religious freedom is guaranteed in the country's constitution. With 231 million adherents (86.7%) in 2018, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, with Sunnis being the majority (99%). The Shias and Ahmadis, respectively, constitute 1% (1–3 million) and 0.2% (200,000–400,000) of Muslims. About 10% of Indonesians are Christians, who form the majority in several provinces in eastern Indonesia. Most Hindus are Balinese, and most Buddhists are Chinese Indonesians. A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only Indonesian province where Hinduism is the predominant religion The natives of the Indonesian archipelago originally practised indigenous animism and dynamism, beliefs that are common to Austronesian peoples. They worshipped and revered ancestral spirits and believed that supernatural spirits (hyang) might inhabit certain places such as large trees, stones, forests, mountains, or sacred sites. Examples of Indonesian native belief systems include the Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Dayak's Kaharingan, and the Javanese Kejawèn. They have significantly impacted how other faiths are practised, evidenced by a large proportion of people—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practising a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion. Hindu influences reached the archipelago as early as the first century CE. The Sundanese Kingdom of Salakanagara in western Java around 130 was the first historically recorded Indianised kingdom in the archipelago. Buddhism arrived around the 6th century, and its history in Indonesia is closely related to that of Hinduism, as some empires based on Buddhism had their roots around the same period. The archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of powerful and influential Hindu and Buddhist empires such as Majapahit, Sailendra, Srivijaya, and Mataram. Though no longer a majority, Hinduism and Buddhism remain to have a substantial influence on Indonesian culture. Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the region Islam was introduced by Sunni traders of the Shafi'i school as well as Sufi traders from the Indian subcontinent and southern Arabia as early as the 8th century CE. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, resulting in a distinct form of Islam (santri). Trade, Islamic missionary activity such as by the Wali Sanga and Chinese explorer Zheng He, and military campaigns by several sultanates helped accelerate the spread of Islam. By the end of the 16th century, it had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion of Java and Sumatra. "Semana Santa" festival in Larantuka, East Nusa Tenggara, a Catholic ritual during Holy Week Catholicism was brought by Portuguese traders and missionaries such as Jesuit Francis Xavier, who visited and baptised several thousand locals. Its spread faced difficulty due to the Dutch East India Company policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the Eighty Years' War against Catholic Spain's rule. Protestantism is mostly a result of Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the Dutch colonial era. Although they are the most common branch, there is a multitude of other denominations elsewhere in the country. There is a small Jewish presence in the archipelago, mostly the descendants of Dutch and Iraqi Jews, and some local converts. Most of them left in the decades after Indonesian independence, with only a tiny number of Jews remain today mostly in Jakarta, Manado, and Surabaya. Judaism was once officially listed as Hebrani under the Sukarno government but ceased to be recorded separately like other religions with few adherents since 1965. Presently, one of the only remaining Synagogue in Indonesia is Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue located in Tondano, North Sulawesi, around 31 km from Manado. At the national and local level, Indonesia's political leadership and civil society groups have played a crucial role in interfaith relations, both positively and negatively. The invocation of the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila (i.e. the belief in the one and only God), often serves as a reminder of religious tolerance, though instances of intolerance have occurred. An overwhelming majority of Indonesians consider religion to be essential and an integral part of life. Education Main article: Education in Indonesia University of Indonesia is one of Indonesia's top universities Education is compulsory for 12 years. Parents can choose between state-run, non-sectarian schools or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools, supervised by the ministries of Education and Religion, respectively. Private international schools that do not follow the national curriculum are also available. The enrolment rate is 93% for primary education, 79% for secondary education, and 36% for tertiary education (2018). The literacy rate is 96% (2018), and the government spends about 3.6% of GDP (2015) on education. In 2018, there were 4,670 higher educational institutions in Indonesia, with most (74%) located in Sumatra and Java. According to the QS World University Rankings, Indonesia's top universities are the University of Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University and the Bandung Institute of Technology. Healthcare Main article: Health in Indonesia Siloam Hospitals Lippo Cikarang Government expenditure on healthcare was about 3.3% of GDP in 2016. As part of an attempt to achieve universal health care, the government launched the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN) in 2014. It includes coverage for a range of services from the public and also private firms that have opted to join the scheme. Despite remarkable improvements in recent decades, such as rising life expectancy (from 62.3 years in 1990 to 71.7 years in 2019) and declining child mortality (from 84 deaths per 1,000 births in 1990 to 23.9 deaths in 2019), challenges remain, including maternal and child health, low air quality, malnutrition, high rate of smoking, and infectious diseases. Issues Main articles: Human rights in Indonesia, Organised crime in Indonesia, and Papua conflict Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998 In the economic sphere, there is a gap in wealth, unemployment rate, and health between densely populated islands and economic centres (such as Sumatra and Java) and sparsely populated, disadvantaged areas (such as Maluku and Papua). This is created by a situation in which nearly 80% of Indonesia's population lives in the western parts of the archipelago and yet grows slower than the rest of the country. In the social arena, numerous cases of racism and discrimination, especially against Chinese Indonesians and Papuans, have been well documented throughout Indonesia's history. Such cases have sometimes led to violent conflicts, most notably the May 1998 riots and the Papua conflict, which has continued since 1962. LGBT people also regularly face challenges. Although LGBT issues have been relatively obscure, the 2010s (especially after 2016) has seen a rapid surge of anti-LGBT rhetoric, putting LGBT Indonesians into a frequent subject of intimidation, discrimination, and even violence. In addition, Indonesia has been reported to have sizeable numbers of child and forced labourers, with the former being prevalent in the palm oil and tobacco industries, while the latter in the fishing industry. Culture Main article: Culture of Indonesia See also: National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia and Public holidays in Indonesia The cultural history of the Indonesian archipelago spans more than two millennia. Influences from the Indian subcontinent, mainland China, the Middle East, Europe, Melanesian and Austronesian peoples have historically shaped the cultural, linguistic and religious makeup of the archipelago. As a result, modern-day Indonesia has a multicultural, multilingual and multi-ethnic society, with a complex cultural mixture that differs significantly from the original indigenous cultures. Indonesia currently holds thirteen items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, including a wayang puppet theatre, kris, batik, pencak silat, angklung, gamelan, and the three genres of traditional Balinese dance. Art and architecture Main articles: Indonesian art and Architecture of Indonesia Further information: Indonesian painting View of Dieng Plateau (1872) by Raden SalehSix Horsemen Chasing Deer (1860) by Raden SalehTongkonan, a traditional Torajan vernacular houseGedung Sate building in Bandung, an example of indigenous and foreign mix architectureBugis house, South SulawesiPagaruyung Palace, a Minangkabau architecture from West Sumatra Indonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries and recently developed contemporary art. Despite often displaying local ingenuity, Indonesian arts have absorbed foreign influences—most notably from India, the Arab world, China and Europe, due to contacts and interactions facilitated, and often motivated by trade. Painting is an established and developed art in Bali, where its people are famed for their artistry. Their painting tradition started as classical Kamasan or Wayang style visual narrative, derived from visual art discovered on candi bas reliefs in eastern Java. There have been numerous discoveries of megalithic sculptures in Indonesia. Subsequently, tribal art has flourished within the culture of Nias, Batak, Asmat, Dayak and Toraja. Wood and stone are common materials used as the media for sculpting among these tribes. Between the 8th and 15th centuries, the Javanese civilisation developed refined stone sculpting art and architecture influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist Dharmic civilisation. The temples of Borobudur and Prambanan are among the most famous examples of the practice. As with the arts, Indonesian architecture has absorbed foreign influences that have brought cultural changes and profound effects on building styles and techniques. The most dominant has traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also been significant. Traditional carpentry, masonry, stone and woodwork techniques and decorations have thrived in vernacular architecture, with numbers of traditional houses' (rumah adat) styles that have been developed. The traditional houses and settlements vary by ethnic group, and each has a specific custom and history. Examples include Toraja's Tongkonan, Minangkabau's Rumah Gadang and Rangkiang, Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof, Dayak's longhouses, various Malay houses, Balinese houses and temples, and also different forms of rice barns (lumbung). Music, dance and clothing Main articles: Music of Indonesia, Dance in Indonesia, and National costume of Indonesia Indonesian music and dance. From top, left to right: Javanese Gamelan player; Angklung; Balinese Pendet dance; Sundanese Jaipongan Mojang Priangan dance; Acehnese Saman dance; Minangkabau Candle dance Cotton wikkelrok with batik geometric pattern The music of Indonesia predates historical records. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied by musical instruments in their rituals. Angklung, kacapi suling, gong, gamelan, talempong, kulintang, and sasando are examples of traditional Indonesian instruments. The diverse world of Indonesian music genres results from the musical creativity of its people and subsequent cultural encounters with foreign influences. These include gambus and qasida from the Middle East, keroncong from Portugal, and dangdut—one of Indonesia's most popular music genres—with notable Hindi influence as well as Malay orchestras. Today, the Indonesian music industry enjoys both nationwide and regional popularity in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, due to the common culture and mutual intelligibility between Indonesian and Malay. A typical Minangkabau songket, the pattern in the lower third representing bamboo sprouts Indonesian dances have a diverse history, with more than 3,000 original dances. Scholars believe that they had their beginning in rituals and religious worship. Examples include war dances, a dance of witch doctors, and a dance to call for rain or any agricultural rituals such as Hudoq. Indonesian dances derive their influences from the archipelago's prehistoric and tribal, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic periods. Recently, modern dances and urban teen dances have gained popularity due to the influence of Western culture and those of Japan and South Korea to some extent. However, various traditional dances, including those of Java, Bali and Dayak, remain a living and dynamic tradition. Indonesia has various clothing styles due to its long and rich cultural history. The national costume originates from the country's indigenous culture and traditional textile traditions. The Javanese Batik and Kebaya are arguably Indonesia's most recognised national costumes, though they have Sundanese and Balinese origins as well. Each province has a representation of traditional attire and dress, such as Ulos of Batak from North Sumatra; Songket of Malay and Minangkabau from Sumatra; and Ikat of Sasak from Lombok. People wear national and regional costumes during traditional weddings, formal ceremonies, music performances, government and official occasions, and they vary from traditional to modern attire. Theatre and cinema Main articles: Theatre of Indonesia and Cinema of Indonesia Further information: List of highest-grossing films in Indonesia The Pandavas and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performance Wayang, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese shadow puppet theatre displays several legends from Hindu mythology such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Other forms of local drama include the Javanese Ludruk and Ketoprak, the Sundanese Sandiwara, Betawi Lenong, and various Balinese dance dramas. They incorporate humour and jest and often involve audiences in their performances. Some theatre traditions also include music, dancing and silat martial art, such as Randai from the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra. It is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals and based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story. Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are famous as it often portrays social and political satire of Indonesian society. Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies The first film produced in the archipelago was Loetoeng Kasaroeng, a silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. The film industry expanded after independence, with six films made in 1949 rising to 58 in 1955. Usmar Ismail, who made significant imprints in the 1950s and 1960s, is generally considered the pioneer of Indonesian films. The latter part of the Sukarno era saw the use of cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western purposes, and foreign films were subsequently banned, while the New Order used a censorship code that aimed to maintain social order. Production of films peaked during the 1980s, although it declined significantly in the next decade. Notable films in this period include Pengabdi Setan (1980), Nagabonar (1987), Tjoet Nja' Dhien (1988), Catatan Si Boy (1989), and Warkop's comedy films. Independent film making was a rebirth of the film industry since 1998, when films started addressing previously banned topics, such as religion, race, and love. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of films released each year steadily increased. Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana were among the new generation of filmmakers who co-directed Kuldesak (1999), Petualangan Sherina (2000), Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002), and Laskar Pelangi (2008). In 2022, KKN di Desa Penari smashed box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with 9.2 million tickets sold. Indonesia has held annual film festivals and awards, including the Indonesian Film Festival (Festival Film Indonesia) held intermittently since 1955. It hands out the Citra Award, the film industry's most prestigious award. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued until its revival in 2004. Mass media and literature Main articles: Mass media in Indonesia and Indonesian literature Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF Championship Media freedom increased considerably after the fall of the New Order, during which the Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media and restricted foreign media. The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1989. By the early 21st century, the improved communications system had brought television signals to every village, and people can choose from up to 11 channels. Private radio stations carry news bulletins while foreign broadcasters supply programmes. The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998. Like other developing countries, Indonesia began developing Internet in the early 1990s. Its first commercial Internet service provider, PT. Indo Internet began operation in Jakarta in 1994. The country had 171 million Internet users in 2018, with a penetration rate that keeps increasing annually. Most are between the ages of 15 and 19 and depend primarily on mobile phones for access, outnumbering laptops and computers. Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature The oldest evidence of writing in the Indonesian archipelago is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Many of Indonesia's peoples have firmly rooted oral traditions, which help define and preserve their cultural identities. In written poetry and prose, several traditional forms dominate, mainly syair, pantun, gurindam, hikayat and babad. Examples of these forms include Syair Abdul Muluk, Hikayat Hang Tuah, Sulalatus Salatin, and Babad Tanah Jawi. Early modern Indonesian literature originates in the Sumatran tradition. Literature and poetry flourished during the decades leading up to and after independence. Balai Pustaka, the government bureau for popular literature, was instituted in 1917 to promote the development of indigenous literature. Many scholars consider the 1950s and 1960s to be the Golden Age of Indonesian Literature. The style and characteristics of modern Indonesian literature vary according to the dynamics of the country's political and social landscape, most notably the war of independence in the second half of the 1940s and the anti-communist mass killings in the mid-1960s. Notable literary figures of the modern era include Hamka, Chairil Anwar, Mohammad Yamin, Merari Siregar, Marah Roesli, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and Ayu Utami. Cuisine Main article: Indonesian cuisine Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetables Indonesian cuisine is one of the world's most diverse, vibrant, and colourful, full of intense flavour. Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Chinese, African, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents. Rice is the leading staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chilli), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients. Some popular dishes such as nasi goreng, gado-gado, sate, and soto are ubiquitous and considered national dishes. The Ministry of Tourism, however, chose tumpeng as the official national dish in 2014, describing it as binding the diversity of various culinary traditions. Other popular dishes include rendang, one of the many Minangkabau cuisines along with dendeng and gulai. Another fermented food is oncom, similar in some ways to tempeh but uses a variety of bases (not only soy), created by different fungi, and is prevalent in West Java. Sports Main articles: Sport in Indonesia and Indonesian martial arts A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial artsBadminton and football are the most popular sports in Indonesia. Indonesia is among the few countries that have won the Thomas and Uber Cup, the world team championship of men's and women's badminton. Along with weightlifting, it is the sport that contributes the most to Indonesia's Olympic medal tally. Liga 1 is the country's premier football club league. On the international stage, Indonesia was the first Asian team to participate in the FIFA World Cup in 1938 as the Dutch East Indies. On a regional level, Indonesia won a bronze medal at the 1958 Asian Games as well as three gold medals at the 1987, 1991 and 2023 Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games). Indonesia's first appearance at the AFC Asian Cup was in 1996. Other popular sports include boxing and basketball, which were part of the first National Games (Pekan Olahraga Nasional, PON) in 1948. Sepak takraw and karapan sapi (bull racing) in Madura are some examples of Indonesia's traditional sports. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art that, in 2018, became one of the sporting events in the Asian Games, with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading competitors. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is one of the top sports powerhouses, topping the SEA Games medal table ten times since 1977, most recently in 2011. 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Category Asia portal vteAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)Politics Charter Customs union Founding document Organisations Secretary General Treaty of Amity and Cooperation Visa policies Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Hymn MembersMembership Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Observers East Timor status Papua New Guinea status EventsSummits ASEAN Summit 2017 East Asia Summit ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit Others ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Regional Forum Asia–Europe Meeting Sports SEA Games University Games School Games Para Games Football Federation Football Championship Armies Rifle Meet Economy Asian Monetary Unit Chiang Mai Initiative Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN–China Free Trade Area ASEAN–India Free Trade Area ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program Initiatives Centre for Biodiversity Disaster Relief Exercise Smart Cities Network Commissions Human Rights ASEAN Human Rights Declaration Rights of Women Others Common Time 'ASEAN Rise' EU relations Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award Lists Countries by GDP Subdivisions by GDP Countries by HDI Cities by population List of largest banks in Southeast Asia Rankings of universities in South East Asia Rankings of Southeast Asia Startups vteG20 major economies African Union Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Mexico Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Turkey United Kingdom United States vteOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Hissein Brahim Taha Member statesMembers Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Pakistan-OIC relations Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen Suspended Syria ObserversCountriesand territories Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Northern Cyprus1 Russia Thailand Muslimcommunities Moro National Liberation Front Internationalorganizations Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations HistoryDeclarations Abuja Declaration (1989) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010) SessionsExtraordinary First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Arab–Islamic (2023) Demographics Economy GDP GDP per capita Exports Imports Population Largest cities Education 1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State". vteAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)Nations Australia Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong¹ Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States Vietnam Summits 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Sculpture Garden APEC Youth Science Festival 1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" vteNon-Aligned MovementMembers and the NAM Cyprus ‡ Egypt Ghana India Malta ‡ Sri Lanka Tanzania Yugoslavia ‡ StructureOrganizations NAM News Network (News Agencies Pool) "Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries Principles Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Summits Bandung Conference Brioni Meeting 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 16th 18th 19th Founders Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia) Sukarno (Indonesia) Jawaharlal Nehru (India) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) People Houari Boumediene Fidel Castro Nelson Mandela Mohamed Morsi Nicolás Maduro Sirimavo Bandaranaike ‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement vtePacific Islands Forum (PIF)Members Australia Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Palau Papua New Guinea New Caledonia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associate members Tokelau Observers American Samoa East Timor Guam Northern Mariana Islands Wallis and Futuna Observer Organisations ACP Secretariat Asian Development Bank Commonwealth Secretariat International Organization for Migration United Nations Secretariat Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) World Bank Dialogue partners Canada Chile China Cuba European Union France Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Malaysia Norway Philippines Singapore South Korea Spain Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Meetings 45th 51st Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Vatican Geographic MusicBrainz area People UK Parliament Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi 5°S 120°E / 5°S 120°E / -5; 120	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Indonesia 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area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area"},{"link_name":"fourth-most-populous country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population"},{"link_name":"Muslim-majority country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country"},{"link_name":"most populous island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"38 provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"special autonomous status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"second-most-populous urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities"},{"link_name":"land borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"eastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"maritime borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_border"},{"link_name":"world's highest levels of biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries"},{"link_name":"Indonesian archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusantara_(term)"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Majapahit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Age of Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Dutch colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies#History"},{"link_name":"its independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"democratisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"distinct native ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika"},{"link_name":"national language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"economy of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"16th-largest by nominal GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"7th-largest by PPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)"},{"link_name":"regional power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power"},{"link_name":"middle power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"G20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20"},{"link_name":"Non-Aligned Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"Association of Southeast Asian Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"East Asia Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit"},{"link_name":"D-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"APEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"}],"text":"Country in Southeast Asia and OceaniaThis article is about the country. For other uses, see Indonesia (disambiguation).Indonesia,[b] officially the Republic of Indonesia,[c] is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 279 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special autonomous status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most-populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity.The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century when the Srivijaya and later Majapahit Kingdoms engaged in commerce with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Over the centuries, local rulers assimilated foreign influences, leading to the flourishing of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic growth.Indonesia consists of thousands of distinct native ethnic and hundreds of linguistic groups, with Javanese being the largest. A shared identity has developed with the motto \"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika\" (\"Unity in Diversity\" literally, \"many, yet one\"), defined by a national language, cultural diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. The economy of Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. It is the world's third-largest democracy, a regional power, and is considered a middle power in global affairs. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, D-8, APEC, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Names of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Indos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Indo-"},{"link_name":"nesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%E1%BF%86%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EcoSeas1-15"},{"link_name":"George Windsor Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Windsor_Earl"},{"link_name":"ethnologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"Malay Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarl1850119-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indoety-17"},{"link_name":"James Richardson Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Richardson_Logan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarl1850254,_277%E2%80%93278-19"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Netherlands East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroef-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroef-20"},{"link_name":"Adolf Bastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Bastian"},{"link_name":"Ki Hajar Dewantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indoety-17"}],"text":"Further information: Names of IndonesiaThe name Indonesia derives from the Greek words Indos (Ἰνδός) and nesos (νῆσος), meaning \"Indian islands\".[12] The name dates back to the 19th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the \"Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago\".[13][14] In the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.[15][16] Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. They preferred Malay Archipelago (Dutch: Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde.[17]After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[17] Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first native scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara when in 1913, he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau.[14]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borobudur_ship.JPG"},{"link_name":"Borobudur ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur_ship"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Homo erectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus"},{"link_name":"Java Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Man"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Melanesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20035%E2%80%937-26"},{"link_name":"wet-field rice cultivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20038%E2%80%939-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200315%E2%80%9318-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20033,_9%E2%80%9311,_13%E2%80%9315,_18%E2%80%9320,_22%E2%80%9323-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200518%E2%80%9320,_60,_133%E2%80%93134-30"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200322%E2%80%9326-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs19913-32"},{"link_name":"Sailendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra"},{"link_name":"Mataram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"link_name":"Prambanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambanan"},{"link_name":"Majapahit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit"},{"link_name":"Gajah Mada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_Mada"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The earliest evidence of Islamized populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs19913%E2%80%9314-34"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199112%E2%80%9314-35"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur temple, c. 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa and Madagascar as early as the 1st century CE[18]Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the \"Java Man\", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.[19][20][21] Homo sapiens reached the region around 43,000 BCE.[22] Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from what is now Taiwan. They arrived in the archipelago around 2,000 BCE and confined the native Melanesians to the far eastern regions as they spread east.[23]Ideal agricultural conditions and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the eighth century BCE[24] allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. The archipelago's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including with Indian kingdoms and Chinese dynasties, from several centuries BCE.[25] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.[26][27]From the seventh century CE, the Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished due to trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism.[28][29] Between the eighth and tenth centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia. This period is often referred to as the \"Golden Age\" in Indonesian history.[30]The earliest evidence of Islamized populations in the archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra.[31] Other parts of the archipelago gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Diponegoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diponegoro"},{"link_name":"General De Kock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Merkus_de_Kock"},{"link_name":"Java War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_War"},{"link_name":"Francisco Serrão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"sought to monopolise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"cloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves"},{"link_name":"cubeb pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_cubeba"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199122%E2%80%9324-36"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199124-37"},{"link_name":"colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Colonial_era"},{"link_name":"Prince Diponegoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Diponegoro"},{"link_name":"Imam Bonjol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Bonjol"},{"link_name":"Pattimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattimura"},{"link_name":"Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Aceh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_War"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz19943%E2%80%934-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991142-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200321-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200321-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199161%E2%80%93147-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003209%E2%80%93278-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200510%E2%80%9314-43"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources\|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (October_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence"},{"link_name":"Sutan Sjahrir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003325-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidien1945-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003325-48"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"recognised Indonesian independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200335-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidien1945-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200321,_23-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991211%E2%80%93213-53"}],"sub_title":"Colonial era","text":"The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830The first Europeans arrived in the archipelago in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in the Maluku Islands.[33] Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) and became the dominant European power for almost 200 years. The VOC was dissolved in 1799 following bankruptcy, and the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony.[34]For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous. Dutch forces were engaged continuously in quelling rebellions on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as Prince Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra, Pattimura in Maluku, and the bloody thirty-year Aceh War weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces.[35][36][37] Only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.[37][38][39][40]During World War II, the Japanese invasion and occupation ended Dutch rule[41][42][43] and encouraged the independence movement.[44] Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, influential nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta issued the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. Sukarno, Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir, were appointed president, vice-president and prime minister, respectively.[45][46][47][45] The Netherlands attempted to re-establish their rule, beginning the Indonesian National Revolution which ended in December 1949 when the Dutch recognised Indonesian independence in the face of international pressure.[48][47] Despite extraordinary political, social, and sectarian divisions, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.[49][50]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"the military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991237%E2%80%93280-54"},{"link_name":"an attempted coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September_Movement"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"violent anti-communist purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin20181-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson20183-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevins2020168,_185-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003107%E2%80%93109-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991280%E2%80%93283,_284,_287%E2%80%93290-61"},{"link_name":"drawn-out power play with Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order"},{"link_name":"\"New Order\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin20189%E2%80%9310-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005163-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"foreign direct investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018206-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevins2020167%E2%80%93168-68"},{"link_name":"1997 Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"popular discontent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia#Background"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources\|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (October_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-44"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources\|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (October_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources\|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (October_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"1975 invasion by Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"25-year occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"human rights abuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_genocide"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"first direct presidential election in 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indonesian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIP-76"},{"link_name":"armed separatist conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AcehPeace-77"}],"sub_title":"Post-World War II","text":"Sukarno (left) and Hatta (right), Indonesia's founding fathers and the first President and Vice President respectivelyAs president, Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism and maintained power by balancing the opposing forces of the military, political Islam, and the increasingly powerful Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).[51] Tensions between the military and the PKI culminated in an attempted coup in 1965. The army, led by Major General Suharto, countered by instigating a violent anti-communist purge that killed between 500,000 and one million people and incarcerated roughly a million more in concentration camps.[52][53][54][55] The PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.[56][57][58] Suharto capitalised on Sukarno's weakened position, and following a drawn-out power play with Sukarno, Suharto was appointed president in March 1968. His US-backed \"New Order\" administration[59][60][61][62] encouraged foreign direct investment,[63][64][65] which was a crucial factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[66] It brought out popular discontent with the New Order's corruption and suppression of political opposition and ultimately ended Suharto's presidency.[41][67][68][69] In 1999, East Timor seceded from Indonesia, following its 1975 invasion by Indonesia[70] and a 25-year occupation marked by international condemnation of human rights abuses.[71] Since 1998, democratic processes have been strengthened by enhancing regional autonomy and instituting the country's first direct presidential election in 2004.[72] Political, economic and social instability, corruption, and instances of terrorism remained problems in the 2000s; however, the economy has performed strongly since 2007. Although relations among the diverse population are mostly harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problematic in some areas.[73] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.[74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Semeru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semeru"},{"link_name":"Mount Bromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bromo"},{"link_name":"East Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java"},{"link_name":"11°S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"6°N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"95°E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"141°E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/141st_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"transcontinental country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries"},{"link_name":"archipelagic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagic_state"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Maritime_and_Investments_Affairs_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-80"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_border"},{"link_name":"Sebatik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatik_Island"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_border"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Indonesia_border"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"Puncak Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncak_Jaya"},{"link_name":"Lake Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba"},{"link_name":"Indonesia's largest rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Kapuas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuas_River"},{"link_name":"Barito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barito_River"},{"link_name":"Mamberamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamberamo_River"},{"link_name":"Sepik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepik_River"},{"link_name":"Mahakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakam_River"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highestIndonesia is the southernmost country in Asia. The country lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N and longitudes 95°E and 141°E. A transcontinental country spanning Southeast Asia and Oceania, it is the world's largest archipelagic state, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south.[75] The country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs says Indonesia has 17,504 islands (with 16,056 registered at the UN)[76] scattered over both sides of the equator, around 6,000 of which are inhabited.[77] The largest are Sumatra, Java, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea).[78] Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo and Sebatik, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia.At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of 1,145 km2 (442 sq mi). Indonesia's largest rivers are in Kalimantan and New Guinea and include Kapuas, Barito, Mamberamo, Sepik and Mahakam. They serve as communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.[79]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Palung National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Palung_National_Park"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"wet season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season"},{"link_name":"dry season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldbank1-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldbank1-84"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"tropical savanna climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg"},{"link_name":"Köppen-Geiger climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity"},{"link_name":"Typhoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"Lombok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok_Strait"},{"link_name":"Sape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sape_Strait"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"projected effects of climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ImpLab-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClimChng-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClimChng-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClimChng-90"},{"link_name":"Rising sea levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClimChng-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West KalimantanIndonesia lies along the equator, and its climate tends to be relatively even year-round.[80] Indonesia has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season—with no extremes of summer or winter.[81] For most of Indonesia, the dry season falls between May and October, with the wet season between November and April.[81] Indonesia's climate is almost entirely tropical, dominated by the tropical rainforest climate found on every large island of Indonesia. More cooling climate types do exist in mountainous regions that are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in highland areas adjacent to rainforest climates, with uniform precipitation year-round. In highland areas near the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is more pronounced during dry season.[82]Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Indonesia[83]Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in the dry season and floods in the wet. Rainfall varies across regions, with more in western Sumatra, Java, and the interiors of Kalimantan and Papua, and less in areas closer to Australia, such as Nusa Tenggara, which tends to be dry. The almost uniformly warm waters that constitute 81% of Indonesia's area ensure that land temperatures remain relatively constant. Humidity is quite high, at between 70 and 90%. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with monsoons usually blowing in from the south and east in June through October and from the northwest in November through March. Typhoons and large-scale storms pose little hazard to mariners; significant dangers come from swift currents in channels, such as the Lombok and Sape straits.[84]Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected effects of climate change.[85] These include unreduced emissions resulting in an average temperature rise of around 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-century,[86][87] raising the frequency of drought and food shortages (with an impact on precipitation and the patterns of wet and dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agriculture system[87]) as well as numerous diseases and wildfires.[87] Rising sea levels would also threaten most of Indonesia's population, who live in low-lying coastal areas.[87][88][89] Impoverished communities would likely be affected the most by climate change.[90]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volcanoes of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif"},{"link_name":"Ring of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Tectonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VolEthQ-94"},{"link_name":"Ring of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Indo-Australian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Pacific Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Plate"},{"link_name":"Eurasian plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_plate"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Nusa Tenggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara"},{"link_name":"Banda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton200338-95"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VolEthQ-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Volcanic ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"massive supervolcano erupted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory"},{"link_name":"Lake Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba"},{"link_name":"volcanic winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_winter"},{"link_name":"genetic bottleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_bottleneck"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"1815 eruption of Mount Tambora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora"},{"link_name":"1883 eruption of Krakatoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa"},{"link_name":"without summer in 1816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2006 Yogyakarta earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Yogyakarta_earthquake"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"See also: Volcanoes of IndonesiaMajor volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire areaTectonically, most of Indonesia's area is highly unstable, making it a site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.[91] It lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, where the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate are pushed under the Eurasian plate, where they melt at about 100 kilometres (62 miles) deep. A string of volcanoes runs through Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and then to the Banda Islands of Maluku to northeastern Sulawesi.[92] Of the 400 volcanoes, around 130 are active.[91] Between 1972 and 1991, there were 29 volcanic eruptions, mostly on Java.[93] Volcanic ash has made agricultural conditions unpredictable in some areas.[94] However, it has also resulted in fertile soils, a factor in historically sustaining the high population densities of Java and Bali.[95]A massive supervolcano erupted at present-day Lake Toba around 70,000 BCE. It is believed to have caused a global volcanic winter and cooling of the climate and subsequently led to a genetic bottleneck in human evolution, though this is still in debate.[96] The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa were among the largest in recorded history. The former caused 92,000 deaths and created an umbrella of volcanic ash that spread and blanketed parts of the archipelago and made much of the Northern Hemisphere without summer in 1816.[97] The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused 36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around the world years after the event.[98] Recent catastrophic disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_of_the_woods.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komodo_dragon_(Varanus_komodoensis).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rafflesia arnoldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia_arnoldii"},{"link_name":"orangutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan"},{"link_name":"greater bird-of-paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_bird-of-paradise"},{"link_name":"Komodo dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"megadiverse countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries"},{"link_name":"Conservation International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_International"},{"link_name":"Australasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_realm"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Sunda Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Shelf"},{"link_name":"Sumatran tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_tiger"},{"link_name":"Asian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"unique fauna and flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"old-growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EcoSeas1-15"},{"link_name":"Coral Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Triangle"},{"link_name":"coral reef fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Wallace Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Line"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Severin-110"},{"link_name":"Lombok Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok_Strait"},{"link_name":"Lombok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok"},{"link_name":"Weber Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_Line"},{"link_name":"The Malay Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Wallacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallacea"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Severin-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"oil palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm"},{"link_name":"environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forestprob-112"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"extensive haze across parts of Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze"},{"link_name":"water and wastewater services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forestprob-112"},{"link_name":"Environmental Performance Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sust-115"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landuse-117"},{"link_name":"deforestation in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landuse-117"},{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sust-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"},{"link_name":"Bali myna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_myna"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Sumatran orangutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Javan rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"ecocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocide"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Biodiversity and conservation","text":"Species endemic to Indonesia. Clockwise from top: Rafflesia arnoldii; orangutan; greater bird-of-paradise; and Komodo dragonIndonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity, and it is among the 17 megadiverse countries identified by Conservation International. Its flora and fauna are a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[99][100] The Sunda Shelf islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to mainland Asia and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the Sumatran tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, Asian elephant, and leopard were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Having been long separated from the continental landmasses, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku have developed their unique flora and fauna.[101][102] Papua was part of the Australian landmass and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.[103]Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.[104] Indonesia harbours 83% of Southeast Asia's old-growth forest, and the highest amount of forest carbon in the region.[105] Tropical seas surround Indonesia's 80,000 kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline. The country has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.[12] Indonesia is one of the Coral Triangle countries with the world's most enormous diversity of coral reef fish, with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only.[106]British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line (Wallace Line) between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.[107] It runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. Flora and fauna on the west of the line are generally Asian, while east from Lombok is increasingly Australian until the tipping point at the Weber Line. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.[108] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[107]Deforestation in Riau province, Sumatra, to make way for an oil palm plantation (2007)Indonesia's large and growing population and rapid industrialisation present serious environmental issues. They are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.[109] Problems include the destruction of peatlands, large-scale illegal deforestation (causing extensive haze across parts of Southeast Asia), over-exploitation of marine resources, air pollution, garbage management, and reliable water and wastewater services.[109] These issues contribute to Indonesia's low ranking (number 116 out of 180 countries) in the 2020 Environmental Performance Index. The report also indicates that Indonesia's performance is generally below average in both regional and global context.[110]Indonesia has one of the world's fastest deforestation rates.[111][112] In 2020, forests covered approximately 49.1% of the country's land area,[113] down from 87% in 1950.[114] Since the 1970s, log production, various plantations and agriculture have been responsible for much of the deforestation in Indonesia.[114] Most recently, it has been driven by the palm oil industry,[115] which has been criticised for its environmental impact and displacement of local communities.[112][116] The situation has made Indonesia the world's largest forest-based emitter of greenhouse gases.[117] It also threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) identified 140 species of mammals as threatened and 15 as critically endangered, including the Bali myna,[118] Sumatran orangutan,[119] and Javan rhinoceros.[120] Some academics describe the deforestation and other environmental destruction in the country as an ecocide.[121][122][123]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruang_MPR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliament Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Joko_Widodo"},{"link_name":"fall of the New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto"},{"link_name":"four constitutional amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia#Constitutional_amendments"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harijanti2006-127"},{"link_name":"unitary state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"President of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"head of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"People's Consultative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UUD45-131"},{"link_name":"People's Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"Regional Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAlegis-132"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harijanti2006-127"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UUD45-131"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Judicial Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Commission_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"text":"A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. Following the fall of the New Order in 1998, political and governmental structures have undergone sweeping reforms, with four constitutional amendments revamping the executive, legislative and judicial branches.[124] Chief among them is the delegation of power and authority to various regional entities while remaining a unitary state.[125] The President of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI), and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.[126]The highest representative body at the national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating and impeaching the president,[127][128] and formalising broad outlines of state policy. The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR), with 575 members, and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), with 136.[129] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased its role in national governance,[124] while the DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.[130][128]Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). The Supreme Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial branch and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) which listens to constitutional and political matters, and the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama), which deals with codified Islamic Personal Law (sharia) cases.[131] Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges.[132]","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joko Widodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo"},{"link_name":"President of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma%27ruf_Amin_2019_official_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ma'ruf Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ruf_Amin"},{"link_name":"Vice President of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"legislative elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle"},{"link_name":"2019 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indonesian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Joko Widodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Party of the Functional Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golkar"},{"link_name":"Great Indonesia Movement Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indonesia_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Prosperous Justice Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"parliamentary threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_threshold"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAlegis-132"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harijanti2006-127"},{"link_name":"2015 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Indonesian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"Parties and elections","text":"Joko Widodo, 7th President of IndonesiaMa'ruf Amin, 13th Vice President of IndonesiaSince 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In all legislative elections since the fall of the New Order, no political party has won an overall majority of seats. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), which secured the most votes in the 2019 elections, is the party of the incumbent president, Joko Widodo.[133] Other notable parties include the Party of the Functional Groups (Golkar), the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), the Democratic Party, and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS).The first general election was held in 1955 to elect members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly (Konstituante). The most recent elections in 2019 resulted in nine political parties in the DPR, with a parliamentary threshold of 4% of the national vote.[134] At the national level, Indonesians did not elect a president until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD.[129][124] Beginning with the 2015 local elections, elections for governors and mayors have occurred on the same date. In 2014, the Constitutional Court ruled that legislative and presidential elections would be held simultaneously, starting in 2019.[135]","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Southwest Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Papua"},{"link_name":"West Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"regencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"West Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"Central Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Papua"},{"link_name":"Highland Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Papua"},{"link_name":"South Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Papua"},{"link_name":"Southwest Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Papua"},{"link_name":"West Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"special autonomous status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division"},{"link_name":"Islamic territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"city with a provincial government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city"},{"link_name":"capital of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"pre-colonial monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Duke of Pakualaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakualaman"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"transcluded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion"},{"link_name":"Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indonesia_provinces_labelled_map"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Indonesia_provinces_labelled_map&action=edit"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Indonesia_provinces_labelled_map&action=history"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh"},{"link_name":"NorthSumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"WestSumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"RiauIslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands"},{"link_name":"BangkaBelitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands"},{"link_name":"Jambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi"},{"link_name":"SouthSumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Bengkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten"},{"link_name":"Jakarta↓","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"WestJava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"CentralJava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"EastJava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"WestNusaTenggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara"},{"link_name":"East NusaTenggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara"},{"link_name":"WestKalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"CentralKalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"NorthKalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"EastKalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"SouthKalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"NorthSulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"NorthMaluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Maluku"},{"link_name":"CentralSulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo"},{"link_name":"WestSulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"SouthSulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"SoutheastSulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_(province)"},{"link_name":"SouthwestPapua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Papua"},{"link_name":"WestPapua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"CentralPapua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Papua"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"HighlandPapua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Papua"},{"link_name":"SouthPapua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Papua"}],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"Indonesia has several levels of subdivisions. The first level are the provinces, which have a legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected governor. A total of 38 provinces have been established from the original eight in 1945,[136] the most recent change being the split of Southwest Papua from the province of West Papua in 2022.[137] The second level are the regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), led by regents (bupati) and mayors (walikota) respectively and a legislature (DPRD Kabupaten/Kota). The third level are the districts (kecamatan, distrik in Papua, or kapanewon and kemantren in Yogyakarta), and the fourth are the villages (either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh).[138]The village is the lowest level of government administration. It is divided into several community groups (rukun warga, RW), which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT). In Java, the village (desa) is divided into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), which are the same as RW. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, regencies and cities have become chief administrative units responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles village or neighbourhood matters through an elected village head (lurah or kepala desa).[139]Nine provinces—Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua and West Papua—are granted a special autonomous status (otonomi khusus) from the central government. Aceh, a conservative Islamic territory, has the right to create some aspects of an independent legal system implementing sharia.[140] Jakarta is the only city with a provincial government due to its position as the capital of Indonesia.[141][142] Yogyakarta is the only pre-colonial monarchy legally recognised within Indonesia, with the positions of governor and vice governor being prioritised for the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta and Duke of Pakualaman, respectively.[143] The six Papuan provinces are the only ones where the indigenous people have privileges in their local government.[144]This section is transcluded from Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map. (edit \| history)Aceh\nNorthSumatra\nWestSumatra\nRiau\nRiauIslands\nBangkaBelitung\nJambi\nSouthSumatra\nBengkulu\nLampung\nBanten\nJakarta↓\nWestJava\nCentralJava\n↑Yogyakarta\nEastJava\nBali\nWestNusaTenggara\nEast NusaTenggara\nWestKalimantan\nCentralKalimantan\nNorthKalimantan\nEastKalimantan\nSouthKalimantan\nNorthSulawesi\nNorthMaluku\nCentralSulawesi\nGorontalo↓\nWestSulawesi\nSouthSulawesi\nSoutheastSulawesi\nMaluku\nSouthwestPapua\nWestPapua\nCentralPapua\nPapua\nHighlandPapua\nSouthPapua","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018-154"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"East Asia Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit"},{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"a member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn2-158"},{"link_name":"Non-Aligned Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"ASEAN Free Trade Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area"},{"link_name":"Cairns Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns_Group"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"}],"sub_title":"Foreign relations","text":"Indonesia serves as the seat of ASEAN Headquarters and capital city Jakarta serves as the organization's diplomatic capital[145]Indonesia maintains 132 diplomatic missions abroad, including 95 embassies.[146] The country adheres to what it calls a \"free and active\" foreign policy, seeking a role in regional affairs in proportion to its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among other countries.[147]Indonesia was a significant battleground during the Cold War. Numerous attempts by the United States and the Soviet Union,[148][149] and China to some degree,[150] culminated in the 1965 coup attempt and subsequent upheaval that led to a reorientation of foreign policy.[151] Quiet alignment with the Western world while maintaining a non-aligned stance has characterised Indonesia's foreign policy since then.[152] Today, it maintains close relations with its neighbours and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the East Asia Summit. In common with most of the Muslim world, Indonesia does not have diplomatic relations with Israel and has actively supported Palestine. However, observers have pointed out that Indonesia has ties with Israel, albeit discreetly.[153]Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950[d] and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).[155] Indonesia is a signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and a former member of OPEC.[156] Indonesia has been a humanitarian and development aid recipient since 1967,[157][158] and recently, the country established its first overseas aid programme in late 2019.[159]","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tniadkostrad.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Army"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30"},{"link_name":"Pindad Anoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoa_(armoured_personnel_carrier)"},{"link_name":"KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda (367)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_(367)"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Army"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"peaked during the New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwifungsi"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_conflict"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003270%E2%80%93273,_477%E2%80%93480-170"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AcehPeace-77"},{"link_name":"human rights abuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia#West_Papua_issues"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute"},{"link_name":"Dutch New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"creation of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Konfrontasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation"},{"link_name":"mass killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366"},{"link_name":"invasion of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"sub_title":"Military","text":"Indonesian Armed Forces. Clockwise from top: Indonesian Army during training session; Sukhoi Su-30; Pindad Anoa; and Indonesian naval vessel KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda (367)Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNI–AU). The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defence spending in the national budget was 0.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018,[160] with controversial involvement of military-owned commercial interests and foundations.[161] The Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution when it undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. Since then, territorial lines have formed the basis of all TNI branches' structure, aimed at maintaining domestic stability and deterring foreign threats.[162] The military has possessed a strong political influence since its founding, which peaked during the New Order. Political reforms in 1998 included the removal of the TNI's formal representation from the legislature. Nevertheless, its political influence remains, albeit at a reduced level.[163]Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements.[164] Some, notably in Aceh and Papua, have led to an armed conflict and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.[165][166][167] The former was resolved peacefully in 2005,[74] while the latter has continued amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses as of 2006.[168] Other engagements of the army include the conflict against the Netherlands over the Dutch New Guinea, the opposition to the British-sponsored creation of Malaysia (\"Konfrontasi\"), the mass killings of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), and the invasion of East Timor, which remains Indonesia's most massive military operation.[169][170]","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agriculture in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg"},{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"},{"link_name":"Bogor Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor_Regency"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Batam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batam"},{"link_name":"mixed economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"G20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"newly industrialised country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialised_country"},{"link_name":"16th largest economy by nominal GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"7th in terms of GDP at PPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"per capita GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMFWEO.ID-8"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBA-180"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBA-180"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBA-180"},{"link_name":"1990 oil price shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"1997 Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"}],"text":"See also: Agriculture in IndonesiaVast palm oil plantation in Bogor Regency, West Java. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.[171]Industrial area in BatamIndonesia has a mixed economy in which the private sector and government play vital roles.[172] As the only G20 member state in Southeast Asia,[173] the country has the largest economy in the region and is classified as a newly industrialised country. Per a 2023 estimate, it is the world's 16th largest economy by nominal GDP and 7th in terms of GDP at PPP, estimated to be US$1.417 trillion and US$4.393 trillion, respectively. Per capita GDP in PPP is US$15,835, while nominal per capita GDP is US$5,108.[7] Services are the economy's largest sector and account for 43.4% of GDP (2018), followed by industry (39.7%) and agriculture (12.8%).[174] Since 2009, it has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 47.7% of the total labour force, followed by agriculture (30.2%) and industry (21.9%).[175]Over time, the structure of the economy has changed considerably.[176] Historically, it has been weighted heavily towards agriculture, reflecting both its stage of economic development and government policies in the 1950s and 1960s to promote agricultural self-sufficiency.[176] A gradual process of industrialisation and urbanisation began in the late 1960s and accelerated in the 1980s as falling oil prices saw the government focus on diversifying away from oil exports and towards manufactured exports.[176] This development continued throughout the 1980s and into the next decade despite the 1990 oil price shock, during which the GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1%. As a result, the official poverty rate fell from 60% to 15%.[177] Trade barriers reduction from the mid-1980s made the economy more globally integrated. The growth ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis that severely impacted the economy, including a 13.1% real GDP contraction in 1998 and a 78% inflation. The economy reached its low point in mid-1999 with only 0.8% real GDP growth.[178]Relatively steady inflation[179] and an increase in GDP deflator and the Consumer Price Index[180] have contributed to strong economic growth in recent years. From 2007 to 2019, annual growth accelerated to between 4% and 6% due to improvements in the banking sector and domestic consumption,[181] helping Indonesia weather the 2008–2009 Great Recession,[182] and regain in 2011 the investment grade rating it had lost in 1997.[183] As of 2019[update], 9.41% of the population lived below the poverty line, and the official open unemployment rate was 5.28%.[184] During the first year of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the economy suffered its first recession since the 1997 crisis but recovered in the following year.[185]Indonesia has abundant natural resources. Its primary industries are fishing, petroleum, timber, paper products, cotton cloth, tourism, petroleum mining, natural gas, bauxite, coal and tin. Its main agricultural products are rice, coconuts, soybeans, bananas, coffee, tea, palm, rubber, and sugar cane.[186] These commodities make up a large portion of the country's exports, with palm oil and coal briquettes as the leading export commodities. In addition to refined and crude petroleum as the primary imports, telephones, vehicle parts and wheat cover the majority of additional imports. China, the United States, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand are Indonesia's principal export markets and import partners.[187]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:21_Bus_Khusus_Penumpang_Kapal_Milik_Perum_DAMRI_trayek_Tanjung_Perak_-_Purabaya_terparkir_di_depan_Terminal_Penumpang_Gapura_Surya_Nusantara_Pelabuhan_Tanjung_Perak_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argo_Lawu_TB.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelni_KM_Dorolonda_PortBitung.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Air_Boeing_737s_and_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_737-800_at_DPS.jpg"},{"link_name":"DAMRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perum_DAMRI"},{"link_name":"KAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_Api_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Garuda Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Pelni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelni"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"most extended bus rapid transit system globally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransJakarta"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Rickshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw"},{"link_name":"share taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_taxi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224,_in_Bojongkoneng,_Ngamprah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whoosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Greater Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRL_Commuterline"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta–Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRL_Commuterline_Yogyakarta%E2%80%93Solo"},{"link_name":"inter-city rail network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Whoosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Soekarno–Hatta International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"serving 49 million passengers in 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic"},{"link_name":"Ngurah Rai International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurah_Rai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Juanda International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanda_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Garuda Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"SkyTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTeam"},{"link_name":"Port of Tanjung Priok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"Transport modes in Indonesia. Clockwise from top: DAMRI bus; KAI train; Garuda Indonesia airliner; and Pelni shipIndonesia's transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an archipelago and the distribution of its 275 million people highly concentrated on Java.[188] All transport modes play a role in the country's transport system and are generally complementary rather than competitive. In 2016, the transport sector generated about 5.2% of GDP.[189]The road transport system is predominant, with a total length of 542,310 kilometres (336,980 miles) as of 2018[update].[190] Jakarta has the most extended bus rapid transit system globally, boasting 251.2 kilometres (156.1 miles) in 13 corridors and ten cross-corridor routes.[191] Rickshaws such as bajaj and becak and share taxis such as Angkot and Minibus are a regular sight in the country.Whoosh is the first high-speed rail in Southeast Asia and the Southern HemisphereMost railways are in Java, and partly Sumatra and Sulawesi,[192] used for freight and passenger transport, such as local commuter rail services (mainly in Greater Jakarta and Yogyakarta–Solo) complementing the inter-city rail network in several cities. In the late 2010s, Jakarta and Palembang were the first cities in Indonesia to have rapid transit systems, with more planned for other cities in the future.[193] In 2023, a high-speed rail called Whoosh connecting the cities of Jakarta and Bandung commenced operations, a first for Southeast Asia and the Southern Hemisphere.[194]Indonesia's largest airport, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, is among the busiest in the Southern Hemisphere, serving 49 million passengers in 2023. Ngurah Rai International Airport and Juanda International Airport are the country's second-and third-busiest airport, respectively. Garuda Indonesia, the country's flag carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and a member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam. The Port of Tanjung Priok is the busiest and most advanced Indonesian port,[195] handling more than 50% of Indonesia's trans-shipment cargo traffic.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLTB-Sidrap.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sidrap Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidrap_Regency"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"terawatt-hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour"},{"link_name":"quadrillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000000000_(number)"},{"link_name":"British thermal units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_thermal_unit"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USEIA-200"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USEIA-200"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USEIA-200"},{"link_name":"Jatiluhur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiluhur_Dam"},{"link_name":"Perusahaan Listrik Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"}],"sub_title":"Energy","text":"Sidrap wind farm, Indonesia's first wind power plant, in Sidrap Regency, South SulawesiIn 2019, Indonesia produced 4,999 terawatt-hours (17.059 quadrillion British thermal units) and consumed 2,357 terawatt-hours (8.043 quadrillion British thermal units) worth of energy.[196] The country has substantial energy resources, including 22 billion barrels (3.5 billion cubic metres) of conventional oil and gas reserves (of which about 4 billion barrels are recoverable), 8 billion barrels of oil-equivalent of coal-based methane (CBM) resources, and 28 billion tonnes of recoverable coal.[197]In late 2020, Indonesia's total national installed power generation capacity stands at 72,750.72 MW.[198] Although reliance on domestic coal and imported oil has increased between 2010 and 2019,[196][199] Indonesia has seen progress in renewable energy, with hydropower and geothermal being the most abundant sources that account for more than 8% in the country's energy mix.[196] A prime example of the former is the country's largest dam, Jatiluhur, which has an installed capacity of 186.5 MW that feeds into the Java grid managed by the State Electricity Company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN). Furthermore, Indonesia has the potential for solar, wind, biomass and ocean energy,[200] although as of 2021, power generation from these sources remain small.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Global Innovation Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"terasering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)"},{"link_name":"pinisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisi"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis"},{"link_name":"Makassar people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_people"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Tjokorda Raka Sukawati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjokorda_Raka_Sukawati"},{"link_name":"Sosrobahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosrobahu"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Railway Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_Kereta_Api"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Aerospace company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"EADS CASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADS_CASA"},{"link_name":"CN-235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA/IPTN_CN-235"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"B. J. Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Habibie"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"KAI KF-21 Boramae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAI_KF-21_Boramae"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Aeronautics and Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space"},{"link_name":"Palapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Indosat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosat"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Starlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"}],"sub_title":"Science and technology","text":"Palapa satellite launch in 1984Government expenditure on research and development is relatively low (0.3% of GDP in 2019),[201] and Indonesia only ranked 61st on the 2023 Global Innovation Index report.[202] Historical examples of scientific and technological developments include the paddy cultivation technique terasering, which is common in Southeast Asia, and the pinisi boats by the Bugis and Makassar people.[203] In the 1980s, Indonesian engineer Tjokorda Raka Sukawati invented a road construction technique named Sosrobahu that later became widely used in several countries.[204] The country is also an active producer of passenger trains and freight wagons with its state-owned company, the Indonesian Railway Industry (INKA), and has exported trains abroad.[205]Indonesia has a long history of developing military and small commuter aircraft. It is the only country in Southeast Asia to build and produce aircraft. The state-owned Indonesian Aerospace company (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) has provided components for Boeing and Airbus.[206] The company also collaborated with EADS CASA of Spain to develop the CN-235, which has been used by several countries.[207] Former President B. J. Habibie played a vital role in this achievement.[208] Indonesia has also joined the South Korean programme to manufacture the 4.5-generation fighter jet KAI KF-21 Boramae.[209]Indonesia has a space programme and space agency, the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN). In the 1970s, Indonesia became the first developing country to operate a satellite system called Palapa,[210] a series of communication satellites owned by Indosat. The first satellite, PALAPA A1, was launched on 8 July 1976 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States.[211] As of 2024[update], Indonesia has launched 19 satellites for various purposes.[212]In May 2024, Indonesia granted licensure to satellite internet provider Starlink aimed at bringing Internet connectivity to the rural and underserved regions of Indonesia.[213]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"link_name":"Central Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raja_Ampat_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raja Ampat Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands"},{"link_name":"West Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"Conservation International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_International"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"link_name":"Prambanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambanan"},{"link_name":"Toraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pariwisata-223"},{"link_name":"ten UNESCO World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Komodo National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"Bunaken National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Raja Ampat Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"old towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_town"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Semarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_architecture_in_Semarang"},{"link_name":"royal palaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Pagaruyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace"},{"link_name":"Ubud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubud_Palace"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pariwisata-223"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia[214]Tourism contributed around US$9.8 billion to GDP in 2020, and in the previous year, Indonesia received 15.4 million visitors.[215] Overall, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and Japan are the top five sources of visitors to Indonesia.[216] Since 2011, Wonderful Indonesia has been the country's international marketing campaign slogan to promote tourism.[217]Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to Conservation International[218]Nature and culture are prime attractions of Indonesian tourism. The country has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rainforests stretching over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres). Forests on Sumatra and Kalimantan are examples of popular destinations, such as the Orangutan wildlife reserve. Moreover, Indonesia has one of the world's longest coastlines, measuring 54,716 kilometres (33,999 mi). The ancient Borobudur and Prambanan temples, as well as Toraja and Bali with their traditional festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism.[219]Indonesia has ten UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Komodo National Park and the Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks; and a further 18 in a tentative list that includes Bunaken National Park and Raja Ampat Islands.[220] Other attractions include specific points in Indonesian history, such as the colonial heritage of the Dutch East Indies in the old towns of Jakarta and Semarang and the royal palaces of Pagaruyung and Ubud.[219]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Indonesian cities by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population"},{"link_name":"List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Indonesian_census"},{"link_name":"Indonesia's population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"fourth largest in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020census-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020census-7"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-80"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"megacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity"},{"link_name":"uncontacted tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"primate city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city"},{"link_name":"second-most populous urban area globally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Indonesians live overseas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"BPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Municipal pop.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population"},{"link_name":"Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Municipal pop.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marvell_City_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Special Capital Region of Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"South Tangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tangerang"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalimalang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bekasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"East Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java"},{"link_name":"Batam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batam"},{"link_name":"Riau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bekasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung"},{"link_name":"Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"Bogor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan"},{"link_name":"North Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Pekanbaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekanbaru"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Depok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depok"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang"},{"link_name":"West Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Tangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerang"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang"},{"link_name":"East Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"South Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Samarinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarinda"},{"link_name":"East Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Semarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"},{"link_name":"Central Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java"},{"link_name":"Tasikmalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasikmalaya"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"}],"text":"See also: List of Indonesian cities by population and List of metropolitan areas in IndonesiaIndonesia's ten metropolitan areas labeled with their populationsThe 2020 census recorded Indonesia's population as 270.2 million, the fourth largest in the world, with a moderately high population growth rate of 1.25%.[221] Java is the world's most populous island,[222] where 56% of the country's population lives.[6] The population density is 141 people per square kilometre (370 people/sq mi),[6] ranking 88th in the world, although Java has a population density of 1,067 people per square kilometre (2,760 people/sq mi). In 1961, the first post-colonial census recorded a total of 97 million people.[223] It is expected to grow to around 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by 2050.[224] The country currently possesses a relatively young population, with a median age of 30.2 years (2017 estimate).[77]The spread of the population is uneven throughout the archipelago, with a varying habitats and levels of development, ranging from the megacity of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in Papua.[225] As of 2017, about 54.7% of the population lives in urban areas.[226] Jakarta is the country's primate city and the second-most populous urban area globally, with over 34 million residents.[227] About 8 million Indonesians live overseas; most settled in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore, Hong Kong, the United States, and Australia.[228]vte Largest cities in Indonesia2023 BPS estimate\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nProvince\n\n Municipal pop.\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nProvince\n\n Municipal pop.\n\n\n\nJakartaSurabaya\n\n1\nJakarta\nSpecial Capital Region of Jakarta\n11,350,328\n11\nSouth Tangerang\nBanten\n1,404,785\n\nBekasiBandung\n\n\n2\nSurabaya\nEast Java\n3,009,286\n12\nBatam\nRiau Islands\n1,269,820\n\n\n3\nBekasi\nWest Java\n2,627,207\n13\nBandar Lampung\nLampung\n1,209,937\n\n\n4\nBandung\nWest Java\n2,506,603\n14\nBogor\nWest Java\n1,127,408\n\n\n5\nMedan\nNorth Sumatra\n2,494,512\n15\nPekanbaru\nRiau\n1,007,540\n\n\n6\nDepok\nWest Java\n2,145,400\n16\nPadang\nWest Sumatra\n919,145\n\n\n7\nTangerang\nBanten\n1,912,679\n17\nMalang\nEast Java\n847,182\n\n\n8\nPalembang\nSouth Sumatra\n1,729,546\n18\nSamarinda\nEast Kalimantan\n834,824\n\n\n9\nSemarang\nCentral Java\n1,694,740\n19\nTasikmalaya\nWest Java\n741,760\n\n\n10\nMakassar\nSouth Sulawesi\n1,474,393\n20\nDenpasar\nBali\n726,808","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPS-2"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Proto-Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language"},{"link_name":"Melanesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Western New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20035%E2%80%937-26"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003139,_181,_251,_435-233"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPS-2"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak"},{"link_name":"Madurese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_people"},{"link_name":"Betawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_people"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis_people"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991256-238"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"prestige dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"promoted by nationalists in the 1920s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Pledge"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethnologue-1"},{"link_name":"Austronesian language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Papuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethnologue-1"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-80"},{"link_name":"Special Region of Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Totok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totok"},{"link_name":"Indos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPrys_Jones1998202-246"},{"link_name":"Dutch-based creole languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-247"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill20062017-248"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooij19992-249"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups and languages","text":"A map of ethnic groups in IndonesiaIndonesia is an ethnically diverse country, with around 1,300 distinct native ethnic groups.[2] Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian peoples whose languages had origins in Proto-Austronesian, which possibly originated in what is now Taiwan. Another major grouping is the Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea and the eastern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands).[23][229][230][231]The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, constituting 40.2% of the population,[2] and are politically dominant.[232] They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of Java and also in sizeable numbers in most provinces. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by Malay, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis people.[e] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.[233]The country's official language is Indonesian, a variant of Malay based on its prestige dialect, which had been the archipelago's lingua franca for centuries. It was promoted by nationalists in the 1920s and achieved official status in 1945 under the name Bahasa Indonesia.[234] Due to centuries-long contact with other languages, it is rich in local and foreign influences.[f] Nearly every Indonesian speaks the language due to its widespread use in education, academics, communications, business, politics, and mass media. Most Indonesians also speak at least one of more than 700 local languages,[1] often as their first language. Most belong to the Austronesian language family, while over 270 Papuan languages are spoken in eastern Indonesia.[1] Of these, Javanese is the most widely spoken[77] and has co-official status in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.[238]In 1930, Dutch and other Europeans (Totok), Eurasians, and derivative people like the Indos, numbered 240,000 or 0.4% of the total population.[239] Historically, they constituted only a tiny fraction of the native population and remain so today. Also, the Dutch language never had a substantial number of speakers or official status despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years.[240] The small minorities that can speak it or Dutch-based creole languages fluently are the aforementioned ethnic groups and descendants of Dutch colonisers. This reflected the Dutch colonial empire's primary purpose, which was commercial exchange as opposed to sovereignty over homogeneous landmasses.[241] Today, there is some degree of fluency by either educated members of the oldest generation or legal professionals,[242] as specific law codes are still only available in Dutch.[243]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pradaksina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Pradakshina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikrama"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"link_name":"six religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-251"},{"link_name":"indigenous religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religions"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-251"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UUD45-131"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2001379-254"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"Sunnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Shias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ahmadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-251"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"majority in several provinces in eastern Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_people"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Chinese Indonesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Besakih Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besakih_Temple"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"dynamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamism_(metaphysics)"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ooi-261"},{"link_name":"hyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyang"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ooi-261"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people"},{"link_name":"Sunda Wiwitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan"},{"link_name":"Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people"},{"link_name":"Kaharingan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharingan"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"Kejawèn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n"},{"link_name":"abangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abangan"},{"link_name":"Balinese Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"syncretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people"},{"link_name":"Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Sunda"},{"link_name":"Salakanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salakanagara"},{"link_name":"Indianised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Majapahit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit"},{"link_name":"Sailendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque,_Indonesia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baiturrahman Grand Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Banda Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Aceh"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh"},{"link_name":"spread of Islam in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"southern Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"santri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesantren"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199112%E2%80%9314-35"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Islamic missionary activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_missionary_activity"},{"link_name":"Wali Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_Sanga"},{"link_name":"Zheng He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He"},{"link_name":"several sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan#Southeast_and_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"spread of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java#Religion"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra#Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Larantuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larantuka"},{"link_name":"East Nusa Tenggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199125,_26,_28-273"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199128,_62-275"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200522-276"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"small Jewish presence in the archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aryani_2022_pp._199%E2%80%93226-280"},{"link_name":"Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27ar_Hashamayim_Synagogue_(Tondano)"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005117-282"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIP-76"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Buddhist monks performing Pradakshina ritual at Borobudur temple, Central JavaAlthough the government officially recognises only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism,[244][245] and indigenous religions for administrative purpose,[245][246] religious freedom is guaranteed in the country's constitution.[247][128] With 231 million adherents (86.7%) in 2018, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country,[248][249] with Sunnis being the majority (99%).[250] The Shias and Ahmadis, respectively, constitute 1% (1–3 million) and 0.2% (200,000–400,000) of Muslims.[245][251] About 10% of Indonesians are Christians, who form the majority in several provinces in eastern Indonesia.[252] Most Hindus are Balinese,[253] and most Buddhists are Chinese Indonesians.[254]A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only Indonesian province where Hinduism is the predominant religionThe natives of the Indonesian archipelago originally practised indigenous animism and dynamism, beliefs that are common to Austronesian peoples.[255] They worshipped and revered ancestral spirits and believed that supernatural spirits (hyang) might inhabit certain places such as large trees, stones, forests, mountains, or sacred sites.[255] Examples of Indonesian native belief systems include the Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Dayak's Kaharingan, and the Javanese Kejawèn. They have significantly impacted how other faiths are practised, evidenced by a large proportion of people—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practising a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion.[256]Hindu influences reached the archipelago as early as the first century CE.[257] The Sundanese Kingdom of Salakanagara in western Java around 130 was the first historically recorded Indianised kingdom in the archipelago.[258] Buddhism arrived around the 6th century,[259] and its history in Indonesia is closely related to that of Hinduism, as some empires based on Buddhism had their roots around the same period. The archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of powerful and influential Hindu and Buddhist empires such as Majapahit, Sailendra, Srivijaya, and Mataram. Though no longer a majority, Hinduism and Buddhism remain to have a substantial influence on Indonesian culture.[260][261]Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the regionIslam was introduced by Sunni traders of the Shafi'i school as well as Sufi traders from the Indian subcontinent and southern Arabia as early as the 8th century CE.[262][263] For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, resulting in a distinct form of Islam (santri).[32][264] Trade, Islamic missionary activity such as by the Wali Sanga and Chinese explorer Zheng He, and military campaigns by several sultanates helped accelerate the spread of Islam.[265][266] By the end of the 16th century, it had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion of Java and Sumatra.\"Semana Santa\" festival in Larantuka, East Nusa Tenggara, a Catholic ritual during Holy WeekCatholicism was brought by Portuguese traders and missionaries such as Jesuit Francis Xavier, who visited and baptised several thousand locals.[267][268] Its spread faced difficulty due to the Dutch East India Company policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the Eighty Years' War against Catholic Spain's rule. Protestantism is mostly a result of Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the Dutch colonial era.[269][270][271] Although they are the most common branch, there is a multitude of other denominations elsewhere in the country.[272]There is a small Jewish presence in the archipelago, mostly the descendants of Dutch and Iraqi Jews, and some local converts. Most of them left in the decades after Indonesian independence, with only a tiny number of Jews remain today mostly in Jakarta, Manado, and Surabaya.[273] Judaism was once officially listed as Hebrani under the Sukarno government but ceased to be recorded separately like other religions with few adherents since 1965.[274] Presently, one of the only remaining Synagogue in Indonesia is Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue located in Tondano, North Sulawesi, around 31 km from Manado.At the national and local level, Indonesia's political leadership and civil society groups have played a crucial role in interfaith relations, both positively and negatively. The invocation of the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila[275][276] (i.e. the belief in the one and only God), often serves as a reminder of religious tolerance,[277] though instances of intolerance have occurred.[278][73] An overwhelming majority of Indonesians consider religion to be essential and an integral part of life.[279][280]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"national curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia#2013_curriculum"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UIS-289"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UIS-289"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"QS World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"University of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Gadjah Mada University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjah_Mada_University"},{"link_name":"Bandung Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"University of Indonesia is one of Indonesia's top universitiesEducation is compulsory for 12 years.[281] Parents can choose between state-run, non-sectarian schools or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools, supervised by the ministries of Education and Religion, respectively.[282] Private international schools that do not follow the national curriculum are also available. The enrolment rate is 93% for primary education, 79% for secondary education, and 36% for tertiary education (2018).[283] The literacy rate is 96% (2018), and the government spends about 3.6% of GDP (2015) on education.[283] In 2018, there were 4,670 higher educational institutions in Indonesia, with most (74%) located in Sumatra and Java.[284][285] According to the QS World University Rankings, Indonesia's top universities are the University of Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University and the Bandung Institute of Technology.[286]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siloam_Hospitals_Lippo_Cikarang_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lippo Cikarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippo_Cikarang"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaminan_Kesehatan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"air quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality"},{"link_name":"malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"}],"sub_title":"Healthcare","text":"Siloam Hospitals Lippo CikarangGovernment expenditure on healthcare was about 3.3% of GDP in 2016.[287] As part of an attempt to achieve universal health care, the government launched the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN) in 2014.[288] It includes coverage for a range of services from the public and also private firms that have opted to join the scheme. Despite remarkable improvements in recent decades, such as rising life expectancy (from 62.3 years in 1990 to 71.7 years in 2019)[289] and declining child mortality (from 84 deaths per 1,000 births in 1990 to 23.9 deaths in 2019),[290] challenges remain, including maternal and child health, low air quality, malnutrition, high rate of smoking, and infectious diseases.[291]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"against Chinese Indonesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Papuans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"May 1998 riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Papua conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_conflict"},{"link_name":"LGBT issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"anti-LGBT rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor"},{"link_name":"forced labourers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"}],"sub_title":"Issues","text":"Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998In the economic sphere, there is a gap in wealth, unemployment rate, and health between densely populated islands and economic centres (such as Sumatra and Java) and sparsely populated, disadvantaged areas (such as Maluku and Papua).[292][293] This is created by a situation in which nearly 80% of Indonesia's population lives in the western parts of the archipelago[294] and yet grows slower than the rest of the country.In the social arena, numerous cases of racism and discrimination, especially against Chinese Indonesians and Papuans, have been well documented throughout Indonesia's history.[295][296] Such cases have sometimes led to violent conflicts, most notably the May 1998 riots and the Papua conflict, which has continued since 1962. LGBT people also regularly face challenges. Although LGBT issues have been relatively obscure, the 2010s (especially after 2016) has seen a rapid surge of anti-LGBT rhetoric, putting LGBT Indonesians into a frequent subject of intimidation, discrimination, and even violence.[297][298] In addition, Indonesia has been reported to have sizeable numbers of child and forced labourers, with the former being prevalent in the palm oil and tobacco industries, while the latter in the fishing industry.[299][300]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Public holidays in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JForshee-307"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethnologue-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPS-2"},{"link_name":"thirteen items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"wayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang"},{"link_name":"kris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris"},{"link_name":"batik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"pencak silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_silat"},{"link_name":"angklung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung"},{"link_name":"gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Balinese dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_dance"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"}],"text":"See also: National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia and Public holidays in IndonesiaThe cultural history of the Indonesian archipelago spans more than two millennia. Influences from the Indian subcontinent, mainland China, the Middle East, Europe,[301][302] Melanesian and Austronesian peoples have historically shaped the cultural, linguistic and religious makeup of the archipelago. As a result, modern-day Indonesia has a multicultural, multilingual and multi-ethnic society,[1][2] with a complex cultural mixture that differs significantly from the original indigenous cultures. Indonesia currently holds thirteen items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, including a wayang puppet theatre, kris, batik,[303] pencak silat, angklung, gamelan, and the three genres of traditional Balinese dance.[304]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_painting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_(1872).jpg"},{"link_name":"Raden Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden_Saleh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer,_1860.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tongkonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongkonan"},{"link_name":"Torajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajan"},{"link_name":"vernacular house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_adat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gedung Sate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedung_Sate"},{"link_name":"Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pagaruyung_palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pagaruyung Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_gadang"},{"link_name":"West Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"established and developed art in Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_art"},{"link_name":"Kamasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasan"},{"link_name":"Wayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang"},{"link_name":"candi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"megalithic sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalithic_art"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"Nias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias_people"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_people"},{"link_name":"Asmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_people"},{"link_name":"Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people"},{"link_name":"Toraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"Dharmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"link_name":"Prambanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambanan"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India"},{"link_name":"vernacular architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture"},{"link_name":"rumah adat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_adat"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"Toraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja"},{"link_name":"Tongkonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongkonan"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"Rumah Gadang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_Gadang"},{"link_name":"Rangkiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangkiang"},{"link_name":"Pendopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendopo"},{"link_name":"Joglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joglo"},{"link_name":"Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people"},{"link_name":"longhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhouse"},{"link_name":"Malay houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_Melayu"},{"link_name":"Balinese houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_architecture"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_temple"},{"link_name":"rice barns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_barn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Art and architecture","text":"Further information: Indonesian paintingView of Dieng Plateau (1872) by Raden SalehSix Horsemen Chasing Deer (1860) by Raden SalehTongkonan, a traditional Torajan vernacular houseGedung Sate building in Bandung, an example of indigenous and foreign mix architectureBugis house, South SulawesiPagaruyung Palace, a Minangkabau architecture from West SumatraIndonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries and recently developed contemporary art. Despite often displaying local ingenuity, Indonesian arts have absorbed foreign influences—most notably from India, the Arab world, China and Europe, due to contacts and interactions facilitated, and often motivated by trade.[305] Painting is an established and developed art in Bali, where its people are famed for their artistry. Their painting tradition started as classical Kamasan or Wayang style visual narrative, derived from visual art discovered on candi bas reliefs in eastern Java.[306]There have been numerous discoveries of megalithic sculptures in Indonesia.[307] Subsequently, tribal art has flourished within the culture of Nias, Batak, Asmat, Dayak and Toraja.[308][309] Wood and stone are common materials used as the media for sculpting among these tribes. Between the 8th and 15th centuries, the Javanese civilisation developed refined stone sculpting art and architecture influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist Dharmic civilisation. The temples of Borobudur and Prambanan are among the most famous examples of the practice.[310]As with the arts, Indonesian architecture has absorbed foreign influences that have brought cultural changes and profound effects on building styles and techniques. The most dominant has traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also been significant. Traditional carpentry, masonry, stone and woodwork techniques and decorations have thrived in vernacular architecture, with numbers of traditional houses' (rumah adat) styles that have been developed. The traditional houses and settlements vary by ethnic group, and each has a specific custom and history.[311] Examples include Toraja's Tongkonan, Minangkabau's Rumah Gadang and Rangkiang, Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof, Dayak's longhouses, various Malay houses, Balinese houses and temples, and also different forms of rice barns (lumbung).[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamelan_Player_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angklung-arumba.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tari_Pendet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tari_Piring.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Angklung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung"},{"link_name":"Pendet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendet"},{"link_name":"Jaipongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipongan"},{"link_name":"Saman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Candle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle_dance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"wikkelrok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrap_skirt"},{"link_name":"batik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik"},{"link_name":"Angklung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung"},{"link_name":"kacapi suling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacapi_suling"},{"link_name":"gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"talempong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talempong"},{"link_name":"kulintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulintang"},{"link_name":"sasando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasando"},{"link_name":"gambus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs"},{"link_name":"qasida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"keroncong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keroncong"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"dangdut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangdut"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"mutual intelligibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboofabric.png"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"witch doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_doctor"},{"link_name":"Hudoq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudoq"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"Batik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik"},{"link_name":"Kebaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaya"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_people"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-327"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JForshee-307"},{"link_name":"Ulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulos"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak"},{"link_name":"North Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Songket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songket"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"Ikat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikat"},{"link_name":"Sasak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak_people"},{"link_name":"Lombok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-327"}],"sub_title":"Music, dance and clothing","text":"Indonesian music and dance. From top, left to right: Javanese Gamelan player; Angklung; Balinese Pendet dance; Sundanese Jaipongan Mojang Priangan dance; Acehnese Saman dance; Minangkabau Candle danceCotton wikkelrok with batik geometric patternThe music of Indonesia predates historical records. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied by musical instruments in their rituals. Angklung, kacapi suling, gong, gamelan, talempong, kulintang, and sasando are examples of traditional Indonesian instruments. The diverse world of Indonesian music genres results from the musical creativity of its people and subsequent cultural encounters with foreign influences. These include gambus and qasida from the Middle East,[312] keroncong from Portugal,[313] and dangdut—one of Indonesia's most popular music genres—with notable Hindi influence as well as Malay orchestras.[314] Today, the Indonesian music industry enjoys both nationwide and regional popularity in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei,[315][316] due to the common culture and mutual intelligibility between Indonesian and Malay.[317]A typical Minangkabau songket, the pattern in the lower third representing bamboo sproutsIndonesian dances have a diverse history, with more than 3,000 original dances. Scholars believe that they had their beginning in rituals and religious worship.[318] Examples include war dances, a dance of witch doctors, and a dance to call for rain or any agricultural rituals such as Hudoq. Indonesian dances derive their influences from the archipelago's prehistoric and tribal, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic periods. Recently, modern dances and urban teen dances have gained popularity due to the influence of Western culture and those of Japan and South Korea to some extent. However, various traditional dances, including those of Java, Bali and Dayak, remain a living and dynamic tradition.[319]Indonesia has various clothing styles due to its long and rich cultural history. The national costume originates from the country's indigenous culture and traditional textile traditions. The Javanese Batik and Kebaya[320] are arguably Indonesia's most recognised national costumes, though they have Sundanese and Balinese origins as well.[321] Each province has a representation of traditional attire and dress,[301] such as Ulos of Batak from North Sumatra; Songket of Malay and Minangkabau from Sumatra; and Ikat of Sasak from Lombok. People wear national and regional costumes during traditional weddings, formal ceremonies, music performances, government and official occasions,[321] and they vary from traditional to modern attire.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of highest-grossing films in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pandavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandava"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Wayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang"},{"link_name":"shadow puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_puppet"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"link_name":"Ludruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludruk"},{"link_name":"Ketoprak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoprak"},{"link_name":"Sandiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandiwara"},{"link_name":"Lenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenong"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_Silat"},{"link_name":"Randai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randai"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randai-333"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randai-333"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg"},{"link_name":"Loetoeng Kasaroeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng"},{"link_name":"Loetoeng Kasaroeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ctrip-335"},{"link_name":"Usmar Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmar_Ismail"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"latter part of the Sukarno era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishna_Sen-337"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ctrip-335"},{"link_name":"Pengabdi Setan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%27s_Slave_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Nagabonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagabonar"},{"link_name":"Tjoet Nja' Dhien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjoet_Nja%27_Dhien"},{"link_name":"Catatan Si Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatan_Si_Boy"},{"link_name":"Warkop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkop"},{"link_name":"Independent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishna_Sen-337"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"Riri Riza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riri_Riza"},{"link_name":"Mira Lesmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Lesmana"},{"link_name":"Petualangan Sherina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petualangan_Sherina"},{"link_name":"Ada Apa dengan Cinta?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Apa_dengan_Cinta%3F"},{"link_name":"Laskar Pelangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskar_Pelangi"},{"link_name":"KKN di Desa Penari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKN_di_Desa_Penari"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Citra Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citra_Award"}],"sub_title":"Theatre and cinema","text":"Further information: List of highest-grossing films in IndonesiaThe Pandavas and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performanceWayang, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese shadow puppet theatre displays several legends from Hindu mythology such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.[322] Other forms of local drama include the Javanese Ludruk and Ketoprak, the Sundanese Sandiwara, Betawi Lenong,[323][324] and various Balinese dance dramas. They incorporate humour and jest and often involve audiences in their performances.[325] Some theatre traditions also include music, dancing and silat martial art, such as Randai from the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra. It is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals[326][327] and based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story.[327] Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are famous as it often portrays social and political satire of Indonesian society.[328]Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East IndiesThe first film produced in the archipelago was Loetoeng Kasaroeng,[329] a silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. The film industry expanded after independence, with six films made in 1949 rising to 58 in 1955. Usmar Ismail, who made significant imprints in the 1950s and 1960s, is generally considered the pioneer of Indonesian films.[330] The latter part of the Sukarno era saw the use of cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western purposes, and foreign films were subsequently banned, while the New Order used a censorship code that aimed to maintain social order.[331] Production of films peaked during the 1980s, although it declined significantly in the next decade.[329] Notable films in this period include Pengabdi Setan (1980), Nagabonar (1987), Tjoet Nja' Dhien (1988), Catatan Si Boy (1989), and Warkop's comedy films.Independent film making was a rebirth of the film industry since 1998, when films started addressing previously banned topics, such as religion, race, and love.[331] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of films released each year steadily increased.[332] Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana were among the new generation of filmmakers who co-directed Kuldesak (1999), Petualangan Sherina (2000), Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002), and Laskar Pelangi (2008). In 2022, KKN di Desa Penari smashed box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with 9.2 million tickets sold.[333] Indonesia has held annual film festivals and awards, including the Indonesian Film Festival (Festival Film Indonesia) held intermittently since 1955. It hands out the Citra Award, the film industry's most prestigious award. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued until its revival in 2004.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium,_Jakarta,_MetroTV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metro TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_TV_(Indonesian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Gelora Bung Karno Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2010 AFF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFF_Championship"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"TVRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frd2011-341"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frd2011-341"},{"link_name":"Internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pramoedya Ananta Toer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"oral traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"syair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syair"},{"link_name":"pantun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantun"},{"link_name":"gurindam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurindam"},{"link_name":"hikayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hikayat"},{"link_name":"babad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts"},{"link_name":"Syair Abdul Muluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syair_Abdul_Muluk"},{"link_name":"Hikayat Hang Tuah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah"},{"link_name":"Sulalatus Salatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Annals"},{"link_name":"Babad Tanah Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"Balai Pustaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balai_Pustaka"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-literary-350"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-literary-350"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"},{"link_name":"Hamka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamka"},{"link_name":"Chairil Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairil_Anwar"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Yamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Yamin"},{"link_name":"Merari Siregar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merari_Siregar"},{"link_name":"Marah Roesli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marah_Roesli"},{"link_name":"Pramoedya Ananta Toer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer"},{"link_name":"Ayu Utami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayu_Utami"}],"sub_title":"Mass media and literature","text":"Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF ChampionshipMedia freedom increased considerably after the fall of the New Order, during which the Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media and restricted foreign media.[334] The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1989. By the early 21st century, the improved communications system had brought television signals to every village, and people can choose from up to 11 channels.[335] Private radio stations carry news bulletins while foreign broadcasters supply programmes. The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998.[335]Like other developing countries, Indonesia began developing Internet in the early 1990s. Its first commercial Internet service provider, PT. Indo Internet began operation in Jakarta in 1994.[336] The country had 171 million Internet users in 2018, with a penetration rate that keeps increasing annually.[337] Most are between the ages of 15 and 19 and depend primarily on mobile phones for access, outnumbering laptops and computers.[338]Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature[339]The oldest evidence of writing in the Indonesian archipelago is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Many of Indonesia's peoples have firmly rooted oral traditions, which help define and preserve their cultural identities.[340] In written poetry and prose, several traditional forms dominate, mainly syair, pantun, gurindam, hikayat and babad. Examples of these forms include Syair Abdul Muluk, Hikayat Hang Tuah, Sulalatus Salatin, and Babad Tanah Jawi.[341]Early modern Indonesian literature originates in the Sumatran tradition.[342][343] Literature and poetry flourished during the decades leading up to and after independence. Balai Pustaka, the government bureau for popular literature, was instituted in 1917 to promote the development of indigenous literature. Many scholars consider the 1950s and 1960s to be the Golden Age of Indonesian Literature.[344] The style and characteristics of modern Indonesian literature vary according to the dynamics of the country's political and social landscape,[344] most notably the war of independence in the second half of the 1940s and the anti-communist mass killings in the mid-1960s.[345] Notable literary figures of the modern era include Hamka, Chairil Anwar, Mohammad Yamin, Merari Siregar, Marah Roesli, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and Ayu Utami.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nasi Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_Padang"},{"link_name":"rendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang"},{"link_name":"gulai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"staple food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food"},{"link_name":"side dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_dish"},{"link_name":"coconut milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"nasi goreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng"},{"link_name":"gado-gado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado-gado"},{"link_name":"sate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay"},{"link_name":"soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_(food)"},{"link_name":"tumpeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpeng"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"rendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau cuisines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine"},{"link_name":"dendeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendeng"},{"link_name":"gulai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai"},{"link_name":"oncom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncom"},{"link_name":"tempeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetablesIndonesian cuisine is one of the world's most diverse, vibrant, and colourful, full of intense flavour.[346] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Chinese, African, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.[347] Rice is the leading staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chilli), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.[348]Some popular dishes such as nasi goreng, gado-gado, sate, and soto are ubiquitous and considered national dishes. The Ministry of Tourism, however, chose tumpeng as the official national dish in 2014, describing it as binding the diversity of various culinary traditions.[349] Other popular dishes include rendang, one of the many Minangkabau cuisines along with dendeng and gulai. Another fermented food is oncom, similar in some ways to tempeh but uses a variety of bases (not only soy), created by different fungi, and is prevalent in West Java.[350]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pencak Silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_Silat"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cup"},{"link_name":"Uber Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"Indonesia's Olympic medal tally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Liga 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_1_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"1958 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Southeast_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Southeast_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"2023 Southeast Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Southeast_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"National Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Week_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"},{"link_name":"Sepak takraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepak_takraw"},{"link_name":"karapan sapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapan_sapi"},{"link_name":"Madura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madura_Island"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"},{"link_name":"pasola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasola"},{"link_name":"Sumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba"},{"link_name":"Pencak Silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_Silat"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Southeast_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial artsBadminton and football are the most popular sports in Indonesia. Indonesia is among the few countries that have won the Thomas and Uber Cup, the world team championship of men's and women's badminton. Along with weightlifting, it is the sport that contributes the most to Indonesia's Olympic medal tally. Liga 1 is the country's premier football club league. On the international stage, Indonesia was the first Asian team to participate in the FIFA World Cup in 1938 as the Dutch East Indies.[351] On a regional level, Indonesia won a bronze medal at the 1958 Asian Games as well as three gold medals at the 1987, 1991 and 2023 Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games). Indonesia's first appearance at the AFC Asian Cup was in 1996.[352]Other popular sports include boxing and basketball, which were part of the first National Games (Pekan Olahraga Nasional, PON) in 1948.[353] Sepak takraw and karapan sapi (bull racing) in Madura are some examples of Indonesia's traditional sports. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art that, in 2018, became one of the sporting events in the Asian Games, with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading competitors. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is one of the top sports powerhouses, topping the SEA Games medal table ten times since 1977,[354] most recently in 2011.[355]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/ˌɪndəˈniːziə, -ʒə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"IN-də-NEE-zee-ə, -⁠zhə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə, -ʃə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/En-us-Indonesia.ogg/En-us-Indonesia.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Indonesia.ogg"},{"link_name":"IN-də-NEE-zhə, -⁠shə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[ɪndoˈnesia]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_14-0"},{"link_name":"[reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Id-Indonesia.ogg/Id-Indonesia.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Id-Indonesia.ogg"},{"link_name":"Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_158-0"},{"link_name":"Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-237"},{"link_name":"ethnic Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-243"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"}],"text":"^ According 2022 data.\n\n^ UK: /ˌɪndəˈniːziə, -ʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zee-ə, -⁠zhə US: /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə, -ʃə/ ⓘ IN-də-NEE-zhə, -⁠shə;[10][11] Indonesian pronunciation: [ɪndoˈnesia]\n\n^ Republik Indonesia ([reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia] ⓘ) is the most-used official name, though the name Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, NKRI) also appears in some official documents.\n\n^ During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, Indonesia withdrew from the UN due to the latter's election to the United Nations Security Council, although it returned 18 months later. It marked the first time in UN history that a member state had attempted a withdrawal.[154]\n\n^ Small but significant populations of ethnic Chinese, Indians, Europeans and Arabs are concentrated mostly in urban areas.\n\n^ These influences include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Makassarese, Hindustani, Sanskrit, Tamil, Chinese, Arabic, Dutch, Portuguese and English.[235][236][237]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur temple, c. 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa and Madagascar as early as the 1st century CE[18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/220px-Borobudur_ship.JPG"},{"image_text":"The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg/220px-Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg/220px-Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West Kalimantan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg/220px-Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Indonesia[83]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/220px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif"},{"image_text":"Deforestation in Riau province, Sumatra, to make way for an oil palm plantation (2007)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg/220px-Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruang_MPR.jpg/220px-Ruang_MPR.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indonesia serves as the seat of ASEAN Headquarters and capital city Jakarta serves as the organization's diplomatic capital[145]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg/220px-ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vast palm oil plantation in Bogor Regency, West Java. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.[171]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/220px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Industrial area in Batam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Whoosh is the first high-speed rail in Southeast Asia and the Southern Hemisphere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg/220px-Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sidrap wind farm, Indonesia's first wind power plant, in Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PLTB-Sidrap.jpg/220px-PLTB-Sidrap.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palapa satellite launch in 1984","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg"},{"image_text":"Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia[214]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg/250px-Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg"},{"image_text":"Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to Conservation International[218]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Raja_Ampat_2.jpg/220px-Raja_Ampat_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indonesia's ten metropolitan areas labeled with their populations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg/220px-Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A map of ethnic groups in Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/330px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Buddhist monks performing Pradakshina ritual at Borobudur temple, Central Java","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pradaksina.jpg/220px-Pradaksina.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only Indonesian province where Hinduism is the predominant religion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/220px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Semana Santa\" festival in Larantuka, East Nusa Tenggara, a Catholic ritual during Holy Week","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg/220px-Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg"},{"image_text":"University of Indonesia is one of Indonesia's top universities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg/220px-No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siloam Hospitals Lippo Cikarang","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Siloam_Hospitals_Lippo_Cikarang_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Siloam_Hospitals_Lippo_Cikarang_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg/220px-Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cotton wikkelrok with batik geometric pattern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical Minangkabau songket, the pattern in the lower third representing bamboo sprouts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bamboofabric.png/170px-Bamboofabric.png"},{"image_text":"The Pandavas and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg/220px-Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg/170px-Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF Championship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg/220px-TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature[339]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg/170px-Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetables","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG/220px-Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG"},{"image_text":"A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial arts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg/170px-Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg"},{"title":"Islands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg"},{"title":"Countries portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries"},{"title":"List of Indonesia-related topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesia-related_topics"},{"title":"Index of Indonesia-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles"},{"title":"Outline of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia"}]	[{"reference":"Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. \"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_slider	Hispaniolan slider	["1 Habitat","2 Conservation","3 Diet","4 Appearance","5 References"]	Species of reptile Hispaniolan slider Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Emydidae Genus: Trachemys Species: T. decorata Binomial name Trachemys decorata(Barbour & Carr, 1940) Synonyms Pseudemys decorata Barbour & Carr, 1940 Pseudemys terrapen decorata — Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 Chrysemys (Trachemys) decorata — McDowell, 1964 Chrysemys terrapen decorata — Obst, 1983 Trachemys decorata — Seidel & Incháustegui, 1984 Trachemys stejnegeri decorata — Iverson, 1985 The Hispaniolan slider (Trachemys decorata) or Haitian slider is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae found on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Habitat The Hispaniolan slider is a freshwater turtle. They can live on land and water, but prefer to be near freshwater. Conservation These sliders are not on the endangered list, but are considered vulnerable. Diet They have a particular diet that consists of insects (crickets), fish, vegetation, etc. When kept in captivity, they can eat all of the same foods that they would eat normally, as well as turtle pellets, carrots, tomatoes, peeled grapes, and spinach. Appearance Unlike red-eared sliders, they do not have red patches on their heads. They have distinct light and dark stripes on their necks, feet, and tails. The tops of their shells are brown and the bottoms are yellow. References ^ a b Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (2016) . "Trachemys decorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T22019A97299007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22019A9346521.en. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 202. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ^ "Welcome to ATP". ^ "Feeding Red Eared Sliders and Other Aquatic Turtles - How to Feed.", Choosing an Exotic Pet - Care of Exotic Pets. Web. 5 March (2010) ^ "World Chelonian Trust - Trachemys Gallery". "World Chelonian Trust - Trachemys Gallery.", World Chelonian Trust - Turtle and Tortoise Conservation and Care. Web. 5 March (2010). Wikispecies has information related to Trachemys decorata. vteEmydidae family Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Emydidae GeneraSpecies of the Emydidae familyChrysemys Painted turtle Clemmys Spotted turtle Deirochelys Chicken turtle Actinemys Western pond turtle Southwestern pond turtle Emys European pond turtle Sicilian pond turtle Emydoidea Blanding's turtle Glyptemys Bog turtle Wood turtle Graptemys Alabama map turtle Barbour's map turtle Black-knobbed map turtle Cagle's map turtle Escambia map turtle False map turtle Mississippi map turtle Northern map turtle Ouachita map turtle Pascagoula map turtle Pearl River map turtle Ringed map turtle Texas map turtle Yellow-blotched map turtle Malaclemys Diamondback terrapin Pseudemys Alabama red-bellied cooter Northern red-bellied cooter Florida red-bellied cooter Peninsula cooter Rio Grande cooter River cooter (subspecies Eastern river cooter Coastal plain cooter Suwannee cooter) Texas river cooter Terrapene Coahuilan box turtle Common box turtle Ornate box turtle Spotted box turtle Trachemys Atrato slider Big Bend slider Baja California slider Central Antillean slider Colombian slider Cuatro Cienegas slider Cuban slider D'Orbigny's slider Hispaniolan slider Jamaican slider Maranhão slider Meso-American slider Nicaraguan slider Ornate slider Pond slider Yaqui slider †Wilburemys †Wilburemys yakimensis Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Key: †=extinct.vteTestudines Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Clade: Diapsida Order: Testudines SuborderSuperfamilyFamilyGenusCryptodiraChelonioidea(Sea turtles)Cheloniidae †Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka Dermochelyidae †Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus †Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus KinosternoideaDermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus TestudinoideaEmydidae †Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys Geoemydidae Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys Platysternidae Platysternon Testudinidae Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo TrionychiaCarettochelyidae †Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys Trionychidae Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx †Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes Chelydridae Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra †Nanhsiungchelyidae †Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys †Protostegidae †Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys †Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys Pleurodira †Araripemydidae †Araripemys †Bothremydidae †Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah Chelidae Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa Pelusios Podocnemididae †Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys †Sahonachelyidae †Sahonachelys †Sokatra †Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct. See also List of Testudines families Taxon identifiersTrachemys decorata Wikidata: Q1032577 Wikispecies: Trachemys decorata ADW: Trachemys_decorata ARKive: trachemys-decorata CoL: 7CLCN EoL: 790442 GBIF: 2442962 iNaturalist: 39804 IRMNG: 10365517 ITIS: 551945 IUCN: 22019 NCBI: 365623 Observation.org: 103859 Open Tree of Life: 608023 Paleobiology Database: 121580 RD: decorata	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle"},{"link_name":"Emydidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emydidae"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"The Hispaniolan slider (Trachemys decorata) or Haitian slider is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae found on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic).[1]","title":"Hispaniolan slider"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Hispaniolan slider is a freshwater turtle. 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The tops of their shells are brown and the bottoms are yellow.[5]","title":"Appearance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (2016) [errata version of 1996 assessment]. \"Trachemys decorata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T22019A97299007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22019A9346521.en. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22019/97299007","url_text":"\"Trachemys decorata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22019A9346521.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22019A9346521.en"}]},{"reference":"Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). \"Checklist of Chelonians of the World\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_For_Tourists	Not for Tourists	["1 History","2 Format","3 Content","4 Current NFT guides","5 References","6 External links"]	Not For Tourists (abbreviated NFT) is a series of guides to major cities. Unlike traditional tourist guide books, NFT guides are designed for people who live in or commute to their subject cities. As such, they differ in several ways from the typical guide book. In addition to highlighting landmarks, restaurants, bars, stores, and so on, NFT guides point out "essentials" like supermarkets, parking lots, pharmacies, and banks. Not For Tourists currently publishes yearly guidebooks through Simon & Schuster. Though they previously operated a website providing travel advice, the registration expired and was not renewed on April 30, 2021. As of August 2021, there is a website operating at the former domain name, but it does not appear to be affiliated. History NFT originated in Jane Pirone's early-morning search for an open gas station in 1990. She and Rob Tallia published the Not For Tourists Guide to Manhattan 2000 ten years later. The name was changed to the "Guide to New York City" in 2002, which also saw the release of NFT's second city, Los Angeles. In late 2003, the guides were opened up to advertisements for financial reasons. Format NFT guides have simple black and silver covers. The pocket-sized guides have very small typefaces and no photography. In addition to having little introductory/orientation material (every NFT simply begins with an introductory letter, a table of contents, and then a map of each neighborhood for that city), NFT differs from other guides in that its trim size is variable—the New York City guide is pocket-sized, while the Los Angeles guide is quite larger as it is meant to be used as a driving/navigational tool in addition to a basic reference. Cities such as Chicago and Washington, DC have a trim size that is in between that of the pocket guides and the larger Los Angeles guide. NFT states that each of its guides' sizes is based solely on the "coverage area" for each city—San Francisco being close to 50 square miles (130 km2), for instance, and Los Angeles covering close to 500 square miles (1,300 km2). Los Angeles has five times the population of San Francisco. Content NFT guides are organised by location, breaking cities down into neighbourhoods. The books are divided into maps which are cross-referenced with an appendix listing and briefly reviewing everyday destinations such as supermarkets, gas stations, hardware stores, and mass transit, as well as landmarks, restaurants and hotels. Recommendations are based on information from residents and details fact-checked. The founders encourage readers to inform them of errors through their website, and this is used to improve future editions. Current NFT guides Currently there are 12 titles, including the first ever non-US title, The Not For Tourists Guide to London, which was released in October 2008. The company is currently working on a guide to Paris to be released in 2010. NFT has released guides to: Atlanta Boston Chicago London Los Angeles Philadelphia New York City The New York City borough of Brooklyn The borough of Manhattan The borough of Queens San Francisco Seattle Washington, DC References ^ "Not For Tourists Books". Simon & Schuster. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved 19 December 2021. ^ Slobodzian, Joseph A. (10 June 2005). "A guidebook off the tourist track". The Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ Lazare, Lewis (3 December 2003). "Ads in new editions of Not For Tourists guides". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 81. ^ The Associated Press (15 November 2003). "Not for Tourists books packed with detail". National Post. pp. PT02. ^ a b Teplitsky, Ariel (21 October 2006). "Guides help real travellers rush in where 'tourists' fear to tread". The Toronto Star. pp. K16. External links Not For Tourists books Behind the scenes video for Not For Tourists	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Tourists&action=edit"}],"text":"Not For Tourists currently publishes yearly guidebooks through Simon & Schuster.[1] Though they previously operated a website providing travel advice, the registration expired and was not renewed on April 30, 2021. As of August 2021[update], there is a website operating at the former domain name, but it does not appear to be affiliated.","title":"Not for Tourists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slobodzian-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazare-3"}],"text":"NFT originated in Jane Pirone's early-morning search for an open gas station in 1990. She and Rob Tallia published the Not For Tourists Guide to Manhattan 2000 ten years later.[2] The name was changed to the \"Guide to New York City\" in 2002, which also saw the release of NFT's second city, Los Angeles. In late 2003, the guides were opened up to advertisements for financial reasons.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-4"}],"text":"NFT guides have simple black and silver covers. The pocket-sized guides have very small typefaces[4] and no photography.In addition to having little introductory/orientation material (every NFT simply begins with an introductory letter, a table of contents, and then a map of each neighborhood for that city), NFT differs from other guides in that its trim size is variable—the New York City guide is pocket-sized, while the Los Angeles guide is quite larger as it is meant to be used as a driving/navigational tool in addition to a basic reference. Cities such as Chicago and Washington, DC have a trim size that is in between that of the pocket guides and the larger Los Angeles guide. NFT states that each of its guides' sizes is based solely on the \"coverage area\" for each city—San Francisco being close to 50 square miles (130 km2), for instance, and Los Angeles covering close to 500 square miles (1,300 km2). Los Angeles has five times the population of San Francisco.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teplitsky-5"}],"text":"NFT guides are organised by location, breaking cities down into neighbourhoods. The books are divided into maps which are cross-referenced with an appendix listing and briefly reviewing everyday destinations such as supermarkets, gas stations, hardware stores, and mass transit, as well as landmarks, restaurants and hotels.[5]Recommendations are based on information from residents and details fact-checked. The founders encourage readers to inform them of errors through their website, and this is used to improve future editions.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teplitsky-5"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"}],"text":"Currently there are 12 titles, including the first ever non-US title, The Not For Tourists Guide to London, which was released in October 2008. The company is currently working on a guide to Paris to be released in 2010.[needs update][5]NFT has released guides to:Atlanta\nBoston\nChicago\nLondon\nLos Angeles\nPhiladelphia\nNew York City\nThe New York City borough of Brooklyn\nThe borough of Manhattan\nThe borough of Queens\nSan Francisco\nSeattle\nWashington, DC","title":"Current NFT guides"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Not For Tourists Books\". Simon & Schuster. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved 19 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/series/Not-For-Tourists","url_text":"\"Not For Tourists Books\""}]},{"reference":"Slobodzian, Joseph A. (10 June 2005). \"A guidebook off the tourist track\". The Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lazare, Lewis (3 December 2003). \"Ads in new editions of Not For Tourists guides\". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 81.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (15 November 2003). \"Not for Tourists books packed with detail\". National Post. pp. PT02.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Teplitsky, Ariel (21 October 2006). \"Guides help real travellers rush in where 'tourists' fear to tread\". The Toronto Star. pp. K16.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Tourists&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/series/Not-For-Tourists","external_links_name":"\"Not For Tourists Books\""},{"Link":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/series/Not-For-Tourists","external_links_name":"Not For Tourists books"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q21PiVNpWE8","external_links_name":"Behind the scenes video for Not For Tourists"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_(actress)	Sonam (actress)	["1 Career","1.1 1987-88: Debut & Breakthrough","1.2 Professional Expansion (1989 - 1994)","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sonam" actress – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Indian actress and former model SonamBornBakhtavar KhanIndiaOther namesSonam RaiOccupationActressYears active1987–1994Spouse(s)Rajiv Rai (1991-2016 divorced)Children1 Sonam Khan (born Bakhtavar Khan) is an Indian actress and former model known for her works in Bollywood and Telugu cinema. She is the granddaughter of veteran actor Murad. She was paired with actors such as Govinda (actor), Chunky Pandey, Rishi Kapoor, Mithun Chakraborty, Chiranjeevi, Jackie Shroff, Sanjay Dutt, Raj Babbar, Prosenjit Chatterjee and Naseeruddin Shah. Some of her notable films include Vijay, Tridev, Mitti Aur Sona, Lashkar, Kroadh, Kodama Simham, Ajooba and Vishwatma. She appeared in over 35 films during 1987 through to 1994. Career 1987-88: Debut & Breakthrough Sonam was named by her parents (Mushir Khan - father and Talat Khan- Mother) as "Bakhtavar". "Sonam" is her screen-name, which was suggested by Yash Chopra to be more marketable in the Indian film industry. Her first release was the Telugu language movie Samrat opposite Ramesh Babu in 1987. She made her debut in the Bollywood industry after being launched by Yash Chopra in the 1988 film Vijay opposite Rishi Kapoor. Professional Expansion (1989 - 1994) Sonam Khan made her debut in the late 80s with the 1987 Telugu film Samrat. The actress shot to fame with the popular song "Oye Oye...Tirchi Topi Wale" from the film Tridev. Khan gained widespread recognition and became a symbol of allure and charisma. Sonam had ten releases in 1990 including the box office hit Kroadh and her only Bengali language movie Mandira. She was also seen in the Telugu language super hit Kodama Simham opposite Chiranjeevi. Her first release in 1991 was the multi-starrer Ajooba with Amitabh Bachchan, Dimple Kapadia and Rishi Kapoor. This was one of the most expensive films of its time. She had seven other releases that year of which Fateh opposite Sanjay Dutt did well at the box office. In 1992, she collaborated for the third and last time with Naseeruddin Shah in the big budget Vishwatma which did well theatrically. Post her marriage, she appeared selectively and featured in movies like Baaz (1992) opposite Govinda, Police Wala opposite Chunky Pandey (1993) and Insaaf Apne Lahoo Se (1994) opposite Sanjay Dutt. Personal life In 1991, Sonam married director Rajiv Rai, who had directed her in two very successful films, Tridev and Vishwatma. Rajiv was the son of successful film producer Gulshan Rai, founder of the banner Trimurti Films. After marriage, Sonam quit acting and devoted herself to her family. Sonam Khan soon gave birth to her son Gaurav. In a 2023 interview, the actress revealed having a baby at an early age before turning 20. She revealed that she spent most of her time traveling across the world for the treatment of her son, who was diagnosed with autism at an early age. The couple initially moved to Los Angeles and then settled in Europe for nearly two decades. However, the marriage deteriorated between Khan and Rai for personal reasons. In 2016, after 15 years of separation, Sonam Khan and Rajiv Rai divorced. In November 2023, Sonam Khan made her first public appearance after three decades at the Jio World Plaza launch in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Khan resides in Mumbai with her son, Gaurav and is now gearing up to return to the silver screen. Filmography Year Title Role Language 1987 Samrat Rekha aka Honey Telugu 1988 Vijay Nisha Mehra Hindi Aakhri Adaalat Nisha Sharma Hindi Mugguru Kodukulu Sobha Rani Telugu 1989 Aakhri Ghulam Sonam Hindi Aakhri Baazi Sapna Hindi Tridev Renuka Hindi Mitti Aur Sona Anupama / Neelima Hindi Sachai Ki Taqat Rekha Hindi Na-Insaafi Rita Hindi Asmaan Se Ooncha Sonam Hindi Gola Barood Hindi Hum Bhi Insaan Hain Soni Hindi 1990 Kroadh Sonu Hindi Pyar Ka Karz Mona Hindi Jeene Do Sujata Hindi Naakabandi Sonia Hindi Mandira Mandira Bengali Chor Pe Mor Basanti Hindi Aaj Ke Shahenshah Barkha Hindi Kodama Simham Telugu Apmaan Ki Aag Mona Hindi Shera Shamshera Durga Hindi 1991 Raiszaada Hindi Swarg Jaisaa Ghar Asha Hindi Ajooba Shehzadi Heena Hindi Dushman Devta Ganga Hindi Fateh Sahira Hindi Ajooba Kudrat Ka Hindi Kohraam Dhanno Hindi Do Matwale Sonu Hindi 1992 Vishwatma Renuka Hindi Baaz Hindi 1993 Police Wala Meenakshi Hindi 1994 Do Fantoosh Nimmo Hindi Insaaf Apne Lahoo Se Nisha Hindi Insaniyat Radha Hindi References ^ a b "Then and now: 'Tridev' actress Sonam - Bollywood celebs: Then and now". The Times of India. ^ a b c Mulla, Zainab. "Love struck! Tridev actress Sonam ties the knot again with Murali Poduval; all set to make a comeback in Bollywood! \| India.com". www.india.com. ^ a b "Lesser known facts". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2019. External links Sonam at IMDb Sonam at Bollywood Hungama	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Telugu cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-3"},{"link_name":"Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-3"},{"link_name":"Govinda (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chunky Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunky_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Mithun Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Chiranjeevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjeevi"},{"link_name":"Jackie Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Shroff"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Raj Babbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Babbar"},{"link_name":"Prosenjit Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Tridev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridev"},{"link_name":"Mitti Aur Sona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitti_Aur_Sona"},{"link_name":"Lashkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kroadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroadh"},{"link_name":"Kodama Simham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodama_Simham"},{"link_name":"Ajooba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajooba"},{"link_name":"Vishwatma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwatma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"}],"text":"Indian actress and former modelSonam Khan (born Bakhtavar Khan) is an Indian actress and former model known for her works in Bollywood and Telugu cinema.[1][2][3] She is the granddaughter of veteran actor Murad.[2][3] She was paired with actors such as Govinda (actor), Chunky Pandey, Rishi Kapoor, Mithun Chakraborty, Chiranjeevi, Jackie Shroff, Sanjay Dutt, Raj Babbar, Prosenjit Chatterjee and Naseeruddin Shah. Some of her notable films include Vijay, Tridev, Mitti Aur Sona, Lashkar, Kroadh, Kodama Simham, Ajooba and Vishwatma. She appeared in over 35 films during 1987 through to 1994.[1][2]","title":"Sonam (actress)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yash Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Babu"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Yash Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"}],"sub_title":"1987-88: Debut & Breakthrough","text":"Sonam was named by her parents (Mushir Khan - father and Talat Khan- Mother) as \"Bakhtavar\". \"Sonam\" is her screen-name, which was suggested by Yash Chopra to be more marketable in the Indian film industry. Her first release was the Telugu language movie Samrat opposite Ramesh Babu in 1987. She made her debut in the Bollywood industry after being launched by Yash Chopra in the 1988 film Vijay opposite Rishi Kapoor.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actress-sonam-khan-who-worked-sunny-deol-sanjay-dutt-chiranjeevi-quit-acting-peak-career-suddenly-due-to-3077960"},{"link_name":"\"Oye Oye...Tirchi Topi Wale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-sonam-star-at-16-married-at-19-to-director-rajiv-rai-lived-in-4-countries-divorce-tridev-oye-oye-3046042"},{"link_name":"Tridev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridev"},{"link_name":"Kroadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroadh"},{"link_name":"Mandira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandira_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Kodama Simham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodama_Simham"},{"link_name":"Chiranjeevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjeevi"},{"link_name":"Ajooba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajooba"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Dimple Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia"},{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Fateh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"Vishwatma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwatma"},{"link_name":"Baaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaz_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Police Wala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Wala"},{"link_name":"Chunky Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunky_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Insaaf Apne Lahoo Se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaaf_Apne_Lahoo_Se"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt"}],"sub_title":"Professional Expansion (1989 - 1994)","text":"Sonam Khan made her debut in the late 80s with the 1987 Telugu film Samrat. The actress shot to fame with the popular song \"Oye Oye...Tirchi Topi Wale\" from the film Tridev. Khan gained widespread recognition and became a symbol of allure and charisma.Sonam had ten releases in 1990 including the box office hit Kroadh and her only Bengali language movie Mandira. She was also seen in the Telugu language super hit Kodama Simham opposite Chiranjeevi.Her first release in 1991 was the multi-starrer Ajooba with Amitabh Bachchan, Dimple Kapadia and Rishi Kapoor. This was one of the most expensive films of its time. She had seven other releases that year of which Fateh opposite Sanjay Dutt did well at the box office.In 1992, she collaborated for the third and last time with Naseeruddin Shah in the big budget Vishwatma which did well theatrically. Post her marriage, she appeared selectively and featured in movies like Baaz (1992) opposite Govinda, Police Wala opposite Chunky Pandey (1993) and Insaaf Apne Lahoo Se (1994) opposite Sanjay Dutt.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vishwatma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwatma"},{"link_name":"quit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonam-khan-on-life-post-quitting-films-says-she-travelled-the-world-looking-for-treatment-for-her-son-i-had-him-even-before-i-was-20-8914080/"},{"link_name":"Gaurav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-sonam-khan-says-autistic-son-focus-quit-acting-became-mother-turning-20/"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonam-khan-on-life-post-quitting-films-says-she-travelled-the-world-looking-for-treatment-for-her-son-i-had-him-even-before-i-was-20-8914080/"},{"link_name":"divorced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.firstpost.com/entertainment/director-rajiv-rai-actress-sonam-formally-divorce-after-15-years-of-separation-2926870.html"},{"link_name":"Jio World Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.news18.com/lifestyle/jio-world-plaza-after-30-years-sonam-khan-makes-her-first-public-appearance-in-sabyasachi-8643664.html"},{"link_name":"silver screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.koimoi.com/television/tridev-actress-sonam-khan-is-looking-to-make-a-comeback-with-ott-projects-deets-inside/"}],"text":"In 1991, Sonam married director Rajiv Rai, who had directed her in two very successful films, Tridev and Vishwatma. Rajiv was the son of successful film producer Gulshan Rai, founder of the banner Trimurti Films. After marriage, Sonam quit acting and devoted herself to her family. Sonam Khan soon gave birth to her son Gaurav. In a 2023 interview, the actress revealed having a baby at an early age before turning 20. She revealed that she spent most of her time traveling across the world for the treatment of her son, who was diagnosed with autism at an early age.The couple initially moved to Los Angeles and then settled in Europe for nearly two decades. However, the marriage deteriorated between Khan and Rai for personal reasons. In 2016, after 15 years of separation, Sonam Khan and Rajiv Rai divorced.In November 2023, Sonam Khan made her first public appearance after three decades at the Jio World Plaza launch in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Khan resides in Mumbai with her son, Gaurav and is now gearing up to return to the silver screen.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Then and now: 'Tridev' actress Sonam - Bollywood celebs: Then and now\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-celebs-then-and-now/then-and-now-tridev-actress-sonam/photostory/53522598.cms","url_text":"\"Then and now: 'Tridev' actress Sonam - Bollywood celebs: Then and now\""}]},{"reference":"Mulla, Zainab. \"Love struck! Tridev actress Sonam ties the knot again with Murali Poduval; all set to make a comeback in Bollywood! \| India.com\". www.india.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.india.com/viral/love-struck-tridev-actress-sonam-ties-the-knot-again-with-murali-poduval-all-set-to-make-a-comeback-in-bollywood-2043850/","url_text":"\"Love struck! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_A,_%C3%81	List of populated places in Hungary (A–Á)	["1 List of populated places in Hungary","2 Notes"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of populated places in Hungary" A–Á – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article is likely to contain errors and non up-to-date data. Please don't use any info from this article until this problem is resolved. See the talk page of the Hungarian version This is a list of cities, towns and villages of Hungary KEY: T = Town ; V = Village List of populated places in Hungary A, Á B C Cs D E, É F G Gy H I, Í J K L M N Ny O, Ó Ö, Ő P R S Sz T U, Ú Ü, Ű V Z Zs Name Type County District Population Post code Aba V Fejér Abai 4,574 8127 Abádszalók V Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Tiszafüredi 4,677 5241 Abaliget V Baranya Pécsi 637 7678 Abasár V Heves Gyöngyösi 2,665 3261 Abaújalpár V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Encsi 96 3882 Abaújkér V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Encsi 677 3882 Abaújlak V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Szikszói 113 3815 Abaújszántó V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Abaúj–Hegyközi 3,407 3881 Abaújszolnok V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Szikszói 157 3809 Abaújvár V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Abaúj–Hegyközi 330 3898 Abda V Győr-Moson-Sopron Gyori 3,061 9151 Abod V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Edelényi 285 3753 Abony T Pest Ceglédi 15,814 2740 Ábrahámhegy V Veszprém Tapolcai 501 8256 Ács V Komárom-Esztergom Komáromi 7,255 2941 Acsa V Pest Váci 1,528 2683 Acsád V Vas Szombathelyi 661 9746 Acsalag V Győr-Moson-Sopron Csornai 482 9168 Ácsteszér V Komárom-Esztergom Kisbéri 768 2887 Adács V Heves Gyöngyösi 3,794 3292 Ádánd V Somogy Siófoki 2,416 8653 Adásztevel V Veszprém Pápai 874 8561 Adony V Fejér Adonyi 3,839 2457 Adorjánháza V Veszprém Ajkai 471 8497 Adorjás V Baranya Sellyei 188 7841 Ág V Baranya Sásdi 206 7381 Ágasegyháza V Bács-Kiskun Kecskeméti 1,933 6076 Ágfalva V Győr-Moson-Sopron Sopron–Fertodi 1,951 9423 Aggtelek V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Kazincbarcikai 628 3759 Agyagosszergény V Győr-Moson-Sopron Kapuvári 938 9441 Ajak V Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Kisvárdai 3,952 4524 Ajka T Veszprém Ajkai 31,649 8400 Aka V Komárom-Esztergom Kisbéri 291 2862 Akasztó V Bács-Kiskun Kiskorösi 3,483 6221 Alacska V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Miskolci 877 3779 Alap V Fejér Sárbogárdi 2,143 7011 Alattyán V Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Jászberényi 2,035 5142 Albertirsa T Pest Ceglédi 11,615 2730 Alcsútdoboz V Fejér Bicskei 1,504 8087 Aldebrő V Heves Füzesabonyi 2,178 3353 Algyo V Csongrád Szegedi 5,326 6750 Alibánfa V Zala Zalaegerszegi 480 8921 Almamellék V Baranya Szigetvári 496 7934 Almásfüzitő V Komárom-Esztergom Komáromi 2,369 2931 Almásháza V Zala Zalaszentgróti 57 8935 Almáskamarás V Békés Mezokovácsházi 989 5747 Almáskeresztúr V Baranya Szigetvári 87 7932 Álmosd V Hajdú-Bihar Derecske–Létavértesi 1,673 4285 Alsóberecki V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Bodrogközi 861 3985 Alsóbogát V Somogy Kaposvári 300 7443 Alsódobsza V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Szerencsi 393 3717 Alsógagy V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Encsi 108 3837 Alsómocsolád V Baranya Sásdi 331 7345 Alsónána V Tolna Szekszárdi 728 7147 Alsónémedi V Pest Gyáli 4,783 2351 Alsónemesapáti V Zala Zalaegerszegi 751 8924 Alsónyék V Tolna Szekszárdi 821 7148 Alsóörs V Veszprém Balatonalmádi 1,335 8226 Alsópáhok V Zala Keszthely–Hévízi 1,254 8394 Alsópetény V Nógrád Rétsági 752 2617 Alsórajk V Zala Nagykanizsai 416 8767 Alsóregmec V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Sátoraljaújhelyi 220 3989 Alsószenterzsébet V Zala Lenti 92 8973 Alsószentiván V Fejér Sárbogárdi 682 7012 Alsószentmárton V Baranya Siklósi 1,119 7826 Alsószölnök V Vas Szentgotthárdi 418 9983 Alsószuha V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Kazincbarcikai 520 3726 Alsótelekes V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Kazincbarcikai 148 3735 Alsótold V Nógrád Pásztói 268 3069 Alsóújlak V Vas Vasvári 621 9842 Alsóvadász V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Szikszói 1,551 3811 Alsózsolca V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Miskolci 6,190 3571 Ambrózfalva V Csongrád Makói 545 6916 Anarcs V Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Kisvárdai 2,010 4546 Andocs V Somogy Tabi 1,193 8675 Andornaktálya V Heves Egri 1,675 3399 Andrásfa V Vas Vasvári 287 9811 Annavölgy V Komárom-Esztergom Dorogi 983 2529 Apácatorna V Veszprém Ajkai 185 8477 Apagy V Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Baktalórántházai 2,341 4553 Apaj V Pest Ráckevei 1,287 2345 Aparhant V Tolna Bonyhádi 1,154 7186 Apátfalva V Csongrád Makói 3,323 6931 Apátistvánfalva V Vas Szentgotthárdi 400 9982 Apátvarasd V Baranya Pécsváradi 134 7720 Apc V Heves Hatvani 2,046 3032 Áporka V Pest Ráckevei 1,165 2338 Apostag V Bács-Kiskun Kunszentmiklói 2,083 6088 Aranyosapáti V Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Vásárosnaményi 2,144 4634 Aranyosgadány V Baranya Pécsi 363 7671 Arka V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Abaúj–Hegyközi 113 3885 Arló V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Ózdi 4,199 3663 Arnót V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Miskolci 2,571 3713 Árokto V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Mezocsáti 1,223 Árpádhalom V Csongrád Szentesi 602 6623 Árpás V Győr-Moson-Sopron Téti 281 9132 Ártánd V Hajdú-Bihar Berettyóújfalui 598 4115 Ásotthalom V Csongrád Mórahalmi 4,191 6783 Ásványráró V Győr-Moson-Sopron Mosonmagyaróvári 1,989 9177 Aszaló V Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Szikszói 2,034 3841 Ászár V Komárom-Esztergom Kisbéri 1,610 2881 Aszód T Pest Aszódi 6,026 2170 Aszófő V Veszprém Balatonfüredi 357 8241 Áta V Baranya Pécsi 230 7763 Átány V Heves Hevesi 5,044 3371 Atkár V Heves Gyöngyösi 3,376 3213 Attala V Tolna Dombóvári 892 7252 Notes Cities marked with * have several different post codes, the one here is only the most general one. vteLists of populated places by countryDependent territories and partly recognized states are shown in italics.Africa Algeria Angola Ascension Island, St Helena and Tristan da Cunha Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas and Caribbean Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Greenland Guyana Haiti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname United States Uruguay Venezuela Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Curacao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand U.A.E. Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Isle of Man Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia American Samoa Fiji French Polynesia Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"List of populated places in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"A, Á","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_A,_%C3%81"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_C"},{"link_name":"Cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_Cs"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_D"},{"link_name":"E, É","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_E,_%C3%89"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_G"},{"link_name":"Gy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_Gy"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_H"},{"link_name":"I, Í","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_I,_%C3%8D"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_N"},{"link_name":"Ny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_Ny"},{"link_name":"O, Ó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_O,_%C3%93"},{"link_name":"Ö, Ő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_%C3%96,_%C5%90"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_P"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_S"},{"link_name":"Sz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_Sz"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_T"},{"link_name":"U, Ú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_U,_%C3%9A"},{"link_name":"Ü, Ű","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_%C3%9C,_%C5%B0"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_V"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_Z"},{"link_name":"Zs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary:_Zs"}],"text":"This is a list of cities, towns and villages of HungaryKEY: T = Town ; V = VillageList of populated places in Hungary\n\nA, Á\nB\nC\nCs\nD\nE, É\nF\nG\nGy\nH\nI, Í\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nNy\nO, Ó\nÖ, Ő\nP\nR\nS\nSz\nT\nU, Ú\nÜ, Ű\nV\nZ\nZs","title":"List of populated places in Hungary (A–Á)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_populated_places"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_populated_places"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_populated_places"},{"link_name":"Dependent territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"partly recognized states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Angola"},{"link_name":"Ascension Island, St Helena and Tristan da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Ascension_Island,_St_Helena_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_The_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Swaziland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Hondruas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Bonaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curacao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Martinique"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sint Eustatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.A.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_the_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Malta"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland#Largest_cities_and_towns_by_population"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Guam"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pitcairn Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_the_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wallis and Futuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cities marked with * have several different post codes, the one here is only the most general one.vteLists of populated places by countryDependent territories and partly recognized states are shown in italics.Africa\nAlgeria \nAngola \nAscension Island, St Helena and Tristan da Cunha\nBenin \nBotswana \nBurkina Faso \nBurundi \nCameroon \nCape Verde \n Central African Republic \nChad \nComoros \nDemocratic Republic of the Congo \nRepublic of the Congo \nCôte d'Ivoire \nDjibouti \nEgypt \nEquatorial Guinea \nEritrea \nEthiopia \nGabon \nThe Gambia \nGhana \nGuinea \nGuinea-Bissau \nKenya \nLesotho \nLiberia \nLibya \nMadagascar \nMalawi \nMali \nMauritania \nMauritius \nMorocco \nMozambique \nNamibia \nNiger \nNigeria \nRwanda \nSão Tomé and Príncipe \nSenegal \nSeychelles \nSierra Leone \nSomalia \nSouth Africa \nSouth Sudan \nSudan \nSwaziland \nTanzania \nTogo \nTunisia \nUganda \nZambia \nZimbabwe\nAmericas and Caribbean\nArgentina\nBolivia\nBrazil\nCanada\nChile\nColombia\nCosta Rica\nCuba\nGreenland\nGuyana\nHaiti\nHonduras\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nParaguay\nPeru\nSuriname\nUnited States\nUruguay\nVenezuela\nCaribbean\nAnguilla \n Antigua and Barbuda\n Aruba\nBahamas \nBarbados \nBonaire \n British Virgin Islands\nCayman Islands \n Cuba\n Curacao\nDominica \nDominican Republic \nGrenada \nGuadeloupe \nHaiti \nJamaica \nMartinique \nMontserrat \nPuerto Rico \n Saba\n Saint Barthélemy\nSaint Kitts and Nevis \nSaint Lucia \nSaint Martin \nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines \nSint Eustatius \nSint Maarten \n Trinidad and Tobago\nTurks and Caicos Islands \nUS Virgin Islands \n\nAsia\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBurma\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor\nGeorgia\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMongolia\nNepal\nPakistan\nPalestine\nPapua New Guinea\nPhilippines\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nThailand\nU.A.E.\nVietnam\nYemen\nEurope\nAlbania\nAndorra\nAustria\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFaroe Islands\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland\nIreland\nIsle of Man\nItaly\nKosovo\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMacedonia\nMalta\nMoldova\nMonaco\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nOceania\nAustralia\nAmerican Samoa \nFiji\nFrench Polynesia \nGuam \nKiribati \nMarshall Islands \n Nauru\nNew Caledonia\nNew Zealand\nNiue \nNorthern Mariana Islands \nPalau \nPitcairn Islands \nSamoa\nSolomon Islands \nTokelau \nTonga \nTuvalu \nVanuatu \nWallis and Futuna","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Hungary_(A%E2%80%93%C3%81)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+populated+places+in+Hungary%22+A%E2%80%93%C3%81","external_links_name":"\"List of populated places in Hungary\" A–Á"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+populated+places+in+Hungary%22+A%E2%80%93%C3%81+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+populated+places+in+Hungary%22+A%E2%80%93%C3%81&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+populated+places+in+Hungary%22+A%E2%80%93%C3%81+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+populated+places+in+Hungary%22+A%E2%80%93%C3%81","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+populated+places+in+Hungary%22+A%E2%80%93%C3%81&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens,_Jr.	Charles Dickens Jr.	["1 Life and career","2 Legacy","3 Bibliography","3.1 Dickens's Dictionary of London","3.2 Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Son of the writer Charles Dickens Charles Dickens Jr.Charles Dickens Jr. in 1874BornCharles Culliford Boz Dickens(1837-01-06)6 January 1837Furnival's Inn, Holborn, London, EnglandDied20 July 1896(1896-07-20) (aged 59)Fulham, London, EnglandResting placeMortlake cemeteryOccupationWriter, EditorNationalityEnglishNotable worksThe Life of Charles James MathewsDickens's Dictionary of LondonDickens's Dictionary of the ThamesDickens's Dictionary of ParisJohn Jasper's Secret: Sequel to Charles Dickens' Mystery of Edwin Drood (with Wilkie Collins)SpouseElisabeth Matilda Moule EvansChildren 8, including Mary Angela Dickens Parents Charles Dickens (father) Catherine Hogarth (mother) Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896), better known as Charles Dickens Jr., was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine All the Year Round, and a writer of dictionaries. He is now most remembered for his two 1879 books, Dickens's Dictionary of London and Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames. Life and career Charles Dickens Jr. was born at Furnival's Inn in Holborn, London, the first child of Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Hogarth. He was called "Charley" by family and friends. In 1847, aged ten, he entered the junior department of King's College, London. He went to Eton College, and visited Leipzig in 1853 to study German. In 1855, aged 18, he entered Barings Bank. In 1858, after his parents' separation, his father agreed he should live with his mother. As a young man, Dickens showed skills that could have led to a career in journalism but his father encouraged him to go into business. With ambitions to become a tea merchant, he visited China, Hong Kong and Japan in 1860. In 1861, he married Elisabeth Matilda Moule Evans, daughter of Frederick Mullett Evans, his father's former publisher. They had eight children: Mary Angela (1862–1948) Ethel Kate (1864–1936) Charles Walter (1865–1923) Sydney Margaret (1866–1955) Dorothy Gertrude (1868–1923) Beatrice (1869–1937) Cecil Mary (1871–1952) Evelyn Bessie (1873–1924) In 1866 he was appointed as the first Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Regatta. In 1868, after the failure of his printing business, and bankruptcy, he was hired by his father to work at All the Year Round and was appointed sub-editor the following year. In 1870, after his father's death, Dickens Jr. inherited the magazine and became its editor. At this time he also bought at auction Gads Hill Place, his father's Kent home, but he was forced to give it up in 1879. In 1879 he published (jointly with his father-in-law) the first editions of his two main dictionaries, Dickens's Dictionary of London and Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames. In 1882 his dictionaries were picked up by Macmillan & Co. who also released his third dictionary, Dickens's Dictionary of Paris, delayed by verifications explained in its introduction. Charles Dickens Jr. died of heart disease, at his home in Fulham, London, on 20 July 1896, aged 59. He was buried at Old Mortlake Burial Ground on 23 July 1896. Legacy Dickens's estate was worth £17 5s. 3d at his death, and his widow was granted a government pension of £100 per year. After her death in 1909 yearly civil list pensions of £25 were granted to Mary Angela, Dorothy Gertrude, Cecil Mary and Evelyn Bessie after "consideration of their straitened circumstances". In 1910 their situation was so difficult that Ethel Dickens wrote to the Lord Chief Justice Richard Alverstone to seek assistance. In the letter, which was also published in The Daily Telegraph, she explained that her sisters were "barely making a living" as secretaries and babysitters and that her doctor told her to take six months' rest due to overwork. As the centenary of their grandfather's birth approached, the reduced circumstances of Charles Jr.'s daughters led to a public fundraising appeal. On 7 January 1912 a gala performance in which "leading actors and actresses" appeared as Dickens's characters at the London Coliseum raised £2500, while a separate appeal by The Daily Telegraph added an additional £3882. By the close of the fund in March 1912 it held £12,000, which was to provide £150 per year to each of the daughters. Author Lucinda Hawksley, a descendant of the elder Charles Dickens, has written that "the girls' begging letter" caused embarrassment for their uncle, London barrister Henry Fielding Dickens, while the daughters of another uncle, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens, gave an interview to a newspaper in Australia, where they had been raised, to make clear that they were not seeking any part of the funds. Dickens's biographer Claire Tomalin said Charles Walter, only son of Dickens Jr., had been disowned by the family for marrying Ella Dare, a barmaid. Sydney Margaret went on to marry architect Thomas Bostock Whinney. Ethel died in 1936 of an overdose of phenobarbital at her flat in Chelsea, London. Bibliography Dickens's publications include: 1879 – The life of Charles James Mathews, chiefly autobiographical, with selections from his correspondence and speeches. 1879 – Dickens's Dictionary of London: An Unconventional Handbook. 1879 – Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, from its source to the Nore. 1881 – Dickens's Dictionary of Days. 1882 – Dickens's Dictionary of Paris: An Unconventional Handbook. 1884 – A Dictionary of the University of Cambridge. 1884 – A Dictionary of the University of Oxford. He also wrote the introductions to many posthumous reprints of his father's books, such as Barnaby Rudge, Oliver Twist, Bleak House, and Little Dorrit, providing biographical and bibliographical insights. His Reminiscences of My Father was published posthumously in 1934. Dickens's Dictionary of London Dickens's Dictionary of London: An Unconventional Handbook is the main book of Charles Dickens Jr. It was first published in London in 1879, by "Charles Dickens and Evans" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans). The book was then updated and reprinted every year until the author's death, from 1880 (second year) to the final 1896–1897 edition (eighteenth year). His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith. Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Oxford to the Nore: An Unconventional Handbook is the second book of Charles Dickens Jr. The "1880" edition was first published in London in 1879, by "Charles Dickens and Evans" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans). The next 1880 edition and further were slightly retitled to Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Its Source to the Nore: An Unconventional Handbook. The book was then updated and reprinted every year until the author's death, from 1880 to the final 1896 edition. His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith. See also Dickens family References ^ a b c d e f g "Dickens, Charles Culliford Boz". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7600. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c d e f g Paul Schlicke (3 November 2011). The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-19-964018-8. ^ Banerjee, Jacqueline. "The University of London and Its Boys' Schools". VictoriaWeb. Retrieved 21 August 2014. ^ Maslin, Janet (6 December 2012). "Living Under Great Expectations". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ Claire Tomalin (6 October 2011). Charles Dickens: A Life. Penguin Books Limited. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-14-197145-2. ^ "History". Metropolitan Amateur Regatta. Metropolitan Regatta. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ "Death of Charles Dickens, Jun". Australian Town and Country Journal. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 12 September 1896. p. 31. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ Antiquarian Books, Johnnycake Books Inc: "Dickens's Dictionary of Paris 1882: An Unconventional Handbook London MacMillan 1882, First Edition Decorated Cloth Boards Good Scarcest of the Dickens's dictionaries, with a preface by the author attesting that his "determination on my part not to issue the book until I was quite satisfies that the information contained in it was trustworthy and to the point" caused delay of its publication." Scarce Dickens item." ^ Worldcat.org, editions of Dickens's Dictionary of Paris (search with typo "Dicken" finds more results, both with and without typo) ^ "The Worship of Dickens". The New Zealand Herald. 10 February 1912. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ "New Civil List Pensions". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 7 July 1909. Retrieved 2 December 2014 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b c d Robert Gottlieb (27 November 2012). Great Expectations: The Sons and Daughters of Charles Dickens. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-1-4668-2776-9. ^ "His Memory Green". The Evening News. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 9 January 1912. p. 8. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ "CHARLES DICKENS CENTENARY". Geelong Advertiser. Vic.: National Library of Australia. 10 January 1912. p. 3. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ "DICKENS FUND". The Cairns Post. Qld.: National Library of Australia. 30 March 1912. p. 5. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ "Dickens Fund". The Queensland Times. National Library of Australia. 18 January 1912. p. 6 Edition: DAILY. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ "Whinney, Margaret ". Dictionary of Art Historians. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ "Ethel Kate Dickens Is Victim of Drug". The Montreal Gazette. 6 June 1936. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ Catalog record for The life of Charles James Mathews, chiefly autobiographical, with selections from his correspondence and speeches at the United States Library of Congress ^ Catalog record for Dickens's Dictionary of London at the United States Library of Congress ^ "Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, from its source to the Nore". Main catalogue entry. British Library. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ Catalog record for Dickens's dictionary of the Thames at the United States Library of Congress ^ Catalog record for Dickens's dictionary of days, being an every-day record of 1880. With calendar of useful information for 1881. at the United States Library of Congress ^ Dickens, Charles Jr. (1882). Dickens's Dictionary of Paris: An Unconventional Handbook. London: Macmillan. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ "A dictionary of the university of Cambridge". Main catalogue entry. British Library. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ Dickens, Charles Jr. (1885). A Dictionary of the University of Oxford. London: Macmillan. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ Catalog record for Barnaby Rudge, by Charles Dickens; a reprint of the first edition, with the illustrations, and an introduction, biographical and bibliographical, by Charles Dickens the younger. at the United States Library of Congress ^ Catalog record for Adventures of Oliver Twist, by Charles Dickens. A reprint of the first ed., with the illustrations, and an introduction, biographical and bibliographical, by Charles Dickens the younger. at the United States Library of Congress ^ Catalog record for Bleak house, by Charles Dickens; with forty illustrations by Phiz and facsimile of wrapper to first part; a reprint of the edition corrected by the author in 1869, with an introduction, biographical and bibliographical, by Charles Dickens the younger. at the United States Library of Congress ^ Catalog record for Little Dorrit, by Charles Dickens, with forty illustrations by Phiz. A reprint of the first ed. with an introduction, biographical and bibliographical, by Charles Dickens, the younger. at the United States Library of Congress ^ Personal reminiscences of Charles Dickens. WorldCat. OCLC 34707966. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Donald Hawes (13 May 2007). Charles Dickens. A&C Black. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8264-8963-0. ^ Worldcat.org, editions of Dickens's Dictionary of London ^ Worldcat.org, editions of Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames (search with typo "Dicken" finds more results, both with and without typo) External links Dickens's Dictionary of London: An Unconventional Handbook (1882) at the Internet Archive. Dickens's Dictionary of London: An Unconventional Handbook (1884) at the Internet Archive. Dickens's Dictionary of Paris: An Unconventional Handbook (1882) at the Internet Archive. Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, from its source to the Nore (1885) at the Internet Archive. A Dictionary of the University of Oxford (1885) at the Internet Archive. Dickens Jr's nomination paper for King's College completed by Charles Dickens Sr. and signed by Angela Burdett-Coutts – at Victorian Web. vteCharles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836–1837) Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress (1837–1839) Nicholas Nickleby (1838–1839) The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–1841) Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty (1841) The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844) Dombey and Son (1846–1848) David Copperfield (1849–1850) Bleak House (1852–1853) Hard Times: For These Times (1854) Little Dorrit (1855–1857) A Tale of Two Cities (1859) Great Expectations (1860–1861) Our Mutual Friend (1864–1865) The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870) Christmas books A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (1843) The Chimes: A Goblin Story of Some Bells that Rang an Old Year Out and a New Year In (1844) The Cricket on the Hearth: A Fairy Tale of Home (1845) The Battle of Life: A Love Story (1846) The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain, A Fancy for Christmas-Time (1848) Short stories To Be Read at Dusk (1852) "The Long Voyage" (1853) "The Signal-Man" (1866) "The Trial for Murder" (1865) Short story collections Sketches by "Boz," Illustrative of Every-day Life and Every-day People (1833–1836) The Mudfog Papers (1837–1838) Master Humphrey's Clock (1840–1841) Non-fiction American Notes for General Circulation (1842) Pictures from Italy (1846) The Life of Our Lord (1846–1849) A Child's History of England (1851–1853) The Uncommercial Traveller (1860–1861) Letters (1821–1870) Plays The Frozen Deep (1856) No Thoroughfare (1867) Journalism Bentley's Miscellany (1836–1838) Master Humphrey's Clock (1840–1841) The Daily News (1846–1870) Household Words (1850–1859) All the Year Round (1859–1870) Collaborations "A House to Let" (1858) "The Haunted House" (1859) "A Message from the Sea" (1860) "Mugby Junction" (1866) No Thoroughfare (1867) FamilyParents John Dickens Elizabeth Dickens Brothers Frederick Dickens Alfred Lamert Dickens Augustus Dickens Partners Catherine Dickens (wife) Ellen Ternan (mistress) Children Charles Dickens Jr. Mary Dickens Kate Perugini Walter Landor Dickens Francis Dickens Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens Henry Fielding Dickens Dora Annie Dickens Edward Dickens Related Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Tavistock House Gads Hill Place Grip (raven) Dickens fair Dickens and Little Nell (statue) Charles Dickens in His Study (1859 painting) Dickens of London (1976 miniseries) Dickens in America (2005 documentary) The Invisible Woman (2013 film) Dickensian (2015 TV series) The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017 film) Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Dickens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"All the Year Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Year_Round"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlicke2011-2"}],"text":"Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896), better known as Charles Dickens Jr., was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine.[1] A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine All the Year Round, and a writer of dictionaries. He is now most remembered for his two 1879 books, Dickens's Dictionary of London and Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames.[2]","title":"Charles Dickens Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Furnival's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnival%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"King's College, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banerjee-3"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Barings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barings_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlicke2011-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlicke2011-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick Mullett Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Mullett_Evans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlicke2011-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomalin2011-5"},{"link_name":"Mary Angela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Angela_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Regatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Regatta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"All the Year Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Year_Round"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlicke2011-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gads Hill Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gads_Hill_Place"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlicke2011-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlicke2011-2"},{"link_name":"Macmillan & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham"},{"link_name":"Old Mortlake Burial Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mortlake_Burial_Ground"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Charles Dickens Jr. was born at Furnival's Inn in Holborn, London, the first child of Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Hogarth.[1] He was called \"Charley\" by family and friends. In 1847, aged ten, he entered the junior department of King's College, London.[3] He went to Eton College, and visited Leipzig in 1853 to study German.[1] In 1855, aged 18, he entered Barings Bank.[2] In 1858, after his parents' separation, his father agreed he should live with his mother.[2]As a young man, Dickens showed skills that could have led to a career in journalism but his father encouraged him to go into business.[4] With ambitions to become a tea merchant, he visited China, Hong Kong and Japan in 1860.[1]In 1861, he married Elisabeth Matilda Moule Evans, daughter of Frederick Mullett Evans, his father's former publisher.[2] They had eight children:[5]Mary Angela (1862–1948)\nEthel Kate (1864–1936)\nCharles Walter (1865–1923)\nSydney Margaret (1866–1955)\nDorothy Gertrude (1868–1923)\nBeatrice (1869–1937)\nCecil Mary (1871–1952)\nEvelyn Bessie (1873–1924)In 1866 he was appointed as the first Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Regatta.[6] In 1868, after the failure of his printing business, and bankruptcy, he was hired by his father to work at All the Year Round and was appointed sub-editor the following year.[1][2] In 1870, after his father's death, Dickens Jr. inherited the magazine and became its editor.[7] At this time he also bought at auction Gads Hill Place, his father's Kent home, but he was forced to give it up in 1879.[2]In 1879 he published (jointly with his father-in-law) the first editions of his two main dictionaries, Dickens's Dictionary of London and Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames.[2] In 1882 his dictionaries were picked up by Macmillan & Co. who also released his third dictionary, Dickens's Dictionary of Paris, delayed by verifications explained in its introduction.[8][9]Charles Dickens Jr. died of heart disease, at his home in Fulham, London, on 20 July 1896, aged 59. He was buried at Old Mortlake Burial Ground on 23 July 1896.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"civil list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_list"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Richard Alverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Webster,_1st_Viscount_Alverstone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb2012-12"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb2012-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"London Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lucinda Hawksley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinda_Hawksley"},{"link_name":"Henry Fielding Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding_Dickens"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb2012-12"},{"link_name":"Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_D%27Orsay_Tennyson_Dickens"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Claire Tomalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Tomalin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb2012-12"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bostock Whinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bostock_Whinney"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"phenobarbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Dickens's estate was worth £17 5s. 3d at his death,[1] and his widow was granted a government pension of £100 per year.[10] After her death in 1909 yearly civil list pensions of £25 were granted to Mary Angela, Dorothy Gertrude, Cecil Mary and Evelyn Bessie after \"consideration of their straitened circumstances\".[11] In 1910 their situation was so difficult that Ethel Dickens wrote to the Lord Chief Justice Richard Alverstone to seek assistance.[12] In the letter, which was also published in The Daily Telegraph, she explained that her sisters were \"barely making a living\" as secretaries and babysitters and that her doctor told her to take six months' rest due to overwork.[12]As the centenary of their grandfather's birth approached, the reduced circumstances of Charles Jr.'s daughters led to a public fundraising appeal.[13] On 7 January 1912 a gala performance in which \"leading actors and actresses\" appeared as Dickens's characters at the London Coliseum raised £2500, while a separate appeal by The Daily Telegraph added an additional £3882.[14] By the close of the fund in March 1912 it held £12,000, which was to provide £150 per year to each of the daughters.[15]Author Lucinda Hawksley, a descendant of the elder Charles Dickens, has written that \"the girls' begging letter\" caused embarrassment for their uncle, London barrister Henry Fielding Dickens,[12] while the daughters of another uncle, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens, gave an interview to a newspaper in Australia, where they had been raised, to make clear that they were not seeking any part of the funds.[16]Dickens's biographer Claire Tomalin said Charles Walter, only son of Dickens Jr., had been disowned by the family for marrying Ella Dare, a barmaid.[12] Sydney Margaret went on to marry architect Thomas Bostock Whinney.[17] Ethel died in 1936 of an overdose of phenobarbital at her flat in Chelsea, London.[18]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Rudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_Rudge"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bleak House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleak_House"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Little Dorrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Dorrit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Dickens's publications include:1879 – The life of Charles James Mathews, chiefly autobiographical, with selections from his correspondence and speeches.[19]\n1879 – Dickens's Dictionary of London: An Unconventional Handbook.[20]\n1879 – Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, from its source to the Nore.[21][22]\n1881 – Dickens's Dictionary of Days.[23]\n1882 – Dickens's Dictionary of Paris: An Unconventional Handbook.[24]\n1884 – A Dictionary of the University of Cambridge.[25]\n1884 – A Dictionary of the University of Oxford.[26]He also wrote the introductions to many posthumous reprints of his father's books, such as Barnaby Rudge,[27] Oliver Twist,[28] Bleak House,[29] and Little Dorrit,[30] providing biographical and bibliographical insights. His Reminiscences of My Father was published posthumously in 1934.[31]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawes2007-32"},{"link_name":"Macmillan & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Dickens's Dictionary of London","text":"Dickens's Dictionary of London: An Unconventional Handbook is the main book of Charles Dickens Jr.[32] It was first published in London in 1879, by \"Charles Dickens and Evans\" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans).The book was then updated and reprinted every year until the author's death, from 1880 (second year) to the final 1896–1897 edition (eighteenth year). His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith.[33]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macmillan & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames","text":"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Oxford to the Nore: An Unconventional Handbook is the second book of Charles Dickens Jr. The \"1880\" edition was first published in London in 1879, by \"Charles Dickens and Evans\" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans). The next 1880 edition and further were slightly retitled to Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Its Source to the Nore: An Unconventional Handbook.The book was then updated and reprinted every year until the author's death, from 1880 to the final 1896 edition. His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith.[34]","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Dickens family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickens_family"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dickens, Charles Culliford Boz\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7600","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/7600"}]},{"reference":"Paul Schlicke (3 November 2011). The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 94. 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Retrieved 22 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/07/books/robert-gottliebs-book-on-dickens-and-his-children.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Living Under Great Expectations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Claire Tomalin (6 October 2011). Charles Dickens: A Life. Penguin Books Limited. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-14-197145-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/charlesdickensli0000toma","url_text":"Charles Dickens: A Life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/charlesdickensli0000toma/page/24","url_text":"24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197145-2","url_text":"978-0-14-197145-2"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Metropolitan Amateur Regatta. Metropolitan Regatta. Retrieved 22 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metregatta.org/?page_id=37","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Regatta","url_text":"Metropolitan Regatta"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Charles Dickens, Jun\". Australian Town and Country Journal. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 12 September 1896. p. 31. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71298278","url_text":"\"Death of Charles Dickens, Jun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Town_and_Country_Journal","url_text":"Australian Town and Country Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"The Worship of Dickens\". The New Zealand Herald. 10 February 1912. Retrieved 22 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH19120210.2.42","url_text":"\"The Worship of Dickens\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Civil List Pensions\". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 7 July 1909. Retrieved 2 December 2014 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19320406/060/0005","url_text":"\"New Civil List Pensions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"Robert Gottlieb (27 November 2012). Great Expectations: The Sons and Daughters of Charles Dickens. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-1-4668-2776-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=71ySNkD_VRkC&pg=PT184","url_text":"Great Expectations: The Sons and Daughters of Charles Dickens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-2776-9","url_text":"978-1-4668-2776-9"}]},{"reference":"\"His Memory Green\". The Evening News. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 9 January 1912. p. 8. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article113811517","url_text":"\"His Memory Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_News_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Evening News"}]},{"reference":"\"CHARLES DICKENS CENTENARY\". Geelong Advertiser. Vic.: National Library of Australia. 10 January 1912. p. 3. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149234312","url_text":"\"CHARLES DICKENS CENTENARY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Advertiser","url_text":"Geelong Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"DICKENS FUND\". The Cairns Post. Qld.: National Library of Australia. 30 March 1912. p. 5. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39900955","url_text":"\"DICKENS FUND\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cairns_Post","url_text":"The Cairns Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Dickens Fund\". The Queensland Times. National Library of Australia. 18 January 1912. p. 6 Edition: DAILY. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article113053809","url_text":"\"Dickens Fund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queensland_Times","url_text":"The Queensland Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Whinney, Margaret [Dickens]\". Dictionary of Art Historians. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132609/http://arthistorians.info/whinneym","url_text":"\"Whinney, Margaret [Dickens]\""},{"url":"http://arthistorians.info/whinneym","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethel Kate Dickens Is Victim of Drug\". The Montreal Gazette. 6 June 1936. Retrieved 22 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z38tAAAAIBAJ&pg=1648%2C844896","url_text":"\"Ethel Kate Dickens Is Victim of Drug\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)","url_text":"The Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, from its source to the Nore\". Main catalogue entry. British Library. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gallery,_London	New Gallery (London)	["1 The gallery period","2 Artists and exhibitions","3 Later uses for the building","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 51°30′38″N 0°08′20″W / 51.5106°N 0.1390°W / 51.5106; -0.1390Building in London, England, originally an art gallery, then cinema, church, store Central Hall of the New Gallery, from the catalogue New Gallery Notes, Summer 1888. The New Gallery is a Crown Estate-owned Grade II Listed building at 121 Regent Street, London, which originally was an art gallery from 1888 to 1910, The New Gallery Restaurant from 1910 to 1913, The New Gallery Cinema from 1913 to 1953, and a Seventh-day Adventist Church from 1953 to 1992. After having been empty for more than ten years, the building was a Habitat furniture store from 2006 to 2011, and since September 2012 it is a flagship store for Burberry. The gallery period The New Gallery was founded in 1888 by J. Comyns Carr and Charles Edward Hallé. Carr and Hallé had been co-directors of Sir Coutts Lindsay's Grosvenor Gallery, but resigned from that troubled gallery in 1887. The building was designed by Edward Robert Robson FSA, and constructed in little more than three months to ensure that it could open in the summer of 1888. The gallery was built on the site of an old fruit market. Existing cast-iron columns supporting the roof were encased with marble to give the impression of "massive marble shafts" topped with gilded Greek capitals. The architrave, frieze, and cornices above the columns were covered with platinum leaf. At the opening, the West and North Galleries on the ground floor were devoted to oil paintings, and the first floor balcony around the Central Hall displayed smaller works in oils, watercolours, etchings and drawings. Sculpture was displayed in the Central Hall itself. Artists and exhibitions The New Gallery continued the ideals of the Grosvenor, and was an important venue for Pre-Raphaelite and Aesthetic movement artists. Edward Burne-Jones, then at the height of his popularity, supported the new venture, serving on its Consulting Committee and lending three large oils for the opening, thus ensuring its financial success. Lawrence Alma-Tadema and William Holman Hunt also joined the Consulting Committee, and George Frederic Watts and Lord Leighton transferred their loyalty to the New Gallery. The private view of the first exhibition was held on Tuesday, 8 May 1888, and the exhibition opened to the public on Wednesday, 9 May, for three months. The private view was a great social success, with former Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone among the early arrivals. In October and November 1888, the New Gallery hosted the first showcase of industrial and applied arts by the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society under the direction of its founding president, illustrator and designer Walter Crane. No attempt had been made to show contemporary decorative arts in London since the Grosvenor Gallery's Winter Exhibition of 1881, which included cartoons for mosaic, tapestry, and glass, and the Society's annual (later triennial) exhibitions at the New Gallery were important events in the Arts and Crafts Movement at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, the New Gallery held an important exhibition of Tudor portraits and relics under the auspices of Queen Victoria. The New Gallery was the setting for a major Burne-Jones retrospective in 1892–93 and a memorial exhibition of his works in 1898. In 1893 the New Gallery exposed for the first time four panels by Masaccio, later attributed to the Pisa Polyptych (now in Staatliche Museen, Berlin). Carr continued as co-director until 1908. The Arts and Crafts Exhibition of 1910 was the last to be held at the New Gallery. Later uses for the building In 1910, the interior was converted into The New Gallery Restaurant, but it was converted again in January 1913, this time to a cinema. Enlargement and modifications were made to the cinema in 1925, including the installation of a Wurlitzer organ. It was the location of the UK showing of the first full-length animated cartoon, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1938. After World War II the cinema struggled, partly because it was slightly off-West End, and the then owners, Gaumont British Theatres. sold the lease to the Seventh-day Adventist Church and was used as a church from 1953 until the 1990s, although the cinema was occasionally used for religious films. It remained empty until 2006, when it became a Habitat furniture store. The Wurlitzer organ remained in place and was restored to its original condition. Habitat surrendered the lease in March 2011, and in September 2012 the site become a flagship store for Burberry. The New Gallery became a Grade II Listed building in 1992. References ^ IPA: New Gallery, Regent Street, London Linked 2015-11-21 ^ a b c d Cinema Treasure: New Gallery Cinema Relinked 2015-11-21 ^ a b c Cinema Organs Society - New Gallery (Burberry store) Relinked 2015-11-21 ^ a b c d Blackburn, Henry: New Gallery Notes No. 1 (May 1888, Chatto and Windus) Retrieved 2008-12-07 ^ a b c d e f Wildman, Stephen: Edward Burne-Jones: Victorian Artist-Dreamer, pages 33, 198, 268 & 319, (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998) ISBN 0870998595 ^ Parry, Linda, William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement: A Sourcebook, pages 12-13 (Portland House, 1989) ISBN 0-517-69260-0 ^ Crane, Walter: Of the Arts and Crafts Movement (George Bell & Sons, 1905) Accessed 2008-12-09 ^ a b Parry, Linda: Textiles of the Arts & Crafts Movement, pages 71, 76 & 89 (Thames and Hudson, revised edition 2005) ISBN 0-500-28536-5 ^ Exhibition of the Royal House of Tudor: The New Gallery (London: R. Clay, 1890) Accessed 2017-11-23 ^ John T. Spike: Masaccio (Rizzoli libri illustrati, Milano 2002) ISBN 88-7423-007-9 Further reading Oscar Wilde's essay: Close of the Arts and Crafts, Pall Mall Gazette, 30 November 1888. Ann McEwen, Ernest Radford and the First Arts and Crafts Exhibition, 1888 51°30′38″N 0°08′20″W / 51.5106°N 0.1390°W / 51.5106; -0.1390	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Gallery_London_Central_Hall_1888.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crown Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Estate"},{"link_name":"Grade II Listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Listed-1"},{"link_name":"Regent Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Street"},{"link_name":"art gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cinema-2"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Organ-3"},{"link_name":"Habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Burberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burberry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cinema-2"}],"text":"Building in London, England, originally an art gallery, then cinema, church, storeCentral Hall of the New Gallery, from the catalogue New Gallery Notes, Summer 1888.The New Gallery is a Crown Estate-owned Grade II Listed building[1] at 121 Regent Street, London, which originally was an art gallery from 1888 to 1910, The New Gallery Restaurant from 1910 to 1913, The New Gallery Cinema from 1913 to 1953,[2] and a Seventh-day Adventist Church from 1953 to 1992.[3] After having been empty for more than ten years, the building was a Habitat furniture store from 2006 to 2011, and since September 2012 it is a flagship store for Burberry.[2]","title":"New Gallery (London)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Comyns Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Comyns_Carr"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Hallé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Hall%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Coutts Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coutts_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Edward Robert Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robert_Robson"},{"link_name":"FSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildman-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildman-5"},{"link_name":"cast-iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-iron"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"Greek capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"architrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"cornices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-4"}],"text":"The New Gallery was founded in 1888 by J. Comyns Carr and Charles Edward Hallé. Carr and Hallé had been co-directors of Sir Coutts Lindsay's Grosvenor Gallery, but resigned from that troubled gallery in 1887. The building was designed by Edward Robert Robson FSA, and constructed in little more than three months to ensure that it could open in the summer of 1888.[4][5]The gallery was built on the site of an old fruit market.[5] Existing cast-iron columns supporting the roof were encased with marble to give the impression of \"massive marble shafts\" topped with gilded Greek capitals. The architrave, frieze, and cornices above the columns were covered with platinum leaf.[4] At the opening, the West and North Galleries on the ground floor were devoted to oil paintings, and the first floor balcony around the Central Hall displayed smaller works in oils, watercolours, etchings and drawings. Sculpture was displayed in the Central Hall itself.[4]","title":"The gallery period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pre-Raphaelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Aesthetic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_movement"},{"link_name":"Edward Burne-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Alma-Tadema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema"},{"link_name":"William Holman Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildman-5"},{"link_name":"George Frederic Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts"},{"link_name":"Lord Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Leighton,_1st_Baron_Leighton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildman-5"},{"link_name":"private view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_view"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-4"},{"link_name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildman-5"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Exhibition_Society"},{"link_name":"Walter Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Crane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crane-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parry2005-8"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildman-5"},{"link_name":"Masaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaccio"},{"link_name":"Pisa Polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_Polyptych"},{"link_name":"Staatliche Museen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatliche_Museen"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parry2005-8"}],"text":"The New Gallery continued the ideals of the Grosvenor, and was an important venue for Pre-Raphaelite and Aesthetic movement artists. Edward Burne-Jones, then at the height of his popularity, supported the new venture, serving on its Consulting Committee and lending three large oils for the opening, thus ensuring its financial success. Lawrence Alma-Tadema and William Holman Hunt also joined the Consulting Committee,[5] and George Frederic Watts and Lord Leighton transferred their loyalty to the New Gallery.[5]The private view of the first exhibition was held on Tuesday, 8 May 1888, and the exhibition opened to the public on Wednesday, 9 May, for three months.[4] The private view was a great social success, with former Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone among the early arrivals.[5]In October and November 1888, the New Gallery hosted the first showcase of industrial and applied arts by the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society under the direction of its founding president, illustrator and designer Walter Crane.[6] No attempt had been made to show contemporary decorative arts in London since the Grosvenor Gallery's Winter Exhibition of 1881, which included cartoons for mosaic, tapestry, and glass, and the Society's annual (later triennial) exhibitions at the New Gallery were important events in the Arts and Crafts Movement at the end of the 19th century.[7][8]In 1890, the New Gallery held an important exhibition of Tudor portraits and relics under the auspices of Queen Victoria.[9]The New Gallery was the setting for a major Burne-Jones retrospective in 1892–93 and a memorial exhibition of his works in 1898.[5] In 1893 the New Gallery exposed for the first time four panels by Masaccio, later attributed to the Pisa Polyptych (now in Staatliche Museen, Berlin).[10]Carr continued as co-director until 1908. The Arts and Crafts Exhibition of 1910 was the last to be held at the New Gallery.[8]","title":"Artists and exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_organ"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cinema-2"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Gaumont British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumont_British"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"Habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Organ-3"},{"link_name":"Burberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burberry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cinema-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Organ-3"}],"text":"In 1910, the interior was converted into The New Gallery Restaurant, but it was converted again in January 1913, this time to a cinema. Enlargement and modifications were made to the cinema in 1925, including the installation of a Wurlitzer organ.[2] It was the location of the UK showing of the first full-length animated cartoon, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1938.After World War II the cinema struggled, partly because it was slightly off-West End, and the then owners, Gaumont British Theatres. sold the lease to the Seventh-day Adventist Church and was used as a church from 1953 until the 1990s, although the cinema was occasionally used for religious films. It remained empty until 2006, when it became a Habitat furniture store. The Wurlitzer organ remained in place and was restored to its original condition.[3]Habitat surrendered the lease in March 2011, and in September 2012 the site become a flagship store for Burberry.[2]The New Gallery became a Grade II Listed building in 1992.[3]","title":"Later uses for the building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde's essay: Close of the Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/9891/"},{"link_name":"Ann McEwen, Ernest Radford and the First Arts and Crafts Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/17.1.MacEwan.pdf"},{"link_name":"51°30′38″N 0°08′20″W / 51.5106°N 0.1390°W / 51.5106; -0.1390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Gallery_(London)&params=51.5106_N_0.139_W_type:landmark_region:GB-WSM"}],"text":"Oscar Wilde's essay: Close of the Arts and Crafts, Pall Mall Gazette, 30 November 1888.\nAnn McEwen, Ernest Radford and the First Arts and Crafts Exhibition, 188851°30′38″N 0°08′20″W / 51.5106°N 0.1390°W / 51.5106; -0.1390","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Central Hall of the New Gallery, from the catalogue New Gallery Notes, Summer 1888.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/New_Gallery_London_Central_Hall_1888.jpg/250px-New_Gallery_London_Central_Hall_1888.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Gallery_(London)&params=51.5106_N_0.139_W_type:landmark_region:GB-WSM","external_links_name":"51°30′38″N 0°08′20″W / 51.5106°N 0.1390°W / 51.5106; -0.1390"},{"Link":"http://www.ipa-architects.com/index.php/new-gallery-regent-street/","external_links_name":"IPA: New Gallery, Regent Street, London"},{"Link":"http://cinematreasures.org/theater/2580","external_links_name":"Cinema Treasure: New Gallery Cinema"},{"Link":"https://www.cinema-organs.org.uk/venues/new-gallery-burberry-store/","external_links_name":"Cinema Organs Society - New Gallery (Burberry store)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wqUDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Blackburn, Henry: New Gallery Notes No. 1 (May 1888, Chatto and Windus)"},{"Link":"http://chestofbooks.com/arts/essays/Theoretical-Practical-Critical-Ideals/Of-The-Arts-And-Crafts-Movement-Part-4.html","external_links_name":"Crane, Walter: Of the Arts and Crafts Movement (George Bell & Sons, 1905)"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010249476","external_links_name":"Exhibition of the Royal House of Tudor: The New Gallery (London: R. Clay, 1890)"},{"Link":"http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/9891/","external_links_name":"Oscar Wilde's essay: Close of the Arts and Crafts"},{"Link":"http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/17.1.MacEwan.pdf","external_links_name":"Ann McEwen, Ernest Radford and the First Arts and Crafts Exhibition"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Gallery_(London)&params=51.5106_N_0.139_W_type:landmark_region:GB-WSM","external_links_name":"51°30′38″N 0°08′20″W / 51.5106°N 0.1390°W / 51.5106; -0.1390"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Canaan,_Nova_Scotia	Municipality of the District of Argyle	["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Communities","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°48′N 65°51′W / 43.8°N 65.85°W / 43.8; -65.85 (Argyle) District municipality in Nova Scotia, CanadaArgyleDistrict municipalityMunicipality of the District of ArgyleMunicipalité du district d'Argyle FlagSealMotto: IndustryLocation of the Municipality of the District of ArgyleCoordinates: 43°48′N 65°51′W / 43.8°N 65.85°W / 43.8; -65.85 (Argyle)CountryCanadaProvinceNova ScotiaCountyYarmouthIncorporatedApril 17, 1879Electoral Districts FederalWest NovaProvincialArgyleGovernment • TypeArgyle Municipal Council • Municipal SeatTusket • WardenDanny Muise • Deputy WardenNicole Albright • Councillors List of Members Danny MuiseTed Saulnier.Gordon BoudreauGuy SuretteNicole AlbrightRichard DonaldsonKathy BourqueGlenn DiggdonCalvin d'Entremont Area • Land1,528.17 km2 (590.03 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total7,899 • Density5.2/km2 (13/sq mi) • Change 2011-164.3%Time zoneUTC-4 (AST) • Summer (DST)UTC-3 (ADT)Area code902Dwellings3,821Median Income*$49,898 CDNWebsitewww.munargyle.com Median household income, 2005 (all households) Argyle, officially named the Municipality of the District of Argyle, is a district municipality in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district. The district municipality occupies the eastern portion of the county and is one of three municipal units - the other two being the Town of Yarmouth and the Municipality of the District of Yarmouth. Argyle is a bilingual community, in which native speakers of English and French each account for about half of the population. As of 2016, 60% of the population speaks both French and English, one of the highest rates of bilingualism in Canada. History Originally inhabited by the Mi'kmaq, it was called "Bapkoktek". In 1766, after his service in the French and Indian Wars, Lt. Ranald MacKinnon was given a land grant of 2,000 acres (8.1 km2). He called it Argyle (Argyll) because he was reminded of his previous home in the Highlands of Scotland. The township was granted in 1771. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%19617,810— 19668,117+3.9%19718,517+4.9%19768,618+1.2%19818,949+3.8%19869,055+1.2%19919,215+1.8%19968,947−2.9%20018,688−2.9%20068,656−0.4%20118,252−4.7%20167,899−4.3%20217,870−0.4%Source: Statistics Canada: In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Argyle had a population of 7,870 living in 3,455 of its 3,818 total private dwellings, a change of -0.4% from its 2016 population of 7,899. With a land area of 1,526.07 km2 (589.22 sq mi), it had a population density of 5.2/km2 (13.4/sq mi) in 2021. Ethnic Groups (2006) Ethnic Origin Population Pct (%) Canadian 4,605 53.6% French 4,395 51.1% English 2,065 24.0% Acadian 1,290 15.0% Métis 1,255 14.6% Irish 880 10.2% Scottish 880 10.2% North American Indian 530 6.2% German 265 3.1% Mother tongue language (2011) Language Population Pct (%) English only 4,295 52.28% French only 3,725 45.34% Both English and French 160 1.95% Other languages 35 0.43% Religion (2011) Religion Population Pct (%) Catholic 5,435 67.06% No religious affiliation 965 11.91% Baptist 925 11.41% Other Christian 500 6.17% Anglican 140 1.73% United Church 70 0.86% Pentecostal 70 0.86% Education: No certificate, diploma or degree: 41.64% High school certificate: 16.38% Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 14.16% Community college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 19.36% University certificate or diploma: 8.40% Unemployment rate: 10.7% Average house value: $147,574 Communities Amiraults Hill Argyle Argyle Sound Central Argyle Comeau's Hill East Kemptville East Pubnico East Quinan Glenwood Hubbard's Point Lower Argyle Lower East Pubnico Lower Eel Brook Lower Wedgeport Lower West Pubnico Middle East Pubnico Middle West Pubnico Morris Island North Belleville Plymouth Pubnico Quinan Sluice Point South Belleville Ste. Anne du Ruisseau Surette's Island Tusket Tusket Falls Tusket Islands Upper Wedgeport Wedgeport West Pubnico This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2009) See also List of municipalities in Nova Scotia References ^ a b Statistics Canada. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses". Retrieved 2015-06-21. ^ Statistics Canada Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 censuses - 100% data ^ Western Regional Enterprise Network ^ a b c Brown, Thomas J. (1922). Place-names of the Province of Nova Scotia. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Royal Print & Litho. p. 11. ^ 1996, 2001, 2006 census ^ Town of Yarmouth (January 10, 2008). Municipal Planning Strategy (Report). Town of Yarmouth. p. 7. ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nova Scotia". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022. ^ a b 2006 Statistics Canada Census Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada: Argyle Municipal District, Nova Scotia ^ Statistics Canada National Household Survey, for Municipality of Yarmouth, 2011 census - 100% data External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Municipality of the District of Argyle. Official website Places adjacent to Municipality of the District of Argyle Municipality of the District of Clare Municipality of the District of Digby Municipality of the District of Yarmouth Municipality of the District of Argyle Municipality of the District of Shelburne Atlantic Ocean Municipality of the District of Barrington vteSubdivisions of Nova ScotiaCounties Annapolis Antigonish Cape Breton Colchester Cumberland Digby Guysborough Halifax Hants Inverness Kings Lunenburg Pictou Queens Richmond Shelburne Victoria Yarmouth County municipalities Annapolis Antigonish Colchester Cumberland Inverness Kings Pictou Richmond Victoria Regional municipalities Cape Breton Halifax Queens West Hants District municipalities Argyle Barrington Chester Clare Digby East Hants Guysborough Lunenburg Shelburne St. Mary's Yarmouth Towns Amherst Annapolis Royal Antigonish Berwick Bridgewater Clark's Harbour Digby Kentville Lockeport Lunenburg Mahone Bay Middleton Mulgrave New Glasgow Oxford Pictou Port Hawkesbury Shelburne Stellarton Stewiacke Trenton Truro Westville Wolfville Yarmouth Villages Aylesford Baddeck Bible Hill Canning Chester Cornwallis Square Dover Freeport Greenwood Hebbville Kingston Lawrencetown New Minas Port Williams Pugwash River Hebert St. Peter's Tatamagouche Tiverton Westport Weymouth Economic regions Annapolis Valley Cape Breton Island Halifax Regional Municipality North Shore Southern Nova Scotia Lists Administrative divisions Communities Municipalities People Category:Nova Scotia Portal:Canada WikiProject:Nova Scotia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_district_municipalities_in_Nova_Scotia#District_municipality"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"municipal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_district"},{"link_name":"Town of Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian_French"},{"link_name":"bilingualism in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"District municipality in Nova Scotia, CanadaArgyle, officially named the Municipality of the District of Argyle, is a district municipality in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.The district municipality occupies the eastern portion of the county and is one of three municipal units - the other two being the Town of Yarmouth and the Municipality of the District of Yarmouth. Argyle is a bilingual community, in which native speakers of English and French each account for about half of the population. As of 2016, 60% of the population speaks both French and English, one of the highest rates of bilingualism in Canada.[3]","title":"Municipality of the District of Argyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mi'kmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Names-4"},{"link_name":"French and Indian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Ranald MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranald_MacKinnon"},{"link_name":"Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Names-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Names-4"}],"text":"Originally inhabited by the Mi'kmaq, it was called \"Bapkoktek\".[4] In 1766, after his service in the French and Indian Wars, Lt. Ranald MacKinnon was given a land grant of 2,000 acres (8.1 km2). He called it Argyle (Argyll) because he was reminded of his previous home in the Highlands of Scotland.[4] The township was granted in 1771.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_1996_Census"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2001_Census"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2006_Census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2011_Census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2016_Census"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2021_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-7"},{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-7"}],"text":"Historical populationYearPop.±%19617,810— 19668,117+3.9%19718,517+4.9%19768,618+1.2%19818,949+3.8%19869,055+1.2%19919,215+1.8%19968,947−2.9%20018,688−2.9%20068,656−0.4%20118,252−4.7%20167,899−4.3%20217,870−0.4%Source: Statistics Canada:[5][6][7]In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Argyle had a population of 7,870 living in 3,455 of its 3,818 total private dwellings, a change of -0.4% from its 2016 population of 7,899. With a land area of 1,526.07 km2 (589.22 sq mi), it had a population density of 5.2/km2 (13.4/sq mi) in 2021.[7]Education:No certificate, diploma or degree: 41.64%\nHigh school certificate: 16.38%\nApprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 14.16%\nCommunity college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 19.36%\nUniversity certificate or diploma: 8.40%Unemployment rate:10.7%Average house value:$147,574","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amiraults Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiraults_Hill,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle,_Nova_Scotia_(community)"},{"link_name":"Argyle Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle_Sound"},{"link_name":"Central Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Argyle,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Comeau's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeau%27s_Hill,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"East Kemptville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kemptville,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"East Pubnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pubnico,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"East Quinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinan,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Glenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Hubbard's Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard%27s_Point,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Lower Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Argyle,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Lower East Pubnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Pubnico,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Lower Eel Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Eel_Brook,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Lower Wedgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Wedgeport,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Lower West Pubnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_West_Pubnico,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Middle East Pubnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Pubnico,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Middle West Pubnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_West_Pubnico,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Morris Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Island,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"North Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Belleville,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Yarmouth_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Pubnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubnico_(village),_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Quinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinan,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Sluice Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluice_Point,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"South Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Belleville"},{"link_name":"Ste. Anne du Ruisseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste._Anne_du_Ruisseau,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Surette's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surette%27s_Island,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Tusket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusket,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Tusket Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusket_Falls,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Tusket Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusket_Islands,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Upper Wedgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Wedgeport,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Wedgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedgeport,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"West Pubnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pubnico,_Nova_Scotia"}],"text":"Amiraults Hill\nArgyle\nArgyle Sound\nCentral Argyle\nComeau's Hill\nEast Kemptville\nEast Pubnico\nEast Quinan\nGlenwood\nHubbard's Point\nLower Argyle\nLower East Pubnico\nLower Eel Brook\nLower Wedgeport\nLower West Pubnico\nMiddle East Pubnico\nMiddle West Pubnico\nMorris Island\nNorth Belleville\nPlymouth\nPubnico\nQuinan\nSluice Point\nSouth Belleville\nSte. Anne du Ruisseau\nSurette's Island\nTusket\nTusket Falls\nTusket Islands\nUpper Wedgeport\nWedgeport\nWest Pubnico","title":"Communities"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of municipalities in Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Nova_Scotia"}]	[{"reference":"Statistics Canada. \"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses\". Retrieved 2015-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&CMA=0&PR=12","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Thomas J. (1922). Place-names of the Province of Nova Scotia. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Royal Print & Litho. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/placenamesofprov00browuoft","url_text":"Place-names of the Province of Nova Scotia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/placenamesofprov00browuoft/page/11","url_text":"11"}]},{"reference":"Town of Yarmouth (January 10, 2008). Municipal Planning Strategy (Report). Town of Yarmouth. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.townofyarmouth.ca/plans-strategies/227-mps-current-version.html","url_text":"Municipal Planning Strategy"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nova Scotia\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000212","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nova Scotia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Municipality_of_the_District_of_Argyle&params=43.8_N_65.85_W_type:city_region:CA_source:GNS-enwiki&title=Argyle","external_links_name":"43°48′N 65°51′W / 43.8°N 65.85°W / 43.8; -65.85 (Argyle)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Municipality_of_the_District_of_Argyle&params=43.8_N_65.85_W_type:city_region:CA_source:GNS-enwiki&title=Argyle","external_links_name":"43°48′N 65°51′W / 43.8°N 65.85°W / 43.8; -65.85 (Argyle)"},{"Link":"http://www.munargyle.com/","external_links_name":"www.munargyle.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipality_of_the_District_of_Argyle&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&CMA=0&PR=12","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1202001&Geo2=CD&Code2=1202&Data=Count&SearchText=argyle&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1","external_links_name":"Statistics Canada"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/placenamesofprov00browuoft","external_links_name":"Place-names of the Province of Nova Scotia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/placenamesofprov00browuoft/page/11","external_links_name":"11"},{"Link":"https://www.townofyarmouth.ca/plans-strategies/227-mps-current-version.html","external_links_name":"Municipal Planning Strategy"},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000212","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nova Scotia\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=1202001&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000","external_links_name":"2006 Statistics Canada Census Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada: Argyle Municipal District, Nova Scotia"},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1202004&Data=Count&SearchText=yarmouth&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1","external_links_name":"Statistics Canada"},{"Link":"http://www.munargyle.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adna_R._Chaffee,_Jr.	Adna R. Chaffee Jr.	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"]	United States Army general Adna R. Chaffee Jr.Born(1884-09-23)September 23, 1884Junction City, Kansas, U.S.DiedAugust 22, 1941(1941-08-22) (aged 56)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Place of burialArlington National CemeteryAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1906–1941RankMajor generalCommands held7th Cavalry BrigadeI Armored CorpsBattles/warsWorld War I Saint-Mihiel offensive Meuse-Argonne offensive AwardsDistinguished Service Medal (2)RelationsLieutenant general Adna Chaffee (father)Signature Adna Romanza Chaffee Jr. (September 23, 1884 – August 22, 1941) was an officer in the United States Army, called the "Father of the Armored Force" for his role in developing the U.S. Army's tank forces. Early life and education Chaffee was born in Junction City, Kansas, on September 23, 1884, to his father, Lieutenant General Adna R. Chaffee, and mother, Annie Francis Rockwell. He was commissioned as a lieutenant of Cavalry in 1906 following his graduation from the United States Military Academy. He was 31st out of 78 pupils in his class. Chaffee learned to ride on horseback from a young age, and would later receive recognition as "the Army's finest horseman". Upon his father's death in 1914, he became an Hereditary First Class Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Career From 1914 to 1915, Chaffee was posted with the 7th Cavalry in the Philippines, and from 1916 to 1917, Chaffee was assigned to West Point as the senior cavalry instructor in the Tactical Department. When America entered World War I in April 1917, Chaffee was temporarily promoted to major and assigned as the adjutant for the 81st Division as it organized at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. During the war, Chaffee served as an Assistant G3 Operations officer in the US IV Corps, and later returned to the 81st Division as the G3 during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. Promoted to the temporary rank of colonel, he became the G3, III Corps at the end of the war, and remained with the corps for occupation duty in 1919. Following the war, he returned to his Regular Army rank of captain of cavalry and became an instructor at the General Staff School and the Army School of the Line at Fort Leavenworth. During the 1920s, he helped develop the armor concepts and doctrine of the future. He predicted in 1927 that mechanized armies would dominate the next war and helped the first effort to develop a U.S. Army armored force. In 1931, newly promoted Lieutenant Colonel Chaffee was assigned as the executive officer of the embryonic 1st Cavalry Division, where he continued to develop and experiment with armored forces and became the leading American advocate of mechanized warfare. From 1934 to 1938, Chaffee was posted to the War Department as the Chief of the Budget and Legislative Planning Branch. Chaffee then returned to the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Knox, where he was advanced to brigadier general and given command of the 7th Mechanized Brigade. Chaffee led the unit through the Plattsburg and Louisiana Maneuvers of 1939–1940, where he helped develop Army doctrine for armored and mechanized formations. In June 1940, Chaffee was appointed the commander of the Armored Force, and given responsibility for integrating all branches of the Army into mechanized warfare. He played a major role in the development and fielding of new armored and mechanized infantry divisions for World War II. Chaffee was promoted to major general in October 1940, and given command of the I Armored Corps. When Chaffee became ill with cancer he was succeeded as corps commander by Charles L. Scott. Chaffee died in Boston on August 22, 1941. He was buried next to his father in Section 3 of Arlington National Cemetery. Legacy The M24 Chaffee light tank is named after him. Fort Chaffee, near Fort Smith, Arkansas, is named in his honor. References ^ Gillie, M.H. (2006). Forging the Thunderbolt : History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917–45 (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 25. ISBN 0811733432. OCLC 64065879. ^ a b "Adna Romanza Chaffee, Jr". Arlingtoncemetery.net. Retrieved August 1, 2022. ^ Chaffee, Adna (1939). ""The Seventh Cavalry Brigade at the First Army Maneuvers"" (PDF). Cavalry Journal. 48 (6 (September–October 1939)): 451–461. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2021. ^ Cameron, Robert (2008). Mobility, shock, and firepower: The emergence of the U.S. Army's armor branch,1917–1945 (PDF). Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 514. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.. Biography portal Army.mil: Adna Chaffee Jr. ANC Explorer Military offices Preceded byNone. Chief of the Armored Force 1940 – August 1, 1941 Succeeded byJacob L. Devers Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States Other SNAC 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Armored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Branch_(United_States)"}],"text":"Adna Romanza Chaffee Jr. (September 23, 1884 – August 22, 1941) was an officer in the United States Army, called the \"Father of the Armored Force\" for his role in developing the U.S. Army's tank forces.","title":"Adna R. Chaffee Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junction City, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Adna R. Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adna_Chaffee"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Chaffee was born in Junction City, Kansas, on September 23, 1884, to his father, Lieutenant General Adna R. Chaffee, and mother, Annie Francis Rockwell. He was commissioned as a lieutenant of Cavalry in 1906 following his graduation from the United States Military Academy. He was 31st out of 78 pupils in his class.[1] Chaffee learned to ride on horseback from a young age, and would later receive recognition as \"the Army's finest horseman\".Upon his father's death in 1914, he became an Hereditary First Class Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"81st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Camp Jackson, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//home.army.mil/jackson/index.php/about/history"},{"link_name":"US IV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"St. Mihiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Argonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlingtoncemetery-2"},{"link_name":"Regular Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"General Staff School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"Fort Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth"},{"link_name":"mechanized armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Maneuvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Maneuvers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"I Armored Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Armored_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Scott_(U.S._Army_general)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arlingtoncemetery-2"}],"text":"From 1914 to 1915, Chaffee was posted with the 7th Cavalry in the Philippines, and from 1916 to 1917, Chaffee was assigned to West Point as the senior cavalry instructor in the Tactical Department. When America entered World War I in April 1917, Chaffee was temporarily promoted to major and assigned as the adjutant for the 81st Division as it organized at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. During the war, Chaffee served as an Assistant G3 Operations officer in the US IV Corps, and later returned to the 81st Division as the G3 during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. Promoted to the temporary rank of colonel, he became the G3, III Corps at the end of the war, and remained with the corps for occupation duty in 1919.[2]Following the war, he returned to his Regular Army rank of captain of cavalry and became an instructor at the General Staff School and the Army School of the Line at Fort Leavenworth. During the 1920s, he helped develop the armor concepts and doctrine of the future. He predicted in 1927 that mechanized armies would dominate the next war and helped the first effort to develop a U.S. Army armored force. In 1931, newly promoted Lieutenant Colonel Chaffee was assigned as the executive officer of the embryonic 1st Cavalry Division, where he continued to develop and experiment with armored forces and became the leading American advocate of mechanized warfare. From 1934 to 1938, Chaffee was posted to the War Department as the Chief of the Budget and Legislative Planning Branch. Chaffee then returned to the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Knox, where he was advanced to brigadier general and given command of the 7th Mechanized Brigade. Chaffee led the unit through the Plattsburg and Louisiana Maneuvers of 1939–1940, where he helped develop Army doctrine for armored and mechanized formations.[3]In June 1940, Chaffee was appointed the commander of the Armored Force, and given responsibility for integrating all branches of the Army into mechanized warfare. He played a major role in the development and fielding of new armored and mechanized infantry divisions for World War II.[4] Chaffee was promoted to major general in October 1940, and given command of the I Armored Corps.When Chaffee became ill with cancer he was succeeded as corps commander by Charles L. Scott. Chaffee died in Boston on August 22, 1941. He was buried next to his father in Section 3 of Arlington National Cemetery.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M24 Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M24_Chaffee"},{"link_name":"Fort Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Chaffee"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"}],"text":"The M24 Chaffee light tank is named after him.Fort Chaffee, near Fort Smith, Arkansas, is named in his honor.","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gillie, M.H. (2006). Forging the Thunderbolt : History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917–45 (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 25. ISBN 0811733432. OCLC 64065879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811733432","url_text":"0811733432"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64065879","url_text":"64065879"}]},{"reference":"\"Adna Romanza Chaffee, Jr\". Arlingtoncemetery.net. Retrieved August 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/achafjr.htm","url_text":"\"Adna Romanza Chaffee, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"Chaffee, Adna (1939). \"\"The Seventh Cavalry Brigade at the First Army Maneuvers\"\" (PDF). Cavalry Journal. 48 (6 (September–October 1939)): 451–461. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220121151908/https://mcoepublic.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/library/CavalryArmorJournal/1930s/1939Jul-Dec.pdf","url_text":"\"\"The Seventh Cavalry Brigade at the First Army Maneuvers\"\""},{"url":"https://mcoepublic.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/library/CavalryArmorJournal/1930s/1939Jul-Dec.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Robert (2008). Mobility, shock, and firepower: The emergence of the U.S. Army's armor branch,1917–1945 (PDF). Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 514.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/Mobility_Shock_and_Firepower/CMH_30-23-1.pdf","url_text":"Mobility, shock, and firepower: The emergence of the U.S. Army's armor branch,1917–1945"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://home.army.mil/jackson/index.php/about/history","external_links_name":"Camp Jackson, South Carolina"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64065879","external_links_name":"64065879"},{"Link":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/achafjr.htm","external_links_name":"\"Adna Romanza Chaffee, Jr\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220121151908/https://mcoepublic.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/library/CavalryArmorJournal/1930s/1939Jul-Dec.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"The Seventh Cavalry Brigade at the First Army Maneuvers\"\""},{"Link":"https://mcoepublic.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/library/CavalryArmorJournal/1930s/1939Jul-Dec.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/Mobility_Shock_and_Firepower/CMH_30-23-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Mobility, shock, and firepower: The emergence of the U.S. Army's armor branch,1917–1945"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041028044602/https://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/resources/ftlvn/ww2.asp#chaffee","external_links_name":"Army.mil: Adna Chaffee Jr."},{"Link":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgdDaGFmZmVlEgRBZG5h/","external_links_name":"ANC Explorer"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1949285/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/299050189","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013035154","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w19wcb","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62s6hwh","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto,_Illinois	Toronto, Illinois	["1 History","2 Economy","3 References"]	Coordinates: 39°42′50″N 89°37′47″W / 39.71389°N 89.62972°W / 39.71389; -89.62972 Neighborhood in Sangamon County, Illinois, United StatesTorontoNeighborhoodRailroad crossing at former site of Toronto station.TorontoShow map of IllinoisTorontoShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°42′50″N 89°37′47″W / 39.71389°N 89.62972°W / 39.71389; -89.62972CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountySangamon CountyCitySpringfieldElevation591 ft (180 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code62712Area code217 Toronto is a neighborhood of Springfield, Illinois and a former unincorporated rural community located in Woodside Township. Originally named for a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, it is located adjacent to what is now the "Toronto Road" exit at Mile 90 of the Illinois section of Interstate 55. Today, the Toronto neighborhood of Springfield is roughly defined as the region bordering Lake Springfield south of Interstate 72 and east of Interstate 55. History Toronto was originally built in the 1800s as a rural station stop on the Illinois Central line six miles south of Springfield, Illinois, the state capital. Farmers would bring fresh vegetables and milk to the now-vanished railroad station for transportation into nearby cities. The whistle stop may have been named after the Canadian city of Toronto. In the late 1960s, Illinois planners built a new greenfield state university adjacent to the former Toronto. The university campus, located 1.5 miles northeast of Toronto, is now the University of Illinois at Springfield (UIS). Almost all of the land area of the former Toronto has since been annexed into Springfield, and the former rural hamlet has become an urban campustown neighborhood. The name of Toronto Road continues to commemorate the former rural hamlet and current community. Economy Despite its formal incorporation into the boundaries of Springfield, the Toronto area maintains a distinct local economy influenced by the UIS campus, including the Capital Area Career Center and Lincoln Land Community College and parks along the lakefront. References ^ Illinois Atlas and Gazetteer. Freeport, Maine: DeLorme Mapping. 1991. ISBN 978-0-89933-213-0. vteMunicipalities and communities of Sangamon County, Illinois, United StatesCounty seat: SpringfieldCities Auburn Leland Grove Springfield Virden‡ Map of Illinois highlighting Sangamon CountyVillages Berlin Buffalo Cantrall Chatham Curran Dawson Divernon Grandview Illiopolis Jerome Loami Mechanicsburg New Berlin Pawnee Pleasant Plains Riverton Rochester Sherman Southern View Spaulding Thayer Williamsville Townships Auburn Ball Buffalo Hart Capital Cartwright Chatham Clear Lake Cooper Cotton Hill Curran Divernon Fancy Creek Gardner Illiopolis Island Grove Lanesville Loami Maxwell Mechanicsburg New Berlin Pawnee Rochester Salisbury Springfield Talkington Williams Woodside Unincorporatedcommunities Andrew Archer Barclay Barr Bates Bissell Bradfordton Breckenridge Buckhart Buffalo Hart Cimic Clayville Clear Lake Farmingdale Glenarm Island Grove Laketown Lowder New City Old Berlin Riddle Hill Salisbury Toronto Zenobia‡ Footnotes‡This city also has portions in adjacent county or counties Illinois portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Woodside Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-1"},{"link_name":"Lake Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Interstate 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_72"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55"}],"text":"Neighborhood in Sangamon County, Illinois, United StatesToronto is a neighborhood of Springfield, Illinois and a former unincorporated rural community located in Woodside Township. Originally named for a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, it is located adjacent to what is now the \"Toronto Road\" exit at Mile 90 of the Illinois section of Interstate 55.[1] Today, the Toronto neighborhood of Springfield is roughly defined as the region bordering Lake Springfield south of Interstate 72 and east of Interstate 55.","title":"Toronto, Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"whistle stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_stop"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_land"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Springfield"},{"link_name":"campustown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Springfield"}],"text":"Toronto was originally built in the 1800s as a rural station stop on the Illinois Central line six miles south of Springfield, Illinois, the state capital. Farmers would bring fresh vegetables and milk to the now-vanished railroad station for transportation into nearby cities. The whistle stop may have been named after the Canadian city of Toronto.In the late 1960s, Illinois planners built a new greenfield state university adjacent to the former Toronto. The university campus, located 1.5 miles northeast of Toronto, is now the University of Illinois at Springfield (UIS). Almost all of the land area of the former Toronto has since been annexed into Springfield, and the former rural hamlet has become an urban campustown neighborhood. The name of Toronto Road continues to commemorate the former rural hamlet and current community.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"UIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Land Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Land_Community_College"},{"link_name":"lakefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Springfield"}],"text":"Despite its formal incorporation into the boundaries of Springfield, the Toronto area maintains a distinct local economy influenced by the UIS campus, including the Capital Area Career Center and Lincoln Land Community College and parks along the lakefront.","title":"Economy"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Illinois highlighting Sangamon County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Sangamon_County.svg/42px-Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Sangamon_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Illinois Atlas and Gazetteer. Freeport, Maine: DeLorme Mapping. 1991. ISBN 978-0-89933-213-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89933-213-0","url_text":"978-0-89933-213-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toronto,_Illinois&params=39_42_50_N_89_37_47_W_type:city_region:US-IL_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°42′50″N 89°37′47″W / 39.71389°N 89.62972°W / 39.71389; -89.62972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toronto,_Illinois&params=39_42_50_N_89_37_47_W_type:city_region:US-IL_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°42′50″N 89°37′47″W / 39.71389°N 89.62972°W / 39.71389; -89.62972"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty,_chastity,_and_obedience	Evangelical counsels	["1 Consecrated life","2 Criticisms of supererogatory interpretation of evangelical counsels","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Chastity, poverty (perfect charity) and obedience Not to be confused with Evangelical council. Events in theLife of Jesusaccording to the canonical gospels Early life Annunciation Visitation Joseph's dreams Nativity Virgin birth Annunciation to the Shepherds Adoration of the Shepherds Circumcision Adoration of the Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Presentation Return to Nazareth Finding in the Temple Ministry Baptism Temptation Commissioning the Twelve Apostles Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Lord's Prayer Miracles Parables Prayer Rejection Transfiguration Passion Triumphal entry into Jerusalem Temple cleansing Second coming prophecy Anointing Last Supper Farewell Discourse Paraclete promised Agony in the Garden Kiss of Judas Arrest Sanhedrin trial Mocking Herod's court Pilate's court Flagellation Crown of Thorns Via Dolorosa Crucifixion Descent from the Cross Entombment Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Empty tomb Appearances Noli me tangere Road to Emmaus Great Commission Ascension In rest of the NT Road to Damascus John's vision Portals: Christianity Biblevte In Christianity, the three evangelical counsels, or counsels of perfection, are chastity, poverty (or perfect charity), and obedience. As stated by Jesus in the canonical gospels, they are counsels for those who desire to become "perfect" (τελειος, teleios). The Catholic Church interprets this to mean that they are not binding upon all, and hence not necessary conditions to attain eternal life (heaven), but that they are "acts of supererogation" exceeding the minimum stipulated in the biblical commandments. Catholics who have made a public profession to order their lives by the evangelical counsels, and confirmed this by public vows before their competent church authority (the act of religious commitment known as a profession), are recognised as members of the consecrated life. Consecrated life Main article: Consecrated life There are early forms of religious vows in the monastic traditions. The Rule of Saint Benedict (ch. 58.17) stipulates for its adherents what has come to be known as the "Benedictine vows", promising "stability, conversion of manners and obedience". Religious vows in the form of the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience were first made in the twelfth century by Francis of Assisi and his followers, the first of the mendicant orders. These vows are made now by the members of all Roman Catholic religious institutes founded subsequently (cf. 1983 Code of Canon Law, can. 573) and constitute the basis of their other regulations of their life and conduct. Members of religious institutes confirm their intention to observe the evangelical counsels by making a "public" vow, that is, a vow that the superior of the religious institute accepts in the name of the Church. Outside the consecrated life, Christians are free to make a private vow to observe one or more of the evangelical counsels; but a private vow does not have the same binding and other effects in church law as a public vow. Henriette Browne Nuns at work in the cloister A young man in the Gospel asked what he should do to obtain eternal life, and Jesus told him to "keep the commandments", but when the young man pressed further, Christ told him: "If thou wilt be perfect, go sell what thou hast, and give to the poor". It is from this passage that the term "counsel of perfection" comes. Again in the Gospels, Jesus speaks of "eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven", and added "He that can receive it, let him receive it". St. Paul presses home the duty incumbent on all Christians of keeping free from all sins of the flesh, and of fulfilling the obligations of the married state, if they have taken those obligations upon themselves, but also gives his "counsel" in favor of the unmarried state and of perfect chastity (celibacy), on the ground that it is thus more possible to serve God with an undivided allegiance. Indeed, the danger in the Early Church, even in Apostolic times, was not that the "counsels" would be neglected or denied, but that they should be exalted into commands of universal obligation, "forbidding to marry" (1 Timothy 4:3), and imposing poverty as a duty on all. Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Am Klostertor These counsels have been analyzed as a way to keep the world from distracting the soul, on the grounds that the principal good things of this world easily divide themselves into three classes. There are the riches which make life easy and pleasant, there are the pleasures of the flesh which appeal to the appetites, and, lastly, there are honors and positions of authority which delight the self-love of the individual. These three matters, in themselves often innocent and not forbidden to the devout Christian, may yet, even when no kind of sin is involved, hold back the soul from its true aim and vocation, and delay it from becoming entirely conformed to the will of God. It is, therefore, the object of the three counsels of perfection to free the soul from these hindrances. The love of riches is opposed by the counsel of poverty, the pleasures of the flesh (even the lawful pleasures of holy matrimony) are excluded by the counsel of chastity, while the desire for worldly power and honor is met by the counsel of holy obedience. Abstinence from unlawful indulgence in any of these directions is expected of all Christians as a matter of precept. The further voluntary abstinence from what is in itself lawful is the subject of the counsels, and such abstinence is not in itself meritorious, but only becomes so when it is done for the sake of Christ, and in order to be more free to serve him. The Catholic Encyclopedia article ends with the following summary: To sum up: it is possible to be rich, and married, and held in honour by all men, and yet keep the Commandments and to enter heaven. Christ's advice is, if we would make sure of everlasting life and desire to conform ourselves perfectly to the Divine will, that we should sell our possessions and give the proceeds to others who are in need, that we should live a life of chastity for the Gospel's sake, and, finally, should not seek honours or commands, but place ourselves under obedience. These are the Evangelical Counsels, and the things which are counselled are not set forward so much as good in themselves, as in the light of means to an end and as the surest and quickest way of obtaining everlasting life. Criticisms of supererogatory interpretation of evangelical counsels In a 1523 essay, Martin Luther criticized the evangelical counsels to be supererogatory, and the two-tiered system to be a sophistic corruption of the teaching of Christ, intended to accommodate the vices of the aristocracy: You are perturbed over Christ's injunction in Matthew 5, 'Do not resist evil, but make friends with your accuser; and if any one should take your coat, let him have your cloak as well.' ... The sophists in the universities have also been perplexed by these texts. ... In order not to make heathen of the princes, they taught that Christ did not demand these things but merely offered them as advice or counsel to those who would be perfect. So Christ had to become a liar and be in error in order that the princes might come off with honor, for they could not exalt the princes without degrading Christ—wretched blind sophists that they are. And their poisonous error has spread thus to the whole world until everyone regards these teachings of Christ not as precepts binding on all Christians alike but as mere counsels for the perfect. Dietrich Bonhoeffer argues that the interpretation of the evangelical counsels to be supererogatory acquiesces in what he calls "cheap grace", lowering the standard of Christian teaching: The difference between ourselves and the rich young man is that he was not allowed to solace his regrets by saying: 'Never mind what Jesus says, I can still hold on to my riches, but in a spirit of inner detachment. Despite my inadequacy I can take comfort in the thought that God has forgiven me my sins and can have fellowship with Christ in faith.' But no, he went away sorrowful. Because he would not obey, he could not believe. In this the young man was quite honest. He went away from Jesus and indeed this honesty had more promise than any apparent communion with Jesus based on disobedience. See also Provida Mater Ecclesia Ministry of Jesus Essenes The Perfecti, members of the Cathars who also led ascetic lives of chastity and abstinence, though most followers followed easier rules of conduct. References ^ 1983 Code of Canon Law, canons 599–601 ^ cf. Matthew 19:10–12; Matthew 19:16–22 = Mark 10:17–22 = Luke 18:18–23; see also Mark 10 and Jesus and the rich young man ^ Matthew 19:21 ^ See also Strong's G5046 and Imitatio dei ^ The Complete Gospels, Robert J. Miller ed., notes for Mark 10:17–22, page 36: "To the traditional biblical commandments Jesus adds the mandates of personal sacrifice and becoming his follower." ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 607 §2 Archived November 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 1192 §1 Archived November 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Barnes, Arthur (1908). "Evangelical Counsels". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2 May 2019. ^ Martin Luther, Temporal Authority: To What Extent it Should Be Obeyed (1523) ^ Dietrich Bonhoeffer, The Cost of Discipleship (1937), p. 80 External links Section on the Consecrated Life in The Code of Canon Law, 1983, including canons 599-601 concerning the Evangelical Counsels A Quaker Perspective on the Counsels, the Powers & Community vteConsecrated life in the Catholic ChurchTypes Consecrated virgin Hermit Religious institute Orders Monastic Cenobitic Chapter Enclosed Idiorrhythmic Canons regular Mendicants Second orders Cleric regular Congregations Secular institute Society of apostolic life Vows Evangelical counsels Poverty Chastity Obedience Profession Solemn vow Vow of silence Vow of enclosure Monastery(List) Abbey Chapter house Cloister Convent Double Hermitage Priory Refectory Prayer Contemplation Liturgy of the Hours Mass Meditation Mysticism Rosary Habit Clerical clothing Coif Cornette Scapular Vestment Members Superior General Provincial Abbot/Abbess Prior/Prioress Grand master Rector Brother Friar Monk Sister Nun Hermit Anchorite Novice Master Oblate Postulant Lay brother Porter Other Asceticism Tonsure Vocational discernment Monastic cell List of religious institutes Catholicism portal Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evangelical 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Catholic Church interprets this to mean that they are not binding upon all, and hence not necessary conditions to attain eternal life (heaven), but that they are \"acts of supererogation\" exceeding the minimum stipulated in the biblical commandments.[5] Catholics who have made a public profession to order their lives by the evangelical counsels, and confirmed this by public vows before their competent church authority (the act of religious commitment known as a profession), are recognised as members of the consecrated life.","title":"Evangelical counsels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism"},{"link_name":"Rule of Saint Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"mendicant orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant_orders"},{"link_name":"religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"1983 Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henriette_Browne_Nuns.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henriette Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Browne"},{"link_name":"eunuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuchs"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"celibacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celibacy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-8"},{"link_name":"Early Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Church"},{"link_name":"1 Timothy 4:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#4:3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-8"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-8"}],"text":"There are early forms of religious vows in the monastic traditions. The Rule of Saint Benedict (ch. 58.17) stipulates for its adherents what has come to be known as the \"Benedictine vows\", promising \"stability, conversion of manners and obedience\". Religious vows in the form of the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience were first made in the twelfth century by Francis of Assisi and his followers, the first of the mendicant orders. These vows are made now by the members of all Roman Catholic religious institutes founded subsequently (cf. 1983 Code of Canon Law, can. 573) and constitute the basis of their other regulations of their life and conduct.[citation needed]Members of religious institutes confirm their intention to observe the evangelical counsels by making a \"public\" vow,[6] that is, a vow that the superior of the religious institute accepts in the name of the Church.[7] Outside the consecrated life, Christians are free to make a private vow to observe one or more of the evangelical counsels; but a private vow does not have the same binding and other effects in church law as a public vow.Henriette Browne Nuns at work in the cloisterA young man in the Gospel asked what he should do to obtain eternal life, and Jesus told him to \"keep the commandments\", but when the young man pressed further, Christ told him: \"If thou wilt be perfect, go sell what thou hast, and give to the poor\". It is from this passage that the term \"counsel of perfection\" comes. Again in the Gospels, Jesus speaks of \"eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven\", and added \"He that can receive it, let him receive it\". St. Paul presses home the duty incumbent on all Christians of keeping free from all sins of the flesh, and of fulfilling the obligations of the married state, if they have taken those obligations upon themselves, but also gives his \"counsel\" in favor of the unmarried state and of perfect chastity (celibacy), on the ground that it is thus more possible to serve God with an undivided allegiance.[8]Indeed, the danger in the Early Church, even in Apostolic times, was not that the \"counsels\" would be neglected or denied, but that they should be exalted into commands of universal obligation, \"forbidding to marry\" (1 Timothy 4:3), and imposing poverty as a duty on all.[8]Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Am KlostertorThese counsels have been analyzed as a way to keep the world from distracting the soul, on the grounds that the principal good things of this world easily divide themselves into three classes. There are the riches which make life easy and pleasant, there are the pleasures of the flesh which appeal to the appetites, and, lastly, there are honors and positions of authority which delight the self-love of the individual. These three matters, in themselves often innocent and not forbidden to the devout Christian, may yet, even when no kind of sin is involved, hold back the soul from its true aim and vocation, and delay it from becoming entirely conformed to the will of God. It is, therefore, the object of the three counsels of perfection to free the soul from these hindrances. The love of riches is opposed by the counsel of poverty, the pleasures of the flesh (even the lawful pleasures of holy matrimony) are excluded by the counsel of chastity, while the desire for worldly power and honor is met by the counsel of holy obedience. Abstinence from unlawful indulgence in any of these directions is expected of all Christians as a matter of precept. The further voluntary abstinence from what is in itself lawful is the subject of the counsels, and such abstinence is not in itself meritorious, but only becomes so when it is done for the sake of Christ, and in order to be more free to serve him.[8]The Catholic Encyclopedia article ends with the following summary:To sum up: it is possible to be rich, and married, and held in honour by all men, and yet keep the Commandments and to enter heaven. Christ's advice is, if we would make sure of everlasting life and desire to conform ourselves perfectly to the Divine will, that we should sell our possessions and give the proceeds to others who are in need, that we should live a life of chastity for the Gospel's sake, and, finally, should not seek honours or commands, but place ourselves under obedience. These are the Evangelical Counsels, and the things which are counselled are not set forward so much as good in themselves, as in the light of means to an end and as the surest and quickest way of obtaining everlasting life.[8]","title":"Consecrated life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"supererogatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supererogatory"},{"link_name":"sophistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophistry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer"},{"link_name":"rich young man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_and_the_rich_young_man"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In a 1523 essay, Martin Luther criticized the evangelical counsels to be supererogatory, and the two-tiered system to be a sophistic corruption of the teaching of Christ, intended to accommodate the vices of the aristocracy:You are perturbed over Christ's injunction in Matthew 5, 'Do not resist evil, but make friends with your accuser; and if any one should take your coat, let him have your cloak as well.' ... The sophists in the universities have also been perplexed by these texts. ... In order not to make heathen of the princes, they taught that Christ did not demand these things but merely offered them as advice or counsel to those who would be perfect. So Christ had to become a liar and be in error in order that the princes might come off with honor, for they could not exalt the princes without degrading Christ—wretched blind sophists that they are. And their poisonous error has spread thus to the whole world until everyone regards these teachings of Christ not as precepts binding on all Christians alike but as mere counsels for the perfect.[9]Dietrich Bonhoeffer argues that the interpretation of the evangelical counsels to be supererogatory acquiesces in what he calls \"cheap grace\", lowering the standard of Christian teaching:The difference between ourselves and the rich young man is that he was not allowed to solace his regrets by saying: 'Never mind what Jesus says, I can still hold on to my riches, but in a spirit of inner detachment. Despite my inadequacy I can take comfort in the thought that God has forgiven me my sins and can have fellowship with Christ in faith.' But no, he went away sorrowful. Because he would not obey, he could not believe. In this the young man was quite honest. He went away from Jesus and indeed this honesty had more promise than any apparent communion with Jesus based on disobedience.[10]","title":"Criticisms of supererogatory interpretation of evangelical counsels"}]	[{"image_text":"Henriette Browne Nuns at work in the cloister","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Henriette_Browne_Nuns.jpg/220px-Henriette_Browne_Nuns.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Am Klostertor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller_003.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller_003.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Provida Mater Ecclesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provida_Mater_Ecclesia"},{"title":"Ministry of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus"},{"title":"Essenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes"},{"title":"Perfecti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfecti"},{"title":"Cathars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathars"},{"title":"followers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credentes"}]	[{"reference":"Barnes, Arthur (1908). \"Evangelical Counsels\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04435a.htm","url_text":"\"Evangelical Counsels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2019:10%E2%80%9312&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Matthew 19:10–12"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2019:16%E2%80%9322&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Matthew 19:16–22"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:17%E2%80%9322&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 10:17–22"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2018:18%E2%80%9323&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Luke 18:18–23"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2019:21&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Matthew 19:21"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130414093114/http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5046","external_links_name":"Strong's G5046"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Z.HTM","external_links_name":"Code of Canon Law, canon 607 §2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104123324/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Z.HTM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4E.HTM","external_links_name":"Code of Canon Law, canon 1192 §1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104124158/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4E.HTM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04435a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Evangelical Counsels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418141521/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM","external_links_name":"Section on the Consecrated Life in The Code of Canon Law, 1983, including canons 599-601 concerning the Evangelical Counsels"},{"Link":"http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2003-pco.htm","external_links_name":"A Quaker Perspective on the Counsels, the Powers & Community"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015868-8","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli,_Rome	Palazzo Ruspoli, Rome	["1 Description","2 Notable people","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°54′15″N 12°28′43″E / 41.90417°N 12.47869°E / 41.90417; 12.47869Building in Rome, ItalyPalazzo RuspoliVeduta of Gaetani Palace in 1699, with roofline viewing towerClick on the map for a fullscreen viewGeneral informationLocationRome, ItalyCoordinates41°54′15″N 12°28′43″E / 41.90417°N 12.47869°E / 41.90417; 12.47869 The Palazzo Ruspoli is a Renaissance-style, 16th century aristocratic palace located on Via del Corso 418, where Corso intersects with Largo Carlo Goldoni and the Piazza di San Lorenzo in Lucina, in the Rione IV of Campo Marzio in central Rome, Italy. Description Zucchi's frescoes on gallery ceiling By the 16th century, the site of the palace was home to the Jacobbili family, and in 1583, it was sold to the Florentine mercantile family of the Rucellai. They commissioned completion of the palace from Bartolomeo Ammannati. He consolidated the long three-story facade along via de Corso and added a loggia along the inner courtyard, frescoed by Jacopo Zucchi and used to display the family's ancient sculpture collection. In 1629, the palaces was acquired by the Caetani or Gaetani family, who commissioned a refurbishment of the facade along what is now Largo Goldoni. Circa 1640, the architect Martino Longhi the Younger was commissioned to build the scenographic staircase leading to the courtyard. In 1776, the palace became property of the Ruspoli family, who still own parts of the structure to this day. In the 19th century, the palace hosted the famed Caffè Nuovo, and it was also home to the exiled Napoleon III. A description of the staircase in the 18th century noted that the staircase was singular among palaces in Rome for its size and for being constructed entirely of marble steps, costing 80 scudi each, arrayed in four flights of 30 steps, ten feet long and two feet wide. Along the stairs were antique busts of emperors Hadrian and Claudius; Bacchus and Silen; Apollo; Mercury; a woman dressed as Hercules; and Aesclepius. Notable people María Ernestina Larráinzar Córdoba (1854-1925), Italian-born Mexican writer, teacher, religious order founder See also History of palace in website for boutique hotel on premises, Palazzo Ruspoli Napoleon References ^ Accurata, E Succinta Descrizione Topografica, E Istorica Di Roma, Volume 1, by Ridolfino Venturini, published by Carlo Barbellieni, Rome (1768); page 36. ^ Turismo Rome, VIII edizione dell’infiorata storica di Roma, . External links Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 9781623710088. 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Pudenziana Ss. Quattro Coronati S. Saba S. Sabina Sacro Cuore di Maria Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio S. Sebastiano fuori le mura S. Silvestro in Capite S. Sisto Vecchio S. Sofia a Via Boccea S. Stefano Rotondo S. Teresa S. Vitale Other churches List of churches in Rome Castles and palaces Arx Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi Castel Sant'Angelo Domus Internationalis Paulus VI Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Borghese Palazzo della Cancelleria Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Colonna Palazzo della Consulta Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini Palazzo Giustinani Lateran Palace Palazzo Madama Palazzo Malta Palazzo di Giustizia Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne Palazzo Mattei Palazzo del Quirinale Palazzo Pamphilj Palazzo Poli Palazzo Riario Palazzo Ruspoli Palazzo Spada Palazzo Valentini Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli Palazzo del Viminale Palazzo Wedekind Palazzo Zuccari Villa Farnesina Villa Giulia Villa Madama Fountains Api Acqua Felice Acqua Paola Babuino Barcaccia Il Facchino Marforio Moro Nasone Navicella Neptune Nettuno del Pantheon Pianto di Piazza d'Aracoeli di Piazza Colonna di Piazza Farnese della Piazza dei Quiriti di Piazza Nicosia in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere di Ponte Sisto Quattro Fiumi Quattro 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Moderna Giorgio de Chirico House Museum Galleria Spada Jewish Museum of Rome Keats–Shelley Memorial House MAXXI Museo Archeologico Ostiense Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica Museo Civico di Zoologia Museo delle anime del Purgatorio Museo delle Mura Museo di Roma Museo di Roma in Trastevere Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia Museo Nazionale Etrusco Museo Nazionale Romano Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome Museum of Roman Civilization Museum of the Ara Pacis Museum of the Liberation of Rome National Museum of Oriental Art Palazzo Colonna Palazzo delle Esposizioni Pigorini National Museum Porta San Paolo Railway Museum Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum Venanzo Crocetti Museum Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta Colossus of Constantine La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Pietà Portonaccio sarcophagus Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel ceiling Velletri Sarcophagus LandscapeSeven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Tiber Island Monte Testaccio Metropolitan Cityof Rome Capital Appian Way Regional Park Capo di Bove Castello Orsini-Odescalchi Frascati Hadrian's Villa Ostia Antica Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Enclave Vatican City Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Via del Corso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_del_Corso"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo in Lucina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina"},{"link_name":"Campo Marzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Marzio"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"text":"Building in Rome, ItalyThe Palazzo Ruspoli is a Renaissance-style, 16th century aristocratic palace located on Via del Corso 418, where Corso intersects with Largo Carlo Goldoni and the Piazza di San Lorenzo in Lucina, in the Rione IV of Campo Marzio in central Rome, Italy.","title":"Palazzo Ruspoli, Rome"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zucchi,_frescos_Palazzo_Ruspoli_Pace_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo Ammannati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Zucchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Zucchi"},{"link_name":"Martino Longhi the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino_Longhi_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Ruspoli family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruspoli_family"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zucchi's frescoes on gallery ceilingBy the 16th century, the site of the palace was home to the Jacobbili family, and in 1583, it was sold to the Florentine mercantile family of the Rucellai.[1] They commissioned completion of the palace from Bartolomeo Ammannati. He consolidated the long three-story facade along via de Corso and added a loggia along the inner courtyard, frescoed by Jacopo Zucchi and used to display the family's ancient sculpture collection.In 1629, the palaces was acquired by the Caetani or Gaetani family, who commissioned a refurbishment of the facade along what is now Largo Goldoni. Circa 1640, the architect Martino Longhi the Younger was commissioned to build the scenographic staircase leading to the courtyard. In 1776, the palace became property of the Ruspoli family, who still own parts of the structure to this day. In the 19th century, the palace hosted the famed Caffè Nuovo, and it was also home to the exiled Napoleon III.[2]A description of the staircase in the 18th century noted that the staircase was singular among palaces in Rome for its size and for being constructed entirely of marble steps, costing 80 scudi each, arrayed in four flights of 30 steps, ten feet long and two feet wide. Along the stairs were antique busts of emperors Hadrian and Claudius; Bacchus and Silen; Apollo; Mercury; a woman dressed as Hercules; and Aesclepius.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"María Ernestina Larráinzar Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Ernestina_Larr%C3%A1inzar_C%C3%B3rdoba"}],"text":"María Ernestina Larráinzar Córdoba (1854-1925), Italian-born Mexican writer, teacher, religious order founder","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Zucchi's frescoes on gallery ceiling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zucchi%2C_frescos_Palazzo_Ruspoli_Pace_02.jpg/170px-Zucchi%2C_frescos_Palazzo_Ruspoli_Pace_02.jpg"}]	[{"title":"History of palace in website for boutique hotel on premises, Palazzo Ruspoli Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.residenzanapoleone.com/ruspoli-palace.html"}]	[{"reference":"Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nointel,_Oise	Nointel, Oise	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 49°22′32″N 2°28′58″E / 49.3756°N 2.4828°E / 49.3756; 2.4828 Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceNointelCommuneThe town hall in NointelLocation of Nointel NointelShow map of FranceNointelShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°22′32″N 2°28′58″E / 49.3756°N 2.4828°E / 49.3756; 2.4828CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentOiseArrondissementClermontCantonClermontIntercommunalityCC ClermontoisGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Hélène DufranneArea19.35 km2 (3.61 sq mi)Population (2021)1,138 • Density120/km2 (320/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code60464 /60840Elevation53–158 m (174–518 ft) (avg. 66 m or 217 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Nointel (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. See also Communes of the Oise department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nointel (Oise). vteCommunes of the Oise department Abancourt Abbecourt Abbeville-Saint-Lucien Achy Acy-en-Multien Les Ageux Agnetz Airion Allonne Amblainville Amy Andeville Angicourt Angivillers Angy Ansacq Ansauvillers Antheuil-Portes Antilly Appilly Apremont Armancourt Arsy Attichy Auchy-la-Montagne Auger-Saint-Vincent Aumont-en-Halatte Auneuil Auteuil Autheuil-en-Valois Autrêches Avilly-Saint-Léonard Avrechy Avricourt Avrigny Babœuf Bacouël Bailleul-le-Soc Bailleul-sur-Thérain Bailleval Bailly Balagny-sur-Thérain Barbery Bargny Baron Baugy Bazancourt Bazicourt Beaudéduit Beaugies-sous-Bois Beaulieu-les-Fontaines Beaumont-les-Nonains Beaurains-lès-Noyon Beaurepaire Beauvaispref Beauvoir Béhéricourt Belle-Église Belloy Berlancourt Berneuil-en-Bray Berneuil-sur-Aisne Berthecourt Béthancourt-en-Valois Béthisy-Saint-Martin Béthisy-Saint-Pierre Betz Bienville Biermont Bitry Blacourt Blaincourt-lès-Précy Blancfossé Blargies Blicourt Blincourt Boissy-Fresnoy Bonlier Bonneuil-en-Valois Bonneuil-les-Eaux Bonnières Bonvillers Boran-sur-Oise Borest Bornel Boubiers Bouconvillers Bouillancy Boullarre Boulogne-la-Grasse Boursonne Boury-en-Vexin Boutencourt Bouvresse Braisnes-sur-Aronde Brasseuse Brégy Brenouille Bresles Breteuil Brétigny Breuil-le-Sec Breuil-le-Vert Briot Brombos Broquiers Broyes Brunvillers-la-Motte Bucamps Buicourt Bulles Bury Bussy Caisnes Cambronne-lès-Clermont Cambronne-lès-Ribécourt Campagne Campeaux Campremy Candor Canly Cannectancourt Canny-sur-Matz Canny-sur-Thérain Carlepont Catenoy Catheux Catigny Catillon-Fumechon Cauffry Cauvigny Cempuis Cernoy Chamant Chambly Chambors Chantilly La Chapelle-en-Serval Chaumont-en-Vexin Chavençon Chelles Chepoix Chevincourt Chèvreville Chevrières Chiry-Ourscamp Choisy-au-Bac Choisy-la-Victoire Choqueuse-les-Bénards Cinqueux Cires-lès-Mello Clairoix Clermontsubpr Coivrel Compiègnesubpr Conchy-les-Pots Conteville Corbeil-Cerf Cormeilles La Corne-en-Vexin Le 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Péroy-les-Gombries Pierrefitte-en-Beauvaisis Pierrefonds Pimprez Pisseleu Plailly Plainval Plainville Le Plessier-sur-Bulles Le Plessier-sur-Saint-Just Le Plessis-Belleville Le Plessis-Brion Plessis-de-Roye Le Plessis-Patte-d'Oie Le Ployron Ponchon Pontarmé Pont-l'Évêque Pontoise-lès-Noyon Pontpoint Pont-Sainte-Maxence Porcheux Porquéricourt Pouilly Précy-sur-Oise Prévillers Pronleroy Puiseux-en-Bray Puiseux-le-Hauberger Puits-la-Vallée Quesmy Le Quesnel-Aubry Quincampoix-Fleuzy Quinquempoix Rainvillers Rantigny Raray Ravenel Réez-Fosse-Martin Reilly Rémécourt Rémérangles Remy Ressons-sur-Matz Rethondes Reuil-sur-Brêche Rhuis Ribécourt-Dreslincourt Ricquebourg Rieux Rivecourt Roberval Rochy-Condé Rocquemont Rocquencourt Romescamps Rosières Rosoy Rosoy-en-Multien Rotangy Rothois Rousseloy Rouville Rouvillers Rouvres-en-Multien Rouvroy-les-Merles Roy-Boissy Royaucourt Roye-sur-Matz La Rue-Saint-Pierre Rully Russy-Bémont Sacy-le-Grand Sacy-le-Petit Sains-Morainvillers Saint-André-Farivillers Saint-Arnoult Saint-Aubin-en-Bray Saint-Aubin-sous-Erquery Saint-Crépin-aux-Bois Saint-Crépin-Ibouvillers Saint-Deniscourt Sainte-Eusoye Sainte-Geneviève Saint-Étienne-Roilaye Saint-Félix Saint-Germain-la-Poterie Saint-Germer-de-Fly Saintines Saint-Jean-aux-Bois Saint-Just-en-Chaussée Saint-Léger-aux-Bois Saint-Léger-en-Bray Saint-Leu-d'Esserent Saint-Martin-aux-Bois Saint-Martin-le-Nœud Saint-Martin-Longueau Saint-Maur Saint-Maximin Saint-Omer-en-Chaussée Saint-Paul Saint-Pierre-es-Champs Saint-Pierre-lès-Bitry Saint-Quentin-des-Prés Saint-Remy-en-l'Eau Saint-Samson-la-Poterie Saint-Sauveur Saint-Sulpice Saint-Thibault Saint-Vaast-de-Longmont Saint-Vaast-lès-Mello Saint-Valery Salency Sarcus Sarnois Le Saulchoy Savignies Sempigny Senantes Senlissubpr Senots Serans Sérévillers Sérifontaine Sermaize Séry-Magneval Silly-le-Long Silly-Tillard Solente Sommereux Songeons Sully Suzoy Talmontiers Tartigny Therdonne Thérines Thibivillers Thiers-sur-Thève Thiescourt Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine Thieux Thiverny Thourotte Thury-en-Valois Thury-sous-Clermont Tillé Tourly Tracy-le-Mont Tracy-le-Val Tricot Trie-Château Trie-la-Ville Troissereux Trosly-Breuil Troussencourt Trumilly Ully-Saint-Georges Valdampierre Valescourt Vandélicourt Varesnes Varinfroy Vauchelles Vauciennes Vaudancourt Le Vaumain Vaumoise Le Vauroux Velennes Vendeuil-Caply Venette Ver-sur-Launette Verberie Verderel-lès-Sauqueuse Verderonne Verneuil-en-Halatte Versigny Vez Viefvillers Vieux-Moulin Vignemont Ville Villembray Villeneuve-les-Sablons La Villeneuve-sous-Thury Villeneuve-sur-Verberie Villers-Saint-Barthélemy Villers-Saint-Frambourg-Ognon Villers-Saint-Genest Villers-Saint-Paul Villers-Saint-Sépulcre Villers-sous-Saint-Leu Villers-sur-Auchy Villers-sur-Bonnières Villers-sur-Coudun Villers-Vermont Villers-Vicomte Villeselve Vineuil-Saint-Firmin Vrocourt Wacquemoulin Wambez Warluis Wavignies Welles-Pérennes pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases National France BnF data Geographic MusicBrainz area This Oise geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[nwɛ̃tɛl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Fr-Paris--Nointel.ogg/Fr-Paris--Nointel.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Paris--Nointel.ogg"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceNointel (French pronunciation: [nwɛ̃tɛl] ⓘ) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.","title":"Nointel, Oise"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Oise department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Oise_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pittston,_Pennsylvania	West Pittston, Pennsylvania	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Culture","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°19′45.35″N 75°47′56.57″W / 41.3292639°N 75.7990472°W / 41.3292639; -75.7990472Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesWest Pittston, PennsylvaniaBoroughA home on Luzerne Avenue in West PittstonNickname: The Garden VillageLocation of West Pittston in Luzerne County, PennsylvaniaWest PittstonShow map of PennsylvaniaWest PittstonShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 41°19′45.35″N 75°47′56.57″W / 41.3292639°N 75.7990472°W / 41.3292639; -75.7990472CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyLuzerneRegionGreater PittstonSettled1778Incorporated1857Government • TypeBorough Council • MayorAngelo AlfanoArea • Total0.94 sq mi (2.43 km2) • Land0.82 sq mi (2.12 km2) • Water0.12 sq mi (0.31 km2)Population (2020) • Total4,644 • Estimate (2021)4,636 • Density5,806.10/sq mi (2,242.86/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Zip code18643Area code570FIPS code42-83856Websitewestpittstonborough.com West Pittston is a borough in the Greater Pittston area of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on the Susquehanna River (opposite of Pittston City). In 2020, the population was 4,644. The town once produced mine screens, glass, crackers, and many other goods. West Pittston rose to national attention in September 2011, when catastrophic flooding (caused by the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee) left much of the borough under water. History 1892 panoramic map of Pittston and West Pittston; West Pittston is visible on the left West Pittston was settled in the 1770s. On July 1, 1778, during the Revolutionary War, Fort Jenkins (a patriot stockade in present-day West Pittston) surrendered to the British (under Major John Butler). It was later burned to the ground. On July 3, the Battle of Wyoming was fought only several miles outside of West Pittston. It was incorporated as a borough in 1857. The West Pittston Police Department was also established that same year. West Pittston was the home of Company D, 1st Battalion, 109th Infantry Regiment, which is part of the 28th Infantry Division. Two bridges were constructed over the Susquehanna River connecting Pittston City and West Pittston. In 1914, the Penn Bridge Company constructed the Water Street Bridge. Today, the Water Street Bridge (Firefighters’ Memorial Bridge) is illuminated by fiber-optic cable. The colors of the lights can be changed manually to reflect holidays and local sporting rivalries. In 1928, a parallel bridge (the Fort Jenkins Bridge) was constructed north of the Water Street Bridge. The Fort Jenkins Bridge, which was later renamed the Dale J. Kridlo Memorial Bridge, is part of U.S. Route 11. U.S. 11 runs through the heart of West Pittston. In June 1972, Hurricane Agnes was responsible for massive flooding in and around the Greater Pittston area. From 1974 to 1989, alleged ghost hauntings took place in the home of Jack and Janet Smurl in West Pittston; it inspired the 1991 film The Haunted. On September 8, 2011, the Susquehanna River, spurred by heavy rains from Tropical Storm Lee, crested at a record 42.66 feet (13.00 m). It flooded more than a quarter of the town. This was considered to be a historic flooding event which displaced thousands of people and caused millions of dollars in damages to businesses and homes. Following record flooding, the non-profit organization West Pittston Tomorrow was founded. Its purpose was to improve the damaged community. It expanded the public library and created community gardens. Firefighters' Memorial Bridge facing West Pittston Specialist Dale J. Kridlo Memorial Bridge (U.S. Route 11); West Pittston is on the left West Pittston Library Geography West Pittston is located at 41°19′45″N 75°47′57″W / 41.32917°N 75.79917°W / 41.32917; -75.79917 (41.329265, -75.799048). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.97 square miles (2.5 km2), of which 0.81 square miles (2.1 km2) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km2), or 15.10%, is water. West Pittston lies on the western side of the Susquehanna River in northern Luzerne County. The City of Wilkes-Barre is located to the southwest. The City of Pittston is located directly across the river (to the east). The borough is situated within the Wyoming Area School District. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1860599—18701,416136.4%18802,54479.7%18903,90653.5%19005,84649.7%19106,84817.1%19206,9681.8%19307,94013.9%19407,9430.0%19507,230−9.0%19606,998−3.2%19707,0741.1%19805,980−15.5%19905,590−6.5%20005,072−9.3%20104,868−4.0%20204,644−4.6%2021 (est.)4,636−0.2%Sources: As of the census of 2000, there were 5,072 people, 2,243 households, and 1,397 families residing in the borough. The population density was 6,199.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,393.5/km2). There were 2,381 housing units at an average density of 2,910.1 per square mile (1,123.6/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.8% White, 0.3% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.00% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population. There were 2,243 households, out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.92. In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $33,030, and the median income for a family was $41,729. Males had a median income of $35,386 versus $20,656 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,370. About 9.6% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over. Culture West Pittston has an annual Cherry Blossom Festival. The event usually consists of bands, food, and a parade. The parade includes the Wyoming Area Marching Band, Little League teams, Boy Scout troops, and various local emergency service crews. The festival also includes musical concerts, skit shows, and a Miss Cherry Blossom contest. Sister city is Gualdo Tadino, Italy Notable people Annabel Morris Holvey (1855–1910), newspaper editor, social reformer Marion Lorne, actress, born in West Pittston Anne Sargent, actress Susan E. Dickinson, journalist References ^ "Barry Hosier Jr. Sworn in as West Pittston Mayor". 15 November 2020. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 5, 2022. ^ "W. Pittston volunteers eye next emergency". The Times Leader. Retrieved May 14, 2013. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): West Pittston borough, Pennsylvania". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 13, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013. ^ "Il gemellaggio con West Pittston". www.protadino.it. Retrieved 2018-02-20. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Pittston, Pennsylvania. Official website West Pittston Historical Society West Pittston Cherry Blossom Festival vteMunicipalities and communities of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: Wilkes-BarreCities Hazleton Nanticoke Pittston Wilkes-Barre Boroughs Ashley Avoca Bear Creek Village Conyngham Courtdale Dallas Dupont Duryea Edwardsville Exeter Forty Fort Freeland Harveys Lake Hughestown Jeddo Kingston Laflin Larksville Laurel Run Luzerne Nescopeck New Columbus Nuangola Penn Lake Park Plymouth Pringle Shickshinny Sugar Notch Swoyersville Warrior Run West Hazleton West Pittston West Wyoming White Haven Wyoming Yatesville Townships Bear Creek Black Creek Buck Butler Conyngham Dallas Dennison Dorrance Exeter Fairmount Fairview Foster Franklin Hanover Hazle Hollenback Hunlock Huntington Jackson Jenkins Kingston Lake Lehman Nescopeck Newport Pittston Plains Plymouth Rice Ross Salem Slocum Sugarloaf Union Wilkes-Barre Wright CDPs Beech Mountain Lakes Browntown Chase East Berwick Georgetown Glen Lyon Harleigh Hickory Hills Hilldale Hudson Inkerman Lattimer Misericordia University Mocanaqua Mountain Top Nuremberg‡ Pardeesville Pikes Creek Plains Shavertown Sheatown Silkworth Trucksville Upper Exeter Wanamie West Nanticoke Weston Unincorporatedcommunities Alden Back Mountain Beach Haven Breslau Cambra Cranberry Drifton Drums Ebervale Glen Summit Springs Harveyville Humboldt Hunlock Creek Huntington Mills Japan Koonsville Korn Krest Kunkle Lehman Milnesville Moosehead Mossville Mountain Grove Old Boston Port Griffith Rock Glen Saint Johns Sandy Run Suscon Sweet Valley Sybertsville Tomhicken Wapwallopen Waterton Zenith Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Pittston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pittston"},{"link_name":"Luzerne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Pittston City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-3"},{"link_name":"mine screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(food)"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Lee_(2011)"}],"text":"Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesWest Pittston is a borough in the Greater Pittston area of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on the Susquehanna River (opposite of Pittston City). In 2020, the population was 4,644.[3]The town once produced mine screens, glass, crackers, and many other goods. West Pittston rose to national attention in September 2011, when catastrophic flooding (caused by the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee) left much of the borough under water.","title":"West Pittston, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittston-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"stockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockade"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._28th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Pittston City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Water Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighters%27_Memorial_Bridge_(Pittston)"},{"link_name":"fiber-optic cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Agnes"},{"link_name":"Greater Pittston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pittston"},{"link_name":"ghost hauntings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurl_haunting"},{"link_name":"The Haunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Lee"},{"link_name":"West Pittston Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.westpittstontomorrow.com/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittston,_Pennsylvania_(4111301389).jpg"},{"link_name":"Firefighters' Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighters%27_Memorial_Bridge_(Pittston)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittston,_Pennsylvania_(4111301775).jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Pittston_Library_LuzCp_PA.jpg"}],"text":"1892 panoramic map of Pittston and West Pittston; West Pittston is visible on the leftWest Pittston was settled in the 1770s. On July 1, 1778, during the Revolutionary War, Fort Jenkins (a patriot stockade in present-day West Pittston) surrendered to the British (under Major John Butler). It was later burned to the ground. On July 3, the Battle of Wyoming was fought only several miles outside of West Pittston. It was incorporated as a borough in 1857. The West Pittston Police Department was also established that same year. West Pittston was the home of Company D, 1st Battalion, 109th Infantry Regiment, which is part of the 28th Infantry Division.Two bridges were constructed over the Susquehanna River connecting Pittston City and West Pittston. In 1914, the Penn Bridge Company constructed the Water Street Bridge. Today, the Water Street Bridge (Firefighters’ Memorial Bridge) is illuminated by fiber-optic cable. The colors of the lights can be changed manually to reflect holidays and local sporting rivalries.In 1928, a parallel bridge (the Fort Jenkins Bridge) was constructed north of the Water Street Bridge. The Fort Jenkins Bridge, which was later renamed the Dale J. Kridlo Memorial Bridge, is part of U.S. Route 11. U.S. 11 runs through the heart of West Pittston.In June 1972, Hurricane Agnes was responsible for massive flooding in and around the Greater Pittston area. From 1974 to 1989, alleged ghost hauntings took place in the home of Jack and Janet Smurl in West Pittston; it inspired the 1991 film The Haunted.On September 8, 2011, the Susquehanna River, spurred by heavy rains from Tropical Storm Lee, crested at a record 42.66 feet (13.00 m). It flooded more than a quarter of the town. This was considered to be a historic flooding event which displaced thousands of people and caused millions of dollars in damages to businesses and homes. Following record flooding, the non-profit organization West Pittston Tomorrow was founded. Its purpose was to improve the damaged community. It expanded the public library and created community gardens.[4]Firefighters' Memorial Bridge facing West Pittston\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpecialist Dale J. Kridlo Memorial Bridge (U.S. Route 11); West Pittston is on the left\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWest Pittston Library","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°19′45″N 75°47′57″W / 41.32917°N 75.79917°W / 41.32917; -75.79917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Pittston,_Pennsylvania&params=41_19_45_N_75_47_57_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-5"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pittston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Area School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Area_School_District"}],"text":"West Pittston is located at 41°19′45″N 75°47′57″W / 41.32917°N 75.79917°W / 41.32917; -75.79917 (41.329265, -75.799048).[5]According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.97 square miles (2.5 km2), of which 0.81 square miles (2.1 km2) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km2), or 15.10%, is water.[6] West Pittston lies on the western side of the Susquehanna River in northern Luzerne County. The City of Wilkes-Barre is located to the southwest. The City of Pittston is located directly across the river (to the east). The borough is situated within the Wyoming Area School District.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-8"},{"link_name":"racial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zipskinny.com/index.php?zip=18643"}],"text":"As of the census[8] of 2000, there were 5,072 people, 2,243 households, and 1,397 families residing in the borough. The population density was 6,199.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,393.5/km2). There were 2,381 housing units at an average density of 2,910.1 per square mile (1,123.6/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.8% White, 0.3% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.00% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.There were 2,243 households, out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.92.In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males.The median income for a household in the borough was $33,030, and the median income for a family was $41,729. Males had a median income of $35,386 versus $20,656 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,370. About 9.6% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_League"},{"link_name":"Boy Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scout"},{"link_name":"Sister city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"Gualdo Tadino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualdo_Tadino"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"West Pittston has an annual Cherry Blossom Festival. The event usually consists of bands, food, and a parade. The parade includes the Wyoming Area Marching Band, Little League teams, Boy Scout troops, and various local emergency service crews. The festival also includes musical concerts, skit shows, and a Miss Cherry Blossom contest.Sister city is Gualdo Tadino, Italy[10]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annabel Morris Holvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Morris_Holvey"},{"link_name":"Marion Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Lorne"},{"link_name":"Anne Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Susan E. Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_E._Dickinson"}],"text":"Annabel Morris Holvey (1855–1910), newspaper editor, social reformer\nMarion Lorne, actress, born in West Pittston\nAnne Sargent, actress\nSusan E. Dickinson, journalist","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"1892 panoramic map of Pittston and West Pittston; West Pittston is visible on the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pittston-1.jpg/240px-Pittston-1.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Luzerne_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Luzerne_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Barry Hosier Jr. Sworn in as West Pittston Mayor\". 15 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psdispatch.com/news/74516/barry-hosier-jr-sworn-in-as-west-pittston-mayor","url_text":"\"Barry Hosier Jr. Sworn in as West Pittston Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_42.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"W. Pittston volunteers eye next emergency\". The Times Leader. Retrieved May 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesleader.com/news/local-news/500128/W-Pittston-volunteers-eye-next-emergency","url_text":"\"W. Pittston volunteers eye next emergency\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): West Pittston borough, Pennsylvania\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): West Pittston borough, Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Il gemellaggio con West Pittston\". www.protadino.it. Retrieved 2018-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.protadino.it/ecodelserrasanta/20001008/03ilgemellaggio.html","url_text":"\"Il gemellaggio con West Pittston\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Pittston,_Pennsylvania&params=41_19_45.35_N_75_47_56.57_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°19′45.35″N 75°47′56.57″W / 41.3292639°N 75.7990472°W / 41.3292639; -75.7990472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Pittston,_Pennsylvania&params=41_19_45.35_N_75_47_56.57_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°19′45.35″N 75°47′56.57″W / 41.3292639°N 75.7990472°W / 41.3292639; -75.7990472"},{"Link":"http://westpittstonborough.com/","external_links_name":"westpittstonborough.com"},{"Link":"http://www.westpittstontomorrow.com/","external_links_name":"West Pittston Tomorrow"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Pittston,_Pennsylvania&params=41_19_45_N_75_47_57_W_type:city","external_links_name":"41°19′45″N 75°47′57″W / 41.32917°N 75.79917°W / 41.32917; -75.79917"},{"Link":"http://www.zipskinny.com/index.php?zip=18643","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.psdispatch.com/news/74516/barry-hosier-jr-sworn-in-as-west-pittston-mayor","external_links_name":"\"Barry Hosier Jr. Sworn in as West Pittston Mayor\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_42.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesleader.com/news/local-news/500128/W-Pittston-volunteers-eye-next-emergency","external_links_name":"\"W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_J._de_Sabla,_Jr.,_Teahouse_and_Tea_Garden	Eugene J. de Sabla, Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden	["1 Early history of the property","2 Property under de Sabla","3 Post de Sabla history","4 Layout","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Historic garden in California The entrance to the garden. The Eugene J. de Sabla, Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden is a historic garden located in San Mateo, bordering Hillsborough, California. It has been described as both a Higurashi-en and a Shin-style garden and is the only surviving private garden designed by the widely respected Japanese garden designer Makoto Hagiwara. It was built around 1907 on the El Cerrito estate and was eventually listed in the National Register of Historic Places by its current owners, Achille and Joan Paladini. Early history of the property The El Cerrito estate, and eventually the tea garden on the property, passed through the hands of many notable California families and people throughout its history. The estate was originally owned by a rich merchant from San Mateo named William Davis Merry Howard in 1853. Howard gave the estate the name of El Cerrito, or Little Hill in Spanish. His wife, Agnes Poett, later inherited the property and brought gardener John McLaren to the estate. McLaren later gained fame by becoming the superintendent of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park after leaving the job at the Howard estate. While working at Golden Gate Park, he collaborated with Hagiwara, who is most known for building the Japanese Tea Garden that still survives in the park today. The garden was originally a part of the Japanese village at the California Midwinter Fair at the park in 1894. After Poett died in 1893, the property fell to her third husband, attorney Henry Pike Bowie. Bowie did not stay in the property after Poett's death though, he instead traveled to Japan and became an American expert on the country after returning to his homeland in 1902. Bowie developed some aspects of the tea garden on the property due to his Japanese influence, but the brunt of the development came when the property was owned by Eugene Joly de Sabla, Jr., who purchased it in 1906. Property under de Sabla The de Sabla family allegedly descends from an exiled French noble whose family settled in Central America in the 1700s and involved themselves in politics and business there. Eugene J. de Sabla Jr. set out on his own entrepreneurial ventures, though, getting into the electric and gas power industry. He partnered with John Martin to form PG&E in 1905, a utilities giant that still powers much of California to this day. A year after the founding of PG&E, de Sabla purchased the El Cerrito estate. By 1907, high-class social events were already being hosted at the tea garden. The exact date of construction for the garden is unknown, but is thus estimated to be around 1907. The teahouse was constructed a couple years afterward. It is unknown exactly how de Sabla met Hagiwara, but a possible reason for Hagiwara's availability was that an anti-Asian clause in the city of San Francisco meant that Hagiwara left his role maintaining the Golden Gate Japanese Tea Garden and instead helped build many private Japanese-style tea gardens all over northern California. Of those, the de Sabla property is the only one that still stands, adding to its notability. Hagiwara was able to acquire these gigs because the Midwinter Fair he helped organize in 1894 made Japanese-style gardens a trend in the region while the Victorian style of gardens fell out of style. After the garden was constructed, local social events were regularly hosted in its confines, even after de Sabla sold the property to another wealthy socialite family, the St. Cyr clan, in 1919. Post de Sabla history The St. Cyr family owned the property until 1940, hosting many locally notable social events within it during their ownership of the property. Eventually, they sold the estate to a local builder and developer who auctioned off the contents of the manor and then divided the estate into residential areas. This is something that happened to most large estates of the area at the time. The real estate developer, David Bohannon, did not turn the garden area into a residential lot though, looking to sell it instead. One potential buyer was Shirley Temple, but she did not finalize. Instead, Eri Richardson, an army veteran, bought it in 1946. Richardson was primarily a home developer, and after researching Japanese architecture he made some additions to the garden and then sold it again in 1949. Since then, the property has been sold several times, with many of its owners offering house and garden tours to the public. In 1992, the property was added to the National Register of Historic Places after the estate was purchased in 1988 by San Francisco businessman Achille Paladini and his wife Joan Paladini who skillfully brought the historic garden back to its former beauty. A view of the garden. Layout The tea garden itself has been described as both a Higurashi-en, which is translated into "a garden worthy of a day of contemplation" and a Shin-style hill garden. The garden is almost one acre, in an estate that was once 35 acres when de Sabla bought it. A variety of trees surround the garden, many of which McLaren planted when he worked on the estate. It additionally includes a small, man-made mountain made partly of volcanic Japanese rock from which a stream flows out of and into a waterfall and a lake filled with Koi. The garden also includes lanterns, a Buddha statue, a bridge, a tsukubai, and more. Tiny electric lights illuminate the garden at night and a bamboo fence with a roofed entrance surrounds the entire estate. The teahouse is on the West side of the garden. It was eventually turned into a large full residence adding a guest house and garage in the corner of the garden. The teahouse itself is one story high, with shoji screen doors and plaster walls with wood beams. A scroll, incense, and flower arrangements are displayed inside of the teahouse. See also Japanese architecture San Francisco References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p ""National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Eugene J. de Sabla Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden."". ^ Howard Whitwell, Gertrude (September 1948). "William Davis Merry Howard". California Historical Society Quarterly. 27 (3): 249–255 – via JSTOR. ^ a b West Ficklin, Marilou (Dec 2009). "Eugene de Sabla--and family". Nevada County Historical Society Bulletin. ^ "Beautiful Garden Fete Attracts Society Folk". San Francisco Call. September 22, 1907. ^ a b c d e Streatfield, David C. (2012). "Eden: The San Francisco Peninsula's Great Estates: Part II Mansions, Landscapes, and Gardens in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries". California Garden & Landscape History Society. External links Deane, Andrew R. "Chapter 7: The Tea Garden." japanesegardening.org. Dec 10, 2015. Accessed May 25, 2021. West Ficklin, Marilou. "Eugene de Sabla--and family." Nevada County Historical Society Bulletin 63 (Dec 2009).	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA-San_Mateo-Eugene_J._Sabla,_Jr.-Teahouse_and_Tea_Garden-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California"},{"link_name":"Makoto Hagiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Hagiwara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The entrance to the garden.The Eugene J. de Sabla, Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden is a historic garden located in San Mateo, bordering Hillsborough, California. It has been described as both a Higurashi-en and a Shin-style garden and is the only surviving private garden designed by the widely respected Japanese garden designer Makoto Hagiwara. It was built around 1907 on the El Cerrito estate and was eventually listed in the National Register of Historic Places by its current owners, Achille and Joan Paladini.[1]","title":"Eugene J. de Sabla, Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California"},{"link_name":"William Davis Merry Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davis_Merry_Howard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLaren_(horticulturist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco's Golden Gate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park"},{"link_name":"Japanese Tea Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Tea_Garden_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Pike Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pike_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pike_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The El Cerrito estate, and eventually the tea garden on the property, passed through the hands of many notable California families and people throughout its history. The estate was originally owned by a rich merchant from San Mateo named William Davis Merry Howard in 1853. Howard gave the estate the name of El Cerrito, or Little Hill in Spanish.[2] His wife, Agnes Poett, later inherited the property and brought gardener John McLaren to the estate.[1] McLaren later gained fame by becoming the superintendent of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park after leaving the job at the Howard estate. While working at Golden Gate Park, he collaborated with Hagiwara, who is most known for building the Japanese Tea Garden that still survives in the park today. The garden was originally a part of the Japanese village at the California Midwinter Fair at the park in 1894.[1] After Poett died in 1893, the property fell to her third husband, attorney Henry Pike Bowie. Bowie did not stay in the property after Poett's death though, he instead traveled to Japan and became an American expert on the country after returning to his homeland in 1902.[1] Bowie developed some aspects of the tea garden on the property due to his Japanese influence, but the brunt of the development came when the property was owned by Eugene Joly de Sabla, Jr., who purchased it in 1906.[1]","title":"Early history of the property"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Eugene J. de Sabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_J._de_Sabla"},{"link_name":"PG&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"PG&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park"},{"link_name":"Japanese Tea Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Tea_Garden_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"St. Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Saint_Cyr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The de Sabla family allegedly descends from an exiled French noble whose family settled in Central America in the 1700s and involved themselves in politics and business there.[3] Eugene J. de Sabla Jr. set out on his own entrepreneurial ventures, though, getting into the electric and gas power industry. He partnered with John Martin to form PG&E in 1905, a utilities giant that still powers much of California to this day.[3] A year after the founding of PG&E, de Sabla purchased the El Cerrito estate. By 1907, high-class social events were already being hosted at the tea garden.[4] The exact date of construction for the garden is unknown, but is thus estimated to be around 1907. The teahouse was constructed a couple years afterward. It is unknown exactly how de Sabla met Hagiwara, but a possible reason for Hagiwara's availability was that an anti-Asian clause in the city of San Francisco meant that Hagiwara left his role maintaining the Golden Gate Japanese Tea Garden and instead helped build many private Japanese-style tea gardens all over northern California. Of those, the de Sabla property is the only one that still stands, adding to its notability.[1] Hagiwara was able to acquire these gigs because the Midwinter Fair he helped organize in 1894 made Japanese-style gardens a trend in the region while the Victorian style of gardens fell out of style.[5] After the garden was constructed, local social events were regularly hosted in its confines, even after de Sabla sold the property to another wealthy socialite family, the St. Cyr clan, in 1919.[1]","title":"Property under de Sabla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Saint_Cyr"},{"link_name":"Shirley Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Temple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA-San_Mateo-Eugene_J._Sabla,_Jr.-Teahouse_and_Tea_Garden-3.jpg"}],"text":"The St. Cyr family owned the property until 1940, hosting many locally notable social events within it during their ownership of the property. Eventually, they sold the estate to a local builder and developer who auctioned off the contents of the manor and then divided the estate into residential areas. This is something that happened to most large estates of the area at the time. The real estate developer, David Bohannon, did not turn the garden area into a residential lot though, looking to sell it instead. One potential buyer was Shirley Temple, but she did not finalize.[1] Instead, Eri Richardson, an army veteran, bought it in 1946. Richardson was primarily a home developer, and after researching Japanese architecture he made some additions to the garden and then sold it again in 1949. Since then, the property has been sold several times, with many of its owners offering house and garden tours to the public.[1] In 1992, the property was added to the National Register of Historic Places after the estate was purchased in 1988 by San Francisco businessman Achille Paladini and his wife Joan Paladini who skillfully brought the historic garden back to its former beauty.[1]A view of the garden.","title":"Post de Sabla history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLaren_(horticulturist)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The tea garden itself has been described as both a Higurashi-en, which is translated into \"a garden worthy of a day of contemplation\" and a Shin-style hill garden.[1][5] The garden is almost one acre, in an estate that was once 35 acres when de Sabla bought it.[1][5] A variety of trees surround the garden, many of which McLaren planted when he worked on the estate. It additionally includes a small, man-made mountain made partly of volcanic Japanese rock from which a stream flows out of and into a waterfall and a lake filled with Koi.[5] The garden also includes lanterns, a Buddha statue, a bridge, a tsukubai, and more.[1] Tiny electric lights illuminate the garden at night and a bamboo fence with a roofed entrance surrounds the entire estate.[5][1] The teahouse is on the West side of the garden. It was eventually turned into a large full residence adding a guest house and garage in the corner of the garden.[1] The teahouse itself is one story high, with shoji screen doors and plaster walls with wood beams. A scroll, incense, and flower arrangements are displayed inside of the teahouse.[1]","title":"Layout"}]	[{"image_text":"The entrance to the garden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/USA-San_Mateo-Eugene_J._Sabla%2C_Jr.-Teahouse_and_Tea_Garden-2.jpg/299px-USA-San_Mateo-Eugene_J._Sabla%2C_Jr.-Teahouse_and_Tea_Garden-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view of the garden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/USA-San_Mateo-Eugene_J._Sabla%2C_Jr.-Teahouse_and_Tea_Garden-3.jpg/299px-USA-San_Mateo-Eugene_J._Sabla%2C_Jr.-Teahouse_and_Tea_Garden-3.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Japanese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture"},{"title":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"}]	[{"reference":"\"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Eugene J. de Sabla Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden.\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/9411017d-3a41-4a24-a3ae-00b331550c00/","url_text":"\"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Eugene J. de Sabla Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden.\"\""}]},{"reference":"Howard Whitwell, Gertrude (September 1948). \"William Davis Merry Howard\". California Historical Society Quarterly. 27 (3): 249–255 – via JSTOR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"West Ficklin, Marilou (Dec 2009). \"Eugene de Sabla--and family\". Nevada County Historical Society Bulletin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Beautiful Garden Fete Attracts Society Folk\". San Francisco Call. September 22, 1907.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Streatfield, David C. (2012). \"Eden: The San Francisco Peninsula's Great Estates: Part II Mansions, Landscapes, and Gardens in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries\". California Garden & Landscape History Society.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/9411017d-3a41-4a24-a3ae-00b331550c00/","external_links_name":"\"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Eugene J. de Sabla Jr., Teahouse and Tea Garden.\"\""},{"Link":"https://japanesegardening.org/handbook/the-tea-garden/","external_links_name":"Deane, Andrew R. \"Chapter 7: The Tea Garden.\" japanesegardening.org. Dec 10, 2015. Accessed May 25, 2021."},{"Link":"https://www.cagenweb.org/nevada/bios/EugeneDeSabla.pdf","external_links_name":"West Ficklin, Marilou. \"Eugene de Sabla--and family.\" Nevada County Historical Society Bulletin 63 (Dec 2009)."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Ontario	Chatham-Kent	["1 History","1.1 Black population","1.2 After slavery ended in the United States","2 Communities","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","3.2 Adjacent counties and municipalities","4 Demographics","4.1 Ethnicity","4.2 Language","5 Economy and industry","5.1 Agribusiness and chemical","5.2 Automotive","5.3 Energy","5.4 Public sector","5.5 Retail hub","6 Attractions","7 Arts and culture","8 Health care","9 Media","9.1 Television stations","9.2 Radio broadcast stations","9.3 Print media","9.4 Online media","10 Education","10.1 Elementary and secondary","10.2 Post-secondary","11 Sports","11.1 Hockey","11.2 Rugby Union football","12 Transportation","12.1 Road","12.2 Rail","12.3 Bus","12.4 Air","13 Notable people","14 See also","15 Notes","16 References","17 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°24′00″N 82°11′00″W / 42.40000°N 82.18333°W / 42.40000; -82.18333For the former electoral district, see Chatham—Kent. For the town in England, see Chatham, Kent. Municipality in Ontario, CanadaChatham-KentMunicipality (single-tier)Municipality of Chatham-KentThames River in ChathamNickname(s): Classic Car Capital of Canada, The Maple CityCoordinates: 42°24′00″N 82°11′00″W / 42.40000°N 82.18333°W / 42.40000; -82.18333CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioCounty (historical)KentFormed by political merger1998Government • MayorDarrin Canniff • Governing bodyChatham-Kent Municipal Council • MPsLianne Rood (CPC)Dave Epp (CPC) • MPPsTrevor Jones (PC)Monte McNaughton (PC)Area • Land2,457.90 km2 (949.00 sq mi)Elevation198 m (650 ft)Population (2021) • Municipality104,316 (Ranked 53rd) • Density41.4/km2 (107/sq mi) • Urban45,171 (Chatham)10,098 (Wallaceburg)4,809 (Tilbury) • DemonymChathamiteTime zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Forward sortation areaN7L to N7MArea code(s)519, 226, 548Websitewww.chatham-kent.ca Chatham-Kent (2021 population: 104,316) is a single-tier municipality in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is mostly rural, and its population centres are Chatham, Wallaceburg, Tilbury, Blenheim, Ridgetown, Wheatley and Dresden. The current Municipality of Chatham-Kent was created in 1998 by the amalgamation of Blenheim, Bothwell, Camden, the City of Chatham, the Township of Chatham, Dover, Dresden, Erie Beach, Erieau, Harwich, Highgate, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Ridgetown, Duart, Thamesville, Tilbury East, Tilbury, Wallaceburg, Wheatley and Zone. The Chatham-Kent census division, which includes the independent Delaware Nation at Moraviantown First Nation, had a population of 102,042 in the 2016 census. History The area of Chatham-Kent is part of the traditional territory of the Odawa, Potawatomi, Ojibwe and Wyandot First Nations of Canada. After the Treaty of Paris in 1763 ceded control of the area from the French to the British, it became part of the Territory of Quebec. The title to the Chatham-Kent area was surrendered to the British as part of the 1790 McKee's Purchase, (named for Alexander McKee) to provide land for settlers. McKee's Purchase was designated an Event of National Historic Significance in Canada in 1931. A historical plaque for the purchase is located in Blenheim Park in Blenheim. Indigenous persons remain resident in the area today at the Delaware Nation at Moraviantown and Walpole Island First Nation. European settlement of the former city of Chatham area began with a naval dockyard in 1792, at the mouth of the Thames River. The town was named after William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. It was built as a naval dockyard, a characteristic shared by Chatham, Kent, England. In England, the name Chatham came from the British root ceto and the Old English ham thus meaning a forest settlement. Following the American Revolution and the Gnadenhutten massacre, a group of Christian Munsee settled in what is now the Moraviantown reserve. In the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames took place between Moraviantown and Thamesville on October 5, 1813. Black population During the 19th century, the area was the northern terminus of the Underground Railroad. As a result, Chatham-Kent is now part of the African-Canadian Heritage Tour. Josiah Henson Museum for African-Canadian History, formally known as Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site is a museum of the Dawn Settlement, established in 1841 by Josiah Henson near Dresden as refuge for the many slaves who escaped to Canada from the United States. John Brown, the abolitionist, planned his raid on the Harpers Ferry Arsenal in Chatham and recruited local men to participate in the raid. He held in Chatham a Convention of Colored Men on May 8–10, 1858. The small village of North Buxton, part of the African Canadian Heritage Tour, also played an important role in the Underground Railroad. By the 1850s, the city of Chatham was referred to as the "black mecca of Canada". A museum in the city, the Black Mecca Museum, still bears this name. Chatham was home to a number of black churches and business, with Black Canadians making up one-third of the city's population and controlling a significant portion of the city's political power. Nearby Dresden and Buxton were also home to thousands of land-owning black residents. However, after the abolition of slavery in the United States, many black families left the area. Today the city of Chatham is just 3.3% black, with Chatham-Kent as a whole being 2.1% black. Few of the black-owned institutions are still in operation. See also: Chatham Vigilance Committee After slavery ended in the United States In 1846, the town of Chatham had a population of about 1,500, with part of the town being called Chatham North. There were four churches, a theatre, a weekly newspaper and a cricket club. The road between London and Amherstburg was open, and transportation by stagecoach was available. A fast boat also provided transportation to Detroit and Buffalo. Chatham had many tradesman, a foundry, two banks, three schools, a tavern and a library where one could read books and newspapers. By 1869, the population was 3,000 in this industrial area with several mills, foundries, and breweries; a great deal of wood was being produced. A steamboat offered transportation to Windsor and Detroit. There was one bank office. Between 1906 and 1909, the city was home to the Chatham Motor Car Company, and from 1919 to 1921, Denby Motor Truck Company of Canada. It was also where the Hyslop and Ronald steam fire engine manufacturer was located; the factory would be taken over by Chatham Motor Car. In addition, it hosted meat packer O'Keefe and Drew. The Hawaiian pizza is claimed to have been invented in Chatham in 1962 at the Satellite Restaurant by Sam Panopoulos. In the U.S., former Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes proposed building a bridge across Lake Erie linking Cleveland to the southern coast of Kent County. Before 1998, Kent County consisted of the townships of Camden, Chatham, Dover, Harwich, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Romney, Tilbury East and Zone. In some of Canada's earliest post-Confederation censuses, some residences in Kent County were incorrectly reported as being in Bothwell "County", which was a separate electoral district comprising parts of Kent and Lambton counties but not a distinct county in its own right. In 1998, the County of Kent and the city of Chatham were amalgamated by the Province of Ontario to form the Municipality of Chatham–Kent. Most services were also combined. Since then, bus service has begun to serve all of Chatham-Kent. Starting in 2007, routes were set up to include the former towns of Wallaceburg and Dresden. Before 1998, each town had their own fire department. It then became the Chatham-Kent Fire Department upon amalgamation. The county also had separate police departments until 1998. The city of Chatham, as well as the towns of Wallaceburg, Dresden, and Tilbury, each had their own departments. The Chatham-Kent Police Service was formed on September 1, 1998. Many residents opposed amalgamation, as 18 city councillors boycotted the official vote, and the final decision to amalgamate was imposed on the County by a provincial commissioner. In a study on amalgamations in Ontario from 2003, 48% of respondents in Chatham-Kent felt the value they received as taxpayers became worse after amalgamation, and 64% of respondents still did not think of the community as "the Municipality of Chatham-Kent." Chatham-Kent has many historic festivals throughout the year, such as the Battle of Longwoods reenactment, which takes place on Labour Day weekend at Fairfield Museum on Longwoods Road. Chatham Kent is also home to many historic buildings which are part of an annual ghost tour offered each year at Halloween. The participants go on a guided walk of downtown while the guide informs them of various ghost stories tied to the local buildings in which they pass. Chatham-Kent was a major part of the Underground Railroad and as such hosts the Buxton Homecoming each September. This celebrates the area's black culture and the roots laid by early black settlers in the Buxton area. Communities The Municipality of Chatham-Kent currently consists of the following communities, listed by the Townships of the former Kent County (pre-1998 amalgamation): Camden Township: Dresden, Thamesville; Croton, Dawn Mills, North Thamesville; Wabash; Oakdale Chatham Township: Chatham, Wallaceburg; Appledore, Arkwood, Darrell, Eberts, Kent Bridge, Louisville, Oldfield, Thornecliffe, Tupperville, Turnerville, Whitebread; Ennett, Riverside Dover Township: Mitchell's Bay, Pain Court; Bagnall, Baldoon, Bearline, Bradley, Dover Centre, Electric, Grande Pointe, Oungah; Bass Haven Harwich Township: Blenheim, Erieau, Shrewsbury; Bates Subdivision, Eatonville, Erie Beach, Fargo Station, Guilds, Huffman Corners, Kent Centre, Lake Morningstar Estates, McKay's Corners, Mull, New Scotland, Northwood, Pinehurst, Raglan, Rondeau Bay Estates, Troy, Van Horne, Vosburg, Wilson's Bush; Blenheim Junction, Lynnwood Subdivision, Porkies Corners, Richardson Station, Rushton's Corners Howard Township: Morpeth, Ridgetown; Beechwood, Botany, Selton; Slabtown, Trinity Orford Township: Highgate; Clearville, Duart, Muirkirk, Palmyra, Turin; Austen's, Clachan, Henderson's, Lee's Raleigh Township: Charing Cross; Dealtown, Doyles, North Buxton, Ouvry, Pardoville, Prairie Siding, Rhodes, Ringold, Sleepy Hollow, South Buxton; Sandison, Southside Estates; Cedar Springs Romney Township: Wheatley; Coatsworth, Port Alma, Renwick; Holiday Harbour Tilbury East Township: Merlin, Tilbury; Fletcher, Glenwood, Jeannette, Jeannette's Creek, Port Crewe, Quinn, Stevenson, Stewart, Valetta Zone Township: Bothwell; Bothwell Station, Briarwood Estates; Fairfield, Zone Centre Geography At 2,458 square kilometres (949 sq mi), Chatham-Kent is the 9th largest municipality by area in Canada and the largest in southwestern Ontario. Over 44,000 of the 107,000 residents live in the former City of Chatham. Other population centres in the municipality include Wallaceburg, Blenheim and Tilbury, Ridgetown and Dresden. The Lower Thames River runs through Chatham–Kent to Lake St. Clair in the west, while the Sydenham River flows through Wallaceburg and Dresden. The municipality has approximately 88 kilometres of shoreline along lake Erie and 24 kilometres along lake St. Clair. The Indian reserve of Bkejwanong (commonly referred to as Walpole Island) borders on Chatham–Kent, whereas the Indian reserve of Moravian 47 is an enclave within the city and is part of the Chatham–Kent census agglomeration and census division. Climate Chatham-Kent has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), with cold, snowy winters and warm to hot, humid summers. A typical summer will feature heat waves with temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) often. Winters are cold, and feature occasional cold snaps bringing temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F), but also commonly include mild stretches of weather above freezing. Climate data for Chatham-Kent, Ontario, Canada (1981–2010, extremes 1889–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 17.8(64.0) 19.0(66.2) 26.7(80.1) 32.8(91.0) 36.1(97.0) 38.5(101.3) 40.0(104.0) 41.1(106.0) 36.7(98.1) 32.2(90.0) 25.6(78.1) 19.0(66.2) 41.1(106.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.3(31.5) 1.2(34.2) 6.0(42.8) 13.5(56.3) 19.9(67.8) 25.5(77.9) 27.7(81.9) 26.5(79.7) 22.7(72.9) 15.5(59.9) 8.5(47.3) 2.1(35.8) 14.1(57.4) Daily mean °C (°F) −3.6(25.5) −2.4(27.7) 1.9(35.4) 8.5(47.3) 14.6(58.3) 20.3(68.5) 22.6(72.7) 21.6(70.9) 17.8(64.0) 11.3(52.3) 5.2(41.4) −0.9(30.4) 9.8(49.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.9(19.6) −5.9(21.4) −2.2(28.0) 3.6(38.5) 9.4(48.9) 15.0(59.0) 17.5(63.5) 16.7(62.1) 13.0(55.4) 6.9(44.4) 1.8(35.2) −3.9(25.0) 5.4(41.7) Record low °C (°F) −27.4(−17.3) −31.9(−25.4) −25.1(−13.2) −13.9(7.0) −4.5(23.9) −0.6(30.9) 2.8(37.0) 2.8(37.0) −1.7(28.9) −7.2(19.0) −18.5(−1.3) −27(−17) −31.9(−25.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 62.7(2.47) 54.1(2.13) 59.9(2.36) 79.7(3.14) 79.7(3.14) 77.9(3.07) 85.4(3.36) 79.3(3.12) 89.1(3.51) 70.7(2.78) 76.8(3.02) 67.0(2.64) 882.3(34.74) Average rainfall mm (inches) 31.6(1.24) 36.5(1.44) 48.6(1.91) 78.3(3.08) 79.7(3.14) 77.9(3.07) 85.4(3.36) 79.3(3.12) 89.1(3.51) 70.7(2.78) 75.0(2.95) 51.1(2.01) 803.1(31.62) Average snowfall cm (inches) 31.1(12.2) 17.6(6.9) 11.3(4.4) 1.4(0.6) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.7(0.7) 15.9(6.3) 79.2(31.2) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 12.5 9.3 11.0 13.5 13.3 10.9 9.7 9.6 10.2 11.9 12.6 12.7 137.1 Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 5.4 5.2 8.4 13.1 13.3 10.9 9.7 9.6 10.2 11.9 11.9 8.3 118.0 Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 7.5 4.7 3.5 0.83 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.88 5.0 22.4 Source: Environment Canada Adjacent counties and municipalities Lambton County (north and northwest) Middlesex County (northeast) Elgin County (northeast and east) Across Lake Erie: the City of Cleveland and Cuyahoga, Lorain and Erie Counties, Ohio, US (south) Essex County (southwest and west) Across Lake St. Clair: Macomb and St. Clair Counties, Michigan, US (west) Demographics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Chatham-Kent had a population of 103,988 living in 44,028 of its 46,752 total private dwellings, a change of 2.3% from its 2016 population of 101,647. With a land area of 2,451.9 km2 (946.7 sq mi), it had a population density of 42.4/km2 (109.8/sq mi) in 2021. Canada census – Chatham-Kent community profile 202120162011 Population103,988 (+2.3% from 2016)101,647 (-2.0% from 2011)103,671 (-4.2% from 2006) Land area2,451.90 km2 (946.68 sq mi)2,457.90 km2 (949.00 sq mi)2,458.09 km2 (949.07 sq mi) Population density42.4/km2 (110/sq mi)41.4/km2 (107/sq mi)42.2/km2 (109/sq mi) Median age46.4 (M: 44.8, F: 47.6)45.9 (M: 44.6, F: 47.0)43.9 (M: 42.6, F: 45.1) Private dwellings46,752 (total) 44,028 (occupied)46,103 (total) 46,209 (total) Median household income$72,000$58,264 References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier Ethnicity Panethnic groups in the Municipality of Chatham-Kent (2001−2021) Panethnicgroup 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % European 90,830 89.25% 91,175 91.74% 94,760 93.19% 99,860 93.56% 99,720 94.54% Indigenous 4,245 4.17% 3,680 3.7% 2,910 2.86% 2,320 2.17% 1,725 1.64% African 2,600 2.55% 2,125 2.14% 1,890 1.86% 2,190 2.05% 2,130 2.02% South Asian 1,315 1.29% 630 0.63% 485 0.48% 610 0.57% 315 0.3% Southeast Asian 895 0.88% 535 0.54% 485 0.48% 550 0.52% 465 0.44% East Asian 590 0.58% 595 0.6% 560 0.55% 610 0.57% 680 0.64% Latin American 485 0.48% 200 0.2% 350 0.34% 235 0.22% 125 0.12% Middle Eastern 380 0.37% 195 0.2% 115 0.11% 175 0.16% 190 0.18% Other 425 0.42% 260 0.26% 130 0.13% 175 0.16% 125 0.12% Total responses 101,765 97.86% 99,385 97.77% 101,680 98.08% 106,735 98.67% 105,480 98.27% Total population 103,988 100% 101,647 100% 103,671 100% 108,177 100% 107,341 100% Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses. 2006 census For all groups that comprise at least 1% of the population. Note that a person can report more than one ethnic origin. "Canadian": 34.7% English: 32.9% French: 21.9% Scottish: 20.2% Irish: 19.1% German: 12.2% Dutch: 11.1% Belgian: 5.9% First Nations: 3.1% Italian: 2.1% African descent: 2.1% Polish: 2.1% Ukrainian: 2.0% Welsh: 1.5% Czech: 1.4% Metis: 1.2% American (modern immigrant): 1.2% Hungarian: 1.2% Portuguese: 1.2% Mexican: 1.0% Language Although most of the population of Chatham-Kent is English-speaking, a few of its communities and Catholic parishes were settled by francophone (French-speaking) farmers in the mid-nineteenth century. These include Pain Court, Tilbury and Grande Pointe, where French is still spoken by a significant percentage of the population. These communities are designated French language service areas under Ontario's French Language Services Act. Approximately 8,500 residents of Chatham-Kent have French as a mother tongue and 1,500 have French as their home language. Essex County also has a relatively large francophone population, especially in the municipality of Lakeshore. Together, Chatham–Kent and Essex Counties make up one of the concentrations of Franco-Ontarians in the province of Ontario. Both elementary and secondary francophone schools exist across the municipality. A French socio-cultural organization, La Girouette, which is based in Chatham, promotes French-Canadian culture and language in the area. Knowledge of official language statistics: English only: 92.2% French only: <0.1% English and French: 7.2% Neither English nor French: 0.5% Economy and industry A breakdown of the total labour force in Chatham-Kent shows the leading industries (NAICS) are manufacturing, health care, and retail: Manufacturing: 12.9% Health care and social assistance: 12.3% Retail trade: 11.2% Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting: 7.5% Accommodation and food services: 6.7% Construction: 6.5% Educational services: 5.9% Transportation and warehousing: 5.0% Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services: 5.0% Public administration: 4.4% Agribusiness and chemical At the outskirts of Chatham is the headquarters for Pioneer Hi-Bred Limited (a division of DuPont), a major agricultural seed breeding and biotechnology company. GreenField Specialty Alcohols Inc.'s Commercial Alcohols division, Canada's largest ethanol plant and one of the world's largest, opened in Chatham in 1996. The plant produces ethanol for industrial, medical, and beverage uses. There are a number of vineyards in the municipality. Automotive This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chatham-Kent" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Chatham's roots in the automotive sector go back to Gray-Dort Motors Ltd., one of Canada's earliest automobile manufacturers. In the 21st century, auto industry plants in the municipality include Autoliv Canada in Tilbury (airbags), Mahle in Tilbury (emissions controls and plastics), in Ridgetown (automotive electronic pedal assembly and sensors), Dana Canada in Chatham (heat shields for thermal and acoustic management of exhaust manifolds, catalytic converters, and turbochargers), and Vitesco Technologies (Powertrain Canada ULC) in Chatham (design, development, and testing of Actuators for clean, efficient vehicles). Chatham-Kent also is home to RM Auctions, a vintage automobile auction house, and RM Restorations, a vintage automobile restoration company. The nickname "The Classic Car Capital of Canada" comes from the abundance of classic car events in the community. Energy Chatham is home to a major corporate office of Enbridge Gas Inc., a natural gas utility and Enbridge company. Other energy related companies include wind farms near the shores of Lake Erie. Public sector The Canadian Federal government is one of the largest employers in the Chatham-Kent area with over 450 employees in several departments in the area. The Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Disability Unit is housed in the Judy Lamarsh (see Notable Residents) Building in downtown Chatham. This federal office is the single largest disability processing centre in Canada, processing 50% of all CPP Disability benefits. The office also processes Old Age Security benefit claims. Retail hub Chatham serves as a retail centre for the municipality and surrounding area. This includes the large big-box stores in Super Centre on St. Clair Street and arguably the north end of Communication Road in Blenheim. Attractions Capitol Theatre The long, white sandy beaches, fishing, hiking trails and conservation areas make Erieau a popular vacation spot. There are two Provincial Parks in Chatham-Kent: Rondeau Provincial Park and Wheatley Provincial Park, There are also numerous local conservation areas. Downtown Chatham is home to the annual "Retrofest" organized by the Historic Downtown Chatham BIA, in partnership with the Kent Historic Auto Club. Hundreds of classic car enthusiasts travel to downtown Chatham to showcase their classic cars and vintage vehicles. Downtown Chatham is also home to the Chatham Capitol Theatre, a theatre that, when it opened in 1930, was the largest in the region. The theatre is run by the Municipality of Chatham-Kent and hosts shows and entertainers. Chatham was home to the Wheels Inn, a family resort for four decades until its closure in 2010. In 2011, the Chatham-Kent John D. Bradley Convention Centre was constructed on the site of the Wheels Inn. In July 2019, a new Cascades casino was opened in Chatham, close to the Convention Centre on Richmond Street. Arts and culture The Thames Art Gallery and ARTspace, located in the historic downtown, feature exhibitions showcasing local artists from the Chatham-Kent area, while also housing other Canadian and international works. Health care Chatham-Kent is served by the Chatham-Kent Health Alliance. The Public General Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital in Chatham were moved to a single campus in 2004, while the former Sydenham District Hospital remains in Wallaceburg. The eastern portion of the municipality is served by the Four Counties Health Services in Newbury in nearby Middlesex County. Research published in 2002 by the Heart and Stroke Foundation cited Chatham-Kent as a hotspot for heart disease in Ontario. Further research is underway to determine the reasons for this and other hotspots. The Chatham-Kent Public Health Unit launched a campaign in fall 2007 to tackle other ailments prevalent throughout the community, including asthma, chronic allergies, sinus problems, many types of cancer, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, alcoholism, and obesity. In October 2008, Chatham-Kent Health Alliance was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine. Chatham-Kent features one of the 14 provincial Local Health Integration Networks (LHIN). The Erie St. Clair (ESC) LHIN services the Chatham-Kent Community as well as Sarnia/Lambton and Windsor/Essex. The ESC LHIN is located in the town of Chatham. Media Television stations OTA virtual channel (PSIP) OTA actual channel Call sign Network Notes 16.1 16 (UHF) CHWI-DT CTV 2 33.1 33 (UHF) CICO-DT-59 TVOntario Rebroadcaster of CICA-DT (Toronto) Chatham-Kent is also served by stations coming from Windsor, London, Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland. Radio broadcast stations Frequency Call sign Branding Format Owner Notes AM 630 CFCO CFCO 92.9 Country music Blackburn Radio Also broadcasts at FM 92.9 FM 88.1 CBEE-FM CBC Radio One Talk radio, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Rebroadcaster of CBEW-FM (Windsor) FM 89.3 CKGW-FM UCB Canada Christian radio United Christian Broadcasters Canada FM 94.3 CKSY-FM 94–3 CKSY Adult contemporary Blackburn Radio FM 95.1 CKUE-FM Canada's Cool FM Classic rock Blackburn Radio FM 99.1 CKXS-FM 99.1 Hot adult contemporary Five Amigos Broadcasting Print media The Chatham Daily News is the only daily newspaper in Chatham-Kent. There are several weeklies located in Chatham and the various communities in the municipality, including the Chatham Voice, Wallaceburg Courier Press, the Blenheim News Tribune, Chatham-Kent This Week, Ridgetown Independent News, Tilbury Times, and the Wheatley Journal. The Chatham Daily News, Chatham-Kent This Week, and Wallaceburg Courier Press are all owned by Postmedia. Online media The Chatham Daily News, Chatham-Kent This Week, Wallaceburg Courier Press, Chatham Voice and CKReview are daily online news media in Chatham-Kent with coverage of local news, sports, entertainment, and cultural events as well as a number of regular contributing columnists. The Chatham-Kent Sports Network is an online source covering local sports news, scores, and highlights from each of Chatham-Kent's communities. CKSN also follows Chatham-Kent athletes who have progressed to the Junior, College, International, or Professional ranks. Education Elementary and secondary Further information: List of secondary schools in Ontario § Municipality of Chatham-Kent Chatham Regional Education Center of the Lambton Kent District School Board There are two anglophone school boards and one francophone school board in Chatham–Kent. These are the Lambton Kent District School Board (headquartered in both Chatham and Sarnia), the St. Clair Catholic District School Board (headquartered in Wallaceburg) and the Conseil scolaire catholique Providence (CSC Providence). The LKDSB is a public school board, and consists of 13 secondary and 53 elementary schools. Chatham-Kent Secondary School is the largest public high school in Lambton-Kent. The St. Clair Catholic board consists of two secondary schools (one in Chatham and one in Sarnia) and 26 elementary schools. There are also independent schools, such as Wallaceburg Christian School and Chatham Christian Schools—an elementary and secondary school in the same building. The French Catholic board, headquartered in Windsor, has its Chatham-Kent regional office in Pain Court and consists of four elementary schools and one high school. Post-secondary Chatham–Kent is the home of two colleges – St. Clair College and University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, popularly known as Ridgetown College. St. Clair College is a satellite of St. Clair College of Windsor. There are two campuses located in the municipality – Thames Campus (located in Chatham) and the Wallaceburg Campus (located in Wallaceburg). More than 5,000 full-time and 12,000 part-time students attend the college each year. The Ridgetown Campus of the University of Guelph offers diplomas in agriculture, horticulture, and veterinary technology. It is part of the University of Guelph's Ontario Agricultural College, and formerly known as Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology. Sports Hockey The Chatham Maroons are a team in the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League. There are also four teams in the Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League Blenheim Blades Dresden Jr. Kings Wheatley Sharks Wallaceburg Lakers Other teams in Chatham-Kent include the Chatham Outlaws Girls Hockey Association, the Chatham AAA Cyclones and the AA Kent Cobras. Rugby Union football Founded in 2001, the Chatham-Kent Havoc rugby team plays in the Southwest Rugby Union. Transportation St. Clair Street (Hwy 40) in Chatham Road Chatham-Kent is situated just off Highway 401, connecting Montreal, Toronto, Kitchener-Waterloo, London, and Windsor, Ontario; and Detroit, Michigan via the Ambassador Bridge. Blenheim, Chatham and Wallaceburg are linked with Sarnia, Ontario and the Blue Water Bridge to the United States by Highway 40. The sections of Highway 2 and Highway 3 (the Talbot Trail) in Chatham–Kent were downloaded by the province in 1998, becoming local roads 2 and 3, but they remain significant through routes and are still locally known by their old names. The first gas station in Canada to sell E85 fuel to the public is located on Park Avenue East in Chatham. Rail Chatham station is served by Via Rail passenger services between Toronto and Windsor, part of the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor with four trips in each direction daily, and the community is served by both the Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway for freight transportation. Bus Main article: CK Transit Within Chatham public bus services are provided by CK Transit. Chatham-Kent has an intercity bus service, also provided by CK Transit, between all communities in the municipality except Wheatley. Air There is a municipal airport located 14 km south east of Chatham featuring a 1500m paved, lighted runway, with refuelling facilities, tie-down services, pilot training and chartered flights. The nearest airports served by regional carriers are Windsor and London. Notable people This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chatham-Kent" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sally Ainse – Oneida diplomat and fur trader Chris Allen – former NHL player with the Florida Panthers Doug Anakin – won a gold medal at the 1964 Olympics in the bobsled Bill Atkinson – former Major League Baseball relief pitcher Courtney Babcock – Olympic distance runner Shae-Lynn Bourne – championship figure skater T. J. Brodie – NHL hockey player with the Toronto Maple Leafs Ernest Burgess – 24th President of the American Sociological Association, author and urban sociologist who is known for his groundbreaking social ecology research June Callwood – prominent magazine writer in the 1950s who became an Officer in the Order of Canada in 1986 Joseph Caron – former High Commissioner to India and former Canadian ambassador to China and Japan Bridget Carleton - WNBA Player for the Minnesota Lynx Chandra K. Clarke – entrepreneur, published author, and humour columnist James Couzens – U.S. Senator, Mayor of Detroit, industrialist, philanthropist, and vice president and general manager of the Ford Motor Company Robertson Davies – novelist, playwright Kenne Duncan – western/action movie actor Andy Fantuz – former CIS offensive MVP, former slotback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders and Hamilton Tiger Cats of the CFL Wally Floody – the "Tunnel King" from The Great Escape Dave Gagner – retired NHL hockey player; brother-in-law of Diane Gagner; former Chatham–Kent mayor W. B. George (1899–1972), president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association and agriculturalist at Kemptville Agricultural School, was born in Highgate Ashley Goure – Paralympic sledge hockey player Lee Giffin – professional ice hockey player Frank Gross, philanthropist; awarded the Ontario Medal for Good Citizenship in 2006 Ken Houston (born September 15, 1953) – former NHL player Tracey Hoyt – actress, Aurora Farqueson on the CBC Television series The Tournament Jeff Jackson – NHL hockey player Ferguson Jenkins – Baseball Hall of Famer Anna H. Jones – teacher, speaker at the First Pan-African Conference in 1900 Ryan Jones – former finalist of 2008 Hobey Baker Award and former member of the Edmonton Oilers; currently playing in the DEL for the Cologne Sharks Judy LaMarsh – former Canadian Minister of Health Archibald Lampman – one of Canada's finest 19th-century Romantic poets, born Morpeth, Kent County, 1861 Bobbi Lancaster, a medical doctor and trans woman noted for playing in the LPGA Qualifying Tournament in 2013 Lori Lansens – author of Rush Home Road and The Girls Chad Laprise – UFC fighter John B. Lee – author, poet and current Poet Laureate of Brantford, Ontario Doug Melvin – general manager of the Milwaukee Brewers Harry Garnet Bedford Miner – Victoria Cross winner during World War I, born in Cedar Springs Dave Nichol – award-winning product marketing expert and former president of Loblaw's Geoffrey O'Hara – early 20th-century composer, singer and music professor who was the writer of such popular songs as the 1918 hit "K-K-K-Katy" Sam Panopoulos – inventor of the Hawaiian pizza Ron Pardo – comic-impressionist; actor for History Bites and voice actor on animated shows like PAW Patrol and World of Quest; from Pardoville Ray Robertson – novelist Brooklyn Roebuck – 2012 The Next Star; under licence with Sony Music Canada Doug Shedden – professional ice hockey coach and former player Glen Skov – National Hockey League (NHL) hockey player Ron Sparks – award-winning comedian, actor, writer and producer (Video on Trial) Joseph Storey – architect, designer of many local landmarks in the 1950s and 1960s Shaun Suisham – Pittsburgh Steelers kicker (formerly with Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins) Sylvia Tyson – singer-songwriter, broadcaster, and guitarist who found early fame with her then-husband Ian Tyson in their folk duo Ian and Sylvia Todd Warriner – former NHL hockey player picked 4th overall in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques Derek Whitson – Paralympic sledge hockey player Brian Wiseman – 1999 IHL MVP Houston Aeros Michelle Wright – country music singer See also List of townships in Ontario List of municipalities in Ontario Notes ^ Long term records have been recorded at various climate stations in or nearby Chatham-Kent since 1889 ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. 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Archived from the original on August 28, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Chatham-Kent , Ontario and Ontario ". www12.statcan.gc.ca. ^ Daily News staff (March 9, 2020). "Continental in Chatham celebrates 75 years with name change". Chatham Daily News. Retrieved January 11, 2024. ^ Guzman, Zack (February 16, 2017). "How this self-made millionaire started a classic car empire out of his garage". CNBC. Retrieved May 23, 2019. ^ "Classic Car Shows in Chatham-Kent – Tourism – Chatham-Kent". www.chatham-kent.ca. Retrieved May 23, 2019. ^ "Chatham-Kent, Ontario – Classic car capital of Canada". Business View Magazine. December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019. ^ "Historic Downtown Chatham". Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. ^ "Chatham Capitol Theatre". October 3, 2016. ^ Ron Stang (April 28, 2011). "Wheels Inn now reborn as Chatham, Ontario convention centre". Daily Commercial News. Retrieved March 31, 2019. ^ "ARTspace Chatham". Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2020. ^ "Canadian Heart Attack Hot Spots". Realty Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Are You Sure You're OK Campaign". Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. ^ "All jobs at Chatham-Kent Health Alliance \| Eluta.ca". www.eluta.ca. ^ nurun.com. "Chatham Daily News". Chatham Daily News. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ nurun.com. "Chatham This Week". Chatham This Week. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ nurun.com. "Wallaceburg Courier Press". Wallaceburg Courier Press. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ "Home". chathamvoice.com. January 30, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ "ckreview.ca". ckreview.ca. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ "Chatham-Kent Sports Network". Chatham-Kent Sports Network. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160407172307/http://www.csdecso.on.ca/ ^ "Capital Plan" (PDF). 2017. ^ "Bureau satellite de Chatham-Kent." Conseil scolaire catholique Providence. Retrieved on December 15, 2014. "Adresse: 14, rue Notre Dame C.P. 70 Pain Court Ontario N0P 1Z0 Canada" ^ "E85 Gasoline Now Available in Chatham-Kent". June 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2007. ^ Watson, Henry (January 5, 1900), Schedule A, County of Kent Births, 1899, Division of Orford, Highgate, Ontario: Archives of Ontario, pp. 13–14 ^ "Popular Valley Figure: W. B. George Retiring From KAS Post". Ottawa Journal. Ottawa, Ontario. September 24, 1960. p. 7. ^ Boivin, P. (2013). Transgender golfer dreams of playing in LPGA External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chatham-Kent. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chatham-Kent. Official website Places adjacent to Chatham-Kent Walpole Island 46 St. Clair, Dawn-Euphemia Southwest MiddlesexWest Elgin Lake St. Clair Chatham-Kent(surrounds Moravian 47) Lake Erie LakeshoreLeamington Lake ErieCleveland, Ohio Lake Erie vteSubdivisions of OntarioCounties Bruce Dufferin Elgin Essex Frontenac Grey Haliburton Hastings Huron Lambton Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Middlesex Northumberland Perth Peterborough Prescott and Russell Renfrew Simcoe Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Wellington Districts Algoma Cochrane Kenora Manitoulin Nipissing Parry Sound Rainy River Sudbury Thunder Bay Timiskaming Regional municipalities Durham Halton Muskoka Niagara Oxford Peel Waterloo York Single-tier municipalities Brant Brantford Chatham-Kent Greater Sudbury Haldimand Hamilton Kawartha Lakes Norfolk Ottawa Prince Edward Toronto Separated municipalities Barrie Belleville Brockville Cornwall Gananoque Guelph Kingston London Orillia Pembroke Peterborough Prescott Quinte West Smiths Falls St. Marys St. Thomas Stratford Windsor Regions Southern Ontario Central Ontario Eastern Ontario Golden Horseshoe Southwestern Ontario Northern Ontario Northeastern Ontario Northwestern Ontario Ontario communities Ontario municipalities Ontario electoral districts Former counties of Ontario Geography of Ontario Ontario portal Category:Ontario WikiProject: Ontario Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chatham—Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham%E2%80%94Kent"},{"link_name":"Chatham, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"2021 population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2021_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statscan2016-2"},{"link_name":"single-tier municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Wallaceburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceburg"},{"link_name":"Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilbury,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ridgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgetown"},{"link_name":"Wheatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatley,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"census division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Delaware Nation at Moraviantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Nation_at_Moraviantown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statscan2016-2"}],"text":"For the former electoral district, see Chatham—Kent. For the town in England, see Chatham, Kent.Municipality in Ontario, CanadaChatham-Kent (2021 population: 104,316)[2] is a single-tier municipality in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is mostly rural, and its population centres are Chatham, Wallaceburg, Tilbury, Blenheim, Ridgetown, Wheatley and Dresden. The current Municipality of Chatham-Kent was created in 1998 by the amalgamation of Blenheim, Bothwell, Camden, the City of Chatham, the Township of Chatham, Dover, Dresden, Erie Beach, Erieau, Harwich, Highgate, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Ridgetown, Duart, Thamesville, Tilbury East, Tilbury, Wallaceburg, Wheatley and Zone.The Chatham-Kent census division, which includes the independent Delaware Nation at Moraviantown First Nation, had a population of 102,042 in the 2016 census.[2]","title":"Chatham-Kent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"Wyandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_people"},{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaque-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McKee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaque-3"},{"link_name":"Walpole Island First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole_Island_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Thames River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham"},{"link_name":"Chatham, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glover-5"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Gnadenhutten massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre"},{"link_name":"Christian Munsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Munsee"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames"},{"link_name":"Thamesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamesville,_Ontario"}],"text":"The area of Chatham-Kent is part of the traditional territory of the Odawa, Potawatomi, Ojibwe and Wyandot First Nations of Canada.[3] After the Treaty of Paris in 1763 ceded control of the area from the French to the British, it became part of the Territory of Quebec. The title to the Chatham-Kent area was surrendered to the British as part of the 1790 McKee's Purchase, (named for Alexander McKee) to provide land for settlers.[4] McKee's Purchase was designated an Event of National Historic Significance in Canada in 1931. A historical plaque for the purchase is located in Blenheim Park in Blenheim.[3] Indigenous persons remain resident in the area today at the Delaware Nation at Moraviantown and Walpole Island First Nation.European settlement of the former city of Chatham area began with a naval dockyard in 1792, at the mouth of the Thames River. The town was named after William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. It was built as a naval dockyard, a characteristic shared by Chatham, Kent, England. In England, the name Chatham came from the British root ceto and the Old English ham thus meaning a forest settlement.[5] Following the American Revolution and the Gnadenhutten massacre, a group of Christian Munsee settled in what is now the Moraviantown reserve. In the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames took place between Moraviantown and Thamesville on October 5, 1813.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station#Terminus"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Josiah Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Henson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"his raid on the Harpers Ferry Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Convention of Colored Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_of_Colored_Men&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"North Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Buxton"},{"link_name":"African Canadian Heritage Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Canadian_Heritage_Tour"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"black mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_mecca"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"black churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_churches"},{"link_name":"Black Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Buxton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chatham Vigilance Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Vigilance_Committee"}],"sub_title":"Black population","text":"During the 19th century, the area was the northern terminus of the Underground Railroad. As a result, Chatham-Kent is now part of the African-Canadian Heritage Tour. Josiah Henson Museum for African-Canadian History, formally known as Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site is a museum of the Dawn Settlement, established in 1841 by Josiah Henson near Dresden as refuge for the many slaves who escaped to Canada from the United States.[6] John Brown, the abolitionist, planned his raid on the Harpers Ferry Arsenal in Chatham and recruited local men to participate in the raid. He held in Chatham a Convention of Colored Men on May 8–10, 1858.[7] The small village of North Buxton, part of the African Canadian Heritage Tour, also played an important role in the Underground Railroad. By the 1850s, the city of Chatham was referred to as the \"black mecca of Canada\".[8] A museum in the city, the Black Mecca Museum, still bears this name.[9] Chatham was home to a number of black churches and business, with Black Canadians making up one-third of the city's population and controlling a significant portion of the city's political power. Nearby Dresden and Buxton were also home to thousands of land-owning black residents.[10] However, after the abolition of slavery in the United States, many black families left the area. Today the city of Chatham is just 3.3% black, with Chatham-Kent as a whole being 2.1% black. Few of the black-owned institutions are still in operation.[11]See also: Chatham Vigilance Committee","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chatham Motor Car Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Motor_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chatham_This_Week_online-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hyslop and Ronald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyslop_and_Ronald"},{"link_name":"fire engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_engine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chatham_This_Week_online-14"},{"link_name":"meat packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_packing_industry"},{"link_name":"O'Keefe and Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Keefe_and_Drew"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_pizza"},{"link_name":"Sam Panopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Panopoulos"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Jim Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Township,_Kent_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Orford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Tilbury East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilbury_East_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bothwell \"County\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothwell_(Canadian_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Lambton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambton_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"County of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"city of Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Wallaceburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceburg,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"city of Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilbury,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Battle of Longwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Buxton,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"After slavery ended in the United States","text":"In 1846, the town of Chatham had a population of about 1,500, with part of the town being called Chatham North. There were four churches, a theatre, a weekly newspaper and a cricket club. The road between London and Amherstburg was open, and transportation by stagecoach was available. A fast boat also provided transportation to Detroit and Buffalo. Chatham had many tradesman, a foundry, two banks, three schools, a tavern and a library where one could read books and newspapers.[12] By 1869, the population was 3,000 in this industrial area with several mills, foundries, and breweries; a great deal of wood was being produced. A steamboat offered transportation to Windsor and Detroit. There was one bank office.[13]Between 1906 and 1909, the city was home to the Chatham Motor Car Company,[14] and from 1919 to 1921, Denby Motor Truck Company of Canada.[15] It was also where the Hyslop and Ronald steam fire engine manufacturer was located; the factory would be taken over by Chatham Motor Car.[14] In addition, it hosted meat packer O'Keefe and Drew.[16]The Hawaiian pizza is claimed to have been invented in Chatham in 1962 at the Satellite Restaurant by Sam Panopoulos.[17] In the U.S., former Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes proposed building a bridge across Lake Erie linking Cleveland to the southern coast of Kent County.[18]Before 1998, Kent County consisted of the townships of Camden, Chatham, Dover, Harwich, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Romney, Tilbury East and Zone. In some of Canada's earliest post-Confederation censuses, some residences in Kent County were incorrectly reported as being in Bothwell \"County\", which was a separate electoral district comprising parts of Kent and Lambton counties but not a distinct county in its own right.In 1998, the County of Kent and the city of Chatham were amalgamated by the Province of Ontario to form the Municipality of Chatham–Kent. Most services were also combined. Since then, bus service has begun to serve all of Chatham-Kent. Starting in 2007, routes were set up to include the former towns of Wallaceburg and Dresden. Before 1998, each town had their own fire department. It then became the Chatham-Kent Fire Department upon amalgamation. The county also had separate police departments until 1998. The city of Chatham, as well as the towns of Wallaceburg, Dresden, and Tilbury, each had their own departments. The Chatham-Kent Police Service was formed on September 1, 1998. Many residents opposed amalgamation, as 18 city councillors boycotted the official vote, and the final decision to amalgamate was imposed on the County by a provincial commissioner.[19][20] In a study on amalgamations in Ontario from 2003, 48% of respondents in Chatham-Kent felt the value they received as taxpayers became worse after amalgamation, and 64% of respondents still did not think of the community as \"the Municipality of Chatham-Kent.\"[21]Chatham-Kent has many historic festivals throughout the year, such as the Battle of Longwoods reenactment, which takes place on Labour Day weekend at Fairfield Museum on Longwoods Road. Chatham Kent is also home to many historic buildings which are part of an annual ghost tour offered each year at Halloween. The participants go on a guided walk of downtown while the guide informs them of various ghost stories tied to the local buildings in which they pass. Chatham-Kent was a major part of the Underground Railroad and as such hosts the Buxton Homecoming each September. This celebrates the area's black culture and the roots laid by early black settlers in the Buxton area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thamesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamesville"},{"link_name":"Dawn Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Mills,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Wallaceburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceburg"},{"link_name":"Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldfield,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Mitchell's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%27s_Bay,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pain Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_Court,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Erieau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erieau,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Morpeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpeth,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ridgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgetown"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"North Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Buxton"},{"link_name":"South Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Buxton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Wheatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatley,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilbury,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothwell,_Ontario"}],"text":"The Municipality of Chatham-Kent currently consists of the following communities, listed by the Townships of the former Kent County (pre-1998 amalgamation):Camden Township:\nDresden, Thamesville; Croton, Dawn Mills, North Thamesville; Wabash; Oakdale\nChatham Township:\nChatham, Wallaceburg; Appledore, Arkwood, Darrell, Eberts, Kent Bridge, Louisville, Oldfield, Thornecliffe, Tupperville, Turnerville, Whitebread; Ennett, Riverside\nDover Township:\nMitchell's Bay, Pain Court; Bagnall, Baldoon, Bearline, Bradley, Dover Centre, Electric, Grande Pointe, Oungah; Bass Haven\nHarwich Township:\nBlenheim, Erieau, Shrewsbury; Bates Subdivision, Eatonville, Erie Beach, Fargo Station, Guilds, Huffman Corners, Kent Centre, Lake Morningstar Estates, McKay's Corners, Mull, New Scotland, Northwood, Pinehurst, Raglan, Rondeau Bay Estates, Troy, Van Horne, Vosburg, Wilson's Bush; Blenheim Junction, Lynnwood Subdivision, Porkies Corners, Richardson Station, Rushton's Corners\nHoward Township:\nMorpeth, Ridgetown; Beechwood, Botany, Selton; Slabtown, Trinity\nOrford Township:\nHighgate; Clearville, Duart, Muirkirk, Palmyra, Turin; Austen's, Clachan, Henderson's, Lee's\nRaleigh Township:\nCharing Cross; Dealtown, Doyles, North Buxton, Ouvry, Pardoville, Prairie Siding, Rhodes, Ringold, Sleepy Hollow, South Buxton; Sandison, Southside Estates; Cedar Springs\nRomney Township:\nWheatley; Coatsworth, Port Alma, Renwick; Holiday Harbour\nTilbury East Township:\nMerlin, Tilbury; Fletcher, Glenwood, Jeannette, Jeannette's Creek, Port Crewe, Quinn, Stevenson, Stewart, Valetta\nZone Township:\nBothwell; Bothwell Station, Briarwood Estates; Fairfield, Zone Centre","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wallaceburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceburg,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilbury,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ridgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgetown,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thames River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Lake St. Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Saint_Clair_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Sydenham River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_River"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Indian reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reserve"},{"link_name":"Bkejwanong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole_Island"},{"link_name":"Moravian 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_47,_Ontario"}],"text":"At 2,458 square kilometres (949 sq mi), Chatham-Kent is the 9th largest municipality by area in Canada and the largest in southwestern Ontario. Over 44,000 of the 107,000 residents live in the former City of Chatham. Other population centres in the municipality include Wallaceburg, Blenheim and Tilbury, Ridgetown and Dresden.The Lower Thames River runs through Chatham–Kent to Lake St. Clair in the west, while the Sydenham River flows through Wallaceburg and Dresden. The municipality has approximately 88 kilometres of shoreline along lake Erie and 24 kilometres along lake St. Clair.The Indian reserve of Bkejwanong (commonly referred to as Walpole Island) borders on Chatham–Kent, whereas the Indian reserve of Moravian 47 is an enclave within the city and is part of the Chatham–Kent census agglomeration and census division.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel-22"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Records-23"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extremes-25"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Chatham-Kent has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa),[22] with cold, snowy winters and warm to hot, humid summers. A typical summer will feature heat waves with temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) often. Winters are cold, and feature occasional cold snaps bringing temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F), but also commonly include mild stretches of weather above freezing.Climate data for Chatham-Kent, Ontario, Canada (1981–2010, extremes 1889–present[note 1])\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n38.5(101.3)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n41.1(106.0)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n41.1(106.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−6.9(19.6)\n\n−5.9(21.4)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−27.4(−17.3)\n\n−31.9(−25.4)\n\n−25.1(−13.2)\n\n−13.9(7.0)\n\n−4.5(23.9)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n−7.2(19.0)\n\n−18.5(−1.3)\n\n−27(−17)\n\n−31.9(−25.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n62.7(2.47)\n\n54.1(2.13)\n\n59.9(2.36)\n\n79.7(3.14)\n\n79.7(3.14)\n\n77.9(3.07)\n\n85.4(3.36)\n\n79.3(3.12)\n\n89.1(3.51)\n\n70.7(2.78)\n\n76.8(3.02)\n\n67.0(2.64)\n\n882.3(34.74)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n31.6(1.24)\n\n36.5(1.44)\n\n48.6(1.91)\n\n78.3(3.08)\n\n79.7(3.14)\n\n77.9(3.07)\n\n85.4(3.36)\n\n79.3(3.12)\n\n89.1(3.51)\n\n70.7(2.78)\n\n75.0(2.95)\n\n51.1(2.01)\n\n803.1(31.62)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n31.1(12.2)\n\n17.6(6.9)\n\n11.3(4.4)\n\n1.4(0.6)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.7(0.7)\n\n15.9(6.3)\n\n79.2(31.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n12.5\n\n9.3\n\n11.0\n\n13.5\n\n13.3\n\n10.9\n\n9.7\n\n9.6\n\n10.2\n\n11.9\n\n12.6\n\n12.7\n\n137.1\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n5.4\n\n5.2\n\n8.4\n\n13.1\n\n13.3\n\n10.9\n\n9.7\n\n9.6\n\n10.2\n\n11.9\n\n11.9\n\n8.3\n\n118.0\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)\n\n7.5\n\n4.7\n\n3.5\n\n0.83\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.04\n\n0.88\n\n5.0\n\n22.4\n\n\nSource: Environment Canada[23][24]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lambton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambton_County"},{"link_name":"Middlesex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Elgin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lorain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lake St. Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_St._Clair"},{"link_name":"Macomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"St. Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties and municipalities","text":"Lambton County (north and northwest)\nMiddlesex County (northeast)\nElgin County (northeast and east)\nAcross Lake Erie: the City of Cleveland and Cuyahoga, Lorain and Erie Counties, Ohio, US (south)\nEssex County (southwest and west)\nAcross Lake St. Clair: Macomb and St. Clair Counties, Michigan, US (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-26"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2021-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2016-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2011-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2006-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2001-31"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Chatham-Kent had a population of 103,988 living in 44,028 of its 46,752 total private dwellings, a change of 2.3% from its 2016 population of 101,647. With a land area of 2,451.9 km2 (946.7 sq mi), it had a population density of 42.4/km2 (109.8/sq mi) in 2021.[25]Canada census – Chatham-Kent community profile\n\n\n202120162011\n\n\nPopulation103,988 (+2.3% from 2016)101,647 (-2.0% from 2011)103,671 (-4.2% from 2006)\n\n\nLand area2,451.90 km2 (946.68 sq mi)2,457.90 km2 (949.00 sq mi)2,458.09 km2 (949.07 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation density42.4/km2 (110/sq mi)41.4/km2 (107/sq mi)42.2/km2 (109/sq mi)\n\n\nMedian age46.4 (M: 44.8, F: 47.6)45.9 (M: 44.6, F: 47.0)43.9 (M: 42.6, F: 45.1)\n\n\nPrivate dwellings46,752 (total) 44,028 (occupied)46,103 (total) 46,209 (total) \n\n\nMedian household income$72,000$58,264\n\n\n References: 2021[26] 2016[27] 2011[28] earlier[29][30]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","text":"Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.2006 census\nFor all groups that comprise at least 1% of the population. Note that a person can report more than one ethnic origin.[36]\"Canadian\": 34.7%\nEnglish: 32.9%\nFrench: 21.9%\nScottish: 20.2%\nIrish: 19.1%\nGerman: 12.2%\nDutch: 11.1%\nBelgian: 5.9%\nFirst Nations: 3.1%\nItalian: 2.1%\nAfrican descent: 2.1%\nPolish: 2.1%\nUkrainian: 2.0%\nWelsh: 1.5%\nCzech: 1.4%\nMetis: 1.2%\nAmerican (modern immigrant): 1.2%\nHungarian: 1.2%\nPortuguese: 1.2%\nMexican: 1.0%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Language Services Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Language_Services_Act"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lakeshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeshore,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Franco-Ontarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ontarian"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-43"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Although most of the population of Chatham-Kent is English-speaking, a few of its communities and Catholic parishes were settled by francophone (French-speaking) farmers in the mid-nineteenth century. These include Pain Court, Tilbury and Grande Pointe, where French is still spoken by a significant percentage of the population. These communities are designated French language service areas under Ontario's French Language Services Act.Approximately 8,500 residents of Chatham-Kent have French as a mother tongue and 1,500 have French as their home language. Essex County also has a relatively large francophone population, especially in the municipality of Lakeshore. Together, Chatham–Kent and Essex Counties make up one of the concentrations of Franco-Ontarians in the province of Ontario.Both elementary and secondary francophone schools exist across the municipality. A French socio-cultural organization, La Girouette, which is based in Chatham, promotes French-Canadian culture and language in the area.Knowledge of official language statistics:[37]English only: 92.2%\nFrench only: <0.1%\nEnglish and French: 7.2%\nNeither English nor French: 0.5%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAICS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAICS"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"A breakdown of the total labour force in Chatham-Kent shows the leading industries (NAICS) are manufacturing, health care, and retail:Manufacturing: 12.9%\nHealth care and social assistance: 12.3%\nRetail trade: 11.2%\nAgriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting: 7.5%\nAccommodation and food services: 6.7%\nConstruction: 6.5%\nEducational services: 5.9%\nTransportation and warehousing: 5.0%\nAdministrative and support, waste management and remediation services: 5.0%\nPublic administration: 4.4%[38]","title":"Economy and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_wine"}],"sub_title":"Agribusiness and chemical","text":"At the outskirts of Chatham is the headquarters for Pioneer Hi-Bred Limited (a division of DuPont), a major agricultural seed breeding and biotechnology company.GreenField Specialty Alcohols Inc.'s Commercial Alcohols division, Canada's largest ethanol plant and one of the world's largest, opened in Chatham in 1996. The plant produces ethanol for industrial, medical, and beverage uses.There are a number of vineyards in the municipality.","title":"Economy and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gray-Dort Motors Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-Dort_Motors_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Autoliv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoliv"},{"link_name":"Mahle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahle_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Dana Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"Vitesco Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitesco_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"RM Auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM_Auctions"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Automotive","text":"Chatham's roots in the automotive sector go back to Gray-Dort Motors Ltd., one of Canada's earliest automobile manufacturers. In the 21st century, auto industry plants in the municipality include Autoliv Canada in Tilbury (airbags), Mahle in Tilbury (emissions controls and plastics), in Ridgetown (automotive electronic pedal assembly and sensors), Dana Canada in Chatham (heat shields for thermal and acoustic management of exhaust manifolds, catalytic converters, and turbochargers), and Vitesco Technologies[39] (Powertrain Canada ULC) in Chatham (design, development, and testing of Actuators for clean, efficient vehicles).Chatham-Kent also is home to RM Auctions, a vintage automobile auction house, and RM Restorations, a vintage automobile restoration company.[40] The nickname \"The Classic Car Capital of Canada\" comes from the abundance of classic car events in the community.[41][42]","title":"Economy and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbridge"},{"link_name":"wind farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"}],"sub_title":"Energy","text":"Chatham is home to a major corporate office of Enbridge Gas Inc., a natural gas utility and Enbridge company. Other energy related companies include wind farms near the shores of Lake Erie.","title":"Economy and industry"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public sector","text":"The Canadian Federal government is one of the largest employers in the Chatham-Kent area with over 450 employees in several departments in the area.\nThe Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Disability Unit is housed in the Judy Lamarsh (see Notable Residents) Building in downtown Chatham. This federal office is the single largest disability processing centre in Canada, processing 50% of all CPP Disability benefits. The office also processes Old Age Security benefit claims.","title":"Economy and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"big-box stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-box_stores"}],"sub_title":"Retail hub","text":"Chatham serves as a retail centre for the municipality and surrounding area. This includes the large big-box stores in Super Centre on St. Clair Street and arguably the north end of Communication Road in Blenheim.","title":"Economy and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitol-outside-at-night.jpg"},{"link_name":"Provincial Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Parks"},{"link_name":"Rondeau Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondeau_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"Wheatley Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatley_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Capitol TheatreThe long, white sandy beaches, fishing, hiking trails and conservation areas make Erieau a popular vacation spot.There are two Provincial Parks in Chatham-Kent: Rondeau Provincial Park and Wheatley Provincial Park,\nThere are also numerous local conservation areas.Downtown Chatham is home to the annual \"Retrofest\" organized by the Historic Downtown Chatham BIA, in partnership with the Kent Historic Auto Club.[43] Hundreds of classic car enthusiasts travel to downtown Chatham to showcase their classic cars and vintage vehicles.Downtown Chatham is also home to the Chatham Capitol Theatre, a theatre that, when it opened in 1930, was the largest in the region. The theatre is run by the Municipality of Chatham-Kent and hosts shows and entertainers.[44]Chatham was home to the Wheels Inn, a family resort for four decades until its closure in 2010. In 2011, the Chatham-Kent John D. Bradley Convention Centre was constructed on the site of the Wheels Inn.[45] In July 2019, a new Cascades casino was opened in Chatham, close to the Convention Centre on Richmond Street.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The Thames Art Gallery and ARTspace, located in the historic downtown, feature exhibitions showcasing local artists from the Chatham-Kent area, while also housing other Canadian and international works.[46]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Middlesex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_and_Stroke_Foundation"},{"link_name":"heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"chronic allergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronic_allergies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sinus problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinus_problems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"inflammatory bowel disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease"},{"link_name":"obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Canada's Top 100 Employers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Top_100_Employers"},{"link_name":"Maclean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Local Health Integration Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Health_Integration_Network"}],"text":"Chatham-Kent is served by the Chatham-Kent Health Alliance. The Public General Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital in Chatham were moved to a single campus in 2004, while the former Sydenham District Hospital remains in Wallaceburg. The eastern portion of the municipality is served by the Four Counties Health Services in Newbury in nearby Middlesex County.Research published in 2002 by the Heart and Stroke Foundation cited Chatham-Kent as a hotspot for heart disease in Ontario.[47] Further research is underway to determine the reasons for this and other hotspots. The Chatham-Kent Public Health Unit launched a campaign in fall 2007 to tackle other ailments prevalent throughout the community, including asthma, chronic allergies, sinus problems, many types of cancer, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, alcoholism, and obesity.[48]In October 2008, Chatham-Kent Health Alliance was named one of \"Canada's Top 100 Employers\" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine.[49]Chatham-Kent features one of the 14 provincial Local Health Integration Networks (LHIN). The Erie St. Clair (ESC) LHIN services the Chatham-Kent Community as well as Sarnia/Lambton and Windsor/Essex. The ESC LHIN is located in the town of Chatham.","title":"Health care"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Detroit_TV"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Toledo_TV"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cleveland_TV"}],"sub_title":"Television stations","text":"Chatham-Kent is also served by stations coming from Windsor, London, Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio broadcast stations","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Postmedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmedia"}],"sub_title":"Print media","text":"The Chatham Daily News is the only daily newspaper in Chatham-Kent. There are several weeklies located in Chatham and the various communities in the municipality, including the Chatham Voice, Wallaceburg Courier Press, the Blenheim News Tribune, Chatham-Kent This Week, Ridgetown Independent News, Tilbury Times, and the Wheatley Journal.The Chatham Daily News, Chatham-Kent This Week, and Wallaceburg Courier Press are all owned by Postmedia.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Online media","text":"The Chatham Daily News,[50] Chatham-Kent This Week,[51] Wallaceburg Courier Press,[52] Chatham Voice[53] and CKReview[54] are daily online news media in Chatham-Kent with coverage of local news, sports, entertainment, and cultural events as well as a number of regular contributing columnists. The Chatham-Kent Sports Network[55] is an online source covering local sports news, scores, and highlights from each of Chatham-Kent's communities. CKSN also follows Chatham-Kent athletes who have progressed to the Junior, College, International, or Professional ranks.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of secondary schools in Ontario § Municipality of Chatham-Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Ontario#Municipality_of_Chatham-Kent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatham_Regional_Education_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lambton Kent District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambton_Kent_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Lambton Kent District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambton_Kent_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"St. Clair Catholic District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Catholic_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Conseil scolaire catholique Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_Providence"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Chatham-Kent Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham-Kent_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pain Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_Court"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Elementary and secondary","text":"Further information: List of secondary schools in Ontario § Municipality of Chatham-KentChatham Regional Education Center of the Lambton Kent District School BoardThere are two anglophone school boards and one francophone school board in Chatham–Kent. These are the Lambton Kent District School Board (headquartered in both Chatham and Sarnia), the St. Clair Catholic District School Board (headquartered in Wallaceburg) and the Conseil scolaire catholique Providence (CSC Providence).[56] The LKDSB is a public school board, and consists of 13 secondary and 53 elementary schools. Chatham-Kent Secondary School is the largest public high school in Lambton-Kent.[57] The St. Clair Catholic board consists of two secondary schools (one in Chatham and one in Sarnia) and 26 elementary schools. There are also independent schools, such as Wallaceburg Christian School and Chatham Christian Schools—an elementary and secondary school in the same building.The French Catholic board, headquartered in Windsor, has its Chatham-Kent regional office in Pain Court and consists of four elementary schools and one high school.[58]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Clair College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_College"},{"link_name":"University of Guelph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Guelph"},{"link_name":"Ridgetown College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgetown_College"},{"link_name":"veterinary technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_technology"},{"link_name":"Ontario Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_College"}],"sub_title":"Post-secondary","text":"Chatham–Kent is the home of two colleges – St. Clair College and University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, popularly known as Ridgetown College.St. Clair College is a satellite of St. Clair College of Windsor. There are two campuses located in the municipality – Thames Campus (located in Chatham) and the Wallaceburg Campus (located in Wallaceburg). More than 5,000 full-time and 12,000 part-time students attend the college each year.The Ridgetown Campus of the University of Guelph offers diplomas in agriculture, horticulture, and veterinary technology. It is part of the University of Guelph's Ontario Agricultural College, and formerly known as Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chatham Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Maroons"},{"link_name":"Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Junior_C_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Blenheim Blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Blades"},{"link_name":"Dresden Jr. Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Jr._Kings"},{"link_name":"Wheatley Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatley_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Wallaceburg Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceburg_Lakers"}],"sub_title":"Hockey","text":"The Chatham Maroons are a team in the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.There are also four teams in the Great Lakes Junior C Hockey LeagueBlenheim Blades\nDresden Jr. Kings\nWheatley Sharks\nWallaceburg LakersOther teams in Chatham-Kent include the Chatham Outlaws Girls Hockey Association, the Chatham AAA Cyclones and the AA Kent Cobras.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rugby Union football","text":"Founded in 2001, the Chatham-Kent Havoc rugby team plays in the Southwest Rugby Union.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatham_ON_2.JPG"}],"text":"St. Clair Street (Hwy 40) in Chatham","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_401_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Windsor, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ambassador Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sarnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia"},{"link_name":"Blue Water Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Water_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Highway 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_40"},{"link_name":"Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Talbot Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Trail"},{"link_name":"E85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E85"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Chatham-Kent is situated just off Highway 401, connecting Montreal, Toronto, Kitchener-Waterloo, London, and Windsor, Ontario; and Detroit, Michigan via the Ambassador Bridge. Blenheim, Chatham and Wallaceburg are linked with Sarnia, Ontario and the Blue Water Bridge to the United States by Highway 40.The sections of Highway 2 and Highway 3\n(the Talbot Trail) in Chatham–Kent were downloaded by the province in 1998, becoming local roads 2 and 3, but they remain significant through routes and are still locally known by their old names.The first gas station in Canada to sell E85 fuel to the public is located on Park Avenue East in Chatham.[59]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chatham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_railway_station_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Via Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Rail"},{"link_name":"Quebec City – Windsor Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_%E2%80%93_Windsor_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"Chatham station is served by Via Rail passenger services between Toronto and Windsor, part of the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor with four trips in each direction daily, and the community is served by both the Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway for freight transportation.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CK Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CK_Transit"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"Within Chatham public bus services are provided by CK Transit. Chatham-Kent has an intercity bus service, also provided by CK Transit, between all communities in the municipality except Wheatley.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham-Kent_Airport"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"There is a municipal airport located 14 km south east of Chatham featuring a 1500m paved, lighted runway, with refuelling facilities, tie-down services, pilot training and chartered flights. The nearest airports served by regional carriers are Windsor and London.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sally Ainse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Ainse"},{"link_name":"Oneida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_people"},{"link_name":"fur trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trader"},{"link_name":"Chris Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Allen_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Doug Anakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Anakin"},{"link_name":"1964 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bill Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Courtney Babcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Babcock-Key"},{"link_name":"Shae-Lynn Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shae-Lynn_Bourne"},{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"T. J. Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Brodie"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Ernest Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Burgess"},{"link_name":"American Sociological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sociological_Association"},{"link_name":"urban sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociology"},{"link_name":"social ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)"},{"link_name":"June Callwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Callwood"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Joseph Caron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caron"},{"link_name":"High Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Bridget Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Carleton"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx"},{"link_name":"Chandra K. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_K._Clarke"},{"link_name":"James Couzens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Couzens"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Robertson Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Davies"},{"link_name":"Kenne Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenne_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Andy Fantuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Fantuz"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Interuniversity_Sport"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Roughriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger_Cats"},{"link_name":"CFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Wally Floody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Floody"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_escape"},{"link_name":"Dave Gagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gagner"},{"link_name":"W. B. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._George"},{"link_name":"Canadian Amateur Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Kemptville Agricultural School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemptville_College"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Ashley Goure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Goure"},{"link_name":"Paralympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic"},{"link_name":"sledge hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledge_hockey"},{"link_name":"Lee Giffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Giffin"},{"link_name":"Frank Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gross"},{"link_name":"Ontario Medal for Good Citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Medal_for_Good_Citizenship"},{"link_name":"Ken Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Houston_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Tracey Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"The Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tournament_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jackson_(ice_hockey,_born_1965)"},{"link_name":"Ferguson Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Famer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Anna H. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_H._Jones"},{"link_name":"First Pan-African Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ryan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Jones_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Hobey Baker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Award"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"DEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga"},{"link_name":"Judy LaMarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh"},{"link_name":"Minister of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Archibald Lampman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Lampman"},{"link_name":"Romantic poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poets"},{"link_name":"Bobbi Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbi_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"trans woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman"},{"link_name":"LPGA Qualifying Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPGA_Qualifying_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boivin,_DEC_2013-68"},{"link_name":"Lori Lansens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Lansens"},{"link_name":"The Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girls_(2005_novel)"},{"link_name":"Chad Laprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Laprise"},{"link_name":"John B. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Lee"},{"link_name":"Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate"},{"link_name":"Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford"},{"link_name":"Doug Melvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Melvin"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Harry Garnet Bedford Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Miner"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Dave Nichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nichol"},{"link_name":"Loblaw's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loblaw_Companies"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Sam Panopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Panopoulos"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_pizza"},{"link_name":"Ron Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Pardo"},{"link_name":"History Bites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Bites"},{"link_name":"PAW Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAW_Patrol"},{"link_name":"World of Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Quest"},{"link_name":"Ray Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Roebuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Star"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Canada"},{"link_name":"Doug Shedden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Shedden"},{"link_name":"Glen Skov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Skov"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Ron Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Sparks_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Video on Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_Trial"},{"link_name":"Joseph Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Storey"},{"link_name":"Shaun Suisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Suisham"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Tyson"},{"link_name":"Ian and Sylvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_and_Sylvia"},{"link_name":"Todd Warriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Warriner"},{"link_name":"1992 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Quebec Nordiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques"},{"link_name":"Derek Whitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Whitson"},{"link_name":"Paralympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic"},{"link_name":"sledge hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledge_hockey"},{"link_name":"Brian Wiseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wiseman"},{"link_name":"IHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Houston Aeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Aeros_(1994%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Michelle Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wright"}],"text":"Sally Ainse – Oneida diplomat and fur trader\nChris Allen – former NHL player with the Florida Panthers\nDoug Anakin – won a gold medal at the 1964 Olympics in the bobsled\nBill Atkinson – former Major League Baseball relief pitcher\nCourtney Babcock – Olympic distance runner\nShae-Lynn Bourne – championship figure skater\nT. J. Brodie – NHL hockey player with the Toronto Maple Leafs\nErnest Burgess – 24th President of the American Sociological Association, author and urban sociologist who is known for his groundbreaking social ecology research\nJune Callwood – prominent magazine writer in the 1950s who became an Officer in the Order of Canada in 1986\nJoseph Caron – former High Commissioner to India and former Canadian ambassador to China and Japan\nBridget Carleton - WNBA Player for the Minnesota Lynx\nChandra K. Clarke – entrepreneur, published author, and humour columnist\nJames Couzens – U.S. Senator, Mayor of Detroit, industrialist, philanthropist, and vice president and general manager of the Ford Motor Company\nRobertson Davies – novelist, playwright\nKenne Duncan – western/action movie actor\nAndy Fantuz – former CIS offensive MVP, former slotback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders and Hamilton Tiger Cats of the CFL\nWally Floody – the \"Tunnel King\" from The Great Escape\nDave Gagner – retired NHL hockey player; brother-in-law of Diane Gagner; former Chatham–Kent mayor\nW. B. George (1899–1972), president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association and agriculturalist at Kemptville Agricultural School, was born in Highgate[60][61]\nAshley Goure – Paralympic sledge hockey player\nLee Giffin – professional ice hockey player\nFrank Gross, philanthropist; awarded the Ontario Medal for Good Citizenship in 2006\nKen Houston (born September 15, 1953) – former NHL player\nTracey Hoyt – actress, Aurora Farqueson on the CBC Television series The Tournament\nJeff Jackson – NHL hockey player\nFerguson Jenkins – Baseball Hall of Famer\nAnna H. Jones – teacher, speaker at the First Pan-African Conference in 1900\nRyan Jones – former finalist of 2008 Hobey Baker Award and former member of the Edmonton Oilers; currently playing in the DEL for the Cologne Sharks\nJudy LaMarsh – former Canadian Minister of Health\nArchibald Lampman – one of Canada's finest 19th-century Romantic poets, born Morpeth, Kent County, 1861\nBobbi Lancaster, a medical doctor and trans woman noted for playing in the LPGA Qualifying Tournament in 2013[62]\nLori Lansens – author of Rush Home Road and The Girls\nChad Laprise – UFC fighter\nJohn B. Lee – author, poet and current Poet Laureate of Brantford, Ontario\nDoug Melvin – general manager of the Milwaukee Brewers\nHarry Garnet Bedford Miner – Victoria Cross winner during World War I, born in Cedar Springs\nDave Nichol – award-winning product marketing expert and former president of Loblaw's\nGeoffrey O'Hara – early 20th-century composer, singer and music professor who was the writer of such popular songs as the 1918 hit \"K-K-K-Katy\"\nSam Panopoulos – inventor of the Hawaiian pizza\nRon Pardo – comic-impressionist; actor for History Bites and voice actor on animated shows like PAW Patrol and World of Quest; from Pardoville\nRay Robertson – novelist\nBrooklyn Roebuck – 2012 The Next Star; under licence with Sony Music Canada\nDoug Shedden – professional ice hockey coach and former player\nGlen Skov – National Hockey League (NHL) hockey player\nRon Sparks – award-winning comedian, actor, writer and producer (Video on Trial)\nJoseph Storey – architect, designer of many local landmarks in the 1950s and 1960s\nShaun Suisham – Pittsburgh Steelers kicker (formerly with Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins)\nSylvia Tyson – singer-songwriter, broadcaster, and guitarist who found early fame with her then-husband Ian Tyson in their folk duo Ian and Sylvia\nTodd Warriner – former NHL hockey player picked 4th overall in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques\nDerek Whitson – Paralympic sledge hockey player\nBrian Wiseman – 1999 IHL MVP Houston Aeros\nMichelle Wright – country music singer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Records_23-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euro_37-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_38-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EastAsian_39-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_40-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Other_41-0"}],"text":"^ Long term records have been recorded at various climate stations in or nearby Chatham-Kent since 1889^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, n.i.e.\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Capitol Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Capitol-outside-at-night.jpg/170px-Capitol-outside-at-night.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chatham Regional Education Center of the Lambton Kent District School Board","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chatham_Regional_Education_Center.jpg/220px-Chatham_Regional_Education_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Clair Street (Hwy 40) in Chatham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chatham_ON_2.JPG/250px-Chatham_ON_2.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of townships in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Ontario"},{"title":"List of municipalities in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario"}]	[{"reference":"\"Chatham-Kent, Municipality Ontario (Census Subdivision)\". Census Profile, Canada 2011 Census. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3536020&Geo2=CD&Code2=3536&Data=Count&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All","url_text":"\"Chatham-Kent, Municipality Ontario (Census Subdivision)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2011_Census","url_text":"Canada 2011 Census"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"McKee's Purchase\". ontarioplaques.com. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_ABC/Plaque_ChathamKent29.html","url_text":"\"McKee's Purchase\""}]},{"reference":"Boileau, John. \"McKee's Purchase\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mckee-s-purchase","url_text":"\"McKee's Purchase\""}]},{"reference":"\"uncletomscabin.org\". Archived from the original on October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006105139/http://www.uncletomscabin.org/","url_text":"\"uncletomscabin.org\""},{"url":"http://www.uncletomscabin.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hinton, R[ichard] J[osiah] (June 1889). \"John Brown and his men, before and after the raid on Harper's Ferry, October 16th, 17th, 18th, 1859\". Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. 2 (6): 691–703, at pp. 695–696.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000000492225&view=1up&seq=709&q1=Brown","url_text":"\"John Brown and his men, before and after the raid on Harper's Ferry, October 16th, 17th, 18th, 1859\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Popular_Monthly","url_text":"Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly"}]},{"reference":"Schoolman, Martha; Hickman, Jared (2013). Abolitionist places (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780415814539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415814539","url_text":"9780415814539"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Mecca Museum\". Ontario By Bike. Retrieved December 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ontariobybike.ca/attractions/black-mecca-museum","url_text":"\"Black Mecca Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Community – Chatham\". Chatham-Kent. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_Mountain_Ranch,_San_Diego	Carmel Mountain Ranch, San Diego	["1 Geography","2 Economy","2.1 Retail","2.2 Commercial","3 Transportation","3.1 Thoroughfares","3.2 Public","4 Community events","5 Parks and recreation","6 Schools","6.1 High schools","6.2 Middle schools","6.3 Elementary schools","7 Sports","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 32°58′40.27″N 117°4′45.26″W / 32.9778528°N 117.0792389°W / 32.9778528; -117.0792389This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Community of San Diego in CaliforniaCarmel Mountain Ranch, San DiegoCommunity of San DiegoCarmel Mountain RanchCarmel Mountain Ranch and neighborhood boundariesCarmel Mountain Ranch, San DiegoLocation within Northeastern San DiegoShow map of Northeastern San DiegoCarmel Mountain Ranch, San DiegoCarmel Mountain Ranch, San Diego (San Diego County, California)Show map of San Diego County, CaliforniaCoordinates: 32°58′40.27″N 117°4′45.26″W / 32.9778528°N 117.0792389°W / 32.9778528; -117.0792389Country United States of AmericaState CaliforniaCounty San DiegoCity San Diego Carmel Mountain Ranch, sometimes shortened to simply Carmel Mountain, or abbreviated to CMR by local residents and organizations is a community of San Diego, California, United States, in the northeastern part of the city. Despite its name, Carmel Mountain Ranch is actually in the shadow of Black Mountain. Carmel Mountain proper is about 10 miles west of the Carmel Mountain Ranch neighborhood. Geography The community is bounded by the city of Poway to the east, and other communities of San Diego on all other sides: Rancho Bernardo to the north, Rancho Peñasquitos to the west, and Sabre Springs to the south. Economy At Home (formerly Kmart, later Sears Essentials), Petco, and Best Buy are among the biggest retailers in this shopping center; however, there are dozens of others, and a directory can be viewed on the referenced website below. It is the largest in terms of area of the centers. Retail Several shopping centers are located adjacent to one another: Carmel Mountain Plaza Carmel Mountain Ranch Town Center Carmel Mountain Ranch Home Center Price Plaza (anchored by Costco Wholesale/opened as Price Club in 1992) The Courtyard at Carmel Mountain Ranch Commercial The Carmel Mountain Ranch/Rancho Bernardo submarket is the fifth-largest office space submarket in San Diego County, with over 6 million square feet of office space. It is part of an "I-15 edge city", edge city being a major center of employment outside a traditional downtown. The Carvin Corporation is headquartered near these centers. The Carmel Mountain Ranch Country Club is a closed golf course located in the community. In 1993, the United States Postal Service opened the Margaret L. Sellers Processing and Distribution Center. The facility is over 15 acres and employees over 1,500 people. Sorting mail destined as far north as Fallbrook, and as far east as Tecate, during the holiday season the facility processes over 300 million items. It replaced the Midway Processing and Distribution Facility, in the Midway neighborhood, which opened in 1972 and stopped processing regional mail in 1993; that facility was built on the site of the Dutch Flats Airport, once utilized by Charles Lindbergh prior to his transatlantic flight. Transportation A Ralphs grocery store, banks, and retail shops are located here. Thoroughfares I-15 runs along the western edge of Carmel Mountain, and a noticeable stone marker, complete with sign and flags, is visible from the northbound lanes to act as a gateway immediately before the Carmel Mountain Road exit, which is the primary road serving the community. The eastern terminus of SR 56 becomes Ted Williams Parkway as it enters the community; however, it retains its freeway characteristics until it crosses Rancho Carmel Drive. Transportation access from the eastern end of State Route 56, the Ted Williams Parkway and I-15 express lane exits make this community attractive to area commuters. Public There are local bus routes. While Carmel Mountain does not share in the name, the Sabre Springs / Penasquitos Transit Station, which provides direct access to the managed express lanes on I-15, is adjacent to the community. Community events Costco Wholesale is the main anchor here; however, there are also smaller stores, such as eateries and a bank. Every year the local Chamber of Commerce, headquartered within the community, hosts a fall festival at which local businesses, community organizations, and school representatives set up information booths and interact with attendees. Fairway Village, a neighborhood division of Carmel Mountain Ranch running east-to-west on Stoney Gate Place, parallel to Ted Williams Parkway and crossed by Shoal Creek Drive, presents an annual Christmas light show called "Holiday Magic at Fairway Village." The neighborhood lights more than 85 homes from December 1 to January 1. Each year on the Saturday before Christmas, the neighborhood holds an evening block party that is open to the public, where visitors can walk through the neighborhood, enjoy the lights and festivities, and partake of snacks and hot drinks offered by many homes. This event has been featured in several San Diego Family magazine articles. The neighborhood is also very popular at Halloween due to it being a large cul-de-sac street with no hills. Parks and recreation Carmel Mountain Ranch Community Park is located just north of Ted Williams Parkway on Rancho Carmel Drive, just east of the 15. Highland Ranch Park is located north of Eastbourne Road and slightly northeast of Highland Ranch Road. The former Carmel Mountain Ranch golf course sprawls much of the community and has closed its failed business. Schools The Home Depot is the anchor of this center; however, there are multiple restaurants and smaller shops as well. Carmel Mountain Ranch is served by the Poway Unified School District. High schools Middle school students at Carmel Mountain Ranch's three middle schools feed into Mt. Carmel High School, Poway High School, or Rancho Bernardo High School. Middle schools Elementary students feed into Bernardo Heights Middle School in Rancho Bernardo, Meadowbrook Middle School, or Black Mountain Middle School in Rancho Peñasquitos. Elementary schools Highland Ranch Elementary Shoal Creek Elementary Creekside Elementary Morning Creek Elementary Sports There is a baseball league for kindergarten - 8th grade. There are also a youth basketball league and other recreational sports. References ^ "Carmel Mountain Ranch \| Councilmember Marni von Wilpert (District 5) \| City of San Diego Official Website". www.sandiego.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-07. ^ http://www.carmelmountainplaza.com/ ^ http://shop-carmel-mountain-ranch.com/ ^ ""San Diego submarkets Q1 2019", Avison Young". Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-02. ^ Garreau, Joel (1991). Edge City. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 436. ISBN 9780385424349. Retrieved July 1, 2019. ^ "Carvin Corp - Company Profile and News". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2021-05-07. ^ "Kiesel Guitars Contact Us". ^ unestidstwern (22 February 2007). "All roads lead to CMR regional mail center". Pomerado News. Poway. Retrieved 14 July 2018 – via San Diego Union-Tribune. ^ Bouvier, Geoff (1 February 2007). "Where the Mail Goes When it Doesn't Get to You". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 14 July 2018. ^ Himchak, Elizabeth Marie (13 December 2017). "Postal Service is in the midst of 'busiest' time". Pomerado News. Poway. Retrieved 14 July 2018 – via San Diego Union Tribune. ^ Hall, Matthew T. (23 February 2012). "USPS Midway processing plant set to close". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 14 July 2018. ^ Schwab, Dave (29 January 2014). "Mammoth Midway postal facility back on sales block". San Diego Community News Group. Retrieved 14 July 2018.Freeman, Paul (11 October 2016). "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California: Northern San Diego area". California Pilots Association. Retrieved 14 July 2018.Monteagudo, Merrie (2018). "Never-before published photos of Charles Lindbergh test flying the Spirit of St. Louis". Hoy San Diego. Retrieved 14 July 2018 – via San Diego Union Tribune. ^ https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Carmel+Mountain,+San+Diego,+CA&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=33.764224,60.029297&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Carmel+Mountain,+San+Diego,+California&ll=32.97184,-117.090461&spn=0.008731,0.014656&t=h&z=16&layer=c&cbll=32.972053,-117.090346&panoid=YDwxSRffHyVgXt9kATZjmw&cbp=12,72.85,,1,2.69 Street View of the gateway marker ^ "Community Profiles: Carmel Mountain Ranch \| Planning Department \| City of San Diego Official Website". www.sandiego.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ bus routes through Carmel Mountain Ranch ^ "Service Notices". 22 May 2015. ^ "San Diego North Chamber of Commerce". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2010-01-29. ^ "Christmas – Fairway Village News". ^ "San Diego Family magazine". Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-02-17. ^ "2012 Map of Christmas Lights". Archived from the original on 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-17. ^ "Halloween – Fairway Village News". ^ http://www.powayusd.com/schools/ ^ a b "Feeder Schools Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2020. ^ "Poway Unified - Meadowbrook Middle School (MBMS)". ^ "Black Mountain Middle School". ^ "Poway Unified - Highland Ranch Elementary". ^ "Shoal Creek Elementary School". ^ "Creekside Elementary School". ^ "Morning Creek Elementary School". ^ http://cmrll.org External links Carmel Mountain Ranch Residential Community Association San Diego Community profile Carmel Mountain Ranch Town Center Scouts BSA Troop 667 (boys only) Scouts BSA Troop 1667 (girls only) vteNeighborhoods of San DiegoNorthwestern (District 1) Carmel Valley Del Mar Heights Del Mar Mesa Fairbanks Ranch Country Club La Jolla Pacific Beach Pacific Highlands Ranch Torrey Hills Torrey Pines Via de la Valle Western (District 2) Bay Ho Bay Park Clairemont Harbor Island Liberty Station Midway Mission Bay Park Mission Beach Ocean Beach Old Town Point Loma (Fleet Ridge La Playa Loma Portal Point Loma Heights Roseville Wooded Area) Shelter Island Sunset Cliffs Central (District 3) Balboa Park Bankers Hill Downtown (Columbia Core Cortez Hill East Village Gaslamp Quarter Harborview Little Italy Marina) Golden Hill Hillcrest Middletown Mission Hills Mission Valley North Park South Park University Heights Southeastern (District 4) Alta Vista Bay Terraces Broadway Heights Chollas View Emerald Hills Encanto Jamacha Lincoln Park Lomita Village Mountain View O'Farrell Oak Park Paradise Hills Ridgeview Valencia Park Webster Northeastern (District 5) Black Mountain Ranch Carmel Mountain Ranch Rancho Bernardo Rancho Encantada Rancho Peñasquitos Sabre Springs San Pasqual Valley Scripps Ranch Torrey Highlands Northern (District 6) Kearny Mesa Mira Mesa Miramar Sorrento Valley University City Eastern (District 7) Allied Gardens Birdland Del Cerro East Elliott Grantville Lake Murray Linda Vista Morena San Carlos Serra Mesa Tierrasanta Southern & South (District 8) Barrio Logan Grant Hill Logan Heights Shelltown Sherman Heights Southcrest Egger Highlands Nestor Ocean View Hills Otay Mesa Otay Mesa West Palm City San Ysidro Tijuana River Valley Mid-City (District 9) City Heights (Azalea Park Chollas Creek Fairmount Park Islenair Swan Canyon) College Area El Cerrito Kensington Mount Hope Normal Heights Redwood Village Rolando Rolando Park Stockton Talmadge Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community of San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_diego#Communities_and_neighborhoods"}],"text":"Community of San Diego in CaliforniaCarmel Mountain Ranch, sometimes shortened to simply Carmel Mountain, or abbreviated to CMR by local residents and organizations is a community of San Diego, California, United States, in the northeastern part of the city. Despite its name, Carmel Mountain Ranch is actually in the shadow of Black Mountain. Carmel Mountain proper is about 10 miles west of the Carmel Mountain Ranch neighborhood.","title":"Carmel Mountain Ranch, San Diego"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Bernardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Bernardo,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Peñasquitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Pe%C3%B1asquitos,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Sabre Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_Springs,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The community is bounded by the city of Poway to the east, and other communities of San Diego on all other sides: Rancho Bernardo to the north, Rancho Peñasquitos to the west, and Sabre Springs to the south.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Mountain_Plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"At Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Home_(store)"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"Petco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petco"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"}],"text":"At Home (formerly Kmart, later Sears Essentials), Petco, and Best Buy are among the biggest retailers in this shopping center; however, there are dozens of others, and a directory can be viewed on the referenced website below. It is the largest in terms of area of the centers.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Costco Wholesale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"},{"link_name":"Price Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Club"}],"sub_title":"Retail","text":"Several shopping centers are located adjacent to one another:Carmel Mountain Plaza[2]\nCarmel Mountain Ranch Town Center[3]\nCarmel Mountain Ranch Home Center\nPrice Plaza (anchored by Costco Wholesale/opened as Price Club in 1992)\nThe Courtyard at Carmel Mountain Ranch","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"edge city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_city"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carvin Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvin_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Margaret L. Sellers Processing and Distribution Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectional_center_facility#California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fallbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbrook,_California"},{"link_name":"Tecate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecate,_California"},{"link_name":"holiday season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Midway neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Commercial","text":"The Carmel Mountain Ranch/Rancho Bernardo submarket is the fifth-largest office space submarket in San Diego County, with over 6 million square feet of office space.[4] It is part of an \"I-15 edge city\", edge city being a major center of employment outside a traditional downtown.[5]The Carvin Corporation is headquartered near these centers.[6][7] The Carmel Mountain Ranch Country Club is a closed golf course located in the community.In 1993, the United States Postal Service opened the Margaret L. Sellers Processing and Distribution Center.[8] The facility is over 15 acres and employees over 1,500 people.[9] Sorting mail destined as far north as Fallbrook, and as far east as Tecate, during the holiday season the facility processes over 300 million items.[10] It replaced the Midway Processing and Distribution Facility, in the Midway neighborhood, which opened in 1972 and stopped processing regional mail in 1993;[11] that facility was built on the site of the Dutch Flats Airport, once utilized by Charles Lindbergh prior to his transatlantic flight.[12]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Mountain_Ranch_Town_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ralphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralphs"}],"text":"A Ralphs grocery store, banks, and retail shops are located here.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_(California)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"SR 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_56_(California)"},{"link_name":"freeway characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway#General_characteristics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Thoroughfares","text":"I-15 runs along the western edge of Carmel Mountain, and a noticeable stone marker, complete with sign and flags, is visible from the northbound lanes to act as a gateway immediately before the Carmel Mountain Road exit, which is the primary road serving the community.[13] The eastern terminus of SR 56 becomes Ted Williams Parkway as it enters the community; however, it retains its freeway characteristics until it crosses Rancho Carmel Drive. Transportation access from the eastern end of State Route 56, the Ted Williams Parkway and I-15 express lane exits make this community attractive to area commuters.[14]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"managed express lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Public","text":"There are local bus routes.[15] While Carmel Mountain does not share in the name, the Sabre Springs / Penasquitos Transit Station, which provides direct access to the managed express lanes on I-15, is adjacent to the community.[16]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Mountain_Price_Plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Costco Wholesale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco_Wholesale"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fairway Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairway_Village"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Costco Wholesale is the main anchor here; however, there are also smaller stores, such as eateries and a bank.Every year the local Chamber of Commerce, headquartered within the community,[17] hosts a fall festival at which local businesses, community organizations, and school representatives set up information booths and interact with attendees.Fairway Village, a neighborhood division of Carmel Mountain Ranch running east-to-west on Stoney Gate Place, parallel to Ted Williams Parkway and crossed by Shoal Creek Drive, presents an annual Christmas light show called \"Holiday Magic at Fairway Village.\"[18] The neighborhood lights more than 85 homes from December 1 to January 1. Each year on the Saturday before Christmas, the neighborhood holds an evening block party that is open to the public, where visitors can walk through the neighborhood, enjoy the lights and festivities, and partake of snacks and hot drinks offered by many homes. This event has been featured in several San Diego Family magazine articles.[19][20] The neighborhood is also very popular at Halloween due to it being a large cul-de-sac street with no hills.[21]","title":"Community events"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carmel Mountain Ranch Community Park is located just north of Ted Williams Parkway on Rancho Carmel Drive, just east of the 15. Highland Ranch Park is located north of Eastbourne Road and slightly northeast of Highland Ranch Road.The former Carmel Mountain Ranch golf course sprawls much of the community and has closed its failed business.","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Mountain_Ranch_Home_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"Poway Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Home Depot is the anchor of this center; however, there are multiple restaurants and smaller shops as well.Carmel Mountain Ranch is served by the Poway Unified School District.[22]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mt. Carmel High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Carmel_High_School_(San_Diego,_California)"},{"link_name":"Poway High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway_High_School"},{"link_name":"Rancho Bernardo High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Bernardo_High_School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Middle school students at Carmel Mountain Ranch's three middle schools feed into Mt. Carmel High School, Poway High School, or Rancho Bernardo High School.[23]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernardo Heights Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Heights_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Meadowbrook Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowbrook_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Rancho Peñasquitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Pe%C3%B1asquitos"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"}],"sub_title":"Middle schools","text":"Elementary students feed into Bernardo Heights Middle School in Rancho Bernardo, Meadowbrook Middle School,[24] or Black Mountain Middle School[25] in Rancho Peñasquitos.[23]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Elementary schools","text":"Highland Ranch Elementary[26]\nShoal Creek Elementary[27]\nCreekside Elementary[28]\nMorning Creek Elementary[29]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"There is a baseball league for kindergarten - 8th grade. There are also a youth basketball league and other recreational sports.[30]","title":"Sports"}]	[{"image_text":"At Home (formerly Kmart, later Sears Essentials), Petco, and Best Buy are among the biggest retailers in this shopping center; however, there are dozens of others, and a directory can be viewed on the referenced website below. It is the largest in terms of area of the centers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Carmel_Mountain_Plaza.jpg/268px-Carmel_Mountain_Plaza.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Ralphs grocery store, banks, and retail shops are located here.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Carmel_Mountain_Ranch_Town_Center.jpg/268px-Carmel_Mountain_Ranch_Town_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"Costco Wholesale is the main anchor here; however, there are also smaller stores, such as eateries and a bank.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Carmel_Mountain_Price_Plaza.jpg/268px-Carmel_Mountain_Price_Plaza.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Home Depot is the anchor of this center; however, there are multiple restaurants and smaller shops as well.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Carmel_Mountain_Ranch_Home_Center.jpg/268px-Carmel_Mountain_Ranch_Home_Center.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Carmel Mountain Ranch \| Councilmember Marni von Wilpert (District 5) \| City of San Diego Official Website\". www.sandiego.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd5/communities/carmelmountainranch","url_text":"\"Carmel Mountain Ranch \| Councilmember Marni von Wilpert (District 5) \| City of San Diego Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"San Diego submarkets Q1 2019\", Avison Young\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702000649/https://www.avisonyoung.us/documents/92602/0/San%2BDiego%2BOffice%2BMarket%2BReport%2B(Q1%2B2019)/","url_text":"\"\"San Diego submarkets Q1 2019\", Avison Young\""},{"url":"https://www.avisonyoung.us/documents/92602/0/San+Diego+Office+Market+Report+%28Q1+2019%29/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garreau, Joel (1991). Edge City. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 436. ISBN 9780385424349. Retrieved July 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rM5vDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Edge City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385424349","url_text":"9780385424349"}]},{"reference":"\"Carvin Corp - Company Profile and News\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2021-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/9970900Z:US","url_text":"\"Carvin Corp - Company Profile and News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiesel Guitars Contact Us\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carvinguitars.com/contact/","url_text":"\"Kiesel Guitars Contact Us\""}]},{"reference":"unestidstwern (22 February 2007). \"All roads lead to CMR regional mail center\". Pomerado News. Poway. Retrieved 14 July 2018 – via San Diego Union-Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/pomerado-news/sdpn-all-roads-lead-to-cmr-regional-mail-center-2007feb22-story.html","url_text":"\"All roads lead to CMR regional mail center\""}]},{"reference":"Bouvier, Geoff (1 February 2007). \"Where the Mail Goes When it Doesn't Get to You\". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 14 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/feb/01/where-mail-goes-when-it-doesnt-get-you/?page=1&","url_text":"\"Where the Mail Goes When it Doesn't Get to You\""}]},{"reference":"Himchak, Elizabeth Marie (13 December 2017). \"Postal Service is in the midst of 'busiest' time\". Pomerado News. Poway. Retrieved 14 July 2018 – via San Diego Union Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/pomerado-news/news/local-news/sd-cm-pow-news-post-office-dec17-story.html","url_text":"\"Postal Service is in the midst of 'busiest' time\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Matthew T. (23 February 2012). \"USPS Midway processing plant set to close\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 14 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-usps-midway-processing-plant-set-to-close-2012feb23-story.html","url_text":"\"USPS Midway processing plant set to close\""}]},{"reference":"Schwab, Dave (29 January 2014). \"Mammoth Midway postal facility back on sales block\". San Diego Community News Group. Retrieved 14 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sdnews.com/bookmark/24484439-Mammoth-Midway-postal-facility-back-on-sales-block","url_text":"\"Mammoth Midway postal facility back on sales block\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Paul (11 October 2016). \"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California: Northern San Diego area\". California Pilots Association. Retrieved 14 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.tripod.com/airfields_freeman/CA/Airfields_CA_SanDiego_N.htm#dutch","url_text":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California: Northern San Diego area\""}]},{"reference":"Monteagudo, Merrie (2018). \"Never-before published photos of Charles Lindbergh test flying the Spirit of St. Louis\". Hoy San Diego. Retrieved 14 July 2018 – via San Diego Union Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/noticias/san-diego/sdhoy-never-before-published-photos-of-charles-lindbergh-test-flying-the-spirit-of-st-louis-20170505-photogallery.html","url_text":"\"Never-before published photos of Charles Lindbergh test flying the Spirit of St. Louis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community Profiles: Carmel Mountain Ranch \| Planning Department \| City of San Diego Official Website\". www.sandiego.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community/profiles/carmelmtnranch","url_text":"\"Community Profiles: Carmel Mountain Ranch \| Planning Department \| City of San Diego Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Service Notices\". 22 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sdmts.com/Planning/PremiumExpressRouteChanges.asp","url_text":"\"Service Notices\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego North Chamber of Commerce\". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2010-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100130123947/http://www.sdncc.com/chamber/contact.cfm","url_text":"\"San Diego North Chamber of Commerce\""},{"url":"http://www.sdncc.com/chamber/contact.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Christmas – Fairway Village News\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fairwayvillagenews.com/?page_id=5","url_text":"\"Christmas – Fairway Village News\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego Family magazine\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120218180149/http://www.sandiegofamily.com/","url_text":"\"San Diego Family magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.sandiegofamily.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Map of Christmas Lights\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130425195755/http://sandiegofamily.com/things-to-do/san-diegos-best-map-of-christmas-lights/348-map-of-lights","url_text":"\"2012 Map of Christmas Lights\""},{"url":"http://www.sandiegofamily.com/things-to-do/san-diegos-best-map-of-christmas-lights/348-map-of-lights","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Halloween – Fairway Village News\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fairwayvillagenews.com/?page_id=7","url_text":"\"Halloween – Fairway Village News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feeder Schools Report\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powayusd.com/PUSD/media/Planning/Boundaries/Feeder.pdf","url_text":"\"Feeder Schools Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119165732/https://www.powayusd.com/PUSD/media/Planning/Boundaries/Feeder.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Poway Unified - Meadowbrook Middle School (MBMS)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powayusd.com/PUSDMBMS/","url_text":"\"Poway Unified - Meadowbrook Middle School (MBMS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Mountain Middle School\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powayusd.com/pusdbmms/","url_text":"\"Black Mountain Middle School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poway Unified - Highland Ranch Elementary\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powayusd.com/en-US/Schools/ES/HRES/Home","url_text":"\"Poway Unified - Highland Ranch Elementary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shoal Creek Elementary School\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powayusd.com/en-US/Schools/ES/SCES/Home","url_text":"\"Shoal Creek Elementary School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creekside Elementary School\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powayusd.com/en-US/Schools/ES/CSES/Home","url_text":"\"Creekside Elementary School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morning Creek Elementary School\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powayusd.com/en-US/Schools/ES/MCES/Home","url_text":"\"Morning Creek Elementary School\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carmel_Mountain_Ranch,_San_Diego&params=32_58_40.27_N_117_4_45.26_W_type:city_region:US_dim:2400","external_links_name":"32°58′40.27″N 117°4′45.26″W / 32.9778528°N 117.0792389°W / 32.9778528; -117.0792389"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Carmel_Mountain_Ranch,_San_Diego&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Carmel_Mountain_Ranch,_San_Diego","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carmel_Mountain_Ranch,_San_Diego&params=32_58_40.27_N_117_4_45.26_W_type:city_region:US_dim:2400","external_links_name":"32°58′40.27″N 117°4′45.26″W / 32.9778528°N 117.0792389°W / 32.9778528; -117.0792389"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd5/communities/carmelmountainranch","external_links_name":"\"Carmel Mountain Ranch \| Councilmember Marni von Wilpert (District 5) \| City of San Diego Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.carmelmountainplaza.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.carmelmountainplaza.com/"},{"Link":"http://shop-carmel-mountain-ranch.com/","external_links_name":"http://shop-carmel-mountain-ranch.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702000649/https://www.avisonyoung.us/documents/92602/0/San%2BDiego%2BOffice%2BMarket%2BReport%2B(Q1%2B2019)/","external_links_name":"\"\"San Diego submarkets Q1 2019\", Avison Young\""},{"Link":"https://www.avisonyoung.us/documents/92602/0/San+Diego+Office+Market+Report+%28Q1+2019%29/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rM5vDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Edge City"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/9970900Z:US","external_links_name":"\"Carvin Corp - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Liberty_County,_Georgia	National Register of Historic Places listings in Liberty County, Georgia	["1 Current listings","2 References"]	Location of Liberty County in Georgia Liberty County has a "Liberty Trail" of its historic sites. This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Liberty County, Georgia. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 12 properties listed on the National Register in the county. This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024. Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Current listings Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 Bacon-Fraser House Bacon-Fraser House More images April 18, 1985(#85000848) 208 E. Court St. 31°50′53″N 81°35′37″W / 31.848056°N 81.593611°W / 31.848056; -81.593611 (Bacon-Fraser House) Hinesville 2 Eddie Bowens Farm Eddie Bowens Farm More images October 25, 2004(#04001209) 660 Trade Hill Rd. 31°44′38″N 81°19′10″W / 31.743889°N 81.319444°W / 31.743889; -81.319444 (Eddie Bowens Farm) Seabrook 3 Cassels' Store Cassels' Store August 5, 1983(#83000232) Off U.S. Route 84 31°49′36″N 81°31′44″W / 31.82653°N 81.52890°W / 31.82653; -81.52890 (Cassels' Store) McIntosh Parts of the opposite wall are still standing 4 Dorchester Academy Boys' Dormitory Dorchester Academy Boys' Dormitory More images June 23, 1986(#86001371) 8787 East Oglethorpe Highway (U.S. Route 84) 31°48′02″N 81°27′56″W / 31.800556°N 81.465556°W / 31.800556; -81.465556 (Dorchester Academy Boys' Dormitory) Midway National Historic Landmark 5 Flemington Presbyterian Church Flemington Presbyterian Church June 17, 1982(#82002449) Off Old Sunbury Rd. 31°52′11″N 81°34′15″W / 31.86968°N 81.57091°W / 31.86968; -81.57091 (Flemington Presbyterian Church) Flemington 6 Fort Morris Fort Morris More images May 13, 1970(#70000208) 2559 Fort Morris Road 31°45′42″N 81°16′52″W / 31.7618°N 81.2812°W / 31.7618; -81.2812 (Fort Morris) Midway Fort Morris State Historic Site is a state park open to the public 7 Liberty County Courthouse Liberty County Courthouse More images September 18, 1980(#80001105) Courthouse Sq. 31°50′52″N 81°35′45″W / 31.84769°N 81.59577°W / 31.84769; -81.59577 (Liberty County Courthouse) Hinesville 8 Liberty County Jail Liberty County Jail More images August 18, 1992(#92001036) 302 S. Main St. 31°50′44″N 81°35′47″W / 31.84558°N 81.59650°W / 31.84558; -81.59650 (Liberty County Jail) Hinesville Historic brick jail built in 1892. 9 Midway Historic District Midway Historic District More images March 1, 1973(#73000625) Junction of U.S. Route 17 and Martin Road 31°48′22″N 81°25′51″W / 31.806111°N 81.430833°W / 31.806111; -81.430833 (Midway Historic District) Midway 10 Sam Ripley Farm Sam Ripley Farm More images October 27, 2004(#04001187) 1337 Dorchester Village Rd. 31°45′39″N 81°22′12″W / 31.760833°N 81.37°W / 31.760833; -81.37 (Sam Ripley Farm) Midway Farm established in 1926 11 St. Catherines Island St. Catherines Island More images December 16, 1969(#69000332) One of the barrier islands of Georgia, south of Savannah. 31°37′56″N 81°09′48″W / 31.632222°N 81.163333°W / 31.632222; -81.163333 (St. Catherines Island) South Newport National Historic Landmark 12 Woodmanston Site Woodmanston Site More images June 18, 1973(#73000626) Southwest of Riceboro off Barrington Rd. 31°41′52″N 81°28′23″W / 31.697778°N 81.473056°W / 31.697778; -81.473056 (Woodmanston Site) Riceboro The site is gated, but you can visit the site by appointment. References ^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. ^ National Park Service: Fort Morris Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Liberty County, Georgia. vteProperties on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia by county Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Liberty_County.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberty_trail,_Liberty_County,_GA,_USA.JPG"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Liberty County in GeorgiaLiberty County has a \"Liberty Trail\" of its historic sites.This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Liberty County, Georgia.It is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalona,_Iowa	Kalona, Iowa	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Culture","5 Education","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°29′15″N 91°42′07″W / 41.48750°N 91.70194°W / 41.48750; -91.70194 City in Iowa, United StatesKalona, IowaCityLeft column: Downtown Kalona Right column: Kalona United Methodist Church, Kalona Welcome SignNickname: Quilt Capitol of IowaLocation of Kalona, IowaCoordinates: 41°29′15″N 91°42′07″W / 41.48750°N 91.70194°W / 41.48750; -91.70194Country United StatesState IowaCountyWashingtonGovernment • MayorMark RobeArea • Total2.15 sq mi (5.57 km2) • Land2.15 sq mi (5.57 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation666 ft (203 m)Population (2020) • Total2,630 • Density1,220.42/sq mi (471.24/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code52247Area code319FIPS code19-40170GNIS feature ID2395485Websitewww.cityofkalona.org Aerial view of Kalona and the surrounding area Kalona is a city in Washington County, Iowa. It is part of the Iowa City metropolitan area. The population was 2,630 at the time of the 2020 census. Kalona is the second-largest city in Washington County. History Amish settlement in what is now the Kalona area began in the 1840s, placing the Amish among the first European settlers in the area. The split between Old Order Amish and Amish Mennonites occurred in the 1860s in most places, but it was not until the 1880s that the formal split occurred in Iowa, even though a process of sorting out between conservatives and change-minded Amish had begun a decade earlier or so in Iowa. Most Amish Mennonites later assimilated and lost their Amish identity. The Beachy Amish broke away from the Old Orders in the 1920s. The Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway built a 66-mile branch from Iowa City to What Cheer via Kalona in 1879. Kalona was established by the railroad on August 6, 1879. The name was suggested to the railroad by a Mr. Myers, who owned a bull of that name. The town remained unincorporated until 1890. Kalona is home to a burgeoning craft, antiques, and local products industry. Its proximity to both Iowa City, Iowa and a large Amish settlement have allowed growth in population and industry in recent years. The town is home to a variety of locally owned shops and restaurants. The city centers around the historic old town business section of Kalona, which features many local businesses that are popular with tourists. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.15 square miles (5.57 km2), all of it land. Demographics Historical populationsYearPop.±%1890211— 1900530+151.2%1910466−12.1%1920632+35.6%1930704+11.4%1940765+8.7%1950947+23.8%19601,235+30.4%19701,488+20.5%19801,862+25.1%19901,942+4.3%20002,293+18.1%20102,363+3.1%20202,630+11.3%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 2,363 people, 1,053 households, and 657 families living in the city. The population density was 1,158.3 inhabitants per square mile (447.2/km2). There were 1,141 housing units at an average density of 559.3 per square mile (215.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.2% White, 0.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population. There were 1,053 households, of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.6% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age in the city was 45.7 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.5% male and 54.5% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,293 people, 947 households, and 597 families living in the city. The population density was 1,119.9 inhabitants per square mile (432.4/km2). There were 986 housing units at an average density of 481.6 per square mile (185.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.08% White, 0.22% African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population. There were 947 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $45,897. Males had a median income of $30,776 versus $24,974 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,474. About 5.0% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over. Culture An Amish buggy traveling down a road with a slow moving vehicle triangle on the back Not far from Kalona is located one of the largest Amish settlements west of the Mississippi with eleven church districts and a population of roughly 1,200 people. It is the oldest in Iowa, founded in 1846. The Kalona New Order Amish affiliation is one of the most liberal concerning the use of technology, allowing even tractors for field work. Kalona is the home of the Iowa Mennonite Archives, located at the Kalona Historical Village. Noah Troyer (1831–1886), one of the two "sleeping preachers" among the Amish Mennonites, lived three miles north of Kalona. The Iowa Mennonite School is located a few miles northwest of Kalona. Education The Mid-Prairie Community School District operates local area public schools. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kalona, Iowa ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ "About Kalona". Kalona Chamber of Commerence. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2011. ^ Steven Dale Reschly: The Amish on the Iowa prairie, 1840-1910, Baltimore and London, 2000, pages 163-4. ^ Dorothy, Schwieder, Tom Morain, A Peculiar People, Iowa's Old Order Amish, University of Iowa Press, 1975; page 5. ^ Third Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners for the Year Ending June 30, 1880. Des Moines: Mills, 1880, p. 133. ^ Travelers' Official Guide of the Railway and Steam Navigation Lines in the United States and Canada. New York: National Railway Publication Co., 1881, pp. 250-251. ^ The History of Washington County, Iowa: Its Cities, Towns, Etc. Union Historical Company. 1880. p. 593. ^ Tom Savage, A Dictionary of Iowa Place Names, University of Iowa Press, 2007; page 119. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Iowa Amish". Amish State Guide. Retrieved December 4, 2010. ^ "Kalona Historical Village and its Museums". www.kalonaiowa.org. ^ Harry H. Hiller. "The Sleeping Preacher: An Historical Study of the Role of Charisma in Amish Society". Pennsylvania Folklife, vol. 18 (Winter 1968/69), p. 12. ^ "MID-PRAIRIE" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved September 24, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalona, Iowa. Iowa portal Kalona Chamber of Commerce City-Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Kalona vteMunicipalities and communities of Washington County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: WashingtonCities Ainsworth Brighton Coppock‡ Crawfordsville Kalona Keota‡ Riverside Washington Wellman West Chester Map of Iowa highlighting Washington CountyTownships Brighton Cedar Clay Crawford Dutch Creek English River Franklin Highland Iowa Jackson Lime Creek Marion Oregon Seventy-Six Washington Unincorporatedcommunities Haskins Noble Rubio Verdi Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalona,_Iowa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa City metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesAerial view of Kalona and the surrounding areaKalona is a city in Washington County, Iowa. It is part of the Iowa City metropolitan area. The population was 2,630 at the time of the 2020 census.[3] Kalona is the second-largest city in Washington County.[4]","title":"Kalona, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"},{"link_name":"Amish Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish_Mennonite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Beachy Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachy_Amish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Cedar_Rapids_and_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Iowa City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City"},{"link_name":"What Cheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Cheer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Amish settlement in what is now the Kalona area began in the 1840s, placing the Amish among the first European settlers in the area. The split between Old Order Amish and Amish Mennonites occurred in the 1860s in most places, but it was not until the 1880s that the formal split occurred in Iowa, even though a process of sorting out between conservatives and change-minded Amish had begun a decade earlier or so in Iowa.[5] Most Amish Mennonites later assimilated and lost their Amish identity. The Beachy Amish broke away from the Old Orders in the 1920s.[6]The Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway built a 66-mile branch from Iowa City to What Cheer via Kalona in 1879.[7][8]Kalona was established by the railroad on August 6, 1879.[9] The name was suggested to the railroad by a Mr. Myers, who owned a bull of that name. The town remained unincorporated until 1890.[10]Kalona is home to a burgeoning craft, antiques, and local products industry. Its proximity to both Iowa City, Iowa and a large Amish settlement have allowed growth in population and industry in recent years. The town is home to a variety of locally owned shops and restaurants. The city centers around the historic old town business section of Kalona, which features many local businesses that are popular with tourists.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-11"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.15 square miles (5.57 km2), all of it land.[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-13"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[13] of 2010, there were 2,363 people, 1,053 households, and 657 families living in the city. The population density was 1,158.3 inhabitants per square mile (447.2/km2). There were 1,141 housing units at an average density of 559.3 per square mile (215.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.2% White, 0.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.There were 1,053 households, of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.6% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.82.The median age in the city was 45.7 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.5% male and 54.5% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-14"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[14] of 2000, there were 2,293 people, 947 households, and 597 families living in the city. The population density was 1,119.9 inhabitants per square mile (432.4/km2). There were 986 housing units at an average density of 481.6 per square mile (185.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.08% White, 0.22% African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.There were 947 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.00.In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males.The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $45,897. Males had a median income of $30,776 versus $24,974 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,474. About 5.0% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amish_buggy_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amish buggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish_buggy"},{"link_name":"slow moving vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_moving_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"New Order Amish affiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish#Use_of_technology_by_different_Amish_affiliations"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Noah Troyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Troyer"},{"link_name":"sleeping preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_preacher"},{"link_name":"Amish Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish_Mennonite"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Iowa Mennonite School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Mennonite_School"}],"text":"An Amish buggy traveling down a road with a slow moving vehicle triangle on the backNot far from Kalona is located one of the largest Amish settlements west of the Mississippi with eleven church districts and a population of roughly 1,200 people. It is the oldest in Iowa, founded in 1846.[15] The Kalona New Order Amish affiliation is one of the most liberal concerning the use of technology, allowing even tractors for field work. Kalona is the home of the Iowa Mennonite Archives, located at the Kalona Historical Village.[16] Noah Troyer (1831–1886), one of the two \"sleeping preachers\" among the Amish Mennonites, lived three miles north of Kalona.[17] The Iowa Mennonite School is located a few miles northwest of Kalona.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid-Prairie Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Prairie_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Mid-Prairie Community School District operates local area public schools.[18]","title":"Education"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Kalona and the surrounding area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kalona%2C_Iowa.jpg/220px-Kalona%2C_Iowa.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Amish buggy traveling down a road with a slow moving vehicle triangle on the back","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Amish_buggy_2.jpg/220px-Amish_buggy_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Washington County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Washington_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Washington_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Kalona\". Kalona Chamber of Commerence. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920070647/http://www.kalonachamber.com/about.html","url_text":"\"About Kalona\""},{"url":"http://www.kalonachamber.com/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The History of Washington County, Iowa: Its Cities, Towns, Etc. Union Historical Company. 1880. p. 593.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SncUAAAAYAAJ_2","url_text":"The History of Washington County, Iowa: Its Cities, Towns, Etc"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SncUAAAAYAAJ_2/page/n589","url_text":"593"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Kalona Historical Village and its Museums\". www.kalonaiowa.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kalonaiowa.org/KHV.htm","url_text":"\"Kalona Historical Village and its Museums\""}]},{"reference":"\"MID-PRAIRIE\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved September 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_MID-PRAIRIE_0.pdf","url_text":"\"MID-PRAIRIE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalona,_Iowa&params=41_29_15_N_91_42_07_W_region:US-IA_type:city(2630)","external_links_name":"41°29′15″N 91°42′07″W / 41.48750°N 91.70194°W / 41.48750; -91.70194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalona,_Iowa&params=41_29_15_N_91_42_07_W_region:US-IA_type:city(2630)","external_links_name":"41°29′15″N 91°42′07″W / 41.48750°N 91.70194°W / 41.48750; -91.70194"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofkalona.org/","external_links_name":"www.cityofkalona.org"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Data Center"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2395485","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kalona, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920070647/http://www.kalonachamber.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About Kalona\""},{"Link":"http://www.kalonachamber.com/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0mxkfR0kMhcC&lpg=PA115&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"A Peculiar People, Iowa's Old Order Amish"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ISETAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA133&pg=PA278","external_links_name":"Third Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners for the Year Ending June 30, 1880"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6I5XgcduNQYC&pg=PA253","external_links_name":"Travelers' Official Guide of the Railway and Steam Navigation Lines in the United States and Canada"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SncUAAAAYAAJ_2","external_links_name":"The History of Washington County, Iowa: Its Cities, Towns, Etc"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SncUAAAAYAAJ_2/page/n589","external_links_name":"593"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DxagLIZHNv4C&lpg=PA119&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of Iowa Place Names"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://amishamerica.com/iowa-amish/","external_links_name":"\"Iowa Amish\". Amish State Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.kalonaiowa.org/KHV.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kalona Historical Village and its Museums\""},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=pafolklifemag","external_links_name":"The Sleeping Preacher: An Historical Study of the Role of Charisma in Amish Society"},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_MID-PRAIRIE_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MID-PRAIRIE\""},{"Link":"http://www.kalonachamber.com/","external_links_name":"Kalona Chamber of Commerce"},{"Link":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Kalona-Iowa.html","external_links_name":"City-Data"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153594518","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7722658-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548077605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084018","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/4c1068f7-cbc3-4dae-bdb2-696f80eedd40","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Thomas_Bagge,_3rd_Baronet	Bagge baronets	["1 Bagge baronets, of Stradsett Hall (1867)","2 References"]	Baronetcy in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Not to be confused with Bagge family. Bagge baronetsEscutcheon of the Bagge baronets of Stradsett HallCreation date1867StatusextantSeat(s)Stradsett Hall, NorfolkMottoSpes est in Deo, My hope is in God The Bagge Baronetcy, of Stradsett Hall in the County of Norfolk, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 13 April 1867 for William Bagge, Conservative Member of Parliament for West Norfolk. The sixth Baronet was Chairman of the West Norfolk District Council between 1976 and 1977. Bagge baronets, of Stradsett Hall (1867) Sir William Bagge, 1st Baronet (1810–1880) Sir William Henry Ernest Bagge, 2nd Baronet (1840–1881) Sir Alfred Thomas Bagge, 3rd Baronet (1843–1916). Bagge inherited the title when his elder brother, William, died childless. He married Millicent Case Morris in 1872, with whom he had six children, four sons and two daughters. He served in the Royal Navy as commander (1881 census) and as a justice of the peace for Norfolk. He was succeeded by his second son, Alfred William Francis Bagge, his eldest son having died in infancy. Sir Alfred William Francis Bagge, 4th Baronet (1875–1939) Sir John Picton Bagge, CMG, 5th Baronet (1877–1967) Sir John Alfred Picton Bagge, 6th Baronet (1914–1990) Sir (John) Jeremy Picton Bagge, 7th Baronet (born 1945) The heir apparent is Alfred James John Bagge (born 1980). References ^ a b Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. London: Debrett's Peerage. 2000. p. B47. ISBN 033354577X. ^ "No. 23238". The London Gazette. 9 April 1867. p. 2183. ^ a b Foster, Joseph (1881). The baronetage and knightage. Nichols and Sons. p. 21. ^ "Bagge, Sir Alfred Thomas". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Bagge, Sir Alfred William Francis". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Bagge, Sir (John) Picton". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Bagge, Sir John (Alfred Picton)". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b "Bagge, Sir (John) Jeremy (Picton)". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bagge family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagge_family"},{"link_name":"Stradsett Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradsett"},{"link_name":"County of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Bagge,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"West Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norfolk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Bagge family.The Bagge Baronetcy, of Stradsett Hall in the County of Norfolk, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.[2] It was created on 13 April 1867 for William Bagge, Conservative Member of Parliament for West Norfolk. The sixth Baronet was Chairman of the West Norfolk District Council between 1976 and 1977.","title":"Bagge baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir William Bagge, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Bagge,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-3"},{"link_name":"Sir William Henry Ernest Bagge, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Henry_Ernest_Bagge,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Alfred Thomas Bagge, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Thomas_Bagge,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Sir Alfred William Francis Bagge, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Alfred_William_Francis_Bagge,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St._Michael_and_St._George"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sir John Alfred Picton Bagge, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Alfred_Picton_Bagge,_6th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sir (John) Jeremy Picton Bagge, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_(John)_Jeremy_Picton_Bagge,_7th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW7-8"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW7-8"}],"text":"Sir William Bagge, 1st Baronet (1810–1880)[3]\nSir William Henry Ernest Bagge, 2nd Baronet (1840–1881)[3]\nSir Alfred Thomas Bagge, 3rd Baronet (1843–1916).[4] Bagge inherited the title when his elder brother, William, died childless. He married Millicent Case Morris in 1872, with whom he had six children, four sons and two daughters. He served in the Royal Navy as commander (1881 census) and as a justice of the peace for Norfolk. He was succeeded by his second son, Alfred William Francis Bagge, his eldest son having died in infancy.\nSir Alfred William Francis Bagge, 4th Baronet (1875–1939)[5]\nSir John Picton Bagge, CMG, 5th Baronet (1877–1967)[6]\nSir John Alfred Picton Bagge, 6th Baronet (1914–1990)[7]\nSir (John) Jeremy Picton Bagge, 7th Baronet (born 1945)[8]The heir apparent is Alfred James John Bagge (born 1980).[8]","title":"Bagge baronets, of Stradsett Hall (1867)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. London: Debrett's Peerage. 2000. p. B47. ISBN 033354577X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/033354577X","url_text":"033354577X"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23238\". The London Gazette. 9 April 1867. p. 2183.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23238/page/2183","url_text":"\"No. 23238\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1881). The baronetage and knightage. Nichols and Sons. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uFE4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21","url_text":"The baronetage and knightage"}]},{"reference":"\"Bagge, Sir Alfred Thomas\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U192984","url_text":"\"Bagge, Sir Alfred Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Bagge, Sir Alfred William Francis\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U205517","url_text":"\"Bagge, Sir Alfred William Francis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Bagge, Sir (John) Picton\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U53810","url_text":"\"Bagge, Sir (John) Picton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Bagge, Sir John (Alfred Picton)\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U161649","url_text":"\"Bagge, Sir John (Alfred Picton)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Bagge, Sir (John) Jeremy (Picton)\". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U6120","url_text":"\"Bagge, Sir (John) Jeremy (Picton)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23238/page/2183","external_links_name":"\"No. 23238\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uFE4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"The baronetage and knightage"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U192984","external_links_name":"\"Bagge, Sir Alfred Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U205517","external_links_name":"\"Bagge, Sir Alfred William Francis\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U53810","external_links_name":"\"Bagge, Sir (John) Picton\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U161649","external_links_name":"\"Bagge, Sir John (Alfred Picton)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U6120","external_links_name":"\"Bagge, Sir (John) Jeremy (Picton)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandotte,_Louisville	Wyandotte, Louisville	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°11′41″N 85°46′30″W / 38.19472°N 85.77500°W / 38.19472; -85.77500Wyandotte (formerly Oakdale), is a neighborhood on the southside of Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Its modern boundaries are Longfield Avenue to the north, Taylor Boulevard to the west, I-264 to the south, and Southern Parkway to the east. The opening of Iroquois Park in the early 1890s created a huge demand for suburban homes south of Louisville. The Coleman-Bush company had begun selling lots in a subdivision called Oakdale in late 1890. Oakdale was one of many middle-class communities created at this time, facilitated by the southward extension of streetcar lines. Oakdale incorporated in 1904, and annexed nearby Churchill Downs as well as parts of other nearby neighborhoods. In 1916 however, Oakdale, along with other nearby cities such as Highland Park, was annexed by Louisville. Though the communities fought this, it was ultimately dismissed in federal court in 1921, and Oakdale became a part of Louisville in 1922. Wyandotte Park, named after the Wyandotte tribe, was opened in 1935 in western Oakdale. This would eventually lead to the entire neighborhood being officially renamed Wyandotte in the 1970s, though many residents still call it Oakdale. References "Wyandotte/Oakdale". The Encyclopedia of Louisville (1 ed.). 2001. External links Images of Wyandotte (Louisville, Ky.) in the University of Louisville Libraries Digital Collections vteNeighborhoods, suburbs, districts and areas in Louisville MetroEast Side(Old City) Audubon Avondale-Melbourne Heights Bashford Manor Bon Air Bradley Brownsboro-Zorn Butchertown Camp Taylor Cherokee Gardens Cherokee-Seneca Clifton Clifton Heights Crescent Hill East Market District (NuLu) Gardiner Lane Germantown Hawthorne Hayfield Dundee The Highlands Belknap Bonnycastle Cherokee Triangle Deer Park Highlands-Douglass Irish Hill Original Highlands Phoenix Hill (portion) Tyler Park Hikes Point Klondike Meriwether Phoenix Hill Poplar Level Prestonia Rockcreek-Lexington Road St. Joseph Schnitzelburg East Side(Suburbs and rural hamlets) Anchorage Ashville-Glenmary Audubon Park Avoca Bancroft Barbourmeade Beckley Station Beechwood Village Bellemeade Bellewood Berrytown Blue Ridge Manor Boston Buechel Briarwood Broeck Pointe Brownsboro Farm Brownsboro Village Cambridge Clark Station Coldstream Creekside Crossgate Douglass Hills Druid Hills Eastwood English Station Fairmount Fern Creek Fincastle Fisherville Forest Hills Freys Hill Glenview Glenview Hills Glenview Manor Goose Creek Griffytown Graymoor-Devondale Green Spring Harrods Creek Hickory Hill Highview Hills and Dales Houston Acres Hurstbourne Acres Hurstbourne Indian Hills Jeffersontown Kingsley Langdon Place Lake Louisvilla Lakeland Lincolnshire Long Run Longview Lyndon Keeneland Lynnview Manor Creek Maryhill Estates Meadow Vale Meadowview Estates Meadowbrook Farm Middletown Mockingbird Valley Moorland Murray Hill Newburg Norbourne Estates Northfield Norwood O'Bannon Old Brownsboro Place Parkway Village Plantation Plainview The Point Poplar Hills Prospect Richlawn Riverwood Rolling Fields Rolling Hills St. Matthews Broad Fields Cherrywood Village Fairmeade Plymouth Village Springlee Warwick Village St. Regis Park Seatonville Seneca Gardens Smyrna Springdale Springhurst Spring Mill Spring Valley Strathmoor Manor Strathmoor Village Sycamore Ten Broeck Thixton Thornhill Tucker Station Watterson Park Wellington West Buechel Westwood Whipps Millgate Whitner Wildwood Windy Hills Wolf Creek Woodland Hills Woodlawn Park Worthington Worthington Hills South Side(Old City) Auburndale Beechmont Cloverleaf Edgewood Hazelwood Highland Park Iroquois Jacobs Kenwood Hill Parkwood South Louisville Southland Park Southside Standiford Taylor-Berry Wilder Park Wyandotte South Side(Suburbs and rural hamlets) Bethany Fairdale Greenwood Heritage Creek Hollyvilla Hollow Creek Johnsontown Kosmosdale Lake Dreamland Lynnview Medora Okolona Orell Penile Pleasure Ridge Park Prairie Village Riverside Gardens St. Dennis Shively Sylvania Valley Downs Valley Gardens Valley Station Valley Village Waverly Hills West Side Algonquin California Chickasaw Hallmark Park DuValle Park Hill Parkland Portland Shawnee Rubbertown Russell Downtown Downtown West Main District Limerick Old Louisville Shelby Park Smoketown vteCity of Louisville and metro areaHistory Timeline George Rogers Clark–founder Civil War Bloody Monday religious riots in 1855 Historic places Geography Downtown Cityscape Climate Local landmarks Neighborhoods Parks Preservation districts (Old Louisville) Government Mayor (Craig Greenberg) Metro Council (President: Markus Winkler) Transportation Bowman Field Louisville International Airport Louisville Union Station McAlpine Locks and Dam Roads TARC Other subjectareas Attractions and events Cuisine Economy Education Media People Performing arts Public art Religion Sports Top subjects Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Center Cave Hill Cemetery Falls of the Ohio Farmington Kentucky Derby (Festival) KFC History Colonel Sanders L&N Louisville Slugger Speed Art Museum University of Louisville (Cardinals) National HistoricLandmarks Belle of Louisville Churchill Downs Historic Locust Grove Mayor Andrew Broaddus Old Bank Zachary Taylor House United States Marine Hospital Water Tower Prominent suburbs(over 10K pop.) Clarksville Jeffersontown Jeffersonville Lyndon Mount Washington New Albany St. Matthews Shelbyville Shepherdsville Shively Category (city) Category (metro area) WikiProject 38°11′41″N 85°46′30″W / 38.19472°N 85.77500°W / 38.19472; -85.77500 This Louisville-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Jefferson County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"I-264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_264_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Southern Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Parkway_(Louisville,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Iroquois Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Park"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"Churchill Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Downs"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_Louisville"},{"link_name":"Wyandotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_people"}],"text":"Wyandotte (formerly Oakdale), is a neighborhood on the southside of Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Its modern boundaries are Longfield Avenue to the north, Taylor Boulevard to the west, I-264 to the south, and Southern Parkway to the east. The opening of Iroquois Park in the early 1890s created a huge demand for suburban homes south of Louisville. The Coleman-Bush company had begun selling lots in a subdivision called Oakdale in late 1890. Oakdale was one of many middle-class communities created at this time, facilitated by the southward extension of streetcar lines.Oakdale incorporated in 1904, and annexed nearby Churchill Downs as well as parts of other nearby neighborhoods. In 1916 however, Oakdale, along with other nearby cities such as Highland Park, was annexed by Louisville. Though the communities fought this, it was ultimately dismissed in federal court in 1921, and Oakdale became a part of Louisville in 1922.Wyandotte Park, named after the Wyandotte tribe, was opened in 1935 in western Oakdale. This would eventually lead to the entire neighborhood being officially renamed Wyandotte in the 1970s, though many residents still call it Oakdale.","title":"Wyandotte, Louisville"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wyandotte/Oakdale\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fz%C4%B1pek,_Ardahan	Ağzıpek, Ardahan	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 41°05′55″N 42°37′35″E / 41.09861°N 42.62639°E / 41.09861; 42.62639You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (July 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Turkish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated\|tr\|Ağzıpek, Ardahan}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Village in Ardahan, TurkeyAğzıpekVillageAğzıpekLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 41°05′55″N 42°37′35″E / 41.09861°N 42.62639°E / 41.09861; 42.62639CountryTurkeyProvinceArdahanDistrictArdahanPopulation (2021)221Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Ağzıpek is a village in the Ardahan District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. Its population is 221 (2021). References ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023. vte Ardahan DistrictMunicipalities Ardahan Villages Açıkyazı Ağaçlı Ağzıpek Akyaka Alagöz Altaş Ardıçdere Aşağıkurtoğlu Bağdaşen Balıkçılar Bayramoğlu Beşiktaş Binbaşar Büyüksütlüce Çağlayık Çalabaş Çamlıçatak Çataldere Çatalköprü Çeğilli Çetinsu Çimenkaya Dağcı Dağevi Dedegül Değirmenli Derindere Edegül Gölgeli Güzçimeni Güzelyurt Hacıali Hasköy Höçvan Hasköy Kartalpınar Kazlıköy Kıraç Kocaköy Köprücük Küçüksütlüce Lehimli Meşedibi Nebioğlu Ölçek Ömerağa Ortageçit Otbiçen Ovapınar Samanbeyli Sarıyamaç Sugöze Sulakyurt Taşlıdere Tazeköy Tepeler Tepesuyu Tunçoluk Uzunova Yalnızçam Yaylacık Yokuşdibi Yukarıkurtoğlu This geographical article about a location in Ardahan Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ardahan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardahan_District"},{"link_name":"Ardahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Ardahan, TurkeyAğzıpek is a village in the Ardahan District, Ardahan Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 221 (2021).[2]","title":"Ağzıpek, Ardahan"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=A%C4%9Fz%C4%B1pek,_Ardahan&params=41_05_55_N_42_37_35_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"41°05′55″N 42°37′35″E / 41.09861°N 42.62639°E / 41.09861; 42.62639"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FA%C4%9Fz%C4%B1pek,_Ardahan&sl=tr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=A%C4%9Fz%C4%B1pek,_Ardahan&params=41_05_55_N_42_37_35_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"41°05′55″N 42°37′35″E / 41.09861°N 42.62639°E / 41.09861; 42.62639"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Köy"},{"Link":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C4%9Fz%C4%B1pek,_Ardahan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Remember,_I_Remember	Thomas Hood	["1 Early life","2 Literary society","3 Family life","4 Later writings","5 Examples of his works","6 Modern references","7 Works by Thomas Hood","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	English poet and humorist (1799–1845) For other people named Thomas Hood, see Thomas Hood (disambiguation). Thomas HoodBorn(1799-05-23)23 May 1799London, EnglandDied3 May 1845(1845-05-03) (aged 45)London, EnglandOccupationpoet, authorNationalityBritishPeriod1820s–1840sGenrePoetry, fictionSpouseJane Hood (née Reynolds)ChildrenTom Hood Frances Freeling Broderip Thomas Hood (23 May 1799 – 3 May 1845) was an English poet, author and humorist, best known for poems such as "The Bridge of Sighs" and "The Song of the Shirt". Hood wrote regularly for The London Magazine, Athenaeum, and Punch. He later published a magazine largely consisting of his own works. Hood, never robust, had lapsed into invalidism by the age of 41 and died at the age of 45. William Michael Rossetti in 1903 called him "the finest English poet" between the generations of Shelley and Tennyson. Hood was the father of the playwright and humorist Tom Hood (1835–1874) and the children's writer Frances Freeling Broderip (1830–1878). Early life Plaque in Cheapside, City of London, marking the site of the house where Thomas Hood was born Thomas Hood was born to Thomas Hood and Elizabeth Sands in Poultry (Cheapside), London, above his father's bookshop. His father's family had been Scottish farmers from the village of Errol near Dundee. The elder Hood was a partner in the business of Vernor, Hood and Sharp, a member of the Associated Booksellers. Hood's son, Tom Hood, claimed that his grandfather had been the first to open up the book trade with America and had had great success with new editions of old books. "Next to being a citizen of the world," writes Thomas Hood in his Literary Reminiscences, "it must be the best thing to be born a citizen of the world's greatest city." On the death of her husband in 1811, Hood's mother moved to Islington, where he had a schoolmaster who in appreciating his talents, "made him feel it impossible not to take an interest in learning while he seemed so interested in teaching." Under the care of this "decayed dominie", he earned a few guineas – his first literary fee – by revising for the press a new edition of the 1788 novel Paul and Virginia. Hood left his private schoolmaster at 14 years of age and was admitted soon after into the counting house of a friend of his family, where he "turned his stool into a Pegasus on three legs, every foot, of course, being a dactyl or a spondee." However, the uncongenial profession affected his health, which was never strong, and he began to study engraving. The exact nature and course of his study is unclear: various sources tell different stories. Reid emphasizes his work under his maternal uncle Robert Sands, but no deeds of apprenticeship exist and his letters show he studied with a Mr Harris. Hood's daughter in her Memorials mentions her father's association with the Le Keux brothers, who were successful engravers in the City. The labour of engraving was no better for his health than the counting house had been, and Hood was sent to his father's relations at Dundee, Scotland. There he stayed in the house of his maternal aunt, Jean Keay, for some months. Then on falling out with her, he moved on to the boarding house of one of her friends, Mrs Butterworth, where he lived for the rest of his time in Scotland. In Dundee, Hood made a number of close friends with whom he continued to correspond for many years. He led a healthy outdoor life, but also became a wide and indiscriminate reader. At the same time he began seriously to write poetry and he appeared in print for the first time, with a letter to the editor of the Dundee Advertiser. Literary society Before long Hood was contributing humorous and poetical pieces to provincial newspapers and magazines. As a proof of his literary vocation, he would write out his poems in printed characters, believing that this process best enabled him to understand his own peculiarities and faults, and probably unaware that Samuel Taylor Coleridge had recommended some such method of criticism when he said he thought, "Print settles it." On his return to London in 1818 he applied himself to engraving, which enabled him later to illustrate his various humours and fancies. In 1821, John Scott, editor of The London Magazine, was killed in a duel, and the periodical passed into the hands of some friends of Hood, who proposed to make him sub-editor. This post at once introduced him to the literary society of the time. He gradually developed his powers by becoming an associate of John Hamilton Reynolds, Charles Lamb, Henry Cary, Thomas de Quincey, Allan Cunningham, Bryan Procter, Serjeant Talfourd, Hartley Coleridge, the peasant-poet John Clare, and other contributors. Family life Thomas Hood's wife, Jane Hood married Jane Reynolds (1791–1846). on 5 May 1824. They settled at 2 Robert Street, Adelphi, London. Their first child died at birth, but a daughter, Frances Freeling Broderip (1830–1878), was born soon after they moved to Winchmore Hill, and after they had then moved in 1832 to Lake House, Wanstead, a son, Tom Hood (1835–1874), was also born. Both children took up in Hood's profession: Frances became a children's writer and Tom a humorist and playwright, and they later collaborated in collecting and publishing their father's work. Although constantly worried about money and health, the Hoods were a devoted, affectionate family, as Memorials of Thomas Hood (1860), based on his letters and compiled by his children, testifies. Odes and Addresses – Hood's first volume – was written in conjunction with his brother-in-law John Hamilton Reynolds, a friend of John Keats. Coleridge wrote to Lamb averring that the book must be the latter's work. Keats wrote two poems for Jane Reynolds: "O Sorrow!" (October 1817) and "On a Leander Gem which Miss Reynolds, my Kind Friend, Gave Me" (c. March 1817). Also from this period are The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies (1827) and a dramatic romance, Lamia, published later. The Plea was a book of serious verse, but Hood was known as a humorist and the book was ignored almost entirely. Hood was fond of practical jokes, which he was said to have enjoyed inflicting on members of his family. In the Memorials there is a story of Hood instructing his wife Jane to purchase some fish for the evening meal from a woman who regularly came to the door selling her husband's catch. But he warns her to watch for plaice that "has any appearance of red or orange spots, as they are a sure sign of an advanced stage of decomposition." Mrs Hood refused to purchase the fish-seller's plaice, exclaiming, "My good woman... I could not think of buying any plaice with those very unpleasant red spots!" The fish-seller was amazed at such ignorance of what plaice look like. The series of the Comic Annual, dating from 1830, was a type of publication popular at the time, which Hood undertook and continued almost unassisted for several years. He would cover all the leading events of the day in caricature, without personal malice, and with an undercurrent of sympathy. Readers were also treated to an incessant use of puns, of which Hood had written in his own vindication, "However critics may take offence,/A double meaning has double sense", but as he gained experience as a writer, his diction became simpler. Later writings Grave of Thomas Hood in Kensal Green Cemetery designed by Matthew Noble Spring It Is Cheery Spring it is cheery, Winter is dreary, Green leaves hang, but the brown must fly; When he's forsaken, Withered and shaken, What can an old man do but die? Love will not clip him, Maids will not lip him, Maud and Marian pass him by; Youth it is sunny, Age has no honey, - What can an old man do but die? June it was jolly, O for its folly! A dancing leg and a laughing eye! Youth may be silly, Wisdom is chilly, - What can an old man do but die? Friends they are scanty, Beggars are plenty, If he has followers, I know why; Gold's in his clutches, (Buying him crutches!) - What can an old man do but die? By Thomas Hood Flowers I will not have the mad Clytie, Whose head is turned by the sun; The tulip is a courtly quean, Whom, therefore, I will shun; The cowslip is a country wench, The violet is a nun; - But I will woo the dainty rose, The queen of every one. The pea is but a wanton witch, In too much haste to wed, And clasps her rings on every hand; The wolfsbane I should dread; Nor will I dreary rosemarye, That always mourns the dead; - But I will woo the dainty rose, With her cheeks of tender red. The lily is all in white, like a saint, And so is no mate for me; And the daisy's cheek is tipped with a blush, She is of such low degree; Jasmine is sweet, and has many loves, And the broom's betrothed to the bee; - But I will plight with the dainty rose, For fairest of all is she. By Thomas Hood In another annual called the Gem appeared the verse story of Eugene Aram. Hood started a magazine in his own name, mainly sustained by his own activity. He did the work from a sick-bed from which he never rose, and there also composed well-known poems such as "The Song of the Shirt", which appeared anonymously in the Christmas number of Punch, 1843 and was immediately reprinted in The Times and other newspapers across Europe. It was dramatised by Mark Lemon as The Sempstress, printed on broadsheets and cotton handkerchiefs, and was highly praised by many of the literary establishment, including Charles Dickens. Likewise "The Bridge of Sighs" and "The Song of the Labourer", which were also translated into German by Ferdinand Freiligrath. These are plain, solemn pictures of the conditions of life, which appeared shortly before Hood's death in May 1845. Hood was associated with the Athenaeum, started in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham, and was a regular contributor to it for the rest of his life. Prolonged illness brought straitened circumstances. Applications were made by a number of Hood's friends to the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, to grant Hood a civil list pension, with which the state rewarded literary men. Peel was known to be an admirer of Hood's work and in the last few months of Hood's life he gave Jane Hood the sum of £100 without her husband's knowledge, to alleviate the family's debts. The pension that Peel's government bestowed on Hood was continued to his wife and family after his death. Jane Hood, who also suffered from poor health, had put tremendous energy into tending her husband in his last year and died only 18 months later. The pension then ceased, but Peel's successor Lord John Russell made arrangements for a £50 pension for the maintenance of Hood's two children, Frances and Tom. Nine years later, a monument raised by public subscription in Kensal Green Cemetery was unveiled by Richard Monckton Milnes. The monument was originally surmounted by a bronze bust of Hood by the sculptor Matthew Noble and had circular inset bronze roundels on either side, but all have been stolen. Thackeray, a friend of Hood's, gave this assessment of him: "Oh sad, marvellous picture of courage, of honesty, of patient endurance, of duty struggling against pain!... Here is one at least without guile, without pretension, without scheming, of a pure life, to his family and little modest circle of friends tenderly devoted." The house where Hood died, No. 28 Finchley Road, St John's Wood, now has a blue plaque. Examples of his works Hood wrote humorously on many contemporary issues. One of the main ones was grave robbing and selling of corpses to anatomists (see West Port murders). On this serious and perhaps cruel issue, he wrote wryly, Don't go to weep upon my grave, And think that there I be. They haven't left an atom there Of my anatomie. November in London is usually cool and overcast, and in Hood's day subject to frequent smog. In 1844, he wrote the poem, "No!": No sun—no moon! No morn—no noon— No dawn—no dusk—no proper time of day— No sky—no earthly view— No distance looking blue— No road—no street—no "t'other side the way"— No end to any Row— No indications where the Crescents go— No top to any steeple— No recognitions of familiar people— No courtesies for showing 'em— No knowing 'em!— No travelling at all—no locomotion, No inkling of the way—no notion— "No go"—by land or ocean— No mail—no post— No news from any foreign coast— No Park—no Ring—no afternoon gentility— No company—no nobility— No warmth, no cheerfulness, no healthful ease, No comfortable feel in any member— No shade, no shine, no butterflies, no bees, No fruits, no flowers, no leaves, no birds,— November! An example of Hood's reflective and sentimental verse is the famous "I Remember, I Remember", given in full below: Advertisement for the American short film I Remember (1925) which was loosely based upon the poem Farewell, Life Farewell, life! my senses swim, And the world is growing dim; Thronging shadows cloud the light, Like the advent of the night, - Colder, colder, colder still, Upward steals a vapor chill; Strong the earthy odor grows, - I smell the mould above the rose! Welcome, life! the spirit strives! Strength returns and hope revives; Cloudy fears and shapes forlorn Fly like shadows at the morn, - O’er the earth there comes a bloom; Sunny light for sullen gloom, Warm perfume for vapor cold, - I smell the rose above the mould! By Thomas Hood (written during the sickness in April 1845) I remember, I remember The house where I was born, The little window where the sun Came peeping in at morn; He never came a wink too soon Nor brought too long a day; But now, I often wish the night Had borne my breath away. I remember, I remember The roses, red and white, The violets, and the lily-cups Those flowers made of light! The lilacs where the robin built, And where my brother set The laburnum on his birth-day, The tree is living yet! I remember, I remember Where I used to swing, And thought the air must rush as fresh To swallows on the wing; My spirit flew in feathers then That is so heavy now, And summer pools could hardly cool The fever on my brow. I remember, I remember The fir trees dark and high; I used to think their slender tops Were close against the sky: It was childish ignorance, But now 'tis little joy To know I'm farther off from Heaven Than when I was a boy. Hood's best known work in his lifetime was "The Song of the Shirt", a verse lament for a London seamstress compelled to sell shirts she had made, the proceeds of which lawfully belonged to her employer, in order to feed her malnourished and ailing child. Hood's poem appeared in one of the first editions of Punch in 1843 and quickly became a public sensation, being turned into a popular song and inspiring social activists in defence of countless industrious labouring women living in abject poverty. An excerpt: With fingers weary and worn, With eyelids heavy and red, A woman sat, in unwomanly rags, Plying her needle and thread-- Stitch! stitch! stitch! In poverty, hunger, and dirt, And still with a voice of dolorous pitch She sang the "Song of the Shirt." "Work! work! work! While the cock is crowing aloof! And work—work—work, Till the stars shine through the roof! It's Oh! to be a slave Along with the barbarous Turk, Where woman has never a soul to save, If this is Christian work!" Modern references Metro-Land – John Betjeman (1973) So Much Blood – Simon Brett (1976) "Opus 4" – The Art of Noise (album: In Visible Silence, 1986) - uses as lyrics extracts from 'No!' The Piano – Jane Campion (1993) Cod – Mark Kurlansky (1997) Works by Thomas Hood The list of Hood's separately published works is as follows: Odes and Addresses to Great People (1825) Whims and Oddities (two series, 1826 and 1827) The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies, hero and Leander, Lycus the Centaur and other Poems (1827), his only collection of serious verse The Epping Hunt illustrated by George Cruikshank (1829) The Dream of Eugene Aram, the Murderer (1831) Tylney Hall, a novel (3 vols., 1834) The Comic Annual (1830–1842) Hood's Own, or, Laughter from Year to Year (1838, second series, 1861) Up the Rhine (1840) Hood's Magazine and Comic Miscellany (1844–1848) National Tales (2 vols., 1837), a collection of short novelettes, including "The Three Jewels". Whimsicalities (1844), with illustrations from John Leech's designs Many contributions to contemporary periodicals. References ^ Rossetti, W. M. Biographical Introduction, The Poetical Works of Thomas Hood. (London, 1903). ^ Howes, Craig (2004). "Hood, Thomas (1835–1874), humorist and journal editor". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13682. Retrieved 2 January 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ J. C. Reid, p. 10. ^ J. C. Reid, p. 19. ^ Memorials, p. 5. ^ His living situation in Dundee was pieced together by George Maxwell in Hood in Scotland. See particularly Chapter III. ^ "Jane Hood (née Reynolds) - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ In Memorials(p. 17) his daughter Francis gives the date of her parents' marriage as 5 May 1824. J. C. Reid (p. 67), on the other hand, gives 5 May of the following year. ^ Flint, Joy (2004). "Hood, Thomas (1799–1845), poet and humorist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13681. Retrieved 2 January 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Broderip , Frances Freeling (1830–1878), children's writer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3477. Retrieved 2 January 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Memorials, pp. 23–24. ^ A Library of Poetry and Song: Being Choice Selections from The Best Poets. With An Introduction by William Cullen Bryant, New York, J.B. Ford and Company, 1871, p. 225. ^ A Library of Poetry and Song: Being Choice Selections from The Best Poets. With An Introduction by William Cullen Bryant, New York, J.B. Ford and Company, 1871, p. 364. ^ Clubbe, p. 181. ^ Clubbe, p. 196. ^ J. C. Reid, p. 235. ^ "Thomas Hood – Blue plaque". Open Plaques. Retrieved 7 August 2013. ^ Hood, Thomas. The Comic Poems of Thomas Hood. London: E. Moxon, Son, and Company. ^ A Library of Poetry and Song: Being Choice Selections from The Best Poets. With An Introduction by William Cullen Bryant, New York, J.B. Ford and Company, 1871, p. 239. Further reading John Clubbe, Victorian Forerunner; The Later Career of Thomas Hood (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968) Frances Hood, The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 1 and The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 2 (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1860) Walter Jerrold, Thomas Hood; His Life and Times (New York: John Lane, 1909) Alex Elliot (ed.), Hood in Scotland (Dundee: James P. Matthew & Co., 1885) J. C. Reid, Thomas Hood (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Thomas Hood. Wikisource has original works by or about:Thomas Hood Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Hood. Thomas Hood at the Poetry Foundation Works by Thomas Hood at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thomas Hood at Internet Archive Works by Thomas Hood at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) The Poetical Works of Thomas Hood at The University of Adelaide Library Thomas Hood biography & selected writings at gerald-massey.org.uk "Archival material relating to Thomas Hood". UK National Archives. "Thomas Hood", George Saintsbury in Macmillan's Magazine, Vol. LXII, May to Oct. 1890, pp. 422–430 Flint, Joy. Hood, Thomas (1799–1845). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online ed.(accessed 26 November 2010) Finding aid to the Thomas Hood letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library Thomas Hood Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists MusicBrainz ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Hood (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hood_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Bridge of Sighs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_of_Sighs_(poem)"},{"link_name":"The Song of the Shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Shirt"},{"link_name":"The London Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"William Michael Rossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti"},{"link_name":"Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossetti-1"},{"link_name":"Tom Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Frances Freeling Broderip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Freeling_Broderip"}],"text":"For other people named Thomas Hood, see Thomas Hood (disambiguation).Thomas Hood (23 May 1799 – 3 May 1845) was an English poet, author and humorist, best known for poems such as \"The Bridge of Sighs\" and \"The Song of the Shirt\". Hood wrote regularly for The London Magazine, Athenaeum, and Punch. He later published a magazine largely consisting of his own works. Hood, never robust, had lapsed into invalidism by the age of 41 and died at the age of 45. William Michael Rossetti in 1903 called him \"the finest English poet\" between the generations of Shelley and Tennyson.[1] Hood was the father of the playwright and humorist Tom Hood (1835–1874)[2] and the children's writer Frances Freeling Broderip (1830–1878).","title":"Thomas Hood"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_re_Thomas_Hood,_Poultry,_EC2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1096440.jpg"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry,_London"},{"link_name":"Cheapside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapside"},{"link_name":"Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol,_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"Paul and Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_et_Virginie"},{"link_name":"counting house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_house"},{"link_name":"Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(prosody)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Le Keux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Le_Keux"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dundee, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Plaque in Cheapside, City of London, marking the site of the house where Thomas Hood was bornThomas Hood was born to Thomas Hood and Elizabeth Sands in Poultry (Cheapside), London, above his father's bookshop. His father's family had been Scottish farmers from the village of Errol near Dundee. The elder Hood was a partner in the business of Vernor, Hood and Sharp, a member of the Associated Booksellers. Hood's son, Tom Hood, claimed that his grandfather had been the first to open up the book trade with America and had had great success with new editions of old books.[3]\"Next to being a citizen of the world,\" writes Thomas Hood in his Literary Reminiscences, \"it must be the best thing to be born a citizen of the world's greatest city.\" On the death of her husband in 1811, Hood's mother moved to Islington, where he had a schoolmaster who in appreciating his talents, \"made him feel it impossible not to take an interest in learning while he seemed so interested in teaching.\" Under the care of this \"decayed dominie\", he earned a few guineas – his first literary fee – by revising for the press a new edition of the 1788 novel Paul and Virginia.Hood left his private schoolmaster at 14 years of age and was admitted soon after into the counting house of a friend of his family, where he \"turned his stool into a Pegasus on three legs, every foot, of course, being a dactyl or a spondee.\" However, the uncongenial profession affected his health, which was never strong, and he began to study engraving. The exact nature and course of his study is unclear: various sources tell different stories. Reid emphasizes his work under his maternal uncle Robert Sands,[4] but no deeds of apprenticeship exist and his letters show he studied with a Mr Harris. Hood's daughter in her Memorials mentions her father's association with the Le Keux brothers, who were successful engravers in the City.[5]The labour of engraving was no better for his health than the counting house had been, and Hood was sent to his father's relations at Dundee, Scotland. There he stayed in the house of his maternal aunt, Jean Keay, for some months. Then on falling out with her, he moved on to the boarding house of one of her friends, Mrs Butterworth, where he lived for the rest of his time in Scotland.[6] In Dundee, Hood made a number of close friends with whom he continued to correspond for many years. He led a healthy outdoor life, but also became a wide and indiscriminate reader. At the same time he began seriously to write poetry and he appeared in print for the first time, with a letter to the editor of the Dundee Advertiser.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(London_editor)"},{"link_name":"The London Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Magazine"},{"link_name":"duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel"},{"link_name":"literary society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_society"},{"link_name":"John Hamilton Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Francis_Cary"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Quincey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Quincey"},{"link_name":"Allan Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cunningham_(author)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Procter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Procter"},{"link_name":"Serjeant Talfourd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant_Talfourd"},{"link_name":"Hartley Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"John Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clare"}],"text":"Before long Hood was contributing humorous and poetical pieces to provincial newspapers and magazines. As a proof of his literary vocation, he would write out his poems in printed characters, believing that this process best enabled him to understand his own peculiarities and faults, and probably unaware that Samuel Taylor Coleridge had recommended some such method of criticism when he said he thought, \"Print settles it.\" On his return to London in 1818 he applied himself to engraving, which enabled him later to illustrate his various humours and fancies.In 1821, John Scott, editor of The London Magazine, was killed in a duel, and the periodical passed into the hands of some friends of Hood, who proposed to make him sub-editor. This post at once introduced him to the literary society of the time. He gradually developed his powers by becoming an associate of John Hamilton Reynolds, Charles Lamb, Henry Cary, Thomas de Quincey, Allan Cunningham, Bryan Procter, Serjeant Talfourd, Hartley Coleridge, the peasant-poet John Clare, and other contributors.","title":"Literary society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jane_Hood_(n%C3%A9e_Reynolds)_from_NPG.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Frances Freeling Broderip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Freeling_Broderip"},{"link_name":"Tom Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hood"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John Hamilton Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"John Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"plaice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaice"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"puns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Thomas Hood's wife, JaneHood married Jane Reynolds (1791–1846).[7] on 5 May 1824.[8][9] They settled at 2 Robert Street, Adelphi, London. Their first child died at birth, but a daughter, Frances Freeling Broderip (1830–1878), was born soon after they moved to Winchmore Hill, and after they had then moved in 1832 to Lake House, Wanstead, a son, Tom Hood (1835–1874), was also born. Both children took up in Hood's profession: Frances became a children's writer and Tom a humorist and playwright, and they later collaborated in collecting and publishing their father's work.[10] Although constantly worried about money and health, the Hoods were a devoted, affectionate family, as Memorials of Thomas Hood (1860), based on his letters and compiled by his children, testifies.Odes and Addresses – Hood's first volume – was written in conjunction with his brother-in-law John Hamilton Reynolds, a friend of John Keats. Coleridge wrote to Lamb averring that the book must be the latter's work. Keats wrote two poems for Jane Reynolds: \"O Sorrow!\" (October 1817) and \"On a Leander Gem which Miss Reynolds, my Kind Friend, Gave Me\" (c. March 1817). Also from this period are The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies (1827) and a dramatic romance, Lamia, published later. The Plea was a book of serious verse, but Hood was known as a humorist and the book was ignored almost entirely.Hood was fond of practical jokes, which he was said to have enjoyed inflicting on members of his family. In the Memorials there is a story of Hood instructing his wife Jane to purchase some fish for the evening meal from a woman who regularly came to the door selling her husband's catch. But he warns her to watch for plaice that \"has any appearance of red or orange spots, as they are a sure sign of an advanced stage of decomposition.\" Mrs Hood refused to purchase the fish-seller's plaice, exclaiming, \"My good woman... I could not think of buying any plaice with those very unpleasant red spots!\" The fish-seller was amazed at such ignorance of what plaice look like.[11]The series of the Comic Annual, dating from 1830, was a type of publication popular at the time, which Hood undertook and continued almost unassisted for several years. He would cover all the leading events of the day in caricature, without personal malice, and with an undercurrent of sympathy. Readers were also treated to an incessant use of puns, of which Hood had written in his own vindication, \"However critics may take offence,/A double meaning has double sense\", but as he gained experience as a writer, his diction became simpler.[citation needed]","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Thomas_Hood_in_Kensal_Green_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kensal Green Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Matthew Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Noble"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eugene Aram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Aram"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_magazine"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Mark Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lemon"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"The Bridge of Sighs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_of_Sighs_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Freiligrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Freiligrath"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"James Silk Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Silk_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"civil list pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_list_pension"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lord John Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_John_Russell"},{"link_name":"Frances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Freeling_Broderip"},{"link_name":"Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hood"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kensal Green Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Richard Monckton Milnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Monckton_Milnes,_1st_Baron_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Matthew Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Noble"},{"link_name":"Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road"},{"link_name":"St John's Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Grave of Thomas Hood in Kensal Green Cemetery designed by Matthew NobleSpring It Is Cheery\n\n Spring it is cheery,\n Winter is dreary,\nGreen leaves hang, but the brown must fly;\n When he's forsaken,\n Withered and shaken,\nWhat can an old man do but die?\n\n Love will not clip him,\n Maids will not lip him,\nMaud and Marian pass him by;\n Youth it is sunny,\n Age has no honey, -\nWhat can an old man do but die?\n\n June it was jolly,\n O for its folly!\nA dancing leg and a laughing eye!\n Youth may be silly,\n Wisdom is chilly, -\nWhat can an old man do but die?\n\n Friends they are scanty,\n Beggars are plenty,\nIf he has followers, I know why;\n Gold's in his clutches,\n (Buying him crutches!) - \nWhat can an old man do but die?\n\n\n\nBy Thomas Hood[12]Flowers\n\nI will not have the mad Clytie,\n Whose head is turned by the sun;\nThe tulip is a courtly quean,\n Whom, therefore, I will shun;\nThe cowslip is a country wench,\n The violet is a nun; -\nBut I will woo the dainty rose,\n The queen of every one.\n\nThe pea is but a wanton witch,\n In too much haste to wed,\nAnd clasps her rings on every hand;\n The wolfsbane I should dread;\nNor will I dreary rosemarye,\n That always mourns the dead; -\nBut I will woo the dainty rose,\n With her cheeks of tender red.\n\nThe lily is all in white, like a saint,\n And so is no mate for me; \nAnd the daisy's cheek is tipped with a blush,\n She is of such low degree;\nJasmine is sweet, and has many loves,\n And the broom's betrothed to the bee; -\nBut I will plight with the dainty rose,\n For fairest of all is she.\n\n\n\nBy Thomas Hood[13]In another annual called the Gem appeared the verse story of Eugene Aram. Hood started a magazine in his own name, mainly sustained by his own activity. He did the work from a sick-bed from which he never rose, and there also composed well-known poems such as \"The Song of the Shirt\", which appeared anonymously in the Christmas number of Punch, 1843 and was immediately reprinted in The Times and other newspapers across Europe. It was dramatised by Mark Lemon as The Sempstress, printed on broadsheets and cotton handkerchiefs, and was highly praised by many of the literary establishment, including Charles Dickens. Likewise \"The Bridge of Sighs\" and \"The Song of the Labourer\", which were also translated into German by Ferdinand Freiligrath. These are plain, solemn pictures of the conditions of life, which appeared shortly before Hood's death in May 1845.[citation needed]Hood was associated with the Athenaeum, started in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham, and was a regular contributor to it for the rest of his life. Prolonged illness brought straitened circumstances. Applications were made by a number of Hood's friends to the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, to grant Hood a civil list pension, with which the state rewarded literary men. Peel was known to be an admirer of Hood's work and in the last few months of Hood's life he gave Jane Hood the sum of £100 without her husband's knowledge, to alleviate the family's debts.[14] The pension that Peel's government bestowed on Hood was continued to his wife and family after his death. Jane Hood, who also suffered from poor health, had put tremendous energy into tending her husband in his last year and died only 18 months later. The pension then ceased, but Peel's successor Lord John Russell made arrangements for a £50 pension for the maintenance of Hood's two children, Frances and Tom.[15] Nine years later, a monument raised by public subscription in Kensal Green Cemetery was unveiled by Richard Monckton Milnes. The monument was originally surmounted by a bronze bust of Hood by the sculptor Matthew Noble and had circular inset bronze roundels on either side, but all have been stolen.Thackeray, a friend of Hood's, gave this assessment of him: \"Oh sad, marvellous picture of courage, of honesty, of patient endurance, of duty struggling against pain!... Here is one at least without guile, without pretension, without scheming, of a pure life, to his family and little modest circle of friends tenderly devoted.\"[16]The house where Hood died, No. 28 Finchley Road, St John's Wood, now has a blue plaque.[17]","title":"Later writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Port murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Port_murders"},{"link_name":"smog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_Remember_(1925)_-_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Song of the Shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Shirt"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"}],"text":"Hood wrote humorously on many contemporary issues. One of the main ones was grave robbing and selling of corpses to anatomists (see West Port murders). On this serious and perhaps cruel issue, he wrote wryly,Don't go to weep upon my grave,\nAnd think that there I be.\nThey haven't left an atom there\nOf my anatomie.November in London is usually cool and overcast, and in Hood's day subject to frequent smog. In 1844, he wrote the poem, \"No!\":\n[18]No sun—no moon!\nNo morn—no noon—\nNo dawn—no dusk—no proper time of day—\nNo sky—no earthly view—\nNo distance looking blue—\nNo road—no street—no \"t'other side the way\"—\nNo end to any Row—\nNo indications where the Crescents go—\nNo top to any steeple—\nNo recognitions of familiar people—\nNo courtesies for showing 'em—\nNo knowing 'em!—\nNo travelling at all—no locomotion,\nNo inkling of the way—no notion—\n\"No go\"—by land or ocean—\nNo mail—no post—\nNo news from any foreign coast—\nNo Park—no Ring—no afternoon gentility—\nNo company—no nobility—\nNo warmth, no cheerfulness, no healthful ease,\nNo comfortable feel in any member—\nNo shade, no shine, no butterflies, no bees,\nNo fruits, no flowers, no leaves, no birds,—\nNovember!An example of Hood's reflective and sentimental verse is the famous \"I Remember, I Remember\", given in full below:Advertisement for the American short film I Remember (1925) which was loosely based upon the poemFarewell, Life\n\nFarewell, life! my senses swim,\nAnd the world is growing dim;\nThronging shadows cloud the light,\nLike the advent of the night, -\nColder, colder, colder still,\nUpward steals a vapor chill;\nStrong the earthy odor grows, -\nI smell the mould above the rose! \n\nWelcome, life! the spirit strives!\nStrength returns and hope revives;\nCloudy fears and shapes forlorn\nFly like shadows at the morn, -\nO’er the earth there comes a bloom; \nSunny light for sullen gloom, \nWarm perfume for vapor cold, -\nI smell the rose above the mould!\n\n\n\nBy Thomas Hood (written during the sickness in April 1845)[19]I remember, I remember\nThe house where I was born,\nThe little window where the sun\nCame peeping in at morn;\nHe never came a wink too soon\nNor brought too long a day;\nBut now, I often wish the night\nHad borne my breath away.\n\nI remember, I remember\nThe roses, red and white,\nThe violets, and the lily-cups\nThose flowers made of light!\nThe lilacs where the robin built,\nAnd where my brother set\nThe laburnum on his birth-day,\nThe tree is living yet!\n\nI remember, I remember\nWhere I used to swing,\nAnd thought the air must rush as fresh\nTo swallows on the wing;\nMy spirit flew in feathers then\nThat is so heavy now,\nAnd summer pools could hardly cool\nThe fever on my brow.\n\nI remember, I remember\nThe fir trees dark and high;\nI used to think their slender tops\nWere close against the sky:\nIt was childish ignorance,\nBut now 'tis little joy\nTo know I'm farther off from Heaven\nThan when I was a boy.Hood's best known work in his lifetime was \"The Song of the Shirt\", a verse lament for a London seamstress compelled to sell shirts she had made, the proceeds of which lawfully belonged to her employer, in order to feed her malnourished and ailing child. Hood's poem appeared in one of the first editions of Punch in 1843 and quickly became a public sensation, being turned into a popular song and inspiring social activists in defence of countless industrious labouring women living in abject poverty. An excerpt:With fingers weary and worn,\nWith eyelids heavy and red,\nA woman sat, in unwomanly rags,\nPlying her needle and thread--\nStitch! stitch! stitch!\nIn poverty, hunger, and dirt,\nAnd still with a voice of dolorous pitch\nShe sang the \"Song of the Shirt.\"\n\n\"Work! work! work!\nWhile the cock is crowing aloof!\nAnd work—work—work,\nTill the stars shine through the roof!\nIt's Oh! to be a slave\nAlong with the barbarous Turk,\nWhere woman has never a soul to save,\nIf this is Christian work!\"","title":"Examples of his works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro-Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Land_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"John Betjeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman"},{"link_name":"Simon Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Brett"},{"link_name":"The Art of Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Noise"},{"link_name":"In Visible Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Visible_Silence"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Mark Kurlansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kurlansky"}],"text":"Metro-Land – John Betjeman (1973)\nSo Much Blood – Simon Brett (1976)\n\"Opus 4\" – The Art of Noise (album: In Visible Silence, 1986) - uses as lyrics extracts from 'No!'\nThe Piano – Jane Campion (1993)\nCod – Mark Kurlansky (1997)","title":"Modern references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"Hood's Magazine and Comic Miscellany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood%27s_Magazine_and_Comic_Miscellany"},{"link_name":"The Three Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Jewels_(Short_Story)"},{"link_name":"John Leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)"}],"text":"The list of Hood's separately published works is as follows:Odes and Addresses to Great People (1825)\nWhims and Oddities (two series, 1826 and 1827)\nThe Plea of the Midsummer Fairies, hero and Leander, Lycus the Centaur and other Poems (1827), his only collection of serious verse\nThe Epping Hunt illustrated by George Cruikshank (1829)\nThe Dream of Eugene Aram, the Murderer (1831)\nTylney Hall, a novel (3 vols., 1834)\nThe Comic Annual (1830–1842)\nHood's Own, or, Laughter from Year to Year (1838, second series, 1861)\nUp the Rhine (1840)\nHood's Magazine and Comic Miscellany (1844–1848)\nNational Tales (2 vols., 1837), a collection of short novelettes, including \"The Three Jewels\".\nWhimsicalities (1844), with illustrations from John Leech's designs\nMany contributions to contemporary periodicals.","title":"Works by Thomas Hood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Clubbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clubbe_(academic)"},{"link_name":"The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/memorialsofthoma03hood#page/n15/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/memorialsofthoma02hooduoft"},{"link_name":"Walter Jerrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jerrold"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hood; His Life and Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/thomashoodhislif00jerr"},{"link_name":"Hood in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hoodinscotlandre00elio"}],"text":"John Clubbe, Victorian Forerunner; The Later Career of Thomas Hood (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968)\nFrances Hood, The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 1 and The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 2 (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1860)\nWalter Jerrold, Thomas Hood; His Life and Times (New York: John Lane, 1909)\nAlex Elliot (ed.), Hood in Scotland (Dundee: James P. Matthew & Co., 1885)\nJ. C. Reid, Thomas Hood (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Plaque in Cheapside, City of London, marking the site of the house where Thomas Hood was born","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Plaque_re_Thomas_Hood%2C_Poultry%2C_EC2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1096440.jpg/220px-Plaque_re_Thomas_Hood%2C_Poultry%2C_EC2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1096440.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Hood's wife, Jane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jane_Hood_%28n%C3%A9e_Reynolds%29_from_NPG.jpg/220px-Jane_Hood_%28n%C3%A9e_Reynolds%29_from_NPG.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Thomas Hood in Kensal Green Cemetery designed by Matthew Noble","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grave_of_Thomas_Hood_in_Kensal_Green_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Thomas_Hood_in_Kensal_Green_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement for the American short film I Remember (1925) which was loosely based upon the poem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I_Remember_%281925%29_-_1.jpg/220px-I_Remember_%281925%29_-_1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Howes, Craig (2004). \"Hood, Thomas [Tom] [known as Thomas Hood the younger] (1835–1874), humorist and journal editor\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13682. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-13682","url_text":"\"Hood, Thomas [Tom] [known as Thomas Hood the younger] (1835–1874), humorist and journal editor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13682","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/13682"}]},{"reference":"\"Jane Hood (née Reynolds) - National Portrait Gallery\". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp02256/jane-hood-nee-reynolds","url_text":"\"Jane Hood (née Reynolds) - National Portrait Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Flint, Joy (2004). \"Hood, Thomas (1799–1845), poet and humorist\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13681. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-13681","url_text":"\"Hood, Thomas (1799–1845), poet and humorist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13681","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/13681"}]},{"reference":"\"Broderip [née Hood], Frances Freeling (1830–1878), children's writer\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3477. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-3477","url_text":"\"Broderip [née Hood], Frances Freeling (1830–1878), children's writer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3477","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/3477"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Hood – Blue plaque\". Open Plaques. Retrieved 7 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://openplaques.org/plaques/468","url_text":"\"Thomas Hood – Blue plaque\""}]},{"reference":"Hood, Thomas. The Comic Poems of Thomas Hood. London: E. Moxon, Son, and Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/56712/56712-h/56712-h.htm","url_text":"The Comic Poems of Thomas Hood"}]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Thomas Hood\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Cook_(Australian_footballer,_born_1947)	Fred Cook (Australian footballer, born 1947)	["1 Career","2 Career record","3 Off-field","4 References","5 External links"]	Australian rules footballer (1947–2022) Australian rules footballer Fred CookPersonal informationFull name Frederick William CookDate of birth (1947-11-16)16 November 1947Date of death 1 February 2022(2022-02-01) (aged 74)Original team(s) Footscray Tech Old BoysHeight 189 cm (6 ft 2 in)Weight 89 kg (196 lb)Position(s) Full forwardPlaying career1Years Club Games (Goals)1967–1969 Footscray 33 (2)1969–1970 Yarraville 29 (54)1971–1984 Port Melbourne 253 (1210) 1985 Moorabbin 18 (72)Total 333 (1338)Representative team honoursYears Team Games (Goals) V.F.A. 9 (45) 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1985. Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com Frederick William Cook (16 November 1947 – 1 February 2022) was an Australian rules footballer. He played 33 games with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL) from 1967 until 1969 but it was in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) with Yarraville and Port Melbourne that he made his name. In his brief career with Footscray he played in defence and only kicked two goals; at Yarraville, he won the J. J. Liston Trophy playing as a ruckman and defender; then with Port Melbourne, he became one of the Association's premier forwards, leading the VFA goalkicking in five separate seasons and kicking an all-time VFA career record of 1336 goals from his 300 games. Career Cook grew up in Yarraville in Melbourne's inner western suburbs, and supported Footscray in the VFL. He played amateur football as a junior for the Footscray Tech Old Boys, and then joined the Footscray Football Club in 1967 at age 19. In his second season, 1968, Cook played every game, primarily at centre half-back, and was already developing a reputation as one of the strongest marks in the league. After the sixth round of the 1969 season, Cook was dropped from Footscray senior side to the reserves, along with six other players, as a disciplinary action for attending a family BBQ at former coach Charlie Sutton's house, which club secretary Jack Collins had thought would be a drunken swill, and had discouraged players from attending. After two weeks in the reserves, Cook was encouraged to cross over to Yarraville in the VFA. The VFA had recently broken its permit agreement with the VFL, meaning that Cook did not require a clearance from Footscray to make the move; and, because the VFA lacked the restrictive player payments laws that the VFL had, Yarraville could offer Cook more money than he was then making at Footscray. In 1970, his first full season with Yarraville, he won the J. J. Liston Trophy for the VFA's best and fairest player playing as its first choice ruckman. Despite his efforts, Yarraville won only one game for the season and was relegated to Division 2, and Cook decided to transfer to Port Melbourne in 1971, where he continued as either a centre half-back or a centre half-forward, depending on the opposition line up. During a 1972 pre-season practice match against Brunswick, Cook suffered a heart attack between the first and second quarters, but he managed to play the game out and still take 17 marks. He spent the next three weeks in hospital and was advised to retire from football. But, Cook was determined to play again, and made a return later that year. In his first reserves game after the heart attack, he was played at full-forward to keep him out of the heavier action, and he kicked sixteen goals. He made his return to senior football in the last game of the year, less than six months after his heart attack. Cook was still a utility player at Port Melbourne, playing in the half-backline, ruck and forward-line depending on the needs of the team until 1974; and, in fact, in mid-1974, five years into his VFA career, he was still described as "a makeshift full-forward" by sportswriters of the time. He went on to kick 10.2 from his twelve kicks in that year's Grand Final, and thereafter he was a permanent full-forward, dominating the Association's goalkicking for the next decade. He topped the VFA's goalkicking five times in a prolific period from 1976–1982. His highest VFA season tally was in 1982, when he kicked 140 goals. He played in all six of Port Melbourne's premierships and the Centenary Cup victory during the 1974–1982 period, and was a noted performer in Grand Finals, kicking 10 goals in the 1974 Grand Final, 12 goals in the Centenary Cup Grand Final, 9 goals in the 1977 Grand Final, and five goals in the infamous 1976 Grand Final, despite having been king-hit in the second quarter. He represented the VFA in interleague competition on nine occasions, including several times as captain. He announced his retirement from Port Melbourne at the age of 36, shortly before the end of the 1984 season, having played 253 games and kicked 1210 goals for the club over 14 years; however, he had little say in the matter, as club officials indicated that he would no longer be selected in the team due to diminishing returns over his final two seasons. He made a comeback for Division 2 club Moorabbin in 1985, playing eighteen games to become the first player to play 300 VFA games, before retiring permanently. Cook holds the record for most goals kicked in the VFA with 1336, with his record of 300 games being broken by former teammate Bill Swan in 1993. Cook's success was largely attributed to his marking: he was widely regarded as being one of the strongest and safest marks in the game, even in his early years at Footscray. Through the peak of his career, he was also one of the game's fastest sprinters over a short distance, giving him an advantage as a leading forward. However, somewhat ironically for the VFA's all-time leading goalkicker, he was a poor kick for goal, and many observers commented that he could have kicked many more goals, and perhaps even have become the first man to kick 200 goals in a season, if he'd been a more accurate goalkicker; but, his marking was so dominant and generated so many set shots from close range that it made up for his inaccuracy. In 2014, the Lorimer St end of North Port Oval was renamed the Cook End in honour of Cook's goalkicking achievements for Port Melbourne. Career record Cook's VFA career record is variously listed as 300, 305 or 309 games and 1336, 1364 or 1394 goals, and his Port Melbourne totals listed as 253, 258 or 262 games and 1210, 1238 or 1268 goals. The discrepancy comes from whether or not senior but non-premiership games from 1977 and 1978 are included: For 1977, he is listed as kicking 125, 155 or 167 goals in 20, 24 or 26 games (125 goals in 20 VFA premiership games, 30 goals in four games of a once-off Centenary Cup competition, and 12 goals in two games of the NFL's Ardath Cup Night Series). For 1978, he is listed as kicking 115 or 131 goals in 20 or 23 games (115 goals in 20 VFA premiership games and 16 goals in three games of the Ardath Cup Night Series). The above discrepancies arise from Norm Goss Sr., Port Melbourne's long-serving secretary, successfully lobbying VFA officials during the 1977 season to include games played in the Ardath Cup Night Series and Centenary Cup competition in players' official career statistics. The VFA rescinded this ruling after Goss's death in January 1983, but Port Melbourne continues to include these games in their club records as of 2018. If the post-1896 VFA/VFL games, representative matches, and night series games are considered, then his overall total of 1441 goals places him third on the list of highest-ever goalkickers in elite Australian rules football history, behind Ken Farmer and Peter Hudson. Off-field Throughout the 1970s, Cook became the most well-known and popular player in the VFA. His status as a marketable and likeable celebrity contributed significantly to the popularity of the VFA during that time, and he took on several media commitments, including a VFA column in The Sporting Globe and a segment on the World of Sport television program. He spoke regularly at sportsmen's nights, and had a promotions job with Puma SE. From 1982 until 1985, Cook was the publican of the Station Hotel in Port Melbourne, and his celebrity status helped to make the pub successful during that time. While at the Station Hotel, Cook came to associate with criminal Dennis Allen, and began to use amphetamines. After 1985, Cook became addicted to the drug, which brought him close to being broke, and he later began to deal. He served three jail terms between 1990 and 1997 on drugs-related offences. Cook died on 1 February 2022, at the age of 74. References ^ These totals refer to premiership matches (home and away and finals matches) only. ^ Amy, Paul (2014), Fabulous Fred: the Strife and Times of Fred Cook, Melbourne Books, p. 28 ^ Amy 2014, p. 37. ^ Amy 2014. ^ "VFA takes out a writ". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. 4 June 1969. p. 66. ^ Amy 2014, pp. 39–40. ^ "Cook takes VFA award". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. 27 August 1970. p. 62. ^ Amy 2014, p. 48. ^ Amy 2014, pp. 58–61. ^ Tom Jacob (15 June 1974). "Prahran out of luck". The Age. Melbourne. p. 27. ^ Tom Jacob (23 September 1974). "Vintage Port – here's cheers". The Age. Melbourne. p. 21. ^ Marc Fiddian (26 September 1977). "Port's cup full". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. p. 31. ^ a b c Dennis Jose (4 August 1984). "Gone – but Fred won't be forgotten". The Age. Melbourne. p. 39. ^ "Port 7 in VFA side". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 27 May 1982. p. 26. ^ Amy 2014, pp. 138–39. ^ Dennis Jose (15 April 1985). "Cook kicks ten goals in Moorabbin win". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. p. 32. ^ Amy 2014, p. 115. ^ Amy 2014, pp. 37, 110. ^ "Bonnett & Cook ends at North Port Oval". Sportingpulse. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ Amy 2014, p. 95. ^ Amy 2014, p. 96. ^ Amy 2014, p. 88. ^ Amy 2014, p. 126–132. ^ Amy 2014, p. 151. ^ Amy 2014, p. 170. ^ Amy 2014, p. 221. ^ "VFA legend Fred Cook dies aged 74". The Age. 1 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. External links Fred Cook's playing statistics from AFL Tables vteJ. J. Liston Trophy 1945: Beard 1946: Findlay 1947: Tomlins 1948: McIndoe 1949: Blackman 1950: Stubbs 1951: Hiscox 1952: F. Johnson 1953: Henrys 1954: Turner 1955: Moroney 1956: Martin 1957: K. Ross 1958: Woolnough 1959: Waters 1960: Brown 1961: Beasy 1962: Burns 1963: Clegg 1964: B. Jones 1965: Poore 1966: Poore 1967: Sullivan 1968: Telford 1969: Hill 1970: Cook 1971: Hill 1972: McKenzie 1973: Shaw 1974: Goold 1975: King 1976: Hibbert 1977: Thompson 1978: Durward/Nolan 1979: Aanensen 1980: Allender 1981: Aanensen 1982: Austen/Swan/Wenn 1983: Swan 1984: Geddes 1985: MacLeod 1986: West 1987: Round 1988: McTaggart/Sheldon 1989: Ghazi 1990: Burrows/Garbuio/Harkins/Nicol 1991: Eames 1992: Rugolo 1993: Sinni 1994: Young 1995: Satterley 1996: Dooley 1997: Crough 1998: Frost 1999: Georgiou 2000: Robbins 2001: Backwell/Poyas 2002: Mitchell 2003: Robbins 2004: Field 2005: Callinan/P. Johnson 2006: Edwards 2007: Byrne 2008: Podsiadly 2009: Sewell 2010: Clifton/Valenti 2011: Valenti 2012: B. Ross 2013: Clifton/Hallahan/Schroder 2014: Woodward 2015: Rippon 2016: Gibbons 2017: Townsend 2018: Miles/Gibbons 2019: Gribble 2022: Gribble 2023: Lyons vteJim "Frosty" Miller Medal winnersThe award was named after Jim "Frosty" Miller in 1999; prior to that it was known as the Leading Goalkicker Medal 1877: Baker 1878: Coulthard 1879: Coulthard 1880: Coulthard 1881: Brookes 1882: McLean 1883: P. McShane 1884: P. McShane 1885: Houston 1886: P. McShane 1887: T. McShane 1888: McKay 1889: Barrett 1890: Grace 1891: Grace 1892: Thurgood 1893: Thurgood 1894: Thurgood 1895: de Coite 1896: Waugh 1897: Daly 1898: Sullivan 1899: Daly 1900: Daly 1901: Hutchinson 1902: Hutchinson 1903: Ryan 1904: Ryan 1905: Mortimer 1906: Hutchinson 1907: Hutchinson 1908: Hutchinson 1909: Chase 1910: Caine 1911: McNamara 1912: McNamara 1913: Clarke 1914: Clarke 1915: Merrick 1916: N/A 1917: N/A 1918: Stevens 1919: Morgan 1920: Taylor 1921: Taylor 1922: Taylor 1923: Taylor 1924: Gough 1925: McInerney 1926: Walsh 1927: Gardiner 1928: Plant 1929: McInerney 1930: Seymour 1931: Fraser 1932: Seymour 1933: Luff 1934: Seymour 1935: Luff 1936: Collins 1937: McInnes 1938: Freyer 1939: Hawkins 1940: Freyer 1941: Pratt 1942: N/A 1943: N/A 1944: N/A 1945: Todd 1946: Todd 1947: Findlay 1948: Potter 1949: Warburton 1950: Harper / Johnny Walker 1951: Harper 1952: Johnny Walker 1953: Johnny Walker 1954: Schofield 1955: Linton 1956: Bonnett 1957: Bonnett 1958: Bonnett 1959: Oakley 1960: Oakley 1961: Bonnett 1962: Bryan 1963: Evans 1964: A. Cook 1965: Oakley 1966: John Walker 1967: John Walker 1968: Miller 1969: Miller 1970: Miller 1971: Miller 1972: Clark 1973: Miller 1974: Miller 1975: Radojevic 1976: F. Cook 1977: F. Cook 1978: F. Cook 1979: Radojevic / K. Smith 1980: F. Cook 1981: Hunt 1982: F. Cook 1983: Fotheringham 1984: Fotheringham 1985: Morrison 1986: Shaw 1987: Weatherald 1988: Shaw 1989: Rickman 1990: Shaw 1991: Welsh 1992: Rickman 1993: Aziz 1994: Pretto 1995: Sexton 1996: Aziz 1997: S. Smith 1998: S. Smith 1999: Sautner 2000: Sautner 2001: Sautner 2002: Sautner 2003: Sautner 2004: Sautner 2005: Podsiadly 2006: Edwards 2007: Sautner 2008: Sautner 2009: Sautner 2010: Little 2011: Rose 2012: Galea 2013: Galea 2014: Connors / Grimley 2015: Grimley / Lisle / McBean 2016: Saad 2017: Lisle 2018: Larkey 2019: Lisle 2020: N/A 2021: Hammelmann 2022: Burgess 2023: Burgess/McLaughlin	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules"},{"link_name":"Footscray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Yarraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarraville_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Port Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"J. J. Liston Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Liston_Trophy"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerFrederick William Cook (16 November 1947 – 1 February 2022) was an Australian rules footballer.He played 33 games with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL) from 1967 until 1969 but it was in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) with Yarraville and Port Melbourne that he made his name. In his brief career with Footscray he played in defence and only kicked two goals; at Yarraville, he won the J. J. Liston Trophy playing as a ruckman and defender; then with Port Melbourne, he became one of the Association's premier forwards, leading the VFA goalkicking in five separate seasons and kicking an all-time VFA career record of 1336 goals from his 300 games.","title":"Fred Cook (Australian footballer, born 1947)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201437-3"},{"link_name":"Charlie Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Jack Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Collins_(footballer,_born_1930)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy2014-4"},{"link_name":"Yarraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarraville_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"broken its permit agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_VFA_season#Clearance_disputes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201439%E2%80%9340-6"},{"link_name":"J. J. Liston Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Liston_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201448-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201458%E2%80%9361-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Centenary Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_Cup_(VFA)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retire1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retire1-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy2014138%E2%80%9339-15"},{"link_name":"Moorabbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorabbin_Football_Club_(1979%E2%80%931987)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bill Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Swan_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"marking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(Australian_rules_football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy2014115-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201437,_110-18"},{"link_name":"North Port Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Port_Oval"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Cook grew up in Yarraville in Melbourne's inner western suburbs, and supported Footscray in the VFL. He played amateur football as a junior for the Footscray Tech Old Boys,[2] and then joined the Footscray Football Club in 1967 at age 19. In his second season, 1968, Cook played every game, primarily at centre half-back, and was already developing a reputation as one of the strongest marks in the league.[3]After the sixth round of the 1969 season, Cook was dropped from Footscray senior side to the reserves, along with six other players, as a disciplinary action for attending a family BBQ at former coach Charlie Sutton's house, which club secretary Jack Collins had thought would be a drunken swill, and had discouraged players from attending.[4]After two weeks in the reserves, Cook was encouraged to cross over to Yarraville in the VFA. The VFA had recently broken its permit agreement with the VFL,[5] meaning that Cook did not require a clearance from Footscray to make the move; and, because the VFA lacked the restrictive player payments laws that the VFL had, Yarraville could offer Cook more money than he was then making at Footscray.[6] In 1970, his first full season with Yarraville, he won the J. J. Liston Trophy for the VFA's best and fairest player playing as its first choice ruckman.[7] Despite his efforts, Yarraville won only one game for the season and was relegated to Division 2, and Cook decided to transfer to Port Melbourne in 1971,[8] where he continued as either a centre half-back or a centre half-forward, depending on the opposition line up.During a 1972 pre-season practice match against Brunswick, Cook suffered a heart attack between the first and second quarters, but he managed to play the game out and still take 17 marks. He spent the next three weeks in hospital and was advised to retire from football. But, Cook was determined to play again, and made a return later that year. In his first reserves game after the heart attack, he was played at full-forward to keep him out of the heavier action, and he kicked sixteen goals. He made his return to senior football in the last game of the year, less than six months after his heart attack.[9]Cook was still a utility player at Port Melbourne, playing in the half-backline, ruck and forward-line depending on the needs of the team until 1974; and, in fact, in mid-1974, five years into his VFA career, he was still described as \"a makeshift full-forward\" by sportswriters of the time.[10] He went on to kick 10.2 from his twelve kicks in that year's Grand Final,[11] and thereafter he was a permanent full-forward, dominating the Association's goalkicking for the next decade. He topped the VFA's goalkicking five times in a prolific period from 1976–1982.His highest VFA season tally was in 1982, when he kicked 140 goals.[12] He played in all six of Port Melbourne's premierships and the Centenary Cup victory during the 1974–1982 period, and was a noted performer in Grand Finals, kicking 10 goals in the 1974 Grand Final, 12 goals in the Centenary Cup Grand Final, 9 goals in the 1977 Grand Final, and five goals in the infamous 1976 Grand Final, despite having been king-hit in the second quarter. He represented the VFA in interleague competition on nine occasions,[13] including several times as captain.[14]He announced his retirement from Port Melbourne at the age of 36, shortly before the end of the 1984 season, having played 253 games and kicked 1210 goals for the club over 14 years;[13] however, he had little say in the matter, as club officials indicated that he would no longer be selected in the team due to diminishing returns over his final two seasons.[15] He made a comeback for Division 2 club Moorabbin in 1985, playing eighteen games to become the first player to play 300 VFA games, before retiring permanently.[16]Cook holds the record for most goals kicked in the VFA with 1336, with his record of 300 games being broken by former teammate Bill Swan in 1993.Cook's success was largely attributed to his marking: he was widely regarded as being one of the strongest and safest marks in the game, even in his early years at Footscray. Through the peak of his career, he was also one of the game's fastest sprinters over a short distance, giving him an advantage as a leading forward.[17] However, somewhat ironically for the VFA's all-time leading goalkicker, he was a poor kick for goal, and many observers commented that he could have kicked many more goals, and perhaps even have become the first man to kick 200 goals in a season, if he'd been a more accurate goalkicker; but, his marking was so dominant and generated so many set shots from close range that it made up for his inaccuracy.[18]In 2014, the Lorimer St end of North Port Oval was renamed the Cook End in honour of Cook's goalkicking achievements for Port Melbourne.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Football_Council"},{"link_name":"Norm Goss Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Goss_Sr."},{"link_name":"Ken Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Peter Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hudson"}],"text":"Cook's VFA career record is variously listed as 300, 305 or 309 games and 1336, 1364 or 1394 goals, and his Port Melbourne totals listed as 253, 258 or 262 games and 1210, 1238 or 1268 goals.The discrepancy comes from whether or not senior but non-premiership games from 1977 and 1978 are included:For 1977, he is listed as kicking 125, 155 or 167 goals in 20, 24 or 26 games (125 goals in 20 VFA premiership games, 30 goals in four games of a once-off Centenary Cup competition, and 12 goals in two games of the NFL's Ardath Cup Night Series).\nFor 1978, he is listed as kicking 115 or 131 goals in 20 or 23 games (115 goals in 20 VFA premiership games and 16 goals in three games of the Ardath Cup Night Series).The above discrepancies arise from Norm Goss Sr., Port Melbourne's long-serving secretary, successfully lobbying VFA officials during the 1977 season to include games played in the Ardath Cup Night Series and Centenary Cup competition in players' official career statistics. The VFA rescinded this ruling after Goss's death in January 1983, but Port Melbourne continues to include these games in their club records as of 2018.If the post-1896 VFA/VFL games, representative matches, and night series games are considered, then his overall total of 1441 goals places him third on the list of highest-ever goalkickers in elite Australian rules football history, behind Ken Farmer and Peter Hudson.","title":"Career record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retire1-13"},{"link_name":"The Sporting Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_Globe"},{"link_name":"World of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Sport_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201495-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201496-21"},{"link_name":"Puma SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_SE"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy201488-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy2014126%E2%80%93132-23"},{"link_name":"Dennis Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Allen_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy2014151-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy2014170-25"},{"link_name":"deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_dealing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmy2014221-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Throughout the 1970s, Cook became the most well-known and popular player in the VFA. His status as a marketable and likeable celebrity contributed significantly to the popularity of the VFA during that time,[13] and he took on several media commitments, including a VFA column in The Sporting Globe and a segment on the World of Sport television program.[20] He spoke regularly at sportsmen's nights,[21] and had a promotions job with Puma SE.[22] From 1982 until 1985, Cook was the publican of the Station Hotel in Port Melbourne, and his celebrity status helped to make the pub successful during that time.[23]While at the Station Hotel, Cook came to associate with criminal Dennis Allen, and began to use amphetamines.[24] After 1985, Cook became addicted to the drug,[25] which brought him close to being broke, and he later began to deal. He served three jail terms between 1990 and 1997 on drugs-related offences.[26]Cook died on 1 February 2022, at the age of 74.[27]","title":"Off-field"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Amy, Paul (2014), Fabulous Fred: the Strife and Times of Fred Cook, Melbourne Books, p. 28","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"VFA takes out a writ\". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. 4 June 1969. p. 66.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cook takes VFA award\". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. 27 August 1970. p. 62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tom Jacob (15 June 1974). \"Prahran out of luck\". The Age. Melbourne. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tom Jacob (23 September 1974). \"Vintage Port – here's cheers\". The Age. Melbourne. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marc Fiddian (26 September 1977). \"Port's cup full\". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dennis Jose (4 August 1984). \"Gone – but Fred won't be forgotten\". The Age. Melbourne. p. 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Port 7 in VFA side\". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 27 May 1982. p. 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dennis Jose (15 April 1985). \"Cook kicks ten goals in Moorabbin win\". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bonnett & Cook ends at North Port Oval\". Sportingpulse. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsportspulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-118-0-0-0&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=30092279","url_text":"\"Bonnett & Cook ends at North Port Oval\""}]},{"reference":"\"VFA legend Fred Cook dies aged 74\". The Age. 1 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/vfa-legend-fred-cook-dies-aged-74-20220201-p59t15.html","url_text":"\"VFA legend Fred Cook dies aged 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410160606/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/vfa-legend-fred-cook-dies-aged-74-20220201-p59t15.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/F/Fred_Cook1.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Fred+Cook/9965","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"http://www.foxsportspulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-118-0-0-0&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=30092279","external_links_name":"\"Bonnett & Cook ends at North Port Oval\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/vfa-legend-fred-cook-dies-aged-74-20220201-p59t15.html","external_links_name":"\"VFA legend Fred Cook dies aged 74\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410160606/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/vfa-legend-fred-cook-dies-aged-74-20220201-p59t15.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/F/Fred_Cook1.html","external_links_name":"Fred Cook's playing statistics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopuzlu,_Keban	Kopuzlu, Keban	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 38°51′51″N 38°39′54″E / 38.86417°N 38.66500°E / 38.86417; 38.66500Village in Turkey Village in Elazığ, TurkeyKopuzluVillageKopuzluLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 38°51′51″N 38°39′54″E / 38.86417°N 38.66500°E / 38.86417; 38.66500CountryTurkeyProvinceElazığDistrictKebanPopulation (2021)59Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Kopuzlu is a village in the Keban District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 59 (2021). References ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜİK. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteKeban DistrictMunicipalities Keban Villages Akçatepe Akgömlek Altınkürek Altıyaka Aşağıçakmak Aslankaşı Bademli Bahçeli Bayındır Beydeğirmeni Bölükçalı Büklümlü Çalık Çevrekaya Denizli Dürümlü Gökbelen Göldere Güneytepe Kopuzlu Koyunuşağı Kurşunkaya Kuşçu Nimri Örenyaka Sağdıçlar Taşkesen Topkıran Üçpınar Ulupınar This geographical article about a location in Elazığ Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Keban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keban_District"},{"link_name":"Elazığ Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-2"}],"text":"Village in TurkeyVillage in Elazığ, TurkeyKopuzlu is a village in the Keban District of Elazığ Province in Turkey.[1] Its population is 59 (2021).[2]","title":"Kopuzlu, Keban"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters\". TÜİK. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kopuzlu,_Keban&params=38_51_51_N_38_39_54_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"38°51′51″N 38°39′54″E / 38.86417°N 38.66500°E / 38.86417; 38.66500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kopuzlu,_Keban&params=38_51_51_N_38_39_54_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"38°51′51″N 38°39′54″E / 38.86417°N 38.66500°E / 38.86417; 38.66500"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Köy"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kopuzlu,_Keban&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jones_(cricketer,_born_1935)	Peter Jones (cricketer, born 1935)	["1 References","2 External links"]	English cricketer Peter JonesPersonal informationFull namePeter Henry JonesBorn(1935-06-19)19 June 1935Woolwich, LondonDied29 December 2007(2007-12-29) (aged 72)WolverhamptonBattingLeft-handedBowlingSlow left-arm orthodoxRoleAll-rounderDomestic team information YearsTeam1953–1967Kent1978–1981Suffolk FC debut29 July 1953 Kent v YorkshireLast FC26 August 1967 Kent v WarwickshireLA debut22 May 1963 Kent v SussexLast LA11 July 1981 Suffolk v DerbyshireCareer statistics Competition First-class List A Matches 141 6 Runs scored 4,196 118 Batting average 20.98 19.66 100s/50s 2/15 0/1 Top score 132 73 Balls bowled 17,098 282 Wickets 231 3 Bowling average 28.35 51.33 5 wickets in innings 6 0 10 wickets in match 1 0 Best bowling 6/41 2/39 Catches/stumpings 99/– 2/–Source: CricInfo, 23 February 2018 Peter Henry Jones (19 June 1935 – 29 December 2007) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club between 1953 and 1967, and then Minor Counties Championship matches for Suffolk County Cricket Club between 1971 and 1981. He also appeared in six List A matches for Suffolk between 1978 and 1981. A middle-order left-handed batsman and left-arm slow arm bowler, his debut at 18 years was the first of 141 first-class matches, all but one of which was for Kent. He scored 4,196 first-class runs and took 231 wickets. He was born at Woolwich in London in 1935. Following career best batting and bowling figures in 1961―scoring 1,262 runs and taking 77 wickets during the season―he was awarded his county cap and established himself in the Kent team. After having his jaw broken by Fred Trueman the following season, he lost his place t the merging Derek Underwood and his form "fell away". He retired in 1964 but returned to play three matches for Kent in 1967 when Underwood was playing for England. He then played for Suffolk in Minor Counties cricket, making 3,853 runs and taking 297 wickets in career that lasted into the 1980s, with Suffolk winning the Minor Counties Championship in 1977 and 1979. He made four one-day appearances in the Gillette Cup for the side between 1978 and 1981, adding to his two List A matches played for Kent in the early 1960s. He also played football for Hastings United. He suffered from cancer in later life, dying at Tettenhall near Wolverhampton in December 2007 aged 72. Suffolk teammate Bobby Cunnell wrote for the East Anglian Daily Times that Jones was "could bowl well in all sorts of conditions... He was a master of containment and I would call on him to break up a partnership if a match was running away from us. Much of our success was brought about by having three good spinners in the team and Peter's role was very important." Derek Underwood, speaking after Jones' death, described him as "genuinely slow, bowling the flighted variety of left-arm spin". References ^ a b c Peter Jones, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2009-09-10. (subscription required) ^ a b c d e Peter Jones, CricInfo. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ a b c Jones, Peter Henry, Obituaries in 2007, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 2008. Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ a b Kent allrounder Peter Jones dies, CricInfo, 2008-01-06. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ Quoted in Wisden, 2008. External links Peter Jones at ESPNcricinfo Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties_Championship"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"},{"link_name":"county cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_cap"},{"link_name":"Fred Trueman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trueman"},{"link_name":"Derek Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Underwood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties"},{"link_name":"Gillette Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Provident_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Hastings United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_United_F.C._(1948)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-1"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Tettenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettenhall"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci6jan08-4"},{"link_name":"East Anglian Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Daily_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci6jan08-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Peter Henry Jones (19 June 1935 – 29 December 2007) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club between 1953 and 1967, and then Minor Counties Championship matches for Suffolk County Cricket Club between 1971 and 1981. He also appeared in six List A matches for Suffolk between 1978 and 1981.[1] A middle-order left-handed batsman and left-arm slow arm bowler, his debut at 18 years was the first of 141 first-class matches, all but one of which was for Kent. He scored 4,196 first-class runs and took 231 wickets.[2] He was born at Woolwich in London in 1935.[2]Following career best batting and bowling figures in 1961―scoring 1,262 runs and taking 77 wickets during the season―he was awarded his county cap and established himself in the Kent team. After having his jaw broken by Fred Trueman the following season, he lost his place t the merging Derek Underwood[3] and his form \"fell away\".[2] He retired in 1964 but returned to play three matches for Kent in 1967 when Underwood was playing for England.[3] He then played for Suffolk in Minor Counties cricket, making 3,853 runs and taking 297 wickets in career that lasted into the 1980s, with Suffolk winning the Minor Counties Championship in 1977 and 1979. He made four one-day appearances in the Gillette Cup for the side between 1978 and 1981, adding to his two List A matches played for Kent in the early 1960s.[1][2][3] He also played football for Hastings United.[1]He suffered from cancer in later life, dying at Tettenhall near Wolverhampton in December 2007 aged 72.[2][4]Suffolk teammate Bobby Cunnell wrote for the East Anglian Daily Times that Jones was \"could bowl well in all sorts of conditions... He was a master of containment and I would call on him to break up a partnership if a match was running away from us. Much of our success was brought about by having three good spinners in the team and Peter's role was very important.\"[4] Derek Underwood, speaking after Jones' death, described him as \"genuinely slow, bowling the flighted variety of left-arm spin\".[5]","title":"Peter Jones (cricketer, born 1935)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/15733.html","external_links_name":"CricInfo"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30667/30667.html","external_links_name":"Peter Jones"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/15733.html","external_links_name":"Peter Jones"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/378098.html","external_links_name":"Jones, Peter Henry"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/329415.html","external_links_name":"Kent allrounder Peter Jones dies"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/15733.html","external_links_name":"Peter Jones"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1827517/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114548462","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/108866959","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12187216w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12187216w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511211906706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132617587","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007449499105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006024960","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2013747024&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073058041","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/07570532X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Alpine,_North_Carolina	Glen Alpine, North Carolina	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2000 census","3 Notable people","4 References"]	Coordinates: 35°43′51″N 81°46′57″W / 35.73083°N 81.78250°W / 35.73083; -81.78250Town in North Carolina, United StatesGlen Alpine, North CarolinaTownLocation of Glen Alpine, North CarolinaCoordinates: 35°43′51″N 81°46′57″W / 35.73083°N 81.78250°W / 35.73083; -81.78250CountryUnited StatesStateNorth CarolinaCountyBurkeIncorporated1883Area • Total2.15 sq mi (5.56 km2) • Land2.15 sq mi (5.56 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,188 ft (362 m)Population (2020) • Total1,529 • Density712.16/sq mi (274.98/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code28628Area code828FIPS code37-26200GNIS feature ID2406575 Glen Alpine (/ˈɡlɛn ˈælpən/ GLEN AL-pən) is a town in Burke County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,517 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography Glen Alpine is located in western Burke County. It is bordered to the southeast by an extension of the city of Morganton. U.S. Route 70 passes through the town as Main Street, and Interstate 40 passes to the south of the town, with access from exits 98 and 100. Via US-70, it is 5 miles (8 km) east to downtown Morganton and 15 miles (24 km) west to Marion. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Glen Alpine has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1890252—1900137−45.6%1910308124.8%192034612.3%193052952.9%194066525.7%19506954.5%19607345.6%19707978.6%1980645−19.1%1990563−12.7%20001,09093.6%20101,51739.2%20201,5290.8%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census Glen Alpine racial composition Race Number Percentage White (non-Hispanic) 1,259 82.34% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 61 3.99% Native American 7 0.46% Asian 72 4.71% Other/Mixed 59 3.86% Hispanic or Latino 71 4.64% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,529 people, 635 households, and 481 families residing in the town. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,090 people, 423 households, and 307 families residing in the town. The population density was 588.0 inhabitants per square mile (227.0/km2). There were 443 housing units at an average density of 239.0 per square mile (92.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 81.28% White, 3.85% African American, 0.37% Native American, 13.49% Asian, 0.64% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population. There were 423 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males. The median income for a household in the town was $36,397, and the median income for a family was $44,167. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $21,679 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,506. About 4.3% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over. Notable people Edward W. Pearson Sr., African-American businessman and residential developer in Asheville, North Carolina Daniel R. Simpson, American jurist and legislator References ^ "North Carolina Gazetteer". Retrieved December 26, 2020. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Glen Alpine, North Carolina ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ Bill Leslie (November 3, 2011). "NC Pronunciation Guide". WRAL-TV. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glen Alpine town, North Carolina". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2014. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-21. ^ "Renaissance Man: Edward W. Pearson". The Urban News. 2014-02-13. Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-09-01. ^ North Carolina Manual 1994-1993, North Carolina Secretary of State, "Biographical Sketch of Daniel R. Simpson," pg 506 vteMunicipalities and communities of Burke County, North Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: MorgantonCities Hickory‡ Morganton Burke County mapTowns Connelly Springs Drexel Glen Alpine Hildebran Long View‡ Rhodhiss‡ Rutherford College Valdese CDPs Icard Salem Unincorporatedcommunities Jonas Ridge Linville Falls‡ Petersburg Worry Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties North Carolina portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈɡlɛn ˈælpən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"GLEN AL-pən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Burke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"},{"link_name":"Hickory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lenoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Morganton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unifour"}],"text":"Town in North Carolina, United StatesGlen Alpine (/ˈɡlɛn ˈælpən/ GLEN AL-pən)[5] is a town in Burke County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,517 at the 2010 census.[6] It is part of the Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Glen Alpine, North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morganton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"}],"text":"Glen Alpine is located in western Burke County. It is bordered to the southeast by an extension of the city of Morganton. U.S. Route 70 passes through the town as Main Street, and Interstate 40 passes to the south of the town, with access from exits 98 and 100. Via US-70, it is 5 miles (8 km) east to downtown Morganton and 15 miles (24 km) west to Marion.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Glen Alpine has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km2), all land.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,529 people, 635 households, and 481 families residing in the town.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 1,090 people, 423 households, and 307 families residing in the town. The population density was 588.0 inhabitants per square mile (227.0/km2). There were 443 housing units at an average density of 239.0 per square mile (92.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 81.28% White, 3.85% African American, 0.37% Native American, 13.49% Asian, 0.64% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.There were 423 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.05.In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.The median income for a household in the town was $36,397, and the median income for a family was $44,167. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $21,679 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,506. About 4.3% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward W. Pearson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Pearson_Sr."},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Daniel R. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_R._Simpson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Edward W. 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Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Bill Leslie (November 3, 2011). \"NC Pronunciation Guide\". WRAL-TV. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wral.com/lifestyles/travel/blogpost/10331495/","url_text":"\"NC Pronunciation Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRAL-TV","url_text":"WRAL-TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130622172905/http://www.wral.com/lifestyles/travel/blogpost/10331495/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glen Alpine town, North Carolina\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212193540/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3726200","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glen Alpine town, North Carolina\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3726200","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3726200&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renaissance Man: Edward W. Pearson\". The Urban News. 2014-02-13. Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://theurbannews.com/lifestyles/2014/renaissance-man-edward-w-pearson","url_text":"\"Renaissance Man: Edward W. 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Pearson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902052258/http://theurbannews.com/lifestyles/2014/renaissance-man-edward-w-pearson/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143101999","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566929305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83030436","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon	Peter I, Duke of Bourbon	["1 Early career","2 Lieutenant in Languedoc","3 Diplomatic missions","4 Marriage and issue","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"]	This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Peter ISeal of Duke PeterDuke of BourbonReign1341 – 1356PredecessorLouis ISuccessorLouis IICount of Clermont-en-BeauvaisisReign1341 – 1356PredecessorLouis ISuccessorLouis IIBorn1311Died19 September 1356 (aged 44–45)Poitiers, FranceSpouse Isabella of Valois (m. 1336)IssueLouis II, Duke of BourbonJoanna, Queen of FranceBlanche, Queen of CastileBonne, Duchess of SavoyMargaret of BourbonHouseBourbonFatherLouis I, Duke of BourbonMotherMary of Avesnes Peter I of Bourbon (Pierre Ier, Duc de Bourbon in French; 1311 – 19 September 1356) was the second Duke of Bourbon, from 1342 to his death. Peter was son of Louis I of Bourbon, whom he also succeeded as Grand Chamberlain of France, and Mary of Avesnes. Peter is reported to have been somewhat mentally unstable, a trait of nervous breakdowns (presumably hereditary, if mental illness is hereditary) that showed clearly for example in his daughter Joan of Bourbon, the queen, and in her son, king Charles VI of France, as well as in Peter's only surviving son, Duke Louis II. Early career Peter took part in several of the early campaigns of the Hundred Years War which broke out in 1337. In the summer of 1339, he took part in Jean de Marigny, Bishop of Beauvais's failed attack on Bordeaux. In autumn 1341 he took part in the John, Duke of Normandy's campaign in Brittany. He was present at the coronation of Pope Clement VI at Avignon 19 May 1342. By the summer 1342, Peter together with the Raoul I of Brienne, Count of Eu, was given command of the covering force protecting France from attacks from the north while King Philip VI campaigned in Brittany. In August 1343 he and the Dauphin of Viennois were the French ambassadors at a peace conference at Avignon, but the negotiations were fruitless, as Edward III of England declined to send any but the most junior members of the embassy. Lieutenant in Languedoc A portrait of Peter from a 15th century Armorial d'Auvergne On 8 August 1345 Peter was appointed by Philip VI as his lieutenant on the south-west march. His opponent was to be Henry, Earl of Derby (later Earl and Duke of Lancaster) who completed disembarking his army at Bordeaux the day after Peter's appointment. Peter arrived to take up his lieutenancy in Languedoc in September. By then the Earl of Derby had already opened his campaign, throwing the French defences into disarray with the capture of Bergerac and the destruction of the French army present there the previous month. Bourbon set up headquarters at Angoulême and begun an extensive recruitment campaign to raise a new army, command of which fell to the Duke of Normandy. However on 21 October the Earl of Derby won another crushing victory outside Auberoche over parts of this force. The Duke of Normandy abandoned his campaign once he heard the news. In early November he disbanded his army and left for the north. The Earl of Derby exploited the absence of a French commander in the field to lay siege to the important fortress-city of La Réole. Bourbon proclaimed the arrière-ban in Languedoc and the march provinces in an attempt to find troops to relieve the siege. However the results were poor as many of the potential recruits were still on their way home from the army just disbanded by John of Normandy. Attempts by John I, Count of Armagnac to raise troops from his domains in the Rouergue also produced little. Early January 1346 the garrison of La Réole marched away under truce. Winter 1346 Bourbon kept his winter quarters at the provincial capital of Agen, a city which quickly was becoming isolated as many of the lesser towns were captured or defected to the English. Spring however opened with the so far greatest French effort in the south-west. Bourbon and the Bishop of Beauvais raised a new army at Toulouse, in part financed by the Pope whose nephew had been captured by Derby the previous year, while John of Normandy brought with him a substantial number of nobles from the north including such dignitaries as the Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy, Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu the Constable of France, both Marshals and the Master of Crossbowmen. In April Normandy laid siege to the town of Aiguillon which controlled the confluence of the Lot and the Garonne. There they still remained in August when John of Normandy was urgently recalled to the north to help stop Edward III who had landed in Normandy. Derby exploited this with a devastating autumn campaign. And so the French 1346 campaign in the south ended having accomplished nothing. Diplomatic missions In July 1347 he took part in fruitless negotiations with the English outside Calais in the days just before that city's capitulation. On 8 February 1354, Peter was together with the Guy, Cardinal of Boulogne appointed as King John II's commissioners to King Charles II of Navarre, empowered to offer whatever Charles wanted. The two met the King of Navarre in the castle of Mantes, accompanied by the two dowager Queens and droves of courtiers and ministers, most of who more or less openly sympathized with Charles of Navarre. The treaty concluded 22 February granted to Charles of Navarre a considerable part of Lower Normandy which he was to hold with the same rights as the Duke of Normandy. In January 1355, Peter was sent together with the Chancellor of France Pierre de la Forêt on a diplomatic mission to Avignon where they were to meet with an English embassy led by Henry of Lancaster and Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel. The purpose of the mission was to formally ratify a peace treaty based on a draft drawn up at Guînes the previous year. However since then French policy had changed, the French ambassadors had only come to reject the English demands and had nothing new to offer. Negotiations therefore quickly broke down and the conference ended having accomplished nothing except prolonging the existing truce a few more months until 24 June. May 1355 when it became apparent that open war was about to break out between the King of France and a King of Navarre allied to England the Duke of Bourbon belonged to the party fronted by the Dowager Queens who lobbied John II on Charles of Navarre's behalf. In the end John II gave way and on 31 May agreed to pardon Charles of Navarre. In July the Duke of Bourbon and the Chancellor met with English ambassadors to negotiate the extension of the truce. As both the French and English governments had decided to resume the war these negotiations were naturally quite empty and fruitless. Peter was killed in the Battle of Poitiers 19 September 1356 and buried in the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris. Marriage and issue On 25 January 1336 he married Isabella of Valois, daughter of Charles, Count of Valois and his third wife Mahaut of Châtillon. Peter and Isabella had: Louis II (1337–1410) Joanna (1338–1378), married King Charles V of France Blanche (1339–1361, Medina-Sidonia), married King Pedro of Castile in 1353 in Valladolid, poisoned by her husband Bonne (1341 – 19 January 1402, Château de Mâcon), married Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1355 in Paris Catherine (1342–1427, Paris), married John VI of Harcourt Margaret (1344–1416), married Arnaud Amanieu, Viscount of Tartas Isabelle (b. 1345) Marie (1347–1401, Poissy), Prioress of Poissy References ^ a b Heers 2016, Bourbon table. ^ Sumption 1991, p. 387. ^ Sumption 1991, p. 396. ^ Sumption 1991, p. 436. ^ Nicolle 2004, p. 24. ^ Hand 2013, p. 217. ^ Ramsey 1999, p. 234. ^ a b c d e Autrand 1994, p. 860. Sources Autrand, Françoise (1994). Charles V (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2213027692. Hand, Joni M. (2013). Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350–1550. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138246515. Heers, Jacques (2016). Louis XI. Paris: Tempus Perrin. ISBN 9782262020842. Nicolle, David (2004). Poitiers 1356: The Capture of a King. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-516-3. Sumption, Jonathan (1991). The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle. Vol. I. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1655-5. Further reading Ramsey, Ann W. (1999). Liturgy, Politics, and Salvation: The Catholic League in Paris and the Nature of Catholic Reform, 1540-1630. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1580460316. Sumption, Jonathan (2001). The Hundred Years War: Trial by Fire. Vol. II. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1801-9. Peter I, Duke of Bourbon House of BourbonCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 1311 Died: 19 September 1356 French nobility Preceded byLouis I Duke of Bourbon and Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis 1342–1356 Succeeded byLouis II Count of La Marche 1342–1356 Succeeded byJames I	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Louis I of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeers2016Bourbon_table-1"},{"link_name":"Grand Chamberlain of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chamberman_of_France"},{"link_name":"Mary of Avesnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Avesnes"},{"link_name":"Joan of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Charles VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"}],"text":"Peter I of Bourbon (Pierre Ier, Duc de Bourbon in French; 1311 – 19 September 1356) was the second Duke of Bourbon, from 1342 to his death. Peter was son of Louis I of Bourbon,[1] whom he also succeeded as Grand Chamberlain of France, and Mary of Avesnes.Peter is reported to have been somewhat mentally unstable, a trait of nervous breakdowns (presumably hereditary, if mental illness is hereditary) that showed clearly for example in his daughter Joan of Bourbon, the queen, and in her son, king Charles VI of France, as well as in Peter's only surviving son, Duke Louis II.","title":"Peter I, Duke of Bourbon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hundred Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Jean de Marigny, Bishop of Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Marigny"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"John, Duke of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1991387-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1991396-3"},{"link_name":"Raoul I of Brienne, Count of Eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_I_of_Brienne,_Count_of_Eu"},{"link_name":"Philip VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Dauphin of Viennois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_Viennois"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1991436-4"}],"text":"Peter took part in several of the early campaigns of the Hundred Years War which broke out in 1337. In the summer of 1339, he took part in Jean de Marigny, Bishop of Beauvais's failed attack on Bordeaux. In autumn 1341 he took part in the John, Duke of Normandy's campaign in Brittany.[2] He was present at the coronation of Pope Clement VI at Avignon 19 May 1342.[3]By the summer 1342, Peter together with the Raoul I of Brienne, Count of Eu, was given command of the covering force protecting France from attacks from the north while King Philip VI campaigned in Brittany. In August 1343 he and the Dauphin of Viennois were the French ambassadors at a peace conference at Avignon, but the negotiations were fruitless, as Edward III of England declined to send any but the most junior members of the embassy.[4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PetrBourb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armorial d'Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_d%27Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Henry, Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"opened his campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_campaign_of_1345"},{"link_name":"Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergerac,_Dordogne"},{"link_name":"destruction of the French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bergerac"},{"link_name":"Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"crushing victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche"},{"link_name":"Auberoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auberoche"},{"link_name":"La Réole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9ole"},{"link_name":"John I, Count of Armagnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Armagnac"},{"link_name":"Agen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudes_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_II_of_Brienne,_Count_of_Eu"},{"link_name":"Constable of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marshals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"},{"link_name":"Master of Crossbowmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Crossbowmen"},{"link_name":"laid siege to the town of Aiguillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aiguillon"},{"link_name":"Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(river)"},{"link_name":"Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garonne"},{"link_name":"devastating autumn campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346"}],"text":"A portrait of Peter from a 15th century Armorial d'AuvergneOn 8 August 1345 Peter was appointed by Philip VI as his lieutenant on the south-west march. His opponent was to be Henry, Earl of Derby (later Earl and Duke of Lancaster) who completed disembarking his army at Bordeaux the day after Peter's appointment.Peter arrived to take up his lieutenancy in Languedoc in September. By then the Earl of Derby had already opened his campaign, throwing the French defences into disarray with the capture of Bergerac and the destruction of the French army present there the previous month. Bourbon set up headquarters at Angoulême and begun an extensive recruitment campaign to raise a new army, command of which fell to the Duke of Normandy. However on 21 October the Earl of Derby won another crushing victory outside Auberoche over parts of this force. The Duke of Normandy abandoned his campaign once he heard the news. In early November he disbanded his army and left for the north.The Earl of Derby exploited the absence of a French commander in the field to lay siege to the important fortress-city of La Réole. Bourbon proclaimed the arrière-ban in Languedoc and the march provinces in an attempt to find troops to relieve the siege. However the results were poor as many of the potential recruits were still on their way home from the army just disbanded by John of Normandy. Attempts by John I, Count of Armagnac to raise troops from his domains in the Rouergue also produced little. Early January 1346 the garrison of La Réole marched away under truce.Winter 1346 Bourbon kept his winter quarters at the provincial capital of Agen, a city which quickly was becoming isolated as many of the lesser towns were captured or defected to the English. Spring however opened with the so far greatest French effort in the south-west. Bourbon and the Bishop of Beauvais raised a new army at Toulouse, in part financed by the Pope whose nephew had been captured by Derby the previous year, while John of Normandy brought with him a substantial number of nobles from the north including such dignitaries as the Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy, Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu the Constable of France, both Marshals and the Master of Crossbowmen. In April Normandy laid siege to the town of Aiguillon which controlled the confluence of the Lot and the Garonne. There they still remained in August when John of Normandy was urgently recalled to the north to help stop Edward III who had landed in Normandy. Derby exploited this with a devastating autumn campaign. And so the French 1346 campaign in the south ended having accomplished nothing.","title":"Lieutenant in Languedoc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"Guy, Cardinal of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy,_Cardinal_of_Boulogne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Mantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantes"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pierre de la Forêt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_la_For%C3%AAt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_FitzAlan,_10th_Earl_of_Arundel"},{"link_name":"Guînes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200424-5"},{"link_name":"Couvent des Jacobins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couvent_des_Jacobins_de_la_rue_Saint-Jacques"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"In July 1347 he took part in fruitless negotiations with the English outside Calais in the days just before that city's capitulation.On 8 February 1354, Peter was together with the Guy, Cardinal of Boulogne appointed as King John II's commissioners to King Charles II of Navarre, empowered to offer whatever Charles wanted. The two met the King of Navarre in the castle of Mantes, accompanied by the two dowager Queens and droves of courtiers and ministers, most of who more or less openly sympathized with Charles of Navarre. The treaty concluded 22 February granted to Charles of Navarre a considerable part of Lower Normandy which he was to hold with the same rights as the Duke of Normandy.In January 1355, Peter was sent together with the Chancellor of France Pierre de la Forêt on a diplomatic mission to Avignon where they were to meet with an English embassy led by Henry of Lancaster and Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel. The purpose of the mission was to formally ratify a peace treaty based on a draft drawn up at Guînes the previous year. However since then French policy had changed, the French ambassadors had only come to reject the English demands and had nothing new to offer. Negotiations therefore quickly broke down and the conference ended having accomplished nothing except prolonging the existing truce a few more months until 24 June.May 1355 when it became apparent that open war was about to break out between the King of France and a King of Navarre allied to England the Duke of Bourbon belonged to the party fronted by the Dowager Queens who lobbied John II on Charles of Navarre's behalf. In the end John II gave way and on 31 May agreed to pardon Charles of Navarre.In July the Duke of Bourbon and the Chancellor met with English ambassadors to negotiate the extension of the truce. As both the French and English governments had decided to resume the war these negotiations were naturally quite empty and fruitless.Peter was killed in the Battle of Poitiers 19 September 1356[5] and buried in the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris.","title":"Diplomatic missions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isabella of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois_(1313-1388)"},{"link_name":"Charles, Count of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Mahaut of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaut_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand2013217-6"},{"link_name":"Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Duke_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1999234-7"},{"link_name":"Joanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_de_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Charles V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand1994860-8"},{"link_name":"Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Medina-Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina-Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Pedro of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand1994860-8"},{"link_name":"Bonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Mâcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2con"},{"link_name":"Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_VI,_Count_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand1994860-8"},{"link_name":"John VI of Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_of_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand1994860-8"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Bourbon_(1344-_1416)"},{"link_name":"Arnaud Amanieu, Viscount of Tartas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_Amanieu,_Lord_of_Albret"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAutrand1994860-8"},{"link_name":"Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poissy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeers2016Bourbon_table-1"},{"link_name":"Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priory_of_Saint-Louis_de_Poissy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prieur%C3%A9_Saint-Louis_de_Poissy"}],"text":"On 25 January 1336 he married Isabella of Valois, daughter of Charles, Count of Valois and his third wife Mahaut of Châtillon.[6] Peter and Isabella had:Louis II (1337–1410)[7]\nJoanna (1338–1378), married King Charles V of France[8]\nBlanche (1339–1361, Medina-Sidonia), married King Pedro of Castile in 1353 in Valladolid,[8] poisoned by her husband\nBonne (1341 – 19 January 1402, Château de Mâcon), married Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1355 in Paris[8]\nCatherine (1342–1427, Paris), married John VI of Harcourt[8]\nMargaret (1344–1416), married Arnaud Amanieu, Viscount of Tartas[8]\nIsabelle (b. 1345)\nMarie (1347–1401, Poissy),[1] Prioress of Poissy [fr]","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2213027692","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2213027692"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138246515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138246515"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782262020842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782262020842"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-516-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-516-3"},{"link_name":"The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hundredyearswart00sump"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8122-1655-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1655-5"}],"text":"Autrand, Françoise (1994). Charles V (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2213027692.\nHand, Joni M. (2013). Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350–1550. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138246515.\nHeers, Jacques (2016). Louis XI. Paris: Tempus Perrin. ISBN 9782262020842.\nNicolle, David (2004). Poitiers 1356: The Capture of a King. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-516-3.\nSumption, Jonathan (1991). The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle. Vol. I. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1655-5.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1580460316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580460316"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8122-1801-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1801-9"}],"text":"Ramsey, Ann W. (1999). Liturgy, Politics, and Salvation: The Catholic League in Paris and the Nature of Catholic Reform, 1540-1630. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1580460316.\nSumption, Jonathan (2001). The Hundred Years War: Trial by Fire. Vol. II. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1801-9.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A portrait of Peter from a 15th century Armorial d'Auvergne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PetrBourb.jpg/170px-PetrBourb.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Autrand, Françoise (1994). Charles V (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2213027692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2213027692","url_text":"978-2213027692"}]},{"reference":"Hand, Joni M. (2013). Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350–1550. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138246515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138246515","url_text":"9781138246515"}]},{"reference":"Heers, Jacques (2016). Louis XI. Paris: Tempus Perrin. ISBN 9782262020842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782262020842","url_text":"9782262020842"}]},{"reference":"Nicolle, David (2004). Poitiers 1356: The Capture of a King. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-516-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-516-3","url_text":"1-84176-516-3"}]},{"reference":"Sumption, Jonathan (1991). The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle. Vol. I. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1655-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswart00sump","url_text":"The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1655-5","url_text":"0-8122-1655-5"}]},{"reference":"Ramsey, Ann W. (1999). Liturgy, Politics, and Salvation: The Catholic League in Paris and the Nature of Catholic Reform, 1540-1630. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1580460316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580460316","url_text":"978-1580460316"}]},{"reference":"Sumption, Jonathan (2001). The Hundred Years War: Trial by Fire. Vol. II. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1801-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1801-9","url_text":"0-8122-1801-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswart00sump","external_links_name":"The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal,_India	West Bengal	["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Ancient and classical period","2.2 Medieval and early modern periods","2.3 Colonial period","2.4 Indian independence and afterwards","3 Geography","3.1 Flora and fauna","4 Government and politics","5 Districts and cities","5.1 Districts","5.2 Cities","6 Economy","7 Transport","8 Demographics","8.1 Languages","8.2 Religion","9 Culture","9.1 Literature","9.2 Music and dance","9.3 Films","9.4 Fine arts","9.5 Reformist heritage","9.6 Cuisine","9.7 Clothing","9.8 Festivals","10 Education","11 Media","12 Sports","13 See also","14 References","15 Sources","16 External links"]	Coordinates: 22°34′N 88°22′E / 22.57°N 88.37°E / 22.57; 88.37State in Eastern India "Poschim Bongo" and "Poshchimbôŋgo" redirect here. For other uses, see Paschimbanga. This article is about the Indian State in Eastern India created in 1947. For the Indian Province that existed between 1905 and 1911, see Western Bengal Province. State in East India, IndiaWest BengalState Clockwise from top:Howrah Bridge; Chhau dance in Purulia; Durga Puja; Bengal tiger in Sundarbans National Park; Darjeeling from Happy Valley Tea Estate; Digha beach; Hazarduari Palace; Dakshineswar Kali Temple Emblem of West BengalEtymology: Western side of United BengalNickname: "Hub of all Cultural traits"Motto(s): Satyameva Jayate (Truth Alone Triumphs)Anthem: Banglar Mati Banglar Jol (The Soil of Bengal, The Water of Bengal)Location of West Bengal in IndiaCoordinates: 22°34′N 88°22′E / 22.57°N 88.37°E / 22.57; 88.37Country IndiaRegionEast IndiaBefore wasBengal ProvinceFormation(by bifurcation)15 August 1947 Capitaland largest cityKolkataLargest metroKolkata Metropolitan RegionDistricts23 (5 divisions)Government • BodyGovernment of West Bengal • GovernorC. V. Ananda Bose • Chief ministerMamata Banerjee (TMC)State LegislatureUnicameral • AssemblyWest Bengal Legislative Assembly (294 seats)National ParliamentParliament of India • Rajya Sabha16 seats • Lok Sabha42 seatsHigh CourtCalcutta High Court Area • Total88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) • Rank13thDimensions • Length623 km (387 mi) • Width320 km (200 mi)Elevation500 m (1,600 ft)Highest elevation (Sandakphu)3,636 m (11,929 ft)Lowest elevation (Near Bay of Bengal)11 m (36 ft)Population (2011) • Total 91,347,736 • Rank4th • Density1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi) • Urban31.87% • Rural68.13%DemonymBengaliLanguage • OfficialBengali • English • Additional officialNepali • Urdu • Hindi • Odia • Santali • Punjabi • Kamtapuri • Rajbanshi • Kudmali/Kurmali • Kurukh • Telugu • Official scriptBengali–Assamese scriptGDP • Total (2023)₹17.19 lakh crore (US$220 billion) • Rank6th • Per capita₹141,373 (US$1,800) (20th)Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeIN-WBVehicle registrationWBHDI (2022) 0.674 Medium (24th)Literacy (2017) 80.5% (19th)Sex ratio (2011)950♀/1000 ♂ (8th)Websitewb.gov.inSymbols of West BengalEmblem of West BengalSongBanglar Mati Banglar Jol (The Soil of Bengal, The Water of Bengal)BirdWhite-throated kingfisherFishIlishFlowerNight-flowering jasmineFruitMangoMammalFishing catTreeChhaatim treeState highway markState highway of West Bengal WB SH1 - WB SH15List of Indian state symbols ^The Province of Bengal was split into two states i.e. West Bengal and East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) by the Indian Independence Act 1947 †† Partition of Bengal (1947) West Bengal (/bɛnˈɡɔːl/, Bengali: Poshchim Bongo, pronounced ⓘ, abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) as of 2011. The population estimate as of 2023 is 102,552,787. West Bengal is the fourth-most populous and thirteenth-largest state by area in India, as well as the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. As a part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, it borders Bangladesh in the east, and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the third-largest metropolis, and seventh largest city by population in India. West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region, the coastal Sundarbans and the Bay of Bengal. The state's main ethnic group are the Bengalis, with the Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority. The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas, while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period. The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires, including the Vangas, Mauryans, and the Guptas. The citadel of Gauḍa served as the capital of the Gauḍa Kingdom, the Pala Empire, and the Sena Empire. Islam was introduced through trade with the Abbasid Caliphate, but following the Ghurid conquests led by Bakhtiyar Khalji and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the Muslim faith spread across the entire Bengal region. During the Bengal Sultanate, the territory was a major trading nation in the world, and was often referred by the Europeans as the "richest country to trade with". It was absorbed into the Mughal Empire in 1576. Simultaneously, some parts of the region were ruled by several Hindu states, and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, and part of it was briefly overrun by the Suri Empire. Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, and showed signs of the first Industrial revolution. The region was later annexed into the Bengal Presidency by the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764. From 1772 to 1911, Calcutta was the capital of all of East India Company's territories and then the capital of the entirety of India after the establishment of the Viceroyalty. From 1912 to India's Independence in 1947, it was the capital of the Bengal Province. The region was a hotbed of the Indian independence movement and has remained one of India's great artistic and intellectual centres. Following widespread religious violence, the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the Partition of Bengal in 1947 along religious lines into two independent dominions: West Bengal, a Hindu-majority Indian state, and East Bengal, a Muslim-majority province of Pakistan which later became the independent Bangladesh. The state was also flooded with Hindu refugees from East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 partition of India, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in an expansion of Western education, culminating in developments in science, institutional education, and social reforms in the region, including what became known as the Bengali Renaissance. Several regional and pan−Indian empires throughout Bengal's history have shaped its culture, cuisine, and architecture. Post-Indian independence, as a welfare state, West Bengal's economy is based on agricultural production and small and medium-sized enterprises. The state's cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. For several decades, the state underwent political violence and economic stagnation after the beginning of communist rule in 1977 before it rebounded. In 2023–24, the economy of West Bengal is the sixth-largest state economy in India with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹17.19 lakh crore (US$220 billion), and has the country's 20th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹121,267 (US$1,500) as of 2020–21. Despite being one of the fastest-growing major economies, West Bengal has struggled to attract foreign direct investment due to adverse land acquisition policies, poor infrastructure, and red tape. It also has the 26th-highest ranking among Indian states in human development index, with the index value being lower than the Indian average. The state government debt of ₹6.47 lakh crore (US$81 billion), or 37.67% of GSDP, has dropped from 40.65% since 2010–11. West Bengal has three World Heritage sites and ranks as the eight-most visited tourist destination in India and third-most visited state of India globally. Etymology Main article: Names of Bengal The origin of the name Bengal (Bangla and Bongo in Bengali) is unknown. One theory suggests the word derives from "Bang", the name of a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BCE. The Bengali word Bongo might have been derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga (or Banga). Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name Vanga, the region's early history is obscure. In 1947, at the end of British rule over the Indian subcontinent the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the Partition of Bengal along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state and East Bengal, a province of Pakistan, which came to be known be as East Pakistan and later became the independent Bangladesh. In 2011 the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the official name of the state to Paschim Banga (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Pôshchimbônggô). This is the native name of the state, literally meaning "western Bengal" in the native Bengali language. In August 2016 the West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed another resolution to change the name of West Bengal to "Bengal" in English and "Bangla" in Bengali. Despite the Trinamool Congress government's efforts to forge a consensus on the name change resolution, the Indian National Congress, the Left Front and the Bharatiya Janata Party opposed the resolution. However, the central government has turned down the proposal maintaining the state should have one single name for all languages instead of three and it should not be the same as that of any other territory (pointing out that the name 'Bangla' may create confusion with neighbouring Bangladesh). History Main articles: History of Bengal, History of rulers of Bengal, and History of West Bengal Ancient and classical period Coin of the King Shashanka, who created the first separate political entity in Bengal, called the Gauda Kingdom Stone Age tools dating back 20,000 years have been excavated in the state, showing human occupation 8,000 years earlier than scholars had thought. According to the Indian epic Mahabharata the region was part of the Vanga Kingdom. Several Vedic realms were present in the Bengal region, including Vanga, Rarh, Pundravardhana and the Suhma Kingdom. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention by the Ancient Greeks around 100 BCE of a land named Gangaridai located at the mouths of the Ganges. Bengal had overseas trade relations with Suvarnabhumi (Burma, Lower Thailand, the Lower Malay Peninsula and Sumatra). According to the Sri Lankan chronicle Mahavamsa, Prince Vijaya (c. 543 – c. 505 BCE), a Vanga Kingdom prince, conquered Lanka (modern-day Sri Lanka) and named the country Sinhala Kingdom. The kingdom of Magadha was formed in the 7th century BCE, consisting of the regions now comprising Bihar and Bengal. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of the lives of Mahavira, the principal figure of Jainism and Gautama Buddha, founder of Buddhism. It consisted of several janapadas, or kingdoms. Under Ashoka, the Maurya Empire of Magadha in the 3rd century BCE extended over nearly all of South Asia, including Afghanistan and parts of Balochistan. From the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire. The Pala Empire was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal. Two kingdoms—Vanga or Samatata, and Gauda—are said in some texts to have appeared after the end of the Gupta Empire although details of their ascendancy are uncertain. The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka, who reigned in the early 7th century. Shashanka is often recorded in Buddhist annals as an intolerant Hindu ruler noted for his persecution of the Buddhists. He murdered Rajyavardhana, the Buddhist king of Thanesar, and is noted for destroying the Bodhi tree at Bodhgaya, and replacing Buddha statues with Shiva lingams. After a period of anarchy,: 36 the Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years beginning in the 8th century. A shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty followed. Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty invaded some areas of Bengal between 1021 and 1023. Islam was introduced through trade with the Abbasid Caliphate. Following the Ghurid conquests led by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, it spread across the entire Bengal region. Mosques, madrasas and khanqahs were built throughout these stages. During the Islamic Bengal Sultanate, founded in 1352, Bengal was a major world trading nation and was often referred by the Europeans as the richest country with which to trade. Later, in 1576, it was absorbed into the Mughal Empire. Medieval and early modern periods Firoz Minar at Gauḍa was built during the Bengal Sultanate. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region. It was ruled by dynasties of the Bengal Sultanate and feudal lords under the Delhi Sultanate for the next few hundred years. The Bengal Sultanate was interrupted for twenty years by a Hindu uprising under Raja Ganesha. In the 16th century, Mughal general Islam Khan conquered Bengal. Administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire gave way to semi-independence under the Nawabs of Murshidabad, who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in Delhi. Several independent Hindu states were established in Bengal during the Mughal period, including those of Pratapaditya of Jessore District and Raja Sitaram Ray of Bardhaman. Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb and the Governor of Bengal, Shaista Khan, the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, and showed signs of the world's first Industrial revolution. The Koch dynasty in northern Bengal flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries; it weathered the Mughals and survived until the advent of the British colonial era. Colonial period An 1880 map of Bengal Several European traders reached this area in the late 15th century. The British East India Company defeated Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab, in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The company gained the right to collect revenue in Bengal subah (province) in 1765 with the signing of the treaty between the East India company and the Mughal emperor following the Battle of Buxar in 1764. The Bengal Presidency was established in 1765; it later incorporated all British-controlled territory north of the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh), from the mouths of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and the Punjab. The Bengal famine of 1770 claimed millions of lives due to tax policies enacted by the British company. Calcutta, the headquarters of the East India company, was named the capital of British-held territories in India in 1773. The failed Indian rebellion of 1857 started near Calcutta and resulted in a transfer of authority to the British Crown, administered by the Viceroy of India. Subhas Chandra Bose, he was a leading freedom fighter of India The Bengal Renaissance and the Brahmo Samaj socio-cultural reform movements significantly influenced the cultural and economic life of Bengal. Between 1905 and 1911 an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones. Bengal suffered from the Great Bengal famine in 1943, which claimed three million lives during World War II. Bengalis played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Armed attempts against the British Raj from Bengal reached a climax when news of Subhas Chandra Bose leading the Indian National Army against the British reached Bengal. The Indian National Army was subsequently routed by the British. Indian independence and afterwards When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to the Dominion of India and was named West Bengal. The eastern part went to the Dominion of Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan in 1956), becoming the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1950 the Princely State of Cooch Behar merged with West Bengal. In 1955 the former French enclave of Chandannagar, which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal; portions of Bihar were also subsequently merged with West Bengal. Both West and East Bengal experienced large influxes of refugees during and after the partition in 1947. Refugee resettlement and related issues continued to play a significant role in the politics and socio-economic condition of the state. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation and deindustrialisation. The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 resulted in an influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure. The 1974 smallpox epidemic killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front, led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist), governed the state for the next three decades. The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after the central government introduced economic liberalisations in the mid-1990s. This was aided by the advent of information technology and IT-enabled services. Beginning in the mid-2000s, armed activists conducted minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state. Clashes with the administration took place at several controversial locations over the issue of industrial land acquisition. This became a decisive reason behind the defeat of the ruling Left Front government in the 2011 assembly election. Although the economy was severely damaged during the unrest in the 1970s, the state has managed to revive its economy steadily throughout the years. The state has shown improvement regarding bandhs (strikes) and educational infrastructure. Significant strides have been made in reducing unemployment, though the state suffers from substandard healthcare services, a lack of socio-economic development, poor infrastructure, unemployment and civil violence. In 2006 the state's healthcare system was severely criticised in the aftermath of the West Bengal blood test kit scam. Geography Main articles: Geography of West Bengal and Climate of West Bengal Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by a monsoon. West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267 sq mi). The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state is a part of the eastern Himalayas mountain range. In this region is Sandakfu, which, at 3,636 m (11,929 ft), is the highest peak in the state. The narrow Terai region separates the hills from the North Bengal plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the western plateau and high lands. A small coastal region is in the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a geographical landmark at the Ganges delta. The main river in West Bengal is the Ganges, which divides into two branches. One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma, or Pôdda, while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River. The Farakka barrage over the Ganges feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a feeder canal. Its water flow management has been a source of lingering dispute between India and Bangladesh. The Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka and Mahananda rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers like the Damodar, Ajay and Kangsabati. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have numerous rivers and creeks. Pollution of the Ganges from indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem. Damodar, another tributary of the Ganges and once known as the "Sorrow of Bengal" (due to its frequent floods), has several dams under the Damodar Valley Project. At least nine districts in the state suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater, and as of 2017 an estimated 1.04 crore people were afflicted by arsenic poisoning. West Bengal's climate varies from tropical savanna in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer, the rainy season, a short autumn and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India. The highest daytime temperatures range from 38 °C (100 °F) to 45 °C (113 °F). At night, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer, brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor'westers, often occur. West Bengal receives the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Ocean monsoon that moves in a southeast to northwest direction. Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. Heavy rainfall of above 250 centimetres (98 in) is observed in the Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, and Cooch Behar district. During the arrival of the monsoons, low pressure in the Bay of Bengal region often leads to the formation of storms in the coastal areas. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F). A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. The Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall. Flora and fauna A Royal Bengal tigerSal trees in the Arabari forest in West Midnapur The "India State of Forest Report 2017", recorded forest area in the state is 16,847 km2 (6,505 sq mi), while in 2013, forest area was 16,805 km2 (6,488 sq mi), which was 18.93% of the state's geographical area, compared to the then national average of 21.23%. Reserves and protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8% and 8.9%, respectively, of forested areas, as of 2009. Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans in southern West Bengal. From a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, combined with favourable rainfall, makes this region especially fertile. Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state has similar species composition with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand. The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as the sal tree. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the Casuarina. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the forest gets its name. The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and precipitation. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Dooars, are densely wooded with sal and other tropical evergreen trees. Above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), temperate forest trees like oaks, conifers and rhododendrons predominate. 3.26% of the geographical area of West Bengal is protected land, comprising fifteen wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks—Sundarbans National Park, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Gorumara National Park, Neora Valley National Park and Singalila National Park. Extant wildlife includes Indian rhinoceros, Indian elephant, deer, leopard, gaur, tiger and crocodiles, as well as many bird species. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter. The high-altitude forests of Singalila National Park shelter barking deer, red panda, chinkara, takin, serow, pangolin, minivet and kalij pheasants. The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project devoted to conserving the endangered Bengal tiger, although the forest hosts many other endangered species such as the Gangetic dolphin, river terrapin and estuarine crocodile. The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting coastal fishes along the Bay of Bengal. Recognising its special conservation value, the Sundarbans area has been declared a Biosphere Reserve. Government and politics Main articles: Government of West Bengal and Politics of West Bengal See also: Council of Ministers of West Bengal and List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal West Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the Head of State appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 members, or MLAs, including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved before the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to the Lok Sabha and 16 seats to the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament. Politics in West Bengal is dominated by the All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), and the Left Front alliance (led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M)). Following the West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress coalition under Mamata Banerjee of the All India Trinamool Congress was elected to power with 225 seats in the legislature. Prior to this, West Bengal was ruled by the Left Front for 34 years (1977–2011), making it the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government. Banerjee was re-elected twice as Chief Minister in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election and 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 211 and 215 seats respectively, an absolute majority by the Trinamool Congress. The state has one autonomous region, the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration. Main offices in West BengalRaj Bhavan, the residence of the governor of the stateWest Bengal Legislative AssemblyCalcutta High Court, highest court in West BengalNabanna, temporary office of the Chief Minister of West BengalWriters' Building, West Bengal Government Secretariat Districts and cities Districts Main article: List of districts of West Bengal Districts of West Bengal A hut in a village in the Hooghly district As of 1 November 2023, West Bengal is divided into 23 districts. District Population Growth rate Sex ratio Literacy Density per square Kilometer North 24 Parganas 10,009,781 12.04 955 84.06 2445 South 24 Parganas 8,161,961 18.17 956 77.51 819 Purba Bardhaman 4,835,432 – 945 74.73 890 Paschim Bardhaman 2,882,031 – 922 78.75 1800 Murshidabad 7,103,807 21.09 958 66.59 1334 West Midnapore 5,913,457 13.86 966 78.00 631 Hooghly 5,519,145 9.46 961 81.80 1753 Nadia 5,167,600 12.22 947 74.97 1316 East Midnapore 5,095,875 15.36 938 87.02 1081 Howrah 4,850,029 13.50 939 83.31 3306 Kolkata 4,496,694 −1.67 908 86.31 24306 Maldah 3,988,845 21.22 944 61.73 1069 Jalpaiguri 3,872,846 13.87 953 73.25 622 Alipurduar 1,700,000 – – – 400 Bankura 3,596,292 12.64 954 70.95 523 Birbhum 3,502,404 16.15 956 70.68 771 North Dinajpur 3,007,134 23.15 939 59.07 958 Purulia 2,930,115 15.52 957 64.48 468 Cooch Behar 2,819,086 13.71 942 74.78 832 Darjeeling 1,846,823 14.77 970 79.56 586 Dakshin Dinajpur 1,676,276 11.52 956 72.82 755 Kalimpong 202,239 – – – 270 Jhargram 1,136,548 – – – 374 ^ a b c Was created after the 2011 Census Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed by either the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service. Each district is subdivided into sub-divisions, governed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and again into blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. Cities The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata—the third-largest urban agglomeration and the seventh-largest city in India. Asansol is the second-largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal. Major planned cities of West Bengal include Bidhannagar, New Town, Kalyani, Haldia, Durgapur and Kharagpur. Kolkata has some planned neighbourhoods like New Garia, Tollygunge, and Lake Town. Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India. Other larger cities and towns in West Bengal are Howrah, Chandannagar, Bardhaman, Baharampur, Jalpaiguri, and Purulia etc. Economy Main article: Economy of West Bengal Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base) (figures in crores of Indian rupees) Year Net State Domestic Product 2004–2005 190,073 2005–2006 209,642 2006–2007 238,625 2007–2008 272,166 2008–2009 309,799 2009–2010 366,318 The Grand Hotel in Kolkata. Tourism, especially from Bangladesh, is an important part of West Bengal's economy. As of 2015, West Bengal has the sixth-highest GSDP in India. GSDP at current prices (base 2004–2005) has increased from Rs 2,086.56 billion in 2004–05 to Rs 8,00,868 crores in 2014–2015, reaching Rs 10,21,000 crores in 2017–18. GSDP per cent growth at current prices varied from a low of 10.3% in 2010–2011 to a high of 17.11% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 13.35% in 2014–2015. The state's per capita income has lagged the all India average for over two decades. As of 2014–2015, per capita NSDP at current prices was Rs 78,903. Per-capita NSDP growth rate at current prices varied from 9.4% in 2010–2011 to a high of 16.15% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 12.62% in 2014–2015. In 2015–2016, the percentage share of Gross Value Added (GVA) at factor cost by economic activity at the constant price (the base year 2011–2012) was Agriculture-Forestry and Fishery—4.84%, Industry 18.51% and Services 66.65%. It has been observed that there has been a slow but steady decline in the percentage share of industry and agriculture over the years. Agriculture is the leading economic sector in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat are the state's top five crops.: 14 Tea is produced commercially in northern districts; the region is well known for Darjeeling and other high-quality teas.: 14 State industries are localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and the Haldia Port region. The Durgapur-Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of steel plants. Important manufacturing industries include: engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches and wagons. The Durgapur centre has established several industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals and fertilisers. Natural resources like tea and jute in nearby areas have made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries. Years after independence, West Bengal is dependent on the central government for help in meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant, and the Indian green revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant increase in food production since the 1980s and the state now has a surplus of grains. The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–1981, declining to 5% by 1997–1998. In contrast, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate. The state's total financial debt stood at ₹1,918,350 million (US$24 billion) as of 2011. Freshly sown saplings of rice in a paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks. In the period 2004–2010, the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee terms) lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.: 4 The economy of West Bengal has witnessed many surprising changes in direction. The agricultural sector in particular rose to 8.33% in 2010–11 before tumbling to −4.01% in 2012–13. Many major industries such as the Uttarpara Hindustan Motors car manufacturing unit, the jute industry, and the Haldia Petrochemicals unit experienced shutdowns in 2014. In the same year, plans for a 300 billion Jindal Steel project was mothballed. The tea industry of West Bengal has also witnessed shutdowns for financial and political reasons. The tourism industry of West Bengal was negatively impacted in 2017 because of the Gorkhaland agitation. However, over the years due to effective changes in the stance towards industrialisation, ease of doing business has improved in West Bengal. Steps are being taken to remedy this situation by promoting West Bengal as an investment destination. A leather complex has been built in Kolkata. Smart cities are being planned close to Kolkata, and major roadway projects are in the offing to revive the economy. West Bengal has been able to attract 2% of the foreign direct investment in the last decade. Transport See also: Transport in West Bengal and List of airports in West Bengal Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is a hub for flights to and from Bangladesh, East Asia, Nepal, Bhutan and north-east India. Durgapur Expressway An SBSTC bus in Karunamoyee Kolkata Metro, India's first metro rail system As of 2011, the total length of surface roads in West Bengal was over 92,023 kilometres (57,180 miles);: 18 national highways comprise 2,578 km (1,602 mi) and state highways 2,393 km (1,487 mi).: 18 As of 2006, the road density of the state was 103.69 kilometres per square kilometre (166.87 miles per square mile), higher than the national average of 74.7 km/km2 (120.2 mi/sq mi). As of 2011, the total railway route length was around 4,481 km (2,784 mi).: 20 Kolkata is the headquarters of three zones of the Indian Railways—Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway and the Kolkata Metro, which is the newly formed 17th zone of the Indian Railways. The Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) serves the northern parts of the state. The Kolkata metro is the country's first underground railway. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, part of NFR, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum, Kolkata, is the state's largest airport. Bagdogra Airport near Siliguri is a customs airport that offers international service to Bhutan and Thailand, besides regular domestic service. Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, India's first private sector airport, serves the twin cities of Asansol-Durgapur at Andal, Paschim Bardhaman. Kolkata is a major river port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages the Kolkata and the Haldia docks. There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Cargo ship service operates to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferries are a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have trams as a mode of transport; these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company. Several government-owned organisations operate bus services in the state, including: the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, the North Bengal State Transport Corporation, the South Bengal State Transport Corporation, the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation and the Calcutta Tramways Company. There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalised service without any private investment. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto rickshaws, which often ply specific routes in cities. In most of the state, cycle rickshaws and in Kolkata, hand-pulled rickshaws and electric rickshaws are used for short-distance travel. Demographics Dakshineswar Kali TempleTipu Sultan MosqueSt Paul's Cathedral Historical populationYearPop.±% 1901 16,940,088— 1911 17,998,769+6.2% 1921 17,474,348−2.9% 1931 18,897,036+8.1% 1941 23,229,552+22.9% 1951 26,300,000+13.2% 1961 34,926,000+32.8% 1971 44,312,000+26.9% 1981 54,581,000+23.2% 1991 68,078,000+24.7% 2001 80,176,000+17.8% 2011 91,276,115+13.8% 202298,604,000+8.0%Source: Census of India According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, West Bengal is the fourth-most-populous state in India with a population of 91,347,736 (7.55% of India's population). The state's 2001–2011 decennial population growth rate was 13.93%, lower than the 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.8% and lower than the national rate of 17.64%. The gender ratio is 947 females per 1,000 males. As of 2011, West Bengal had a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sq mi) making it the second-most densely populated state in India, after Bihar. The literacy rate is 77.08%, higher than the national rate of 74.04%. Data from 2010 to 2014 showed the life expectancy in the state was 70.2 years, higher than the national value of 67.9. The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2013 was 19.98%, a decline from 31.8% a decade ago. Scheduled castes and tribes form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population, respectively, in rural areas and 19.9% and 1.5%, respectively, in urban areas. In September 2017, West Bengal achieved 100% electrification, after some remote villages in the Sunderbans became the last to be electrified. As of September 2017, of 125 towns and cities in Bengal, 76 have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status. All towns in the districts of: Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Bardhaman and East Medinipur are ODF zones, with Nadia becoming the first ODF district in the state in April 2015. A study conducted in three districts of West Bengal found that accessing private health services to treat illness had a catastrophic impact on households. This indicates the importance of the public provision of health services to mitigate poverty and the impact of illness on poor households. The latest Sample Registration System (SRS) statistical report shows that West Bengal has the lowest fertility rate among Indian states. West Bengal's total fertility rate was 1.6, lower than neighbouring Bihar's 3.4, which is the highest in the entire country. Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada. Bengalis, consisting of Bengali Hindus, Bengali Muslims, Bengali Christians and a few Bengali Buddhists, comprise the majority of the population. Marwari, Maithili and Bhojpuri speakers are scattered throughout the state; various indigenous ethnic Buddhist communities such as the Sherpas, Bhutias, Lepchas, Tamangs, Yolmos and ethnic Tibetans can be found in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. Native Khortha speakers are found in Malda district. Surjapuri, a language considered to be a mix of Maithili and Bengali, is spoken across northern parts of the state. The Darjeeling Hills are mainly inhabited by various Gorkha communities who overwhelmingly speak Nepali (also known as Gorkhali), although there are some who retain their ancestral languages like Lepcha. West Bengal is also home to indigenous tribal Adivasis such as: Santhal, Munda, Oraon, Bhumij, Lodha, Kol and Toto. There are a small number of ethnic minorities primarily in the state capital, including : Chinese, Tamils, Maharashtrians, Odias, Malayalis, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Jews, Punjabis and Parsis. India's sole Chinatown is in eastern Kolkata. Languages Languages of West Bengal (2011) Bengali (86.22%) Hindi (6.97%) Santali (2.66%) Urdu (1.82%) Nepali (1.27%) Others (1.06%) The state's official languages are Bengali and English; Nepali has additional official status in the three subdivisions of Darjeeling district. In 2012, the state government passed a bill granting additional official status to Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali and Urdu in areas where speakers exceed 10% of the population. In 2019, another bill was passed by the government to include Kamtapuri, Kurmali and Rajbanshi as additional official languages in blocks, divisions or districts where the speakers exceed 10% of the population. On 24 December 2020, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee announced Telugu as an additional official language. As of the 2011 census, 86.22% of the population spoke Bengali, 5.00% Hindi, 2.66% Santali, 1.82% Urdu and 1.26% Nepali as their first language. Religion Main article: Religion in West Bengal Religion in West Bengal (2011) Hinduism (70.54%) Islam (27.01%) Christianity (0.72%) Buddhism (0.31%) No religion (0.25%) Jainism (0.07%) Sikhism (0.07%) Other Religions (inc. Tribal religions, Judaism and Zoroastrianism) (1.03%) West Bengal is religiously diverse, with regional cultural and religious specificities. Although Hindus are the predominant community, the state has a large minority Muslim population. Christians, Buddhists and others form a minuscule part of the population. As of 2011, Hinduism is the most common religion, with adherents representing 70.54% of the total population. Muslims, the second-largest community, comprise 27.01% of the total population, Three of West Bengal's districts: Murshidabad, Malda and Uttar Dinajpur, are Muslim-majority. Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism and other religions make up the remainder. Buddhism remains a prominent religion in the Himalayan region of the Darjeeling hills; almost the entirety of West Bengal's Buddhist population is from this region. Christianity is mainly found among the tea garden tribes at tea plantations scattered throughout the Dooars of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar districts. The Hindu population of West Bengal is 64,385,546 while the Muslim population is 24,654,825, according to the 2011 census. Culture See also: Bengalis, Culture of West Bengal, and Culture of Darjeeling Literature Main articles: Bengali literature and History of Bengali literature Rabindranath Tagore is Asia's first Nobel laureate and the composer of India's national anthem.Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga to Europe and the US, raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion. The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage it shares with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition of folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, a collection of Buddhist mystic songs dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries; Mangalkavya, a collection of Hindu narrative poetry composed around the 13th century; Shreekrishna Kirtana, a pastoral Vaishnava drama in verse composed by Boru Chandidas; Thakurmar Jhuli, a collection of Bengali folk and fairy tales compiled by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder; and stories of Gopal Bhar, a court jester in medieval Bengal. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works marked a departure from the traditional verse-oriented writings prevalent in that period; Michael Madhusudan Dutt, a pioneer in Bengali drama who introduced the use of blank verse; and Rabindranath Tagore, who reshaped Bengali literature and music. Indian art saw the introduction of Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Other notable figures include Kazi Nazrul Islam, whose compositions form the avant-garde genre of Nazrul Sangeet, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works on contemporary social practices in Bengal are widely acclaimed, and Manik Bandyopadhyay, who is considered one of the leading lights of modern Bengali fiction. In modern times, Jibanananda Das has been acknowledged as "the premier poet of the post-Tagore era in India". Other writers include: Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, best known for his work Pather Panchali; Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, well known for his portrayal of the lower strata of society; Manik Bandopadhyay, a pioneering novelist; and Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Saradindu Bandopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Buddhadeb Basu, Joy Goswami and Sunil Gangopadhyay. Music and dance Main article: Music of West Bengal Baul singers at Basanta-Utsab, ShantiniketanDance with Rabindra Sangeet Chhau Dance A notable music tradition is the Baul music, practised by the Bauls, a sect of mystic minstrels. Other folk music forms include Gombhira and Bhawaiya. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, a one-stringed instrument. Shyama Sangeet is a genre of devotional songs, praising the Hindu goddess Kali; kirtan is devotional group songs dedicated to the god Krishna. Like other states in northern India, West Bengal also has a heritage in North Indian classical music. Rabindrasangeet, songs composed and set to words by Rabindranath Tagore, and Nazrul geeti (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are Dwijendralal, Atulprasad and Rajanikanta's songs, and adhunik or modern music from films and other composers. From the early 1990s, new genres of music have emerged, including what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism). Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. Chhau dance of Purulia is a rare form of masked dance. Films Main article: Cinema of West Bengal Satyajit Ray, a pioneer in Bengali cinema along with Ravi Sankar. West Bengali films are shot mostly in studios in the Kolkata neighbourhood of Tollygunge; the name "Tollywood" (similar to Hollywood and Bollywood) is derived from that name. The Bengali film industry is well known for its art films, and has produced acclaimed directors like Satyajit Ray who is widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century, Mrinal Sen whose films were known for their artistic depiction of social reality, Tapan Sinha, and Ritwik Ghatak. Some contemporary directors include veterans such as: Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Tarun Majumdar, Goutam Ghose, Aparna Sen, and Rituparno Ghosh, and a newer pool of directors such as Kaushik Ganguly and Srijit Mukherji. Uttam Kumar was the most popular lead actor for decades, and his romantic pairing with actress Suchitra Sen in films attained legendary status. Soumitra Chatterjee, who acted in many Satyajit Ray-films, and Prosenjit Chatterjee are among other popular lead male actors. As of 2020, Bengali films have won India's annual National Film Award for Best Feature Film twenty-two times in sixty seven years, the highest among all Indian languages. Fine arts Panchchura Temple in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India. There are significant examples of fine arts in Bengal from earlier times, including the terracotta art of Hindu temples and the Kalighat paintings. Bengal has been in the vanguard of modernism in fine arts. Abanindranath Tagore, called the father of modern Indian art, started the Bengal School of Art, one of whose goals was to promote the development of styles of art outside the European realist tradition that had been taught in art colleges under the British colonial administration. The movement had many adherents, including: Gaganendranath Tagore, Ramkinkar Baij, Jamini Roy and Rabindranath Tagore. After Indian Independence, important groups such as the Calcutta Group and the Society of Contemporary Artists were formed in Bengal and came to dominate the art scene in India. Reformist heritage The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, including Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and Swami Vivekananda. Their social reforms eventually led to a cultural atmosphere that made it possible for practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination, or untouchability, to be abolished. The region was also home to several religious teachers, such as Chaitanya, Ramakrishna, Prabhupada and Paramahansa Yogananda. Cuisine Main article: Cuisine of West Bengal Assorted food eaten in West Bengal: Patisapta, a kind of pitha; shorshe ilish (hilsha with mustard sauce) and rasgullas in sugar syrup Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, "machhe bhate bangali", that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali". Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on its texture, size, fat content and bones. Most of the people also consume eggs, chicken, mutton, and shrimp. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water) with onion and green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas. Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen include cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies and turmeric. Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread, or dim sum, are specialties of the winter season. Sweets such as narkol-naru, til-naru, moa and payesh are prepared during festivals such as Lakshmi puja. Popular street foods include Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, biryani, and phuchka. Clothing Jamdani Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal. Bengali women commonly wear the sari, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire. Among men, western dress has greater acceptance. Particularly on cultural occasions, men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi with dhuti while women wear salwar kameez or sari. West Bengal produces several varieties of cotton and silk saris in the country. Handlooms are a popular way for the state's rural population to earn a living through weaving. Every district has weaving clusters, which are home to artisan communities, each specialising in specific varieties of handloom weaving. Notable handloom saris include tant, jamdani, garad, korial, baluchari, tussar and muslin. Festivals Main article: List of festivals in West Bengal Durga Puja is the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in West Bengal. The five-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout West Bengal. The city of Kolkata transforms Durga Puja. It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers. Rath Yatra is a Hindu festival which celebrates Jagannath, a form of Krishna. It is celebrated with much fanfare in Kolkata as well as in rural Bengal. Images of Jagannath are set upon a chariot and pulled through the streets. Karam festival in JhargramFestivals of West Bengal: Durga Puja, Rath Yatra and Goddess Saraswati dressed in a yellow sari on Saraswati Puja Other major festivals of West Bengal include: Poila Baishakh the Bengali new year, Dolyatra or Holi the festival of lights, Poush Parbon, Kali Puja, Nabadwip Shakta Rash, Saraswati Puja, Deepavali, Lakshmi Puja, Janmashtami, Jagaddhatri Puja, Vishwakarma Puja, Bhai Phonta, Rakhi Bandhan, Kalpataru Day, Shivratri, Ganesh Chathurthi, Maghotsav, Karam festival, Kartik Puja, Akshay Tritiya, Raas Yatra, Guru Purnima, Annapurna Puja, Charak Puja, Gajan, Buddha Purnima, Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha and Muharram. Rabindra Jayanti, Kolkata Book Fair, Kolkata Film Festival, and Nazrul Jayanti. All are important cultural events. Eid al-Fitr is the most important Muslim festival in West Bengal. They celebrate the end of Ramadan with prayers, alms-giving, shopping, gift-giving, and feasting. Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) is perhaps the next major festival celebrated in Kolkata, after Durga Puja. Although Hinduism is the major religion in the state, people show significant passion to the festival. Just like Durga Puja, Christmas in Kolkata is an occasion when all communities and people of every religion take part. Large masses of people go to parks, gardens, museums, parties, fairs, churches and other places to celebrate the day. A lot of Hindus go to Hindu-temples and the festival is celebrated there too with Hindu rituals. The state tourism department organises a gala Christmas Festival every year in Park Street. The whole of Park Street is hung with colourful lights, and food stalls sell cakes, chocolates, Chinese cuisine, momo, and various other items. The state invites musical groups from Darjeeling and other North East India states to perform choir recitals, carols, and jazz numbers. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals and is celebrated with much gusto in the Darjeeling hills. On this day, processions begin at the various Buddhist monasteries, or gumpas, and congregate at the Chowrasta (Darjeeling) Mall. The Lamas chant mantras and sound their bugles, and students, as well as people from every community, carry the holy books or pustaks on their heads. Besides Buddha Purnima, Dashain, or Dusshera, Holi, Diwali, Losar, Namsoong or the Lepcha New Year, and Losoong are the other major festivals of the Darjeeling Himalayan region. Each year between July and August (on the eve of the month of Shravan) in Tarakeswar Yatra held, nearly 10 million devotees come from various part of India bringing holy water of Ganga from Nimai Tirtha Ghat of Baidyabati, which is almost 39 km (25 mi) from Tarakeswar, in order to offer it to Lord Shiva. During that month, a line of people in saffron-dyed clothes stretches over the full 39 km (25 mi). It is the longest and largest Mela of West Bengal. Poush Mela is a popular winter festival of Shantiniketan, with performances of folk music, Baul songs, dance, and theatre taking place throughout the town. Ganga Sagar Mela coincides with the Makar Sankranti, and hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims converge where the river Ganges meets the sea to bathe en masse during this fervent festival. Education Main articles: Education in West Bengal, Universities and colleges of West Bengal, List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal, and List of schools in West Bengal University of Calcutta, the oldest public university of India. The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata. Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU. West Bengal schools are run by the state government or private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. Secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS), West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, or the West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education. As of 2016 85% of children within the 6 to 17-year age group attend school (86% do so in urban areas and 84% in rural areas). School attendance is almost universal among the 6 to 14-year age group then drops to 70% with the 15 to 17-year age group. There is a gender disparity in school attendance in the 6 to 14-year age group, more girls than boys are attending school. In Bengal, 71% of women aged 15–49 years and 81% of men aged 15–49 years are literate. Only 14% of women aged 15–49 years in West Bengal have completed 12 or more years of schooling, compared with 22% of men. 22% of women and 14% of men aged 15–49 years have never attended school. St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling Some of the notable schools in the city are: Ramakrishna Mission Narendrapur, Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission, Sister Nivedita Girls' School, Hindu School, Hare School, La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, St. James' School (Kolkata), South Point School, Techno India Group Public School, St. Xavier's Collegiate School, and Loreto House, Loreto Convent, Pearl Rosary School are some of which rank amongst the best schools in the country. Many of the schools in Kolkata and Darjeeling are colonial-era establishments housed in buildings that are exemplars of neo-classical architecture. Darjeeling's schools include: St. Paul's, St. Joseph's North Point, Goethals Memorial School, and Dow Hill in Kurseong. West Bengal has eighteen universities. Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It was the gateway to the revolution of European education during the British Raj. Sir William Jones established the Asiatic Society in 1794 to promote oriental studies. People such as Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Alexander Duff and William Carey played leading roles in setting up modern schools and colleges in the city. The University of Calcutta, the oldest and one of the most prestigious public universities in India, has 136 affiliated colleges. Fort William College was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. The Lady Brabourne College was established in 1939. The Scottish Church College, the oldest Christian liberal arts college in South Asia, started in 1830. The Vidyasagar College was established in 1872 and was the first purely Indian-run private college in India. In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed the Presidency College. The state government granted it university status in 2010 and it was renamed Presidency University. Kazi Nazrul University was established in 2012. The University of Calcutta and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities. Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan is a central university and an institution of national importance. The Auditorium at Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Other higher education institutes of importance in West Bengal include: St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first IIM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (the first IIT), Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (the first IIEST), Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani, Medical College, Kolkata, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. In 2003 the state government supported the creation of West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, West Bengal State University, and Gour Banga University. Jadavpur University (Focus area—Mobile Computing and Communication and Nano-science), and the University of Calcutta (Modern Biology) are among two of the fifteen universities selected under the "University with Potential for Excellence" scheme. University of Calcutta (Focus Area—Electro-Physiological and Neuro-imaging studies including mathematical modelling) has also been selected under the "Centre with Potential for Excellence in a Particular Area" scheme. In addition, the state is home to Kalyani University, The University of Burdwan, Vidyasagar University, and North Bengal University all well established and nationally renowned schools that cover education needs at the district level and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Apart from this there is a Deemed university run by the Ramakrishna mission named Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University at Belur Math. There are several research institutes in Kolkata. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is the first research institute in Asia. C. V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done at the IACS. The Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, and the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre are the most prominent. Notable scholars who were born, worked, or studied in the geographic area of the state include physicists: Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha, and Jagadish Chandra Bose; chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy; statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain; physician Upendranath Brahmachari; educator Ashutosh Mukherjee; and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore, C. V. Raman, Amartya Sen, and Abhijit Banerjee Media In 2005 West Bengal had 505 published newspapers, of which 389 were in Bengali. Ananda Bazar Patrika, published in Kolkata with 1,277,801 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India. Other major Bengali newspapers are: Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Jago Bangla, Uttarbanga Sambad and Ganashakti. Major English language newspapers include The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies such as: The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali, Gujarati, Odia, Urdu and Punjabi also exist. DD Bangla is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include ABP Ananda, News18 Bangla, Republic Bangla, Kolkata TV, News Time, Zee 24 Ghanta, TV9 Bangla, Calcutta News and Channel 10. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are available only in cities like Kolkata, Siliguri, and Asansol. Vodafone Idea, Airtel, BSNL, Jio are available cellular phone providers. Broadband Internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers. Sports Main article: Sports in West Bengal Salt Lake Stadium (Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan), Kolkata Cricket and association football are popular. West Bengal, unlike most other states of India, is noted for its passion and patronage of football. Kolkata is one of the major centres for football in India and houses top national clubs such as Mohun Bagan Super Giant, East Bengal Club and Mohammedan Sporting Club. Netaji Indoor Stadium, Kolkata West Bengal has several large stadiums. Eden Gardens was one of only two 100,000-seat cricket stadiums in the world; renovations before the 2011 Cricket World Cup reduced the capacity to 66,000. The stadium is the home to various cricket teams such as the Kolkata Knight Riders, the Bengal cricket team and the East Zone. The 1987 Cricket World Cup final was hosted in Eden Gardens. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world. Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK), is a multipurpose stadium in Kolkata, with a current capacity of 85,000. It is the largest stadium in India by seating capacity. Before its renovation in 2011, it was the second-largest football stadium in the world, having a seating capacity of 120,000. It has hosted many national and international sporting events like the SAF Games of 1987 and the 2011 FIFA friendly football match between Argentina and Venezuela featuring Lionel Messi. In 2008 legendary German goalkeeper, Oliver Kahn played his farewell match on this ground. The stadium hosted the final match of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Notable sports persons from West Bengal include former Indian national cricket team captain Sourav Ganguly, Pankaj Roy, Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes and chess grand master Dibyendu Barua. 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ISBN 978-1-139-46830-5. Sen, Raj Kumar; Dasgupta, Asis (2007). West Bengal Today: 25 Years of Economic Development. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 380. ISBN 978-81-7629-984-8. Roy, Dayabati (2013). Rural Politics in India: Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-107-51316-7. Samaddar, Ranabir (1999). The Marginal Nation: Transborder Migration from Bangladesh to West Bengal. the University of Michigan: SAGE Publications. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7619-9283-7. Mukherjee, Soumyendra Nath (1987). Sir William Jones: A Study in Eighteenth-century British Attitudes to India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-86131-581-9. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Bayly, Christopher Alan (1987). Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195, 196. ISBN 978-0-521-38650-0. Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-84774-062-5. Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K. N.; Mahajan, Sucheta (1989). India's Struggle for Independence. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-183-3. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2018. Campbell, John; Watts, William (1760), "Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, Anno Domini 1757", World Digital Library, archived from the original on 24 December 2014, retrieved 30 September 2013 External links Government Official website Official tourism site General information West Bengal web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries West Bengal at the Encyclopædia Britannica West Bengal at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of West Bengal Geographic data related to West Bengal at OpenStreetMap Places adjacent to West Bengal Koshi Province, Nepal Sikkim Chukha, Dagana and Samtse Districts, Bhutan BiharJharkhand West Bengal AssamRangpur and Rajshahi Divisions, Bangladesh Odisha Bay of Bengal Khulna Division, Bangladesh vteState of West BengalCapital: KolkataState symbols Emblem: Emblem of West Bengal Anthem: Banglar Mati Banglar Jol Animal: Fishing cat Bird: White-throated kingfisher Flower: Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli) Tree: Devil's tree (Saptaparni) Fish: Ilish History Gauda Kingdom Shashanka Pala Empire Sena dynasty Mallabhum Cooch Behar State Sher Shah Suri Mughal Empire Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad East India Company Battle of Plassey Bengal Presidency Great Bengal famine of 1770 Indian Rebellion of 1857 Bengal Renaissance Bardhaman Raj Nadia Raj Jhargram Raj Sovabazar Raj Partition of Bengal (1905) Revolutionary movement for Indian independence Anushilan Samiti Jugantar Bengal famine of 1943 Direct Action Day Noakhali riots Partition of Bengal (1947) Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) Bangladesh Liberation War Naxalite movement Geography Bengal Basin Darjeeling Himalayan hill region Terai North Bengal plains Dooars Rarh region Sundarbans Western plateau and high lands Ganges Delta Climate Sandakphu (Highest point) Protected areas of West Bengal Rivers of West Bengal Ganga Damodar River Brahmaputra Teesta Hooghly River Khoai Tiger Hill, Darjeeling Siliguri Corridor Governance Chief Ministers Governor Legislative Assembly Human 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Kolkata Krishnanagar Kurseong Malda Midnapore Murshidabad Purulia Raiganj Siliguri Siuri Tamluk List of cities in West Bengal by population Cities and towns by district Culture Bengal Renaissance Bengali calendars Patachitra Chalchitra Arts of West Bengal Baul Bhadu Gombhira Chhau dance Cuisine Rabindra Sangeet Rabindra Nritya Natya Holi Dol Purnima Prostitution in Kolkata Pahela Baishakh Durga Puja Bhai Phonta Raksha Bandhan Ratha Yatra Architecture of Bengal Bengal temples Bengali language Bengali literature Feluda Lalmohan Ganguly Professor Shonku Tarini Khuro Kakababu Kiriti Roy Pather Panchali (novel) Tollywood (Bengali cinema) Jatra Ghosts in Bengali culture GI product Baluchari sari Banglar Rosogolla Bankura horse Bengal Patachitra Chhau mask Darjeeling tea Dhaniakhali Sari Dhokra Fazli (mango) Garad Saree Gobindobhog Himsagar Jaynagarer Moa Madurkathi Manasa chali Mihidana Nakshi kantha Santiniketan Leather Goods Shantipuri sari Sitabhog Sundarban Honey Tangail Saree Tulaipanji Demographics Bengali people Bihari people Economy of West Bengal Gurkha Adivasi Rajbanshi Anglo-Indian Ethnic communities in Kolkata List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Anti-Bengali sentiment in India People Rabindranath Tagore Satyajit Ray Kazi Nazrul Islam Anil Kumar Gain Ritwik Ghatak Subhas Chandra Bose Jamini Roy Bidhan Chandra Roy Jyoti Basu Nandalal Bose Jagadish Chandra Bose Meghnad Saha Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Sarat Chandra Bose Jnanadanandini Devi Abanindranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Satyendranath Dutta Ram Mohan Roy Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Rani Rashmoni Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Swami Vivekananda Sarada Devi Dwarkanath Tagore Sukumar Ray Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Michael Madhusudan Dutta Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Sister Nivedita Mother Teresa Amartya Sen Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay Nihar Ranjan Gupta Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons vteStates and union territories of IndiaStates Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Autonomous administrative divisions of India Proposed states and union territories Historical Regions British Provinces vteMunicipalities and CD blocks of West BengalMunicipalcorporations Asansol Bidhannagar Chandannagar Durgapur Howrah Kolkata Siliguri Municipalities Alipurduar Arambagh Ashoknagar Kalyangarh Baduria Baidyabati Balurghat Bangaon Bankura Bansberia Baranagar Barasat Bardhaman Barrackpore Baruipur Basirhat Beldanga Berhampore Bhadreswar Bhatpara Birnagar Bishnupur Bolpur Budge Budge Buniadpur Chakdaha Champdani Chandrakona Contai Cooch Behar Dainhat Dalkhola Darjeeling Dhuliyan Dhupguri Diamond Harbour Dinhata Dubrajpur Dum Dum Egra English Bazar Gangarampur Garulia Gayespur Ghatal Gobardanga Guskara Habra Haldia Haldibari Halisahar Haringhata Hugli-Chuchura Islampur Jalpaiguri Jangipur Jaynagar Majilpur Jhalda Jhargram Jiaganj Azimganj Kaliaganj Kalimpong Kalna Kalyani Kamarhati Kanchrapara Kandi Katwa Kharagpur Kharar Khardaha Khirpai Konnagar Krishnanagar Kurseong Madhyamgram Maheshtala Mainaguri Malbazar Mathabhanga Mekhliganj Memari Murshidabad Nabadwip Naihati Nalhati New Barrackpore North Barrackpur North Dum Dum Old Malda Panihati Panskura Pujali Purulia Raghunathpur Raiganj Rajarhat Rajpur Sonarpur Ramjibanpur Rampurhat Ranaghat Rishra Sainthia Shantipur Sonamukhi South Dum Dum Suri Taki Tamluk Tarakeswar Titagarh Tufanganj Uluberia Uttarpara Community developmentblocks1 A Alipurduar I Alipurduar II Amdanga Amta I Amta II Andal Arambagh Arsha Ausgram I Ausgram II B Baduria Bagdah Baghmundi Bagnan I Bagnan II Balagarh Balarampur Balurghat Bally Jagachha 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II Gangajalghati Gangarampur Garhbeta I Garhbeta II Garhbeta III Gazole Ghatal Goalpokhar I Goalpokhar II Goghat I Goghat II Gopiballavpur I Gopiballavpur II Gorubathan Gosaba H Habibpur Habra I Habra II Haldia Haldibari Hanskhali Hariharpara Haringhata Haripal Harirampur Harishchandrapur I Harishchandrapur II Haroa Hasnabad Hemtabad Hili Hingalganj Hirbandh Hura I Ilambazar Indas Indpur Islampur Itahar J Jagatballavpur Jalangi Jalpaiguri Jamalpur Jamboni Jamuria Jangipara Jaynagar I Jaynagar II Jhalda I Jhalda II Jhargram Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri Joypur, Bankura Joypur, Purulia K Kakdwip Kalchini Kaliachak I Kaliachak II Kaliachak III Kaliaganj Kaliganj Kalimpong I Kalimpong II Kalna I Kalna II Kandi Kanksa Karandighi Karimpur I Karimpur II Kashipur Katwa I Katwa II Keshiari Keshpur Ketugram I Ketugram II Khanakul I Khanakul II Khandaghosh Kharagpur I Kharagpur II Khargram Kharibari Khatra Khejuri I Khejuri II Khoyrasole Kolaghat Kotulpur Krishnaganj Krishnanagar I Krishnanagar II 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II Rangli Rangliot Ranibandh Raniganj Raninagar I Raninagar II Ratua I Ratua II S Sabang Sagar Sagardighi Sahid Matangini Sainthia Salanpur Salboni Saltora Samserganj Sandeshkhali I Sandeshkhali II Sankrail, Howrah Sankrail, Jhargram Santipur Santuri Sarenga Shyampur I Shyampur II Simlapal Singur Sitai Sitalkuchi Sonamukhi Sonarpur Sreerampur Uttarpara Suri I Suri II Sutahata Suti I Suti II Swarupnagar T Taldangra Tamluk Tapan Tarakeswar Tehatta I Tehatta II Thakurpukur Maheshtala Tufanganj I Tufanganj II U Udaynarayanpur Uluberia I Uluberia II See also List of cities in West Bengal by population Similar to tehsils in many states of India Portals: Geography Asia India West Bengal at Wikipedia's sister projects:Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksTravel guides from WikivoyageData from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United 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Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bengal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"trading nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_nation"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hindu states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra"},{"link_name":"Baro-Bhuyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan"},{"link_name":"Suri Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suri_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"proto-industrialised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-industrialization"},{"link_name":"Mughal Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Nawabs of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ray-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sengupta-14"},{"link_name":"Bengal Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Battle of Buxar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sirajbanglaped2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellWatts1760-16"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty#British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bengal Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Indian independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld_2001_771-19"},{"link_name":"religious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Day"},{"link_name":"Bengal Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Bengal Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Partition of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"},{"link_name":"dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominions#India,_Pakistan_and_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Hindu refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Western education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"Bengali Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"regional and pan−Indian empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bengal's history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_cuisine"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"welfare state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state"},{"link_name":"agricultural production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_production"},{"link_name":"small and medium-sized enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undp_Bengal-22"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"political violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence"},{"link_name":"economic stagnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stagnation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB1-23"},{"link_name":"economy of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"sixth-largest state economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EcoSur-5"},{"link_name":"20th-highest GSDP per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBI_Stats21-22-24"},{"link_name":"foreign direct investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"red tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tape"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"26th-highest ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"human development index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_index"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undp_Bengal-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EcoSur-5"},{"link_name":"World Heritage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India"},{"link_name":"tourist destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"state of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2012-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018Data-29"}],"text":"State in Eastern India\"Poschim Bongo\" and \"Poshchimbôŋgo\" redirect here. For other uses, see Paschimbanga.This article is about the Indian State in Eastern India created in 1947. For the Indian Province that existed between 1905 and 1911, see Western Bengal Province.State in East India, IndiaWest Bengal (/bɛnˈɡɔːl/, Bengali: Poshchim Bongo, pronounced [ˈpoʃtʃim ˈbɔŋɡo] ⓘ, abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) as of 2011. The population estimate as of 2023 is 102,552,787.[12] West Bengal is the fourth-most populous and thirteenth-largest state by area in India, as well as the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. As a part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, it borders Bangladesh in the east, and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the third-largest metropolis, and seventh largest city by population in India. West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region, the coastal Sundarbans and the Bay of Bengal. The state's main ethnic group are the Bengalis, with the Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority.The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas, while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period. The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires, including the Vangas, Mauryans, and the Guptas. The citadel of Gauḍa served as the capital of the Gauḍa Kingdom, the Pala Empire, and the Sena Empire. Islam was introduced through trade with the Abbasid Caliphate, but following the Ghurid conquests led by Bakhtiyar Khalji and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the Muslim faith spread across the entire Bengal region. During the Bengal Sultanate, the territory was a major trading nation in the world, and was often referred by the Europeans as the \"richest country to trade with\". It was absorbed into the Mughal Empire in 1576. Simultaneously, some parts of the region were ruled by several Hindu states, and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, and part of it was briefly overrun by the Suri Empire. Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, and showed signs of the first Industrial revolution.[13][14] The region was later annexed into the Bengal Presidency by the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764.[15][16] From 1772 to 1911, Calcutta was the capital of all of East India Company's territories and then the capital of the entirety of India after the establishment of the Viceroyalty.[17] From 1912 to India's Independence in 1947, it was the capital of the Bengal Province.[18]The region was a hotbed of the Indian independence movement and has remained one of India's great artistic and intellectual centres.[19] Following widespread religious violence, the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the Partition of Bengal in 1947 along religious lines into two independent dominions: West Bengal, a Hindu-majority Indian state, and East Bengal, a Muslim-majority province of Pakistan which later became the independent Bangladesh. The state was also flooded with Hindu refugees from East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 partition of India, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.[20][21] The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in an expansion of Western education, culminating in developments in science, institutional education, and social reforms in the region, including what became known as the Bengali Renaissance. Several regional and pan−Indian empires throughout Bengal's history have shaped its culture, cuisine, and architecture.Post-Indian independence, as a welfare state, West Bengal's economy is based on agricultural production and small and medium-sized enterprises.[22] The state's cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. For several decades, the state underwent political violence and economic stagnation after the beginning of communist rule in 1977 before it rebounded.[23] In 2023–24, the economy of West Bengal is the sixth-largest state economy in India with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹17.19 lakh crore (US$220 billion),[5] and has the country's 20th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹121,267 (US$1,500)[24] as of 2020–21. Despite being one of the fastest-growing major economies, West Bengal has struggled to attract foreign direct investment due to adverse land acquisition policies, poor infrastructure, and red tape.[25][26] It also has the 26th-highest ranking among Indian states in human development index, with the index value being lower than the Indian average.[8][22] The state government debt of ₹6.47 lakh crore (US$81 billion), or 37.67% of GSDP, has dropped from 40.65% since 2010–11.[27][5] West Bengal has three World Heritage sites and ranks as the eight-most visited tourist destination in India and third-most visited state of India globally.[28][29]","title":"West Bengal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Dravidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Vanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literature"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshman1865-31"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Bengal Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Bengal Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Partition of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"},{"link_name":"Indian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1987230-11"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarty2004142-32"},{"link_name":"Government of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"West Bengal Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Trinamool Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinamool_Congress"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Left Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-namec-34"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-namec-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The origin of the name Bengal (Bangla and Bongo in Bengali) is unknown. One theory suggests the word derives from \"Bang\", the name of a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BCE.[30] The Bengali word Bongo might have been derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga (or Banga). Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name Vanga, the region's early history is obscure.[31]In 1947, at the end of British rule over the Indian subcontinent the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the Partition of Bengal along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state and East Bengal, a province of Pakistan, which came to be known be as East Pakistan and later became the independent Bangladesh.[11][32]In 2011 the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the official name of the state to Paschim Banga (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Pôshchimbônggô).[33] This is the native name of the state, literally meaning \"western Bengal\" in the native Bengali language. In August 2016 the West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed another resolution to change the name of West Bengal to \"Bengal\" in English and \"Bangla\" in Bengali. Despite the Trinamool Congress government's efforts to forge a consensus on the name change resolution, the Indian National Congress, the Left Front and the Bharatiya Janata Party opposed the resolution.[34] However, the central government has turned down the proposal maintaining the state should have one single name for all languages instead of three and it should not be the same as that of any other territory (pointing out that the name 'Bangla' may create confusion with neighbouring Bangladesh).[34][35][36]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shashanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashanka"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Gauda Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic"},{"link_name":"Vanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanga"},{"link_name":"Rarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarh_region"},{"link_name":"Pundravardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundravardhana"},{"link_name":"Suhma Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhma_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Gangaridai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaridai"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Suvarnabhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancienttrade-40"},{"link_name":"Mahavamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavamsa"},{"link_name":"Prince Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Vijaya"},{"link_name":"Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sinhala Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahavamsa-41"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Mahavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Gautama Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"janapadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janapada"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-settlements-42"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"Maurya Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Gupta Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mookerji1959-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_800ad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pala Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire"},{"link_name":"Late Classical period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_India"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Shashanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashanka"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shashankabanglaped-45"},{"link_name":"Rajyavardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajyavardhana"},{"link_name":"Thanesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanesar"},{"link_name":"Bodhi tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_tree"},{"link_name":"Bodhgaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Gaya"},{"link_name":"lingams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingams"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagchi1993-47"},{"link_name":"Pala dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sena dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan2013-48"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Chola I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"Chola dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sengupta2011-49"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kumar-50"},{"link_name":"Ghurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"khanqahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"Bengal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"trading nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_nation"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengal_p._10-51"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banu1992-52"}],"sub_title":"Ancient and classical period","text":"Coin of the King Shashanka, who created the first separate political entity in Bengal, called the Gauda KingdomStone Age tools dating back 20,000 years have been excavated in the state, showing human occupation 8,000 years earlier than scholars had thought.[37] According to the Indian epic Mahabharata the region was part of the Vanga Kingdom.[38] Several Vedic realms were present in the Bengal region, including Vanga, Rarh, Pundravardhana and the Suhma Kingdom. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention by the Ancient Greeks around 100 BCE of a land named Gangaridai located at the mouths of the Ganges.[39] Bengal had overseas trade relations with Suvarnabhumi (Burma, Lower Thailand, the Lower Malay Peninsula and Sumatra).[40] According to the Sri Lankan chronicle Mahavamsa, Prince Vijaya (c. 543 – c. 505 BCE), a Vanga Kingdom prince, conquered Lanka (modern-day Sri Lanka) and named the country Sinhala Kingdom.[41]The kingdom of Magadha was formed in the 7th century BCE, consisting of the regions now comprising Bihar and Bengal. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of the lives of Mahavira, the principal figure of Jainism and Gautama Buddha, founder of Buddhism. It consisted of several janapadas, or kingdoms.[42] Under Ashoka, the Maurya Empire of Magadha in the 3rd century BCE extended over nearly all of South Asia, including Afghanistan and parts of Balochistan. From the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire.[43]The Pala Empire was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal.Two kingdoms—Vanga or Samatata, and Gauda—are said in some texts to have appeared after the end of the Gupta Empire although details of their ascendancy are uncertain.[44] The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka, who reigned in the early 7th century.[45] Shashanka is often recorded in Buddhist annals as an intolerant Hindu ruler noted for his persecution of the Buddhists. He murdered Rajyavardhana, the Buddhist king of Thanesar, and is noted for destroying the Bodhi tree at Bodhgaya, and replacing Buddha statues with Shiva lingams.[46] After a period of anarchy,[47]: 36 the Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years beginning in the 8th century. A shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty followed.[48]Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty invaded some areas of Bengal between 1021 and 1023.[49]Islam was introduced through trade with the Abbasid Caliphate.[50] Following the Ghurid conquests led by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, it spread across the entire Bengal region. Mosques, madrasas and khanqahs were built throughout these stages. During the Islamic Bengal Sultanate, founded in 1352, Bengal was a major world trading nation and was often referred by the Europeans as the richest country with which to trade.[51] Later, in 1576, it was absorbed into the Mughal Empire.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firoz_Minar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Firoz Minar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firoz_Minar"},{"link_name":"Gauḍa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)"},{"link_name":"Bengal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-islambanglaped-53"},{"link_name":"Raja Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Islam Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Khan_I"},{"link_name":"Nawabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab"},{"link_name":"Murshidabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Pratapaditya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapaditya"},{"link_name":"Jessore District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_District"},{"link_name":"Raja Sitaram Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sitaram_Ray"},{"link_name":"Bardhaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Shaista Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Khan"},{"link_name":"proto-industrialised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-industrialization"},{"link_name":"Mughal Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Nawabs of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ray-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sengupta-14"},{"link_name":"Koch dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Medieval and early modern periods","text":"Firoz Minar at Gauḍa was built during the Bengal Sultanate.Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.[53] It was ruled by dynasties of the Bengal Sultanate and feudal lords under the Delhi Sultanate for the next few hundred years. The Bengal Sultanate was interrupted for twenty years by a Hindu uprising under Raja Ganesha. In the 16th century, Mughal general Islam Khan conquered Bengal. Administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire gave way to semi-independence under the Nawabs of Murshidabad, who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in Delhi. Several independent Hindu states were established in Bengal during the Mughal period, including those of Pratapaditya of Jessore District and Raja Sitaram Ray of Bardhaman. Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb and the Governor of Bengal, Shaista Khan, the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, and showed signs of the world's first Industrial revolution.[13][14] The Koch dynasty in northern Bengal flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries; it weathered the Mughals and survived until the advent of the British colonial era.[54][55]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Siraj ud-Daulah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah"},{"link_name":"Battle of Plassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey"},{"link_name":"subah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subah_(province)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Buxar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sirajbanglaped-56"},{"link_name":"Bengal Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Central Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"Bengal famine of 1770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-famine1770-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Indian rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"British Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baxter2-59"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Subhas Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"Bengal Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Brahmo Samaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"abortive attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baxter3-62"},{"link_name":"Great Bengal famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolpertfamine-63"},{"link_name":"Indian independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"revolutionary groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence"},{"link_name":"Anushilan Samiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti"},{"link_name":"Jugantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugantar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld_2001_771-19"},{"link_name":"Subhas Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"Indian National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandra26-64"}],"sub_title":"Colonial period","text":"An 1880 map of BengalSeveral European traders reached this area in the late 15th century. The British East India Company defeated Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab, in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The company gained the right to collect revenue in Bengal subah (province) in 1765 with the signing of the treaty between the East India company and the Mughal emperor following the Battle of Buxar in 1764.[56] The Bengal Presidency was established in 1765; it later incorporated all British-controlled territory north of the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh), from the mouths of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and the Punjab. The Bengal famine of 1770 claimed millions of lives due to tax policies enacted by the British company.[57] Calcutta, the headquarters of the East India company, was named the capital of British-held territories in India in 1773.[58] The failed Indian rebellion of 1857 started near Calcutta and resulted in a transfer of authority to the British Crown,[59] administered by the Viceroy of India.[60]Subhas Chandra Bose, he was a leading freedom fighter of IndiaThe Bengal Renaissance and the Brahmo Samaj socio-cultural reform movements significantly influenced the cultural and economic life of Bengal.[61] Between 1905 and 1911 an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones.[62] Bengal suffered from the Great Bengal famine in 1943, which claimed three million lives during World War II.[63] Bengalis played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant.[19] Armed attempts against the British Raj from Bengal reached a climax when news of Subhas Chandra Bose leading the Indian National Army against the British reached Bengal. The Indian National Army was subsequently routed by the British.[64]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gained independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India"},{"link_name":"Dominion of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_India"},{"link_name":"Dominion of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parttionbanglaped-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doldrums-66"},{"link_name":"French enclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_India"},{"link_name":"Chandannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandannagar"},{"link_name":"partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doldrums-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Himalayan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist"},{"link_name":"Naxalites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalites"},{"link_name":"economic stagnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stagnation"},{"link_name":"deindustrialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindustrialisation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB1-23"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londonanthology-67"},{"link_name":"1974 smallpox epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_of_India"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longcommu-68"},{"link_name":"central government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"economic liberalisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology_in_India"},{"link_name":"IT-enabled services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voamaoist-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-satpmcc-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singur1-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandi1-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://indianexpress.com-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-financialexpress.com-76"},{"link_name":"bandhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandh"},{"link_name":"strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_action"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intoday.in-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-standard.com-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiatimes.com-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestatesman.com-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUS-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plunkettresearch-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Health-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmidnabank-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tt1-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian.co.uk-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomicTimes-87"},{"link_name":"West Bengal blood test kit scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_blood_test_kit_scam"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Indian independence and afterwards","text":"When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to the Dominion of India and was named West Bengal. The eastern part went to the Dominion of Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan in 1956), becoming the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.[65] In 1950 the Princely State of Cooch Behar merged with West Bengal.[66] In 1955 the former French enclave of Chandannagar, which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal; portions of Bihar were also subsequently merged with West Bengal. Both West and East Bengal experienced large influxes of refugees during and after the partition in 1947. Refugee resettlement and related issues continued to play a significant role in the politics and socio-economic condition of the state.[66]The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation and deindustrialisation.[23] The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 resulted in an influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.[67] The 1974 smallpox epidemic killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front, led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist), governed the state for the next three decades.[68]The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after the central government introduced economic liberalisations in the mid-1990s. This was aided by the advent of information technology and IT-enabled services. Beginning in the mid-2000s, armed activists conducted minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state.[69][70] Clashes with the administration took place at several controversial locations over the issue of industrial land acquisition.[71][72] This became a decisive reason behind the defeat of the ruling Left Front government in the 2011 assembly election.[73] Although the economy was severely damaged during the unrest in the 1970s, the state has managed to revive its economy steadily throughout the years.[74][75][76] The state has shown improvement regarding bandhs (strikes)[77][78][79] and educational infrastructure.[80] Significant strides have been made in reducing unemployment,[81] though the state suffers from substandard healthcare services,[82][83] a lack of socio-economic development,[84] poor infrastructure,[85] unemployment and civil violence.[86][87] In 2006 the state's healthcare system was severely criticised in the aftermath of the West Bengal blood test kit scam.[88][89]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"eastern bottleneck of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Himalayan hill region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Sandakfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandakfu"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Terai region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai_region"},{"link_name":"North Bengal plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bengal_plains"},{"link_name":"Ganges delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_delta"},{"link_name":"western plateau and high lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_plateau_and_high_lands"},{"link_name":"Sundarbans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"},{"link_name":"Padma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_River"},{"link_name":"Bhagirathi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_River"},{"link_name":"Hooghly River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_River"},{"link_name":"Farakka barrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farakka_barrage"},{"link_name":"water flow management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_the_water_of_the_Ganges"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Teesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_River"},{"link_name":"Torsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsa_River"},{"link_name":"Jaldhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaldhaka_River"},{"link_name":"Mahananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahananda_River"},{"link_name":"Ajay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_River"},{"link_name":"Kangsabati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangsabati_River"},{"link_name":"Pollution of the Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gangapoll-93"},{"link_name":"Damodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_River"},{"link_name":"Damodar Valley Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Project"},{"link_name":"arsenic contamination of groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"tropical savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webindia-95"},{"link_name":"squalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squall"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalboisakhi-96"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_India#Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_monsoon"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_district"},{"link_name":"Jalpaiguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district"},{"link_name":"Cooch Behar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district"},{"link_name":"coastal areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Coastal_plain"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webindia-95"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"text":"Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by a monsoon.West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267 sq mi).[3] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state is a part of the eastern Himalayas mountain range. In this region is Sandakfu, which, at 3,636 m (11,929 ft), is the highest peak in the state.[90] The narrow Terai region separates the hills from the North Bengal plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the western plateau and high lands. A small coastal region is in the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.[91]The main river in West Bengal is the Ganges, which divides into two branches. One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma, or Pôdda, while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River. The Farakka barrage over the Ganges feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a feeder canal. Its water flow management has been a source of lingering dispute between India and Bangladesh.[92] The Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka and Mahananda rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers like the Damodar, Ajay and Kangsabati. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have numerous rivers and creeks. Pollution of the Ganges from indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem.[93] Damodar, another tributary of the Ganges and once known as the \"Sorrow of Bengal\" (due to its frequent floods), has several dams under the Damodar Valley Project. At least nine districts in the state suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater, and as of 2017 an estimated 1.04 crore people were afflicted by arsenic poisoning.[94]West Bengal's climate varies from tropical savanna in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer, the rainy season, a short autumn and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India. The highest daytime temperatures range from 38 °C (100 °F) to 45 °C (113 °F).[95] At night, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer, brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor'westers, often occur.[96] West Bengal receives the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Ocean monsoon that moves in a southeast to northwest direction. Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. Heavy rainfall of above 250 centimetres (98 in) is observed in the Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, and Cooch Behar district. During the arrival of the monsoons, low pressure in the Bay of Bengal region often leads to the formation of storms in the coastal areas. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F).[95] A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. The Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall.[97]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Bengal tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_tiger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sal trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_tree"},{"link_name":"Arabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabari"},{"link_name":"Midnapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnapur"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsiindiaforest2013-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsiwbforest-101"},{"link_name":"Sundarbans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mangrove-102"},{"link_name":"phytogeographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeographic"},{"link_name":"Gangetic plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangetic_plain"},{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mukherji-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mukherji-103"},{"link_name":"Chota Nagpur plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mukherji-103"},{"link_name":"sal tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_tree"},{"link_name":"Purba Medinipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purba_Medinipur"},{"link_name":"Casuarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vegetation-104"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"Dooars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooars"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India123-105"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"rhododendrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India123-105"},{"link_name":"Sundarbans National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Buxa Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxa_Tiger_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Gorumara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorumara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Neora Valley National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neora_Valley_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Singalila National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalila_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsiwbforest-101"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Indian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant"},{"link_name":"leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"gaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur"},{"link_name":"crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flora2-106"},{"link_name":"barking deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_deer"},{"link_name":"red panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda"},{"link_name":"chinkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinkara"},{"link_name":"takin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takin"},{"link_name":"serow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serow"},{"link_name":"pangolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin"},{"link_name":"minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minivet"},{"link_name":"kalij pheasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Bengal tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"Gangetic dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangetic_dolphin"},{"link_name":"terrapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrapin"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdrchap10-107"},{"link_name":"coastal fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_fish"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdrchap10-107"},{"link_name":"Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsiwbforest-101"}],"sub_title":"Flora and fauna","text":"A Royal Bengal tigerSal trees in the Arabari forest in West MidnapurThe \"India State of Forest Report 2017\", recorded forest area in the state is 16,847 km2 (6,505 sq mi),[98][99] while in 2013, forest area was 16,805 km2 (6,488 sq mi), which was 18.93% of the state's geographical area, compared to the then national average of 21.23%.[100] Reserves and protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8% and 8.9%, respectively, of forested areas, as of 2009.[101] Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans in southern West Bengal.[102]From a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.[103] The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, combined with favourable rainfall, makes this region especially fertile.[103] Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state has similar species composition with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand.[103] The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as the sal tree. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the Casuarina. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the forest gets its name.[104]The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and precipitation. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Dooars, are densely wooded with sal and other tropical evergreen trees.[105] Above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), temperate forest trees like oaks, conifers and rhododendrons predominate.[105]3.26% of the geographical area of West Bengal is protected land, comprising fifteen wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks—Sundarbans National Park, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Gorumara National Park, Neora Valley National Park and Singalila National Park.[101] Extant wildlife includes Indian rhinoceros, Indian elephant, deer, leopard, gaur, tiger and crocodiles, as well as many bird species. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter.[106] The high-altitude forests of Singalila National Park shelter barking deer, red panda, chinkara, takin, serow, pangolin, minivet and kalij pheasants. The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project devoted to conserving the endangered Bengal tiger, although the forest hosts many other endangered species such as the Gangetic dolphin, river terrapin and estuarine crocodile.[107] The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting coastal fishes along the Bay of Bengal.[107] Recognising its special conservation value, the Sundarbans area has been declared a Biosphere Reserve.[101]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Ministers of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"parliamentary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"representative democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy"},{"link_name":"Universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary"},{"link_name":"Calcutta High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Executive authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Head of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_State"},{"link_name":"President of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295mla-108"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian"},{"link_name":"panchayats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcdelimitgazzette-109"},{"link_name":"Rajya Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Indian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Politics in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"All India Trinamool Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Left Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_West_Bengal_state_assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Mamata Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longcommu-68"},{"link_name":"2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Gorkhaland Territorial Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor%27s_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raj Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House,_Kolkata.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Bengal Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calcutta_High_Court.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calcutta High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nabanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabanna_(building)"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_(14653055458).jpg"},{"link_name":"Writers' Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_Building"}],"text":"See also: Council of Ministers of West Bengal and List of Chief Ministers of West BengalWest Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the Head of State appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 members, or MLAs,[108] including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved before the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to the Lok Sabha[109] and 16 seats to the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[110]Politics in West Bengal is dominated by the All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), and the Left Front alliance (led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M)). Following the West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress coalition under Mamata Banerjee of the All India Trinamool Congress was elected to power with 225 seats in the legislature.[111]Prior to this, West Bengal was ruled by the Left Front for 34 years (1977–2011), making it the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government.[68] Banerjee was re-elected twice as Chief Minister in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election and 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 211 and 215 seats respectively, an absolute majority by the Trinamool Congress.[112] The state has one autonomous region, the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration.[113]Main offices in West BengalRaj Bhavan, the residence of the governor of the stateWest Bengal Legislative AssemblyCalcutta High Court, highest court in West BengalNabanna, temporary office of the Chief Minister of West BengalWriters' Building, West Bengal Government Secretariat","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Districts and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wbvillagehut1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hooghly district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_district"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&action=edit"},{"link_name":"23 districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_115-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_115-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_115-2"},{"link_name":"district collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_collector"},{"link_name":"Indian Administrative Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service"},{"link_name":"West Bengal Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panchayatdef-116"},{"link_name":"Sub-Divisional Magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Divisional_Magistrate"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blocdir-117"}],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"Districts of West BengalA hut in a village in the Hooghly districtAs of 1 November 2023,[update] West Bengal is divided into 23 districts.[114]^ a b c Was created after the 2011 CensusEach district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed by either the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service.[115] Each district is subdivided into sub-divisions, governed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and again into blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[116]","title":"Districts and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"third-largest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_populous_metropolitan_areas_in_India"},{"link_name":"urban agglomeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agglomeration"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uapop2011-118"},{"link_name":"seventh-largest city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityrank-119"},{"link_name":"Asansol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansol"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uapop2011-118"},{"link_name":"planned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Community"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Kalyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyani,_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Haldia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldia"},{"link_name":"Durgapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapur"},{"link_name":"Kharagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpur"},{"link_name":"New Garia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Garia"},{"link_name":"Tollygunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollygunge"},{"link_name":"Lake Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Siliguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"cities and towns in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Howrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah"},{"link_name":"Chandannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandannagar"},{"link_name":"Baharampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharampur"},{"link_name":"Jalpaiguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalpaiguri"},{"link_name":"Purulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulia"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata—the third-largest urban agglomeration[117] and the seventh-largest city[118] in India. Asansol is the second-largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal.[117]Major planned cities of West Bengal include Bidhannagar, New Town, Kalyani, Haldia, Durgapur and Kharagpur. Kolkata has some planned neighbourhoods like New Garia, Tollygunge, and Lake Town. Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India.[119] Other larger cities and towns in West Bengal are Howrah, Chandannagar, Bardhaman, Baharampur, Jalpaiguri, and Purulia etc.[120]","title":"Districts and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&action=edit"},{"link_name":"GSDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSDP"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niti.gov.in-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niti.gov.in-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"jute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibef2011-128"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_tea"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibef2011-128"},{"link_name":"Haldia Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldia_Port"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wbidcindinf-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wbidcindinf-129"},{"link_name":"chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical"},{"link_name":"fertilisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertiliser"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Indian green revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_green_revolution"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdrchap1-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdrchap1-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etdebt-132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG"},{"link_name":"paddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"jute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute"},{"link_name":"gross state domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibef2011-128"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Motors"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Gorkhaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"A leather complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Leather_Complex"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"foreign direct investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econom-140"}],"text":"The Grand Hotel in Kolkata. Tourism, especially from Bangladesh, is an important part of West Bengal's economy.As of 2015[update], West Bengal has the sixth-highest GSDP in India. GSDP at current prices (base 2004–2005) has increased from Rs 2,086.56 billion in 2004–05 to Rs 8,00,868 crores in 2014–2015,[122] reaching Rs 10,21,000 crores in 2017–18.[123] GSDP per cent growth at current prices varied from a low of 10.3% in 2010–2011 to a high of 17.11% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 13.35% in 2014–2015.[124] The state's per capita income has lagged the all India average for over two decades. As of 2014–2015, per capita NSDP at current prices was Rs 78,903.[124] Per-capita NSDP growth rate at current prices varied from 9.4% in 2010–2011 to a high of 16.15% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 12.62% in 2014–2015.[125]In 2015–2016, the percentage share of Gross Value Added (GVA) at factor cost by economic activity at the constant price (the base year 2011–2012) was Agriculture-Forestry and Fishery—4.84%, Industry 18.51% and Services 66.65%. It has been observed that there has been a slow but steady decline in the percentage share of industry and agriculture over the years.[126] Agriculture is the leading economic sector in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat are the state's top five crops.[127]: 14 Tea is produced commercially in northern districts; the region is well known for Darjeeling and other high-quality teas.[127]: 14 State industries are localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and the Haldia Port region.[128] The Durgapur-Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of steel plants.[128] Important manufacturing industries include: engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches and wagons. The Durgapur centre has established several industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals and fertilisers. Natural resources like tea and jute in nearby areas have made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries.[129]Years after independence, West Bengal is dependent on the central government for help in meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant, and the Indian green revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant increase in food production since the 1980s and the state now has a surplus of grains.[130] The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–1981, declining to 5% by 1997–1998. In contrast, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.[130] The state's total financial debt stood at ₹1,918,350 million (US$24 billion) as of 2011.[131]Freshly sown saplings of rice in a paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks.In the period 2004–2010, the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee terms) lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[127]: 4The economy of West Bengal has witnessed many surprising changes in direction. The agricultural sector in particular rose to 8.33% in 2010–11 before tumbling to −4.01% in 2012–13.[132] Many major industries such as the Uttarpara Hindustan Motors car manufacturing unit, the jute industry, and the Haldia Petrochemicals unit experienced shutdowns in 2014. In the same year, plans for a 300 billion Jindal Steel project was mothballed. The tea industry of West Bengal has also witnessed shutdowns for financial and political reasons.[133] The tourism industry of West Bengal was negatively impacted in 2017 because of the Gorkhaland agitation.[134]However, over the years due to effective changes in the stance towards industrialisation, ease of doing business has improved in West Bengal.[135][136][137] Steps are being taken to remedy this situation by promoting West Bengal as an investment destination. A leather complex has been built in Kolkata. Smart cities are being planned close to Kolkata, and major roadway projects are in the offing to revive the economy.[138] West Bengal has been able to attract 2% of the foreign direct investment in the last decade.[139]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"List of airports in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_West_Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Subhash_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Durgapur Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapur_Expressway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg"},{"link_name":"SBSTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metro"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibef2011-128"},{"link_name":"national highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_highways_of_India"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highwaylength-141"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibef2011-128"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-growthfrontline-142"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibef2011-128"},{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irfcazones-144"},{"link_name":"Northeast Frontier Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kolkata metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_metro"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Himalayan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritageunesco-146"},{"link_name":"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum"},{"link_name":"Bagdogra Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport"},{"link_name":"customs airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_airport"},{"link_name":"Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Airport"},{"link_name":"Andal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal"},{"link_name":"Paschim Bardhaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPA-147"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Port Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Port_Trust"},{"link_name":"Haldia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldia"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dockport-149"},{"link_name":"Port Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Blair"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"ports in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ports_in_India"},{"link_name":"Shipping Corporation of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlytram-150"},{"link_name":"Calcutta State Transport Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_State_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"North Bengal State Transport Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"South Bengal State Transport Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Surface_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Calcutta Tramways Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_Tramways_Company"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"auto rickshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw"},{"link_name":"cycle rickshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw"},{"link_name":"hand-pulled rickshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw#India"},{"link_name":"electric rickshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_rickshaw"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"}],"text":"See also: Transport in West Bengal and List of airports in West BengalNetaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is a hub for flights to and from Bangladesh, East Asia, Nepal, Bhutan and north-east India.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDurgapur Expressway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn SBSTC bus in Karunamoyee\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKolkata Metro, India's first metro rail systemAs of 2011, the total length of surface roads in West Bengal was over 92,023 kilometres (57,180 miles);[127]: 18 national highways comprise 2,578 km (1,602 mi)[140] and state highways 2,393 km (1,487 mi).[127]: 18 As of 2006, the road density of the state was 103.69 kilometres per square kilometre (166.87 miles per square mile), higher than the national average of 74.7 km/km2 (120.2 mi/sq mi).[141]As of 2011, the total railway route length was around 4,481 km (2,784 mi).[127]: 20 Kolkata is the headquarters of three zones of the Indian Railways—Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway and the Kolkata Metro, which is the newly formed 17th zone of the Indian Railways.[142][143] The Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) serves the northern parts of the state. The Kolkata metro is the country's first underground railway.[144] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, part of NFR, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[145]Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum, Kolkata, is the state's largest airport. Bagdogra Airport near Siliguri is a customs airport that offers international service to Bhutan and Thailand, besides regular domestic service. Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, India's first private sector airport, serves the twin cities of Asansol-Durgapur at Andal, Paschim Bardhaman.[146][147]Kolkata is a major river port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages the Kolkata and the Haldia docks.[148] There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Cargo ship service operates to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferries are a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have trams as a mode of transport; these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company.[149]Several government-owned organisations operate bus services in the state, including: the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, the North Bengal State Transport Corporation, the South Bengal State Transport Corporation, the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation and the Calcutta Tramways Company.[150] There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalised service without any private investment.[151] Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto rickshaws, which often ply specific routes in cities. In most of the state, cycle rickshaws and in Kolkata, hand-pulled rickshaws and electric rickshaws are used for short-distance travel.[152]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolkatatemple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dakshineswar Kali Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiastatesprov2011-155"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiastatesprov2011-155"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiastatesprov2011-155"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indialitprov2011-156"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life_table-158"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Scheduled castes and tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_castes_and_tribes"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdrchap1-131"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"open defecation free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_defecation_free"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHS_Research_Brief_4-163"},{"link_name":"fertility rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Bengalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"Bengali Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Bengali Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Bengali Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Christians"},{"link_name":"Bengali Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethnic1-165"},{"link_name":"Marwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_people"},{"link_name":"Maithili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithils"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_people"},{"link_name":"Sherpas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_(people)"},{"link_name":"Bhutias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutia"},{"link_name":"Lepchas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_people"},{"link_name":"Tamangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people"},{"link_name":"Yolmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyolmo_people"},{"link_name":"Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"},{"link_name":"Khortha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortha_language"},{"link_name":"Malda district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malda_district"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Surjapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjapuri_language"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Lepcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_language"},{"link_name":"Adivasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi"},{"link_name":"Santhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhal_people"},{"link_name":"Munda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_people"},{"link_name":"Oraon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraon_people"},{"link_name":"Bhumij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumij_people"},{"link_name":"Lodha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodha"},{"link_name":"Kol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_(people)"},{"link_name":"Toto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_people"},{"link_name":"ethnic minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Tamils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"Maharashtrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrians"},{"link_name":"Odias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_people"},{"link_name":"Malayalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalis"},{"link_name":"Gujaratis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_India"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Punjabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis"},{"link_name":"Parsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi_people"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BanerjeePage3-168"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BanerjeePage10-169"}],"text":"Dakshineswar Kali TempleTipu Sultan MosqueSt Paul's CathedralAccording to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, West Bengal is the fourth-most-populous state in India with a population of 91,347,736 (7.55% of India's population).[3] The state's 2001–2011 decennial population growth rate was 13.93%,[3] lower than the 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.8%[3] and lower than the national rate of 17.64%.[154] The gender ratio is 947 females per 1,000 males.[154] As of 2011, West Bengal had a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sq mi) making it the second-most densely populated state in India, after Bihar.[154]The literacy rate is 77.08%, higher than the national rate of 74.04%.[155] Data from 2010 to 2014 showed the life expectancy in the state was 70.2 years, higher than the national value of 67.9.[156][157] The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2013 was 19.98%, a decline from 31.8% a decade ago.[158] Scheduled castes and tribes form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population, respectively, in rural areas and 19.9% and 1.5%, respectively, in urban areas.[130]In September 2017, West Bengal achieved 100% electrification, after some remote villages in the Sunderbans became the last to be electrified.[159]As of September 2017, of 125 towns and cities in Bengal, 76 have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status. All towns in the districts of: Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Bardhaman and East Medinipur are ODF zones, with Nadia becoming the first ODF district in the state in April 2015.[160][161]A study conducted in three districts of West Bengal found that accessing private health services to treat illness had a catastrophic impact on households. This indicates the importance of the public provision of health services to mitigate poverty and the impact of illness on poor households.[162]The latest Sample Registration System (SRS) statistical report shows that West Bengal has the lowest fertility rate among Indian states. West Bengal's total fertility rate was 1.6, lower than neighbouring Bihar's 3.4, which is the highest in the entire country. Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada.[163]Bengalis, consisting of Bengali Hindus, Bengali Muslims, Bengali Christians and a few Bengali Buddhists, comprise the majority of the population.[164] Marwari, Maithili and Bhojpuri speakers are scattered throughout the state; various indigenous ethnic Buddhist communities such as the Sherpas, Bhutias, Lepchas, Tamangs, Yolmos and ethnic Tibetans can be found in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. Native Khortha speakers are found in Malda district.[165]Surjapuri, a language considered to be a mix of Maithili and Bengali, is spoken across northern parts of the state.[166] The Darjeeling Hills are mainly inhabited by various Gorkha communities who overwhelmingly speak Nepali (also known as Gorkhali), although there are some who retain their ancestral languages like Lepcha. West Bengal is also home to indigenous tribal Adivasis such as: Santhal, Munda, Oraon, Bhumij, Lodha, Kol and Toto.There are a small number of ethnic minorities primarily in the state capital, including : Chinese, Tamils, Maharashtrians, Odias, Malayalis, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Jews, Punjabis and Parsis.[167] India's sole Chinatown is in eastern Kolkata.[168]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langcensus2011-170"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4"},{"link_name":"Kamtapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRNB_lects"},{"link_name":"Kurmali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmali"},{"link_name":"Rajbanshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpuri_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langcensus2011-170"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Languages of West Bengal (2011)[169]\n\n Bengali (86.22%) Hindi (6.97%) Santali (2.66%) Urdu (1.82%) Nepali (1.27%) Others (1.06%)The state's official languages are Bengali and English;[4] Nepali has additional official status in the three subdivisions of Darjeeling district.[4] In 2012, the state government passed a bill granting additional official status to Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali and Urdu in areas where speakers exceed 10% of the population.[4] In 2019, another bill was passed by the government to include Kamtapuri, Kurmali and Rajbanshi as additional official languages in blocks, divisions or districts where the speakers exceed 10% of the population.[4] On 24 December 2020, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee announced Telugu as an additional official language.[4] As of the 2011 census, 86.22% of the population spoke Bengali, 5.00% Hindi, 2.66% Santali, 1.82% Urdu and 1.26% Nepali as their first language.[169]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-171"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"No religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Tribal religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_religions"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPSR_2015-172"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relegionindia-174"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in West Bengal (2011)[170]\n\n Hinduism (70.54%) Islam (27.01%) Christianity (0.72%) Buddhism (0.31%) No religion (0.25%) Jainism (0.07%) Sikhism (0.07%) Other Religions (inc. Tribal religions, Judaism and Zoroastrianism) (1.03%)West Bengal is religiously diverse, with regional cultural and religious specificities. Although Hindus are the predominant community, the state has a large minority Muslim population. Christians, Buddhists and others form a minuscule part of the population. As of 2011, Hinduism is the most common religion, with adherents representing 70.54% of the total population.[171] Muslims, the second-largest community, comprise 27.01% of the total population,[172] Three of West Bengal's districts: Murshidabad, Malda and Uttar Dinajpur, are Muslim-majority. Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism and other religions make up the remainder.[173] Buddhism remains a prominent religion in the Himalayan region of the Darjeeling hills; almost the entirety of West Bengal's Buddhist population is from this region.[174] Christianity is mainly found among the tea garden tribes at tea plantations scattered throughout the Dooars of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar districts.The Hindu population of West Bengal is 64,385,546 while the Muslim population is 24,654,825, according to the 2011 census.[175]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis"},{"link_name":"Culture of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Culture of Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Darjeeling"}],"text":"See also: Bengalis, Culture of West Bengal, and Culture of Darjeeling","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureate"},{"link_name":"India's national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swami Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta"},{"link_name":"Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feuerstein-177"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarke-178"},{"link_name":"Charyapada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charyapada"},{"link_name":"Mangalkavya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalkavya"},{"link_name":"Shreekrishna Kirtana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana"},{"link_name":"Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnava"},{"link_name":"Boru Chandidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru_Chandidas"},{"link_name":"Thakurmar Jhuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurmar_Jhuli"},{"link_name":"Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshinaranjan_Mitra_Majumder"},{"link_name":"Gopal Bhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Bhar"},{"link_name":"jester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jester"},{"link_name":"Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Michael Madhusudan Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Bengali drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_theatre"},{"link_name":"blank verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_verse"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Bengali literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Indian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_art"},{"link_name":"Contextual Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_Modernism"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Kazi Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_music"},{"link_name":"Nazrul Sangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazrul_Sangeet"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Manik Bandyopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandyopadhyay"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Jibanananda Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibanananda_Das"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Pather Panchali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pather_Panchali"},{"link_name":"Tarashankar Bandopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarashankar_Bandopadhyay"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Manik Bandopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Ashapurna Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashapurna_Devi"},{"link_name":"Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirshendu_Mukhopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Saradindu Bandopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saradindu_Bandopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Buddhadeb Guha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Guha"},{"link_name":"Mahashweta Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahashweta_Devi"},{"link_name":"Samaresh Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaresh_Majumdar"},{"link_name":"Sanjeev Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Shakti Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Buddhadeb Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Basu"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dattabuddha-187"},{"link_name":"Joy Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Sunil Gangopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Gangopadhyay"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dattashaktisunil-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bardhanantho-189"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Rabindranath Tagore is Asia's first Nobel laureate and the composer of India's national anthem.Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga to Europe and the US,[176] raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion.[177]The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage it shares with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition of folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, a collection of Buddhist mystic songs dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries; Mangalkavya, a collection of Hindu narrative poetry composed around the 13th century; Shreekrishna Kirtana, a pastoral Vaishnava drama in verse composed by Boru Chandidas; Thakurmar Jhuli, a collection of Bengali folk and fairy tales compiled by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder; and stories of Gopal Bhar, a court jester in medieval Bengal. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works marked a departure from the traditional verse-oriented writings prevalent in that period;[178] Michael Madhusudan Dutt, a pioneer in Bengali drama who introduced the use of blank verse;[179] and Rabindranath Tagore, who reshaped Bengali literature and music. Indian art saw the introduction of Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[180] Other notable figures include Kazi Nazrul Islam, whose compositions form the avant-garde genre of Nazrul Sangeet,[181] Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works on contemporary social practices in Bengal are widely acclaimed,[182] and Manik Bandyopadhyay, who is considered one of the leading lights of modern Bengali fiction.[183] In modern times, Jibanananda Das has been acknowledged as \"the premier poet of the post-Tagore era in India\".[184] Other writers include: Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, best known for his work Pather Panchali; Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, well known for his portrayal of the lower strata of society;[185] Manik Bandopadhyay, a pioneering novelist; and Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Saradindu Bandopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Buddhadeb Basu,[186] Joy Goswami and Sunil Gangopadhyay.[187][188]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:394_baul-singers-sml.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basanta-Utsab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basanta-Utsab"},{"link_name":"Shantiniketan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantiniketan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rabindra Sangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chhau Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhau_dance"},{"link_name":"Bauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baul"},{"link_name":"minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Openshaw2002-190"},{"link_name":"Gombhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombhira"},{"link_name":"Bhawaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhawaiya"},{"link_name":"ektara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ektara"},{"link_name":"Shyama Sangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"kirtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guha-Thakurta2013-191"},{"link_name":"North Indian classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Rabindrasangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindrasangeet"},{"link_name":"Nazrul geeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_of_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"Dwijendralal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray"},{"link_name":"Atulprasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atulprasad_Sen"},{"link_name":"Rajanikanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajanikanta_Sen"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"new genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rock#Rock_scenes"},{"link_name":"Indian dance traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_classical_dance"},{"link_name":"Chhau dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chau_dance"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"}],"sub_title":"Music and dance","text":"Baul singers at Basanta-Utsab, ShantiniketanDance with Rabindra SangeetChhau DanceA notable music tradition is the Baul music, practised by the Bauls, a sect of mystic minstrels.[189] Other folk music forms include Gombhira and Bhawaiya. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, a one-stringed instrument. Shyama Sangeet is a genre of devotional songs, praising the Hindu goddess Kali; kirtan is devotional group songs dedicated to the god Krishna.[190] Like other states in northern India, West Bengal also has a heritage in North Indian classical music. Rabindrasangeet, songs composed and set to words by Rabindranath Tagore, and Nazrul geeti (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are Dwijendralal, Atulprasad and Rajanikanta's songs, and adhunik or modern music from films and other composers.[191] From the early 1990s, new genres of music have emerged, including what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism). Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. Chhau dance of Purulia is a rare form of masked dance.[192]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg"},{"link_name":"Satyajit Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"},{"link_name":"Ravi Sankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Sankar"},{"link_name":"West Bengali films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Tollygunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollygunge"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"art films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"},{"link_name":"Satyajit Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Mrinal Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrinal_Sen"},{"link_name":"Tapan Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_Sinha"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exp-195"},{"link_name":"Ritwik Ghatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak"},{"link_name":"Buddhadeb Dasgupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Dasgupta"},{"link_name":"Tarun Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar"},{"link_name":"Goutam Ghose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goutam_Ghose"},{"link_name":"Aparna Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparna_Sen"},{"link_name":"Rituparno Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Kaushik Ganguly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly"},{"link_name":"Srijit Mukherji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srijit_Mukherji"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goopturoutledge-196"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gooptuother-197"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Uttam Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttam_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Suchitra Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchitra_Sen"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chowdhury_2021-199"},{"link_name":"Soumitra Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumitra_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Prosenjit Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&action=edit"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Feature Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Satyajit Ray, a pioneer in Bengali cinema along with Ravi Sankar.West Bengali films are shot mostly in studios in the Kolkata neighbourhood of Tollygunge; the name \"Tollywood\" (similar to Hollywood and Bollywood) is derived from that name. The Bengali film industry is well known for its art films, and has produced acclaimed directors like Satyajit Ray who is widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century,[193] Mrinal Sen whose films were known for their artistic depiction of social reality, Tapan Sinha,[194] and Ritwik Ghatak. Some contemporary directors include veterans such as: Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Tarun Majumdar, Goutam Ghose, Aparna Sen, and Rituparno Ghosh, and a newer pool of directors such as Kaushik Ganguly and Srijit Mukherji.[195][196][197] Uttam Kumar was the most popular lead actor for decades, and his romantic pairing with actress Suchitra Sen in films attained legendary status.[198] Soumitra Chatterjee, who acted in many Satyajit Ray-films, and Prosenjit Chatterjee are among other popular lead male actors. As of 2020[update], Bengali films have won India's annual National Film Award for Best Feature Film twenty-two times in sixty seven years, the highest among all Indian languages.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Panchchura%27_temple,_Bishnupur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panchchura Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Bishnupur"},{"link_name":"Abanindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Gaganendranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaganendranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Ramkinkar Baij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramkinkar_Baij"},{"link_name":"Jamini Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamini_Roy"},{"link_name":"Calcutta Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_Group"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"}],"sub_title":"Fine arts","text":"Panchchura Temple in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India.There are significant examples of fine arts in Bengal from earlier times, including the terracotta art of Hindu temples and the Kalighat paintings. Bengal has been in the vanguard of modernism in fine arts. Abanindranath Tagore, called the father of modern Indian art, started the Bengal School of Art, one of whose goals was to promote the development of styles of art outside the European realist tradition that had been taught in art colleges under the British colonial administration. The movement had many adherents, including: Gaganendranath Tagore, Ramkinkar Baij, Jamini Roy and Rabindranath Tagore. After Indian Independence, important groups such as the Calcutta Group and the Society of Contemporary Artists were formed in Bengal and came to dominate the art scene in India.[199][200]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raja Ram Mohan Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy"},{"link_name":"Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswar_Chandra_Vidyasagar"},{"link_name":"Swami Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"sati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(practice)"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry#India"},{"link_name":"caste-based discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"untouchability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchability"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengali-speaking-202"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna"},{"link_name":"Prabhupada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"},{"link_name":"Paramahansa Yogananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengali-speaking-202"}],"sub_title":"Reformist heritage","text":"The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, including Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and Swami Vivekananda. Their social reforms eventually led to a cultural atmosphere that made it possible for practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination, or untouchability, to be abolished.[201] The region was also home to several religious teachers, such as Chaitanya, Ramakrishna, Prabhupada and Paramahansa Yogananda.[201]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan,_Patishapta,_Bharandash.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shorshe_Ilish.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG"},{"link_name":"pitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitha"},{"link_name":"ilish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish"},{"link_name":"rasgullas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasgulla"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-machhe-203"},{"link_name":"hilsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilsa"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Panta bhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panta_bhat"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"cumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumin"},{"link_name":"bay leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf"},{"link_name":"mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_seed"},{"link_name":"ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger"},{"link_name":"green chillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"sweetmeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionary"},{"link_name":"Rôshogolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasgulla"},{"link_name":"sondesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)"},{"link_name":"Pitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitha"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"street foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food"},{"link_name":"Beguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beguni"},{"link_name":"Kati roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati_roll"},{"link_name":"biryani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryani"},{"link_name":"phuchka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuchka"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolltelegraph-208"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetfood-209"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Assorted food eaten in West Bengal: Patisapta, a kind of pitha; shorshe ilish (hilsha with mustard sauce) and rasgullas in sugar syrupRice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, \"machhe bhate bangali\", that translates as \"fish and rice make a Bengali\".[202] Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on its texture, size, fat content and bones.[203] Most of the people also consume eggs, chicken, mutton, and shrimp. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water) with onion and green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas.[204] Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen include cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies and turmeric.[205] Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread, or dim sum, are specialties of the winter season. Sweets such as narkol-naru, til-naru, moa and payesh are prepared during festivals such as Lakshmi puja.[206] Popular street foods include Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, biryani, and phuchka.[207][208]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamdani"},{"link_name":"sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari"},{"link_name":"panjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurta"},{"link_name":"dhuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoti"},{"link_name":"salwar kameez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salwar_kameez"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"jamdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamdani"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parinita_handloom_map-211"}],"sub_title":"Clothing","text":"Jamdani Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal.Bengali women commonly wear the sari, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire. Among men, western dress has greater acceptance. Particularly on cultural occasions, men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi with dhuti while women wear salwar kameez or sari.[209]West Bengal produces several varieties of cotton and silk saris in the country. Handlooms are a popular way for the state's rural population to earn a living through weaving. Every district has weaving clusters, which are home to artisan communities, each specialising in specific varieties of handloom weaving. Notable handloom saris include tant, jamdani, garad, korial, baluchari, tussar and muslin.[210]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durgapuja-212"},{"link_name":"Pandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandal"},{"link_name":"Kumortuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumortuli"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Vijayadashami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayadashami"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Rath Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rath_Yatra"},{"link_name":"Jagannath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durga,_Burdwan,_2011.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival,_Kolkata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karam_puja_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karam festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karam_festival"},{"link_name":"Jhargram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhargram"},{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"Rath Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rath_Yatra"},{"link_name":"Saraswati Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati_Puja"},{"link_name":"Poila Baishakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poila_Baishakh"},{"link_name":"Dolyatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolyatra"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"},{"link_name":"Poush Parbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobanno"},{"link_name":"Kali Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Puja"},{"link_name":"Nabadwip Shakta Rash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakta_Rash"},{"link_name":"Saraswati Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati_Puja"},{"link_name":"Deepavali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja"},{"link_name":"Janmashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmashtami"},{"link_name":"Jagaddhatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagaddhatri"},{"link_name":"Vishwakarma Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja"},{"link_name":"Bhai Phonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Phonta"},{"link_name":"Rakhi Bandhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan"},{"link_name":"Kalpataru Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpataru_Day"},{"link_name":"Shivratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivratri"},{"link_name":"Ganesh Chathurthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Chathurthi"},{"link_name":"Karam festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karam_festival"},{"link_name":"Kartik Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik_(month)"},{"link_name":"Akshay Tritiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Tritiya"},{"link_name":"Guru Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Purnima"},{"link_name":"Annapurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna"},{"link_name":"Charak Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charak_Puja"},{"link_name":"Gajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajan_(festival)"},{"link_name":"Buddha Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Purnima"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Eid ul-Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr"},{"link_name":"Eid ul-Adha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha"},{"link_name":"Muharram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram"},{"link_name":"Rabindra Jayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Book Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-215"},{"link_name":"Eid al-Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-216"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Park Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Street,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"North East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_India"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Buddha Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesak"},{"link_name":"Chowrasta (Darjeeling)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)"},{"link_name":"Dashain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashain"},{"link_name":"Dusshera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusshera"},{"link_name":"Losar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losar"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-216"},{"link_name":"Tarakeswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakeswar"},{"link_name":"Shantiniketan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantiniketan"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-216"},{"link_name":"Makar Sankranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makar_Sankranti"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-215"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Durga Puja is the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in West Bengal.[211] The five-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout West Bengal. The city of Kolkata transforms Durga Puja. It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities.[212] On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.[213]Rath Yatra is a Hindu festival which celebrates Jagannath, a form of Krishna. It is celebrated with much fanfare in Kolkata as well as in rural Bengal. Images of Jagannath are set upon a chariot and pulled through the streets.[214]Karam festival in JhargramFestivals of West Bengal: Durga Puja, Rath Yatra and Goddess Saraswati dressed in a yellow sari on Saraswati PujaOther major festivals of West Bengal include: Poila Baishakh the Bengali new year, Dolyatra or Holi the festival of lights, Poush Parbon, Kali Puja, Nabadwip Shakta Rash, Saraswati Puja, Deepavali, Lakshmi Puja, Janmashtami, Jagaddhatri Puja, Vishwakarma Puja, Bhai Phonta, Rakhi Bandhan, Kalpataru Day, Shivratri, Ganesh Chathurthi, Maghotsav, Karam festival, Kartik Puja, Akshay Tritiya, Raas Yatra, Guru Purnima, Annapurna Puja, Charak Puja, Gajan, Buddha Purnima, Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha and Muharram. Rabindra Jayanti, Kolkata Book Fair, Kolkata Film Festival, and Nazrul Jayanti. All are important cultural events.[214]Eid al-Fitr is the most important Muslim festival in West Bengal. They celebrate the end of Ramadan with prayers, alms-giving, shopping, gift-giving, and feasting.[215]Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) is perhaps the next major festival celebrated in Kolkata, after Durga Puja. Although Hinduism is the major religion in the state, people show significant passion to the festival. Just like Durga Puja, Christmas in Kolkata is an occasion when all communities and people of every religion take part. Large masses of people go to parks, gardens, museums, parties, fairs, churches and other places to celebrate the day. A lot of Hindus go to Hindu-temples and the festival is celebrated there too with Hindu rituals.[216][217] The state tourism department organises a gala Christmas Festival every year in Park Street.[218] The whole of Park Street is hung with colourful lights, and food stalls sell cakes, chocolates, Chinese cuisine, momo, and various other items. The state invites musical groups from Darjeeling and other North East India states to perform choir recitals, carols, and jazz numbers.[219]Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals and is celebrated with much gusto in the Darjeeling hills. On this day, processions begin at the various Buddhist monasteries, or gumpas, and congregate at the Chowrasta (Darjeeling) Mall. The Lamas chant mantras and sound their bugles, and students, as well as people from every community, carry the holy books or pustaks on their heads. Besides Buddha Purnima, Dashain, or Dusshera, Holi, Diwali, Losar, Namsoong or the Lepcha New Year, and Losoong are the other major festivals of the Darjeeling Himalayan region.[215]Each year between July and August (on the eve of the month of Shravan) in Tarakeswar Yatra held, nearly 10 million devotees come from various part of India bringing holy water of Ganga from Nimai Tirtha Ghat of Baidyabati, which is almost 39 km (25 mi) from Tarakeswar, in order to offer it to Lord Shiva. During that month, a line of people in saffron-dyed clothes stretches over the full 39 km (25 mi). It is the longest and largest Mela of West Bengal.Poush Mela is a popular winter festival of Shantiniketan, with performances of folk music, Baul songs, dance, and theatre taking place throughout the town.[215]Ganga Sagar Mela coincides with the Makar Sankranti, and hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims converge where the river Ganges meets the sea to bathe en masse during this fervent festival.[214]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences,_Kolkata_(front_entrance,_2006).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Council for the Indian School Certificate 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Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna Mission Narendrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Narendrapur"},{"link_name":"Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranagore_Ramakrishna_Mission_Ashrama_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sister Nivedita Girls' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Nivedita_Girls%27_School"},{"link_name":"Hindu School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_School"},{"link_name":"Hare School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_School"},{"link_name":"La Martiniere Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Martiniere_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Calcutta Boys' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_Boys%27_School"},{"link_name":"St. James' School (Kolkata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27_School_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"South Point School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Point_School"},{"link_name":"Techno India Group Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_India_Group_Public_School"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Collegiate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School"},{"link_name":"Loreto House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_House"},{"link_name":"Loreto Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Asansol"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling"},{"link_name":"Goethals Memorial School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethals_Memorial_School"},{"link_name":"Kurseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universitieswb-225"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wbuhs-226"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"William Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society"},{"link_name":"Ram Mohan Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy"},{"link_name":"David Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hare_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar"},{"link_name":"Alexander Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"William Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-216"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Fort William College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_College"},{"link_name":"Lady Brabourne College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Brabourne_College"},{"link_name":"Scottish Church College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Church_College"},{"link_name":"Vidyasagar College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyasagar_College"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuaffiliated-228"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuaffiliated2-229"},{"link_name":"Presidency University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Kazi Nazrul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_University"},{"link_name":"Jadavpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadavpur_University"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engicolbengal-230"},{"link_name":"Visva-Bharati University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University"},{"link_name":"Santiniketan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiniketan"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visva-231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Management Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Foreign Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Management Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"IIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kharagpur"},{"link_name":"IIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology,_Shibpur"},{"link_name":"IIEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Kalyani"},{"link_name":"Medical College, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_College,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Technology, Durgapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Durgapur"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technical_Teachers%27_Training_and_Research,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"West Bengal University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"West Bengal University of Health Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_University_of_Health_Sciences"},{"link_name":"West Bengal State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_State_University"},{"link_name":"Gour Banga University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gour_Banga_University"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naac-232"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"Kalyani University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyani_University"},{"link_name":"The University of Burdwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Burdwan"},{"link_name":"Vidyasagar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyasagar_University"},{"link_name":"North Bengal University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bengal_University"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_University"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science"},{"link_name":"C. V. Raman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman"},{"link_name":"Bose Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Institute"},{"link_name":"Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics"},{"link_name":"S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._N._Bose_National_Centre_for_Basic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology"},{"link_name":"Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Glass_and_Ceramic_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Mechanical_Engineering_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Research_Institute_for_Jute_and_Allied_Fibers"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Research_on_Jute_and_Allied_Fibre_Technology"},{"link_name":"Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Inland_Fisheries_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Genomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Biomedical_Genomics"},{"link_name":"Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naac-232"},{"link_name":"Satyendra Nath Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose"},{"link_name":"Meghnad Saha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghnad_Saha"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calunivalumni-235"},{"link_name":"Jagadish Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calunivteachers-236"},{"link_name":"Prafulla Chandra Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Roy"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calunivalumni-235"},{"link_name":"Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis"},{"link_name":"Anil Kumar Gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calunivalumni-235"},{"link_name":"Upendranath Brahmachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calunivalumni-235"},{"link_name":"Ashutosh Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calunivteachers-236"},{"link_name":"Amartya Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Abhijit Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"}],"text":"University of Calcutta, the oldest public university of India.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU.West Bengal schools are run by the state government or private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. Secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS), West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, or the West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education.[220]As of 2016 85% of children within the 6 to 17-year age group attend school (86% do so in urban areas and 84% in rural areas). School attendance is almost\nuniversal among the 6 to 14-year age group then drops to 70% with the 15 to 17-year age group. There is a gender disparity in school attendance in the 6 to 14-year age group, more girls than boys are attending school.\nIn Bengal, 71% of women aged 15–49 years and 81% of men aged 15–49 years are literate. Only 14% of women aged 15–49 years in West Bengal have completed 12 or more years of schooling, compared with 22% of men. 22% of women and 14% of men aged 15–49 years have never attended school.[221]St. Joseph's School, DarjeelingSome of the notable schools in the city are: Ramakrishna Mission Narendrapur, Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission, Sister Nivedita Girls' School, Hindu School, Hare School, La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, St. James' School (Kolkata), South Point School, Techno India Group Public School, St. Xavier's Collegiate School, and Loreto House, Loreto Convent, Pearl Rosary School are some of which rank amongst the best schools in the country.[222] Many of the schools in Kolkata and Darjeeling are colonial-era establishments housed in buildings that are exemplars of neo-classical architecture. Darjeeling's schools include: St. Paul's, St. Joseph's North Point, Goethals Memorial School, and Dow Hill in Kurseong.[223]West Bengal has eighteen universities.[224][225] Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It was the gateway to the revolution of European education during the British Raj.[226] Sir William Jones established the Asiatic Society in 1794 to promote oriental studies. People such as Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Alexander Duff and William Carey played leading roles in setting up modern schools and colleges in the city.[215]The University of Calcutta, the oldest and one of the most prestigious public universities in India, has 136 affiliated colleges. Fort William College was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. The Lady Brabourne College was established in 1939. The Scottish Church College, the oldest Christian liberal arts college in South Asia, started in 1830. The Vidyasagar College was established in 1872 and was the first purely Indian-run private college in India.[227] In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed the Presidency College.[228] The state government granted it university status in 2010 and it was renamed Presidency University. Kazi Nazrul University was established in 2012. The University of Calcutta and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities.[229] Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan is a central university and an institution of national importance.[230]The Auditorium at Indian Institute of Management CalcuttaOther higher education institutes of importance in West Bengal include: St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first IIM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (the first IIT), Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (the first IIEST), Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani, Medical College, Kolkata, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. In 2003 the state government supported the creation of West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, West Bengal State University, and Gour Banga University.[231]Jadavpur University (Focus area—Mobile Computing and Communication and Nano-science), and the University of Calcutta (Modern Biology) are among two of the fifteen universities selected under the \"University with Potential for Excellence\" scheme. University of Calcutta (Focus Area—Electro-Physiological and Neuro-imaging studies including mathematical modelling) has also been selected under the \"Centre with Potential for Excellence in a Particular Area\" scheme.[232]In addition, the state is home to Kalyani University, The University of Burdwan, Vidyasagar University, and North Bengal University all well established and nationally renowned schools that cover education needs at the district level and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Apart from this there is a Deemed university run by the Ramakrishna mission named Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University at Belur Math.[233]There are several research institutes in Kolkata. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is the first research institute in Asia. C. V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done at the IACS. The Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, and the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre are the most prominent.[231]Notable scholars who were born, worked, or studied in the geographic area of the state include physicists: Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha,[234] and Jagadish Chandra Bose;[235] chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy;[234] statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain;[234] physician Upendranath Brahmachari;[234] educator Ashutosh Mukherjee;[236] and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore,[237] C. V. Raman,[235] Amartya Sen,[238] and Abhijit Banerjee[239]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rniindia-241"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rniindia-241"},{"link_name":"Ananda Bazar Patrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Bazar_Patrika"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rniindia-241"},{"link_name":"Bartaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartaman"},{"link_name":"Sangbad Pratidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangbad_Pratidin"},{"link_name":"Aajkaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aajkaal"},{"link_name":"Jago Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jago_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Uttarbanga Sambad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarbanga_Sambad"},{"link_name":"Ganashakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganashakti"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"The Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"Asian Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Age"},{"link_name":"The Economic Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times"},{"link_name":"Financial Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)"},{"link_name":"Business Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Line"},{"link_name":"Business Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"DD Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Multi system operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi_system_operator"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"Bengali 24-hour television news channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:24-hour_television_news_channels"},{"link_name":"ABP Ananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABP_Ananda"},{"link_name":"News18 Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News18_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Republic Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Kolkata TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_TV"},{"link_name":"News Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Time"},{"link_name":"Zee 24 Ghanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_24_Ghanta"},{"link_name":"TV9 Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV9_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Calcutta News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_News_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Channel 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_10_(India)"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moneycontrol.com-243"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calcuttaweb.com-244"},{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calcuttaweb.com-244"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calcuttaweb.com-244"},{"link_name":"Vodafone Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Idea"},{"link_name":"Airtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtel"},{"link_name":"BSNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNL"},{"link_name":"Jio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jio"},{"link_name":"cellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone"},{"link_name":"Dial-up access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_access"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRAI-245"}],"text":"In 2005 West Bengal had 505 published newspapers,[240] of which 389 were in Bengali.[240] Ananda Bazar Patrika, published in Kolkata with 1,277,801 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India.[240] Other major Bengali newspapers are: Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Jago Bangla, Uttarbanga Sambad and Ganashakti. Major English language newspapers include The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies such as: The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali, Gujarati, Odia, Urdu and Punjabi also exist.[241]DD Bangla is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include ABP Ananda, News18 Bangla, Republic Bangla, Kolkata TV, News Time, Zee 24 Ghanta, TV9 Bangla, Calcutta News and Channel 10.[242][243] All India Radio is a public radio station.[243] Private FM stations are available only in cities like Kolkata, Siliguri, and Asansol.[243] Vodafone Idea, Airtel, BSNL, Jio are available cellular phone providers. Broadband Internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.[244]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan,_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dineo_foot-246"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bose_foot-247"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-das_foot-248"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccercenter-249"},{"link_name":"Mohun Bagan Super Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Super_Giant"},{"link_name":"East Bengal Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal_Club"},{"link_name":"Mohammedan Sporting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Club_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iloveindia1-250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg"},{"link_name":"Netaji Indoor Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Eden Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edenstats-251"},{"link_name":"2011 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Knight Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders"},{"link_name":"Bengal cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"East Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Zone_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"1987 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Calcutta Cricket and Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccfcdate-253"},{"link_name":"Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"SAF Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_Games"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"Oliver Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kahn"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Indian national cricket team captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_national_cricket_captains"},{"link_name":"Sourav Ganguly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourav_Ganguly"},{"link_name":"Pankaj Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Roy"},{"link_name":"bronze medallist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"Leander Paes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Paes"},{"link_name":"grand master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"Dibyendu Barua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibyendu_Barua"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dineo_foot-246"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bose_foot-247"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-das_foot-248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eden Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Gardens"},{"link_name":"IPL 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPL_2008"}],"text":"Salt Lake Stadium (Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan), KolkataCricket and association football are popular. West Bengal, unlike most other states of India, is noted for its passion and patronage of football.[245][246][247] Kolkata is one of the major centres for football in India[248] and houses top national clubs such as Mohun Bagan Super Giant, East Bengal Club and Mohammedan Sporting Club.[249]Netaji Indoor Stadium, KolkataWest Bengal has several large stadiums. Eden Gardens was one of only two 100,000-seat cricket stadiums in the world;[250] renovations before the 2011 Cricket World Cup reduced the capacity to 66,000.[251] The stadium is the home to various cricket teams such as the Kolkata Knight Riders, the Bengal cricket team and the East Zone. The 1987 Cricket World Cup final was hosted in Eden Gardens. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[252]Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK), is a multipurpose stadium in Kolkata, with a current capacity of 85,000. It is the largest stadium in India by seating capacity.[253] Before its renovation in 2011, it was the second-largest football stadium in the world, having a seating capacity of 120,000. It has hosted many national and international sporting events like the SAF Games of 1987 and the 2011 FIFA friendly football match between Argentina and Venezuela featuring Lionel Messi.[254] In 2008 legendary German goalkeeper, Oliver Kahn played his farewell match on this ground.[255] The stadium hosted the final match of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup.Notable sports persons from West Bengal include former Indian national cricket team captain Sourav Ganguly, Pankaj Roy, Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes and chess grand master Dibyendu Barua.[245][246][247]Panoramic view of the Eden Gardens Stadium during IPL 2008","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4331-0820-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4"},{"link_name":"Baxter, 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A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0820-4.\nBaxter, Craig (1997). Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-1-85984-121-1.\nGooptu, Sharmistha (November 2010). Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-91217-7.\nBald, Vivek (2013). Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America. Harvard University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-674-07040-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.\nSarkar, Sumit (1990). \"Calcutta and the Bengal Renaissance\". In Chaudhuri, Sukanta (ed.). Calcutta, the Living City: The past. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195625851.\nBandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. SAGE Publications India. p. 256. ISBN 978-81-321-0407-0.\nKlass, L; Morton, S (1996). Community Structure and industrialization in West Bengal. University Press of America Inc. ISBN 978-0-7618-0420-8.\nBandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2009). Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52. Routledge. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-134-01823-9.\nChakrabarti, Ranjan (2013). Dictionary of Historical Places: Bengal, 1757–1947. Primus Books. p. 657. ISBN 978-93-80607-41-2.\nBhargava, Ed.Gopal (2008). Encyclopaedia of Art And Culture in India (West Bengal) 20th Volume. Isha Books. p. 508. ISBN 978-81-8205-460-8.\nDatta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2017.\nBanerjee, Anuradha (1998). Environment, population, and human settlements of Sundarban Delta. Ashok Kumar Mittal. ISBN 978-81-7022-739-7.\nRaychaudhuri, Tapan (2002). Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-Century Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-566109-5.\nChakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.\nImpact of Social Sector Development in West Bengal. Planning Commission, Government of India. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2010.\nInden; Ronald B.; Ralph W (2005). Kinship in Bengali Culture. The University of Chicago Press, 1977. ISBN 978-81-8028-018-4.\nChakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom. Routledge. ISBN 9781134332748. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019.\nSen, Jyotirmoy (1988). Land Utilisation and Population Distribution: A Case Study of West Bengal, 1850–1985. Daya Books. p. 227. ISBN 978-81-7035-043-9.\nHindle, Jane, ed. (1996). London Review of Books: An Anthology. Foreword by Alan Bennett. London: Verso. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-1-85984-121-1.\nBose, Sugata (1993). Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal Since 1770, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-521-26694-9.\nMukherjee, Bharati (1991). Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal. Mittal Publications. p. 403. ISBN 978-81-7099-320-9.\nSunny, C (1999). \"Poverty and social development in west bengal\" (PDF). India Rural Development Report, NIRD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2010.\nMarvin, Davis (1983). Rank and rivalry: the politics of inequality in rural West Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxvii, 239. ISBN 978-0-521-24657-6.\nArnold-Baker, Charles (30 July 2015). The Companion to British History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-40039-4. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2017.\nBardhan, Kalpana (2010). The Oxford India Anthology of Bengali Literature: 1941–1991. Oxford University Press. 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Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52. Routledge. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-134-01823-9.\nChatterji, Joya (2007). The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46830-5.\nSen, Raj Kumar; Dasgupta, Asis (2007). West Bengal Today: 25 Years of Economic Development. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 380. ISBN 978-81-7629-984-8.\nRoy, Dayabati (2013). Rural Politics in India: Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-107-51316-7.\nSamaddar, Ranabir (1999). The Marginal Nation: Transborder Migration from Bangladesh to West Bengal. the University of Michigan: SAGE Publications. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7619-9283-7.\nMukherjee, Soumyendra Nath (1987). Sir William Jones: A Study in Eighteenth-century British Attitudes to India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-86131-581-9. 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Retrieved 11 May 2018.\nCampbell, John; Watts, William (1760), \"Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, Anno Domini 1757\", World Digital Library, archived from the original on 24 December 2014, retrieved 30 September 2013","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Coin of the King Shashanka, who created the first separate political entity in Bengal, called the Gauda Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg/220px-Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pala Empire was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asia_800ad.jpg/220px-Asia_800ad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Firoz Minar at Gauḍa was built during the Bengal Sultanate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Firoz_Minar.JPG/220px-Firoz_Minar.JPG"},{"image_text":"An 1880 map of Bengal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/220px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Subhas Chandra Bose, he was a leading freedom fighter of India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg/130px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg/220px-Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by a monsoon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG/220px-Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG"},{"image_text":"Districts of West Bengal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg/220px-WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A hut in a village in the Hooghly district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wbvillagehut1.JPG/220px-Wbvillagehut1.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Grand Hotel in Kolkata. Tourism, especially from Bangladesh, is an important part of West Bengal's economy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg/220px-OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Freshly sown saplings of rice in a paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG/220px-PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chhau Dance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG/220px-Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG"},{"image_text":"Satyajit Ray, a pioneer in Bengali cinema along with Ravi Sankar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg/220px-Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panchchura Temple in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg/220px-%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jamdani Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg/220px-Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg"},{"image_text":"Salt Lake Stadium (Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan), Kolkata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg/220px-Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Netaji Indoor Stadium, Kolkata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg/220px-Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangal"},{"title":"Bengali Language Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement"},{"title":"Ghoti people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoti_people"},{"title":"List of people from West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal"},{"title":"List of tourist attractions in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_West_Bengal"},{"title":"Outline of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_West_Bengal"}]	[{"reference":"\"West Bengal Assembly passes resolution declaring Rabindranath Tagore composition as state anthem\". 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Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. September 1988. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2012. Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal and Bengal.","urls":[{"url":"http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/4.htm","url_text":"\"Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170615070625/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/4.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marshman, John Clark (1865). Outline of the History of Bengal. John Clark Marshman. p. 1. 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ISBN 978-0-415-35691-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Press","url_text":"Psychology Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35691-6","url_text":"978-0-415-35691-6"}]},{"reference":"Das Sharma, Amitabha (2002). \"Football and the big fight in Kolkata\" (PDF). Football Studies. 5 (2): 57. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2002/FS0502g.pdf","url_text":"\"Football and the big fight in Kolkata\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140211143839/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2002/FS0502g.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Prabhakaran, Shaji (18 January 2003). \"Football in India – A Fact File\". LongLiveSoccer.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061023135720/http://www.longlivesoccer.com/indiafootball.htm","url_text":"\"Football in India – A Fact File\""},{"url":"http://www.longlivesoccer.com/indiafootball.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kolkata-football infrastructure is from-the past century\". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/kolkata-football-infrastructure-is-from-the-past-century-4928776/","url_text":"\"Kolkata-football infrastructure is from-the past century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108211418/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/kolkata-football-infrastructure-is-from-the-past-century-4928776/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"India – Eden Gardens (Kolkata)\". Cricket Web. Archived from the original on 31 May 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070531223033/http://www.cricketweb.net/country/venue.php?CategoryIDAuto=12&VenueIDAuto=26","url_text":"\"India – Eden Gardens (Kolkata)\""},{"url":"http://www.cricketweb.net/country/venue.php?CategoryIDAuto=12&VenueIDAuto=26","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eden Gardens\". ESPN Cricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html","url_text":"\"Eden Gardens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPN Cricinfo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170708034244/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raju, Mukherji (14 March 2005). \"Seven Years? Head Start\". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014559/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp","url_text":"\"Seven Years? Head Start\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)","url_text":"The Telegraph"},{"url":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK), Kolkata\". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105323/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5008920/index.html","url_text":"\"Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK), Kolkata\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5008920/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lionel Messi arrives in Kolkata for the friendly match against Venezuela\". India Today. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/lionel-messi-in-kolkata-for-venezuela-match-140078-2011-08-31","url_text":"\"Lionel Messi arrives in Kolkata for the friendly match against Venezuela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today","url_text":"India Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072043/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/lionel-messi-in-kolkata-for-venezuela-match-140078-2011-08-31","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"King Kahn Bows Out in Kolkata\". DW.com. 27 May 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/king-kahn-bows-out-in-kolkata/a-3364291","url_text":"\"King Kahn Bows Out in Kolkata\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120535/http://www.dw.com/en/king-kahn-bows-out-in-kolkata/a-3364291","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chatterjee, Pranab (2009). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0820-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_Publishing","url_text":"Peter Lang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4","url_text":"978-1-4331-0820-4"}]},{"reference":"Baxter, Craig (1997). Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-1-85984-121-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Baxter","url_text":"Baxter, Craig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press","url_text":"Westview Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-121-1","url_text":"978-1-85984-121-1"}]},{"reference":"Gooptu, Sharmistha (November 2010). Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-91217-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91217-7","url_text":"978-1-136-91217-7"}]},{"reference":"Bald, Vivek (2013). Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America. Harvard University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-674-07040-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iPXkrZeMyfIC&q=History+of+West+Bengal","url_text":"Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07040-0","url_text":"978-0-674-07040-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001214/https://books.google.com/books?id=iPXkrZeMyfIC&q=History+of+West+Bengal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Sumit (1990). \"Calcutta and the Bengal Renaissance\". In Chaudhuri, Sukanta (ed.). Calcutta, the Living City: The past. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195625851.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7GZuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Calcutta and the Bengal Renaissance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195625851","url_text":"9780195625851"}]},{"reference":"Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. SAGE Publications India. p. 256. ISBN 978-81-321-0407-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0407-0","url_text":"978-81-321-0407-0"}]},{"reference":"Klass, L; Morton, S (1996). Community Structure and industrialization in West Bengal. University Press of America Inc. 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Retrieved 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Sahitya Akademi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0","url_text":"978-81-260-1194-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001209/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Banerjee, Anuradha (1998). Environment, population, and human settlements of Sundarban Delta. Ashok Kumar Mittal. ISBN 978-81-7022-739-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-739-7","url_text":"978-81-7022-739-7"}]},{"reference":"Raychaudhuri, Tapan (2002). Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-Century Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-566109-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_Raychaudhuri","url_text":"Raychaudhuri, Tapan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566109-5","url_text":"978-0-19-566109-5"}]},{"reference":"Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8024-5","url_text":"978-0-8108-8024-5"}]},{"reference":"Impact of Social Sector Development in West Bengal. Planning Commission, Government of India. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135928/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm_indx.htm","url_text":"Impact of Social Sector Development in West Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)","url_text":"Planning Commission, Government of India"},{"url":"http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm_indx.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Inden; Ronald B.; Ralph W (2005). Kinship in Bengali Culture. The University of Chicago Press, 1977. ISBN 978-81-8028-018-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-018-4","url_text":"978-81-8028-018-4"}]},{"reference":"Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom. Routledge. ISBN 9781134332748. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=in1_AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134332748","url_text":"9781134332748"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001151/https://books.google.com/books?id=in1_AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Jyotirmoy (1988). Land Utilisation and Population Distribution: A Case Study of West Bengal, 1850–1985. Daya Books. p. 227. ISBN 978-81-7035-043-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7035-043-9","url_text":"978-81-7035-043-9"}]},{"reference":"Hindle, Jane, ed. (1996). London Review of Books: An Anthology. Foreword by Alan Bennett. London: Verso. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-1-85984-121-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett","url_text":"Alan Bennett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-121-1","url_text":"978-1-85984-121-1"}]},{"reference":"Bose, Sugata (1993). Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal Since 1770, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-521-26694-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26694-9","url_text":"978-0-521-26694-9"}]},{"reference":"Mukherjee, Bharati (1991). Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal. Mittal Publications. p. 403. ISBN 978-81-7099-320-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-320-9","url_text":"978-81-7099-320-9"}]},{"reference":"Sunny, C (1999). \"Poverty and social development in west bengal\" (PDF). India Rural Development Report, NIRD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131207093342/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm/wbm_ch2.pdf","url_text":"\"Poverty and social development in west bengal\""},{"url":"http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm/wbm_ch2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marvin, Davis (1983). Rank and rivalry: the politics of inequality in rural West Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxvii, 239. ISBN 978-0-521-24657-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24657-6","url_text":"978-0-521-24657-6"}]},{"reference":"Arnold-Baker, Charles (30 July 2015). The Companion to British History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-40039-4. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504","url_text":"The Companion to British History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40039-4","url_text":"978-1-317-40039-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001151/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bardhan, Kalpana (2010). The Oxford India Anthology of Bengali Literature: 1941–1991. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-806461-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XQSQgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Oxford India Anthology of Bengali Literature: 1941–1991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806461-9","url_text":"978-0-19-806461-9"}]},{"reference":"Gooptu, Sharmistha (17 April 2013). \"'Bengali' cinema: Its making and unmaking\". In Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-77284-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC","url_text":"\"'Bengali' cinema: Its making and unmaking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77284-9","url_text":"978-1-136-77284-9"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Ananya; AlSayyad, Nezar (2004). Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananya_Roy","url_text":"Roy, Ananya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezar_AlSayyad","url_text":"AlSayyad, Nezar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Books","url_text":"Lexington Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0741-6","url_text":"978-0-7391-0741-6"}]},{"reference":"West Bengal Human Development Report, 2004 (PDF). Kolkata: Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. ISBN 978-81-7955-030-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2018. 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(2008). Rural Commercial Capital: Agricultural Markets in West Bengal. Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0-19-569159-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569159-7","url_text":"978-0-19-569159-7"}]},{"reference":"Raychaudhuri, Ajitava; Das, Tuhin K., eds. (2005). West Bengal economy: some contemporary issues. Jadavpur University Press, India. ISBN 978-81-7764-731-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrzysz%C3%B3w,_Silesian_Voivodeship	Skrzyszów, Silesian Voivodeship	["1 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°56′52″N 18°29′30″E / 49.94778°N 18.49167°E / 49.94778; 18.49167For other places with the same name, see Skrzyszów. Village in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandSkrzyszówVillageSaint Archangel Michael ChurchSkrzyszówCoordinates: 49°56′52″N 18°29′30″E / 49.94778°N 18.49167°E / 49.94778; 18.49167Country PolandVoivodeshipSilesianCountyWodzisławGminaGodówFirst mentioned1286Government • MayorHenryk HoleszArea11.56 km2 (4.46 sq mi)Population (2006)3,280 • Density280/km2 (730/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code44-348Car platesSWDWebsitehttp://www.skrzyszow.org/ Skrzyszów is a village in Gmina Godów, Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It lies close to the border with the Czech Republic. External links (in Polish) Official website vteGmina GodówSeat Godów Other villages Gołkowice Krostoszowice Łaziska Podbucze Skrbeńsko Skrzyszów This Wodzisław County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skrzyszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrzysz%C3%B3w_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈskʂɨʂuf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Gmina Godów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_God%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Wodzisław County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_County"},{"link_name":"Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Skrzyszów.Village in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandSkrzyszów [ˈskʂɨʂuf] is a village in Gmina Godów, Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It lies close to the border with the Czech Republic.","title":"Skrzyszów, Silesian Voivodeship"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skrzysz%C3%B3w,_Silesian_Voivodeship&params=49_56_52_N_18_29_30_E_region:PL_type:city(3280)","external_links_name":"49°56′52″N 18°29′30″E / 49.94778°N 18.49167°E / 49.94778; 18.49167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skrzysz%C3%B3w,_Silesian_Voivodeship&params=49_56_52_N_18_29_30_E_region:PL_type:city(3280)","external_links_name":"49°56′52″N 18°29′30″E / 49.94778°N 18.49167°E / 49.94778; 18.49167"},{"Link":"http://www.skrzyszow.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.skrzyszow.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.skrzyszow.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skrzysz%C3%B3w,_Silesian_Voivodeship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Williams,_5th_Baronet	Sir Edward Williams, 5th Baronet	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 References"]	Sir Edward Williams, 5th Baronet (1728 – 12 July 1804) was a Welsh landowner. Early life Williams was born in 1728 in Gwernyfed, Brecknockshire, Wales. He was the second surviving son of David Williams (1684–1739) and Susannah Witherstone (b. 1693). His elder brother was Sir Henry Williams, 4th Baronet. His paternal grandfather was Sir David Williams, 3rd Baronet (a son of Sir Edward Williams of Gwernyfed, MP for Breconshire, and grandson of Sir Thomas Williams, 1st Baronet). Career In 1740, his grandfather died and his elder brother Henry inherited the baronetcy but Henry died the following year and Edward became the 5th Baronet. The Williams baronetcy, of Elham in the County of Kent, had been created in the Baronetage of England on 12 November 1674 for Thomas Williams, Physician to Charles I and James II. His son, Sir John Williams, 2nd Baronet was High Sheriff of Kent and represented Herefordshire in Parliament. As Sir John had no sons, his nephew, Edward's grandfather, inherited the baronetcy but the Elham estate passed to the 2nd Baronet's daughter and her husband, Thomas Symonds. Sir Edward was one of the principal promoters of the Brecknockshire Agricultural Society in 1755. He was appointed Colonel of the Brecknockshire Militia on 29 January 1760, during the Seven Years' War. Personal life Williams married Mary Ellis le Heup (1728–1768), a daughter of and Elizabeth (née Lombard) le Heup (daughter of Peter Lombard of Burnham Thorpe) and Isaac le Heup, MP who was a brother-in-law of Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole. Mary's sister, Elizabeth le Heup married John Lloyd. Together, they had one son who predeceased him and a daughter: Edward Williams (d. c. 1799), who died unmarried. Mary Williams (1752–1820), who in 1776 married Thomas Wood, son of Thomas Wood, MP for Middlesex. After his first wife's death in 1768, he married Mary Riley. Sir Edward died in Clifton, Gloucestershire. in 1804. On his death, the title became either extinct and Gwernyfed was inherited by his daughter, Mary. Descendants Through his daughter Mary, he was a grandfather of Thomas Wood (1777–1860), MP for Breconshire from 1806 to 1847, who married Lady Caroline Stewart (daughter of Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry and Frances Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry). References ^ a b c d Jones, Theophilus (1898). A History of the County of Brecknock: Containing the Chorography, General History, Religion, Laws, Customs, Manners, Language, and System of Agriculture Used in that County. E. Davies. p. 357. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Halsted, Edward (1799). The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. Vol. 8. Canterbury: W. Bristow. pp. 95–110. ^ "Williams, Thomas (WLMS669T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Hayton, D. W. (2002). "Williams, Sir John (1653-1723)". In Hayton, David; Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart (eds.). The House of Commons 1690-1715. The History of Parliament Trust. ^ a b c d "WILLIAMS families, of Gwernyfed, in the parish of Glasbury, Brecknock". biography.wales. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Capt B.E. Sargeaunt, The Royal Monmouthshire Militia, London: RUSI, 1910/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, nd, ISBN 978-1-78331204-7, p. 71. ^ "Wood Family". search.lma.gov.uk. London Metropolitan Archives. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "WOOD, Thomas (1777-1860), of Gwernyfed, Brec. and Littleton Park, nr. Staines, Mdx". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 2 July 2013. ^ Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1898. p. 207. Retrieved 5 January 2023. Baronetage of England Preceded byHenry Williams Baronet(of Elham) 1741–1804 Extinct	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sir Edward Williams, 5th Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brecknockshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecknockshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Williams, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Henry_Williams,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones1898-1"},{"link_name":"Sir David Williams, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_David_Williams,_3rd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Williams_(died_1721)"},{"link_name":"Breconshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breconshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Williams, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Williams,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones1898-1"}],"text":"Williams was born in 1728 in Gwernyfed, Brecknockshire, Wales. He was the second surviving son of David Williams (1684–1739) and Susannah Witherstone (b. 1693). His elder brother was Sir Henry Williams, 4th Baronet.[1]His paternal grandfather was Sir David Williams, 3rd Baronet (a son of Sir Edward Williams of Gwernyfed, MP for Breconshire, and grandson of Sir Thomas Williams, 1st Baronet).[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Henry_Williams,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_England"},{"link_name":"Thomas Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Williams,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir John Williams, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Williams,_2nd_Baronet,_of_Eltham"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wales-5"},{"link_name":"Brecknockshire Agricultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecknockshire_Agricultural_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wales-5"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Colonel_of_the_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Brecknockshire Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecknockshire_Militia"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1740, his grandfather died and his elder brother Henry inherited the baronetcy but Henry died the following year and Edward became the 5th Baronet. The Williams baronetcy, of Elham in the County of Kent, had been created in the Baronetage of England on 12 November 1674 for Thomas Williams, Physician to Charles I and James II.[2][3] His son, Sir John Williams, 2nd Baronet was High Sheriff of Kent and represented Herefordshire in Parliament.[4] As Sir John had no sons, his nephew, Edward's grandfather, inherited the baronetcy but the Elham estate passed to the 2nd Baronet's daughter and her husband, Thomas Symonds.[5]Sir Edward was one of the principal promoters of the Brecknockshire Agricultural Society in 1755.[5]He was appointed Colonel of the Brecknockshire Militia on 29 January 1760, during the Seven Years' War.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Burnham Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Isaac le Heup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_le_Heup"},{"link_name":"Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Baron_Walpole"},{"link_name":"John Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_(Cardiganshire)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wales-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones1898-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wood_(1708%E2%80%931799)"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lma-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones1898-1"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wales-5"}],"text":"Williams married Mary Ellis le Heup (1728–1768), a daughter of and Elizabeth (née Lombard) le Heup (daughter of Peter Lombard of Burnham Thorpe) and Isaac le Heup, MP who was a brother-in-law of Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole. Mary's sister, Elizabeth le Heup married John Lloyd. Together, they had one son who predeceased him and a daughter:[5]Edward Williams (d. c. 1799), who died unmarried.[1]\nMary Williams (1752–1820), who in 1776 married Thomas Wood, son of Thomas Wood, MP for Middlesex.[7]After his first wife's death in 1768, he married Mary Riley.[1] Sir Edward died in Clifton, Gloucestershire. in 1804. On his death, the title became either extinct and Gwernyfed was inherited by his daughter, Mary.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wood_(1777%E2%80%931860)"},{"link_name":"Breconshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breconshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopTW-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_1st_Marquess_of_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Frances Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Stewart,_Marchioness_of_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke's1898-9"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his daughter Mary, he was a grandfather of Thomas Wood (1777–1860), MP for Breconshire from 1806 to 1847,[8] who married Lady Caroline Stewart (daughter of Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry and Frances Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry).[9]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jones, Theophilus (1898). 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University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLMS669T&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Williams, Thomas (WLMS669T)\""}]},{"reference":"Hayton, D. W. (2002). \"Williams, Sir John (1653-1723)\". In Hayton, David; Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart (eds.). The House of Commons 1690-1715. The History of Parliament Trust.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/williams-sir-john-1653-1723","url_text":"\"Williams, Sir John (1653-1723)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveline_Cruickshanks","url_text":"Cruickshanks, Eveline"}]},{"reference":"\"WILLIAMS families, of Gwernyfed, in the parish of Glasbury, Brecknock\". biography.wales. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.wales/article/s-WILL-GWE-1536","url_text":"\"WILLIAMS families, of Gwernyfed, in the parish of Glasbury, Brecknock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Welsh Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Wood Family\". search.lma.gov.uk. London Metropolitan Archives. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.lma.gov.uk/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/LMA_OPAC/web_detail/REFD+ACC~2F1302?SESSIONSEARCH","url_text":"\"Wood Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives","url_text":"London Metropolitan Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"WOOD, Thomas (1777-1860), of Gwernyfed, Brec. and Littleton Park, nr. Staines, Mdx\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/wood-thomas-1777-1860","url_text":"\"WOOD, Thomas (1777-1860), of Gwernyfed, Brec. and Littleton Park, nr. Staines, Mdx\""}]},{"reference":"Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1898. p. 207. Retrieved 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NlhQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA207","url_text":"Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zoc1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA357-IA1","external_links_name":"A History of the County of Brecknock: Containing the Chorography, General History, Religion, Laws, Customs, Manners, Language, and System of Agriculture Used in that County"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63463","external_links_name":"The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent"},{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLMS669T&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Williams, Thomas (WLMS669T)\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/williams-sir-john-1653-1723","external_links_name":"\"Williams, Sir John (1653-1723)\""},{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s-WILL-GWE-1536","external_links_name":"\"WILLIAMS families, of Gwernyfed, in the parish of Glasbury, Brecknock\""},{"Link":"https://search.lma.gov.uk/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/LMA_OPAC/web_detail/REFD+ACC~2F1302?SESSIONSEARCH","external_links_name":"\"Wood Family\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/wood-thomas-1777-1860","external_links_name":"\"WOOD, Thomas (1777-1860), of Gwernyfed, Brec. and Littleton Park, nr. Staines, Mdx\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NlhQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA207","external_links_name":"Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo,_%C5%A0kofja_Loka	Gabrovo, Škofja Loka	["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Mass graves","3 Notable people","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°9′37.45″N 14°16′39.42″E / 46.1604028°N 14.2776167°E / 46.1604028; 14.2776167Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaGabrovoGabrovoLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°9′37.45″N 14°16′39.42″E / 46.1604028°N 14.2776167°E / 46.1604028; 14.2776167Country SloveniaTraditional regionUpper CarniolaStatistical regionUpper CarniolaMunicipalityŠkofja LokaArea • Total2.37 km2 (0.92 sq mi)Elevation630.4 m (2,068.2 ft)Population (2002) • Total28 Gabrovo (pronounced ; German: Gabrou) is a small village in the Municipality of Škofja Loka in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. Geography Gabrovo is a clustered village on a sunny terrace below Little Mount Lubnik (Mali Lubnik, elevation: 820 meters or 2,690 feet). Hiking trails connect the village to Vincarje and Škofja Loka to the east, and to Mount Lubnik (elevation: 1,025 meters or 3,363 feet) to the northwest. The Rant Shaft (Ranotovo brezno) lies directly north of the village, and Lubnik Cave (Lubniška jama) and Kevdrc Cave lie to the northwest. History Ruins of Wildenlack Castle The ruins of the oldest castle in the Skofja Loka region stand just east of Gabrovo at an elevation called Stari grad 'old castle' (502 meters or 1,647 feet). The castle, originally named Wildenlack, dates back to the 12th or 13th century and was first mentioned in written sources in the 14th century. The remnants of the surrounding Romanesque wall and the foundations of other structures are visible at the site. A water main to Gabrovo was installed in 1895; the catchment stands below Mount Lubnik. Mass graves The Lovrenc Ravine mass graves Gabrovo is the site of two known mass graves from the end of the Second World War. The Lovrenc Ravine 1 and 2 mass graves (Slovene: Grobišče Lovrenška grapa 1, 2) are located south of the settlement, between a path and Zaplotnica Creek. The two locations are about 20 meters (66 ft) apart. Grave one contains the remains of seven German prisoners of war that were forced to bury the victims in grave two. Grave two contains the remains of 20 Home Guard soldiers from the prison at Loka Castle. Notable people Notable people that were born or lived in Gabrovo include: Janez Volčič (1825–1887), religious writer References ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia ^ Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 64. ^ a b c Savnik, Roman (1968). Krajevni leksikon Slovenije, vol. 1. Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije. p. 359. ^ Kosi, Miha; Bizjak, Matjaž; Seručnik, Miha; Šilc, Jurij (2016). Historična topografija Kranjske. (do leta 1500). Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. p. 237. ^ Štukl, France (2006). "Stari grad – Wildenlack". Loški razgledi. 53 (1): 85–87. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 12122 ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Lovrenška grapa 1". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 10, 2023. ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Lovrenška grapa 2". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 10, 2023. External links Media related to Gabrovo at Wikimedia Commons Gabrovo on Geopedia vteMunicipality of Škofja LokaSettlementsAdministrative seat: Škofja Loka Current Binkelj Bodovlje Breznica pod Lubnikom Brode Bukov Vrh nad Visokim Bukovica Bukovščica Crngrob Dorfarje Draga Forme Gabrk Gabrovo Gabrška Gora Godešič Gorenja Vas–Reteče Gosteče Grenc Hosta Knape Kovski Vrh Križna Gora Lipica Log nad Škofjo Loko Moškrin Na Logu Papirnica Pevno Podpulfrca Pozirno Praprotno Pungert Puštal Reteče Rovte v Selški Dolini Ševlje Sopotnica Spodnja Luša Staniše Stara Loka Stirpnik Strmica Suha Svetega Petra Hrib Sveti Andrej Sveta Barbara Sveti Duh Sveti Florijan nad Škofjo Loko Sveti Lenart Sveti Ožbolt Sveti Tomaž Trata Trnje Valterski Vrh Vešter Vincarje Virlog Virmaše Visoko pri Poljanah Zgornja Luša Zminec Former Stari Dvor Landmarks Ajman Castle Capuchin Bridge Crngrob Church Granary Homan House Križna Gora Church Puštal Castle Škofja Loka Castle Slatnik Škofja Loka Parish Church St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Church Stara Loka Church Suha Church Tošč Visoko Manor Notable people Anton Ažbe Andrej Glavan Tine Debeljak Janez Kalan Lovrenc Košir Ive Šubic This article about the Municipality of Škofja Loka in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɡaːbɾɔʋɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leksikon-2"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Škofja Loka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_%C5%A0kofja_Loka"},{"link_name":"Upper Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"}],"text":"Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaGabrovo (pronounced [ˈɡaːbɾɔʋɔ]; German: Gabrou[2]) is a small village in the Municipality of Škofja Loka in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.","title":"Gabrovo, Škofja Loka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincarje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincarje"},{"link_name":"Škofja Loka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-3"}],"text":"Gabrovo is a clustered village on a sunny terrace below Little Mount Lubnik (Mali Lubnik, elevation: 820 meters or 2,690 feet). Hiking trails connect the village to Vincarje and Škofja Loka to the east, and to Mount Lubnik (elevation: 1,025 meters or 3,363 feet) to the northwest. The Rant Shaft (Ranotovo brezno) lies directly north of the village, and Lubnik Cave (Lubniška jama) and Kevdrc Cave lie to the northwest.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wildenlack_Castle_Slovenia_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-3"}],"text":"Ruins of Wildenlack CastleThe ruins of the oldest castle in the Skofja Loka region stand just east of Gabrovo at an elevation called Stari grad 'old castle' (502 meters or 1,647 feet). The castle, originally named Wildenlack,[4] dates back to the 12th or 13th century and was first mentioned in written sources in the 14th century. The remnants of the surrounding Romanesque wall and the foundations of other structures are visible at the site.[5][6]A water main to Gabrovo was installed in 1895; the catchment stands below Mount Lubnik.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabrovo_Skofja_Loka_Slovenia_-_grave_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"mass graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_graves_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard"},{"link_name":"Loka Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Mass graves","text":"The Lovrenc Ravine mass gravesGabrovo is the site of two known mass graves from the end of the Second World War. The Lovrenc Ravine 1 and 2 mass graves (Slovene: Grobišče Lovrenška grapa 1, 2) are located south of the settlement, between a path and Zaplotnica Creek. The two locations are about 20 meters (66 ft) apart. Grave one contains the remains of seven German prisoners of war that were forced to bury the victims in grave two. Grave two contains the remains of 20 Home Guard soldiers from the prison at Loka Castle.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-3"}],"text":"Notable people that were born or lived in Gabrovo include:Janez Volčič (1825–1887), religious writer[3]","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Ruins of Wildenlack Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wildenlack_Castle_Slovenia_2.jpg/220px-Wildenlack_Castle_Slovenia_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lovrenc Ravine mass graves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gabrovo_Skofja_Loka_Slovenia_-_grave_3.jpg/220px-Gabrovo_Skofja_Loka_Slovenia_-_grave_3.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Savnik, Roman (1968). Krajevni leksikon Slovenije, vol. 1. Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije. p. 359.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kosi, Miha; Bizjak, Matjaž; Seručnik, Miha; Šilc, Jurij (2016). Historična topografija Kranjske. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadowice,_Poland	Wadowice	["1 History","1.1 Late modern period","1.2 World War II","1.3 Present","2 Economy","3 Culture and sightseeing","4 Religion","5 Sports","6 Twin towns – sister cities","7 Notable people","8 References","9 External links","10 Footnotes"]	Coordinates: 49°53′N 19°30′E / 49.883°N 19.500°E / 49.883; 19.500 Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandWadowiceView of the Main Square Coat of armsWadowiceShow map of PolandWadowiceShow map of Lesser Poland VoivodeshipCoordinates: 49°53′N 19°30′E / 49.883°N 19.500°E / 49.883; 19.500Country PolandVoivodeshipLesser PolandCountyWadowice CountyGminaGmina WadowiceFirst mentioned14th centuryTown rights1430Government • MayorBartosz Kaliński (PiS)Area • Total10.52 km2 (4.06 sq mi)Highest elevation318 m (1,043 ft)Lowest elevation250 m (820 ft)Population (2022) • Total17,455 • Density1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code34–100Area code+48 33Car platesKWANational roads Websitehttp://www.wadowice.pl Wadowice (Polish: ⓘ; German: Frauenstadt – Wadowitz) is a town in southern Poland, 50 kilometres (31 miles) southwest of Kraków with 17,455 inhabitants (2022), situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Foothills (Pogórze Śląskie). Wadowice is known for being the birthplace of Karol Wojtyła, later Pope John Paul II and Godwin von Brumowski, Austria-Hungary’s best flying ace with 35 credited and an additional 8 possible wins in the air. History Baroque Basilica of Presentation of Virgin Mary The first permanent settlement in the area of today's Wadowice was founded in the late 10th century or early 11th century. According to a local legend, the town was founded by a certain Wad or Wład, a short form for the Slavic name of Ladislaus (Polish: 'Władysław'). The town was first mentioned as Wadowicze in St. Peter penny register in the years 1325–1327. In 1327 it is also mentioned (under the same name) in a fief registry sent from prince John I Scholastyk of Oświęcim to Bohemian king John I, Count of Luxemburg. At this time it was a trading settlement belonging to the Dukes of Silesia of the Piast Dynasty, and according to some historians it was already a municipality. In 1430 a great fire destroyed the town. It was soon rebuilt and granted city rights, along with a city charter and a self-government, based on the then-popular Kulm law. The privileges, granted by Prince Kazimierz I of Oświęcim led to a period of fast reconstruction and growth. The administrative division of the region in the times of regional division was complicated. Initially, between 1313/1317 and 1445, Wadowice belonged to the Silesian Duchy of Oświęcim and after 1445 to the Duchy of Zator. In 1482 Władysław I of Zator inherited only half of his father's lands and created a separate Duchy of Wadowice, which lasted until his death in 1493. The following year his brother and successor, Jan V of Zator abdicated. At the same time the land was subject to Bohemian overlordship, which lasted until the following year, when the Duchy was bought by the Kings of Poland and incorporated as a Silesian County. Finally, the county was incorporated into the Kraków Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown in 1564. In the 16th–17th centuries Wadowice was a regional centre of crafts and trade. Among the most notable sons of the town was Marcin Wadowita, a theologian, philosopher and a deacon of the Kraków Academy. He was also the founder of a hospital and a basic school in Wadowice. However, several plagues and fires halted the prosperity and the town's growth was eventually halted as well. Late modern period Early 20th-century view of the main square In the effect of the First Partition of Poland, Wadowice was annexed by Austria, incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Galicia, under direct Austrian rule, and renamed Frauenstadt. The town's growth started soon afterwards, after a road linking Vienna with Lviv was built. The town became a seat of a communal administration and since 1867 – a county site. Small industries were developing slowly during the 19th century. New inhabitants settled in the area, attracted by the industry, new military barracks and various administrative institutions. In addition, a new hospital and a regional court were erected in the town centre. Finally, in the last 25 years of the 19th century partial liberalisation of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy led to creation of various Polish cultural and scientific societies. After World War I and the dissolution of the monarchy, Wadowice became part of the newly reborn Poland. The seat of a powiat remained in the town and in 1919 the inhabitants of the area formed the 12th Infantry Regiment that took part in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. In 1920 Karol Wojtyła was born in Wadowice (he became the bishop of Kraków, then Pope John Paul II, and was canonised after his death). World War II Katyn massacre memorial After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, Germany occupied the area and on 26 October Wadowice was annexed by Nazi Germany. On 29 December of the same year the town was renamed to Wadowitz. Initially the Polish intelligentsia was targeted by harsh German racial and cultural policies and hundreds of people from the area, most notably priests, teachers and artists, were murdered in mass executions (see Intelligenzaktion). Many were imprisoned in the infamous Montelupich Prison in Kraków and then murdered in the Krzesławice Fort of the Kraków Fortress in December 1939. Hundreds more were expelled and resettled to the General Government in order to make place for German settlers in accordance with the Lebensraum policy. Germany also established and operated a Nazi prison in the town. Between 1941 and 1943 a ghetto was established in the town. Almost the entire local Jewish population (more than 2,000) was exterminated, mostly in the nearby Auschwitz concentration camp. In addition, the Germans set up a prisoner-of-war camp for Allied soldiers and a penal camp that served as a transfer camp for various German concentration camps. Despite German terror, the Home Army units were active in the area, most notably in the town itself and in the Beskid mountains to the south of it. After the German occupation, the town returned to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Present After the war, in 1945 Wadowice retained its powiat town status and until 1975 served as a notable centre of commerce and transport in the Kraków Voivodeship. After that the town was transferred to the newly created Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. After the peaceful transformation of the political and economical system in Poland (in 1989), most of the local industry was found inefficient and went bankrupt. However, the ecological and historical heritage of the area as well as its status as the birthplace of Pope John Paul II led to fast growth of tourism. Currently more than 200,000 people visit Wadowice every year and this number is rising. Economy Wadowice is today mainly a centre for tourism and sightseeing, but also a place for small industries such as the production of machines and construction materials. The town is also the headquarters of the multinational food company and biggest juice-maker of Poland, Maspex, and the shoe producer Badura. Culture and sightseeing John Paul II SquareHoly Father John Paul II Family Home Days of Wadowice (Dni Wadowic) are held every May–June. The feast starts every 18 May to commemorate the birth of Karol Wojtyła. Museum of the Holy Father Family Home in the family home of Pope John Paul II collects objects that belonged to Karol Wojtyła and his family. Parochial church – the Virgin Mary's Offertory minor basilica–15th century, rebuilt in the 18th century. Kościelna 4 street, an 18th-century house. Neo-Classical "Mikołaj" manor – 19th century, named after the mayor Mikołaj Komorowski. Municipal Museum of Marcin Wadowita. Pope John Paul II square with 19th-century burgher houses. Monument to Emil Zegadłowicz, a writer who described the area of Wadowice in many of his books. Religion Saint Joseph church and Monastery of Discalced Carmelites Roman Catholicism (Basilica) Jehovah's Witnesses (Kingdom Hall) Sports The town's most notable sports club is Skawa Wadowice with football, basketball, volleyball and tennis sections. Founded in 1907, it is one of the oldest sports clubs in the region. Twin towns – sister cities Town hall County Court See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Wadowice is twinned with: San Giovanni Rotondo in Italy (since 2006) Pietrelcina in Italy (since 2006) Carpineto Romano in Italy Sona in Italy Canale d'Agordo in Italy (since 2010) Marktl in Germany Notable people Marcin Wadowita (1567–1641), Polish theologian, philosopher and deacon of the Kraków Academy Ignacy Krieger (1817-1889), Polish photographer born in Wadowice district Godwin von Brumowski (1889–1936), highest scoring Austro-Hungarian World War I fighter ace Louis Hollander (1893–1980) US labor union leader Raphael Kalinowski (b. 1835, Vilna; d. 1906, Wadowice), founder of Wadowice college, seminary, church, monastery, and convent Berta Lask (1878–1967), German author Ada Sari (1886–1968), Polish opera singer, actress Curt von Jesser (1890–1950), Austrian general in the Wehrmacht Karol Wojtyła (1920–2005), Pope John Paul II Anna Plichta (born 1992), racing cyclist References Tourist Information Wadowice Cultural Center, museum Family Home of the Holy Father John Paul II Museum in Wadowice Information about Wadowice External links (in Polish) Wadowice Town Council (in Polish) http://www.wadowicecity.pl/ Jewish Community in Wadowice on Virtual Shtetl Footnotes ^ PROJECT, TBC. "ŚW. JAN PAWEŁ II". Archidiecezja Krakowska (in Polish). Retrieved 15 October 2023. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 257. ^ "NS-Gefängnis Wadowitz". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ "Maspex". maspex.com (in Polish). Retrieved 15 October 2023. ^ "Zakład słynnej firmy obuwniczej z Wadowic do kupienia". WadowiceOnlinePL (in Polish). Retrieved 15 October 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wadowice. vteWadowice CountySeat: WadowiceUrban-rural gminas Gmina Andrychów Gmina Kalwaria Zebrzydowska Gmina Wadowice Rural gminas Gmina Brzeźnica Gmina Lanckorona Gmina Mucharz Gmina Spytkowice Gmina Stryszów Gmina Tomice Gmina Wieprz vteGmina WadowiceTown and seat Wadowice Villages Babica Barwałd Dolny Chocznia Gorzeń Dolny Gorzeń Górny Jaroszowice Kaczyna Klecza Dolna Klecza Górna Ponikiew Ponikiew-Chobot Roków Stanisław Górny Wysoka Zawadka Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Croatia Geographic MusicBrainz area Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[vadɔˈvit͡sɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Pl-Wadowice.ogg/Pl-Wadowice.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pl-Wadowice.ogg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Skawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skawa"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Silesian Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Foothills"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Godwin von Brumowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_von_Brumowski"}],"text":"Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandWadowice (Polish: [vadɔˈvit͡sɛ] ⓘ; German: Frauenstadt – Wadowitz) is a town in southern Poland, 50 kilometres (31 miles) southwest of Kraków with 17,455 inhabitants (2022), situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Foothills (Pogórze Śląskie). Wadowice is known for being the birthplace of Karol Wojtyła, later Pope John Paul II and Godwin von Brumowski, Austria-Hungary’s best flying ace with 35 credited and an additional 8 possible wins in the air.","title":"Wadowice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bazylika_Ofiarowania_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Maryi_Panny_w_Wadowicach..JPG"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"John I Scholastyk of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_I_the_Scholastic"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"John I, Count of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Luxemburg"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Piast Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"city rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_rights"},{"link_name":"city charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_charter"},{"link_name":"Kulm law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulm_law"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz I of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_I_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"regional division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_Poland#Fragmentation_and_Invasion.2C_.281146-1295.29"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator"},{"link_name":"Władysław I of Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wladyslaw_I_of_Zator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Wadowice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan V of Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_V_of_Zator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Kings of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Silesian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_County"},{"link_name":"Kraków Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province_of_the_Polish_Crown"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marcin Wadowita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Wadowita"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"Kraków Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Baroque Basilica of Presentation of Virgin MaryThe first permanent settlement in the area of today's Wadowice was founded in the late 10th century or early 11th century. According to a local legend, the town was founded by a certain Wad or Wład, a short form for the Slavic name of Ladislaus (Polish: 'Władysław'). The town was first mentioned as Wadowicze in St. Peter penny register in the years 1325–1327. In 1327 it is also mentioned (under the same name) in a fief registry sent from prince John I Scholastyk of Oświęcim to Bohemian king John I, Count of Luxemburg. At this time it was a trading settlement belonging to the Dukes of Silesia of the Piast Dynasty, and according to some historians it was already a municipality. In 1430 a great fire destroyed the town. It was soon rebuilt and granted city rights, along with a city charter and a self-government, based on the then-popular Kulm law. The privileges, granted by Prince Kazimierz I of Oświęcim led to a period of fast reconstruction and growth.[citation needed]The administrative division of the region in the times of regional division was complicated. Initially, between 1313/1317 and 1445, Wadowice belonged to the Silesian Duchy of Oświęcim and after 1445 to the Duchy of Zator. In 1482 Władysław I of Zator inherited only half of his father's lands and created a separate Duchy of Wadowice, which lasted until his death in 1493. The following year his brother and successor, Jan V of Zator abdicated. At the same time the land was subject to Bohemian overlordship, which lasted until the following year, when the Duchy was bought by the Kings of Poland and incorporated as a Silesian County. Finally, the county was incorporated into the Kraków Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown in 1564.[citation needed]In the 16th–17th centuries Wadowice was a regional centre of crafts and trade. Among the most notable sons of the town was Marcin Wadowita, a theologian, philosopher and a deacon of the Kraków Academy. He was also the founder of a hospital and a basic school in Wadowice. However, several plagues and fires halted the prosperity and the town's growth was eventually halted as well.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadowice_-_Rynek._1908_(71691145).jpg"},{"link_name":"First Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"communal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(subnational_entity)"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"powiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat"},{"link_name":"Polish–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Late modern period","text":"Early 20th-century view of the main squareIn the effect of the First Partition of Poland, Wadowice was annexed by Austria, incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Galicia, under direct Austrian rule, and renamed Frauenstadt. The town's growth started soon afterwards, after a road linking Vienna with Lviv was built. The town became a seat of a communal administration and since 1867 – a county site. Small industries were developing slowly during the 19th century. New inhabitants settled in the area, attracted by the industry, new military barracks and various administrative institutions. In addition, a new hospital and a regional court were erected in the town centre. Finally, in the last 25 years of the 19th century partial liberalisation of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy led to creation of various Polish cultural and scientific societies.[citation needed]After World War I and the dissolution of the monarchy, Wadowice became part of the newly reborn Poland. The seat of a powiat remained in the town and in 1919 the inhabitants of the area formed the 12th Infantry Regiment that took part in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. In 1920 Karol Wojtyła was born in Wadowice (he became the bishop of Kraków, then Pope John Paul II, and was canonised after his death).[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DB-cross_of_katyn_wadowice.JPG"},{"link_name":"Katyn massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre"},{"link_name":"Polish Defensive War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Germany occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"intelligentsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia"},{"link_name":"German racial and cultural policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Intelligenzaktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenzaktion"},{"link_name":"Montelupich Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montelupich_Prison"},{"link_name":"Kraków Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Lebensraum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_ghettos"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Polish_Jews"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Fall of Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Communism"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Katyn massacre memorialAfter the Polish Defensive War of 1939, Germany occupied the area and on 26 October Wadowice was annexed by Nazi Germany. On 29 December of the same year the town was renamed to Wadowitz. Initially the Polish intelligentsia was targeted by harsh German racial and cultural policies and hundreds of people from the area, most notably priests, teachers and artists, were murdered in mass executions (see Intelligenzaktion). Many were imprisoned in the infamous Montelupich Prison in Kraków and then murdered in the Krzesławice Fort of the Kraków Fortress in December 1939.[2] Hundreds more were expelled and resettled to the General Government in order to make place for German settlers in accordance with the Lebensraum policy. Germany also established and operated a Nazi prison in the town.[3] Between 1941 and 1943 a ghetto was established in the town. Almost the entire local Jewish population (more than 2,000) was exterminated, mostly in the nearby Auschwitz concentration camp. In addition, the Germans set up a prisoner-of-war camp for Allied soldiers and a penal camp that served as a transfer camp for various German concentration camps. Despite German terror, the Home Army units were active in the area, most notably in the town itself and in the Beskid mountains to the south of it.[citation needed] After the German occupation, the town returned to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"powiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat"},{"link_name":"Kraków Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"peaceful transformation of the political and economical system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Present","text":"After the war, in 1945 Wadowice retained its powiat town status and until 1975 served as a notable centre of commerce and transport in the Kraków Voivodeship. After that the town was transferred to the newly created Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. After the peaceful transformation of the political and economical system in Poland (in 1989), most of the local industry was found inefficient and went bankrupt. However, the ecological and historical heritage of the area as well as its status as the birthplace of Pope John Paul II led to fast growth of tourism. Currently more than 200,000 people visit Wadowice every year and this number is rising.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maspex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wadowice is today mainly a centre for tourism and sightseeing, but also a place for small industries such as the production of machines and construction materials. The town is also the headquarters of the multinational food company and biggest juice-maker of Poland, Maspex, and the shoe producer Badura.[4][5]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadowicki_rynek.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muzeum_Dom_Rodzinny_Ojca_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Wadowicach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Father John Paul II Family Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Father_John_Paul_II_Family_Home,_Wadowice"},{"link_name":"Karol Wojtyła","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Holy Father Family Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Father_John_Paul_II_Family_Home_in_Wadowice"},{"link_name":"minor basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_basilica"},{"link_name":"Marcin Wadowita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Wadowita"},{"link_name":"burgher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Emil Zegadłowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Zegadlowicz"}],"text":"John Paul II SquareHoly Father John Paul II Family HomeDays of Wadowice (Dni Wadowic) are held every May–June. The feast starts every 18 May to commemorate the birth of Karol Wojtyła.\nMuseum of the Holy Father Family Home in the family home of Pope John Paul II collects objects that belonged to Karol Wojtyła and his family.\nParochial church – the Virgin Mary's Offertory minor basilica–15th century, rebuilt in the 18th century.\nKościelna 4 street, an 18th-century house.\nNeo-Classical \"Mikołaj\" manor – 19th century, named after the mayor Mikołaj Komorowski.\nMunicipal Museum of Marcin Wadowita.\nPope John Paul II square with 19th-century burgher houses.\nMonument to Emil Zegadłowicz, a writer who described the area of Wadowice in many of his books.","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klasztor_Ojc%C3%B3w_Karmelit%C3%B3w_Bosych_i_Sanktuarium_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_w_Wadowicach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Discalced Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hall"}],"text":"Saint Joseph church and Monastery of Discalced CarmelitesRoman Catholicism (Basilica)\nJehovah's Witnesses (Kingdom Hall)","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skawa Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skawa_Wadowice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skawa_Wadowice"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The town's most notable sports club is Skawa Wadowice [pl] with football, basketball, volleyball and tennis sections. Founded in 1907, it is one of the oldest sports clubs in the region.[citation needed]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urz%C4%85d_Miejski_Wadowice.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C4%85d_Rejonowy_Wadowice_009MS.jpg"},{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"San Giovanni Rotondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_Rotondo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pietrelcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietrelcina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Carpineto Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpineto_Romano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona,_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Canale d'Agordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_d%27Agordo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Marktl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marktl"}],"text":"Town hallCounty CourtSee also: List of twin towns and sister cities in PolandWadowice is twinned with:San Giovanni Rotondo in Italy (since 2006)\n Pietrelcina in Italy (since 2006)\n Carpineto Romano in Italy\n Sona in Italy\n Canale d'Agordo in Italy (since 2010)\n Marktl in Germany","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcin Wadowita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Wadowita"},{"link_name":"Kraków Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Krieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Krieger"},{"link_name":"Godwin von Brumowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_von_Brumowski"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"Louis Hollander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hollander"},{"link_name":"Raphael Kalinowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Kalinowski"},{"link_name":"Berta Lask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_Lask"},{"link_name":"Ada Sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Sari"},{"link_name":"Curt von Jesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_von_Jesser"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Karol Wojtyła","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Anna Plichta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Plichta"}],"text":"Marcin Wadowita (1567–1641), Polish theologian, philosopher and deacon of the Kraków Academy\nIgnacy Krieger (1817-1889), Polish photographer born in Wadowice district\nGodwin von Brumowski (1889–1936), highest scoring Austro-Hungarian World War I fighter ace\nLouis Hollander (1893–1980) US labor union leader\nRaphael Kalinowski (b. 1835, Vilna; d. 1906, Wadowice), founder of Wadowice college, seminary, church, monastery, and convent\nBerta Lask (1878–1967), German author\nAda Sari (1886–1968), Polish opera singer, actress\nCurt von Jesser (1890–1950), Austrian general in the Wehrmacht\nKarol Wojtyła (1920–2005), Pope John Paul II\nAnna Plichta (born 1992), racing cyclist","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"ŚW. JAN PAWEŁ II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//diecezja.pl/miasto-swietych/miasto-swietych-jan-pawel-ii/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"IPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"NS-Gefängnis Wadowitz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Maspex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//maspex.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Zakład słynnej firmy obuwniczej z Wadowic do kupienia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wadowiceonline.pl/biznes/22180-zaklad-slynnej-firmy-obuwniczej-z-wadowic-do-kupienia"},{"link_name":"Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wadowice"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wadowice_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wadowice_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wadowice_County"},{"link_name":"Wadowice County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadowice_County"},{"link_name":"Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gmina Andrychów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Andrych%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Gmina Kalwaria Zebrzydowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska"},{"link_name":"Gmina Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Wadowice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_powiat_wadowicki_COA.svg"},{"link_name":"Gmina Brzeźnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Brze%C5%BAnica,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Gmina Lanckorona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Lanckorona"},{"link_name":"Gmina Mucharz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Mucharz"},{"link_name":"Gmina Spytkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Spytkowice,_Wadowice_County"},{"link_name":"Gmina Stryszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Strysz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Gmina Tomice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Tomice"},{"link_name":"Gmina Wieprz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Wieprz"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gmina_Wadowice"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gmina_Wadowice"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gmina_Wadowice"},{"link_name":"Gmina Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Wadowice"},{"link_name":"Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadowice_herb.svg"},{"link_name":"Babica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babica,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Barwałd Dolny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa%C5%82d_Dolny"},{"link_name":"Chocznia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocznia"},{"link_name":"Gorzeń Dolny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorze%C5%84_Dolny"},{"link_name":"Gorzeń Górny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorze%C5%84_G%C3%B3rny"},{"link_name":"Jaroszowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroszowice"},{"link_name":"Kaczyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczyna"},{"link_name":"Klecza Dolna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klecza_Dolna"},{"link_name":"Klecza Górna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klecza_G%C3%B3rna"},{"link_name":"Ponikiew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponikiew,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Ponikiew-Chobot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponikiew-Chobot"},{"link_name":"Roków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Górny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_G%C3%B3rny"},{"link_name":"Wysoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysoka,_Wadowice_County"},{"link_name":"Zawadka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawadka,_Wadowice_County"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212856#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4330857-0"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564871105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85359280"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge302806&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000675620&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/area/2128abb8-b37b-465d-a4a0-cb542802ee8a"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32837"}],"text":"^ PROJECT, TBC. \"ŚW. JAN PAWEŁ II\". Archidiecezja Krakowska (in Polish). Retrieved 15 October 2023.\n\n^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 257.\n\n^ \"NS-Gefängnis Wadowitz\". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Maspex\". maspex.com (in Polish). Retrieved 15 October 2023.\n\n^ \"Zakład słynnej firmy obuwniczej z Wadowic do kupienia\". WadowiceOnlinePL (in Polish). Retrieved 15 October 2023.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wadowice.vteWadowice CountySeat: WadowiceUrban-rural gminas\nGmina Andrychów\nGmina Kalwaria Zebrzydowska\nGmina Wadowice\nRural gminas\nGmina Brzeźnica\nGmina Lanckorona\nGmina Mucharz\nGmina Spytkowice\nGmina Stryszów\nGmina Tomice\nGmina WieprzvteGmina WadowiceTown and seat\nWadowice\nVillages\nBabica\nBarwałd Dolny\nChocznia\nGorzeń Dolny\nGorzeń Górny\nJaroszowice\nKaczyna\nKlecza Dolna\nKlecza Górna\nPonikiew\nPonikiew-Chobot\nRoków\nStanisław Górny\nWysoka\nZawadkaAuthority control databases National\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nCroatia\nGeographic\nMusicBrainz area\nOther\nEncyclopedia of Modern Ukraine","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Baroque Basilica of Presentation of Virgin Mary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bazylika_Ofiarowania_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Maryi_Panny_w_Wadowicach..JPG/220px-Bazylika_Ofiarowania_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Maryi_Panny_w_Wadowicach..JPG"},{"image_text":"Early 20th-century view of the main square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wadowice_-_Rynek._1908_%2871691145%29.jpg/220px-Wadowice_-_Rynek._1908_%2871691145%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Katyn massacre memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DB-cross_of_katyn_wadowice.JPG/180px-DB-cross_of_katyn_wadowice.JPG"},{"image_text":"Saint Joseph church and Monastery of Discalced Carmelites","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Klasztor_Ojc%C3%B3w_Karmelit%C3%B3w_Bosych_i_Sanktuarium_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_w_Wadowicach.jpg/220px-Klasztor_Ojc%C3%B3w_Karmelit%C3%B3w_Bosych_i_Sanktuarium_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_w_Wadowicach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Town hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Urz%C4%85d_Miejski_Wadowice.jpg/220px-Urz%C4%85d_Miejski_Wadowice.jpg"},{"image_text":"County Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/S%C4%85d_Rejonowy_Wadowice_009MS.jpg/220px-S%C4%85d_Rejonowy_Wadowice_009MS.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"PROJECT, TBC. \"ŚW. 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Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wadowiceonline.pl/biznes/22180-zaklad-slynnej-firmy-obuwniczej-z-wadowic-do-kupienia","url_text":"\"Zakład słynnej firmy obuwniczej z Wadowic do kupienia\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wadowice&params=49_53_N_19_30_E_region:PL_type:city(17455)","external_links_name":"49°53′N 19°30′E / 49.883°N 19.500°E / 49.883; 19.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wadowice&params=49_53_N_19_30_E_region:PL_type:city(17455)","external_links_name":"49°53′N 19°30′E / 49.883°N 19.500°E / 49.883; 19.500"},{"Link":"http://www.wadowice.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.wadowice.pl"},{"Link":"http://www.it.wadowice.pl/","external_links_name":"Tourist Information"},{"Link":"http://www.wck.wadowice.pl/","external_links_name":"Wadowice Cultural Center, museum"},{"Link":"http://www.domrodzinnyjanapawla.pl/pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=48&Itemid=54","external_links_name":"Family Home of the Holy Father John Paul II Museum in Wadowice"},{"Link":"http://www.wadowice.com/","external_links_name":"Information about Wadowice"},{"Link":"http://www.wadowice.pl/","external_links_name":"Wadowice Town Council"},{"Link":"http://www.wadowicecity.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.wadowicecity.pl/"},{"Link":"https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/w/632-wadowice","external_links_name":"Jewish Community in Wadowice"},{"Link":"https://diecezja.pl/miasto-swietych/miasto-swietych-jan-pawel-ii/","external_links_name":"\"ŚW. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1966	1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election	["1 Republican primary","1.1 Candidates","1.2 Results","2 Democratic primary","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 General election","3.1 Results","4 See also","5 References"]	Election 1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election ← 1964 November 8, 1966 1970 → Nominee John Volpe Edward McCormack Jr. Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,277,358 752,720 Percentage 62.58% 36.88% Municipal Results Governor before election John Volpe Republican Elected Governor John Volpe Republican Elections in Massachusetts General 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Federal government U.S. President 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Dem 2004 Dem 2008 Dem GOP 2012 2016 Dem GOP 2020 Dem GOP 2024 Dem GOP U.S. Senate Class 1: 1788 1790 1796 (S) 1796 1798 1800 (S) 1803 1808 (S) 1810 (S) 1811 1813 (S) 1815 1815 (S) 1816 (S) 1818 (S) 1820 1820 (S) 1822 1826 1827 1829 (S) 1833 1839 February 1841 (S) 1845 1851 1851 (S) 1857 1863 1869 1874 (S) 1875 1881 1887 1893 1899 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1962 (S) 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2010 (S) 2012 2018 2024 Class 2: 1788 1793 1796 1800 (S) 1803 (S) 1805 1810 1811 (S) 1816 1822 (S) 1826 (S) 1828 1835 January 1841 (S) 1841 1845 (S) 1847 1853 1855 (S) 1859 1865 1871 1873 (S) 1877 1883 1889 1895 1901 1905 (S) 1907 1913 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1944 (S) 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2013 (S) 2014 2020 U.S. House 1788/1789 1790/1792 1792/1793 1794/1795 1796/1797 1798/1799 1800/1801 1802/1803 1804 1806 1808 1810/1811 1812/1813 1814/1815 3rd 1816/1817 1818/1819 1820/1821 1822/1823 1824/1825 1826/1827 1828 1830/1832 1833/1834 1834/1835 1836 1838/1839 1840/1841 1842/1844 1844/1846 1846 1848/1850 1850/1851 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 (1st) 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 (9th) 2002 2004 2006 2007 (5th) 2008 2010 2012 2013 (5th) 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State government Governor 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 Apr. 1831 Nov. 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Senate 1787 1824 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State House 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2020 2022 Governor's Council 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Ballot measures 1980: Proposition 2½ 2002: English Language Education in Public Schools 2006: 2008 Greyhound Protection Sensible Marijuana Policy State Income Tax Repeal 2010: No Sales Tax for Alcohol Sales Tax Relief Comprehensive Permits and Regional Planning 2012: Right to Repair Death with Dignity Medical Marijuana 2014: Automatic Gas Tax Increase Repeal Expansion of Bottle Deposits Casino Repeal Paid Sick Days 2016: Expand Slot Machine Gaming Charter School Expansion Farm Animal Confinement Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana 2018: Gender Identity Anti-Discrimination 2020: pending Boston Mayor 1822 1823 1824 Apr 1825 Dec 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844–45 Dec 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853–54 Dec 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1910 1914 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 City council 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Springfield Mayor 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 (S) 1973 1975 1977 1979 1983 1981 1985 1987 1989 (S) 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2015 2019 2023 Worcester Mayor 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Massachusetts portalvte The 1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1966. Governor John A. Volpe was reelected to a four-year term. He defeated former Attorney General Edward J. McCormack Jr. in the general election. This was the first election held since Governor's term of office was extended from two to four years. Republican primary Candidates John Volpe, incumbent Governor Results Governor Volpe was unopposed for renomination. Democratic primary Candidates Edward J. McCormack Jr., former Massachusetts Attorney General Kenneth O'Donnell, former aide to President Kennedy Results 1966 Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Edward J. McCormack Jr. 343,381 55.12% Democratic Kenneth O'Donnell 279,541 44.87% Write-in All others 97 0.00% Total votes 623,019 100.00% General election McCormack campaigning with Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey Results Volpe defeated McCormack by over a half million votes. He won the majority of the votes in every Massachusetts county. This was the last general election in which the Governor and Lt. Governor were elected separately. 1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican John A. Volpe (incumbent) 1,277,358 62.58% Democratic Edward J. McCormack, Jr. 752,720 36.88% Socialist Labor Henning A. Blomen 6,539 0.32% Prohibition John C. Hedges 4,494 0.22% Write-in All others 66 0.00% See also 1966 Massachusetts general election 1965–1966 Massachusetts legislature References ^ a b Election Statistics. ^ Election Statistics. ^ Election Statistics. vte(1964 ←) 1966 United States elections (→ 1968)U.S.Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Carolina (special) South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia Virginia (special) West Virginia Wyoming U.S.House Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Lt. Gov Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Nebraska Lt. Gov Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming State legislatures Arizona Arizona House Arizona Senate Iowa Senate vteState elections in MassachusettsGeneral 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Governor 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 (April) 1831 (November) 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1868 1869 1870 1871 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Mass. Senate 1787 1788 ... 1824 ... 1908 ... 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Mass. House 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Gov.'s Council 2002 2006 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 "s/" = Special election See also: Political party strength in Massachusetts For federal elections, see Template:Federal elections in Massachusetts footer. This Massachusetts elections–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John A. Volpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Volpe"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Edward J. McCormack Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._McCormack_Jr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElectionStatistics-1"},{"link_name":"term of office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_of_office"}],"text":"The 1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1966. Governor John A. Volpe was reelected to a four-year term. He defeated former Attorney General Edward J. McCormack Jr. in the general election.[1] This was the first election held since Governor's term of office was extended from two to four years.","title":"1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Volpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Volpe"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"John Volpe, incumbent Governor","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Governor Volpe was unopposed for renomination.","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward J. McCormack Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._McCormack_Jr."},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Kenneth O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_O%27Donnell"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"Edward J. McCormack Jr., former Massachusetts Attorney General\nKenneth O'Donnell, former aide to President Kennedy","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collins,_Bellotti,_et_al.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hubert H. Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey"}],"text":"McCormack campaigning with Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey","title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Volpe defeated McCormack by over a half million votes. He won the majority of the votes in every Massachusetts county.[2] This was the last general election in which the Governor and Lt. Governor were elected separately.","title":"General election"}]	[{"image_text":"McCormack campaigning with Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Collins%2C_Bellotti%2C_et_al.jpg/220px-Collins%2C_Bellotti%2C_et_al.jpg"}]	[{"title":"1966 Massachusetts general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Massachusetts_general_election"},{"title":"1965–1966 Massachusetts legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%931966_Massachusetts_legislature"}]	[{"reference":"Election Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti19651966mass#page/136/mode/2up","url_text":"Election Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Election Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti19651966mass#page/240/mode/2up","url_text":"Election Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Election Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti19651966mass#page/240/mode/2up","url_text":"Election Statistics"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti19651966mass#page/136/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Election Statistics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti19651966mass#page/240/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Election Statistics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti19651966mass#page/240/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Election Statistics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane,_Oregon	Crane, Oregon	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 Climate","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°24′55″N 118°34′42″W / 43.41528°N 118.57833°W / 43.41528; -118.57833 Unincorporated community in the state of Oregon, United States Census-designated place in Oregon, United StatesCrane, OregonCensus-designated placeCrane Post OfficeCraneShow map of OregonCraneShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 43°24′55″N 118°34′42″W / 43.41528°N 118.57833°W / 43.41528; -118.57833CountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyHarneyArea • Total10.42 sq mi (26.98 km2) • Land10.42 sq mi (26.98 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation4,134 ft (1,260 m)Population (2020) • Total116 • Density11.14/sq mi (4.30/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code97732Area code541FIPS code41-16450Coordinates and elevation from United States Geological Survey Crane is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Harney County, Oregon, United States, northeast of Malheur Lake on Oregon Route 78. Its population was 116 at the 2020 census. History Crane was named for the prominent local features Crane Creek and Crane Creek Gap. Crane Creek Gap is the pass between the Harney Basin and the drainage basin of the South Fork Malheur River. Crane Creek is probably named for the sandhill crane, which was once abundant in eastern Oregon. Crane post office was established in 1895 and discontinued in 1903. When the Union Pacific Railroad was completed from Ontario, Oregon, in 1916, the post office was reopened. Until the railroad was finished to Burns in 1924, Crane was an important livestock shipping point, and the town was thriving with its five restaurants, four hotels, three garages, two general merchandise stores, a warehouse, a lumber yard, livery stables, a dance hall, a newspaper, a bank and a movie theater. After a series of fires, the latest in 1938, however, the town never returned to its former prosperity. As of 2011, the businesses in Crane included a post office, a gas station, which is combined with a café and tavern, a farm supply store, and a local realtor. Geography Crane is in eastern Harney County along Oregon Route 78 (Steens Highway), which leads northwest 29 miles (47 km) to Burns, the county seat, and southeast 64 miles (103 km) to U.S. Route 95 at Burns Junction. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Crane CDP has an area of 10.4 square miles (27.0 km2), all of it land. It is 6 miles (10 km) northeast of Malheur Lake and 26 miles (42 km) by road northeast of the main entrance to Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Demographics As of the 2020 census, there were 116 people, 65 housing units, and 52 families. There were 110 White people, 1 person from some other race, and 5 people from two or more races. 4 people were Hispanic or Latino. The ancestry was 35.1% Irish, 27.7% German, 24.5% English, 21.3% Scottish, and 2.1% French. The median age was 56.5 years old. 22.3% of the population were older than 65, with 14.9% between the ages of 65 to 74, and 7.4% older than 85. The median household income was $31,389. 24.5% of the population were in poverty. Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020116—U.S. Decennial Census Education Crane Union High School Crane Union High School and Crane Elementary School are in Crane. The high school, which draws students from a large rural district, is a boarding school. Harney County is not in a community college district but has a "contract out of district" (COD) with Treasure Valley Community College. TVCC operates the Burns Outreach Center in Burns. Climate According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Crane has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ "Crane". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. November 28, 1980. Retrieved November 3, 2010. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2020 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Crane CDP, Oregon". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2018. ^ a b c d e f McArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (2003) . Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 245. ISBN 0-87595-277-1. ^ a b c d e "Crane Rural Community: A Brief History". Harney County Economic Development. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2011. ^ a b c d "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 23, 2023. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "Oregon Community Colleges and Community College Districts" (PDF). Oregon Department of Community Colleges & Workforce Development. Retrieved July 17, 2022. ^ "Burns Outreach Center". Treasure Valley Community College. Retrieved July 17, 2022. ^ Climate Summary for Crane, Oregon External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crane, Oregon. Historic photo of Crane railroad depot from Salem Public Library vteMunicipalities and communities of Harney County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: BurnsCities Burns Hines Harney County mapCDP Crane Othercommunities Buchanan Denio Diamond Drewsey Fields Frenchglen Harney Lawen Narrows New Princeton Riley Suntex Van Venator Voltage Wagontire Indian reservation Burns Paiute Indian Reservation Ghost towns Andrews Blitzen Desert Alvord Desert Oregon portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Harney County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harney_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Malheur Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malheur_Lake"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_78"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-4"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in the state of Oregon, United StatesCensus-designated place in Oregon, United StatesCrane is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Harney County, Oregon, United States, northeast of Malheur Lake on Oregon Route 78. Its population was 116 at the 2020 census.[4]","title":"Crane, Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-5"},{"link_name":"Harney Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harney_Basin"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Malheur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malheur_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-5"},{"link_name":"sandhill crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhill_crane"},{"link_name":"eastern Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-5"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCED-6"},{"link_name":"Ontario, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-5"},{"link_name":"Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCED-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCED-6"},{"link_name":"gas station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCED-6"}],"text":"Crane was named for the prominent local features Crane Creek and Crane Creek Gap.[5] Crane Creek Gap is the pass between the Harney Basin and the drainage basin of the South Fork Malheur River.[5] Crane Creek is probably named for the sandhill crane, which was once abundant in eastern Oregon.[5] Crane post office was established in 1895 and discontinued in 1903.[5] When the Union Pacific Railroad[6] was completed from Ontario, Oregon, in 1916, the post office was reopened.[5]Until the railroad was finished to Burns in 1924, Crane was an important livestock shipping point,[5] and the town was thriving with its five restaurants, four hotels, three garages, two general merchandise stores, a warehouse, a lumber yard, livery stables, a dance hall, a newspaper, a bank and a movie theater.[6] After a series of fires, the latest in 1938, however, the town never returned to its former prosperity.[6] As of 2011, the businesses in Crane included a post office, a gas station, which is combined with a café and tavern, a farm supply store, and a local realtor.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_78"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95"},{"link_name":"Burns Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_Junction,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Malheur Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malheur_Lake"},{"link_name":"Malheur National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malheur_National_Wildlife_Refuge"}],"text":"Crane is in eastern Harney County along Oregon Route 78 (Steens Highway), which leads northwest 29 miles (47 km) to Burns, the county seat, and southeast 64 miles (103 km) to U.S. Route 95 at Burns Junction.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Crane CDP has an area of 10.4 square miles (27.0 km2), all of it land. It is 6 miles (10 km) northeast of Malheur Lake and 26 miles (42 km) by road northeast of the main entrance to Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Americans"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Americans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"As of the 2020 census, there were 116 people, 65 housing units, and 52 families. There were 110 White people, 1 person from some other race, and 5 people from two or more races. 4 people were Hispanic or Latino.[7]The ancestry was 35.1% Irish, 27.7% German, 24.5% English, 21.3% Scottish, and 2.1% French.[7]The median age was 56.5 years old. 22.3% of the population were older than 65, with 14.9% between the ages of 65 to 74, and 7.4% older than 85.[7]The median household income was $31,389. 24.5% of the population were in poverty.[7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crane_oregon_high_school_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crane Union High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Union_High_School"},{"link_name":"Crane Union High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Union_High_School"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCED-6"},{"link_name":"Treasure Valley Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Valley_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Crane Union High SchoolCrane Union High School and Crane Elementary School are in Crane. The high school, which draws students from a large rural district, is a boarding school.[6]Harney County is not in a community college district but has a \"contract out of district\" (COD) with Treasure Valley Community College.[9] TVCC operates the Burns Outreach Center in Burns.[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Crane has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps.[11]","title":"Climate"}]	[{"image_text":"Crane Union High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crane_oregon_high_school_building.jpg/220px-Crane_oregon_high_school_building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harney County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Harney_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Harney_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2741%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:41&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crane\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. November 28, 1980. Retrieved November 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1119506","url_text":"\"Crane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2020 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Crane CDP, Oregon\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213094302/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4116450","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2020 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Crane CDP, Oregon\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4116450","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 245. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._McArthur","url_text":"McArthur, Lewis A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_L._McArthur","url_text":"Lewis L. 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Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon Community Colleges and Community College Districts\" (PDF). Oregon Department of Community Colleges & Workforce Development. Retrieved July 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clatsopcc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/02-2-OR-CC-color-map.pdf","url_text":"\"Oregon Community Colleges and Community College Districts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Community_Colleges_%26_Workforce_Development","url_text":"Oregon Department of Community Colleges & Workforce Development"}]},{"reference":"\"Burns Outreach Center\". Treasure Valley Community College. Retrieved July 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://harneycounty.chambermaster.com/list/member/tvcc-burns-outreach-center-217","url_text":"\"Burns Outreach Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Valley_Community_College","url_text":"Treasure Valley Community College"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crane,_Oregon&params=43_24_55_N_118_34_42_W_region:US-OR_type:city(116)","external_links_name":"43°24′55″N 118°34′42″W / 43.41528°N 118.57833°W / 43.41528; -118.57833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crane,_Oregon&params=43_24_55_N_118_34_42_W_region:US-OR_type:city(116)","external_links_name":"43°24′55″N 118°34′42″W / 43.41528°N 118.57833°W / 43.41528; -118.57833"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2741%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:41&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1119506","external_links_name":"\"Crane\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213094302/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4116450","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2020 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Crane CDP, Oregon\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4116450","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307184134/http://www.harneycounty.org/Crane.html","external_links_name":"\"Crane Rural Community: A Brief History\""},{"Link":"http://www.harneycounty.org/Crane.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Crane_CDP,_Oregon?g=160XX00US4116450","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.clatsopcc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/02-2-OR-CC-color-map.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Oregon Community Colleges and Community College Districts\""},{"Link":"http://harneycounty.chambermaster.com/list/member/tvcc-burns-outreach-center-217","external_links_name":"\"Burns Outreach Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=640953&cityname=Crane%2C+Oregon%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"Climate Summary for Crane, Oregon"},{"Link":"http://photos.salemhistory.net/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/max&CISOPTR=2437&REC=18","external_links_name":"Historic photo of Crane railroad depot"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137514294","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542879005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97036904","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_View,_Kentucky	Pleasant View, Kentucky	["1 Demographics","2 References"]	Coordinates: 36°40′40″N 84°7′43″W / 36.67778°N 84.12861°W / 36.67778; -84.12861 Unincorporated community & census-designated place in Kentucky, United StatesPleasant ViewUnincorporated community & census-designated placePleasant ViewLocation within the state of KentuckyShow map of KentuckyPleasant ViewPleasant View (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 36°40′40″N 84°7′43″W / 36.67778°N 84.12861°W / 36.67778; -84.12861CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyWhitleyArea • Total0.82 sq mi (2.13 km2) • Land0.79 sq mi (2.05 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)Elevation997 ft (304 m)Population (2020) • Total326 • Density412.66/sq mi (159.41/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EST)ZIP code40769Area code606FIPS code21-61734GNIS feature ID514657 Pleasant View is a census-designated place, unincorporated community and coal town in Whitley County, Kentucky, United States. Their post office closed in 1965. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020326—U.S. Decennial Census References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ "Pleasant View KY ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pleasant View, Kentucky ^ http://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt007.cfm ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. vteMunicipalities and communities of Whitley County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: WilliamsburgCities Corbin‡ Williamsburg Location of Whitley County, KentuckyCDPs Emlyn Pleasant View Rockholds Otherunincorporated communities Carpenter Dixie Gatliff Goldbug Julip Lot Louden Coal Camp Lucky Mountain Ash Nevisdale Rain Red Ash Coal Camp Redbird Saxton Siler Watts Creek Jellico Coal Company Wofford Woodbine Yaden Ghost town Packard Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county Kentucky portal United States portal This Whitley County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"coal town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_town"},{"link_name":"Whitley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Unincorporated community & census-designated place in Kentucky, United StatesPleasant View is a census-designated place, unincorporated community and coal town in Whitley County, Kentucky, United States. Their post office closed in 1965.[4]","title":"Pleasant View, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of Whitley County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Whitley_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Whitley_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pleasant View KY ZIP Code\". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zipdatamaps.com/40769","url_text":"\"Pleasant View KY ZIP Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pleasant_View,_Kentucky&params=36_40_40_N_84_7_43_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°40′40″N 84°7′43″W / 36.67778°N 84.12861°W / 36.67778; -84.12861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pleasant_View,_Kentucky&params=36_40_40_N_84_7_43_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°40′40″N 84°7′43″W / 36.67778°N 84.12861°W / 36.67778; -84.12861"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.zipdatamaps.com/40769","external_links_name":"\"Pleasant View KY ZIP Code\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/514657","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pleasant View, Kentucky"},{"Link":"http://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt007.cfm","external_links_name":"http://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt007.cfm"},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleasant_View,_Kentucky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakra,_Ranchi	Dakra, Ranchi	["1 Geography","1.1 Location","1.2 Area overview","2 Economy","3 Education","4 Healthcare","5 References"]	Coordinates: 23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168Not to be confused with Dakra. Populated location in Jharkhand, IndiaDakraPopulated locationDakraLocation in Jharkhand, IndiaShow map of JharkhandDakraDakra (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168Country IndiaStateJharkhandDistrictRanchiGovernment • TypeFederal democracyLanguages (*For language details see Khelari block#Language and religion) • OfficialHindi, UrduTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN829210Telephone/ STD code06530Vehicle registrationJH 01Lok Sabha constituencyRanchiVidhan Sabha constituencyKankeWebsiteranchi.nic.in Dakra is an inhabited location not identified in 2011 census as a separate place in the Khelari CD block in the Ranchi Sadar subdivision of the Ranchi district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Geography Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur DivisionM: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centreOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Location Dakra is located at 23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168 According to Google maps Dakra Post Office is located between Churi and Khelari census towns. Area overview The map alongside shows a part of the Ranchi plateau, most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over Silli, Rahe, Sonahatu and Tamar CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the Subarnarekha, originates near Ratu, flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at Hundru Falls. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map. A major part of the North Karanpura Area and some fringe areas of the Piparwar Area of the Central Coalfields Limited, both located in the North Karanpura Coalfield, are in Ranchi district. There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence. Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Economy The projects of the North Karanpura Area of Central Coalfields Limited are: Churi underground, Dakra Bukbuka opencast, K.D.H. opencast, Karkatta opencast, Rohini opencast, Purnadih opencast. The Area office is at Dakra. Education Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya was established at Dakra in 1990. Affiliated with Ranchi University, it offers courses in arts and commerce. Healthcare Central Hospital of Central Coalfields Ltd. at Dakra with 50 beds has 11 general duty medical officers and 1 specialist. Among the facilities are: X‐Ray, ECG, Semi auto analyzer, monitor defibrillator , dental chair. It has 2 ambulances. References ^ "District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 19 September 2021. ^ "Central Coalfields Limited". Areas – North Karanpura. CCL. Retrieved 19 September 2021. ^ "Central Coalfields Limited". Areas – Piparwar. CCL. Retrieved 19 September 2021. ^ "District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 14: Industry. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 19 September 2021. ^ "District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 19 September 2021. ^ "Central Coalfields Limited". Areas – North Karanpura. CCL. Retrieved 27 December 2020. ^ "Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya". UKSM. Retrieved 7 September 2021. ^ "Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya". Shiksha. Retrieved 7 September 2021. ^ "Affiliated Colleges". Ranchi University. Retrieved 9 September 2021. ^ "Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL" (PDF). CCL. Retrieved 18 September 2021. vteCities, towns and locations in South Chotanagpur divisionCities, municipal and census townsGumla district Ghaghra Gumla Toto Khunti district Khunti Torpa Lohardaga district Lohardaga Ranchi district Ara Arsande Bargarwa Bishrampur Bundu Churi Hatia Irba Kanke Khelari Muri Namkum Ranchi Ratu Ray Tati Tundul Simdega district Simdega Locationsother than cities and townsGumla district Basia Bharno Bishunpur Chainpur Dumri Gurdari Jalim Jari Kamdara Marda Nagfeni Palkot Raidih Serangdag Sisai Khunti district Arki Birbanki Gobindpur Rania Karra Kitahatu Maranghada Murhu Ulihatu Lohardaga district Bagru Bhandra Hisri Kairo Kisko Kuru Pakhar Peshrar Senha Ranchi district Angara Balsokra Bero Burmu Chanho Chutupalu Dakra Ginjo Thakurgaon Hutup Itki Lapung Mandar Mesra Nagri Narkopi Ormanjhi Pithuriya Rahe Rampur Sikidiri Silli Sonahatu Tamar Simdega district Bano Bansjore Bolba Jaldega Pakartanr Kersai Kolebira Kurdeg Thethaitangar Related topics South Chotanagpur Division topics Cities and towns in other Divisions North Chotanagpur Kolhan Palamu Santhal Parganas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakra"},{"link_name":"Khelari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khelari_block"},{"link_name":"CD block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development_block_in_India"},{"link_name":"Ranchi Sadar subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi_Sadar_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Ranchi district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Dakra.Populated location in Jharkhand, IndiaDakra is an inhabited location not identified in 2011 census as a separate place in the Khelari CD block in the Ranchi Sadar subdivision of the Ranchi district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.","title":"Dakra, Ranchi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/9/23.38333/85.41667/en"},{"link_name":"[fullscreen map]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/9/23.38333/85.41667/en"}],"text":"[fullscreen map]\nCities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur DivisionM: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centreOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dakra,_Ranchi&params=23.6618_N_85.0168_E_"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Dakra is located at 23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168According to Google maps Dakra Post Office is located between Churi and Khelari census towns.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranchi plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Silli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silli_block"},{"link_name":"Rahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahe_block"},{"link_name":"Sonahatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonahatu_block"},{"link_name":"Tamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_block"},{"link_name":"Subarnarekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarnarekha_River"},{"link_name":"Ratu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu,_Ranchi"},{"link_name":"Hundru Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundru_Falls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North Karanpura Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karanpura_Area"},{"link_name":"Piparwar Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piparwar_Area"},{"link_name":"Central Coalfields Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coalfields"},{"link_name":"North Karanpura Coalfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karanpura_Coalfield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Area overview","text":"The map alongside shows a part of the Ranchi plateau, most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over Silli, Rahe, Sonahatu and Tamar CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the Subarnarekha, originates near Ratu, flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at Hundru Falls. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.[1] A major part of the North Karanpura Area and some fringe areas of the Piparwar Area of the Central Coalfields Limited, both located in the North Karanpura Coalfield, are in Ranchi district.[2][3] There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.[4] Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.[5]Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Karanpura Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karanpura_Area"},{"link_name":"Central Coalfields Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coalfields"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The projects of the North Karanpura Area of Central Coalfields Limited are: Churi underground, Dakra Bukbuka opencast, K.D.H. opencast, Karkatta opencast, Rohini opencast, Purnadih opencast. The Area office is at Dakra.[6]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranchi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya was established at Dakra in 1990. Affiliated with Ranchi University, it offers courses in arts and commerce.[7][8][9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Coalfields Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coalfields"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hospital-10"}],"text":"Central Hospital of Central Coalfields Ltd. at Dakra with 50 beds has 11 general duty medical officers and 1 specialist. Among the facilities are: X‐Ray, ECG, Semi auto analyzer, monitor defibrillator , dental chair. It has 2 ambulances.[10]","title":"Healthcare"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\" (PDF). Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\". Areas – North Karanpura. CCL. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php","url_text":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\". Areas – Piparwar. CCL. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php","url_text":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\" (PDF). Page 14: Industry. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\" (PDF). Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\". Areas – North Karanpura. CCL. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php","url_text":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya\". UKSM. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uksmdakra.org/","url_text":"\"Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya\". Shiksha. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shiksha.com/college/uttri-karanpura-sharamik-mahavidyalay-ranchi-104859","url_text":"\"Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affiliated Colleges\". Ranchi University. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307","url_text":"\"Affiliated Colleges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL\" (PDF). CCL. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/12_06_2018_annexure_A_hospital.pdf","url_text":"\"Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dakra,_Ranchi&params=23.6618_N_85.0168_E_type:city_region:IN-JH","external_links_name":"23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dakra,_Ranchi&params=23.6618_N_85.0168_E_type:city_region:IN-JH","external_links_name":"23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168"},{"Link":"http://ranchi.nic.in/","external_links_name":"ranchi.nic.in"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dakra,_Ranchi&params=23.6618_N_85.0168_E_","external_links_name":"23°39′42″N 85°01′00″E / 23.6618°N 85.0168°E / 23.6618; 85.0168"},{"Link":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\""},{"Link":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php","external_links_name":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\""},{"Link":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php","external_links_name":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\""},{"Link":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\""},{"Link":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A\""},{"Link":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php","external_links_name":"\"Central Coalfields Limited\""},{"Link":"http://www.uksmdakra.org/","external_links_name":"\"Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.shiksha.com/college/uttri-karanpura-sharamik-mahavidyalay-ranchi-104859","external_links_name":"\"Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307","external_links_name":"\"Affiliated Colleges\""},{"Link":"https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/12_06_2018_annexure_A_hospital.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Virginia	Woodstock, Virginia	["1 History","1.1 Colonial era","1.2 Establishment","1.3 Revolutionary Era","1.4 Railroads","1.5 Civil War Era","1.6 Historic Structures","2 Demographics","3 Geography","4 Climate","5 Recreation","5.1 Viticultural attractions","6 Economy","7 Transportation","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139Town in Virginia, United States For the community in Northampton County, see Woodstock, Northampton County, Virginia. Town in Virginia, United StatesWoodstock, VirginiaTownThe Woodstock Cafe and Shoppes, a typical business in the historic section of Woodstock, Virginia. SealLocation of Woodstock, VirginiaCoordinates: 38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyShenandoahGovernment • TypeTown Council/MayorArea • Total3.82 sq mi (9.89 km2) • Land3.81 sq mi (9.87 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation784 ft (239 m)Population (2010) • Total5,097 • Estimate (2019)5,258 • Density1,379.33/sq mi (532.52/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code22664Area code540FIPS code51-87712GNIS feature ID1500352WebsiteOfficial website Woodstock is a town and the county seat of Shenandoah County, Virginia, United States. It has a population of 5,212 according to the 2017 census. Woodstock comprises 3.2 square miles of incorporated area of the town, and is located along the "Seven Bends" of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River. While some tourism references list Woodstock as the fourth oldest town in Virginia, the area was sparsely settled and perhaps platted in 1752 or shortly thereafter, but the town was actually established by charter in 1761. While there are a number of Virginia towns closer to the eastern seaboard that claim earlier founding dates, Woodstock was one of the first towns west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The Massanutten Military Academy is located in Woodstock, as is it the former location of the national headquarters of Sigma Sigma Sigma sorority. Woodstock is also home to the River Bandits of the Valley Baseball League, the Shenandoah County Public School's Central campus, and the Shenandoah County Fairgrounds. History The Town of Woodstock was established by charter in March 1761 as a part of what was then Frederick County. It was originally formed from a land grant from Lord Fairfax, and founded as Muellerstadt (Miller Town) in 1752 by founder Jacob Muller (or "Mueller"). The town's charter was sponsored by George Washington in Virginia's House of Burgesses. Woodstock has been the County Seat of Shenandoah County since Shenandoah County's formation in 1772. Colonial era The Shenandoah Valley region around Woodstock was settled by Pennsylvania Germans who migrated south down the natural route of the Shenandoah Valley in the mid 1700s. The majority of these German settlers tended small farms that grew crops other than tobacco, were not slaveholders, and had Protestant faiths different from the established Anglican Church in Virginia. They thus had a different culture/belief system than the English society that was prevalent on the eastern side of the Blue Ridge. The Senedo people lived in the Shenandoah Valley around Woodstock, but they disappeared as a tribe prior to European settlement, possibly from attack by the Catawba to the south. By the time the German settlers arrived, few Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley. Several later tribes hunted in the valley, among them the Shawnee, Occoneechee, Monocans and Piscataways and the powerful Iroquois Confederation, so while not inhabiting the area Indians were likely not an uncommon sight. The seven bends have locations associated with Indian mounds dating back to the Late Woodland Period (AD 900–1650) in the area of the river between Woodstock and Strasburg, Virginia. After 250 years of plowing by settlers, the mounds have largely disappeared from sight, though traces of them have been detected with aerial photography In the early days, relations between Indians and settlers were friendly. In the 1750s settlers began to sense trouble when Indians moved further west, over the Allegheny Mountains, where they were under influence of the French. During the French and Indian War, the French encouraged Indian raiding parties against so-called "English settlers" though most settlers in the Woodstock area were likely peaceable Germans. In the 1760s, there was constant danger of Indian raids, with some atrocities and brutality. The last Indian raid in the area occurred in 1766, three years after the formal end of the French and Indian War, about two miles south of Woodstock. Route 11, which runs through Woodstock, was originally an Indian trail that served as a route between the Catawba in the south and the Delawares in the north, who were warring rivals. This came to be known as the Indian Road and was the main route for settlement and travel through the Shenandoah Valley. With many improvements, Route 11 has largely followed this route, which was later called the Great Wagon Road and then the Valley Pike. Jacob Muller apparently used this old trail in laying out the plans for the main street of what would become Woodstock. Muellerstadt was the early name for Woodstock. Establishment The new village was established by an act in 1761, sponsored by George Washington. The town was renamed Woodstock at that time. George Washington was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, representing Frederick County (the Woodstock area was then part of Frederick County and would remain so until 1772.) The act of the General Assembly gave full credit to Jacob Muller for initiating the idea. Muller came from Germany in 1749 and had temporarily settled in Pennsylvania. By 1752 he obtained 400 acres from Lord Fairfax for the area that would eventually be included in the town limits of Woodstock. Muller settled in Narrow Passage near Woodstock, and in the next few years his holdings grew to something between 1200 and 2000 acres, and he proceeded to lay out a plan for the town, Mullerstadt. A few white settlers had preceded Muller, as the 1761 act establishing the town noted "several persons are now living there." It is realistic to assume this meant a scattering of log buildings. However, Muller's town plan was that referred to in the 1761 General Assembly act that established Woodstock. There is no clear reason why the town's name was changed to Woodstock, though theories include it being renamed by Washington or perhaps for a wood stockade used by the community as shelter from Indian raids. Notwithstanding, Jacob Muller's town continued for many years to be known as Millerstown, or to German-language residents, Muellerstadt. During the years following the establishment of the town, Muller held a big land sale in which 40 parcels he plotted were purchased. Muller died in 1766, just four years after his land sales. Andrew Brewbaker, his son-in-law, became proprietor of his grant, supported by a board of trustees appointed by the General Assembly to govern the new town. This form of government continued until 1795, when the town was authorized to hold elections. Unfortunately, the Town Trustees appointed in 1761 left no records, so early history of Woodstock as a town cannot be determined with accuracy. There was also no local newspaper until 1817. Revolutionary Era In 1772, Woodstock became the county seat of Dunmore County (renamed Shenandoah County in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, shedding the name of the controversial last royal governor of Virginia). Being named the county seat had significant impact for the development of the town. As a county seat, Woodstock necessitated the building of a courthouse and jail. By 1774, the county had erected a permanent courthouse. That original courthouse was replaced in 1795 with a limestone building designed by Thomas Jefferson, using native limestone. It was enlarged in 1871 and 1886. The Shenandoah County Courthouse, located on Main Street, is the oldest courthouse still in use west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, a native of Pennsylvania who was formerly a soldier in the British Army and German dragoons, accepted a call to become pastor to a Woodstock congregation in 1771. After theological training, he served both Lutherans and Episcopalians for four years in a wide-ranging pastorate in the Shenandoah Valley. During this time, he was drawn to in politics, serving in the House of Burgesses in 1774 and as a delegate to the First Virginia Convention. Muhlenberg became famous for his impassioned speeches for the revolutionary cause, helping to raise a regiment in the Shenandoah Valley among its German and Scots-Irish frontier population. He would lead this regiment, the 8th Virginia, as its Colonel in the Continental Army. At the conclusion of his fiery farewell sermon in Woodstock on January 21, 1776, Muhlenberg famously threw off his clerical robes to reveal an officer's uniform beneath and proclaimed, (according to later reports), “in the language of Holy Writ there is a time for all things, a time to preach and a time to pray, but those times have passed away. There is a time to fight, and that time has now come.” Muhlenberg went on to be promoted to a general in the Continental Army and led units in many battles, from Brandywine to Yorktown. Upon the end of the war in 1783, he did not return to live in Woodstock, but instead returned to his native Pennsylvania as a war hero, served in elected capacities and then was elected to the First Congress (1788-1789) and several successive Congresses. Elected to the Senate in 1801, he resigned to return to a revenue post in Philadelphia, where he died on October 1, 1807. While his statue in Congress' National Statuary Hall Collection was submitted by Pennsylvania in 1889, Muhlenberg has been revered in Woodstock for his fiery sermon and the unit he raised and inspired to fight for the nation's independence. The frontier-recruited 8th Virginia Regiment was drawn from Augusta, Berkeley, Culpeper, Dunmore (Shenandoah), Fincastle, and Frederick Counties in the Shenandoah Valley. It was also drawn from the districts of Hampshire County and West Augusta, which are in present-day West Virginia, and elsewhere along the Virginia frontier, which stretched from Kentucky to Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh, PA). Two of the ten companies were raised from the Dunmore County area of Woodstock. It was led by Muhlenberg, Colonel of the regiment and Abraham Bowman, Lt. Colonel, both from Woodstock. The 8th Virginia was called "The German Regiment" though it also contained substantial numbers of Scots-Irish. Frequently separated and detached to other units, the men of this tough, frontier-bred regiment served with distinction in many theaters of the war: White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Short Hills, Cooch's Bridge, Brandywine, Saratoga, Germantown and Charleston. They suffered the hardships at Valley Forge, and were afterwards mustered out of service, with those who reenlisted merging into other Virginia units. Railroads The commercial importance of Woodstock was enhanced by the coming of the railroad, and the railroad had significant impact upon the Woodstock's development. The first railroad south of Strasburg was the Manassas Gap Railroad. On March 2, 1859, the line was extended to Mount Jackson. The Civil War interrupted the work however, and the line remained a long spur from Strasburg, with Mount Jackson as the terminus. In 1865 the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) acquired and reconstructed the line after extensive damage during the Civil War, merging it with the Orange & Alexandria to form the Orange, Alexandria and Manassas Railroad. They then extended the line to Harrisonburg in 1868. In 1872, the B&O formed a separate subsidiary railroad on the line known as the Strasburg & Harrisonburg RR (S&H RR). In 1873 the B&O RR leased and operated the S&H RR between Strasburg and Harrisonburg. But the B&O encountered financial difficulties and sold the S&H railroad subsidiary to the Southern Railway in 1896. In 1888 the B&O built a passenger station in Woodstock, made with native limestone, noted as one of the more elaborate passenger depots in the region. Woodstock became a freight rail entrepot with outward bound shipments of grain, cattle and fruit and inward bound freight of manufactured goods, rail service that continued into the 1960s. Passenger service ended in 1948 and freight rail service began to decline in the 1950s, reflecting a nationwide shift to cars and trucks with the advent of the national highway system. While individual industries were still served, sometime before 1969 regular freight depot service ended and the Woodstock freight depot was demolished in the 1970s. The Southern Railway merged with the Norfolk & Western in 1982 to become the Norfolk Southern Railroad, which owns the line through Woodstock to this day. However, industrial need for the line ended, and the rail between Strasburg between Edinburg (through Woodstock) is out of service, though the track remains. In 1954 the B&O sold the passenger station, and it was torn down in 1954 by a local businessman despite protests of many locals, and its loss damaged Woodstock's historical character and heritage as a once-active railroad town. Civil War Era Confederate military units raised in Woodstock included Company F (the Muhlenberg Rifles) of the 10th Virginia Infantry (of whom 71% had German surnames) as well as Company C of the 33rd Virginia Infantry, part of the Stonewall Brigade led by Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. While the area had an active Confederate population, it also was home to many reluctant secessionists, Unionists and families religiously opposed to slavery and war (Mennonites, German Dunkards.) In addition, traditional enmity between the slavery-based plantation society in eastern Virginia and the small farm populations over the rugged Blue Ridge and Allegheny mountains, where slavery was not as predominant an economic institution, meant that allegiances in the Shenandoah Valley and western Virginia were often divided. Many of German descent in the Shenandoah Valley were generally or religiously opposed to slavery, even as others with German ethnicity served in the Confederate Army. The Civil War left no serious visible scars on the town, although there was partisan activity and retaliation. A few buildings were destroyed, notably the railroad depot and some warehouses along with a locomotive and some rolling stock. No major battles were fought in the immediate vicinity of the town, although skirmishes and large troop movements were not uncommon. Recorded skirmishes in Woodstock were May 18 and 21, 1862; June 2, 1862; February 26, 1863; November 16, 1863; September 23, 1864; and March 14, 1865. Various homes were used from time to time as staff headquarters by both sides, and as the occasional military hospital. General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson made Woodstock his headquarters during part of his Valley Campaign in spring 1862, using the small brick law office near the courthouse. Union General Phil Sheridan sent a famous telegraph message from Woodstock during his own Valley campaign in 1864, during which his army destroyed anything of military value to the Confederates, stating “I have destroyed over 2,000 barns filled with wheat, burned over 70 mills filled with grain and flour. I have made the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia so bare that a crow flying over it would have to carry its knapsack.” Prior to the Battle of Tom's Brook and the Woodstock Races, Gen. George Armstrong Custer rode in front of his cavalry and made a famous gesture of salute to Confederate enemy and West Point classmate, Maj Gen. Thomas L. Rosser, sketched by Alfred Wall. One small but significant cavalry battle occurred 4.5 miles north of Woodstock, at Tom's Brook on October 9, 1864. The Battle of Tom's Brook followed a Union victory at the Battle of Fisher's Hill. After Fisher's Hill, Sheridan's Union cavalry pursued Jubal Early's Confederates south to Staunton, after which the Federals withdrew, devastating anything of military benefit in their path, a campaign known in the Shenandoah as "The Burning." Rebel cavalry harassed the withdrawal, until Union troopers under Wesley Merritt and George Armstrong Custer turned and routed the divided Confederate divisions of Rosser and Lomax at Tom's Brook, 5 miles south of Strasburg and 4.5 miles north of Woodstock. The Confederate cavalry's disorderly retreat from battle became known as the "Woodstock Races", because the routed Rebel troopers fled back in disarray through Woodstock all the way to Mt. Jackson. A total of 6,300 Federal troopers and 3,500 Confederates engaged in the battle, with Union casualties at 57 and Confederate losses at 350. With the victory, the Union cavalry attained superiority in the Valley. The Battle of Tom's Brook preceded by ten days the dramatic, large-scale and climactic battle at Cedar Creek (just north of Strasburg) between Early and Sheridan, which ended in a decisive Union victory that smashed any real threat of Confederate power in the Shenandoah or invasion of Washington DC via the Valley. The Battle of Tom's Brook, and the "Woodstock Races," occurred in significant part along the Valley Pike, now Route 11. About 20 miles south of the town, the Battle of New Market also had Woodstock context. In conjunction with spring 1864 offensives, Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant ordered Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to move down the Valley Pike from West Virginia to Lynchburg, to destroy its railroads and canal while denying the rich Shenandoah Valley to the Confederacy. Receiving intelligence on these movements, Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge scraped together all available troops, including cadets from Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in Lexington. Sigel's advance was slowed by Confederate cavalry and undermined by his own command jealousies and inept decisions, but on May 11 his cavalry captured a lightly defended Woodstock. The Confederates were forced out of Woodstock so fast that several telegrams between Breckinridge and his cavalry commander John D. Imboden fell into Union hands. These Woodstock dispatches revealed strength and location of Confederate forces as well as a rough time table for a cavalry rendezvous with the main Confederate force - potentially a game-changing intelligence coup. But rather than acting decisively, Sigel continued his cautious advance, allowing Confederates time to concentrate. Breckenridge decided to attack Sigel's army, which had advanced from Woodstock. The Battle of New Market occurred on morning of May 15. Threatened by cavalry on his flank and rear, Sigel withdrew and retreated through Woodstock all the way to Strasburg. Sigel's army outnumbered Breckinridge's by 6,275 to 4,087. Union losses were 841 while Confederate casualties were 531. The Valley remained in Confederate control until Sheridan's arrival. Historic Structures Lantz Hall, a structure at Massanutten Military Academy, and the Shenandoah County Courthouse are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Woodstock Historic District comprising the historic center of the town of Woodstock, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It includes examples of early architecture in the town from its earliest years into the 1940s, having been little altered since then. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1860998—1870859−13.9%18801,00016.4%18901,0686.8%19001,0690.1%19101,31422.9%19201,58020.2%19301,552−1.8%19401,546−0.4%19501,81617.5%19602,08314.7%19702,33812.2%19802,62712.4%19903,18221.1%20003,95224.2%20105,09729.0%2019 (est.)5,2583.2%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,952 people, 1,685 households, and 1,029 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,216.9 people per square mile (469.5/km2). There were 1,840 housing units at an average density of 566.6 per square mile (218.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.62% White, 2.73% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 4.28% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.43% of the population.Main Street in Woodstock There were 1,685 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.76. In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 26.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $35,288, and the median income for a family was $38,778. Males had a median income of $25,616 versus $22,115 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,373. About 10.4% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over. Geography Woodstock is located at 38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139 (38.877075, −78.511521). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.4 km2), all of it land. The town is located 11.4 miles (18.3 km) southwest of Strasburg, 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Middletown, and 31.5 miles southwest of Winchester. Woodstock is located along the "Seven Bends" of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, which are seven significant meanders that are unusually sharp and tightly packed. In 48 miles (77 kilometers) of flow, the river travels only 16 miles (26 kilometers) as the crow flies. These large looping turns in the river were in earlier times a significant feature for which the town was known. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally cold though not severe winters. July highs averaging 85.1 °F or 29.5 °C. Winters are chilly, with January lows averaging 20.1 °F or −6.6 °C. Snowfall averages 23 inches or 0.58 metres per year, while rainfall per year averages 37 inches or 940 millimetres. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Woodstock has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. The hardiness zone is 6b. Climate data for Woodstock, Virginia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1886–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 80(27) 85(29) 93(34) 97(36) 98(37) 103(39) 109(43) 107(42) 106(41) 98(37) 86(30) 80(27) 109(43) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 42.3(5.7) 45.7(7.6) 53.7(12.1) 64.8(18.2) 73.4(23.0) 81.6(27.6) 86.1(30.1) 84.6(29.2) 78.5(25.8) 67.7(19.8) 56.1(13.4) 46.2(7.9) 65.1(18.4) Daily mean °F (°C) 31.8(−0.1) 34.2(1.2) 41.6(5.3) 51.9(11.1) 61.2(16.2) 70.0(21.1) 74.4(23.6) 72.9(22.7) 66.0(18.9) 54.8(12.7) 43.7(6.5) 35.7(2.1) 53.2(11.8) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.3(−5.9) 22.7(−5.2) 29.5(−1.4) 39.0(3.9) 49.1(9.5) 58.3(14.6) 62.6(17.0) 61.1(16.2) 53.6(12.0) 41.8(5.4) 31.4(−0.3) 25.3(−3.7) 41.3(5.2) Record low °F (°C) −22(−30) −23(−31) −5(−21) 11(−12) 26(−3) 35(2) 39(4) 33(1) 28(−2) 18(−8) 0(−18) −13(−25) −23(−31) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.90(74) 2.33(59) 3.23(82) 2.82(72) 4.36(111) 4.22(107) 3.94(100) 3.44(87) 4.44(113) 2.60(66) 2.49(63) 2.78(71) 39.55(1,005) Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.4(19) 6.9(18) 3.6(9.1) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.7(1.8) 5.1(13) 23.7(60) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.2 6.8 8.3 9.3 12.1 10.8 10.2 9.7 8.6 7.4 6.4 7.6 105.4 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 2.5 2.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.6 7.8 Source: NOAA Recreation Seven Bends State Park is located just outside of town limits with 1,066 acre area in total. The master plan for Seven Bends State Park was adopted on November 26, 2008 by the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). The park is in the geographically unique "Seven Bends" area of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River and provides access to the River's North Fork. The park's eastern border is shared with the George Washington- Jefferson National Forest, and the park's western boundary is the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, which includes a four-mile-long shoreline. Seven Bends State Park, just outside of Woodstock, is one of the newest additions to the Virginia State Parks system and was formally opened in 2019. The Woodstock Tower, built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps, is located on a 2000 ft mountain that overlooks the town. The tower is a popular sightseeing attraction, providing panoramic views of the valleys on either side and of the seven bends of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River. In March 2019, a portion of the road leading to the tower crumbled due to erosion. The road received $350,000 worth of repairs by Virginia Department of Transportation. The road re-opened again in November 2019. In the August to September time frame each year, Woodstock's Shenandoah County Fairgrounds plays host to the Shenandoah County Fair, which includes concerts, horse harness races, crafts, and farm exhibitions. The Shenandoah County Fair has been held on these premises since 1917. In addition, the Fairgrounds host a horse harness racing season in September and October called Shenandoah Downs. Viticultural attractions The Shenandoah Valley's relatively dry climate, warm days and cool nights are conducive to producing good wine. The climate allows grapes to attain higher acidity, which is generally positive for wine. Limestone soil, which is common to the Valley, has been long associated with great wine growing regions in Europe. The region is a designated American Viticultural Area (AVA), Virginia's first AVA, identified in 1982. The Shenandoah Valley is a relatively dry "rain shadow," as storms soak the mountains on either side of the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies. The growing season in the Valley is distinctly warmer and drier than in neighboring Virginia regions, which don't have the natural rain barrier from the nearby mountains, and where, east of the Blue Ridge, vineyard soils are primarily clay and loam. The annual rainfall in the Valley is one half that of the Virginia average. These conditions are thus more favorable for Cabernet Franc, Chambourcin, Cabernet Sauvignon, Lemberger, Petit Manseng, Petit Verdot, Pinot Noir, and Riesling. The area around Woodstock has several wineries. Muse Vineyards is located in Woodstock within the "Seven Bends" area of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River. Other nearby wineries include Cave Ridge Vineyard, about 14 miles southwest of Woodstock in the rural hills of Shenandoah County, and Shenandoah Vineyards, about 4.5 miles from Woodstock in Edinburg, VA (Shenandoah Vineyards is reportedly the second oldest active winery in Virginia and was founded in 1976). In addition to wineries, Woodstock has a brewpub, the Woodstock Brewhouse, founded in 2015, housed in a restored industrial-age facility that was formerly a Woodstock denim factory. Economy The largest employers in Woodstock, as of 2016, were Shenandoah County School Board, Shenandoah County, Valley Health Care System, Walmart, Food Lion, and Lowe's. Transportation View north along Interstate 81 from SR 42 in Woodstock Interstate 81 is the main highway providing access to Woodstock. I-81 extends south to Tennessee and north to West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. Virginia State Route 42 extends southwest from Woodstock into rural southwestern Shenandoah County. SR 42 also connects I-81 to U.S. Route 11, which serves as a local service road for I-81 and is known as Main Street within Woodstock. Route 11 follows the historical route through the Shenandoah Valley, and was once known as the Indian Road and later the Great Wagon Road and the Valley Pike. Route 11 is now the principal local through road connecting towns in the Valley and is dotted with historical markers and scenic points. The Norfolk Southern railroad has a rail line that runs through town for which service has been discontinued, but Norfolk Southern has been unclear as to whether they will fully abandon the line. It is part of a roughly 17 mile stretch of discontinued railroad line from Edinburg, VA to Strasburg, VA. Norfolk Southern announced in 2016 it was planning on no longer servicing the line. The rail bed is now increasingly overgrown with weeds and has not been maintained and putting it back into service would be costly and especially unlikely since there is no prospect of industry that needs rail service in volume that would be profitable for Norfolk Southern. There is discussion and ideas surrounding making 2.5 miles of the discontinued line in Woodstock into a rail trail, but the program's funding has not been determined, and neither have the intentions of Norfolk Southern regarding the rail line. As part of its fiscal 2018 budget, the Woodstock Town Council approved $40,000 in capital improvement funds to hire a designer to develop blueprints of the trail system, but no designer has been hired yet, as the program is still in the "exploratory phase." Shenandoah Valley Commuter Bus Service offers weekday commuter bus service from Northern Shenandoah Valley including Shenandoah County and Warren County to Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. including Arlington County and Fairfax County. Origination points in Shenandoah County include Woodstock. Origination points in Warren County include Front Royal and Linden. Notable people Robert Allen, United States Congressman from Virginia. Charles B. Gatewood, United States Army officer John Magruder, Brigadier general in the U.S. Army, Deputy Director for Intelligence for the OSS Jim Moran, publicist Sandie Pendleton, lieutenant colonel in the C.S. Army, adjutant to Stonewall Jackson and other Confederate generals, died in Woodstock. Alfred C. Richmond, Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Jason F. Wright, author Benjamin C. Freakley, Lieutenant General, U.S. Army. References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Your title here". www.census.gov. Retrieved October 3, 2019. ^ "WoodStock". Visit Shenandoah County. ^ "The Oldest Town in Virginia is..." Jaybird's Jottings. ^ "Encouraging Settlement and Land Grants West of the Blue Ridge". www.virginiaplaces.org. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ a b Bellenger, Gail (October 10, 2018). "Colonial America – Shenandoah Settlers". ^ Wayland, John Walter (October 30, 1980). A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 9780806380117 – via Google Books. ^ "Exploration and Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley". September 21, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ Middletown, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 700; Us, VA 22645 Phone: 540-869-3051 Contact. "Natives Americans in the Shenandoah Valley - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 8, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Middletown, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 700; Us, VA 22645 Phone: 540-869-3051 Contact. "Cedar Creek and the French and Indian War - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 8, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b "Shenandoah County Historical Society". www.shenandoahcountyhistoricalsociety.org. ^ a b c Wayland, John Walter (October 30, 1907). The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. The author. ISBN 9780722246191 – via Google Books. ^ "Shenandoah County Courthouse Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. ^ a b "John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved October 31, 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Category: Frontier". The 8th Virginia Regiment. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ a b "The 8th Virginia". The 8th Virginia Regiment. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ "Railroads of the Shenandoah Valley - and Why Isn't Harrisonburg on the Main Line?". www.virginiaplaces.org. ^ a b "Norfolk Southern Railway History". www.trainweb.org. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2019. ^ "Woodstock Depot". Shenandoah Stories. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ "Woodstock Freight Depot". Shenandoah Stories. ^ "Woodstock Depot". Shenandoah Stories. ^ a b "Woodstock Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. ^ "A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Shenandoah Valley". ^ "Shenandoah County Historical Society". ^ "Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ a b "Tom's Brook Battlefield – Shenandoah County Park – Shenandoah at War". Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ a b c d "Battle of Tom's Brook Facts & Summary". American Battlefield Trust. March 2, 2012. ^ "Battle of Cedar Creek Facts & Summary". American Battlefield Trust. January 14, 2009. ^ "Toms Brook Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. ^ "StackPath". www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ "Battle of New Market Facts & Summary". American Battlefield Trust. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "The Sinuous Shenandoah". December 5, 2014. ^ "Woodstock, Virginia Climate". bestplaces.net. Retrieved May 8, 2019. ^ "Woodstock, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 3, 2021. ^ "Station: Woodstock 2 NE, VA". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 3, 2021. ^ "Seven Bends State Park Nears 'Quiet' Opening". The River 95.3. September 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ a b c "Planning info" (PDF). www.dcr.virginia.gov. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ "Woodstock Tower - Virginia Is For Lovers". www.virginia.org. ^ Hood, John. "Repairs begin on Woodstock Tower Road half a year after closure". www.whsv.com. ^ "Shenandoah County Fair". www.shencofair.com. ^ "Shenandoah Downs". shencofair.com. ^ "Explore wine country in Virginia's scenic Shenandoah Valley". The Seattle Times. October 30, 2017. ^ "Shenandoah Valley Wineries". www.americanwineryguide.com. ^ a b "Growing interest: Shenandoah Valley's unique climate spurs its wine resurgence". September 26, 2018. ^ "Why Limestone Matters for Wine Grape Growing". Tablas Creek Vineyard Blog. ^ "info". wine.appellationamerica.com/. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ a b "The Wines of Virginia - Camille Berry - Articles - GuildSomm". www.guildsomm.com. ^ "Climate of Virginia". www.virginiaplaces.org. ^ a b "Shenandoah Valley - Virginia Wine Region". Wine-Searcher. ^ "Rising American Wine Regions to Know". SevenFifty Daily. September 27, 2018. ^ Williams, Megan. "The News Leader". The News Leader. ^ "Michael Shaps Wineworks - Shenandoah". www.virginiawineworks.com. ^ Powell, Avery. "New Brewhouse Opens In Woodstock". www.whsv.com. ^ Shen, The; team, oah Stories. "Casey Jones/Woodstock Brew House". Shenandoah Stories. ^ "Budget". www.townofwoodstockva.com. 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ a b c d Clark, Kelly. "Money, logistics halt Rails to Trails project". Daily News-Record. ^ a b c Topey, Melissa. "Planning continues for Woodstock Rails to Trails project". The Northern Virginia Daily. ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Marquis Who's Who. 1967. 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Winchester	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, Northampton County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Northampton_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-5"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"2017 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Massanutten Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massanutten_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Sigma Sigma Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Sigma_Sigma"},{"link_name":"River Bandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_River_Bandits"},{"link_name":"Valley Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Baseball_League"}],"text":"Town in Virginia, United StatesFor the community in Northampton County, see Woodstock, Northampton County, Virginia.Town in Virginia, United StatesWoodstock is a town and the county seat of Shenandoah County,[5] Virginia, United States. It has a population of 5,212 according to the 2017 census.[6] Woodstock comprises 3.2 square miles of incorporated area of the town, and is located along the \"Seven Bends\" of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River. While some tourism references list Woodstock as the fourth oldest town in Virginia,[7] the area was sparsely settled and perhaps platted in 1752 or shortly thereafter, but the town was actually established by charter in 1761. While there are a number of Virginia towns closer to the eastern seaboard that claim earlier founding dates,[8] Woodstock was one of the first towns west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.The Massanutten Military Academy is located in Woodstock, as is it the former location of the national headquarters of Sigma Sigma Sigma sorority. Woodstock is also home to the River Bandits of the Valley Baseball League, the Shenandoah County Public School's Central campus, and the Shenandoah County Fairgrounds.","title":"Woodstock, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Fairfax"}],"text":"The Town of Woodstock was established by charter in March 1761 as a part of what was then Frederick County. It was originally formed from a land grant from Lord Fairfax, and founded as Muellerstadt (Miller Town) in 1752 by founder Jacob Muller (or \"Mueller\"). The town's charter was sponsored by George Washington in Virginia's House of Burgesses. Woodstock has been the County Seat of Shenandoah County since Shenandoah County's formation in 1772.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto15-10"},{"link_name":"Senedo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedo_people"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto11-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto15-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-16"}],"sub_title":"Colonial era","text":"The Shenandoah Valley region around Woodstock was settled by Pennsylvania Germans who migrated south down the natural route of the Shenandoah Valley in the mid 1700s. The majority of these German settlers tended small farms that grew crops other than tobacco, were not slaveholders, and had Protestant faiths different from the established Anglican Church in Virginia. They thus had a different culture/belief system than the English society that was prevalent on the eastern side of the Blue Ridge.[9][10]The Senedo people lived in the Shenandoah Valley around Woodstock, but they disappeared as a tribe prior to European settlement, possibly from attack by the Catawba to the south.[11] By the time the German settlers arrived, few Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley.[12][13] Several later tribes hunted in the valley, among them the Shawnee, Occoneechee, Monocans and Piscataways and the powerful Iroquois Confederation, so while not inhabiting the area Indians were likely not an uncommon sight.[10] The seven bends have locations associated with Indian mounds dating back to the Late Woodland Period (AD 900–1650) in the area of the river between Woodstock and Strasburg, Virginia. After 250 years of plowing by settlers, the mounds have largely disappeared from sight, though traces of them have been detected with aerial photographyIn the early days, relations between Indians and settlers were friendly.[14] In the 1750s settlers began to sense trouble when Indians moved further west, over the Allegheny Mountains, where they were under influence of the French. During the French and Indian War, the French encouraged Indian raiding parties against so-called \"English settlers\"[14] though most settlers in the Woodstock area were likely peaceable Germans. In the 1760s, there was constant danger of Indian raids, with some atrocities and brutality.[14] The last Indian raid in the area occurred in 1766, three years after the formal end of the French and Indian War, about two miles south of Woodstock.[15]Route 11, which runs through Woodstock, was originally an Indian trail that served as a route between the Catawba in the south and the Delawares in the north, who were warring rivals.[14] This came to be known as the Indian Road and was the main route for settlement and travel through the Shenandoah Valley. With many improvements, Route 11 has largely followed this route, which was later called the Great Wagon Road and then the Valley Pike. Jacob Muller apparently used this old trail in laying out the plans for the main street of what would become Woodstock.[14] Muellerstadt was the early name for Woodstock.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto13-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"}],"sub_title":"Establishment","text":"The new village was established by an act in 1761, sponsored by George Washington. The town was renamed Woodstock at that time. George Washington was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, representing Frederick County (the Woodstock area was then part of Frederick County and would remain so until 1772.) The act of the General Assembly gave full credit to Jacob Muller for initiating the idea.[14] Muller came from Germany in 1749 and had temporarily settled in Pennsylvania. By 1752 he obtained 400 acres from Lord Fairfax for the area that would eventually be included in the town limits of Woodstock. Muller settled in Narrow Passage near Woodstock, and in the next few years his holdings grew to something between 1200 and 2000 acres,[17] and he proceeded to lay out a plan for the town, Mullerstadt.[14] A few white settlers had preceded Muller, as the 1761 act establishing the town noted \"several persons are now living there.\" It is realistic to assume this meant a scattering of log buildings.[14] However, Muller's town plan was that referred to in the 1761 General Assembly act that established Woodstock.[14]There is no clear reason why the town's name was changed to Woodstock, though theories include it being renamed by Washington[14] or perhaps for a wood stockade used by the community as shelter from Indian raids. Notwithstanding, Jacob Muller's town continued for many years to be known as Millerstown, or to German-language residents, Muellerstadt.[14] During the years following the establishment of the town, Muller held a big land sale in which 40 parcels he plotted were purchased. Muller died in 1766, just four years after his land sales. Andrew Brewbaker, his son-in-law, became proprietor of his grant, supported by a board of trustees appointed by the General Assembly to govern the new town.[14] This form of government continued until 1795, when the town was authorized to hold elections. Unfortunately, the Town Trustees appointed in 1761 left no records, so early history of Woodstock as a town cannot be determined with accuracy. There was also no local newspaper until 1817.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg"},{"link_name":"First Virginia Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Virginia_Convention"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architect_of_the_Capitol-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architect_of_the_Capitol-19"},{"link_name":"8th Virginia Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Virginia_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8thvirginia.com-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8thvirginia.com-21"}],"sub_title":"Revolutionary Era","text":"In 1772, Woodstock became the county seat of Dunmore County (renamed Shenandoah County in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, shedding the name of the controversial last royal governor of Virginia). Being named the county seat had significant impact for the development of the town. As a county seat, Woodstock necessitated the building of a courthouse and jail. By 1774, the county had erected a permanent courthouse.[14] That original courthouse was replaced in 1795 with a limestone building designed by Thomas Jefferson, using native limestone. It was enlarged in 1871 and 1886. The Shenandoah County Courthouse, located on Main Street, is the oldest courthouse still in use west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.[18]John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, a native of Pennsylvania who was formerly a soldier in the British Army and German dragoons, accepted a call to become pastor to a Woodstock congregation in 1771. After theological training, he served both Lutherans and Episcopalians for four years in a wide-ranging pastorate in the Shenandoah Valley. During this time, he was drawn to in politics, serving in the House of Burgesses in 1774 and as a delegate to the First Virginia Convention. Muhlenberg became famous for his impassioned speeches for the revolutionary cause, helping to raise a regiment in the Shenandoah Valley among its German and Scots-Irish frontier population. He would lead this regiment, the 8th Virginia, as its Colonel in the Continental Army.[19] At the conclusion of his fiery farewell sermon in Woodstock on January 21, 1776, Muhlenberg famously threw off his clerical robes to reveal an officer's uniform beneath and proclaimed, (according to later reports), “in the language of Holy Writ there is a time for all things, a time to preach and a time to pray, but those times have passed away. There is a time to fight, and that time has now come.”[16] Muhlenberg went on to be promoted to a general in the Continental Army and led units in many battles, from Brandywine to Yorktown. Upon the end of the war in 1783, he did not return to live in Woodstock, but instead returned to his native Pennsylvania as a war hero, served in elected capacities and then was elected to the First Congress (1788-1789) and several successive Congresses. Elected to the Senate in 1801, he resigned to return to a revenue post in Philadelphia, where he died on October 1, 1807. While his statue in Congress' National Statuary Hall Collection was submitted by Pennsylvania in 1889, Muhlenberg has been revered in Woodstock for his fiery sermon and the unit he raised and inspired to fight for the nation's independence.[19]The frontier-recruited 8th Virginia Regiment was drawn from Augusta, Berkeley, Culpeper, Dunmore (Shenandoah), Fincastle, and Frederick Counties in the Shenandoah Valley. It was also drawn from the districts of Hampshire County and West Augusta, which are in present-day West Virginia, and elsewhere along the Virginia frontier, which stretched from Kentucky to Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh, PA). Two of the ten companies were raised from the Dunmore County area of Woodstock.[20] It was led by Muhlenberg, Colonel of the regiment and Abraham Bowman, Lt. Colonel, both from Woodstock.[21] The 8th Virginia was called \"The German Regiment\" though it also contained substantial numbers of Scots-Irish. Frequently separated and detached to other units, the men of this tough, frontier-bred regiment served with distinction in many theaters of the war: White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Short Hills, Cooch's Bridge, Brandywine, Saratoga, Germantown and Charleston. They suffered the hardships at Valley Forge, and were afterwards mustered out of service, with those who reenlisted merging into other Virginia units.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto16-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto14-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto16-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-26"}],"sub_title":"Railroads","text":"The commercial importance of Woodstock was enhanced by the coming of the railroad, and the railroad had significant impact upon the Woodstock's development. The first railroad south of Strasburg was the Manassas Gap Railroad.[22] On March 2, 1859, the line was extended to Mount Jackson. The Civil War interrupted the work however, and the line remained a long spur from Strasburg, with Mount Jackson as the terminus. In 1865 the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) acquired and reconstructed the line after extensive damage during the Civil War, merging it with the Orange & Alexandria to form the Orange, Alexandria and Manassas Railroad.[23] They then extended the line to Harrisonburg in 1868.[14] In 1872, the B&O formed a separate subsidiary railroad on the line known as the Strasburg & Harrisonburg RR (S&H RR). In 1873 the B&O RR leased and operated the S&H RR between Strasburg and Harrisonburg. But the B&O encountered financial difficulties and sold the S&H railroad subsidiary to the Southern Railway in 1896.In 1888 the B&O built a passenger station in Woodstock, made with native limestone, noted as one of the more elaborate passenger depots in the region.[24] Woodstock became a freight rail entrepot with outward bound shipments of grain, cattle and fruit and inward bound freight of manufactured goods, rail service that continued into the 1960s. Passenger service ended in 1948 and freight rail service began to decline in the 1950s, reflecting a nationwide shift to cars and trucks with the advent of the national highway system. While individual industries were still served, sometime before 1969 regular freight depot service ended and the Woodstock freight depot was demolished in the 1970s.[25] The Southern Railway merged with the Norfolk & Western in 1982 to become the Norfolk Southern Railroad, which owns the line through Woodstock to this day. However, industrial need for the line ended, and the rail between Strasburg between Edinburg (through Woodstock) is out of service, though the track remains.[23]In 1954 the B&O sold the passenger station, and it was torn down in 1954 by a local businessman despite protests of many locals, and its loss damaged Woodstock's historical character and heritage as a once-active railroad town.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10th Virginia Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Virginia_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto13-17"},{"link_name":"33rd Virginia Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Virginia_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites"},{"link_name":"German Dunkards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto13-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"partisan activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto17-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto17-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Valley Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Phil Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Valley campaign in 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864#Sheridan's_Shenandoah_Valley_campaign_(August%E2%80%93October_1864)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Custer_saluting_Confederate_General_Ramseur_at_the_Woodstock_races,_Oct._9,_1864_LCCN2004660727.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tom's Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tom%27s_Brook"},{"link_name":"George Armstrong Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer"},{"link_name":"Thomas L. Rosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Rosser"},{"link_name":"Tom's Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_Brook,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tom's Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tom%27s_Brook"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fisher's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fisher%27s_Hill"},{"link_name":"Jubal Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_Early"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Wesley Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Merritt"},{"link_name":"George Armstrong Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer"},{"link_name":"Rosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Rosser"},{"link_name":"Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunsford_L._Lomax"},{"link_name":"Mt. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jackson,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-32"},{"link_name":"Cedar Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Battle of New Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Franz Sigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Sigel"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"John C. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"John D. Imboden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Imboden"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Civil War Era","text":"Confederate military units raised in Woodstock included Company F (the Muhlenberg Rifles) of the 10th Virginia Infantry (of whom 71% had German surnames)[17] as well as Company C of the 33rd Virginia Infantry, part of the Stonewall Brigade led by Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson. While the area had an active Confederate population, it also was home to many reluctant secessionists, Unionists and families religiously opposed to slavery and war (Mennonites, German Dunkards.) In addition, traditional enmity between the slavery-based plantation society in eastern Virginia and the small farm populations over the rugged Blue Ridge and Allegheny mountains, where slavery was not as predominant an economic institution, meant that allegiances in the Shenandoah Valley and western Virginia were often divided. Many of German descent in the Shenandoah Valley were generally or religiously opposed to slavery, even as others with German ethnicity served in the Confederate Army.[17]The Civil War left no serious visible scars on the town,[14] although there was partisan activity and retaliation.[27] A few buildings were destroyed, notably the railroad depot and some warehouses along with a locomotive and some rolling stock.[27] No major battles were fought in the immediate vicinity of the town, although skirmishes and large troop movements were not uncommon. Recorded skirmishes in Woodstock were May 18 and 21, 1862; June 2, 1862; February 26, 1863; November 16, 1863; September 23, 1864; and March 14, 1865.[28] Various homes were used from time to time as staff headquarters by both sides, and as the occasional military hospital.[14] General Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson made Woodstock his headquarters during part of his Valley Campaign in spring 1862, using the small brick law office near the courthouse. Union General Phil Sheridan sent a famous telegraph message from Woodstock during his own Valley campaign in 1864, during which his army destroyed anything of military value to the Confederates, stating “I have destroyed over 2,000 barns filled with wheat, burned over 70 mills filled with grain and flour. I have made the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia so bare that a crow flying over it would have to carry its knapsack.”[29]Prior to the Battle of Tom's Brook and the Woodstock Races, Gen. George Armstrong Custer rode in front of his cavalry and made a famous gesture of salute to Confederate enemy and West Point classmate, Maj Gen. Thomas L. Rosser, sketched by Alfred Wall.One small but significant cavalry battle occurred 4.5 miles north of Woodstock, at Tom's Brook on October 9, 1864. The Battle of Tom's Brook followed a Union victory at the Battle of Fisher's Hill. After Fisher's Hill, Sheridan's Union cavalry pursued Jubal Early's Confederates south to Staunton, after which the Federals withdrew, devastating anything of military benefit in their path, a campaign known in the Shenandoah as \"The Burning.\"[30] Rebel cavalry harassed the withdrawal, until Union troopers under Wesley Merritt and George Armstrong Custer turned and routed the divided Confederate divisions of Rosser and Lomax at Tom's Brook, 5 miles south of Strasburg and 4.5 miles north of Woodstock. The Confederate cavalry's disorderly retreat from battle became known as the \"Woodstock Races\", because the routed Rebel troopers fled back in disarray through Woodstock all the way to Mt. Jackson.[31][32] A total of 6,300 Federal troopers and 3,500 Confederates engaged in the battle, with Union casualties at 57 and Confederate losses at 350.[32] With the victory, the Union cavalry attained superiority in the Valley. The Battle of Tom's Brook preceded by ten days the dramatic, large-scale and climactic battle at Cedar Creek (just north of Strasburg) between Early and Sheridan,[32] which ended in a decisive Union victory that smashed any real threat of Confederate power in the Shenandoah or invasion of Washington DC via the Valley.[33] The Battle of Tom's Brook, and the \"Woodstock Races,\" occurred in significant part along the Valley Pike, now Route 11.[31][32][34]About 20 miles south of the town, the Battle of New Market also had Woodstock context. In conjunction with spring 1864 offensives, Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant ordered Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to move down the Valley Pike from West Virginia to Lynchburg, to destroy its railroads and canal while denying the rich Shenandoah Valley to the Confederacy. Receiving intelligence on these movements, Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge scraped together all available troops, including cadets from Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in Lexington. Sigel's advance was slowed by Confederate cavalry and undermined by his own command jealousies and inept decisions, but on May 11 his cavalry captured a lightly defended Woodstock. The Confederates were forced out of Woodstock so fast that several telegrams between Breckinridge and his cavalry commander John D. Imboden fell into Union hands. These Woodstock dispatches revealed strength and location of Confederate forces as well as a rough time table for a cavalry rendezvous with the main Confederate force - potentially a game-changing intelligence coup. But rather than acting decisively, Sigel continued his cautious advance, allowing Confederates time to concentrate.[35] Breckenridge decided to attack Sigel's army, which had advanced from Woodstock. The Battle of New Market occurred on morning of May 15. Threatened by cavalry on his flank and rear, Sigel withdrew and retreated through Woodstock all the way to Strasburg. Sigel's army outnumbered Breckinridge's by 6,275 to 4,087. Union losses were 841 while Confederate casualties were 531.[36] The Valley remained in Confederate control until Sheridan's arrival.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lantz Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantz_Hall"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-37"},{"link_name":"Woodstock Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Historic_District"}],"sub_title":"Historic Structures","text":"Lantz Hall, a structure at Massanutten Military Academy, and the Shenandoah County Courthouse are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[37] The Woodstock Historic District comprising the historic center of the town of Woodstock, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It includes examples of early architecture in the town from its earliest years into the 1940s, having been little altered since then.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-07-19_10_17_36_View_south_along_U.S._Route_11_(Main_Street)_just_north_of_Court_Street_in_Woodstock,_Shenandoah_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 3,952 people, 1,685 households, and 1,029 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,216.9 people per square mile (469.5/km2). There were 1,840 housing units at an average density of 566.6 per square mile (218.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.62% White, 2.73% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 4.28% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.43% of the population.Main Street in WoodstockThere were 1,685 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.76.In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 26.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $35,288, and the median income for a family was $38,778. Males had a median income of $25,616 versus $22,115 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,373. About 10.4% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woodstock,_Virginia&params=38_52_37_N_78_30_41_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-39"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Strasburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Woodstock is located at 38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139 (38.877075, −78.511521).[39]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.4 km2), all of it land.The town is located 11.4 miles (18.3 km) southwest of Strasburg, 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Middletown, and 31.5 miles southwest of Winchester.Woodstock is located along the \"Seven Bends\" of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, which are seven significant meanders that are unusually sharp and tightly packed. In 48 miles (77 kilometers) of flow, the river travels only 16 miles (26 kilometers) as the crow flies.[40] These large looping turns in the river were in earlier times a significant feature for which the town was known.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-44"}],"text":"The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally cold though not severe winters. July highs averaging 85.1 °F or 29.5 °C. Winters are chilly, with January lows averaging 20.1 °F or −6.6 °C. Snowfall averages 23 inches or 0.58 metres per year, while rainfall per year averages 37 inches or 940 millimetres.[41]According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Woodstock has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps.[42] The hardiness zone is 6b.Climate data for Woodstock, Virginia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1886–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n80(27)\n\n85(29)\n\n93(34)\n\n97(36)\n\n98(37)\n\n103(39)\n\n109(43)\n\n107(42)\n\n106(41)\n\n98(37)\n\n86(30)\n\n80(27)\n\n109(43)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n42.3(5.7)\n\n45.7(7.6)\n\n53.7(12.1)\n\n64.8(18.2)\n\n73.4(23.0)\n\n81.6(27.6)\n\n86.1(30.1)\n\n84.6(29.2)\n\n78.5(25.8)\n\n67.7(19.8)\n\n56.1(13.4)\n\n46.2(7.9)\n\n65.1(18.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n31.8(−0.1)\n\n34.2(1.2)\n\n41.6(5.3)\n\n51.9(11.1)\n\n61.2(16.2)\n\n70.0(21.1)\n\n74.4(23.6)\n\n72.9(22.7)\n\n66.0(18.9)\n\n54.8(12.7)\n\n43.7(6.5)\n\n35.7(2.1)\n\n53.2(11.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n21.3(−5.9)\n\n22.7(−5.2)\n\n29.5(−1.4)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n49.1(9.5)\n\n58.3(14.6)\n\n62.6(17.0)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n53.6(12.0)\n\n41.8(5.4)\n\n31.4(−0.3)\n\n25.3(−3.7)\n\n41.3(5.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−23(−31)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n11(−12)\n\n26(−3)\n\n35(2)\n\n39(4)\n\n33(1)\n\n28(−2)\n\n18(−8)\n\n0(−18)\n\n−13(−25)\n\n−23(−31)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.90(74)\n\n2.33(59)\n\n3.23(82)\n\n2.82(72)\n\n4.36(111)\n\n4.22(107)\n\n3.94(100)\n\n3.44(87)\n\n4.44(113)\n\n2.60(66)\n\n2.49(63)\n\n2.78(71)\n\n39.55(1,005)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n7.4(19)\n\n6.9(18)\n\n3.6(9.1)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n5.1(13)\n\n23.7(60)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n8.2\n\n6.8\n\n8.3\n\n9.3\n\n12.1\n\n10.8\n\n10.2\n\n9.7\n\n8.6\n\n7.4\n\n6.4\n\n7.6\n\n105.4\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n2.5\n\n2.3\n\n1.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.3\n\n1.6\n\n7.8\n\n\nSource: NOAA[43][44]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto9-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto9-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto9-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Bends_State_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Seven Bends State Park is located just outside of town limits with 1,066 acre area in total.[45][46] The master plan for Seven Bends State Park was adopted on November 26, 2008 by the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR).[46] The park is in the geographically unique \"Seven Bends\" area of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River and provides access to the River's North Fork. The park's eastern border is shared with the George Washington- Jefferson National Forest, and the park's western boundary is the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, which includes a four-mile-long shoreline.[46]Seven Bends State Park, just outside of Woodstock, is one of the newest additions to the Virginia State Parks system and was formally opened in 2019.The Woodstock Tower, built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps, is located on a 2000 ft mountain that overlooks the town.[47] The tower is a popular sightseeing attraction, providing panoramic views of the valleys on either side and of the seven bends of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River. In March 2019, a portion of the road leading to the tower crumbled due to erosion. The road received $350,000 worth of repairs by Virginia Department of Transportation.[48] The road re-opened again in November 2019.In the August to September time frame each year, Woodstock's Shenandoah County Fairgrounds plays host to the Shenandoah County Fair, which includes concerts, horse harness races, crafts, and farm exhibitions. The Shenandoah County Fair has been held on these premises since 1917.[49] In addition, the Fairgrounds host a horse harness racing season in September and October called Shenandoah Downs.[50]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"American Viticultural Area (AVA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto18-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-56"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto18-58"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-53"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Viticultural attractions","text":"The Shenandoah Valley's relatively dry climate, warm days and cool nights are conducive to producing good wine.[51][52] The climate allows grapes to attain higher acidity, which is generally positive for wine.[53] Limestone soil, which is common to the Valley, has been long associated with great wine growing regions in Europe.[54] The region is a designated American Viticultural Area (AVA),[55] Virginia's first AVA, identified in 1982.[56] The Shenandoah Valley is a relatively dry \"rain shadow,\" as storms soak the mountains on either side of the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies.[57] The growing season in the Valley is distinctly warmer and drier than in neighboring Virginia regions, which don't have the natural rain barrier from the nearby mountains,[58] and where, east of the Blue Ridge, vineyard soils are primarily clay and loam.[56][59] The annual rainfall in the Valley is one half that of the Virginia average.[58] These conditions are thus more favorable for Cabernet Franc, Chambourcin, Cabernet Sauvignon, Lemberger, Petit Manseng, Petit Verdot, Pinot Noir, and Riesling.[53][60] The area around Woodstock has several wineries. Muse Vineyards is located in Woodstock within the \"Seven Bends\" area of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River. Other nearby wineries include Cave Ridge Vineyard, about 14 miles southwest of Woodstock in the rural hills of Shenandoah County, and Shenandoah Vineyards, about 4.5 miles from Woodstock in Edinburg, VA (Shenandoah Vineyards is reportedly the second oldest active winery in Virginia and was founded in 1976).[61] In addition to wineries, Woodstock has a brewpub, the Woodstock Brewhouse, founded in 2015,[62] housed in a restored industrial-age facility that was formerly a Woodstock denim factory.[63]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"The largest employers in Woodstock, as of 2016, were Shenandoah County School Board, Shenandoah County, Valley Health Care System, Walmart, Food Lion, and Lowe's.[64]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-07-09_10_33_05_View_north_along_Interstate_81_from_the_overpass_for_Virginia_State_Route_42_(West_Reservoir_Road)_in_Woodstock,_Shenandoah_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Route 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_42"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-14"},{"link_name":"Valley Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Pike"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-65"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Front Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden,_Virginia"}],"text":"View north along Interstate 81 from SR 42 in WoodstockInterstate 81 is the main highway providing access to Woodstock. I-81 extends south to Tennessee and north to West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. Virginia State Route 42 extends southwest from Woodstock into rural southwestern Shenandoah County. SR 42 also connects I-81 to U.S. Route 11, which serves as a local service road for I-81 and is known as Main Street within Woodstock. Route 11 follows the historical route through the Shenandoah Valley, and was once known as the Indian Road and later the Great Wagon Road[14] and the Valley Pike. Route 11 is now the principal local through road connecting towns in the Valley and is dotted with historical markers and scenic points.The Norfolk Southern railroad has a rail line that runs through town for which service has been discontinued, but Norfolk Southern has been unclear as to whether they will fully abandon the line.[65] It is part of a roughly 17 mile stretch of discontinued railroad line from Edinburg, VA to Strasburg, VA.[65] Norfolk Southern announced in 2016 it was planning on no longer servicing the line.[66] The rail bed is now increasingly overgrown with weeds and has not been maintained and putting it back into service would be costly and especially unlikely since there is no prospect of industry that needs rail service in volume that would be profitable for Norfolk Southern. There is discussion and ideas surrounding making 2.5 miles[65] of the discontinued line in Woodstock into a rail trail,[66] but the program's funding has not been determined, and neither have the intentions of Norfolk Southern regarding the rail line.[66] As part of its fiscal 2018 budget, the Woodstock Town Council approved $40,000 in capital improvement funds to hire a designer to develop blueprints of the trail system, but no designer has been hired yet, as the program is still in the \"exploratory phase.\"[65]Shenandoah Valley Commuter Bus Service offers weekday commuter bus service from Northern Shenandoah Valley including Shenandoah County and Warren County to Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. including Arlington County and Fairfax County. Origination points in Shenandoah County include Woodstock. Origination points in Warren County include Front Royal and Linden.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Allen_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"United States Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congressman"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquis_1607-1896-67"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Gatewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Gatewood"},{"link_name":"John Magruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Magruder_(Brigadier_General)"},{"link_name":"OSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"Jim Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Moran_(publicist)"},{"link_name":"Sandie Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandie_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Alfred C. Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_C._Richmond"},{"link_name":"Jason F. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_F._Wright"},{"link_name":"Benjamin C. Freakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Freakley"}],"text":"Robert Allen, United States Congressman from Virginia.[67]\nCharles B. Gatewood, United States Army officer\nJohn Magruder, Brigadier general in the U.S. Army, Deputy Director for Intelligence for the OSS\nJim Moran, publicist\nSandie Pendleton, lieutenant colonel in the C.S. Army, adjutant to Stonewall Jackson and other Confederate generals, died in Woodstock.\nAlfred C. Richmond, Commandant of the United States Coast Guard\nJason F. Wright, author\nBenjamin C. Freakley, Lieutenant General, U.S. Army.","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Prior to the Battle of Tom's Brook and the Woodstock Races, Gen. George Armstrong Custer rode in front of his cavalry and made a famous gesture of salute to Confederate enemy and West Point classmate, Maj Gen. Thomas L. Rosser, sketched by Alfred Wall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/General_Custer_saluting_Confederate_General_Ramseur_at_the_Woodstock_races%2C_Oct._9%2C_1864_LCCN2004660727.jpg/220px-General_Custer_saluting_Confederate_General_Ramseur_at_the_Woodstock_races%2C_Oct._9%2C_1864_LCCN2004660727.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Street in Woodstock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2016-07-19_10_17_36_View_south_along_U.S._Route_11_%28Main_Street%29_just_north_of_Court_Street_in_Woodstock%2C_Shenandoah_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2016-07-19_10_17_36_View_south_along_U.S._Route_11_%28Main_Street%29_just_north_of_Court_Street_in_Woodstock%2C_Shenandoah_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seven Bends State Park, just outside of Woodstock, is one of the newest additions to the Virginia State Parks system and was formally opened in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Seven_Bends_State_Park.jpg/220px-Seven_Bends_State_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north along Interstate 81 from SR 42 in Woodstock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2019-07-09_10_33_05_View_north_along_Interstate_81_from_the_overpass_for_Virginia_State_Route_42_%28West_Reservoir_Road%29_in_Woodstock%2C_Shenandoah_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Shenandoah County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Shenandoah_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Shenandoah_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_51.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your title here\". www.census.gov. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_Populationestimates","url_text":"\"Your title here\""}]},{"reference":"\"WoodStock\". Visit Shenandoah County.","urls":[{"url":"https://visitshenandoahcounty.com/stay/our-towns/woodstock/","url_text":"\"WoodStock\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Oldest Town in Virginia is...\" Jaybird's Jottings.","urls":[{"url":"https://jay.typepad.com/william_jay/2015/01/the-oldest-town-in-virginia-is.html","url_text":"\"The Oldest Town in Virginia is...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Encouraging Settlement and Land Grants West of the Blue Ridge\". www.virginiaplaces.org. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/settleland/landshen.html","url_text":"\"Encouraging Settlement and Land Grants West of the Blue Ridge\""}]},{"reference":"Bellenger, Gail (October 10, 2018). \"Colonial America – Shenandoah Settlers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://worldhistory.us/american-history/colonial-america-shenandoah-settlers.php","url_text":"\"Colonial America – Shenandoah Settlers\""}]},{"reference":"Wayland, John Walter (October 30, 1980). A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 9780806380117 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fA8ikAowjxAC&pg=PA60","url_text":"A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806380117","url_text":"9780806380117"}]},{"reference":"\"Exploration and Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley\". September 21, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://accessgenealogy.com/virginia/exploration-and-settlement-of-the-shenandoah-valley.htm","url_text":"\"Exploration and Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley\""}]},{"reference":"Middletown, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 700; Us, VA 22645 Phone: 540-869-3051 Contact. \"Natives Americans in the Shenandoah Valley - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/cebe/learn/historyculture/natives-americans-in-the-shenandoah-valley.htm","url_text":"\"Natives Americans in the Shenandoah Valley - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202124630/https://www.townofwoodstockva.com/DocumentCenter/View/234/1-History?bidId=","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://www.townofwoodstockva.com/DocumentCenter/View/234/1-History?bidId=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Middletown, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 700; Us, VA 22645 Phone: 540-869-3051 Contact. \"Cedar Creek and the French and Indian War - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/cebe/learn/historyculture/cedar-creek-and-the-french-and-indian-war.htm","url_text":"\"Cedar Creek and the French and Indian War - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah County Historical Society\". www.shenandoahcountyhistoricalsociety.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shenandoahcountyhistoricalsociety.org/view.php?history","url_text":"\"Shenandoah County Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"Wayland, John Walter (October 30, 1907). The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. The author. ISBN 9780722246191 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=micSAAAAYAAJ&q=woodstock%2C+virginia+germans&pg=PA244","url_text":"The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722246191","url_text":"9780722246191"}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah County Courthouse Historical Marker\". www.hmdb.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=73774","url_text":"\"Shenandoah County Courthouse Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg\". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aoc.gov/art/national-statuary-hall-collection/john-peter-gabriel-muhlenberg","url_text":"\"John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Category: Frontier\". The 8th Virginia Regiment. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.8thvirginia.com/1/category/frontier","url_text":"\"Category: Frontier\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 8th Virginia\". The 8th Virginia Regiment. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.8thvirginia.com/the-8th-virginia.html","url_text":"\"The 8th Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Railroads of the Shenandoah Valley - and Why Isn't Harrisonburg on the Main Line?\". www.virginiaplaces.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/rail/valleyrail.html","url_text":"\"Railroads of the Shenandoah Valley - and Why Isn't Harrisonburg on the Main Line?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norfolk Southern Railway History\". www.trainweb.org. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111185209/http://www.trainweb.org/PiedmontRR/railhst1.html","url_text":"\"Norfolk Southern Railway History\""},{"url":"http://www.trainweb.org/PiedmontRR/railhst1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock Depot\". Shenandoah Stories. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/46","url_text":"\"Woodstock Depot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock Freight Depot\". Shenandoah Stories.","urls":[{"url":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/47","url_text":"\"Woodstock Freight Depot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock Depot\". Shenandoah Stories.","urls":[{"url":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/46","url_text":"\"Woodstock Depot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock Historical Marker\". www.hmdb.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5277","url_text":"\"Woodstock Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Shenandoah Valley\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shenandoahatwar.org/a-chronology-of-armed-conflict-in-the-shenandoah-valley/","url_text":"\"A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Shenandoah Valley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah County Historical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shenandoahcountyhistoricalsociety.org/view.php?history","url_text":"\"Shenandoah County Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War\". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Shenandoah_Valley_During_the_Civil_War","url_text":"\"Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom's Brook Battlefield – Shenandoah County Park – Shenandoah at War\". Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shenandoahatwar.org/visit/signature-sites/signal-knob-area-sites/toms-brook-battlefield/","url_text":"\"Tom's Brook Battlefield – Shenandoah County Park – Shenandoah at War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Tom's Brook Facts & Summary\". American Battlefield Trust. March 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/toms-brook","url_text":"\"Battle of Tom's Brook Facts & Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Cedar Creek Facts & Summary\". American Battlefield Trust. January 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/cedar-creek","url_text":"\"Battle of Cedar Creek Facts & Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toms Brook Historical Marker\". www.hmdb.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=2933","url_text":"\"Toms Brook Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"StackPath\". www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-battle-of-new-market.html","url_text":"\"StackPath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of New Market Facts & Summary\". American Battlefield Trust. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/new-market","url_text":"\"Battle of New Market Facts & Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sinuous Shenandoah\". December 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/84837/the-sinuous-shenandoah","url_text":"\"The Sinuous Shenandoah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock, Virginia Climate\". bestplaces.net. Retrieved May 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bestplaces.net/climate/city/virginia/woodstock","url_text":"\"Woodstock, Virginia Climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\". Weatherbase.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=362944&cityname=Woodstock,+Virginia,+United+States+of+America&units=","url_text":"\"Woodstock, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lwx","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Woodstock 2 NE, VA\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00449263&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Woodstock 2 NE, VA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seven Bends State Park Nears 'Quiet' Opening\". The River 95.3. September 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theriver953.com/seven-bends-state-park-nears-quiet-opening/","url_text":"\"Seven Bends State Park Nears 'Quiet' Opening\""}]},{"reference":"\"Planning info\" (PDF). www.dcr.virginia.gov. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/recreational-planning/document/mp4seexecsum.pdf","url_text":"\"Planning info\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock Tower - Virginia Is For Lovers\". www.virginia.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.virginia.org/listings/OutdoorsAndSports/WoodstockTower/","url_text":"\"Woodstock Tower - Virginia Is For Lovers\""}]},{"reference":"Hood, John. \"Repairs begin on Woodstock Tower Road half a year after closure\". www.whsv.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Repairs-begin-on-Woodstock-Tower-Road-564000781.html","url_text":"\"Repairs begin on Woodstock Tower Road half a year after closure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah County Fair\". www.shencofair.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shencofair.com/#/","url_text":"\"Shenandoah County Fair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah Downs\". shencofair.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://shencofair.com/shenandoahdowns/2019/","url_text":"\"Shenandoah Downs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore wine country in Virginia's scenic Shenandoah Valley\". The Seattle Times. October 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/explore-wine-country-in-virginias-scenic-shenandoah-valley/","url_text":"\"Explore wine country in Virginia's scenic Shenandoah Valley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah Valley Wineries\". www.americanwineryguide.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanwineryguide.com/regions/shenandoah-valley-ava-wineries/","url_text":"\"Shenandoah Valley Wineries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Growing interest: Shenandoah Valley's unique climate spurs its wine resurgence\". September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-ville.com/growing-interest-shenandoah-valleys-unique-climate-spurs-wine-resurgence/","url_text":"\"Growing interest: Shenandoah Valley's unique climate spurs its wine resurgence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Limestone Matters for Wine Grape Growing\". Tablas Creek Vineyard Blog.","urls":[{"url":"https://tablascreek.typepad.com/tablas/2010/05/why-limestone-matters-for-viticulture.html","url_text":"\"Why Limestone Matters for Wine Grape Growing\""}]},{"reference":"\"info\". wine.appellationamerica.com/. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/Shenandoah-Valley-(VA).html","url_text":"\"info\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Wines of Virginia - Camille Berry - Articles - GuildSomm\". www.guildsomm.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guildsomm.com/public_content/features/articles/b/camille_berry/posts/the-wines-of-virginia","url_text":"\"The Wines of Virginia - Camille Berry - Articles - GuildSomm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate of Virginia\". www.virginiaplaces.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/climate/","url_text":"\"Climate of Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenandoah Valley - Virginia Wine Region\". Wine-Searcher.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-shenandoah+valley+-+virginia","url_text":"\"Shenandoah Valley - Virginia Wine Region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rising American Wine Regions to Know\". SevenFifty Daily. September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guildsomm.com/public_content/features/articles/b/jessica-dupuy/posts/emerging-american-wine-regions-pt-2","url_text":"\"Rising American Wine Regions to Know\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Megan. \"The News Leader\". The News Leader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/local/2014/05/10/valley-climate-culture-unique-for-wine-making-/8952433/","url_text":"\"The News Leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Shaps Wineworks - Shenandoah\". www.virginiawineworks.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.virginiawineworks.com/Shenandoah","url_text":"\"Michael Shaps Wineworks - Shenandoah\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Avery. \"New Brewhouse Opens In Woodstock\". www.whsv.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whsv.com/news/headlines/New-Brewhouse-Opens-In-Woodstock-317010811.html","url_text":"\"New Brewhouse Opens In Woodstock\""}]},{"reference":"Shen, The; team, oah Stories. \"Casey Jones/Woodstock Brew House\". Shenandoah Stories.","urls":[{"url":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/263","url_text":"\"Casey Jones/Woodstock Brew House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Budget\". www.townofwoodstockva.com. 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.townofwoodstockva.com/DocumentCenter/View/842/FY-2018-Adopted-Budget_Final-Document?bidId=","url_text":"\"Budget\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Kelly. \"Money, logistics halt Rails to Trails project\". Daily News-Record.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnronline.com/shenandoah_valley_herald/money-logistics-halt-rails-to-trails-project/article_97e92648-27db-11e8-8098-632a55c8acad.html","url_text":"\"Money, logistics halt Rails to Trails project\""}]},{"reference":"Topey, Melissa. \"Planning continues for Woodstock Rails to Trails project\". The Northern Virginia Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nvdaily.com/news/local-news/planning-continues-for-woodstock-rails-to-trails-project/article_52ff56f0-1760-5eec-a20e-23e419c0df79.html","url_text":"\"Planning continues for Woodstock Rails to Trails project\""}]},{"reference":"Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Marquis Who's Who. 1967.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woodstock,_Virginia&params=38_52_37_N_78_30_41_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woodstock,_Virginia&params=38_52_37_N_78_30_41_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139"},{"Link":"https://woodstockva.gov/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woodstock,_Virginia&params=38_52_37_N_78_30_41_W_type:city","external_links_name":"38°52′37″N 78°30′41″W / 38.87694°N 78.51139°W / 38.87694; -78.51139"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_51.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_Populationestimates","external_links_name":"\"Your title here\""},{"Link":"https://visitshenandoahcounty.com/stay/our-towns/woodstock/","external_links_name":"\"WoodStock\""},{"Link":"https://jay.typepad.com/william_jay/2015/01/the-oldest-town-in-virginia-is.html","external_links_name":"\"The Oldest Town in Virginia is...\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/settleland/landshen.html","external_links_name":"\"Encouraging Settlement and Land Grants West of the Blue Ridge\""},{"Link":"https://worldhistory.us/american-history/colonial-america-shenandoah-settlers.php","external_links_name":"\"Colonial America – Shenandoah Settlers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fA8ikAowjxAC&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia"},{"Link":"https://accessgenealogy.com/virginia/exploration-and-settlement-of-the-shenandoah-valley.htm","external_links_name":"\"Exploration and Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/cebe/learn/historyculture/natives-americans-in-the-shenandoah-valley.htm","external_links_name":"\"Natives Americans in the Shenandoah Valley - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202124630/https://www.townofwoodstockva.com/DocumentCenter/View/234/1-History?bidId=","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://www.townofwoodstockva.com/DocumentCenter/View/234/1-History?bidId=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/cebe/learn/historyculture/cedar-creek-and-the-french-and-indian-war.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cedar Creek and the French and Indian War - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"Link":"http://www.shenandoahcountyhistoricalsociety.org/view.php?history","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah County Historical Society\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=micSAAAAYAAJ&q=woodstock%2C+virginia+germans&pg=PA244","external_links_name":"The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia"},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=73774","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah County Courthouse Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"https://www.aoc.gov/art/national-statuary-hall-collection/john-peter-gabriel-muhlenberg","external_links_name":"\"John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.8thvirginia.com/1/category/frontier","external_links_name":"\"Category: Frontier\""},{"Link":"https://www.8thvirginia.com/the-8th-virginia.html","external_links_name":"\"The 8th Virginia\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/rail/valleyrail.html","external_links_name":"\"Railroads of the Shenandoah Valley - and Why Isn't Harrisonburg on the Main Line?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111185209/http://www.trainweb.org/PiedmontRR/railhst1.html","external_links_name":"\"Norfolk Southern Railway History\""},{"Link":"http://www.trainweb.org/PiedmontRR/railhst1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/46","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock Depot\""},{"Link":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/47","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock Freight Depot\""},{"Link":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/46","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock Depot\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5277","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"http://www.shenandoahatwar.org/a-chronology-of-armed-conflict-in-the-shenandoah-valley/","external_links_name":"\"A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Shenandoah Valley\""},{"Link":"http://www.shenandoahcountyhistoricalsociety.org/view.php?history","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah County Historical Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Shenandoah_Valley_During_the_Civil_War","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War\""},{"Link":"http://www.shenandoahatwar.org/visit/signature-sites/signal-knob-area-sites/toms-brook-battlefield/","external_links_name":"\"Tom's Brook Battlefield – Shenandoah County Park – Shenandoah at War\""},{"Link":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/toms-brook","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Tom's Brook Facts & Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/cedar-creek","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Cedar Creek Facts & Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=2933","external_links_name":"\"Toms Brook Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-battle-of-new-market.html","external_links_name":"\"StackPath\""},{"Link":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/new-market","external_links_name":"\"Battle of New Market Facts & Summary\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/84837/the-sinuous-shenandoah","external_links_name":"\"The Sinuous Shenandoah\""},{"Link":"https://www.bestplaces.net/climate/city/virginia/woodstock","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock, Virginia Climate\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=362944&cityname=Woodstock,+Virginia,+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lwx","external_links_name":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00449263&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station: Woodstock 2 NE, VA\""},{"Link":"https://theriver953.com/seven-bends-state-park-nears-quiet-opening/","external_links_name":"\"Seven Bends State Park Nears 'Quiet' Opening\""},{"Link":"https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/recreational-planning/document/mp4seexecsum.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Planning info\""},{"Link":"https://www.virginia.org/listings/OutdoorsAndSports/WoodstockTower/","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock Tower - Virginia Is For Lovers\""},{"Link":"https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Repairs-begin-on-Woodstock-Tower-Road-564000781.html","external_links_name":"\"Repairs begin on Woodstock Tower Road half a year after closure\""},{"Link":"https://www.shencofair.com/#/","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah County Fair\""},{"Link":"http://shencofair.com/shenandoahdowns/2019/","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah Downs\""},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/explore-wine-country-in-virginias-scenic-shenandoah-valley/","external_links_name":"\"Explore wine country in Virginia's scenic Shenandoah Valley\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanwineryguide.com/regions/shenandoah-valley-ava-wineries/","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah Valley Wineries\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-ville.com/growing-interest-shenandoah-valleys-unique-climate-spurs-wine-resurgence/","external_links_name":"\"Growing interest: Shenandoah Valley's unique climate spurs its wine resurgence\""},{"Link":"https://tablascreek.typepad.com/tablas/2010/05/why-limestone-matters-for-viticulture.html","external_links_name":"\"Why Limestone Matters for Wine Grape Growing\""},{"Link":"http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/Shenandoah-Valley-(VA).html","external_links_name":"\"info\""},{"Link":"https://www.guildsomm.com/public_content/features/articles/b/camille_berry/posts/the-wines-of-virginia","external_links_name":"\"The Wines of Virginia - Camille Berry - Articles - GuildSomm\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/climate/","external_links_name":"\"Climate of Virginia\""},{"Link":"https://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-shenandoah+valley+-+virginia","external_links_name":"\"Shenandoah Valley - Virginia Wine Region\""},{"Link":"https://www.guildsomm.com/public_content/features/articles/b/jessica-dupuy/posts/emerging-american-wine-regions-pt-2","external_links_name":"\"Rising American Wine Regions to Know\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/local/2014/05/10/valley-climate-culture-unique-for-wine-making-/8952433/","external_links_name":"\"The News Leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.virginiawineworks.com/Shenandoah","external_links_name":"\"Michael Shaps Wineworks - Shenandoah\""},{"Link":"https://www.whsv.com/news/headlines/New-Brewhouse-Opens-In-Woodstock-317010811.html","external_links_name":"\"New Brewhouse Opens In Woodstock\""},{"Link":"http://shenandoahstories.org/items/show/263","external_links_name":"\"Casey Jones/Woodstock Brew House\""},{"Link":"https://www.townofwoodstockva.com/DocumentCenter/View/842/FY-2018-Adopted-Budget_Final-Document?bidId=","external_links_name":"\"Budget\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnronline.com/shenandoah_valley_herald/money-logistics-halt-rails-to-trails-project/article_97e92648-27db-11e8-8098-632a55c8acad.html","external_links_name":"\"Money, logistics halt Rails to Trails project\""},{"Link":"https://www.nvdaily.com/news/local-news/planning-continues-for-woodstock-rails-to-trails-project/article_52ff56f0-1760-5eec-a20e-23e419c0df79.html","external_links_name":"\"Planning continues for Woodstock Rails to Trails project\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shira,_Russia	Shira, Russia	["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 54°29′38″N 89°57′46″E / 54.49389°N 89.96278°E / 54.49389; 89.96278For other uses, see Shira. Rural locality in Khakassia, Russia View towards Shira Flag of Shira Shira (Russian: Шира; Khakas: Сыра, Sıra) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Shirinsky District of the Republic of Khakassia, Russia. Population: 9,448 (2010 Census); 9,496 (2002 Census); 10,701 (1989 Census). References Notes ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. Sources Верховный Совет Республики Хакасия. Закон №20 от 5 мая 2004 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Хакасия», в ред. Закона №54-ЗРХ от 10 июня 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Хакасия "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Хакасия"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вестник Хакасии", №22, 12 мая 2004 г. (Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia. Law #20 of May 5, 2004 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Khakassia, as amended by the Law #54-ZRKh of June 10, 2015 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Khakassia "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Khakassia". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication date.). Верховный Совет Республики Хакасия. Закон №63 от 7 октября 2004 г. «Об утверждении границ муниципальных образований Ширинского района и наделении их соответственно статусом муниципального района, сельского поселения», в ред. Закона №11-ЗРХ от 11 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 3 Закона Республики Хасасия "Об утверждении границ муниципальных образований Ширинского района и наделении их соответственно статусом муниципального района, городского, сельского поселения"». Вступил в силу с 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Вестник Хакасии", №48, 15 октября 2004 г. (Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia. Law #63 of October 7, 2004 On the Adoption of the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Shirinsky District and on Granting Them a Status, Correspondingly, of a Municipal District, a Rural Settlement, as amended by the Law #11-ZRKh of March 11, 2015 On Amending Article 3 of the Law of the Republic of Khakassia "On the Adoption of the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Shirinsky District and on Granting Them a Status, Correspondingly, of a Municipal District, an Urban Settlement, a Rural Settlement". Effective as of January 1, 2005.). 54°29′38″N 89°57′46″E / 54.49389°N 89.96278°E / 54.49389; 89.96278	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shira_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Shirinsky_rayon_(2012).png"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Khakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakas_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Shirinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirinsky_District"},{"link_name":"Republic of Khakassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakassia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-1"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-2"},{"link_name":"1989 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Shira.Rural locality in Khakassia, RussiaView towards ShiraFlag of ShiraShira (Russian: Шира; Khakas: Сыра, Sıra) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Shirinsky District of the Republic of Khakassia, Russia. Population: 9,448 (2010 Census);[1] 9,496 (2002 Census);[2] 10,701 (1989 Census).[3]","title":"Shira, Russia"}]	[{"image_text":"View towards Shira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG/250px-%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flag of Shira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Shirinsky_rayon_%282012%29.png/220px-Flag_of_Shirinsky_rayon_%282012%29.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shira,_Russia&params=54_29_38_N_89_57_46_E_type:city_region:RU","external_links_name":"54°29′38″N 89°57′46″E / 54.49389°N 89.96278°E / 54.49389; 89.96278"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shira,_Russia&params=54_29_38_N_89_57_46_E_type:city_region:RU","external_links_name":"54°29′38″N 89°57′46″E / 54.49389°N 89.96278°E / 54.49389; 89.96278"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_pattern	Pattern (sewing)	["1 Pattern making","1.1 Pattern digitizing","1.2 Fitting patterns","1.3 Pattern grading","1.4 Parametric pattern drafting","2 Standard pattern symbols","3 Patterns for commercial clothing manufacture","4 Standard designing and adjusting tools","5 Retail patterns","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Template from which the parts of a garment are traced onto fabric before being cut out Three patterns for pants (2022) Pattern making is taught on a scale of 1:4, otherwise the paper consumption would be far too large. Storage of patterns Fitting a nettle/canvas-fabric on a dress form In sewing and fashion design, a pattern is the template from which the parts of a garment are traced onto woven or knitted fabrics before being cut out and assembled. Patterns are usually made of paper, and are sometimes made of sturdier materials like paperboard or cardboard if they need to be more robust to withstand repeated use. The process of making or cutting patterns is sometimes compounded to the one-word Patternmaking, but it can also be written pattern(-)making or pattern cutting. Student tracing pattern onto fabric A sloper pattern, also called a block pattern, is a custom-fitted, basic pattern from which patterns for many different styles can be developed. The process of changing the size of a finished pattern is called grading. Several companies, like Butterick and Simplicity, specialize in selling pre-graded patterns directly to consumers who will sew the patterns at home. These patterns are usually printed on tissue paper and include multiple sizes that overlap each other. An illustrated instruction sheet for use and assembly of the item is usually included. The pattern may include multiple style options in one package. Commercial clothing manufacturers make their own patterns in-house as part of their design and production process, usually employing at least one specialized patternmaker. In bespoke clothing, slopers and patterns must be developed for each client, while for commercial production, patterns will be made to fit several standard body sizes. Students cutting patterns in a sewing class Pattern making A patternmaker typically employs one of two methods to create a pattern. The flat-pattern method is where the entire pattern is drafted on a flat surface from measurements, using rulers, curves, and straight-edges. A pattern maker would also use various tools such as a notcher, drill, and awl to mark the pattern. Usually, flat patterning begins with the creation of a "sloper" or "block" pattern: a simple, fitted garment made to the wearer's measurements. For women, this will usually be a jewel-neck bodice and narrow skirt, and for men, an upper sloper and a pants sloper. The final sloper pattern is usually made of cardboard or paperboard, without seam allowances or style details (thicker paper or cardboard allows repeated tracing and pattern development from the original sloper). Once the shape of the sloper has been refined by making a series of mock-up garments called toiles (UK) or muslins (US) or Nessel in German, the final sloper can be used to create patterns for many styles of garments with varying necklines, sleeves, dart placements, and so on. The flat pattern drafting method is the most commonly used method in menswear; menswear rarely involves draping. The draping method involves creating a mock-up pattern made of a strong fabric (such as calico) in a linen weave. The fabric is far coarser than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim. However, it is still very cheap, owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. Then, by pinning this fabric directly on a form, the fabric outline and markings will be then transferred onto a paper pattern, or the fabric itself will be used as the pattern. Designers drafting a sculpted evening gown or dress which uses a lot of fabric--typically cut on the bias--will use the draping technique, as it is very difficult to achieve this with a flat pattern. This method is also used for collars. There are different pattern systems such as Müller & Sohn etc., for women's outerwear and underwear, for men's clothing and for children's clothing. Special knit patterns are used for knitted fabrics. The model patterns are developed from the basic bodice pattern. Special rulers and the tracing wheel are used for this. The paper cuts are transferred to card stock, as they need to be sturdier to withstand repeated use. Each manufacturer has their own size ranges. A distinction is made between a basic pattern, a first pattern, and a production pattern. Patternmakers grade the first cuts to the desired size with the aid of CAD software (computer-aided design). The production pattern must contain all the information necessary for production and all the necessary parts. The collections are produced in sets of sizes. The customer has the garment altered after purchase, if necessary. Pattern digitizing After a paper/fabric pattern is completed, very often patternmakers digitize their patterns for archiving and vendor communication purposes. The previous standard for digitizing was the digitizing tablet. Nowadays, automatic options such as scanners and camera systems are available. Fitting patterns Mass market patterns are made standardized, so store-bought patterns fit most people well. Experienced dressmakers can adjust standard patterns to better fit any body shape. A sewer may choose a standard size (usually from the wearer's bust measurement) that has been pre-graded on a purchased pattern. They may decide to tailor or adjust a pattern to improve the fit or style for the garment wearer by using French curves, hip curves, and cutting or folding on straight edges. There are alternate methods of adjusting a pattern, either directly on flat pattern pieces from the wearer's measurements, using a pre-draped personalized sloper, or using draping methods on a dress form with inexpensive fabrics like muslin. Some dress forms are adjustable to match the wearer's unique measurements, and the muslin is fit around the form accordingly. By taking it in or letting it out, a smaller or larger fit can be made from the original pattern. Creating a sample from canvas is another method of making patterns. Canvas fabric is inexpensive, not elastic and made from Urticaceae. It is easy to work with when making quick adjustments, by pinning the fabric around the wearer or a dress form. The sewer cuts the pieces using the same method that they will use for the actual garment, according to a pattern. The pieces are then fit together and darts and other adjustments are made. This provides the sewer with measurements to use as a guideline for marking the patterns and cutting the fabric for the finished garment. Pattern grading Pattern grading is the process of shrinking or enlarging a finished pattern to accommodate it to people of different sizes. Grading rules determine how patterns increase or decrease to create different sizes. Fabric type also influences pattern grading standards. The cost of pattern grading is incomplete without considering marker making. Parametric pattern drafting Parametric pattern drafting implies using a program algorithm to draft patterns for every individual size from scratch, using size measurements, variables and geometric objects. Standard pattern symbols Sewing patterns typically include standard symbols and marks that guide the cutter and/or sewer in cutting and assembling the pieces of the pattern. Patterns may use: Notches, to indicate: Seam allowances. (not all patterns include allowances) Centerlines and other lines important to the fit like the waistline, hip, breast, shoulder tip, etc. Zipper placement Fold point for folded hems and facings Matched points, especially for long or curving seams or seams with ease. For example, the Armscye will usually be notched at the point where ease should begin to be added to the sleeve cap. There is usually no ease through the underarm. Circular holes, perhaps made by an awl or circular punch, to indicate: A dart apex Corners, as they are stitched, i.e. without seam allowances Pocket placement, or the placement of other details like trimming Buttonholes and buttons A long arrow, drawn on top of the pattern, to indicate: Grainline, or how the pattern should be aligned with the fabric. The arrow is meant to be aligned parallel to the straight grain of the fabric. A long arrow with arrowheads at both ends indicates that either of two orientations is possible. An arrow with one head probably indicates that the fabric has a direction to it which needs to be considered, such as a pattern which should face up when the wearer is standing. Double lines indicating where the pattern may be lengthened or shortened for a different fit Dot, triangle, or square symbols, to provide "match points" for adjoining pattern pieces, similar to putting puzzle pieces together Many patterns will also have full outlines for some features, like for a patch pocket, making it easier to visualize how things go together. Patterns for commercial clothing manufacture Marker-making by computer The making of industrial patterns begins with an existing block pattern that most closely resembles the designer's vision. Patterns are cut of oak tag (manila folder) paper, punched with a hole and stored by hanging with a special hook. The pattern is first checked for accuracy, then it is cut out of sample fabrics and the resulting garment is fit-tested. Once the pattern meets the designer's approval, a small production run of selling samples is made and the style is presented to buyers in wholesale markets. If the style has demonstrated sales potential, the pattern is graded for sizes, usually by computer with an apparel industry specific CAD program. There are a wide variety of pattern making and grading/marker making programs, each with their own features. Following grading, the pattern must be vetted; the accuracy of each size and the direct comparison in laying seam lines is done. After these steps have been followed and any errors corrected, the pattern is approved for production. When the manufacturing company is ready to manufacture the style, all of the sizes of each given pattern piece are arranged into a marker, usually by computer. A marker is an arrangement of all of the pattern pieces over the area of the fabric to be cut that minimizes fabric waste while maintaining the desired grainlines. It's sort of like a pattern of patterns from which all pieces will be cut. The marker is then laid on top of the layers of fabric and cut. Commercial markers often include multiple sets of patterns for popular sizes. For example: one set of size Small, two sets of size Medium and one set of size Large. Once the style has been sold and delivered to stores – and if it proves to be quite popular – the pattern of this style will itself become a block, with subsequent generations of patterns developed from it. Standard designing and adjusting tools Hip curve L-Square French curves Pattern notcher Dress forms Slopers - Bodice, skirt, trousers, etc. Retail patterns Home tissue paper sewing pattern Digital home sewing pattern This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Home sewing patterns are generally printed on tissue paper and sold in packets containing sewing instructions and suggestions for fabric and trim. They are also available over the Internet as downloadable files. Home sewers can print the patterns at home or take the electronic file to a business that does copying and printing. Many pattern companies distribute sewing patterns as electronic files as an alternative to, or in place of, pre-printed packets, which the home sewer can print at home or take to a local copyshop, as they include large format printing versions. Modern patterns are available in a wide range of prices, sizes, styles, and sewing skill levels, to meet the needs of consumers. The majority of modern-day home sewing patterns contain multiple sizes in one pattern. Once a pattern is removed from a package, you can either cut the pattern based on the size you will be making or you can preserve the pattern by tracing it. The pattern is traced onto fabric using one of several methods. In one method, tracing paper with transferable ink on one side is placed between the pattern and the fabric. A tracing wheel is moved over the pattern outlines, transferring the markings onto the fabric with ink that is removable by erasing or washing. In another method, tracing paper is laid directly over a purchased pattern, and the pieces are traced. The pieces are cut, then the tracing paper is pinned and/or basted to the fabric. The fabric can then be cut to match the outlines on the tracing paper. Vintage patterns may come with small holes pre-punched into the pattern paper. These are for creating tailor's tacks, a type of basting where thread is sewn into the fabric in short lengths to serve as a guideline for cutting and assembling fabric pieces. Besides illustrating the finished garment, pattern envelopes typically include charts for sizing, the number of pieces included in a pattern, and suggested fabrics and necessary sewing notions and supplies. Ebenezer Butterick invented the commercially produced graded home sewing pattern in 1863 (based on grading systems used by Victorian tailors), originally selling hand-drawn patterns for men's and boys' clothing. In 1866, Butterick added patterns for women's clothing, which remains the heart of the home sewing pattern market today. Gallery Vintage sewing pattern pieces, sold pre-cut Tracing of a pattern Sewing a tailor's tack with thread to mark a pattern on fabric before cutting the fabric A sewer grades a pattern with red ink, to match measurements tailored to the person who will wear the garment. See also Ease French curve History of sewing patterns Sewing Sewing machine Tailor Dressmaker Clothing terminology Pattern companies Butterick / McCalls Burda Clothkits Grainline Studio Simplicity Tilly and the Buttons Vogue Wiksten References ^ Guido Hofenbitzer: Maßschnitte und Passform – Schnittkonstruktion für Damenmode: Band 2 Europa-Lehrmittel; 2. Edition (5 October 2016) ISBN 978-3808562444, Page 26 ^ Parker, Theresa (2021). "Ch. 5: The Draping Process". Draping for Fashion Design. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-78500-954-9. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ Website Müller&Sohn ^ Seit 1891 – Aus Tradition stark im Schnitt, retrieved 18 January 2022. ^ Whitt, Kay (2010). Sew Serendipity. Krause Publications. pp. 11, 13. ISBN 9781440203572. ^ Veblen, Sarah (2012). The Complete Photo Guide to Perfect Fitting. Creative Publishing International. pp. 11–2. ISBN 9781589236080. ^ Saunders, Jan (1999). Sewing for Dummies. IDG Books Worldwide. pp. 51–2. ISBN 076455137X. ^ a b Fasanella, Kathleen The Entrepreneur's Guide to Sewn Product Manufacturing, 1998, Apparel Technical Services, ISBN 0966320840 ^ Camp, Carole Ann (2011). "3: Sewing from a pattern". Teach Yourself VISUALLY Fashion Sewing. John Wiley & Sons. pp. n.p. ISBN 9781118167120. ^ Veblen, Sarah (2012). The Complete Photo Guide to Perfect Fitting. Creative Publishing International. p. 19. ISBN 9781589236080. ^ "Butterick History". Butterick. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019. External links vteSewingTechniques Basting Cut Darning Ease Embellishment Fabric tube turning Floating canvas Gather Godet Gore (fabrics) Gusset Heirloom sewing Pleat Shirring Stitches(list) Backstitch Bar tack Blanket Blind stitch Buttonhole Catch stitch Chain stitch Coverstitch Cross-stitch Embroidery stitch Hemstitch Lockstitch Overlock Pad stitch Pick stitch Rantering Running Sashiko Stoating Tack Topstitch Zigzag Seams Neckline Felled seam Seam allowance Style line NotionsTrim Bias tape Collar stay Elastic Galloon Grommet/eyelet Interfacing Passementerie Piping Ruffle Rickrack Self-fabric Soutache Twill tape Wrights Closures Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Hook-and-eye Hook-and-loop fastener Shank Snap Zipper Materials Grain/bias Selvage Textile/fabric Thread Yarn Tools Bobbin Dress form Needlecase Needle threader Pattern notcher Pin Pincushion Pinking shears Scissors Seam ripper Sewing gauge Sewing needle Stitching awl Tailor's ham Tape measure Thimble Tracing paper Tracing wheel TradesSuppliers Cloth merchant Draper Dressmaker Haberdasher Mercer Silkwoman Tailor ManufacturersPatterns Butterick Burda Clothkits McCall's Simplicity Machines(list) Barthélemy Thimonnier Bernina Brother Elias Howe Elna Feiyue Frister & Rossmann Janome Jones Juki Merrow New Home Pfaff Sewmor Singer Tape edge machine Viking/Husqvarna White Media related to Sewing at Wikimedia Commons Clothing portal Glossary of terms Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drei.Hosenschnittmuster.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grevenstein,_Aachen,_Mode_in_Pelz_%26_Leder_(09).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fitting_muslin_dummy.jpg"},{"link_name":"dress form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_form"},{"link_name":"sewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing"},{"link_name":"fashion design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design"},{"link_name":"template","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil"},{"link_name":"garment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment"},{"link_name":"woven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woven_fabric"},{"link_name":"knitted fabrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitted_fabric"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"paperboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboard"},{"link_name":"cardboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fashion_students_2016-15_(25792353403).jpg"},{"link_name":"size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_sizes"},{"link_name":"bespoke clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespoke_clothing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pattern_tracing_in_a_sewing_class_crop.jpg"}],"text":"Three patterns for pants (2022) Pattern making is taught on a scale of 1:4, otherwise the paper consumption would be far too large.Storage of patternsFitting a nettle/canvas-fabric on a dress formIn sewing and fashion design, a pattern is the template from which the parts of a garment are traced onto woven or knitted fabrics before being cut out and assembled. Patterns are usually made of paper, and are sometimes made of sturdier materials like paperboard or cardboard if they need to be more robust to withstand repeated use. The process of making or cutting patterns is sometimes compounded to the one-word Patternmaking, but it can also be written pattern(-)making or pattern cutting.Student tracing pattern onto fabricA sloper pattern, also called a block pattern, is a custom-fitted, basic pattern from which patterns for many different styles can be developed. The process of changing the size of a finished pattern is called grading.Several companies, like Butterick and Simplicity, specialize in selling pre-graded patterns directly to consumers who will sew the patterns at home. These patterns are usually printed on tissue paper and include multiple sizes that overlap each other. An illustrated instruction sheet for use and assembly of the item is usually included. The pattern may include multiple style options in one package.Commercial clothing manufacturers make their own patterns in-house as part of their design and production process, usually employing at least one specialized patternmaker. In bespoke clothing, slopers and patterns must be developed for each client, while for commercial production, patterns will be made to fit several standard body sizes.Students cutting patterns in a sewing class","title":"Pattern (sewing)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patternmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patternmaker_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"notcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_notcher"},{"link_name":"drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill"},{"link_name":"awl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitching_awl"},{"link_name":"jewel-neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jewel-neck"},{"link_name":"bodice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodice"},{"link_name":"skirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirt"},{"link_name":"pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pants"},{"link_name":"cardboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard"},{"link_name":"paperboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboard"},{"link_name":"seam allowances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam_allowance"},{"link_name":"toiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"calico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico"},{"link_name":"muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_form"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"knitted fabrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitted_fabric"},{"link_name":"tracing wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_wheel"}],"text":"A patternmaker typically employs one of two methods to create a pattern.The flat-pattern method is where the entire pattern is drafted on a flat surface from measurements, using rulers, curves, and straight-edges. A pattern maker would also use various tools such as a notcher, drill, and awl to mark the pattern. Usually, flat patterning begins with the creation of a \"sloper\" or \"block\" pattern: a simple, fitted garment made to the wearer's measurements. For women, this will usually be a jewel-neck bodice and narrow skirt, and for men, an upper sloper and a pants sloper. The final sloper pattern is usually made of cardboard or paperboard, without seam allowances or style details (thicker paper or cardboard allows repeated tracing and pattern development from the original sloper). Once the shape of the sloper has been refined by making a series of mock-up garments called toiles (UK) or muslins (US) or Nessel[1] in German, the final sloper can be used to create patterns for many styles of garments with varying necklines, sleeves, dart placements, and so on. The flat pattern drafting method is the most commonly used method in menswear; menswear rarely involves draping.The draping method involves creating a mock-up pattern made of a strong fabric (such as calico) in a linen weave. The fabric is far coarser than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim. However, it is still very cheap, owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. Then, by pinning this fabric directly on a form, the fabric outline and markings will be then transferred onto a paper pattern, or the fabric itself will be used as the pattern.[2] Designers drafting a sculpted evening gown or dress which uses a lot of fabric--typically cut on the bias--will use the draping technique, as it is very difficult to achieve this with a flat pattern. This method is also used for collars.There are different pattern systems such as Müller & Sohn etc.,[3][4] for women's outerwear and underwear, for men's clothing and for children's clothing. Special knit patterns are used for knitted fabrics. The model patterns are developed from the basic bodice pattern. Special rulers and the tracing wheel are used for this. The paper cuts are transferred to card stock, as they need to be sturdier to withstand repeated use. Each manufacturer has their own size ranges. A distinction is made between a basic pattern, a first pattern, and a production pattern. Patternmakers grade the first cuts to the desired size with the aid of CAD software (computer-aided design). The production pattern must contain all the information necessary for production and all the necessary parts. The collections are produced in sets of sizes. The customer has the garment altered after purchase, if necessary.","title":"Pattern making"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pattern digitizing","text":"After a paper/fabric pattern is completed, very often patternmakers digitize their patterns for archiving and vendor communication purposes. The previous standard for digitizing was the digitizing tablet. Nowadays, automatic options such as scanners and camera systems are available.","title":"Pattern making"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urticaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaceae"},{"link_name":"dress form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_form"},{"link_name":"darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Fitting patterns","text":"Mass market patterns are made standardized, so store-bought patterns fit most people well. Experienced dressmakers can adjust standard patterns to better fit any body shape. A sewer may choose a standard size (usually from the wearer's bust measurement) that has been pre-graded on a purchased pattern. They may decide to tailor or adjust a pattern to improve the fit or style for the garment wearer by using French curves, hip curves, and cutting or folding on straight edges. There are alternate methods of adjusting a pattern, either directly on flat pattern pieces from the wearer's measurements, using a pre-draped personalized sloper, or using draping methods on a dress form with inexpensive fabrics like muslin.Some dress forms are adjustable to match the wearer's unique measurements, and the muslin is fit around the form accordingly. By taking it in or letting it out, a smaller or larger fit can be made from the original pattern.Creating a sample from canvas is another method of making patterns. Canvas fabric is inexpensive, not elastic and made from Urticaceae. It is easy to work with when making quick adjustments, by pinning the fabric around the wearer or a dress form. The sewer cuts the pieces using the same method that they will use for the actual garment, according to a pattern. The pieces are then fit together and darts and other adjustments are made. This provides the sewer with measurements to use as a guideline for marking the patterns and cutting the fabric for the finished garment.[5]","title":"Pattern making"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pattern grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_grading"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Pattern grading","text":"Pattern grading is the process of shrinking or enlarging a finished pattern to accommodate it to people of different sizes. Grading rules determine how patterns increase or decrease to create different sizes. Fabric type also influences pattern grading standards. The cost of pattern grading is incomplete without considering marker making. [clarification needed]","title":"Pattern making"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Parametric pattern drafting","text":"Parametric pattern drafting implies using a program algorithm to draft patterns for every individual size from scratch, using size measurements, variables and geometric objects.","title":"Pattern making"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Notches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_notcher"},{"link_name":"Seam allowances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam_allowance"},{"link_name":"awl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitching_awl"},{"link_name":"dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"Grainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(textile)"}],"text":"Sewing patterns typically include standard symbols and marks that guide the cutter and/or sewer in cutting and assembling the pieces of the pattern. Patterns may use:[6][7]Notches, to indicate:\nSeam allowances. (not all patterns include allowances)\nCenterlines and other lines important to the fit like the waistline, hip, breast, shoulder tip, etc.\nZipper placement\nFold point for folded hems and facings\nMatched points, especially for long or curving seams or seams with ease. For example, the Armscye will usually be notched at the point where ease should begin to be added to the sleeve cap. There is usually no ease through the underarm.\nCircular holes, perhaps made by an awl or circular punch, to indicate:\nA dart apex\nCorners, as they are stitched, i.e. without seam allowances\nPocket placement, or the placement of other details like trimming\nButtonholes and buttons\nA long arrow, drawn on top of the pattern, to indicate:\nGrainline, or how the pattern should be aligned with the fabric. The arrow is meant to be aligned parallel to the straight grain of the fabric. A long arrow with arrowheads at both ends indicates that either of two orientations is possible. An arrow with one head probably indicates that the fabric has a direction to it which needs to be considered, such as a pattern which should face up when the wearer is standing.\nDouble lines indicating where the pattern may be lengthened or shortened for a different fit\nDot, triangle, or square symbols, to provide \"match points\" for adjoining pattern pieces, similar to putting puzzle pieces togetherMany patterns will also have full outlines for some features, like for a patch pocket, making it easier to visualize how things go together.","title":"Standard pattern symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0310-011,_Rostock,_Zuschnitt_per_Mikroelektronik.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-8"},{"link_name":"oak tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_tag"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"seam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-8"}],"text":"Marker-making by computerThe making of industrial patterns begins with an existing block pattern that most closely resembles the designer's vision.[8] Patterns are cut of oak tag (manila folder) paper, punched with a hole and stored by hanging with a special hook. The pattern is first checked for accuracy, then it is cut out of sample fabrics and the resulting garment is fit-tested. Once the pattern meets the designer's approval, a small production run of selling samples is made and the style is presented to buyers in wholesale markets. If the style has demonstrated sales potential, the pattern is graded for sizes, usually by computer with an apparel industry specific CAD program. There are a wide variety of pattern making and grading/marker making programs, each with their own features. Following grading, the pattern must be vetted; the accuracy of each size and the direct comparison in laying seam lines is done. After these steps have been followed and any errors corrected, the pattern is approved for production. When the manufacturing company is ready to manufacture the style, all of the sizes of each given pattern piece are arranged into a marker, usually by computer. A marker is an arrangement of all of the pattern pieces over the area of the fabric to be cut that minimizes fabric waste while maintaining the desired grainlines. It's sort of like a pattern of patterns from which all pieces will be cut. The marker is then laid on top of the layers of fabric and cut. Commercial markers often include multiple sets of patterns for popular sizes. For example: one set of size Small, two sets of size Medium and one set of size Large. Once the style has been sold and delivered to stores – and if it proves to be quite popular – the pattern of this style will itself become a block, with subsequent generations of patterns developed from it.[8]","title":"Patterns for commercial clothing manufacture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_curve"},{"link_name":"Dress forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_form"}],"text":"Hip curve\nL-Square\nFrench curves\nPattern notcher\nDress forms\nSlopers - Bodice, skirt, trousers, etc.","title":"Standard designing and adjusting tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sewing_pattern.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-shirt_model_SUBTJEMIZ.svg"},{"link_name":"tissue paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_paper"},{"link_name":"trim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"tracing wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_wheel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"basted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tack_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"tailor's tacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tack_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"notions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notions_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Butterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Butterick"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Era"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Home tissue paper sewing patternDigital home sewing patternHome sewing patterns are generally printed on tissue paper and sold in packets containing sewing instructions and suggestions for fabric and trim. They are also available over the Internet as downloadable files.[9] Home sewers can print the patterns at home or take the electronic file to a business that does copying and printing. Many pattern companies distribute sewing patterns as electronic files as an alternative to, or in place of, pre-printed packets, which the home sewer can print at home or take to a local copyshop, as they include large format printing versions. Modern patterns are available in a wide range of prices, sizes, styles, and sewing skill levels, to meet the needs of consumers.The majority of modern-day home sewing patterns contain multiple sizes in one pattern. Once a pattern is removed from a package, you can either cut the pattern based on the size you will be making or you can preserve the pattern by tracing it. The pattern is traced onto fabric using one of several methods. In one method, tracing paper with transferable ink on one side is placed between the pattern and the fabric. A tracing wheel is moved over the pattern outlines, transferring the markings onto the fabric with ink that is removable by erasing or washing.[10] In another method, tracing paper is laid directly over a purchased pattern, and the pieces are traced. The pieces are cut, then the tracing paper is pinned and/or basted to the fabric. The fabric can then be cut to match the outlines on the tracing paper. Vintage patterns may come with small holes pre-punched into the pattern paper. These are for creating tailor's tacks, a type of basting where thread is sewn into the fabric in short lengths to serve as a guideline for cutting and assembling fabric pieces.Besides illustrating the finished garment, pattern envelopes typically include charts for sizing, the number of pieces included in a pattern, and suggested fabrics and necessary sewing notions and supplies.Ebenezer Butterick invented the commercially produced graded home sewing pattern in 1863 (based on grading systems used by Victorian tailors), originally selling hand-drawn patterns for men's and boys' clothing. In 1866, Butterick added patterns for women's clothing, which remains the heart of the home sewing pattern market today.[11]","title":"Retail patterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vintage_sewing_pattern_pieces.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tracing_pattern_sewing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basting_pattern_markings.jpg"},{"link_name":"tailor's tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tack_(sewing)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grading_a_smaller_waistband.jpg"}],"text":"Vintage sewing pattern pieces, sold pre-cut\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTracing of a pattern\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSewing a tailor's tack with thread to mark a pattern on fabric before cutting the fabric\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA sewer grades a pattern with red ink, to match measurements tailored to the person who will wear the garment.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Three patterns for pants (2022) Pattern making is taught on a scale of 1:4, otherwise the paper consumption would be far too large.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Drei.Hosenschnittmuster.jpg/220px-Drei.Hosenschnittmuster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Storage of patterns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grevenstein%2C_Aachen%2C_Mode_in_Pelz_%26_Leder_%2809%29.jpg/220px-Grevenstein%2C_Aachen%2C_Mode_in_Pelz_%26_Leder_%2809%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fitting a nettle/canvas-fabric on a dress form","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fitting_muslin_dummy.jpg/220px-Fitting_muslin_dummy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Student tracing pattern onto fabric","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fashion_students_2016-15_%2825792353403%29.jpg/220px-Fashion_students_2016-15_%2825792353403%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students cutting patterns in a sewing class","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pattern_tracing_in_a_sewing_class_crop.jpg/220px-Pattern_tracing_in_a_sewing_class_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marker-making by computer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0310-011%2C_Rostock%2C_Zuschnitt_per_Mikroelektronik.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0310-011%2C_Rostock%2C_Zuschnitt_per_Mikroelektronik.jpg"},{"image_text":"Home tissue paper sewing pattern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sewing_pattern.jpg/220px-Sewing_pattern.jpg"},{"image_text":"Digital home sewing pattern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A-shirt_model_SUBTJEMIZ.svg/220px-A-shirt_model_SUBTJEMIZ.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Ease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ease_(sewing)"},{"title":"French curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_curve"},{"title":"History of sewing patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sewing_patterns"},{"title":"Sewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing"},{"title":"Sewing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_machine"},{"title":"Tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailor"},{"title":"Dressmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressmaker"},{"title":"Clothing terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_terminology"},{"title":"Butterick / McCalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company"},{"title":"Burda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burda_Style"},{"title":"Clothkits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothkits"},{"title":"Grainline Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Beeman"},{"title":"Simplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity_Pattern"},{"title":"Tilly and the Buttons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilly_Walnes"},{"title":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"title":"Wiksten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Gordy"}]	[{"reference":"Parker, Theresa (2021). \"Ch. 5: The Draping Process\". Draping for Fashion Design. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-78500-954-9. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0OlDEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Draping for Fashion Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78500-954-9","url_text":"978-1-78500-954-9"}]},{"reference":"Whitt, Kay (2010). Sew Serendipity. Krause Publications. pp. 11, 13. ISBN 9781440203572.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440203572","url_text":"9781440203572"}]},{"reference":"Veblen, Sarah (2012). The Complete Photo Guide to Perfect Fitting. Creative Publishing International. pp. 11–2. ISBN 9781589236080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589236080","url_text":"9781589236080"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Jan (1999). Sewing for Dummies. IDG Books Worldwide. pp. 51–2. ISBN 076455137X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sewingfordummies00mare/page/51","url_text":"Sewing for Dummies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sewingfordummies00mare/page/51","url_text":"51–2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/076455137X","url_text":"076455137X"}]},{"reference":"Camp, Carole Ann (2011). \"3: Sewing from a pattern\". Teach Yourself VISUALLY Fashion Sewing. John Wiley & Sons. pp. n.p. ISBN 9781118167120.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118167120","url_text":"9781118167120"}]},{"reference":"Veblen, Sarah (2012). The Complete Photo Guide to Perfect Fitting. Creative Publishing International. p. 19. ISBN 9781589236080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589236080","url_text":"9781589236080"}]},{"reference":"\"Butterick History\". Butterick. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170413/https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history","url_text":"\"Butterick History\""},{"url":"https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0OlDEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Draping for Fashion Design"},{"Link":"http://www.mms-schule.de/","external_links_name":"Website Müller&Sohn"},{"Link":"https://www.muellerundsohn.com/ueber-uns/","external_links_name":"Seit 1891 – Aus Tradition stark im Schnitt"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sewingfordummies00mare/page/51","external_links_name":"Sewing for Dummies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sewingfordummies00mare/page/51","external_links_name":"51–2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170413/https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history","external_links_name":"\"Butterick History\""},{"Link":"https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4245518-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(disambiguation)	Mary Robinson (disambiguation)	["1 Ships","2 See also"]	Mary Robinson (born 1944) was President of Ireland from 1990 to 1997 and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002. Mary Robinson may also refer to: Mary Robinson (poet) (1757–1800), English actress, poet, and novelist Agnes Mary Frances Robinson (later Duclaux; 1857–1944) English poet and literary critic; most frequently cited as Mary F. Robinson Mary Robinson (British politician) (born 1955), British Conservative Party politician, MP for Cheadle since May 2015 Mary Robinson (Maid of Buttermere) (1778–1837), "The Maid of Buttermere", subject of Melvyn Bragg's novel of that name Mary Kapuahualani Robinson (1896/7-1978), Hawaii Territorial Senator and businesswoman Mary Lou Robinson (1926–2019), United States federal judge Mary Robinson (Canadian politician) (born 1970), Canadian politician Ships Mary Robinson (clipper), 1854 clipper ship in the San Francisco and guano trades See also Mary Robison (born 1949), American fiction writer Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mary Robinson.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Robinson (poet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Agnes Mary Frances Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Frances_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Mary Robinson (British politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Mary Robinson (Maid of Buttermere)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(Maid_of_Buttermere)"},{"link_name":"Mary Kapuahualani Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kapuahualani_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Mary Lou Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Mary Robinson (Canadian politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(Canadian_politician)"}],"text":"Mary Robinson may also refer to:Mary Robinson (poet) (1757–1800), English actress, poet, and novelist\nAgnes Mary Frances Robinson (later Duclaux; 1857–1944) English poet and literary critic; most frequently cited as Mary F. Robinson\nMary Robinson (British politician) (born 1955), British Conservative Party politician, MP for Cheadle since May 2015\nMary Robinson (Maid of Buttermere) (1778–1837), \"The Maid of Buttermere\", subject of Melvyn Bragg's novel of that name\nMary Kapuahualani Robinson (1896/7-1978), Hawaii Territorial Senator and businesswoman\nMary Lou Robinson (1926–2019), United States federal judge\nMary Robinson (Canadian politician) (born 1970), Canadian politician","title":"Mary Robinson (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Robinson (clipper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(clipper)"}],"text":"Mary Robinson (clipper), 1854 clipper ship in the San Francisco and guano trades","title":"Ships"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mary Robison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mary_Robinson_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mary_Robinson_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edita_Nichols	Edita Horrell	["1 Biography","2 Successful climbs","3 External links","4 References"]	Lithuanian mountaineer Edita HorrellBornLithuaniaOccupation(s)Mountaineer, Aid worker Edita Horrell (née Uksaitė), previously known as Edita Nichols, is a Lithuanian-born mountaineer and humanitarian aid worker. She became the first Lithuanian woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest, on 22 May 2013. Biography Edita Horrell is a humanitarian aid worker employed by the World Food Programme (WFP), whom she has worked for since 2010. She has been deployed to Haiti, Niger, the Philippines, South Sudan, Zambia, Guinea, Nepal, Ecuador, Chad and the Central African Republic. She began her career as a mountaineer following her ascent of Kilimanjaro in 2010. She has made successful ascents of three 8000m peaks - Cho Oyu, Manaslu and Everest. She survived an avalanche on Manaslu in 2012, when she was catapulted for several metres inside her tent. She made two unsuccessful attempts on a fourth 8000m peak, Lhotse, in 2014 and 2015. Both of these expeditions were cut short by major tragedies. In 2015 she narrowly avoided another avalanche at Everest Base Camp, when a 7.8-magnitude earthquake caused a serac to collapse on nearby Pumori. After the earthquake, she spent two months in Nepal working on the emergency response for the World Food Programme. In 2014 she was part of an international team which measured and identified Mafinga Central as the highest point in Zambia. In 2016 she was mountaineering in Ecuador when another 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck. Once again she remained in the country to assist with the humanitarian response for WFP. In September 2017 she made what is believed to be the first ever ascent of Chimborazo from sea to summit, starting from Guayaquil, then completing a full circuit of the mountain before climbing to the summit. Successful climbs 2010 Kilimanjaro (5895 m) Tanzania, the highest mountain in Africa. 2011 Mera Peak (6476 m) Nepal. 2011 Mont Blanc (4810 m) France, the highest mountain in Western Europe. 2011 Cho Oyu (8201 m) Tibet, the sixth highest mountain in the world. 2012 Aconcagua (6962 m) Argentina, the highest mountain in South America. 2012 Manaslu (8163 m) Nepal, the eighth highest mountain in the world. 2013 Mount Everest (8848 m) Tibet, the highest mountain in the world. 2016 Cayambe (5790 m) Ecuador, the highest mountain directly on the Equator. 2016 and 2017 Chimborazo (6310 m) Ecuador, the highest mountain from the Earth's centre. 2016 Antisana (5704 m) Ecuador, the fourth highest mountain in Ecuador. 2019 Ojos del Salado (6893 m) Chile, the highest volcano in the world. External links Edita Nichols – "Intotheblu's Blog" References ^ "Everest 2013 Expedition Dispatches". Altitude Junkies website. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "WFP Logistician Climbs Mount Everest". World Food Programme website. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "Manaslu 2012 Expedition Dispatches". Altitude Junkies website. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "Lhotse (8,516m) 2014 Closed". Edita Nichols – "Intotheblu's Blog". Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "The day Everest came tumbling down". Edita Nichols – "Intotheblu's Blog". Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia". Footsteps on the Mountain blog. 8 December 2015. ^ "My Ecuador Volcano Adventure and Beyond". Edita Nichols – "Intotheblu's Blog". Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ "Is this the world's first ascent of Chimborazo from sea to summit?". Footsteps on the Mountain blog. 27 February 2018. ^ "Edita Nichols – "Intotheblu's Blog"". Edita Nichols – "Intotheblu's Blog". Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "Salt before breakfast: an ascent of Ojos del Salado". Footsteps on the Mountain blog. 22 June 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Edita Horrell (née Uksaitė), previously known as Edita Nichols, is a Lithuanian-born mountaineer and humanitarian aid worker. She became the first Lithuanian woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest, on 22 May 2013.[1]","title":"Edita Horrell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Food Programme (WFP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"8000m peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander"},{"link_name":"Cho Oyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu"},{"link_name":"Manaslu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu"},{"link_name":"Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lhotse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse"},{"link_name":"7.8-magnitude earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Pumori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumori"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mafinga Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafinga_Central"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tg3-6"},{"link_name":"another 7.8-magnitude earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Ecuador_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chimborazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Edita Horrell is a humanitarian aid worker employed by the World Food Programme (WFP), whom she has worked for since 2010. She has been deployed to Haiti, Niger, the Philippines, South Sudan, Zambia, Guinea, Nepal, Ecuador, Chad and the Central African Republic.[2]She began her career as a mountaineer following her ascent of Kilimanjaro in 2010. She has made successful ascents of three 8000m peaks - Cho Oyu, Manaslu and Everest. She survived an avalanche on Manaslu in 2012, when she was catapulted for several metres inside her tent.[3]She made two unsuccessful attempts on a fourth 8000m peak, Lhotse, in 2014 and 2015. Both of these expeditions were cut short by major tragedies. In 2015 she narrowly avoided another avalanche at Everest Base Camp, when a 7.8-magnitude earthquake caused a serac to collapse on nearby Pumori. After the earthquake, she spent two months in Nepal working on the emergency response for the World Food Programme.[4][5]In 2014 she was part of an international team which measured and identified Mafinga Central as the highest point in Zambia.[6]In 2016 she was mountaineering in Ecuador when another 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck. Once again she remained in the country to assist with the humanitarian response for WFP.[7]In September 2017 she made what is believed to be the first ever ascent of Chimborazo from sea to summit, starting from Guayaquil, then completing a full circuit of the mountain before climbing to the summit.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Mera Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mera_Peak"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Mont Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Cho Oyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Aconcagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Manaslu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Cayambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayambe_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"Chimborazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Earth's centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summits_farthest_from_the_Earth%27s_center"},{"link_name":"Antisana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisana"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ojos del Salado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"2010 Kilimanjaro (5895 m) Tanzania, the highest mountain in Africa.\n2011 Mera Peak (6476 m) Nepal.\n2011 Mont Blanc (4810 m) France, the highest mountain in Western Europe.\n2011 Cho Oyu (8201 m) Tibet, the sixth highest mountain in the world.\n2012 Aconcagua (6962 m) Argentina, the highest mountain in South America.\n2012 Manaslu (8163 m) Nepal, the eighth highest mountain in the world.\n2013 Mount Everest (8848 m) Tibet, the highest mountain in the world.\n2016 Cayambe (5790 m) Ecuador, the highest mountain directly on the Equator.\n2016 and 2017 Chimborazo (6310 m) Ecuador, the highest mountain from the Earth's centre.\n2016 Antisana (5704 m) Ecuador, the fourth highest mountain in Ecuador.[9]\n2019 Ojos del Salado (6893 m) Chile, the highest volcano in the world.[10]","title":"Successful climbs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Everest 2013 Expedition Dispatches\". Altitude Junkies website. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altitudejunkies.com/dispatcheverest13.html","url_text":"\"Everest 2013 Expedition Dispatches\""}]},{"reference":"\"WFP Logistician Climbs Mount Everest\". World Food Programme website. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wfp.org/node/448892","url_text":"\"WFP Logistician Climbs Mount Everest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manaslu 2012 Expedition Dispatches\". Altitude Junkies website. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altitudejunkies.com/dispatchmanaslu12.html","url_text":"\"Manaslu 2012 Expedition Dispatches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lhotse (8,516m) 2014 Closed\". Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\". Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://editanichols.com/lhotse-2014-8516m/","url_text":"\"Lhotse (8,516m) 2014 Closed\""}]},{"reference":"\"The day Everest came tumbling down\". Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\". Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://editanichols.com/2015/05/02/the-day-everest-came-tumbling-down/","url_text":"\"The day Everest came tumbling down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia\". Footsteps on the Mountain blog. 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/","url_text":"\"Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Ecuador Volcano Adventure and Beyond\". Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\". Retrieved 26 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://editanichols.com/2016/08/13/my-ecuador-volcano-adventure-and-beyond-final/","url_text":"\"My Ecuador Volcano Adventure and Beyond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is this the world's first ascent of Chimborazo from sea to summit?\". Footsteps on the Mountain blog. 27 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2017/is-this-the-worlds-first-ascent-of-chimborazo-from-sea-to-summit/","url_text":"\"Is this the world's first ascent of Chimborazo from sea to summit?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\"\". Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\". Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://editanichols.com/","url_text":"\"Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salt before breakfast: an ascent of Ojos del Salado\". Footsteps on the Mountain blog. 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2019/salt-before-breakfast-an-ascent-of-ojos-del-salado/","url_text":"\"Salt before breakfast: an ascent of Ojos del Salado\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.editanichols.com/","external_links_name":"Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\""},{"Link":"http://www.altitudejunkies.com/dispatcheverest13.html","external_links_name":"\"Everest 2013 Expedition Dispatches\""},{"Link":"https://www.wfp.org/node/448892","external_links_name":"\"WFP Logistician Climbs Mount Everest\""},{"Link":"http://www.altitudejunkies.com/dispatchmanaslu12.html","external_links_name":"\"Manaslu 2012 Expedition Dispatches\""},{"Link":"http://editanichols.com/lhotse-2014-8516m/","external_links_name":"\"Lhotse (8,516m) 2014 Closed\""},{"Link":"http://editanichols.com/2015/05/02/the-day-everest-came-tumbling-down/","external_links_name":"\"The day Everest came tumbling down\""},{"Link":"http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/","external_links_name":"\"Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia\""},{"Link":"https://editanichols.com/2016/08/13/my-ecuador-volcano-adventure-and-beyond-final/","external_links_name":"\"My Ecuador Volcano Adventure and Beyond\""},{"Link":"http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2017/is-this-the-worlds-first-ascent-of-chimborazo-from-sea-to-summit/","external_links_name":"\"Is this the world's first ascent of Chimborazo from sea to summit?\""},{"Link":"http://editanichols.com/","external_links_name":"\"Edita Nichols – \"Intotheblu's Blog\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2019/salt-before-breakfast-an-ascent-of-ojos-del-salado/","external_links_name":"\"Salt before breakfast: an ascent of Ojos del Salado\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konnect_Entertainment	Konnect Entertainment	["1 History","1.1 2019–2020: Founding and beginnings","1.2 2021–2022: Business expansion","1.3 2023–present: Shareholder dispute and artists' departure","2 Partnerships","3 Philanthropy","4 Artists","5 Former artists","6 Discography","6.1 2019 and 2020s","7 Accolade","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	South Korean entertainment company This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2024) Konnect EntertainmentNative name커넥트 엔터테인먼트Romanized nameKeonekteu enteoteinmeonteuCompany typePrivateIndustryEntertainmentRetailGenreK-popFoundedJune 5, 2019; 5 years ago (2019-06-05)FounderKang DanielHeadquarters7 Eonju-ro 159-gil, Apgujeong-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South KoreaKey peopleKang Daniel (CEO)Kim Tae-yeop (Vice president)Bong Sae-rom (Director)ServicesMusic productionPublishingArtist managementNumber of employees16 (As of February 14, 2021)ParentKD Corporation Ltd.Websitekonnectent.com Konnect Entertainment (Korean: 커넥트 엔터테인먼트; stylized as KONNECT Entertainment) is an independent South Korean entertainment company founded on June 5, 2019 by Kang Daniel. The company was based in the Gangnam District of Seoul in South Korea. It fully managed solo artists Kang Daniel, Chancellor, and Yuju. It was also home to dance crew We Dem Boyz (WDBZ). History 2019–2020: Founding and beginnings Konnect Entertainment was founded on June 5, 2019 as a one-man agency for and by Kang Daniel. The name "Konnect" is a fusion of the words "Korea" and "connect", which reveals his goal to connect Korea to the rest of the world through his future activities. Immediately after the disbandment of temporary boy group Wanna One, it was revealed that Kang was in a legal dispute with his former agency due to the transfer of his exclusive contract rights to third parties without his prior consent. This dispute resulted in his six-month hiatus from the entertainment industry until the Seoul Central District Court ruled in his favor, allowing the suspension of his contract. This ruling meant that he could pursue individual entertainment activities without any interference from his former agency. After receiving help from multiple experts as well as his lawyers, Kang established both KD Corporation Ltd. and Konnect Entertainment. A representative from the agency revealed that: "Kang decided to go in the direction of establishing a one-man agency after considering every possible angle in terms of what agency structure would best suit his long-term activities. His decision was also heavily influenced by the fact that he wanted to return to his fans, who had waited for a long time, as quickly as possible." During the comeback show for his second EP that aired on Mnet and M2 channels, Kang revealed that his dance team at Konnect Entertainment partially consists of friends that he has known since before his debut. As for KD Corporation Ltd., plans to branch out into various business directions in the future were announced. In February 2020, a cafe on the first floor of Konnect Entertainment's building in the Gangnam District of Seoul called Cafe de Konnect officially opened for business. It held a fan-only event on February 19 and 20 before opening to the public on the following day. The fan event allowed 100 fans to claim a free drink after showing their membership card from Kang's official fancafe on a first-come, first-served basis. In the same month, Kakao Friends released a limited-edition beverage and dessert menu as part of its collaboration line with Kang for three cafes including Cafe de Konnect. 2021–2022: Business expansion In February 2021, Konnect Entertainment announced that it would launch a mobile application for Kang's official fancafe which had previously been located on the company's official website. The app was released for free for iOS on the Apple App Store and for Android on the Google Play Store on March 30, 2021. This marked the first time an artist in Korea had ever released their own app. Developed by Konnect and titled "Kang Daniel", the social networking service has an automatic translation function with 10 translatable languages including: Korean, English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Malay, Spanish, Portuguese, and Thai. In August 2021, it was announced that singer-songwriter and producer Chancellor had signed an exclusive contract with Konnect Entertainment. The agency confirmed this and said "we will spare no effort to support him so that he can showcase his full potential as a producer and artist". Following her departure from Source Music and the disbandment of South Korean girl group GFriend, former member Yuju signed an exclusive contract with Konnect Entertainment in September 2021. In June 2022, Cafe de Konnect launched a beverage and dessert menu to commemorate the collaboration line between Kang and SpongeBob SquarePants. In the same year, the agency won the APAN K-pop Label Award for "leading the Korean wave" as it promotes the development of K-pop and is active in various fields. Kang, Chancellor, and Yuju each held a special performance at the 2022 APAN Star Awards to commemorate this award as artists of the agency. Following their placement as runner-up on Mnet's Street Man Fighter and their long-standing relationship with the agency as Kang's dance team, dance crew We Dem Boyz (WDBZ) officially signed an exclusive contract with Konnect Entertainment in November 2022. In the same month, they were featured on Kang's lead single "Nirvana" from his repackaged album The Story: Retold. 2023–present: Shareholder dispute and artists' departure On May 20, 2024, news broke that Kang Daniel had filed a criminal complaint to the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency against A, pseudonym for the majority shareholder of Konnect Entertainment who held approximately 70% of its shares. The charges included forgery of private documents, embezzlement, breach of trust, infringement on information and communications network, and computer fraud. The major shareholder reportedly used Kang's name and company seal without approval to sign an advance distribution contract worth over ₩10 billion (USD$7.4 million) in December 2022. Kang only discovered the contract in January 2023 and made efforts for over a year to minimize damages. Additionally, A was accused of embezzling ₩2 billion ($1.5 million) from the company's accounts, using corporate credit cards unethically, and withdrawing ₩1.7 billion ($1.3 million) from Kang's personal account without his consent. Meanwhile, We Dem Boyz, Yuju, and Chancellor left Konnect after not renewing their contracts. We Dem Boyz’s contract ended in November 2023, while Yuju's expired mid-April 2024. Kang will not renew his artist contract when it ends early June and will also resign as CEO. Furthermore, Konnect is heading towards business closure, as all employees have left and the office building was vacated. Partnerships In July 2019, Sony Music Korea confirmed that it would take charge as both the investor and distributor of Kang's solo debut extended play (EP), Color on Me. Since then, the company has continued distributing Kang's subsequent works including his three-part color series: Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow. In June 2022, he started Japanese activities in partnership with Warner Music Japan. In April 2021, South Korean game development company Dalcomsoft revealed its next rhythm game app featuring music from Kang Daniel. Developed by Dalcomsoft Inc. and in collaboration with Konnect Entertainment, the app was released on April 29, 2021 for iOS on the Apple App Store and for Android on the Google Play Store. Superstar Kang Daniel is the first version of the app series exclusively made for a solo artist. Two months later, it was announced that CL had signed a domestic management contract with Konnect Entertainment. The agency confirmed that it would be responsible for CL's domestic activities and said "we will actively support CL so that she can carry out her music activities as a top-tier musician". The partnership agreement between Konnect Entertainment and CL's own label Very Cherry was effective for two years. In September 2022, South Korean production company Snowballs revealed its next puzzle game app featuring Kang Daniel as the main character. Developed by Snowballs Inc. and in collaboration with Konnect Entertainment, Starway Kang Daniel was released on September 29, 2022 for iOS on the Apple App Store and for Android on the Google Play Store. Aside from business partnerships, Konnect shared in April 2020 it partnered with LIWU Law Group's Clean Internet Center to preemptively take legal action against malicious comments and illegal postings that unfairly violate one's personal rights. Philanthropy In December 2019, it was revealed that Konnect Entertainment donated 31,000 briquettes to 31 briquette banks nationwide to thank fans for helping those in need on Kang's birthday. In December 2020, Kang and all of his agency staff participated in the Holt Children's Services (HCS) campaign "Please Protect Me" by handcrafting and delivering 100 book covers to the humanitarian organization. Proceeds from the book cover kits bought by Konnect would be used to provide mental and medical care, housing, living, and educational support to children in need. Artists Kang Daniel Former artists CL (2021–2023) (co-managed with Very Cherry) We Dem Boyz (WDBZ) (2022–2023) Yuju (2021–2024) Chancellor (2021–2024) Discography 2019 and 2020s Released Title Artist Type Format Language 2019 July 25 Color on Me Kang Daniel Extended play CD, download, streaming Korean November 25 "Touchin'" Single Download, streaming 2020 March 24 Cyan Kang Daniel Extended play CD, download, streaming Korean July 27 "Waves" Kang Daniel (feat. Simon Dominic, Jamie) Single Download, streaming August 3 Magenta Kang Daniel Extended play CD, download, streaming 2021 February 16 "Paranoia" Kang Daniel Single Download, streaming Korean April 13 Yellow Extended play CD, download, streaming October 13 Chancellor Chancellor Studio album 2022 January 18 Rec. Yuju Extended play CD, download, streaming Korean May 24 The Story Kang Daniel Studio album July 28 "Evening" Yuju (feat. Big Naughty) Single Download, streaming October 5 Joy Ride Kang Daniel Extended play CD, download, streaming Japanese November 14 "Slowly" Chancellor Single Download, streaming Korean November 24 The Story: Retold Kang Daniel Reissue CD, download, streaming 2023 March 7 O Yuju Extended play CD, download, streaming Korean June 7 "Wasteland" Kang Daniel Single Download, streaming English June 19 Realiez Extended play CD, download, streaming Korean, English September 20 "Dalala" Yuju Single Download, streaming Korean November 29 "Re8el" Kang Daniel Extended play CD, download, streaming Japanese Accolade Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination Award Year Category Nominee Result Ref. APAN Star Awards 2022 K-pop Label Award Konnect Entertainment – Kang Daniel (Founder and CEO) Won Notes ^ Note that this does not include Kang's A&R team or his backup dancers. References ^ "전문가 33인에게 물었다...올해 최고 가수는 " ]. News1 (in Korean). December 17, 2022. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "전문가들이 꼽은 2022년 가장 기대되는 가수 톱3는 " ]. News1 (in Korean). January 3, 2022. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "'전참시' 강다니엘, 역시 '갓다니엘' 클래스가 다른 소속사 복지 " ]. Ten Asia (in Korean). February 14, 2021. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021 – via Naver. ^ "'강다니엘 기획사' 공채에 이틀만에 1,300명 이상 몰려" . Seoul Economic Daily (in Korean). June 13, 2019. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "Kang Daniel gears up for return to show biz with new talent agency". The Korea Herald. June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ "강다니엘, 1인 기획사 설립 "솔로데뷔 음악 작업 중"(공식입장)" . MBN News (in Korean). June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘 측 "LM 상대로 전속계약 효력정지 가처분 신청, 팬들에 죄송" " ]. The Korea Times (in Korean). March 21, 2019. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ ""강다니엘, 독자적인 연예활동 가능"" . YTN News (in Korean). May 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘, LM 전속계약 효력정지...독자활동 가능해져" . Sports Seoul (in Korean). May 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "'1인 기획사 설립' 강다니엘 측 "(주)케이디 대표 맞다…회사 성장 위해" " ]. My Daily (in Korean). June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘, 1인기획사 커넥트엔터 설립…솔로 데뷔 준비 돌입 " ]. My Daily (in Korean). June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ 강다니엘이 직접 알아보는 MBTI는? (ENG SUB) – KANGDANIEL COMEBACK SHOW CYAN . Mnet (Video) (in Korean). YouTube: M2. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2022. ^ " 강다니엘, (주)케이디 대표 됐다…엔터 외 다양한 사업 진출" Kang Daniel, CEO of KD Co., Ltd.... entering various businesses outside of enterprise]. YTN News (in Korean). June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2021 – via Naver. ^ ""어피치도 강다니엘도 흥했다" 카카오프렌즈, 어피치 강다니엘 에디션 2차 라인업 출시" . Daily Financial Economy News (in Korean). February 19, 2020. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ Official Cafe De Konnect (February 17, 2020). "Cafe De KONNECT ". Instagram (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ Official Cafe De Konnect (February 18, 2020). "Cafe De KONNECT 오픈 기념 이벤트‼️" . Instagram (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ Official Cafe De Konnect (February 18, 2020). "Cafe de KONNECT 오픈 기념 이벤트‼️" . Instagram (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2021. ^ "카카오프렌즈X강다니엘 두 번째 만남…어피치 에디션 2차 출시" . News1 (in Korean). February 19, 2020. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ Official Kakao Friends (February 18, 2020). "어피치 강다니엘 에디션 2차 라인업 출시와 함께: 부산 어피치 카페, 일본 어피치 오모테산도,카페 드 커넥트에서" . Instagram (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ "강다니엘(KANGDANIEL) 공식 팬 카페 모바일 애플리케이션 출시 예정 안내" . Konnect Entertainment (in Korean). February 26, 2021. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ "강다니엘(KANGDANIEL) 공식 팬 카페 모바일 애플리케이션 출시 안내" . Konnect Entertainment (in Korean). March 26, 2021. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ "Kang Daniel Official Community". Apple App Store. March 30, 2021. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021. ^ " 강다니엘X다니티 '독자앱' 구축으로 특별한 소통" Kang Daniel X Danity 'Reader App' for special communication]. 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Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024 – via Yonhap News Agency. ^ "강다니엘 "법적 책임 외 해결 방법 없어...무거운 마음으로 형사고소 진행" (공식입장) " ]. MK Sports (in Korean). May 20, 2024. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024 – via Naver. ^ "유주·위댐 결별→강다니엘도 떠난다..껍데기만 남은 커넥트 폐업 " Yuju and WeDem part → Kang Daniel is also leaving.. Konnect shuts down, leaving only a shell ]. Star News (in Korean). May 21, 2024. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘 솔로 데뷔 앨범, 소니뮤직코리아 유통…배경은?" . Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). July 18, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘, 워너뮤직재팬과 손잡고 일본 진출…팬클럽 오픈" ]. Newsen (in Korean). June 1, 2022. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022 – via Naver. ^ SuperStarKANGDANIEL Pre-Register Now!💘. SuperStar (Video) (in Korean). YouTube: SuperStar. April 7, 2021. 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Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘 소속사 커넥트, 투애니원 씨엘 국내 매니지먼트 맡다 " ]. Xports News (in Korean). July 10, 2021. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021 – via Naver. ^ "'강다니엘 소속사' 커넥트, CL과 파트너십 체결 " ]. Sports Donga (in Korean). July 10, 2021. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021 – via Naver. ^ "씨엘, 강다니엘 소속사와 이별 "파트너십 종료" " ]. Sports Donga (in Korean). August 29, 2023. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "게임으로 즐기는 강다니엘, 본격 서비스 시작…카드 수집 가능" . Star News (in Korean). September 21, 2022. Archived from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022 – via Naver. ^ "STARWAY KANGDANIEL". Apple App Store. September 13, 2022. Archived from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022. ^ "강다니엘 소속사 커넥트, 본격 악플러 근절 작업 가동 " ]. Sports Dong-a (in Korean). April 1, 2020. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘, 소속사와 기부 활동 동참 "팬들 보여준 선한 영향력 덕분"" . Herald Pop (in Korean). December 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘, 따뜻한 선행으로 훈훈하게 물들였다 " ]. Ten Asia (in Korean). December 30, 2020. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘 선행, 위기가정아동 위해 언택트 봉사" . Sports Donga (in Korean). December 30, 2020. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020 – via Naver. ^ "강다니엘 1인 기획사, K팝 최고 레이블 3년 만에 초고속 성장" . Financial News (in Korean). September 30, 2022. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022 – via Naver. External links Official website vteKonnect EntertainmentExecutives Kang Daniel (Founder and CEO) Former artistsSoloists Kang Daniel Chancellor Yuju CL Producers Chancellor Actors Kang Daniel Dance crews We Dem Boyz (WDBZ)) Business Cafe de Konnect Distributors Sony Music Korea Warner Music Korea Warner Music Japan vteK-pop Korean Wave Korean ballad Korean hip hop Korean rock Trot Terminology Cultural technology Fan rice Sasaeng fan Idols Slave contract Sexualization and sexual exploitation Virtual concert Artists Individual artists Idol groups Girl groups Boy groups Events Dream Concert KCON K-pop Cover Dance Festival K-Pop World Festival Websites Allkpop Billboard K-Town Timeline 2020s Eat Your Kimchi Soompi Music shows Inkigayo (SBS) M Countdown (Mnet) Music Bank (KBS2) Music Universe K-909 (JTBC) Music on Top (JTBC) Pops in Seoul (Arirang TV) Show Champion (MBC M) Show! Music Core (MBC) The Show (SBS M) Simply K-Pop (Arirang TV) Music charts List of K-pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs World Digital Song Sales Year-end Circle Chart albums singles Billboard K-pop Hot 100 South Korea Songs RIAK/MIAK Notable labelsand publishersAgencies Antenna 8D Creative Attrakt B2M Entertainment BPM Entertainment Brand New Music Brave Entertainment C9 Entertainment CJ ENM Amoeba Culture AOMG H1ghr Music Wake One Entertainment Coridel Entertainment Cube Entertainment DR Music Fantagio FNC Entertainment Hybe Corporation Big Hit Music Pledis Entertainment Source Music Imagine Asia Dreamcatcher Company Jellyfish Entertainment JYP Entertainment Kakao Entertainment IST Entertainment Konnect Entertainment Maroo Entertainment MLD Entertainment MNH Entertainment Oui Entertainment P Nation RBW DSP Media WM Entertainment SM Entertainment Label SJ Mystic Story Woollim Entertainment Starship Entertainment Star Empire Entertainment TOP Media YG Entertainment The Black Label Yuehua Entertainment Publishers Genie Music iMBC Interpark Music Kakao Entertainment Music&New NHN Bugs Pony Canyon Korea SBS Contents Hub SK Group Dreamus SK Communications Sony Music Korea Soribada Stone Music Entertainment Universal Music Korea Warner Music Korea YG Plus Music award showsMajor APAN Music Awards Asia Artist Awards Asia Song Festival Circle Chart Music Awards Genie Music Awards Golden Disc Awards KBS Gayo Daechukje Korean Music Awards Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards MAMA Awards MBC Gayo Daejejeon Mnet 20's Choice Awards SBS Gayo Daejeon Seoul Music Awards Soribada Best K-Music Awards The Fact Music Awards Digital music Cyworld Digital Music Awards Melon Music Awards Authority control databases MusicBrainz label	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Kang Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Daniel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gangnam District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangnam_District"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Yuju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuju_(singer)"},{"link_name":"We Dem Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Man_Fighter#Contestants"}],"text":"Konnect Entertainment (Korean: 커넥트 엔터테인먼트; stylized as KONNECT Entertainment) is an independent South Korean entertainment company founded on June 5, 2019 by Kang Daniel.[4] The company was based in the Gangnam District of Seoul in South Korea. It fully managed solo artists Kang Daniel, Chancellor, and Yuju. It was also home to dance crew We Dem Boyz (WDBZ).","title":"Konnect Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wanna One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanna_One"},{"link_name":"former agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMO_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Seoul Central District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_South_Korea#District_Courts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"second EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kakao Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_Friends"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"2019–2020: Founding and beginnings","text":"Konnect Entertainment was founded on June 5, 2019 as a one-man agency for and by Kang Daniel.[5] The name \"Konnect\" is a fusion of the words \"Korea\" and \"connect\", which reveals his goal to connect Korea to the rest of the world through his future activities.[6]Immediately after the disbandment of temporary boy group Wanna One, it was revealed that Kang was in a legal dispute with his former agency due to the transfer of his exclusive contract rights to third parties without his prior consent.[7] This dispute resulted in his six-month hiatus from the entertainment industry until the Seoul Central District Court ruled in his favor, allowing the suspension of his contract.[8] This ruling meant that he could pursue individual entertainment activities without any interference from his former agency.[9] After receiving help from multiple experts as well as his lawyers, Kang established both KD Corporation Ltd. and Konnect Entertainment.[10] A representative from the agency revealed that:\"Kang decided to go in the direction of establishing a one-man agency after considering every possible angle in terms of what agency structure would best suit his long-term activities. His decision was also heavily influenced by the fact that he wanted to return to his fans, who had waited for a long time, as quickly as possible.\"[11]During the comeback show for his second EP that aired on Mnet and M2 channels, Kang revealed that his dance team at Konnect Entertainment partially consists of friends that he has known since before his debut.[12] As for KD Corporation Ltd., plans to branch out into various business directions in the future were announced.[13] In February 2020, a cafe on the first floor of Konnect Entertainment's building in the Gangnam District of Seoul called Cafe de Konnect officially opened for business.[14][15] It held a fan-only event on February 19 and 20 before opening to the public on the following day.[16] The fan event allowed 100 fans to claim a free drink after showing their membership card from Kang's official fancafe on a first-come, first-served basis.[17] In the same month, Kakao Friends released a limited-edition beverage and dessert menu as part of its collaboration line with Kang for three cafes including Cafe de Konnect.[18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Apple App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Google Play Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"social networking service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Source Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Music"},{"link_name":"GFriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFriend"},{"link_name":"Yuju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuju_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"SpongeBob SquarePants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"APAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APAN_Star_Awards"},{"link_name":"Korean wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_wave"},{"link_name":"2022 APAN Star Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_APAN_Star_Awards"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Street Man Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Man_Fighter"},{"link_name":"We Dem Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Man_Fighter#Contestants"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Story: Retold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_(Kang_Daniel_album)#The_Story:_Retold"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2021–2022: Business expansion","text":"In February 2021, Konnect Entertainment announced that it would launch a mobile application for Kang's official fancafe which had previously been located on the company's official website.[20] The app was released for free for iOS on the Apple App Store and for Android on the Google Play Store on March 30, 2021.[21][22] This marked the first time an artist in Korea had ever released their own app.[23] Developed by Konnect and titled \"Kang Daniel\", the social networking service has an automatic translation function with 10 translatable languages including: Korean, English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Malay, Spanish, Portuguese, and Thai.[24] In August 2021, it was announced that singer-songwriter and producer Chancellor had signed an exclusive contract with Konnect Entertainment.[25] The agency confirmed this and said \"we will spare no effort to support him so that he can showcase his full potential as a producer and artist\".[26] Following her departure from Source Music and the disbandment of South Korean girl group GFriend, former member Yuju signed an exclusive contract with Konnect Entertainment in September 2021.[27][28]In June 2022, Cafe de Konnect launched a beverage and dessert menu to commemorate the collaboration line between Kang and SpongeBob SquarePants.[29][30] In the same year, the agency won the APAN K-pop Label Award for \"leading the Korean wave\" as it promotes the development of K-pop and is active in various fields. Kang, Chancellor, and Yuju each held a special performance at the 2022 APAN Star Awards to commemorate this award as artists of the agency.[31] Following their placement as runner-up on Mnet's Street Man Fighter and their long-standing relationship with the agency as Kang's dance team, dance crew We Dem Boyz (WDBZ) officially signed an exclusive contract with Konnect Entertainment in November 2022.[32] In the same month, they were featured on Kang's lead single \"Nirvana\" from his repackaged album The Story: Retold.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"criminal complaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complaint"},{"link_name":"Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Police_Agency"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_interest"},{"link_name":"shareholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder"},{"link_name":"shares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares"},{"link_name":"forgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"link_name":"embezzlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"company seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_seal"},{"link_name":"advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_payment"},{"link_name":"₩","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_won"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2023–present: Shareholder dispute and artists' departure","text":"On May 20, 2024, news broke that Kang Daniel had filed a criminal complaint\n to the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency against A, pseudonym for the majority shareholder of Konnect Entertainment who held approximately 70% of its shares. The charges included forgery of private documents, embezzlement, breach of trust, infringement on information and communications network, and computer fraud. The major shareholder reportedly used Kang's name and company seal without approval to sign an advance distribution contract worth over ₩10 billion (USD$7.4 million) in December 2022. Kang only discovered the contract in January 2023 and made efforts for over a year to minimize damages. Additionally, A was accused of embezzling ₩2 billion ($1.5 million) from the company's accounts, using corporate credit cards unethically, and withdrawing ₩1.7 billion ($1.3 million) from Kang's personal account without his consent.[34][35]Meanwhile, We Dem Boyz, Yuju, and Chancellor left Konnect after not renewing their contracts. We Dem Boyz’s contract ended in November 2023, while Yuju's expired mid-April 2024. Kang will not renew his artist contract when it ends early June and will also resign as CEO. Furthermore, Konnect is heading towards business closure, as all employees have left and the office building was vacated.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Music Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Color on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_on_Me"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Cyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Magenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Yellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"rhythm game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Apple App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Google Play Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"CL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CL_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"partnership agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership#Partnership_agreements"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"puzzle game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"personal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rights"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"In July 2019, Sony Music Korea confirmed that it would take charge as both the investor and distributor of Kang's solo debut extended play (EP), Color on Me.[37] Since then, the company has continued distributing Kang's subsequent works including his three-part color series: Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow. In June 2022, he started Japanese activities in partnership with Warner Music Japan.[38]In April 2021, South Korean game development company Dalcomsoft revealed its next rhythm game app featuring music from Kang Daniel.[39] Developed by Dalcomsoft Inc. and in collaboration with Konnect Entertainment, the app was released on April 29, 2021 for iOS on the Apple App Store and for Android on the Google Play Store.[40][41] Superstar Kang Daniel is the first version of the app series exclusively made for a solo artist.[42][43] Two months later, it was announced that CL had signed a domestic management contract with Konnect Entertainment.[44][45] The agency confirmed that it would be responsible for CL's domestic activities and said \"we will actively support CL so that she can carry out her music activities as a top-tier musician\".[46] The partnership agreement between Konnect Entertainment and CL's own label Very Cherry was effective for two years.[47][48]In September 2022, South Korean production company Snowballs revealed its next puzzle game app featuring Kang Daniel as the main character.[49] Developed by Snowballs Inc. and in collaboration with Konnect Entertainment, Starway Kang Daniel was released on September 29, 2022 for iOS on the Apple App Store and for Android on the Google Play Store.[50]Aside from business partnerships, Konnect shared in April 2020 it partnered with LIWU Law Group's Clean Internet Center to preemptively take legal action against malicious comments and illegal postings that unfairly violate one's personal rights.[51]","title":"Partnerships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"briquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeontan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Holt Children's Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_International_Children%27s_Services"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"In December 2019, it was revealed that Konnect Entertainment donated 31,000 briquettes to 31 briquette banks nationwide to thank fans for helping those in need on Kang's birthday.[52] In December 2020, Kang and all of his agency staff participated in the Holt Children's Services (HCS) campaign \"Please Protect Me\" by handcrafting and delivering 100 book covers to the humanitarian organization.[53] Proceeds from the book cover kits bought by Konnect would be used to provide mental and medical care, housing, living, and educational support to children in need.[54]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kang Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Daniel"}],"text":"Kang Daniel","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CL_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"We Dem Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Man_Fighter#Contestants"},{"link_name":"Yuju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuju_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(musician)"}],"text":"CL (2021–2023) (co-managed with Very Cherry)\nWe Dem Boyz (WDBZ) (2022–2023)\nYuju (2021–2024)\nChancellor (2021–2024)","title":"Former artists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019 and 2020s","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Note that this does not include Kang's A&R team or his backup dancers.[3]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"전문가 33인에게 물었다...올해 최고 가수는 [2022 총결산-가요]\" [We asked 33 experts... The best singer of the year is... [2022 Total Summary - Song]]. News1 (in Korean). December 17, 2022. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0006524350","url_text":"\"전문가 33인에게 물었다...올해 최고 가수는 [2022 총결산-가요]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222221651/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0006524350","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"전문가들이 꼽은 2022년 가장 기대되는 가수 톱3는 [신년특집]\" [Top 3 most anticipated singers in 2022 according to experts [New Year Special]]. News1 (in Korean). January 3, 2022. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0005820256","url_text":"\"전문가들이 꼽은 2022년 가장 기대되는 가수 톱3는 [신년특집]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220102220112/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0005820256","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"'전참시' 강다니엘, 역시 '갓다니엘' 클래스가 다른 소속사 복지 [종합]\" ['Omniscient Interfering View' Kang Daniel, the welfare of an agency with a different 'God Daniel' class [Comprehensive]]. Ten Asia (in Korean). February 14, 2021. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/312/0000471501","url_text":"\"'전참시' 강다니엘, 역시 '갓다니엘' 클래스가 다른 소속사 복지 [종합]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210214020856/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/312/0000471501","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"'강다니엘 기획사' 공채에 이틀만에 1,300명 이상 몰려\" [More than 1,300 people flocked to 'Kang Daniel's agency' in two days]. Seoul Economic Daily (in Korean). June 13, 2019. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/011/0003569627?sid=102","url_text":"\"'강다니엘 기획사' 공채에 이틀만에 1,300명 이상 몰려\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210428095923/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/011/0003569627?sid=102","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"Kang Daniel gears up for return to show biz with new talent agency\". The Korea Herald. June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190610000633","url_text":"\"Kang Daniel gears up for return to show biz with new talent agency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610091948/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190610000633","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"강다니엘, 1인 기획사 설립 \"솔로데뷔 음악 작업 중\"(공식입장)\" [Kang Daniel, established a one-man agency \"working on solo debut music\" (Official Position)]. MBN News (in Korean). June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/057/0001357569","url_text":"\"강다니엘, 1인 기획사 설립 \"솔로데뷔 음악 작업 중\"(공식입장)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901070045/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/057/0001357569","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"강다니엘 측 \"LM 상대로 전속계약 효력정지 가처분 신청, 팬들에 죄송\" [전문]\" [Kang Daniel's side said \"Applied for temporary injunction against LM for suspension of exclusive contract, sorry to the fans\" [Full text]]. The Korea Times (in Korean). March 21, 2019. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=469&aid=0000373844","url_text":"\"강다니엘 측 \"LM 상대로 전속계약 효력정지 가처분 신청, 팬들에 죄송\" [전문]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081030/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=469&aid=0000373844","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"\"강다니엘, 독자적인 연예활동 가능\"\" [Kang Daniel, independent entertainment activities possible]. YTN News (in Korean). May 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/052/0001292130?sid=103","url_text":"\"\"강다니엘, 독자적인 연예활동 가능\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514091423/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/052/0001292130?sid=103","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"강다니엘, LM 전속계약 효력정지...독자활동 가능해져\" [Kang Daniel, LM exclusive contract suspended... independent activities become possible]. Sports Seoul (in Korean). May 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000506277","url_text":"\"강다니엘, LM 전속계약 효력정지...독자활동 가능해져\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514091449/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000506277","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"'1인 기획사 설립' 강다니엘 측 \"(주)케이디 대표 맞다…회사 성장 위해\" [공식입장]\" ['Establishment of a one-man agency' Kang Daniel's side \"CEO of KD Co., Ltd. is right... for company growth\" [Official Position]]. My Daily (in Korean). June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. 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(ENG SUB) – KANGDANIEL COMEBACK SHOW CYAN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)","url_text":"Mnet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220518061427/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmUPzF0hp-o&list=PLLMgoMyfQuySHxo1mZzGNSeXJxlM8RHTg&t=65s","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[단독] 강다니엘, (주)케이디 대표 됐다…엔터 외 다양한 사업 진출\" [[Exclusive] Kang Daniel, CEO of KD Co., Ltd.... entering various businesses outside of enterprise]. YTN News (in Korean). June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=052&aid=0001305152","url_text":"\"[단독] 강다니엘, (주)케이디 대표 됐다…엔터 외 다양한 사업 진출\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200516130202/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=052&aid=0001305152","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"\"어피치도 강다니엘도 흥했다\" 카카오프렌즈, 어피치 강다니엘 에디션 2차 라인업 출시\" [\"Apeach and Kang Daniel have also been successful\" Kakao Friends launches the 2nd lineup of Apeach Kang Daniel Edition]. Daily Financial Economy News (in Korean). February 19, 2020. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fntimes.com/html/view.php?ud=2020021909292580855469ec131_18","url_text":"\"\"어피치도 강다니엘도 흥했다\" 카카오프렌즈, 어피치 강다니엘 에디션 2차 라인업 출시\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200220044419/https://www.fntimes.com/html/view.php?ud=2020021909292580855469ec131_18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Official Cafe De Konnect (February 17, 2020). \"Cafe De KONNECT [NOTICE]\". Instagram (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/cafe_de_konnect/2245724532541334971","url_text":"\"Cafe De KONNECT [NOTICE]\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B8qapBhgaW7/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Official Cafe De Konnect (February 18, 2020). \"Cafe De KONNECT 오픈 기념 이벤트‼️\" [Cafe De KONNECT Open Commemorative Event‼️]. Instagram (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. 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Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/421/0004470435?sid=105","url_text":"\"카카오프렌즈X강다니엘 두 번째 만남…어피치 에디션 2차 출시\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514091450/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/421/0004470435?sid=105","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Official Kakao Friends (February 18, 2020). \"어피치 강다니엘 에디션 2차 라인업 출시와 함께: 부산 어피치 카페, 일본 어피치 오모테산도,카페 드 커넥트에서\" [With the release of the 2nd lineup of Apeach Kang Daniel Edition: Busan Apeach Cafe, Japan Apeach Omotesando, and Cafe de Konnect]. Instagram (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. 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Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210311062206/http://danielk.konnectent.com/article/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EC%82%AC%ED%95%AD/1/740077/","url_text":"\"강다니엘(KANGDANIEL) 공식 팬 카페 모바일 애플리케이션 출시 예정 안내\""},{"url":"http://danielk.konnectent.com/article/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EC%82%AC%ED%95%AD/1/740077/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"강다니엘(KANGDANIEL) 공식 팬 카페 모바일 애플리케이션 출시 안내\" [강다니엘(KANGDANIEL) Official Fancafe Mobile Application Launch Guide]. Konnect Entertainment (in Korean). March 26, 2021. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210326080420/http://danielk.konnectent.com/article/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EC%82%AC%ED%95%AD/1/749237/","url_text":"\"강다니엘(KANGDANIEL) 공식 팬 카페 모바일 애플리케이션 출시 안내\""},{"url":"http://danielk.konnectent.com/article/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EC%82%AC%ED%95%AD/1/749237/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kang Daniel Official Community\". Apple App Store. March 30, 2021. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.apple.com/app/kangdaniel/id1555431197","url_text":"\"Kang Daniel Official Community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)","url_text":"Apple App Store"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210409091154/https://apps.apple.com/app/kangdaniel/id1555431197","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[TEN 이슈] 강다니엘X다니티 '독자앱' 구축으로 특별한 소통\" [[TEN Issue] Kang Daniel X Danity 'Reader App' for special communication]. Ten Asia (in Korean). April 8, 2021. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. 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Retrieved April 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/teaser-kang-daniel-dances-powerfully-towards-his-antidote-launches-1st-single-artist-k-pop-fan-platform-app-695994","url_text":"\"TEASER: Kang Daniel dances powerfully towards his Antidote; launches 1st single artist K Pop fan platform app\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkvilla","url_text":"Pinkvilla"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413090948/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/teaser-kang-daniel-dances-powerfully-towards-his-antidote-launches-1st-single-artist-k-pop-fan-platform-app-695994","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'강다니엘 소속사' 커넥트, 싱어송라이터 챈슬러와 전속계약 체결\" ['Kang Daniel's agency' Konnect signs exclusive contract with singer-songwriter Chancellor]. Xports News (in Korean). August 4, 2021. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. 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Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/gfriend-yuju-reportedly-join-kang-daniel-konnect-entertainment-3017444","url_text":"\"GFRIEND's Yuju reportedly in talks to join Kang Daniel's KONNECT Entertainment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210812113108/https://www.nme.com/news/music/gfriend-yuju-reportedly-join-kang-daniel-konnect-entertainment-3017444?utm_source=hootsuite&utm_medium=&utm_term=&utm_content=&utm_campaign=","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"여자친구 유주, 강다니엘 소속사 커넥트와 전속계약[공식]\" [GFriend's Yuju signs an exclusive contract with Kang Daniel's agency Konnect [Official]]. Sports Seoul (in Korean). September 1, 2021. Archived from the original on August 31, 2021. 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Retrieved May 27, 2024 – via Yonhap News Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://korean-vibe.com/news/newsview.php?ncode=1065597753343784","url_text":"\"Kang Daniel Sues Major Shareholder of His Agency Over Immense Secret Advance Contract\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240526184605/https://korean-vibe.com/news/newsview.php?ncode=1065597753343784","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"강다니엘 \"법적 책임 외 해결 방법 없어...무거운 마음으로 형사고소 진행\" (공식입장) [전문]\" [Kang Daniel \"There is no solution other than legal responsibility... Proceeding with a heavy heart\" (Official position) [Full Story]]. MK Sports (in Korean). May 20, 2024. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. 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Retrieved August 5, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001326582","url_text":"\"'SuperStar KANGDANIEL', 강다니엘 솔로 데뷔 2주년 기념 이벤트 진행 [공식]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725070455/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001326582","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"Former 2NE1 member CL partners up with Kang Daniel's agency; fans are ecstatic for their 'CEO Daniel'\". Zoom TV (India). July 10, 2021. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/korean/article/former-2ne1-member-cl-partners-up-with-kang-daniels-agency-fans-are-ecstatic-for-their-ceo-daniel/783031","url_text":"\"Former 2NE1 member CL partners up with Kang Daniel's agency; fans are ecstatic for their 'CEO Daniel'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_(Indian_TV_channel)","url_text":"Zoom TV (India)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210710094819/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/korean/article/former-2ne1-member-cl-partners-up-with-kang-daniels-agency-fans-are-ecstatic-for-their-ceo-daniel/783031","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"강다니엘과 급성장 커넥트, CL과 파트너십 체결 \"글로벌 비즈니스 영향력 강화\"\" [Fast-growing Konnect with Kang Daniel, partnership with CL \"Strengthening global business influence\"]. Star News (in Korean). July 10, 2021. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0002970943","url_text":"\"강다니엘과 급성장 커넥트, CL과 파트너십 체결 \"글로벌 비즈니스 영향력 강화\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711130420/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0002970943","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"강다니엘 소속사 커넥트, 투애니원 씨엘 국내 매니지먼트 맡다 [공식]\" [Kang Daniel's agency Konnect takes charge of domestic management of 2NE1 CL [Official]]. Xports News (in Korean). July 10, 2021. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Jacob_(WV)	John J. Jacob (West Virginia politician)	["1 Background","2 Governor (1871–1877)","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	American politician John J. Jacob4th Governor of West VirginiaIn officeMarch 4, 1871 – March 4, 1877Preceded byWilliam E. StevensonSucceeded byHenry M. MathewsMember of theWest Virginia House of DelegatesIn office1868, 1879 Personal detailsBorn(1829-12-09)December 9, 1829Green Spring, Virginia(now West Virginia)DiedNovember 24, 1893(1893-11-24) (aged 63)Wheeling, West VirginiaPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseJane BairdProfessionPoliticianSignature John Jeremiah Jacob (December 9, 1829 – November 24, 1893) was a Democratic politician from Green Spring in (Hampshire County), in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Jacob served two terms as the fourth governor of West Virginia. He was also elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates from Hampshire County in 1868 and from Ohio County in 1879. Background John Jeremiah Jacob was born in Green Spring, Virginia on the Potomac River, north of Romney. Jacob's Hampshire County roots made him the first of West Virginia's governors to be born within the present-day borders of the state. He attended the Romney Academy in Romney and Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Jacob practiced law and taught school in Hampshire County before accepting a teaching position at the University of Missouri in 1853. In 1858, he married Jane Baird. Jacob worked as an attorney in Missouri during the American Civil War and returned to Romney after the war in 1865 to establish a law practice. In 1868, he was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates. Governor (1871–1877) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John J. Jacob" West Virginia politician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jacob was elected governor in 1870 to a two-year term making him the first of six consecutive Democratic governors. He supported the elimination of all remaining legislation that discriminated against former Confederates. Jacob also presided over the establishment of new facilities to care for the mentally handicapped and the creation of statewide schools, known as normal schools, to train teachers. Most of these schools still exist as part of the state college system. Portrait of John Jeremiah Jacob as Governor of West Virginia During Jacob's tenure as governor, West Virginia's state constitution was re-written. Moderates and former Confederate supporters themselves believed the original 1863 constitution was too biased in favor of pro-Union supporters. A new constitutional convention, controlled by Democrats, met in Charleston in 1872. The new constitution restricted the power of the legislature and expanded the governor's term in office from two to four years, but prohibiting consecutive terms (effective with the 1876 election). In 1872,Í Jacob was denied re-nomination by the Democratic Party, which was controlled by industrialist Johnson N. Camden. Jacob ran on the ad hoc "People's Independent" ticket with Republican support. He was re-elected by 2,400 votes over Camden, whom the Democrats had nominated in Jacob's place, for a four-year term. Camden's men controlled the legislature, however, and passed "ripper" laws that stripped Jacob of his appointment powers. In 1875, the state government moved from Charleston and returned the capital to Wheeling in Ohio County. After Jacob left the governor's office, he remained in Wheeling and served once again in the West Virginia House of Delegates, this time from Ohio County, in 1879. He also served as the county's circuit judge from 1881 to 1888. Jacob continued to practice law in Wheeling until his death in 1893, aged 63. See also Gravestone at the interment site of John J. Jacob at Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney, West Virginia List of governors of West Virginia References ^ "West Virginia's First Ladies," West Virginia Division of Culture and History, June 2007. ^ Richard E. Fast, The history and government of West Virginia (1901) p. 181 Further reading Richard E. Fast. The history and government of West Virginia (1901) pp 169–81 online edition External links Media related to John J. Jacob at Wikimedia Commons Biography of Governor John J. Jacob Inaugural Address of Governor John J. Jacob – March 4, 1871 Party political offices Preceded byJohnson N. Camden Democratic nominee for Governor of West Virginia 1870 Succeeded byJohnson N. Camden Preceded byWilliam E. Stevenson Republican nominee for Governor of West VirginiaEndorsed 1872 Succeeded byNathan Goff Jr. Political offices Preceded byWilliam E. Stevenson Governor of West Virginia 1871–1877 Succeeded byHenry M. Mathews vteGovernors of West Virginia Boreman Farnsworth Stevenson Jacob Mathews Jackson Wilson Fleming MacCorkle Atkinson White Dawson Glasscock Hatfield Cornwell Morgan Gore Conley Kump Holt Neely Meadows Patteson Marland Underwood Barron Smith Moore Rockefeller Moore Caperton Underwood Wise Manchin Tomblin Justice vteThird-party governors of U.S. statesCountry Arthur Fenner (RI) Henry Smith (RI) Isaac Wilbour (RI) Nullifier James Hamilton Jr. (SC) Robert Y. Hayne (SC) Stephen D. Miller (SC) Anti-Masonic William A. Palmer (VT) Joseph Ritner (PA) Law and Order Byron Diman (RI) James Fenner (RI) Know Nothing Henry Gardner (MA) Thomas H. Hicks (MD) J. Neely Johnson (CA) Ralph Metcalf (NH) William T. Minor (CT) Charles S. Morehead (KY) Peter F. Causey (DE) Unionist John Brough (OH) Henry S. Foote (MS) Elisha M. Pease (TX) Populist Silas A. Holcomb (NE) Andrew E. Lee (SD) John W. Leedy (KS) Lorenzo D. Lewelling (KS) Sylvester Pennoyer (OR) William A. Poynter (NE) John R. Rogers (WA) Davis H. Waite (CO) Silver Denver S. Dickerson (NV) John Jones (NV) Reinhold Sadler (NV) John Sparks (NV) Progressive (1912) Joseph M. Carey (WY) Hiram Johnson (CA) Nonpartisan League Lynn Frazier (ND) William Langer (ND) Walter Maddock (ND) Ole H. Olson (ND) Arthur G. Sorlie (ND) Walter Welford (ND) Farmer–Labor Elmer A. Benson (MN) Floyd B. Olson (MN) Hjalmar Petersen (MN) Wisconsin Progressive Philip La Follette (WI) Orland S. Loomis (WI) Others ▌B. Gratz Brown (Liberal Republican–MO) ▌William E. Cameron (Readjuster–VA) ▌Sidney J. Catts (Prohibition–FL) ▌Howell Cobb (Constitutional Union–GA) ▌Wally Hickel (Independence–AK) ▌Harris M. Plaisted (Greenback–ME) ▌Jesse Ventura (Reform–MN) ▌Lowell Weicker (Connecticut–CT) ▌Oliver Wolcott Jr. (Toleration–CT) Independents Shadrach Bond (IL) Lincoln Chafee (RI) Edward Coles (IL) Charlie Crist (FL) Thomas W. Dorr (RI) Moses Gill (MA) Sam Houston (TX) John J. Jacob (WV) Angus King (ME) Samuel W. King (RI) James B. Longley (ME) Joshua L. Martin (AL) Julius Meier (OR) James B. Ray (IN) Eli C. D. Shortridge (ND) Bill Walker (AK) Politics portal Third party (U.S. politics) Third-party officeholders and notable third-party election performances in the United States vteEducation in Hampshire County, West VirginiaHampshire County SchoolsElementary schools Augusta Elementary School Capon Bridge Elementary School John J. Cornwell Elementary School Romney Elementary School Slanesville Elementary School Springfield–Green Spring Elementary School Middle schools Capon Bridge Middle School Romney Middle School High schools Hampshire High School Defunct schools Capon Bridge High School Capon Bridge Junior High School Grassy Lick Elementary School Green Spring Elementary School Hoy Grade School Levels Elementary School Mill Creek Elementary School Rio Elementary School Romney Colored School Romney High School Romney Junior High School Springfield Elementary School State public schools West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and the Blind Private learning centersand educational institutions Bhavana Society Forest Monastery and Retreat Center Global Country of World Peace Transcendental Meditation Learning Center and Retreat Historic educationalsocieties and institutions Potomac Seminary Romney Academy Romney Classical Institute Romney Literary Society Springfield Academy Libraries Hampshire County Public Library Literary Hall PeopleAdministrators John Rinehart Blue William C. Clayton John Collins Covell Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy William Henry Foote Henry Bell Gilkeson Educators John Jacob Cornwell John Jeremiah Jacob Howard Hille Johnson James Sloan Kuykendall Jerry Mezzatesta Alexander W. Monroe Ruth Rowan Howard Llewellyn Swisher Officials Robert White Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Green Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Spring,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hampshire County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"fourth governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"Ohio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_County,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"John Jeremiah Jacob (December 9, 1829 – November 24, 1893) was a Democratic politician from Green Spring in (Hampshire County), in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Jacob served two terms as the fourth governor of West Virginia. He was also elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates from Hampshire County in 1868 and from Ohio County in 1879.","title":"John J. Jacob (West Virginia politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Spring, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Spring,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Romney Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney_Academy"},{"link_name":"Dickinson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_College"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Jane Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Baird_Jacob"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wvfl-1"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"West Virginia House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates"}],"text":"John Jeremiah Jacob was born in Green Spring, Virginia on the Potomac River, north of Romney. Jacob's Hampshire County roots made him the first of West Virginia's governors to be born within the present-day borders of the state. He attended the Romney Academy in Romney and Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.Jacob practiced law and taught school in Hampshire County before accepting a teaching position at the University of Missouri in 1853. In 1858, he married Jane Baird.[1] Jacob worked as an attorney in Missouri during the American Civil War and returned to Romney after the war in 1865 to establish a law practice. In 1868, he was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_1870"},{"link_name":"Confederates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GovernorJacob.gif"},{"link_name":"Governor of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_1872"},{"link_name":"Johnson N. Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_N._Camden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wheeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ohio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_County,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"Jacob was elected governor in 1870 to a two-year term making him the first of six consecutive Democratic governors. He supported the elimination of all remaining legislation that discriminated against former Confederates. Jacob also presided over the establishment of new facilities to care for the mentally handicapped and the creation of statewide schools, known as normal schools, to train teachers. Most of these schools still exist as part of the state college system.Portrait of John Jeremiah Jacob as Governor of West VirginiaDuring Jacob's tenure as governor, West Virginia's state constitution was re-written. Moderates and former Confederate supporters themselves believed the original 1863 constitution was too biased in favor of pro-Union supporters. A new constitutional convention, controlled by Democrats, met in Charleston in 1872. The new constitution restricted the power of the legislature and expanded the governor's term in office from two to four years, but prohibiting consecutive terms (effective with the 1876 election).In 1872,Í Jacob was denied re-nomination by the Democratic Party, which was controlled by industrialist Johnson N. Camden. Jacob ran on the ad hoc \"People's Independent\" ticket with Republican support. He was re-elected by 2,400 votes over Camden, whom the Democrats had nominated in Jacob's place, for a four-year term.[2] Camden's men controlled the legislature, however, and passed \"ripper\" laws that stripped Jacob of his appointment powers.In 1875, the state government moved from Charleston and returned the capital to Wheeling in Ohio County. After Jacob left the governor's office, he remained in Wheeling and served once again in the West Virginia House of Delegates, this time from Ohio County, in 1879. He also served as the county's circuit judge from 1881 to 1888. Jacob continued to practice law in Wheeling until his death in 1893, aged 63.","title":"Governor (1871–1877)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=x3exmONvPBkC"}],"text":"Richard E. Fast. The history and government of West Virginia (1901) pp 169–81 online edition","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of John Jeremiah Jacob as Governor of West Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GovernorJacob.gif/180px-GovernorJacob.gif"},{"image_text":"Gravestone at the interment site of John J. Jacob at Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney, West Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Indian_Mound_Cemetery_Romney_WV_2013_07_13_35.jpg/150px-Indian_Mound_Cemetery_Romney_WV_2013_07_13_35.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Mound_Cemetery_Romney_WV_2013_07_13_35.jpg"},{"title":"Gravestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravestone"},{"title":"interment site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"title":"Indian Mound Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mound_Cemetery"},{"title":"Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney,_West_Virginia"},{"title":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"title":"List of governors of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Virginia"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22John+J.+Jacob%22+West+Virginia+politician","external_links_name":"\"John J. 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Jacob"},{"Link":"http://www.wvculture.org/history/government/governors/jacobia.html","external_links_name":"Inaugural Address of Governor John J. Jacob – March 4, 1871"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/445158/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/70929304","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCxkM6BcCTcx7bHXQ8YP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00017284","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61g117w","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_valve	Relay valve	["1 Trailers","2 Service brake relay valve","3 Spring brake relay valve","4 Testing Relay Valves","5 References"]	Valve to remotely operate pneumatic brakes A relay valve is an air-operated valve typically used in air brake systems to remotely control the brakes at the rear of a heavy truck or semi-trailer in a tractor-trailer combination. Relay valves are necessary in heavy trucks in order to speed-up rear-brake application and release, since air takes longer to travel to the rear of the vehicle than the front of the vehicle, where the front service brakes, foot-valve, parking-control valve, and trailer-supply valve (if applicable) are located. Without relay valves, it would take too long for sufficient air to travel from the brake pedal valve to the rear of the truck or trailer in order to apply the rear service brakes concurrently with the front service brakes, resulting in a condition known as brake lag. To correct this condition on a long-wheel-base vehicle, a relay valve is installed near the rear service brake chambers. In tractors as well as straight-trucks, a remote air-supply is provided in the form of a large diameter pipe connected between the primary reservoir and the relay valve for remote service brake application. In a truck’s air brake system, relay valves get a signal when a driver presses the treadle, which then opens the valve and allows air to enter the brake chamber via air inlet. The diaphragm gets pushed, then the rod, then the slack adjuster which twists to turn the brake camshaft. Next, it moves the disc, wedge or s-cam, which pushes the brake shoes and lining, creating friction. This friction slows and eventually stops the brake drum’s turning, which stops the wheel. Trailers In trailers, this remote air-supply is in the form of a tank, which is charged whenever the emergency brakes are released via the red trailer-supply valve on the dashboard. In a dual-circuit air brake system, this tank actually receives its air from both the primary and secondary reservoirs of the tractor; the air from both of these reservoirs is merged via a two-way check valve. The two-way check valve is a pneumatic device that has two inputs and one output; each input is connected to one these reservoirs. Only the air that is at the higher pressure is allowed to pass through to the check valve's output, which then passes through the tractor-protection valve, and then travels onward towards the trailer's air-tank and spring brake valve via the red trailer-supply line (a.k.a., the emergency line); this releases the trailer's emergency brakes (a.k.a. spring brakes). The tractor-protection valve is a device that prevents air from being lost from the tractor's braking system in the event of the air-lines becoming separated or broken. The tractor's air-lines connect to the trailer's air-lines via metal connectors known as gladhands. The merged air from both reservoirs of the tractor prevents air-loss from only one tractor braking circuit from causing the trailer's spring brakes to automatically apply. This gives the driver more control, and prevents the vehicle from grinding to a halt in an unsafe location, such as in the middle of an intersection. Service brake relay valve With a service brake relay valve installed, the hose that connects to the primary delivery-port output of the foot-valve becomes a control-line (i.e., The air from the foot-valve “dead ends” at the relay valve's control-port.). Only low-volume air-signals are required to travel back and forth between the foot-valve's delivery port and the relay valve's control port; therefore, the air-volume supplied by the delivery port is now only a tiny-fraction of what otherwise would have been required had the relay valve not been installed. This reduces the delay between the application of the front and rear brakes to only a fraction of a second. When the driver depresses the brake pedal, a small amount of air momentarily opens the relay valve's supply port, which then directs air from the remote air-supply directly to the rear service brake chambers, and quickly applies the rear service brakes. The pressure delivered to the service brake chambers in this manner will equal the control-pressure delivered by the foot-valve to the relay valve. When the driver partially or fully releases the brake pedal, the control-pressure delivered by the foot-valve decreases; this causes the relay valve's supply port to close, and its exhaust port to momentarily open, thus preventing a pneumatic short-circuit from occurring while the air exhausts from all rear service brake chambers. In order to control the trailer service brakes, the merged outputs (i.e., merged via 2 two-way check valves connected in-series to give three inputs) of the foot-valve and trailer-hand-valve (if applicable) are directed through the tractor-protection valve, and onward towards the trailer relay valve via the blue service line. In tractors that are not equipped with a trailer hand valve, only the merged outputs of the foot-valve (i.e., via a single two-way check valve) are directed towards the trailer relay valve; however, the fact that the foot-valve's delivery-port outputs are still merged enables the trailer's service brakes to still be controlled even if there is failure within one braking circuit of the tractor. Spring brake relay valve A spring brake relay valve works on the same principle as the service brake relay valve, although it has the opposite effect. This type of relay valve responds to a major drop in pressure at its control-port by opening its exhaust port, which causes the air from each spring brake chamber under its control to remotely exhaust, thus applying the spring brakes much-more-quickly than would otherwise be possible if the air were required to discharge via the yellow parking-control valve on the dashboard. In a dual-circuit air brake system, air from both the primary and secondary reservoirs is fed into the supply-port of the parking-control valve, as well as the supply-port of this relay valve; it is merged via yet another two-way check valve. The delivery-port output of the parking-control valve connects to the control-port of this relay valve; this enables the spring brakes to be controlled via this valve. The merged air from the parking-control valve prevents air-loss from only one braking circuit from causing the spring brakes to automatically apply. This gives the driver more control, and prevents the vehicle from grinding to a halt in an unsafe location. However, with this increased control, comes increased responsibility on the part of the driver: If air is lost from the primary circuit alone, the spring brakes must be manually applied by the driver via the parking-control valve; otherwise, the front service brakes may not be enough to stop the vehicle safely in an emergency—especially if the vehicle is heavily loaded, and/or traveling at a high-speed. In fact, the driver's failure to manually apply the spring brakes in this situation could lead to catastrophic failure of the front brakes due to overheating, since it could cause the front service brakes to exceed their design-limit for energy absorption. QR1C air valve speeds up the process, with anti compounding, meaning trailer and service brakes will function 1 second between each other. The relay valve's function is analogous to the transistor used in electronic circuits. Testing Relay Valves Relay valves are tested for durability before use through a seat test with air. In pressure at 80 psig or more, a 2-inch or smaller relay valve should not be tested for less than 15 seconds under pressure or for less than 30 seconds if it is at 3 inches in size. References ^ Mike Byrnes (March 2010). Barron's CDL Commercial Driver's License Truck Driver's Test. p. 227. ISBN 9780764143823. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ Jeff Kane. "Pressure Testing Methods for Valves". Retrieved 4 January 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_(road_vehicle)"},{"link_name":"semi-trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer"},{"link_name":"tractor-trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor-trailer"},{"link_name":"brake pedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_pedal"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A relay valve is an air-operated valve typically used in air brake systems to remotely control the brakes at the rear of a heavy truck or semi-trailer in a tractor-trailer combination. Relay valves are necessary in heavy trucks in order to speed-up rear-brake application and release, since air takes longer to travel to the rear of the vehicle than the front of the vehicle, where the front service brakes, foot-valve, parking-control valve, and trailer-supply valve (if applicable) are located.Without relay valves, it would take too long for sufficient air to travel from the brake pedal valve to the rear of the truck or trailer in order to apply the rear service brakes concurrently with the front service brakes, resulting in a condition known as brake lag. To correct this condition on a long-wheel-base vehicle, a relay valve is installed near the rear service brake chambers. In tractors as well as straight-trucks, a remote air-supply is provided in the form of a large diameter pipe connected between the primary reservoir and the relay valve for remote service brake application.In a truck’s air brake system, relay valves get a signal when a driver presses the treadle, which then opens the valve and allows air to enter the brake chamber via air inlet. The diaphragm gets pushed, then the rod, then the slack adjuster which twists to turn the brake camshaft. Next, it moves the disc, wedge or s-cam, which pushes the brake shoes and lining, creating friction. This friction slows and eventually stops the brake drum’s turning, which stops the wheel.[1]","title":"Relay valve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emergency brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_brake"},{"link_name":"pneumatic device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics"}],"text":"In trailers, this remote air-supply is in the form of a tank, which is charged whenever the emergency brakes are released via the red trailer-supply valve on the dashboard. In a dual-circuit air brake system, this tank actually receives its air from both the primary and secondary reservoirs of the tractor; the air from both of these reservoirs is merged via a two-way check valve. The two-way check valve is a pneumatic device that has two inputs and one output; each input is connected to one these reservoirs. Only the air that is at the higher pressure is allowed to pass through to the check valve's output, which then passes through the tractor-protection valve, and then travels onward towards the trailer's air-tank and spring brake valve via the red trailer-supply line (a.k.a., the emergency line); this releases the trailer's emergency brakes (a.k.a. spring brakes). The tractor-protection valve is a device that prevents air from being lost from the tractor's braking system in the event of the air-lines becoming separated or broken. The tractor's air-lines connect to the trailer's air-lines via metal connectors known as gladhands. The merged air from both reservoirs of the tractor prevents air-loss from only one tractor braking circuit from causing the trailer's spring brakes to automatically apply. This gives the driver more control, and prevents the vehicle from grinding to a halt in an unsafe location, such as in the middle of an intersection.","title":"Trailers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"service brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_brake"},{"link_name":"tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"}],"text":"With a service brake relay valve installed, the hose that connects to the primary delivery-port output of the foot-valve becomes a control-line (i.e., The air from the foot-valve “dead ends” at the relay valve's control-port.). Only low-volume air-signals are required to travel back and forth between the foot-valve's delivery port and the relay valve's control port; therefore, the air-volume supplied by the delivery port is now only a tiny-fraction of what otherwise would have been required had the relay valve not been installed. This reduces the delay between the application of the front and rear brakes to only a fraction of a second. When the driver depresses the brake pedal, a small amount of air momentarily opens the relay valve's supply port, which then directs air from the remote air-supply directly to the rear service brake chambers, and quickly applies the rear service brakes. The pressure delivered to the service brake chambers in this manner will equal the control-pressure delivered by the foot-valve to the relay valve. When the driver partially or fully releases the brake pedal, the control-pressure delivered by the foot-valve decreases; this causes the relay valve's supply port to close, and its exhaust port to momentarily open, thus preventing a pneumatic short-circuit from occurring while the air exhausts from all rear service brake chambers.In order to control the trailer service brakes, the merged outputs (i.e., merged via 2 two-way check valves connected in-series to give three inputs) of the foot-valve and trailer-hand-valve (if applicable) are directed through the tractor-protection valve, and onward towards the trailer relay valve via the blue service line. In tractors that are not equipped with a trailer hand valve, only the merged outputs of the foot-valve (i.e., via a single two-way check valve) are directed towards the trailer relay valve; however, the fact that the foot-valve's delivery-port outputs are still merged enables the trailer's service brakes to still be controlled even if there is failure within one braking circuit of the tractor.","title":"Service brake relay valve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dashboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard"},{"link_name":"transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"}],"text":"A spring brake relay valve works on the same principle as the service brake relay valve, although it has the opposite effect. This type of relay valve responds to a major drop in pressure at its control-port by opening its exhaust port, which causes the air from each spring brake chamber under its control to remotely exhaust, thus applying the spring brakes much-more-quickly than would otherwise be possible if the air were required to discharge via the yellow parking-control valve on the dashboard. In a dual-circuit air brake system, air from both the primary and secondary reservoirs is fed into the supply-port of the parking-control valve, as well as the supply-port of this relay valve; it is merged via yet another two-way check valve. The delivery-port output of the parking-control valve connects to the control-port of this relay valve; this enables the spring brakes to be controlled via this valve. The merged air from the parking-control valve prevents air-loss from only one braking circuit from causing the spring brakes to automatically apply. This gives the driver more control, and prevents the vehicle from grinding to a halt in an unsafe location. However, with this increased control, comes increased responsibility on the part of the driver: If air is lost from the primary circuit alone, the spring brakes must be manually applied by the driver via the parking-control valve; otherwise, the front service brakes may not be enough to stop the vehicle safely in an emergency—especially if the vehicle is heavily loaded, and/or traveling at a high-speed. In fact, the driver's failure to manually apply the spring brakes in this situation could lead to catastrophic failure of the front brakes due to overheating, since it could cause the front service brakes to exceed their design-limit for energy absorption.\nQR1C air valve speeds up the process, with anti compounding, meaning trailer and service brakes will function 1 second between each other.\nThe relay valve's function is analogous to the transistor used in electronic circuits.","title":"Spring brake relay valve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Relay valves are tested for durability before use through a seat test with air. In pressure at 80 psig or more, a 2-inch or smaller relay valve should not be tested for less than 15 seconds under pressure or for less than 30 seconds if it is at 3 inches in size.[2]","title":"Testing Relay Valves"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mike Byrnes (March 2010). Barron's CDL Commercial Driver's License Truck Driver's Test. p. 227. ISBN 9780764143823. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kVzBY_v2GfkC&q=pressure+test+a+relay+valve&pg=PA226","url_text":"Barron's CDL Commercial Driver's License Truck Driver's Test"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764143823","url_text":"9780764143823"}]},{"reference":"Jeff Kane. \"Pressure Testing Methods for Valves\". Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft-valves.com/blog/pressure-testing-dft-check-valves/","url_text":"\"Pressure Testing Methods for Valves\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kVzBY_v2GfkC&q=pressure+test+a+relay+valve&pg=PA226","external_links_name":"Barron's CDL Commercial Driver's License Truck Driver's Test"},{"Link":"http://www.dft-valves.com/blog/pressure-testing-dft-check-valves/","external_links_name":"\"Pressure Testing Methods for Valves\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalting	Spalting	["1 Types","1.1 Pigmentation","1.2 White rot","1.3 Zone lines","2 Conditions","3 Commonly spalted woods","4 Common spalting fungi","5 Research","6 References"]	Any form of coloration caused by a fungal infection in the wood Zone lines in spalted woodSpalting is any form of wood coloration caused by fungi. Although primarily found in dead trees, spalting can also occur in living trees under stress. Although spalting can cause weight loss and strength loss in the wood, the unique coloration and patterns of spalted wood are sought by woodworkers.Heavily spalted mango wood is often used in the construction of ukuleles. Spalted beech bowl Spalted oak bowl Macro of spalting in beech showing white rot and zone lines Spalted maple electric guitar Mango wood with fine spalting was used to build this Romero Creations Tiny Tenor Ukulele Types Spalting is divided into three main types: pigmentation, white rot, and zone lines. Spalted wood may exhibit one or all of these types in varying degrees. Both hardwoods (deciduous) and softwoods (coniferous) can spalt, but zone lines and white rot are more commonly found on hardwoods due to enzymatic differences in white rotting fungi. Brown rots are more common to conifers, although one brown rot, Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak fungus), is known to cause spalting among deciduous trees. Pigmentation Pigmentation is caused when fungi produce extracellular pigments inside wood. Bluestain is also a form of pigmentation; however, bluestain pigments are generally bound within the hyphae cell walls. A visible color change can be seen if enough hyphae are concentrated in an area. Pigmenting fungi classified as spalting fungi do decay wood, they simply do so at a slower rate (soft rotting) than white rotting fungi. The most common groups of pigmentation fungi are the imperfect fungi and the ascomycetes. Mold fungi, such as Trichoderma spp., are not considered to be spalting fungi, as their hyphae do not colonize the wood internally and they do not produce the enzymes necessary to digest the wood cell wall components. White rot Main article: white rot The mottled white pockets and bleaching effect seen in spalted wood is due to white rot fungi. Primarily found on hardwoods, these fungi "bleach" by consuming lignin, which is the slightly pigmented area of a wood cell wall. Some white rotting can also be caused by an effect similar to pigmentation, in which the white hyphae of a fungus, such as Trametes versicolor (Fr.) Pil., is so concentrated in an area that a visual effect is created. Both strength and weight loss occur with white rot decay, causing the "punky" area often referred to by woodworkers. Brown rots, the "unpleasing" type of spalting, do not degrade lignin, thus creating a crumbly, cracked surface which cannot be stabilized. Both types of rot, if uncontrolled, will render wood useless. Zone lines See also: intraspecific antagonism Dark dotting, winding lines and thin streaks of red, brown and black are known as zone lines. This type of spalting does not occur due to any specific type of fungus, but is instead an interaction zone in which different fungi have erected barriers to protect their resources. They can also be caused by a single fungus delineating itself. The lines are often clumps of hard, dark mycelium, referred to as pseudosclerotial plate formation. Zone lines themselves do not damage the wood. However, the fungi responsible for creating them often do. Spalted wood is also sometimes known as web wood. Conditions Conditions required for spalting are the same as the conditions required for fungal growth: fixed nitrogen, micronutrients, water, warm temperatures and oxygen. Water: Wood must be saturated to a 20% moisture content or higher for fungal colonization to occur. Wood placed underwater lacks sufficient oxygen, and colonization cannot occur. Temperature: The majority of fungi prefer warm temperatures between 10 and 40 °C, with rapid growth occurring between 20 and 32 °C. Oxygen: Fungi do not require much oxygen, but conditions such as waterlogging will inhibit growth. Time: Different fungi require different amounts of time to colonize wood. Research conducted on some common spalting fungi found that Trametes versicolor, when paired with Bjerkandera adusta, took eight weeks to spalt 1.5 inch (38 mm) cubes of Acer saccharum. Colonization continued to progress after this time period, but the structural integrity of the wood was compromised. The same study also found that Polyporus brumalis, when paired with Trametes versicolor, required 10 weeks to spalt the same size cubes. Commonly spalted woods The Ohio Department of Natural Resources found that pale hardwoods had the best ability to spalt. Some common trees in this category include maple (Acer spp.), birch (Betula spp.) and beech (Fagus spp.). However, recent research suggests that sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and aspen (Populus sp.) are preferred by both white rot and pigment fungi. Common spalting fungi One of the trickier aspects to spalting is that some fungi cannot colonize wood alone; they require other fungi to have preceded them to create favorable conditions. Fungi progress in waves of primary and secondary colonizers, where primary colonizers initially capture and control resources, change the pH of the wood and its structure, and then must defend against secondary colonizers that then have the ability to colonize the substrate. Ceratocystis spp. (Ascomycetes) contains the most common blue stain fungi. Other pigmenting fungi include Chlorociboria aeruginascens, Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum. Trametes versicolor, (Basidiomycetes) is found all over the world and is a quick and efficient white rot of hardwoods. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers. ex Mer.) Grev. (Ascomycetes) has been known to bleach wood, but is unique in that it is one of the few fungi that will erect zone lines without any antagonism from other fungi. Research Initial lab work was conducted on spalting in the 1980s at Brigham Young University. A method for improving machinability in spalted wood using methyl methacrylate was developed in 1982, and several white rot fungi responsible for zone line formation were identified in 1987. Current research at Michigan Technological University has identified specific time periods at which certain spalting fungi will interact, and how long it takes for said fungi to render the wood useless. Researchers from this university also developed a test for evaluating the machinability of spalted wood using a universal test machine. References ^ a b c Robinson, S.C.; Richter, D.L.; Laks, P.E. (2007-04-01). "Colonization of sugar maple by spalting fungi". Forest Products Journal (April 2007). Retrieved 2008-11-25. ^ Robinson, Sara (2009-04-14). "Spalted wood: Find out how wood and fungi interact to create beautiful boards". Fine Woodworking. Taunton Press. Retrieved 2009-10-08. ^ Corbett, Nanette H (1965). "Micro-morphological studies on the degradation of lignified cell walls by Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti". Journal of the Institute of Wood Science. 14: 18–29. ^ a b c d Rayner, Alan D.; Rayner, Alan D. M.; Boddy, Lynne (1988). Fungal decomposition of wood: its biology and ecology. A Wiley-Interscience publication. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-10310-3. ^ a b c Zabel, R.A., and Morrell, J.J. (1992). Wood Microbiology. Decay and Its Prevention. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Academic Press, INC: New York ^ Richter, Dana L.; Glaeser, Jessie A. (2015-11-01). "Wood decay by Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) Kanouse (Helotiales, Leotiaceae) and associated basidiomycete fungi". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 105: 239–244. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.09.008. ISSN 0964-8305. ^ Anagnost, S.E.; Worrall, J.J.; Wang, C.J.K. (March 1994). "Diffuse cavity formation in soft rot of pine" (PDF). Wood Science and Technology. 28 (3). doi:10.1007/BF00193328. ISSN 0043-7719. S2CID 27560632. ^ a b Rayner, A.D.M., and Todd, N.K. (1982). Population Structure in Wood-Decomposing Basidiomycetes. Cambridge University Press: New York. ^ Liese, W (September 1970). "Ultrastructural Aspects of Woody Tissue Disintegration". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 8 (1): 231–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.08.090170.001311. ISSN 0066-4286. ^ Blanchette, Robert A. (September 1984). "Screening Wood Decayed by White Rot Fungi for Preferential Lignin Degradation". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 48 (3): 647–653. Bibcode:1984ApEnM..48..647B. doi:10.1128/aem.48.3.647-653.1984. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 241580. PMID 16346631. ^ Cease, K. R.; Blanchette, R. A.; Highley, T. L. (June 1989). "Interactions between Scytalidium species and brown- or white-rot basidiomycetes in birch wood". Wood Science and Technology. 23 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1007/BF00350937. ISSN 0043-7719. S2CID 23297139. ^ Manion, Paul D. (1991). Tree disease concepts (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-929423-5. ^ a b Eaton, Rod A.; Hale, Mike D. C.; Hale, Mike D. (1993). Wood: decay, pests and protection (1st ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-53120-0. ^ Humphrey, C.J.; Siggers, P.V. (1933). "Temperature relations of wood-destroying fungi". Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 47: 997–1008. ^ Fogarty, William M.; Ward, Owen P. (1973). "Growth and enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis and Flavobacterium pectinovorum in Picea sitchensis". Wood Science and Technology. 7 (4): 261–270. doi:10.1007/BF00351072. ISSN 0043-7719. S2CID 9641819. ^ Kamp, B. J. van der; Gokhale, A. A.; Smith, R. S. (1979-03-01). "Decay resistance owing to near-anaerobic conditions in black cottonwood wetwood". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 9 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1139/x79-007. ISSN 0045-5067. ^ Ohio Department of Natural Resources. (2005). Spalted Wood. Division home page: Forest Industries. ^ Robinson, Sara C.; Laks, Peter E. (2010-07-01). "Wood species affects laboratory colonization rates of Chlorociboria sp" (PDF). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 64 (4): 305–308. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.03.003. ISSN 0964-8305. ^ Robinson, Sara C.; Laks, Peter E. (2010-07-06). "Wood Species and Culture Age Affect Zone Line Production of Xylaria polymorpha~!2010-02-05~!2010-05-12~!2010-06-22~!". The Open Mycology Journal. 4 (1): 18–21. doi:10.2174/1874437001004010018. ^ Holmer, L.; Renvall, P.; Stenlid, J. (June 1997). "Selective replacement between species of wood-rotting basidiomycetes, a laboratory study". Mycological Research. 101 (6): 714–720. doi:10.1017/S0953756296003243. ^ Croan, Suki C. (2000). "Evaluation of white-rot fungal growth on southern yellow pine wood chips pretreated with blue-stain fungi". .:9 p.: ill. ^ Robinson, Sara C. (2012-01-13). "Developing fungal pigments for "painting" vascular plants". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 93 (4): 1389–1394. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3858-2. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 22237673. S2CID 253771157. ^ Campbell, Alex. H. (February 1933). "Zone lines in plant tissues. I. The black lines formed by Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. in hardwoods". Annals of Applied Biology. 20 (1): 123–145. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1933.tb07431.x. ISSN 0003-4746. ^ Christensen, Kip W. (1982). Improving the Working Properties of Spalted Woods Through Impregnation with Methyl Methacrylate. Brigham Young University. Department of Industrial Education. ^ Phillips, Lane William (1987). The Nature of Spalted Wood: Analysis of Zone Line Formation Between Six White Rot Fungi. Brigham Young University. Department of Industrial Education. ^ Robinson, S. C.; Laks, P. E.; Richter, D. L.; Pickens, J. B. (2007). "Evaluating loss of machinability of spalted sugar maple". Forest Products Journal. ISSN 0015-7473.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gestocktes_Holz.png"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"},{"link_name":"woodworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworkers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson07-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spalted_Mango_ukulele.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpaltedBeechBowl.jpg"},{"link_name":"beech bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spalted_Oak_Bowl.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Rot_and_Zone_Lines.JPG"},{"link_name":"Macro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_photography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watson_spalted_mockingbird.jpg"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spalted_Mango_TinyTenor_Ukulele.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mango wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica"},{"link_name":"Tiny Tenor Ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"}],"text":"Zone lines in spalted woodSpalting is any form of wood coloration caused by fungi. Although primarily found in dead trees, spalting can also occur in living trees under stress. Although spalting can cause weight loss and strength loss in the wood, the unique coloration and patterns of spalted wood are sought by woodworkers.[1]Heavily spalted mango wood is often used in the construction of ukuleles.Spalted beech bowlSpalted oak bowlMacro of spalting in beech showing white rot and zone linesSpalted maple electric guitarMango wood with fine spalting was used to build this Romero Creations Tiny Tenor Ukulele","title":"Spalting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pigmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentation"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"coniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous"},{"link_name":"Fistulina hepatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistulina_hepatica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FW-2"}],"text":"Spalting is divided into three main types: pigmentation, white rot, and zone lines. Spalted wood may exhibit one or all of these types in varying degrees. Both hardwoods (deciduous) and softwoods (coniferous) can spalt, but zone lines and white rot are more commonly found on hardwoods due to enzymatic differences in white rotting fungi. Brown rots are more common to conifers, although one brown rot, Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak fungus), is known to cause spalting among deciduous trees.[2]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaynerBoddy98-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zabel92-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"imperfect fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteromycota"},{"link_name":"ascomycetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaynerTodd82-8"},{"link_name":"Trichoderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoderma"}],"sub_title":"Pigmentation","text":"Pigmentation is caused when fungi produce extracellular pigments inside wood. Bluestain is also a form of pigmentation; however, bluestain pigments are generally bound within the hyphae cell walls.[3][4] A visible color change can be seen if enough hyphae are concentrated in an area.[5] Pigmenting fungi classified as spalting fungi do decay wood, they simply do so at a slower rate (soft rotting) than white rotting fungi.[6][7] The most common groups of pigmentation fungi are the imperfect fungi and the ascomycetes.[8] Mold fungi, such as Trichoderma spp., are not considered to be spalting fungi, as their hyphae do not colonize the wood internally and they do not produce the enzymes necessary to digest the wood cell wall components.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rot_in_wood"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Trametes versicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trametes_versicolor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strength"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zabel92-5"}],"sub_title":"White rot","text":"The mottled white pockets and bleaching effect seen in spalted wood is due to white rot fungi. Primarily found on hardwoods, these fungi \"bleach\" by consuming lignin, which is the slightly pigmented area of a wood cell wall.[9] Some white rotting can also be caused by an effect similar to pigmentation, in which the white hyphae of a fungus, such as Trametes versicolor (Fr.) Pil., is so concentrated in an area that a visual effect is created.[10]Both strength and weight loss occur with white rot decay, causing the \"punky\" area often referred to by woodworkers. Brown rots, the \"unpleasing\" type of spalting, do not degrade lignin, thus creating a crumbly, cracked surface which cannot be stabilized.[5] Both types of rot, if uncontrolled, will render wood useless.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intraspecific antagonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific_antagonism"},{"link_name":"zone lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific_antagonism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaynerTodd82-8"},{"link_name":"mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium"},{"link_name":"pseudosclerotial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosclerotium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Zone lines","text":"See also: intraspecific antagonismDark dotting, winding lines and thin streaks of red, brown and black are known as zone lines. This type of spalting does not occur due to any specific type of fungus, but is instead an interaction zone in which different fungi have erected barriers to protect their resources.[8] They can also be caused by a single fungus delineating itself. The lines are often clumps of hard, dark mycelium, referred to as pseudosclerotial plate formation.[11]Zone lines themselves do not damage the wood. However, the fungi responsible for creating them often do. Spalted wood is also sometimes known as web wood.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"micronutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zabel92-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"moisture content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_content"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EatonHale93-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EatonHale93-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bjerkandera adusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerkandera_adusta"},{"link_name":"Acer saccharum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_saccharum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson07-1"}],"text":"Conditions required for spalting are the same as the conditions required for fungal growth: fixed nitrogen, micronutrients, water, warm temperatures and oxygen.[5][12]Water:\nWood must be saturated to a 20% moisture content or higher for fungal colonization to occur. Wood placed underwater lacks sufficient oxygen, and colonization cannot occur.[13]Temperature:\nThe majority of fungi prefer warm temperatures between 10 and 40 °C,[13] with rapid growth occurring between 20 and 32 °C.[14]Oxygen:\nFungi do not require much oxygen, but conditions such as waterlogging will inhibit growth.[15][16]Time:\nDifferent fungi require different amounts of time to colonize wood. Research conducted on some common spalting fungi found that Trametes versicolor, when paired with Bjerkandera adusta, took eight weeks to spalt 1.5 inch (38 mm) cubes of Acer saccharum.[1] Colonization continued to progress after this time period, but the structural integrity of the wood was compromised. The same study also found that Polyporus brumalis, when paired with Trametes versicolor, required 10 weeks to spalt the same size cubes.","title":"Conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"sugar maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_maple"},{"link_name":"aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Ohio Department of Natural Resources found that pale hardwoods had the best ability to spalt.[17] Some common trees in this category include maple (Acer spp.), birch (Betula spp.) and beech (Fagus spp.). However, recent research suggests that sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and aspen (Populus sp.) are preferred by both white rot and pigment fungi.[18][19]","title":"Commonly spalted woods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaynerBoddy98-4"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaynerBoddy98-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ceratocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratocystis"},{"link_name":"blue stain fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_stain_fungi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chlorociboria aeruginascens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorociboria_aeruginascens"},{"link_name":"Chlorociboria aeruginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorociboria_aeruginosa"},{"link_name":"Scytalidium cuboideum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scytalidium_cuboideum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scytalidium ganodermophthorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytalidium_ganodermophthorum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Trametes versicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trametes_versicolor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaynerBoddy98-4"},{"link_name":"Xylaria polymorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylaria_polymorpha"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"One of the trickier aspects to spalting is that some fungi cannot colonize wood alone; they require other fungi to have preceded them to create favorable conditions. Fungi progress in waves of primary and secondary colonizers,[4] where primary colonizers initially capture and control resources, change the pH of the wood and its structure, and then must defend against secondary colonizers that then have the ability to colonize the substrate.[4][20]Ceratocystis spp. (Ascomycetes) contains the most common blue stain fungi.[21] Other pigmenting fungi include Chlorociboria aeruginascens, Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum.[22] Trametes versicolor, (Basidiomycetes) is found all over the world and is a quick and efficient white rot of hardwoods.[4] Xylaria polymorpha (Pers. ex Mer.) Grev. (Ascomycetes) has been known to bleach wood, but is unique in that it is one of the few fungi that will erect zone lines without any antagonism from other fungi.[23]","title":"Common spalting fungi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"methyl methacrylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_methacrylate"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson07-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Initial lab work was conducted on spalting in the 1980s at Brigham Young University. A method for improving machinability in spalted wood using methyl methacrylate was developed in 1982,[24] and several white rot fungi responsible for zone line formation were identified in 1987.[25] Current research at Michigan Technological University has identified specific time periods at which certain spalting fungi will interact, and how long it takes for said fungi to render the wood useless.[1] Researchers from this university also developed a test for evaluating the machinability of spalted wood using a universal test machine.[26]","title":"Research"}]	[{"image_text":"Zone lines in spalted wood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gestocktes_Holz.png/220px-Gestocktes_Holz.png"},{"image_text":"Heavily spalted mango wood is often used in the construction of ukuleles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Spalted_Mango_ukulele.jpg/220px-Spalted_Mango_ukulele.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spalted beech bowl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/SpaltedBeechBowl.jpg/220px-SpaltedBeechBowl.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spalted oak bowl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Spalted_Oak_Bowl.jpg/220px-Spalted_Oak_Bowl.jpg"},{"image_text":"Macro of spalting in beech showing white rot and zone lines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/White_Rot_and_Zone_Lines.JPG/220px-White_Rot_and_Zone_Lines.JPG"},{"image_text":"Spalted maple electric guitar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Watson_spalted_mockingbird.jpg/220px-Watson_spalted_mockingbird.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mango wood with fine spalting was used to build this Romero Creations Tiny Tenor Ukulele","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Spalted_Mango_TinyTenor_Ukulele.jpg/220px-Spalted_Mango_TinyTenor_Ukulele.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Robinson, S.C.; Richter, D.L.; Laks, P.E. (2007-04-01). \"Colonization of sugar maple by spalting fungi\". Forest Products Journal (April 2007). Retrieved 2008-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHjIloLM_J-oCztr2keYdV8f1ibHmDucods679W_YPnffAHpmXO3iK_UHY6iB9GTzOpvAAAA2DCB1QYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHHMIHEAgEAMIG-BgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDDE4dJtautDvNRHJgAIBEICBkDe4M-61dqn2Doty4fNURNlAaanEfSQVjWtjaj4sjhbGMrDGhMndH09eXQOfo_NYU-XPUigU9OydWMa-mfbarbvHWMjhQf8UFSRxA4L9UxkQj7UtYgO74vx5-qJANZfQRIZMshXaLDDMMGxXStTXIuhkY-HOXHUKyPMH7VUIjCbrumi3Ji0v90f89N0M3-iGtg==","url_text":"\"Colonization of sugar maple by spalting fungi\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Sara (2009-04-14). \"Spalted wood: Find out how wood and fungi interact to create beautiful boards\". Fine Woodworking. Taunton Press. Retrieved 2009-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finewoodworking.com/2009/04/14/spalted-wood","url_text":"\"Spalted wood: Find out how wood and fungi interact to create beautiful boards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Woodworking","url_text":"Fine Woodworking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton_Press","url_text":"Taunton Press"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Nanette H (1965). \"Micro-morphological studies on the degradation of lignified cell walls by Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti\". Journal of the Institute of Wood Science. 14: 18–29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rayner, Alan D.; Rayner, Alan D. M.; Boddy, Lynne (1988). Fungal decomposition of wood: its biology and ecology. A Wiley-Interscience publication. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-10310-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-10310-3","url_text":"978-0-471-10310-3"}]},{"reference":"Richter, Dana L.; Glaeser, Jessie A. (2015-11-01). \"Wood decay by Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) Kanouse (Helotiales, Leotiaceae) and associated basidiomycete fungi\". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 105: 239–244. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.09.008. ISSN 0964-8305.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/49714","url_text":"\"Wood decay by Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) Kanouse (Helotiales, Leotiaceae) and associated basidiomycete fungi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ibiod.2015.09.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.09.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0964-8305","url_text":"0964-8305"}]},{"reference":"Anagnost, S.E.; Worrall, J.J.; Wang, C.J.K. (March 1994). \"Diffuse cavity formation in soft rot of pine\" (PDF). Wood Science and Technology. 28 (3). doi:10.1007/BF00193328. ISSN 0043-7719. S2CID 27560632.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forestpathology.org/pdfs/anagnost1994cavity.pdf","url_text":"\"Diffuse cavity formation in soft rot of pine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00193328","url_text":"10.1007/BF00193328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7719","url_text":"0043-7719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27560632","url_text":"27560632"}]},{"reference":"Liese, W (September 1970). \"Ultrastructural Aspects of Woody Tissue Disintegration\". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 8 (1): 231–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.08.090170.001311. ISSN 0066-4286.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.py.08.090170.001311","url_text":"\"Ultrastructural Aspects of Woody Tissue Disintegration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.py.08.090170.001311","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.py.08.090170.001311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4286","url_text":"0066-4286"}]},{"reference":"Blanchette, Robert A. (September 1984). \"Screening Wood Decayed by White Rot Fungi for Preferential Lignin Degradation\". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 48 (3): 647–653. Bibcode:1984ApEnM..48..647B. doi:10.1128/aem.48.3.647-653.1984. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 241580. PMID 16346631.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC241580","url_text":"\"Screening Wood Decayed by White Rot Fungi for Preferential Lignin Degradation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ApEnM..48..647B","url_text":"1984ApEnM..48..647B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.48.3.647-653.1984","url_text":"10.1128/aem.48.3.647-653.1984"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-2240","url_text":"0099-2240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC241580","url_text":"241580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16346631","url_text":"16346631"}]},{"reference":"Cease, K. R.; Blanchette, R. A.; Highley, T. L. (June 1989). \"Interactions between Scytalidium species and brown- or white-rot basidiomycetes in birch wood\". Wood Science and Technology. 23 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1007/BF00350937. ISSN 0043-7719. S2CID 23297139.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00350937","url_text":"\"Interactions between Scytalidium species and brown- or white-rot basidiomycetes in birch wood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00350937","url_text":"10.1007/BF00350937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7719","url_text":"0043-7719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23297139","url_text":"23297139"}]},{"reference":"Manion, Paul D. (1991). Tree disease concepts (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-929423-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-929423-5","url_text":"978-0-13-929423-5"}]},{"reference":"Eaton, Rod A.; Hale, Mike D. C.; Hale, Mike D. (1993). Wood: decay, pests and protection (1st ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-53120-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-53120-0","url_text":"978-0-412-53120-0"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, C.J.; Siggers, P.V. (1933). \"Temperature relations of wood-destroying fungi\". Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 47: 997–1008.","urls":[{"url":"https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43968250/PDF","url_text":"\"Temperature relations of wood-destroying fungi\""}]},{"reference":"Fogarty, William M.; Ward, Owen P. (1973). \"Growth and enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis and Flavobacterium pectinovorum in Picea sitchensis\". Wood Science and Technology. 7 (4): 261–270. doi:10.1007/BF00351072. ISSN 0043-7719. S2CID 9641819.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00351072","url_text":"\"Growth and enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis and Flavobacterium pectinovorum in Picea sitchensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00351072","url_text":"10.1007/BF00351072"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7719","url_text":"0043-7719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9641819","url_text":"9641819"}]},{"reference":"Kamp, B. J. van der; Gokhale, A. A.; Smith, R. S. (1979-03-01). \"Decay resistance owing to near-anaerobic conditions in black cottonwood wetwood\". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 9 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1139/x79-007. ISSN 0045-5067.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/x79-007","url_text":"\"Decay resistance owing to near-anaerobic conditions in black cottonwood wetwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fx79-007","url_text":"10.1139/x79-007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0045-5067","url_text":"0045-5067"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Sara C.; Laks, Peter E. (2010-07-01). \"Wood species affects laboratory colonization rates of Chlorociboria sp\" (PDF). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 64 (4): 305–308. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.03.003. ISSN 0964-8305.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dominikmatus.cz/files/Chlorociboria/Wood%20species%20affects%20laboratory%20colonization%20rates%20of%20Chlorociboria%20sp..pdf","url_text":"\"Wood species affects laboratory colonization rates of Chlorociboria sp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ibiod.2010.03.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.03.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0964-8305","url_text":"0964-8305"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Sara C.; Laks, Peter E. (2010-07-06). \"Wood Species and Culture Age Affect Zone Line Production of Xylaria polymorpha~!2010-02-05~!2010-05-12~!2010-06-22~!\". The Open Mycology Journal. 4 (1): 18–21. doi:10.2174/1874437001004010018.","urls":[{"url":"http://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOMYCJ-4-18","url_text":"\"Wood Species and Culture Age Affect Zone Line Production of Xylaria polymorpha~!2010-02-05~!2010-05-12~!2010-06-22~!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874437001004010018","url_text":"10.2174/1874437001004010018"}]},{"reference":"Holmer, L.; Renvall, P.; Stenlid, J. (June 1997). \"Selective replacement between species of wood-rotting basidiomycetes, a laboratory study\". Mycological Research. 101 (6): 714–720. doi:10.1017/S0953756296003243.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0953756208604955","url_text":"\"Selective replacement between species of wood-rotting basidiomycetes, a laboratory study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756296003243","url_text":"10.1017/S0953756296003243"}]},{"reference":"Croan, Suki C. (2000). \"Evaluation of white-rot fungal growth on southern yellow pine wood chips pretreated with blue-stain fungi\". [The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Section 1, Biology: 31st annual meeting, Kona, Hawaii, USA, 14–19 May 2000. Stockholm,Sweden: IRG Secretariat, 2000].:9 p.: ill.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/5697","url_text":"\"Evaluation of white-rot fungal growth on southern yellow pine wood chips pretreated with blue-stain fungi\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Sara C. (2012-01-13). \"Developing fungal pigments for \"painting\" vascular plants\". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 93 (4): 1389–1394. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3858-2. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 22237673. S2CID 253771157.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3858-2","url_text":"\"Developing fungal pigments for \"painting\" vascular plants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-011-3858-2","url_text":"10.1007/s00253-011-3858-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0175-7598","url_text":"0175-7598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22237673","url_text":"22237673"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253771157","url_text":"253771157"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Alex. H. (February 1933). \"Zone lines in plant tissues. I. The black lines formed by Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. in hardwoods\". Annals of Applied Biology. 20 (1): 123–145. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1933.tb07431.x. ISSN 0003-4746.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1933.tb07431.x","url_text":"\"Zone lines in plant tissues. I. The black lines formed by Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. in hardwoods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1933.tb07431.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1744-7348.1933.tb07431.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4746","url_text":"0003-4746"}]},{"reference":"Christensen, Kip W. (1982). Improving the Working Properties of Spalted Woods Through Impregnation with Methyl Methacrylate. Brigham Young University. Department of Industrial Education.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xvymtgAACAAJ","url_text":"Improving the Working Properties of Spalted Woods Through Impregnation with Methyl Methacrylate"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Lane William (1987). The Nature of Spalted Wood: Analysis of Zone Line Formation Between Six White Rot Fungi. Brigham Young University. Department of Industrial Education.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hBi3HAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Nature of Spalted Wood: Analysis of Zone Line Formation Between Six White Rot Fungi"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, S. C.; Laks, P. E.; Richter, D. L.; Pickens, J. B. (2007). \"Evaluating loss of machinability of spalted sugar maple\". Forest Products Journal. ISSN 0015-7473.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Evaluating+loss+of+machinability+in+spalted+sugar+maple.-a0162695402","url_text":"\"Evaluating loss of machinability of spalted sugar maple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7473","url_text":"0015-7473"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHjIloLM_J-oCztr2keYdV8f1ibHmDucods679W_YPnffAHpmXO3iK_UHY6iB9GTzOpvAAAA2DCB1QYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHHMIHEAgEAMIG-BgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDDE4dJtautDvNRHJgAIBEICBkDe4M-61dqn2Doty4fNURNlAaanEfSQVjWtjaj4sjhbGMrDGhMndH09eXQOfo_NYU-XPUigU9OydWMa-mfbarbvHWMjhQf8UFSRxA4L9UxkQj7UtYgO74vx5-qJANZfQRIZMshXaLDDMMGxXStTXIuhkY-HOXHUKyPMH7VUIjCbrumi3Ji0v90f89N0M3-iGtg==","external_links_name":"\"Colonization of sugar maple by spalting fungi\""},{"Link":"https://www.finewoodworking.com/2009/04/14/spalted-wood","external_links_name":"\"Spalted wood: Find out how wood and fungi interact to create beautiful boards\""},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/49714","external_links_name":"\"Wood decay by Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_chromed	Chrome plating	["1 Process","2 Hexavalent chromium","2.1 Disadvantages","3 Trivalent chromium","3.1 Advantages and disadvantages","4 Divalent chromium","5 Types","5.1 Decorative","5.2 Hard","6 Automotive use","7 Arms use","8 Health and environmental concerns","9 Mechanism of chromium electroplating","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading"]	Technique of electroplating This article is about a chromium electroplating technique. For other uses, see Chrome (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Chromate conversion coating. Decorative chrome plating on a motorcycle Chrome plating (less commonly chromium plating) is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal object. A chrome plated part is called chrome, or is said to have been chromed. The chromium layer can be decorative, provide corrosion resistance, facilitate cleaning, and increase surface hardness. Sometimes, a less expensive substitute for chrome such as nickel may be used for aesthetic purposes. Chromium compounds used in electroplating are toxic. In most countries, their disposal is tightly regulated. Some fume suppressants used to control the emission of airborne chromium from plating baths are also toxic, making disposal even more difficult. Process The preparation and chrome plating of a part typically includes some or all of these steps: Surface preparation Manual cleaning to remove dirt and surface impurities Removal of remaining organic contaminants using emulsion cleaning, alkaline cleaning, anodic electrocleaning, or solvent cleaning by immersion, spray, manual application, or vapor condensation Rinsing Activation or electroetching Rinsing (not necessary if the activation and plating steps are done in the same bath) Immersion in the chrome plating bath, where the part is allowed to warm to solution temperature Application of plating current for the required time to attain the desired thickness Rinsing There are many variations to this process, depending on the type of substrate being plated. Different substrates need different etching solutions, such as hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids. Ferric chloride is also popular for the etching of nimonic alloys. Sometimes the component enters the chrome plating vat while electrically live. Sometimes the component has a conforming anode made from lead/tin or platinized titanium. A typical hard chrome vat plates at about 0.001 inches (25 μm) per hour. Some common industry specifications governing the chrome plating process are AMS 2460, AMS 2406, and MIL-STD-1501. Hexavalent chromium Hexavalent chromium plating, also known as hex-chrome, Cr6+, and chrome(VI) plating, uses chromium trioxide (CrO3, also known as chromic anhydride) as the main ingredient. Hexavalent chromium plating solution is used for both decorative and hard plating, as well as bright dipping of copper alloys, chromic acid anodizing, and chromate conversion coating. A typical hexavalent chromium plating process is: Activation bath Chromium bath Rinse Second rinse The activation bath is typically a tank of chromic acid with a reverse current run through it. This etches the work-piece surface and removes any scale. In some cases, the activation step is done in the chromium bath. The chromium bath is a mixture of chromium trioxide and sulfuric acid, the ratio of which varies greatly between 75:1 to 250:1 by weight. This results in an extremely acidic bath (pH 0). The temperature and current density in the bath affect the brightness and final coverage. For decorative coating the temperature ranges from 35 to 45 °C (100 to 110 °F), but for hard coating it ranges from 50 to 65 °C (120 to 150 °F). Temperature is also dependent on the current density, because a higher current density requires a higher temperature. Finally, the whole bath is agitated to keep the temperature steady and achieve a uniform deposition. Disadvantages One functional disadvantage of hexavalent chromium plating is low cathode efficiency, which results in bad throwing power. This means it leaves a non-uniform coating, with more on edges and less in inside corners and holes. To overcome this problem the part may be over-plated and ground to size, or auxiliary anodes may be used around the hard-to-plate areas. Hexavalent chromium is also considerably more toxic than trivalent chromium, rendering it a major health risk both in manufacturing and disposal if not handled with care. Trivalent chromium Trivalent chromium plating, also known as tri-chrome, Cr3+, and chrome(III) plating, uses chromium sulfate or chromium chloride as the main ingredient. Trivalent chromium plating is an alternative to hexavalent chromium in certain applications and thicknesses (e.g. decorative plating). A trivalent chromium plating process is similar to the hexavalent chromium plating process, except for the bath chemistry and anode composition. There are three main types of trivalent chromium bath configurations: A chloride- or sulfate-based electrolyte bath using graphite or composite anodes, plus additives to prevent the oxidation of trivalent chromium to the anodes. A sulfate-based bath that uses lead anodes surrounded by boxes filled with sulfuric acid (known as shielded anodes), which keeps the trivalent chromium from oxidizing at the anodes. A sulfate-based bath that uses insoluble catalytic anodes, which maintains an electrode potential that prevents oxidation. The trivalent chromium-plating process can plate the workpieces at a similar temperature, rate and hardness, as compared to hexavalent chromium. Plating thickness ranges from 5 to 50 μin (0.13 to 1.27 μm). Advantages and disadvantages The functional advantages of trivalent chromium are higher cathode efficiency and better throwing power. Better throwing power means better production rates. Less energy is required because of the lower current densities required. The process is more robust than hexavalent chromium because it can withstand current interruptions. One of the disadvantages when the process was first introduced was that decorative customers disapproved of the color differences. Companies now use additives to adjust the color. In hard coating applications, the corrosion resistance of thicker coatings is not quite as good as it is with hexavalent chromium. The cost of the chemicals is greater, but this is usually offset by greater production rates and lower overhead costs. In general, the process must be controlled more closely than in hexavalent chromium plating, especially with respect to metallic impurities. This means processes that are hard to control, such as barrel plating, are much more difficult using a trivalent chromium bath. Divalent chromium Divalent chromium plating is done from liquids comprising Cr2+ species. Such solutions were avoided prior to ca. 2020, because of air-sensitivity and hydrogen evolution from aqueous Cr2+ solutions. In the 2020s, it was discovered that CrCl2 has ca. 4.0 M solubility in water at room temperature (i.e. with H2O:Cr molar ratio around 14:1), and such liquids behave like supersaturated electrolytes with a reduced propensity toward hydrogen evolution. The best quality bright deposits are produced at relatively high current density of 20 mA/cm2. Types Decorative Art Deco portfolio with chrome-plated cover, ca 1925 Decorative chrome is designed to be aesthetically pleasing and durable. Thicknesses range from 2 to 20 μin (0.05 to 0.5 μm), however, they are usually between 5 and 10 μin (0.13 and 0.25 μm). The chromium plating is usually applied over bright nickel plating. Typical base materials include steel, aluminium, plastic, copper alloys, and zinc alloys. Decorative chrome plating is also very corrosion resistant and is often used on car parts, tools and kitchen utensils. Hard Hard chrome plating Hard chrome, also known as industrial chrome or engineered chrome, is used to reduce friction, improve durability through abrasion tolerance and wear resistance in general, minimize galling or seizing of parts, expand chemical inertness to include a broader set of conditions (such as oxidation resistance), and bulking material for worn parts to restore their original dimensions. It is very hard, measuring between 65 and 69 HRC (also based on the base metal's hardness). Hard chrome tends to be thicker than decorative chrome, with standard thicknesses in non-salvage applications ranging from 20 to 40 μm, but it can be an order of magnitude thicker for extreme wear resistance requirements, in such cases 100 μm or thicker provides optimal results. Unfortunately, such thicknesses emphasize the limitations of the process, which are overcome by plating extra thickness then grinding down and lapping to meet requirements, or to improve the overall aesthetics of the chromed piece. Increasing plating thickness amplifies surface defects and roughness in proportional severity, because hard chrome does not have a leveling effect. Pieces that are not ideally shaped in reference to electric field geometries (nearly every piece sent in for plating, except spheres and egg shaped objects) require even thicker plating to compensate for non-uniform deposition, and much of it is wasted when grinding the piece back to desired dimensions. Modern engineered coatings do not suffer such drawbacks, which often price hard chrome out due to labor costs alone. Hard chrome replacement technologies outperform hard chrome in wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and cost. Hardness up to 80 HRC is not extraordinary for such materials. Modern engineered coatings applied using spray deposition can form layers of uniform thickness that often require no further polishing or machining. These coatings are often composites of polymers, metals, and ceramic powders or fibers as proprietary formulas protected by patents or as trade secrets, and thus are usually known by brand names. Hard chromium plating is subject to different types of quality requirements depending on the application; for instance, the plating on hydraulic piston rods are tested for corrosion resistance with a salt spray test. Automotive use This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Most bright decorative items affixed to cars are referred to as "chrome", meaning steel that has undergone several plating processes to endure the temperature changes and weather that a car is subject to outdoors. However, the term passed on to cover any similar-looking shiny decorative auto parts, including silver plastic trim pieces in casual terminology. Triple plating is the most expensive and durable process, which involves plating the steel first with copper and then nickel before the chromium plating is applied. Prior to the application of chrome in the 1920s, nickel electroplating was used. In the short production run prior to the US entry into the Second World War, the government banned plating to save chromium and automobile manufacturers painted the decorative pieces in a complementary color. In the last years of the Korean War, the US contemplated banning chrome in favor of several cheaper processes (such as plating with zinc and then coating with shiny plastic). In 2007, a Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) was issued banning several toxic substances for use in the automotive industry in Europe, including hexavalent chromium, which is used in chrome plating. However, chrome plating is metal and contains no hexavalent chromium after it is rinsed, so chrome plating is not banned. Arms use Chrome-lining protects the barrel or chamber of arms from corrosion and makes these parts also easier to clean, but this is not the main purpose for lining a barrel or chamber. Chrome-lining was introduced in machine guns to increase the wear resistance and service life of highly stressed arms parts like barrels and chambers, allowing more rounds to be fired before a barrel is worn and needs to be replaced. The end of the chamber, freebore and leade (the unrifled portion of the barrel just forward of the chamber), as well as the first few centimeters or few inches of rifling, in rifles are subject to very high temperatures — as the energy content of rifle propellants can exceed 3500 kJ/kg — and pressures that can exceed 380 MPa (55,114 psi). The propellant gases act similarly as the flame from a cutting torch, the gases heating up the metal to red-hot state and the velocity tearing away metal. Under slow fire conditions, the affected areas are able to cool sufficiently in between shots. Under sustained rapid fire or automatic/cyclic fire there is no time for the heat to dissipate. The heat and pressure effects exerted by the hot propellant gasses and friction by the projectile can quickly cause damage by washing away metal at the end of the chamber, freebore, leade and rifling. Hard chrome-lining protects the chamber, freebore, leade and rifling with a thin coat of wear resistant chrome. This significantly extends barrel life in arms that are fired for prolonged periods in full-auto or sustained rapid fire modes. Some arms manufacturers use Stellite-lining alloy as an alternative to hard chrome-lining to further increase the wear resistance and service life of highly stressed arms parts. Health and environmental concerns Hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency regulates it heavily. The EPA lists hexavalent chromium as a hazardous air pollutant because it is a human carcinogen, a "priority pollutant" under the Clean Water Act, and a "hazardous constituent" under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Due to its low cathodic efficiency and high solution viscosity, a toxic mist of water and hexavalent chromium is released from the bath. Wet scrubbers are used to control these emissions. The liquid from the wet scrubbers is treated to precipitate the chromium and remove it from the wastewater before it is discharged. Additional toxic waste created from hexavalent chromium baths include lead chromates, which form in the bath because lead anodes are used. Barium is also used to control the sulfate concentration, which leads to the formation of barium sulfate (BaSO4). Trivalent chromium is intrinsically less toxic than hexavalent chromium. Because of the lower toxicity it is not regulated as strictly, which reduces overhead costs. Other health advantages include higher cathode efficiencies, which lead to less chromium air emissions; lower concentration levels, resulting in less chromium waste and anodes that do not decompose. Maintaining a bath surface tension less than 35 dyn/cm is necessary to prevent plating solution from becoming airborne when bubbles rise to the surface and pop. This requires a frequent cycle of treating the bath with a wetting agent fume suppressant and confirming the effect on surface tension. Usually, surface tension is measured with a stalagmometer or tensiometer. This method is, however, tedious and suffers from inaccuracy (errors up to 22 dyn/cm have been reported), and is dependent on the user's experience and capabilities. While they are effective for the control of toxic airborne chromium, many widely used wetting agent fume suppressants are toxic themselves because they contain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are hazardous chemicals that can cause long-term health effects. This makes electroplating one of the jobs with the highest risk of occupational exposure to PFAS, but not as high as firefighters using fluorinated aqueous film forming foams. In addition to their detrimental effects on human health, PFAS are persistent pollutants that cause significant bioaccumulation and biomagnification, putting animals at the highest trophic level at the highest risk for toxic effects. Mechanism of chromium electroplating It has been known for over a century, that chromium electroplating is relatively easy from (di)chromate solutions, but difficult from Cr3+ solutions. Several theories have been proposed to explain this finding. An earlier view suggested, that an active Cr3+ species (perhaps, with a ligand rather than water) forms initially from electroreduced Cr6+. This active Cr3+ species can be reduced into metallic chromium relatively easy. However, the "active Cr3+" also undergoes within less than 1 second a transition into "inactive Cr3+", which is believed to be a polymeric hexa-aqua complex. Some complexes of Cr3+ with ligand other than water can undergo relatively fast electroreduction to metallic chromium, and they are used in chromate-free chromium plating methods. A different school of thought suggests, that the main problem with chromium plating from Cr3+ solution is hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the role of chromate is to scavenge H+ ions in a reaction that competes with H2 evolution: Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O The shine of plated chrome depends on whether microscopic cracks in the plating are visible on the surface. The dull appearance of some chrome layers is due to continuous cracks that propagate through the whole plated metal layer, while bright deposits appear in the case of small microcracks that are confined to inner depth of the deposit. This HER side-reaction mechanism seems more acceptable by the electrochemistry community at present. Methods of plating chromium from Cr3+ solutions that rely on reversed current pulses have been commercialized (allegedly, to reoxidize the H2). See also Stainless steel Metal toxicity References ^ "Chrome Plating Process". Finishing.com. Retrieved 2024-06-13. ^ "MIL-S-5002D: Surface Treatments and Inorganic Coatings for Metal Surfaces of Weapons Systems". EverySpec. Retrieved 21 March 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pollution Prevention Technology Profile Trivalent Chromium Replacements for Hexavalent Chromium Plating (PDF), Northeast Waste Management Officials’ Association, 2003-10-18, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. ^ Surface Engineering Association. "A brief guide to the chrome plating process". Surface Engineering Association. Retrieved 21 August 2023. ^ Matsumoto et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2022, 126, 14346−14352.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04715 ^ "QQ-C-320B" (PDF). everyspec.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "Design Recommendations For Hard Chrome Plating". U.S. CHrome Corporation. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, p. 793, ISBN 0-471-65653-4. ^ Vernhes, Luc (2013). "Alternatives for hard chromium plating: Nanostructured coatings for severe-service valves". Materials Chemistry and Physics. 140 (2–3): 522–528. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.03.065. ^ "Automotive Chrome Plating". AutoTrader. Retrieved 2024-06-13. ^ "Stellite Lined Barrels". Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-24. ^ "Torture Test: U.S. Ordnance MAG-58/M240 – Small Arms Defense Journal - Dan Shea - 28 February 2013". Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021. ^ "Rule and Implementation Information for Chromium Electroplating\| Technology Transfer Network Air Technical Web site \| US EPA". Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2010-08-20. ^ "Surface Technology Environmental Resource Center - STERC". Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-08-20. ^ Gilchrist, Maya. "PFAS in the metal plating and finishing industry" (PDF). Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2023. ^ Rotander, Anna; Kärrman, Anna; Toms, Leisa-Maree L.; Kay, Margaret; Mueller, Jochen F.; Gómez Ramos, María José (2015). "Novel Fluorinated Surfactants Tentatively Identified in Firefighters Using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry and a Case-Control Approach". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (4): 2434–2442. Bibcode:2015EnST...49.2434R. doi:10.1021/es503653n. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 25611076. ^ Kjølholt, Jesper; Astrup Jensen, Allan; Warming, Marlies. "Short-chain Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)" (PDF). Ministry of Environment of Denmark Environmental Protection Agency. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2023. ^ "Chromium Electroplating". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2024-06-13. ^ Del Pianta, D., J. Frayret, C. Gleyzes, C. Cugnet, J. C. Dupin and I. Le Hecho (2018). "Determination of the chromium(III) reduction mechanism during chromium electroplating." Electrochimica Acta 284: 234-241; 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.114 ^ Stern, C. M., T. O. Jegede, V. A. Hulse and N. Elgrishi (2021). "Electrochemical reduction of Cr(vi) in water: lessons learned from fundamental studies and applications." Chemical Society Reviews 50(3): 1642-1667; 10.1039/d0cs01165g ^ Mandich, N. V. (1997). "Chemistry & theory of chromium deposition .1. Chemistry." Plating and Surface Finishing 84(5): 108-115; ^ Zhao, H., W. H. Liu, Q. P. Li, B. Zhang, J. G. Liu, C. W. Yan and C. M. Liu (2020). "Mechanism of Chromium Electrodeposition from Cr(III) Baths on Nickel and Chromium Electrode Surfaces." International Journal of Electrochemical Science 15(9): 8979-8989; 10.20964/2020.09.23 ^ Guillon, R., O. Dalverny, B. Fori, C. Gazeau and J. Alexis (2022). "Mechanical Behaviour of Hard Chromium Deposited from a Trivalent Chromium Bath." Coatings 12(3): 13; 10.3390/coatings12030354 Okonkwo, B. O., C. Jeong and C. Jang (2022). "Advances on Cr and Ni Electrodeposition for Industrial Applications-A Review." Coatings 12(10): 27; 10.3390/coatings12101555 ^ Taylor, E. J. and M. Inman (2020). "Looking at Patent Law: Patenting a Trivalent Chromium Plating Invention: Obviousness Rejections - Not So Obvious." Electrochemical Society Interface 29(3): 35-40; 10.1149/2.F04203if ^ "Hexavalent Chromium Safety". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 2024-06-13. ^ "Industrial Hard Chrome Plating". Hard Chrome Plating. Retrieved 2024-06-13. Further reading SAE AMS 2406 SAE AMS 2438 SAE AMS 2460 - Plating, Chromium Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrome (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chromate conversion coating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromate_conversion_coating"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"electroplating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating"},{"link_name":"chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"toxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_toxicity"}],"text":"This article is about a chromium electroplating technique. For other uses, see Chrome (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Chromate conversion coating.Decorative chrome plating on a motorcycleChrome plating (less commonly chromium plating) is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal object. A chrome plated part is called chrome, or is said to have been chromed. The chromium layer can be decorative, provide corrosion resistance, facilitate cleaning, and increase surface hardness. Sometimes, a less expensive substitute for chrome such as nickel may be used for aesthetic purposes.Chromium compounds used in electroplating are toxic. In most countries, their disposal is tightly regulated. Some fume suppressants used to control the emission of airborne chromium from plating baths are also toxic, making disposal even more difficult.","title":"Chrome plating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surface preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_finishing#Mechanical_finishing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finishing-1"},{"link_name":"alkaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaning_agent#Alkaline"},{"link_name":"solvent cleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_degreasing#Spraying"},{"link_name":"vapor condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_degreasing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIL-S-5002D-2"},{"link_name":"Activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation"},{"link_name":"electroetching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroetching"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"hydrofluoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"Ferric chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferric_chloride"},{"link_name":"nimonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimonic"}],"text":"The preparation and chrome plating of a part typically includes some or all of these steps:Surface preparation\nManual cleaning to remove dirt and surface impurities[1]\nRemoval of remaining organic contaminants using emulsion cleaning, alkaline cleaning, anodic electrocleaning, or solvent cleaning by immersion, spray, manual application, or vapor condensation[2]\nRinsing\nActivation or electroetching\nRinsing (not necessary if the activation and plating steps are done in the same bath)\nImmersion in the chrome plating bath, where the part is allowed to warm to solution temperature\nApplication of plating current for the required time to attain the desired thickness\nRinsingThere are many variations to this process, depending on the type of substrate being plated. Different substrates need different etching solutions, such as hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids. Ferric chloride is also popular for the etching of nimonic alloys. Sometimes the component enters the chrome plating vat while electrically live. Sometimes the component has a conforming anode made from lead/tin or platinized titanium. A typical hard chrome vat plates at about 0.001 inches (25 μm) per hour.Some common industry specifications governing the chrome plating process are AMS 2460, AMS 2406, and MIL-STD-1501.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hexavalent chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium"},{"link_name":"chromium trioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_trioxide"},{"link_name":"chromic acid anodizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing#Chromic_acid_(Type_I)"},{"link_name":"chromate conversion coating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromate_conversion_coating"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_scale"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"current density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_density"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"}],"text":"Hexavalent chromium plating, also known as hex-chrome, Cr6+, and chrome(VI) plating, uses chromium trioxide (CrO3, also known as chromic anhydride) as the main ingredient. Hexavalent chromium plating solution is used for both decorative and hard plating, as well as bright dipping of copper alloys, chromic acid anodizing, and chromate conversion coating.[3]A typical hexavalent chromium plating process is:Activation bath\nChromium bath\nRinse\nSecond rinseThe activation bath is typically a tank of chromic acid with a reverse current run through it. This etches the work-piece surface and removes any scale. In some cases, the activation step is done in the chromium bath. The chromium bath is a mixture of chromium trioxide and sulfuric acid, the ratio of which varies greatly between 75:1 to 250:1 by weight. This results in an extremely acidic bath (pH 0). The temperature and current density in the bath affect the brightness and final coverage. For decorative coating the temperature ranges from 35 to 45 °C (100 to 110 °F), but for hard coating it ranges from 50 to 65 °C (120 to 150 °F). Temperature is also dependent on the current density, because a higher current density requires a higher temperature. Finally, the whole bath is agitated to keep the temperature steady and achieve a uniform deposition.[3]","title":"Hexavalent chromium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"throwing power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_power"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Disadvantages","text":"One functional disadvantage of hexavalent chromium plating is low cathode efficiency, which results in bad throwing power. This means it leaves a non-uniform coating, with more on edges and less in inside corners and holes. To overcome this problem the part may be over-plated and ground to size, or auxiliary anodes may be used around the hard-to-plate areas.[3] Hexavalent chromium is also considerably more toxic than trivalent chromium, rendering it a major health risk both in manufacturing and disposal if not handled with care.[4]","title":"Hexavalent chromium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chromium sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfate"},{"link_name":"chromium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_chloride"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"electrode potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode_potential"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"}],"text":"Trivalent chromium plating, also known as tri-chrome, Cr3+, and chrome(III) plating, uses chromium sulfate or chromium chloride as the main ingredient. Trivalent chromium plating is an alternative to hexavalent chromium in certain applications and thicknesses (e.g. decorative plating).[3]A trivalent chromium plating process is similar to the hexavalent chromium plating process, except for the bath chemistry and anode composition. There are three main types of trivalent chromium bath configurations:[3]A chloride- or sulfate-based electrolyte bath using graphite or composite anodes, plus additives to prevent the oxidation of trivalent chromium to the anodes.\nA sulfate-based bath that uses lead anodes surrounded by boxes filled with sulfuric acid (known as shielded anodes), which keeps the trivalent chromium from oxidizing at the anodes.\nA sulfate-based bath that uses insoluble catalytic anodes, which maintains an electrode potential that prevents oxidation.The trivalent chromium-plating process can plate the workpieces at a similar temperature, rate and hardness, as compared to hexavalent chromium. Plating thickness ranges from 5 to 50 μin (0.13 to 1.27 μm).[3]","title":"Trivalent chromium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"}],"sub_title":"Advantages and disadvantages","text":"The functional advantages of trivalent chromium are higher cathode efficiency and better throwing power. Better throwing power means better production rates. Less energy is required because of the lower current densities required. The process is more robust than hexavalent chromium because it can withstand current interruptions.[3]One of the disadvantages when the process was first introduced was that decorative customers disapproved of the color differences. Companies now use additives to adjust the color. In hard coating applications, the corrosion resistance of thicker coatings is not quite as good as it is with hexavalent chromium. The cost of the chemicals is greater, but this is usually offset by greater production rates and lower overhead costs. In general, the process must be controlled more closely than in hexavalent chromium plating, especially with respect to metallic impurities. This means processes that are hard to control, such as barrel plating, are much more difficult using a trivalent chromium bath.[3]","title":"Trivalent chromium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_evolution_reaction"},{"link_name":"solubility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility"},{"link_name":"supersaturated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersaturation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Divalent chromium plating is done from liquids comprising Cr2+ species. Such solutions were avoided prior to ca. 2020, because of air-sensitivity and hydrogen evolution from aqueous Cr2+ solutions. In the 2020s, it was discovered that CrCl2 has ca. 4.0 M solubility in water at room temperature (i.e. with H2O:Cr molar ratio around 14:1), and such liquids behave like supersaturated electrolytes with a reduced propensity toward hydrogen evolution. The best quality bright deposits are produced at relatively high current density of 20 mA/cm2.[5]","title":"Divalent chromium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portfolio_MET_DP291203.jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"nickel plating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_electroplating"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Decorative","text":"Art Deco portfolio with chrome-plated cover, ca 1925Decorative chrome is designed to be aesthetically pleasing and durable. Thicknesses range from 2 to 20 μin (0.05 to 0.5 μm), however, they are usually between 5 and 10 μin (0.13 and 0.25 μm). The chromium plating is usually applied over bright nickel plating. Typical base materials include steel, aluminium, plastic, copper alloys, and zinc alloys.[3] Decorative chrome plating is also very corrosion resistant and is often used on car parts, tools and kitchen utensils.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hard_chrome_finish.png"},{"link_name":"galling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galling"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_scale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spray deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_spray"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"piston rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_rod"},{"link_name":"salt spray test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_spray_test"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Hard","text":"Hard chrome platingHard chrome, also known as industrial chrome or engineered chrome, is used to reduce friction, improve durability through abrasion tolerance and wear resistance in general, minimize galling or seizing of parts, expand chemical inertness to include a broader set of conditions (such as oxidation resistance), and bulking material for worn parts to restore their original dimensions.[6] It is very hard, measuring between 65 and 69 HRC (also based on the base metal's hardness). Hard chrome tends to be thicker than decorative chrome, with standard thicknesses in non-salvage applications ranging from 20 to 40 μm,[7] but it can be an order of magnitude thicker for extreme wear resistance requirements, in such cases 100 μm or thicker provides optimal results. Unfortunately, such thicknesses emphasize the limitations of the process, which are overcome by plating extra thickness then grinding down and lapping to meet requirements, or to improve the overall aesthetics of the chromed piece.[3] Increasing plating thickness amplifies surface defects and roughness in proportional severity, because hard chrome does not have a leveling effect.[8] Pieces that are not ideally shaped in reference to electric field geometries (nearly every piece sent in for plating, except spheres and egg shaped objects) require even thicker plating to compensate for non-uniform deposition, and much of it is wasted when grinding the piece back to desired dimensions.[citation needed]Modern engineered coatings do not suffer such drawbacks, which often price hard chrome out due to labor costs alone. Hard chrome replacement technologies outperform hard chrome in wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and cost. Hardness up to 80 HRC is not extraordinary for such materials. Modern engineered coatings applied using spray deposition can form layers of uniform thickness that often require no further polishing or machining. These coatings are often composites of polymers, metals, and ceramic powders or fibers as proprietary formulas protected by patents or as trade secrets, and thus are usually known by brand names.[9]Hard chromium plating is subject to different types of quality requirements depending on the application; for instance, the plating on hydraulic piston rods are tested for corrosion resistance with a salt spray test.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"nickel electroplating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_electroplating"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive"},{"link_name":"hexavalent chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto-10"}],"text":"Most bright decorative items affixed to cars are referred to as \"chrome\", meaning steel that has undergone several plating processes to endure the temperature changes and weather that a car is subject to outdoors. However, the term passed on to cover any similar-looking shiny decorative auto parts, including silver plastic trim pieces in casual terminology. Triple plating is the most expensive and durable process, which involves plating the steel first with copper and then nickel before the chromium plating is applied.Prior to the application of chrome in the 1920s, nickel electroplating was used. In the short production run prior to the US entry into the Second World War, the government banned plating to save chromium and automobile manufacturers painted the decorative pieces in a complementary color. In the last years of the Korean War, the US contemplated banning chrome in favor of several cheaper processes (such as plating with zinc and then coating with shiny plastic).In 2007, a Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) was issued banning several toxic substances for use in the automotive industry in Europe, including hexavalent chromium, which is used in chrome plating. However, chrome plating is metal and contains no hexavalent chromium after it is rinsed, so chrome plating is not banned.[10]","title":"Automotive use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_(weaponry)"},{"link_name":"Stellite-lining alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellite#Applications"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Chrome-lining protects the barrel or chamber of arms from corrosion and makes these parts also easier to clean, but this is not the main purpose for lining a barrel or chamber. Chrome-lining was introduced in machine guns to increase the wear resistance and service life of highly stressed arms parts like barrels and chambers, allowing more rounds to be fired before a barrel is worn and needs to be replaced. The end of the chamber, freebore and leade (the unrifled portion of the barrel just forward of the chamber), as well as the first few centimeters or few inches of rifling, in rifles are subject to very high temperatures — as the energy content of rifle propellants can exceed 3500 kJ/kg — and pressures that can exceed 380 MPa (55,114 psi). The propellant gases act similarly as the flame from a cutting torch, the gases heating up the metal to red-hot state and the velocity tearing away metal. Under slow fire conditions, the affected areas are able to cool sufficiently in between shots. Under sustained rapid fire or automatic/cyclic fire there is no time for the heat to dissipate. The heat and pressure effects exerted by the hot propellant gasses and friction by the projectile can quickly cause damage by washing away metal at the end of the chamber, freebore, leade and rifling. Hard chrome-lining protects the chamber, freebore, leade and rifling with a thin coat of wear resistant chrome. This significantly extends barrel life in arms that are fired for prolonged periods in full-auto or sustained rapid fire modes. Some arms manufacturers use Stellite-lining alloy as an alternative to hard chrome-lining to further increase the wear resistance and service life of highly stressed arms parts.[11][12]","title":"Arms use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"hazardous air pollutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_air_pollutant"},{"link_name":"carcinogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen"},{"link_name":"Clean Water Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act"},{"link_name":"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"Wet scrubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubber"},{"link_name":"precipitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"lead chromates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_chromate"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"Barium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium"},{"link_name":"barium sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"overhead costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_cost"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmoa-3"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"stalagmometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalagmometric_method"},{"link_name":"tensiometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiometer_(surface_tension)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"perfluoroalkyl substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluoroalkyl_substances"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFAS-15"},{"link_name":"aqueous film forming foams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting_foam#Synthetic_foams"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RotanderK%C3%A4rrman2015-16"},{"link_name":"bioaccumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulation"},{"link_name":"biomagnification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnification"},{"link_name":"trophic level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danish-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epa-18"}],"text":"Hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency regulates it heavily. The EPA lists hexavalent chromium as a hazardous air pollutant because it is a human carcinogen, a \"priority pollutant\" under the Clean Water Act, and a \"hazardous constituent\" under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Due to its low cathodic efficiency and high solution viscosity, a toxic mist of water and hexavalent chromium is released from the bath. Wet scrubbers are used to control these emissions. The liquid from the wet scrubbers is treated to precipitate the chromium and remove it from the wastewater before it is discharged.[3]Additional toxic waste created from hexavalent chromium baths include lead chromates, which form in the bath because lead anodes are used. Barium is also used to control the sulfate concentration, which leads to the formation of barium sulfate (BaSO4).[3]Trivalent chromium is intrinsically less toxic than hexavalent chromium. Because of the lower toxicity it is not regulated as strictly, which reduces overhead costs. Other health advantages include higher cathode efficiencies, which lead to less chromium air emissions; lower concentration levels, resulting in less chromium waste and anodes that do not decompose.[3]Maintaining a bath surface tension less than 35 dyn/cm is necessary to prevent plating solution from becoming airborne when bubbles rise to the surface and pop. This requires a frequent cycle of treating the bath with a wetting agent fume suppressant and confirming the effect on surface tension.[13] Usually, surface tension is measured with a stalagmometer or tensiometer. This method is, however, tedious and suffers from inaccuracy (errors up to 22 dyn/cm have been reported), and is dependent on the user's experience and capabilities.[14]While they are effective for the control of toxic airborne chromium, many widely used wetting agent fume suppressants are toxic themselves because they contain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are hazardous chemicals that can cause long-term health effects.[15] This makes electroplating one of the jobs with the highest risk of occupational exposure to PFAS, but not as high as firefighters using fluorinated aqueous film forming foams.[16] In addition to their detrimental effects on human health, PFAS are persistent pollutants that cause significant bioaccumulation and biomagnification, putting animals at the highest trophic level at the highest risk for toxic effects.[17]\n[18]","title":"Health and environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"hydrogen evolution reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_evolution_reaction"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patent-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Safety-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Industry-26"}],"text":"It has been known for over a century, that chromium electroplating is relatively easy from (di)chromate solutions, but difficult from Cr3+ solutions. Several theories have been proposed to explain this finding.An earlier view suggested, that an active Cr3+ species (perhaps, with a ligand rather than water) forms initially from electroreduced Cr6+.[19][20] This active Cr3+ species can be reduced into metallic chromium relatively easy. However, the \"active Cr3+\" also undergoes within less than 1 second a transition into \"inactive Cr3+\", which is believed to be a polymeric hexa-aqua complex.[21] Some complexes of Cr3+ with ligand other than water can undergo relatively fast electroreduction to metallic chromium, and they are used in chromate-free chromium plating methods.[22][23]A different school of thought suggests, that the main problem with chromium plating from Cr3+ solution is hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the role of chromate is to scavenge H+ ions in a reaction that competes with H2 evolution:Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2OThe shine of plated chrome depends on whether microscopic cracks in the plating are visible on the surface. The dull appearance of some chrome layers is due to continuous cracks that propagate through the whole plated metal layer, while bright deposits appear in the case of small microcracks that are confined to inner depth of the deposit. This HER side-reaction mechanism seems more acceptable by the electrochemistry community at present. Methods of plating chromium from Cr3+ solutions that rely on reversed current pulses have been commercialized (allegedly, to reoxidize the H2).[24] [25]\n[26]","title":"Mechanism of chromium electroplating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506986#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph314866&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"SAE AMS 2406\nSAE AMS 2438\nSAE AMS 2460 - Plating, ChromiumAuthority control databases: National \nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Decorative chrome plating on a motorcycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg/280px-Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Art Deco portfolio with chrome-plated cover, ca 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portfolio_MET_DP291203.jpg/220px-Portfolio_MET_DP291203.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hard chrome plating","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hard_chrome_finish.png/170px-Hard_chrome_finish.png"}]	[{"title":"Stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"title":"Metal toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_toxicity"}]	[{"reference":"\"Chrome Plating Process\". Finishing.com. Retrieved 2024-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finishing.com/faqs/chrome.html","url_text":"\"Chrome Plating Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIL-S-5002D: Surface Treatments and Inorganic Coatings for Metal Surfaces of Weapons Systems\". EverySpec. Retrieved 21 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-S/MIL-S-5002D_8571/","url_text":"\"MIL-S-5002D: Surface Treatments and Inorganic Coatings for Metal Surfaces of Weapons Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Pollution Prevention Technology Profile Trivalent Chromium Replacements for Hexavalent Chromium Plating (PDF), Northeast Waste Management Officials’ Association, 2003-10-18, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153833/http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/p2tech/TriChromeFinal.pdf","url_text":"Pollution Prevention Technology Profile Trivalent Chromium Replacements for Hexavalent Chromium Plating"},{"url":"http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/p2tech/TriChromeFinal.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Surface Engineering Association. \"A brief guide to the chrome plating process\". Surface Engineering Association. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sea.org.uk/blog/a-brief-guide-to-the-chrome-plating-process/","url_text":"\"A brief guide to the chrome plating process\""}]},{"reference":"\"QQ-C-320B\" (PDF). everyspec.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.everyspec.com/FED_SPECS/Q/download.php?spec=QQ-C-320B.008739.PDF","url_text":"\"QQ-C-320B\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193017/http://everyspec.com/FED_SPECS/Q/download.php?spec=QQ-C-320B.008739.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Design Recommendations For Hard Chrome Plating\". U.S. CHrome Corporation. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 16 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uschrome.com/design-recommendations-for-hard-chrome-plating/","url_text":"\"Design Recommendations For Hard Chrome Plating\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193518/http://www.uschrome.com/design-recommendations-for-hard-chrome-plating/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, p. 793, ISBN 0-471-65653-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-65653-4","url_text":"0-471-65653-4"}]},{"reference":"Vernhes, Luc (2013). \"Alternatives for hard chromium plating: Nanostructured coatings for severe-service valves\". Materials Chemistry and Physics. 140 (2–3): 522–528. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.03.065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matchemphys.2013.03.065","url_text":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.03.065"}]},{"reference":"\"Automotive Chrome Plating\". AutoTrader. Retrieved 2024-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/how-chrome-plating-is-done","url_text":"\"Automotive Chrome Plating\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stellite Lined Barrels\". Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923045006/http://www.usord.com/weapons/stellite","url_text":"\"Stellite Lined Barrels\""},{"url":"http://www.usord.com/weapons/stellite","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Torture Test: U.S. Ordnance MAG-58/M240 – Small Arms Defense Journal - Dan Shea - 28 February 2013\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180120/http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/torture-test-u-s-ordnance-mag-58m240/2/","url_text":"\"Torture Test: U.S. Ordnance MAG-58/M240 – Small Arms Defense Journal - Dan Shea - 28 February 2013\""},{"url":"http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/torture-test-u-s-ordnance-mag-58m240/2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rule and Implementation Information for Chromium Electroplating\| Technology Transfer Network Air Technical Web site \| US EPA\". Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2010-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/chrome/chromepg.html","url_text":"\"Rule and Implementation Information for Chromium Electroplating\| Technology Transfer Network Air Technical Web site \| US EPA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130224220/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/chrome/chromepg.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Surface Technology Environmental Resource Center - STERC\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707153710/http://www.nmfrc.org/crarchive/jan08b.cfm","url_text":"\"Surface Technology Environmental Resource Center - STERC\""},{"url":"http://www.nmfrc.org/crarchive/jan08b.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilchrist, Maya. \"PFAS in the metal plating and finishing industry\" (PDF). Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/gp3-05.pdf","url_text":"\"PFAS in the metal plating and finishing industry\""}]},{"reference":"Rotander, Anna; Kärrman, Anna; Toms, Leisa-Maree L.; Kay, Margaret; Mueller, Jochen F.; Gómez Ramos, María José (2015). \"Novel Fluorinated Surfactants Tentatively Identified in Firefighters Using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry and a Case-Control Approach\". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (4): 2434–2442. Bibcode:2015EnST...49.2434R. doi:10.1021/es503653n. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 25611076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...49.2434R","url_text":"2015EnST...49.2434R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes503653n","url_text":"10.1021/es503653n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X","url_text":"0013-936X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25611076","url_text":"25611076"}]},{"reference":"Kjølholt, Jesper; Astrup Jensen, Allan; Warming, Marlies. \"Short-chain Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)\" (PDF). Ministry of Environment of Denmark Environmental Protection Agency. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/05/978-87-93352-15-5.pdf","url_text":"\"Short-chain Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chromium Electroplating\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2024-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/chromium-electroplating-and-anodizing","url_text":"\"Chromium Electroplating\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hexavalent Chromium Safety\". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 2024-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osha.gov/chromium-vi","url_text":"\"Hexavalent Chromium Safety\""}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial Hard Chrome Plating\". Hard Chrome Plating. Retrieved 2024-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hardchrome.com/","url_text":"\"Industrial Hard Chrome Plating\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.finishing.com/faqs/chrome.html","external_links_name":"\"Chrome Plating Process\""},{"Link":"http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-S/MIL-S-5002D_8571/","external_links_name":"\"MIL-S-5002D: Surface Treatments and Inorganic Coatings for Metal Surfaces of Weapons Systems\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153833/http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/p2tech/TriChromeFinal.pdf","external_links_name":"Pollution Prevention Technology Profile Trivalent Chromium Replacements for Hexavalent Chromium Plating"},{"Link":"http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/p2tech/TriChromeFinal.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sea.org.uk/blog/a-brief-guide-to-the-chrome-plating-process/","external_links_name":"\"A brief guide to the chrome plating process\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04715","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04715"},{"Link":"http://www.everyspec.com/FED_SPECS/Q/download.php?spec=QQ-C-320B.008739.PDF","external_links_name":"\"QQ-C-320B\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193017/http://everyspec.com/FED_SPECS/Q/download.php?spec=QQ-C-320B.008739.PDF","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uschrome.com/design-recommendations-for-hard-chrome-plating/","external_links_name":"\"Design Recommendations For Hard Chrome Plating\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193518/http://www.uschrome.com/design-recommendations-for-hard-chrome-plating/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matchemphys.2013.03.065","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.03.065"},{"Link":"https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/how-chrome-plating-is-done","external_links_name":"\"Automotive Chrome Plating\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923045006/http://www.usord.com/weapons/stellite","external_links_name":"\"Stellite Lined Barrels\""},{"Link":"http://www.usord.com/weapons/stellite","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180120/http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/torture-test-u-s-ordnance-mag-58m240/2/","external_links_name":"\"Torture Test: U.S. Ordnance MAG-58/M240 – Small Arms Defense Journal - Dan Shea - 28 February 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/torture-test-u-s-ordnance-mag-58m240/2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/chrome/chromepg.html","external_links_name":"\"Rule and Implementation Information for Chromium Electroplating\| Technology Transfer Network Air Technical Web site \| US EPA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130224220/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/chrome/chromepg.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707153710/http://www.nmfrc.org/crarchive/jan08b.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Surface Technology Environmental Resource Center - STERC\""},{"Link":"http://www.nmfrc.org/crarchive/jan08b.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/gp3-05.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PFAS in the metal plating and finishing industry\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...49.2434R","external_links_name":"2015EnST...49.2434R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes503653n","external_links_name":"10.1021/es503653n"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X","external_links_name":"0013-936X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25611076","external_links_name":"25611076"},{"Link":"https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/05/978-87-93352-15-5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Short-chain Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)\""},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/chromium-electroplating-and-anodizing","external_links_name":"\"Chromium Electroplating\""},{"Link":"https://www.osha.gov/chromium-vi","external_links_name":"\"Hexavalent Chromium Safety\""},{"Link":"https://www.hardchrome.com/","external_links_name":"\"Industrial Hard Chrome Plating\""},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph314866&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork-join_queue	Fork–join queue	["1 Definition","2 Applications","3 Response time","3.1 Distribution","3.2 Average response time","3.3 Subtask dispersion","4 Stationary distribution","4.1 Heavy traffic/diffusion approximation","5 Join queue distribution","6 Networks of fork–join queues","7 Split–merge model","8 Generalized (n,k) fork-join system","9 References"]	Type of queue A fork–join queueing node In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a fork–join queue is a queue where incoming jobs are split on arrival for service by numerous servers and joined before departure. The model is often used for parallel computations or systems where products need to be obtained simultaneously from different suppliers (in a warehouse or manufacturing setting).: 78–80 The key quantity of interest in this model is usually the time taken to service a complete job. The model has been described as a "key model for the performance analysis of parallel and distributed systems." Few analytical results exist for fork–join queues, but various approximations are known. The situation where jobs arrive according to a Poisson process and service times are exponentially distributed is sometimes referred to as a Flatto–Hahn–Wright model or FHW model. Definition On arrival at the fork point, a job is split into N sub-jobs which are served by each of the N servers. After service, sub-job wait until all other sub-jobs have also been processed. The sub-jobs are then rejoined and leave the system. For the fork–join queue to be stable the input rate must be strictly less than sum of the service rates at the service nodes. Applications Fork–join queues have been used to model zoned RAID systems, parallel computations and for modelling order fulfilment in warehouses. Response time The response time (or sojourn time) is the total amount of time a job spends in the system. Distribution Ko and Serfozo give an approximation for the response time distribution when service times are exponentially distributed and jobs arrive either according to a Poisson process or a general distribution. QIu, Pérez and Harrison give an approximation method when service times have a phase-type distribution. Average response time An exact formula for the average response time is only known in the case of two servers (N=2) with exponentially distributed service times (where each server is an M/M/1 queue). In this situation, the response time (total time a job spends in the system) is 12 − ρ 8 μ ( 1 − ρ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {12-\rho }{8\mu (1-\rho )}}} where ρ = λ / μ {\displaystyle \rho =\lambda /\mu } is the utilization. λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the arrival rate of jobs to all the nodes. μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the service rate across all the nodes. In the situation where nodes are M/M/1 queues and N > 2, Varki's modification of mean value analysis can also be used to give an approximate value for the average response time. For general service times (where each node is an M/G/1 queue) Baccelli and Makowski give bounds for the average response time and higher moments of this quantity both in the transient and steady state situations. Kemper and Mandjes show that for some parameters these bounds are not tight and show demonstrate an approximation technique. For heterogeneous fork-join queues (fork-join queues with different service times), Alomari and Menasce propose an approximation based on harmonic numbers that can be extended to cover more general cases such as probabilistic fork, open and closed fork-join queues. Subtask dispersion The subtask dispersion, defined to be the range of service times, can be numerically computed and optimal deterministic delays introduced to minimize the range. Stationary distribution In general the stationary distribution of the number of jobs at each queue is intractable. Flatto considered the case of two servers (N=2) and derived the stationary distribution for the number of jobs at each queue via uniformization techniques. Pinotsi and Zazanis show that a product form solution exists when arrivals are deterministic as the queue lengths are then independent D/M/1 queues. Heavy traffic/diffusion approximation When the server is heavily loaded (service rate of the queue is only just larger than arrival rate) the queue length process can be approximated by a reflected Brownian motion which converges to the same stationary distribution as the original queueing process. Under limiting conditions the state space of the synchronisation queues collapses and all queues behave identically. Join queue distribution Once jobs are served, the parts are reassembled at the join queue. Nelson and Tantawi published the distribution of the join queue length in the situation where all servers have the same service rate. Heterogeneous service rates and distribution asymptotic analysis are considered by Li and Zhao. Networks of fork–join queues An approximate formula can be used to calculate the response time distribution for a network of fork–join queues joined in series (one after the other). Split–merge model A related model is the split–merge model, for which analytical results exist. Exact results for the split-merge queue are given by Fiorini and Lipsky. Here on arrival a job is split into N sub-tasks which are serviced in parallel. Only when all the tasks finish servicing and have rejoined can the next job start. This leads to a slower response time on average. Generalized (n,k) fork-join system A generalization of the fork-join queueing system is the ( n , k ) {\displaystyle (n,k)} fork-join system where the job exits the system when any k {\displaystyle k} out of n {\displaystyle n} tasks are served. The traditional fork-join queueing system is a special case of the ( n , k ) {\displaystyle (n,k)} system when k = n {\displaystyle k=n} . Bounds on the mean response time of this generalized system were found by Joshi, Liu and Soljanin. References ^ Kim, C.; Agrawala, A. K. (1989). "Analysis of the fork-join queue". IEEE Transactions on Computers. 38 (2): 250. doi:10.1109/12.16501. ^ a b c Lebrecht, Abigail; Knottenbelt, William J. (June 2007). Response Time Approximations in Fork-Join Queues (PDF). 23rd Annual UK Performance Engineering Workshop (UKPEW). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2009. ^ a b c Serfozo, R. (2009). "Markov Chains". Basics of Applied Stochastic Processes. Probability and Its Applications. pp. 1–98. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89332-5_1. ISBN 978-3-540-89331-8. ^ Boxma, Onno; Koole, Ger; Liu, Zhen (1996). Queueing-theoretic Solution Methods for Models of Parallel and Distributed Systems (PDF) (Technical report). CWI. BS-R9425. ^ a b Flatto, L.; Hahn, S. (1984). "Two Parallel Queues Created by Arrivals with Two Demands I". SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics. 44 (5): 1041. doi:10.1137/0144074. ^ Wright, Paul E. (1992), "Two parallel processors with coupled inputs", Advances in Applied Probability, 24 (4): 986–1007, doi:10.2307/1427722, JSTOR 1427722, S2CID 124774848 ^ a b Pinotsi, D.; Zazanis, M. A. (2005). "Synchronized queues with deterministic arrivals". Operations Research Letters. 33 (6): 560. doi:10.1016/j.orl.2004.12.005. ^ Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis; Walrand, Jean (September 1989). "Stationary and Stability of Fork-Join Networks" (PDF). Journal of Applied Probability. 26 (3): 604–614. doi:10.2307/3214417. JSTOR 3214417. S2CID 120222029. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. ^ Lebrecht, A. S.; Dingle, N. J.; Knottenbelt, W. J. (2009). "Modelling Zoned RAID Systems Using Fork-Join Queueing Simulation". Computer Performance Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5652. pp. 16–29. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.158.7363. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02924-0_2. ISBN 978-3-642-02923-3. ^ a b Kemper, B.; Mandjes, M. (2011). "Mean sojourn times in two-queue fork-join systems: Bounds and approximations". OR Spectrum. 34 (3): 723. doi:10.1007/s00291-010-0235-y. ^ a b Ko, S. S.; Serfozo, R. F. (2004). "Response times in M/M/s fork-join networks". Advances in Applied Probability. 36 (3): 854. doi:10.1239/aap/1093962238. S2CID 122581916. ^ Ko, S. S.; Serfozo, R. F. (2008). "Sojourn times in G/M/1 fork‐join networks". Naval Research Logistics. 55 (5): 432. doi:10.1002/nav.20294. S2CID 119551482. ^ Qiu, Zhan; Pérez, Juan F.; Harrison, Peter G. (2015). "Beyond the mean in fork-join queues: Efficient approximation for response-time tails". Performance Evaluation. 91: 99–116. doi:10.1016/j.peva.2015.06.007. ^ a b Nelson, R.; Tantawi, A. N. (1988). "Approximate analysis of fork/join synchronization in parallel queues". IEEE Transactions on Computers. 37 (6): 739. doi:10.1109/12.2213. ^ Varki, Elizabeth; Merchant, Arif; Chen, H. "M/M/1 Fork-join queue with variable sub-tasks" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2009. ^ Baccelli, François; Makowski, A. (1985), Simple computable bounds for the fork-join queue (PDF), National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control Technical Report, retrieved 8 July 2011 ^ Alomari, F.; Menasce, D. A. (2013). "Efficient Response Time Approximations for Multiclass Fork and Join Queues in Open and Closed Queuing Networks". IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 25 (6): 1437–1446. doi:10.1109/TPDS.2013.70. S2CID 422296. ^ Tsimashenka, I.; Knottenbelt, W. J. (2013). "Reduction of Subtask Dispersion in Fork-Join Systems" (PDF). Computer Performance Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8168. pp. 325–336. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.421.9780. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40725-3_25. ISBN 978-3-642-40724-6. ^ Tan, X.; Knessl, C. (1996). "A fork-join queueing model: Diffusion approximation, integral representations and asymptotics". Queueing Systems. 22 (3–4): 287. doi:10.1007/BF01149176. S2CID 206789463. ^ Varma, Subir (1990). "Heavy and Light Traffic Approximations for Queues with Synchronization Constraints (PhD thesis)" (PDF). University of Maryland. Retrieved 10 February 2013. ^ Atar, R.; Mandelbaum, A.; Zviran, A. (2012). "Control of Fork-Join Networks in heavy traffic" (PDF). 2012 50th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). p. 823. doi:10.1109/Allerton.2012.6483303. ISBN 978-1-4673-4539-2. S2CID 18115820. ^ Li, J.; Zhao, Y. Q. (2010). "On the Probability Distribution of Join Queue Length in a Fork-Join Model". Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences. 24 (4): 473. doi:10.1017/S0269964810000112. S2CID 124693767. ^ Ko, S. S. (2007). "Cycle Times in a Serial Fork-Join Network". Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4705. pp. 758–766. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74472-6_62. ISBN 978-3-540-74468-9. ^ Harrison, P.; Zertal, S. (2003). "Queueing Models with Maxima of Service Times". Computer Performance Evaluation. Modelling Techniques and Tools. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2794. pp. 152–168. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45232-4_10. ISBN 978-3-540-40814-7. ^ Fiorini, Pierre M. (2015). "Exact Analysis of Some Split Merge Queues". SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review. 43 (2): 51–53. doi:10.1145/2825236.2825257. S2CID 26219594. ^ Joshi, Gauri; Liu, Yanpei; Soljanin, Emina (October 2012). Coding for Fast Content Download. Allerton Conference on Communication, Control and Computing. arXiv:1210.3012. Bibcode:2012arXiv1210.3012J. ^ Joshi, Gauri; Liu, Yanpei; Soljanin, Emina (May 2014). On the Delay-Storage trade-off in Content Download from Coded Distributed Storage. Journal on Selected Areas of Communications. arXiv:1305.3945. Bibcode:2013arXiv1305.3945J. vteQueueing theorySingle queueing nodes D/M/1 queue M/D/1 queue M/D/c queue M/M/1 queue Burke's theorem M/M/c queue M/M/∞ queue M/G/1 queue Pollaczek–Khinchine formula Matrix analytic method M/G/k queue G/M/1 queue G/G/1 queue Kingman's formula Lindley equation Fork–join queue Bulk queue Arrival processes Poisson point process Markovian arrival process Rational arrival process Queueing networks Jackson network Traffic equations Gordon–Newell theorem Mean value analysis Buzen's algorithm Kelly network G-network BCMP network Service policies FIFO LIFO Processor sharing Round-robin Shortest job next Shortest remaining time Key concepts Continuous-time Markov chain Kendall's notation Little's law Product-form solution Balance equation Quasireversibility Flow-equivalent server method Arrival theorem Decomposition method Beneš method Limit theorems Fluid limit Mean-field theory Heavy traffic approximation Reflected Brownian motion Extensions Fluid queue Layered queueing network Polling system Adversarial queueing network Loss network Retrial queue Information systems Data buffer Erlang (unit) Erlang distribution Flow control (data) Message queue Network congestion Network scheduler Pipeline (software) Quality of service Scheduling (computing) Teletraffic engineering Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fork-join-queue.svg"},{"link_name":"queueing theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queueing_theory"},{"link_name":"theory of probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtapprox-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serfozo-3"},{"link_name":"parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"},{"link_name":"distributed systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Poisson process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flatto-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pinotsi-7"}],"text":"A fork–join queueing nodeIn queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a fork–join queue is a queue where incoming jobs are split on arrival for service by numerous servers and joined before departure.[1] The model is often used for parallel computations[2] or systems where products need to be obtained simultaneously from different suppliers (in a warehouse or manufacturing setting).[3]: 78–80 The key quantity of interest in this model is usually the time taken to service a complete job. The model has been described as a \"key model for the performance analysis of parallel and distributed systems.\"[4] Few analytical results exist for fork–join queues, but various approximations are known.The situation where jobs arrive according to a Poisson process and service times are exponentially distributed is sometimes referred to as a Flatto–Hahn–Wright model or FHW model.[5][6][7]","title":"Fork–join queue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serfozo-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On arrival at the fork point, a job is split into N sub-jobs which are served by each of the N servers. After service, sub-job wait until all other sub-jobs have also been processed. The sub-jobs are then rejoined and leave the system.[3]For the fork–join queue to be stable the input rate must be strictly less than sum of the service rates at the service nodes.[8]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtapprox-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serfozo-3"}],"text":"Fork–join queues have been used to model zoned RAID systems,[9] parallel computations[2] and for modelling order fulfilment in warehouses.[3]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kemper-10"}],"text":"The response time (or sojourn time[10]) is the total amount of time a job spends in the system.","title":"Response time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poisson process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"phase-type distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-type_distribution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"Ko and Serfozo give an approximation for the response time distribution when service times are exponentially distributed and jobs arrive either according to a Poisson process[11] or a general distribution.[12] QIu, Pérez and Harrison give an approximation method when service times have a phase-type distribution.[13]","title":"Response time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M/M/1 queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M/M/1_queue"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-14"},{"link_name":"M/M/1 queues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M/M/1_queue"},{"link_name":"mean value analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_value_analysis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"M/G/1 queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M/G/1_queue"},{"link_name":"moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kemper-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Average response time","text":"An exact formula for the average response time is only known in the case of two servers (N=2) with exponentially distributed service times (where each server is an M/M/1 queue). In this situation, the response time (total time a job spends in the system) is[14]12\n −\n ρ\n \n \n 8\n μ\n (\n 1\n −\n ρ\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {12-\\rho }{8\\mu (1-\\rho )}}}whereρ\n =\n λ\n \n /\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho =\\lambda /\\mu }\n \n is the utilization.\n\n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is the arrival rate of jobs to all the nodes.\n\n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is the service rate across all the nodes.In the situation where nodes are M/M/1 queues and N > 2, Varki's modification of mean value analysis can also be used to give an approximate value for the average response time.[15]For general service times (where each node is an M/G/1 queue) Baccelli and Makowski give bounds for the average response time and higher moments of this quantity both in the transient and steady state situations.[16] Kemper and Mandjes show that for some parameters these bounds are not tight and show demonstrate an approximation technique.[10] For heterogeneous fork-join queues (fork-join queues with different service times), Alomari and Menasce propose an approximation based on harmonic numbers that can be extended to cover more general cases such as probabilistic fork, open and closed fork-join queues.[17]","title":"Response time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Subtask dispersion","text":"The subtask dispersion, defined to be the range of service times, can be numerically computed and optimal deterministic delays introduced to minimize the range.[18]","title":"Response time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stationary distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain#Steady-state_analysis_and_limiting_distributions"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-11"},{"link_name":"uniformization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformization_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flatto-5"},{"link_name":"product form solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_form_solution"},{"link_name":"deterministic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_system"},{"link_name":"D/M/1 queues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D/M/1_queue"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pinotsi-7"}],"text":"In general the stationary distribution[broken anchor] of the number of jobs at each queue is intractable.[11] Flatto considered the case of two servers (N=2) and derived the stationary distribution for the number of jobs at each queue via uniformization techniques.[5] Pinotsi and Zazanis show that a product form solution exists when arrivals are deterministic as the queue lengths are then independent D/M/1 queues.[7]","title":"Stationary distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reflected Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflected_Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Heavy traffic/diffusion approximation","text":"When the server is heavily loaded (service rate of the queue is only just larger than arrival rate) the queue length process can be approximated by a reflected Brownian motion which converges to the same stationary distribution as the original queueing process.[19][20] Under limiting conditions the state space of the synchronisation queues collapses and all queues behave identically.[21]","title":"Stationary distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson-14"},{"link_name":"asymptotic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_analysis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Once jobs are served, the parts are reassembled at the join queue. Nelson and Tantawi published the distribution of the join queue length in the situation where all servers have the same service rate.[14] Heterogeneous service rates and distribution asymptotic analysis are considered by Li and Zhao.[22]","title":"Join queue distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"An approximate formula can be used to calculate the response time distribution for a network of fork–join queues joined in series (one after the other).[23]","title":"Networks of fork–join queues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtapprox-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"A related model is the split–merge model, for which analytical results exist.[2][24] Exact results for the split-merge queue are given by Fiorini and Lipsky.[25]\nHere on arrival a job is split into N sub-tasks which are serviced in parallel. Only when all the tasks finish servicing and have rejoined can the next job start. This leads to a slower response time on average.","title":"Split–merge model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jls_allerton-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jls_jsac-27"}],"text":"A generalization of the fork-join queueing system is the \n \n \n \n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n,k)}\n \n fork-join system where the job exits the system when any \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n out of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n tasks are served. The traditional fork-join queueing system is a special case of the \n \n \n \n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n,k)}\n \n system when \n \n \n \n k\n =\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=n}\n \n. Bounds on the mean response time of this generalized system were found by Joshi, Liu and Soljanin.[26][27]","title":"Generalized (n,k) fork-join system"}]	[{"image_text":"A fork–join queueing node","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fork-join-queue.svg/250px-Fork-join-queue.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kim, C.; Agrawala, A. K. (1989). \"Analysis of the fork-join queue\". IEEE Transactions on Computers. 38 (2): 250. doi:10.1109/12.16501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F12.16501","url_text":"10.1109/12.16501"}]},{"reference":"Lebrecht, Abigail; Knottenbelt, William J. (June 2007). Response Time Approximations in Fork-Join Queues (PDF). 23rd Annual UK Performance Engineering Workshop (UKPEW). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195204/http://pubs.doc.ic.ac.uk/forkjoin/forkjoin.pdf","url_text":"Response Time Approximations in Fork-Join Queues"},{"url":"http://pubs.doc.ic.ac.uk/forkjoin/forkjoin.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Serfozo, R. (2009). \"Markov Chains\". Basics of Applied Stochastic Processes. Probability and Its Applications. pp. 1–98. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89332-5_1. ISBN 978-3-540-89331-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-89332-5_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-89332-5_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89331-8","url_text":"978-3-540-89331-8"}]},{"reference":"Boxma, Onno; Koole, Ger; Liu, Zhen (1996). Queueing-theoretic Solution Methods for Models of Parallel and Distributed Systems (PDF) (Technical report). CWI. BS-R9425.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onno_J._Boxma","url_text":"Boxma, Onno"},{"url":"http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/5133/05133D.pdf","url_text":"Queueing-theoretic Solution Methods for Models of Parallel and Distributed Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica","url_text":"CWI"}]},{"reference":"Flatto, L.; Hahn, S. (1984). \"Two Parallel Queues Created by Arrivals with Two Demands I\". SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics. 44 (5): 1041. doi:10.1137/0144074.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1137%2F0144074","url_text":"10.1137/0144074"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Paul E. (1992), \"Two parallel processors with coupled inputs\", Advances in Applied Probability, 24 (4): 986–1007, doi:10.2307/1427722, JSTOR 1427722, S2CID 124774848","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1427722","url_text":"10.2307/1427722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1427722","url_text":"1427722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124774848","url_text":"124774848"}]},{"reference":"Pinotsi, D.; Zazanis, M. A. (2005). \"Synchronized queues with deterministic arrivals\". Operations Research Letters. 33 (6): 560. doi:10.1016/j.orl.2004.12.005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orl.2004.12.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.orl.2004.12.005"}]},{"reference":"Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis; Walrand, Jean (September 1989). \"Stationary and Stability of Fork-Join Networks\" (PDF). Journal of Applied Probability. 26 (3): 604–614. doi:10.2307/3214417. JSTOR 3214417. S2CID 120222029. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Walrand","url_text":"Walrand, Jean"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318232130/http://www2.math.uu.se/~takis/public_html/PAPERS/forkjoin.pdf","url_text":"\"Stationary and Stability of Fork-Join Networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3214417","url_text":"10.2307/3214417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3214417","url_text":"3214417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120222029","url_text":"120222029"},{"url":"http://www2.math.uu.se/~takis/public_html/PAPERS/forkjoin.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lebrecht, A. S.; Dingle, N. J.; Knottenbelt, W. J. (2009). \"Modelling Zoned RAID Systems Using Fork-Join Queueing Simulation\". Computer Performance Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5652. pp. 16–29. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.158.7363. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02924-0_2. ISBN 978-3-642-02923-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.158.7363","url_text":"10.1.1.158.7363"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02924-0_2","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-02924-0_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-02923-3","url_text":"978-3-642-02923-3"}]},{"reference":"Kemper, B.; Mandjes, M. (2011). \"Mean sojourn times in two-queue fork-join systems: Bounds and approximations\". OR Spectrum. 34 (3): 723. doi:10.1007/s00291-010-0235-y.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00291-010-0235-y","url_text":"\"Mean sojourn times in two-queue fork-join systems: Bounds and approximations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00291-010-0235-y","url_text":"10.1007/s00291-010-0235-y"}]},{"reference":"Ko, S. S.; Serfozo, R. F. (2004). \"Response times in M/M/s fork-join networks\". Advances in Applied Probability. 36 (3): 854. doi:10.1239/aap/1093962238. S2CID 122581916.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1239%2Faap%2F1093962238","url_text":"10.1239/aap/1093962238"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122581916","url_text":"122581916"}]},{"reference":"Ko, S. S.; Serfozo, R. F. (2008). \"Sojourn times in G/M/1 fork‐join networks\". Naval Research Logistics. 55 (5): 432. doi:10.1002/nav.20294. S2CID 119551482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fnav.20294","url_text":"10.1002/nav.20294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119551482","url_text":"119551482"}]},{"reference":"Qiu, Zhan; Pérez, Juan F.; Harrison, Peter G. (2015). \"Beyond the mean in fork-join queues: Efficient approximation for response-time tails\". Performance Evaluation. 91: 99–116. doi:10.1016/j.peva.2015.06.007.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.peva.2015.06.007","url_text":"\"Beyond the mean in fork-join queues: Efficient approximation for response-time tails\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Evaluation","url_text":"Performance Evaluation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.peva.2015.06.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.peva.2015.06.007"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, R.; Tantawi, A. N. (1988). \"Approximate analysis of fork/join synchronization in parallel queues\". IEEE Transactions on Computers. 37 (6): 739. doi:10.1109/12.2213.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F12.2213","url_text":"10.1109/12.2213"}]},{"reference":"Varki, Elizabeth; Merchant, Arif; Chen, H. \"M/M/1 Fork-join queue with variable sub-tasks\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100805150850/http://www.cs.unh.edu/~varki/publication/open.pdf","url_text":"\"M/M/1 Fork-join queue with variable sub-tasks\""},{"url":"http://www.cs.unh.edu/~varki/publication/open.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baccelli, François; Makowski, A. (1985), Simple computable bounds for the fork-join queue (PDF), National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control Technical Report, retrieved 8 July 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/07/61/62/PDF/RR-0394.pdf","url_text":"Simple computable bounds for the fork-join queue"}]},{"reference":"Alomari, F.; Menasce, D. A. (2013). \"Efficient Response Time Approximations for Multiclass Fork and Join Queues in Open and Closed Queuing Networks\". IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 25 (6): 1437–1446. doi:10.1109/TPDS.2013.70. 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ISBN 978-3-642-40724-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~wjk/publications/tsimashenka-knottenbelt-epew-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Reduction of Subtask Dispersion in Fork-Join Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.421.9780","url_text":"10.1.1.421.9780"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-40725-3_25","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-40725-3_25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-40724-6","url_text":"978-3-642-40724-6"}]},{"reference":"Tan, X.; Knessl, C. (1996). \"A fork-join queueing model: Diffusion approximation, integral representations and asymptotics\". Queueing Systems. 22 (3–4): 287. doi:10.1007/BF01149176. S2CID 206789463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01149176","url_text":"10.1007/BF01149176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206789463","url_text":"206789463"}]},{"reference":"Varma, Subir (1990). \"Heavy and Light Traffic Approximations for Queues with Synchronization Constraints (PhD thesis)\" (PDF). University of Maryland. Retrieved 10 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/5028/1/PhD_90-2.pdf","url_text":"\"Heavy and Light Traffic Approximations for Queues with Synchronization Constraints (PhD thesis)\""}]},{"reference":"Atar, R.; Mandelbaum, A.; Zviran, A. (2012). \"Control of Fork-Join Networks in heavy traffic\" (PDF). 2012 50th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). p. 823. doi:10.1109/Allerton.2012.6483303. ISBN 978-1-4673-4539-2. S2CID 18115820.","urls":[{"url":"http://webee.technion.ac.il/people/atar/FJN.pdf","url_text":"\"Control of Fork-Join Networks in heavy traffic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAllerton.2012.6483303","url_text":"10.1109/Allerton.2012.6483303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-4539-2","url_text":"978-1-4673-4539-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18115820","url_text":"18115820"}]},{"reference":"Li, J.; Zhao, Y. Q. (2010). \"On the Probability Distribution of Join Queue Length in a Fork-Join Model\". Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences. 24 (4): 473. doi:10.1017/S0269964810000112. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award_for_Top_Soundtrack	Billboard Music Award for Top Soundtrack	["1 Winners and nominees","2 References"]	The Billboard Music Award winners and nominees for Top Soundtrack. Notable winners include the Titanic soundtrack, High School Musical Soundtrack, and Frozen Soundtrack. The only person to win and get nominated was Celine Dion for the Titanic soundtrack. In 2017, Hamilton became the first Cast album to win. Winners and nominees Year Won album Artist Nominations Ref. 1993 The Bodyguard Whitney Houston 1998 Titanic Celine Dion Various Artists – City of Angels: Music from the Motion Picture Various Artists – Armageddon: The Album Spice Girls – Spiceworld 2000 Titanic Celine Dion — 2006 High School Musical High School Musical Cast Jack Johnson – Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George Various Artists – Walk the Line 2015 Frozen Various Artists Various Artists – The Fault in Our Stars Various Artists – Fifty Shades of Grey Various Artists – Guardians of the Galaxy Various Artists – Into the Woods 2016 Pitch Perfect 2 Various Artists Various Artists – Empire: Season 1 Various Artists – Fifty Shades of Grey Various Artists – Furious 7 Various Artists – Guardian of the Galaxy; Awesome Mix Vol. 1 2017 Hamilton: An American Musical Various Artists Various Artists – Moana Various Artists – Purple Rain Various Artists – Suicide Squad Various Artists – Trolls 2018 Moana Various Artists Various Artists – Black Panther Various Artists – The Fate of the Furious Various Artists – The Greatest Showman Various Artists – Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 2019 The Greatest Showman Various Artists Various Artists – Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Various Artists – Bohemian Rhapsody Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper – A Star Is Born Various Artists – 13 Reasons Why: Season 2 2020 Frozen II Various Artists Various Artists - Aladdin Various Artists - Descendants 3 Melanie Martinez - K-12 Mötley Crüe - The Dirt 2022 Encanto Various Artists Various Artists - Arcane League of Legends Various Artists - In The Heights Various Artists - Sing 2 Various Artists - Tick, Tick…BOOM! 2023 Barbie the Album Various Artists Various Artists - Black Panther: Wakanda Forever Various Artists - Elvis Metro Boomin - Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse Various Artists - Top Gun: Maverick References ^ "Whitney Houston attains eleven awards at 1993 Billboard Music Awards". Awardsandwinners. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ "1998 Billboard Music Awards". awardsandwinners. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "2000 Billboard Music Awards". awardsandwinners. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "2006 Billboard Music Awards". awardsandwinners. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "2015 Billboard Music Awards". Variety. May 17, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "2017 BBMAs Announce Non-Televised Award Recipients \| Billboard Music Awards". Archived from the original on 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2017-05-22. vteBillboard Music AwardsAwards Top Artist Top New Artist Top Male Artist Top Female Artist Top Duo/Group Top Touring Artist Top Billboard 200 Artist Top Billboard 200 Album Top Hot 100 Artist Top Hot 100 Song Top Radio Songs Artist Top Radio Song Top Selling Song Top Selling Album Top Song Sales Artist Top Streaming Songs Artist Top Streaming Song (Audio) Top Streaming Song (Video) Top Christian Artist Top Christian Song Top Christian Album Top Gospel Artist Top Gospel Song Top Gospel Album Top Country Artist Top Country Song Top Country Album Top Dance/Electronic Artist Top Dance/Electronic Song Top Dance/Electronic Album Top Latin Artist Top Latin Song Top Latin Album Top R&B Artist Top R&B Song Top R&B Album Top Rap Artist Top Rap Female Artist Top Rap Song Top Rap Album Top Rock Artist Top Rock Song Top Rock Album Top Soundtrack Top Social Artist Chart Achievement See full list Special awards Icon Award Millennium Award Awards ceremony 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Related Billboard magazine Billboard Live Music Awards Billboard Women in Music Billboard Philippines Women in Music Billboard Latin Women in Music Billboard Latin Music Awards Billboard Japan Music Awards	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Billboard Music Award for Top Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners and nominees"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Whitney Houston attains eleven awards at 1993 Billboard Music Awards\". Awardsandwinners. Retrieved November 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/12/08/Whitney-Houston-big-winner-at-Billboard-Music-Awards/2652755326800/","url_text":"\"Whitney Houston attains eleven awards at 1993 Billboard Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998 Billboard Music Awards\". awardsandwinners. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://awardsandwinners.com/category/billboard-music-award/1998/","url_text":"\"1998 Billboard Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Billboard Music Awards\". awardsandwinners. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://awardsandwinners.com/category/billboard-music-award/2000/","url_text":"\"2000 Billboard Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Billboard Music Awards\". awardsandwinners. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://awardsandwinners.com/category/billboard-music-award/2006/","url_text":"\"2006 Billboard Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Billboard Music Awards\". Variety. May 17, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/music/news/billboard-music-awards-winners-2015-full-winner-list-1201499183/","url_text":"\"2015 Billboard Music Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 BBMAs Announce Non-Televised Award Recipients \| Billboard Music Awards\". Archived from the original on 2017-06-05. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dzaki	Kōzaki	["1 Etymology","2 Geography","2.1 Neighboring municipalities","2.2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 History","5 Government","6 Economy","7 Education","8 Transportation","8.1 Railway","8.2 Highway","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°54′N 140°24′E / 35.900°N 140.400°E / 35.900; 140.400"Kozaki" redirects here. For the Polish village, see Kozaki, Poland. For the Japanese town in Hyōgo Prefecture, see Kanzaki, Hyōgo. Town in Kantō, JapanKōzaki 神崎町TownKōzaki Town Hall FlagSealLocation of Kōzaki in Chiba PrefectureKōzaki Coordinates: 35°54′N 140°24′E / 35.900°N 140.400°E / 35.900; 140.400CountryJapanRegionKantōPrefectureChibaDistrictKatoriArea • Total19.85 km2 (7.66 sq mi)Population (December 1, 2020) • Total5,884 • Density300/km2 (770/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)City symbols • TreeCinnamomum camphora• FlowerRose• BirdJapanese white-eyePhone number0478(72)2111Address163 Honjuku. Katori-gun, Kōzaki-machi, Chiba-ken 289-0292WebsiteOfficial website Kozaki Shrine Kōzaki (神崎町, Kōzaki-machi) is a town located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.As of 1 December 2020, the town had an estimated population of 5,884 in 2471 households and a population density of 300 persons per km². The total area of the town is 19.85 square kilometres (7.66 sq mi). Etymology The name of the town of Kōzaki in the Japanese language is formed from two kanji characters. The first, 神, means kami, the Japanese term for god, spirit, or a natural force; and the second, 崎 means "cape" or "small peninsula". Geography Kōzaki is located in far northern Chiba Prefecture, approximately 40 kilometers from then prefectural capital at Chiba and 60 to 70 kilometers from central Tokyo. The town faces the Tone River to the north, and sits on the lowlands of the river to the north and the Shimōsa Plateau to the south. Kōzaki is part of Ōtone Prefectural Natural Park. Neighboring municipalities Chiba Prefecture Narita Katori Ibaraki Prefecture Inashiki Kawachi Climate Kōzaki has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kōzaki is 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1414 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.0 °C. Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Kōzaki has remained relatively steady over the past 70 years. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 4,759— 1930 4,981+4.7% 1940 4,949−0.6% 1950 6,387+29.1% 1960 5,857−8.3% 1970 5,381−8.1% 1980 5,645+4.9% 1990 5,620−0.4% 2000 6,747+20.1% 2010 6,454−4.3% 2020 5,816−9.9% History Kōzaki was historically part of Shimōsa Province until the formation of Chiba Prefecture at the beginning of the Meiji Period (1868 – 1912). Kōzaki and Yonezawa villages were founded on April 1, 1889 within Katori District of Chiba Prefecture with the creation the modern municipalities system. Kōzaki was elevated to town status on March 12, 1890. On January 5, 1955, Yonezawa merged into the town of Kōzaki. Government Kōzaki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Kōzaki, together with the city of Katori and town of Tako, contributes two members to the Chiba Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Chiba 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Economy Kōzaki is a regional commercial center with some light manufacturing industries. Some 28% of the workforce commutes to the city of Narita per the 2010 census. Education Kōzaki has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a public high school; however, the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education operates one special education school for the handicapped. Transportation Railway JR East – Narita Line Shimōsa-Kōzaki Highway Ken-Ō Expressway – Kōzaki Interchange National Route 356 References ^ a b c "神崎（町）" . Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-07-15. ^ "Kōzaki town official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ Kōzaki climate data ^ Kōzaki population statistics External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kozaki, Chiba. Official Website (in Japanese) vte Chiba PrefectureChiba (capital)ChibaWards Chūō Hanamigawa Inage Wakaba Midori Mihama Core cities Funabashi Kashiwa Cities Chōshi Ichikawa Tateyama Kisarazu Matsudo Noda Mobara Narita Sakura Tōgane Asahi Narashino Katsuura Ichihara Nagareyama Yachiyo Abiko Kamogawa Kamagaya Kimitsu Futtsu Urayasu Yotsukaidō Sodegaura Yachimata Inzai Shiroi Tomisato Minamibōsō Sōsa Katori Sanmu Isumi Ōamishirasato Districts Inba District Shisui Sakae Katori District Kōzaki Tako Tōnoshō Sanbu District Kujūkuri Shibayama Yokoshibahikari Chōsei District Ichinomiya Mutsuzawa Chōsei Shirako Nagara Chōnan Isumi District Ōtaki Onjuku Awa District Kyonan List of mergers in Chiba Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Japan Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kozaki, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozaki,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kanzaki, Hyōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzaki,_Hy%C5%8Dgo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozaki-shrine_and_NanjyaMonjya,Kozaki-town,Japan.JPG"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Chiba Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dzaki&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K%C5%8Dzaki-hp-2"}],"text":"\"Kozaki\" redirects here. For the Polish village, see Kozaki, Poland. For the Japanese town in Hyōgo Prefecture, see Kanzaki, Hyōgo.Town in Kantō, JapanKozaki ShrineKōzaki (神崎町, Kōzaki-machi) is a town located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.[1]As of 1 December 2020[update], the town had an estimated population of 5,884 in 2471 households and a population density of 300 persons per km².[2] The total area of the town is 19.85 square kilometres (7.66 sq mi).","title":"Kōzaki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"神","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E"},{"link_name":"kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami"},{"link_name":"崎","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B4%8E"}],"text":"The name of the town of Kōzaki in the Japanese language is formed from two kanji characters. The first, 神, means kami, the Japanese term for god, spirit, or a natural force; and the second, 崎 means \"cape\" or \"small peninsula\".","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_(city)"},{"link_name":"Tone River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_River"},{"link_name":"Shimōsa Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim%C5%8Dsa_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Ōtone Prefectural Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctone_Prefectural_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-1"}],"text":"Kōzaki is located in far northern Chiba Prefecture, approximately 40 kilometers from then prefectural capital at Chiba and 60 to 70 kilometers from central Tokyo. The town faces the Tone River to the north, and sits on the lowlands of the river to the north and the Shimōsa Plateau to the south. Kōzaki is part of Ōtone Prefectural Natural Park.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Katori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katori,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Inashiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inashiki,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Kawachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawachi,_Ibaraki"}],"sub_title":"Neighboring municipalities","text":"Chiba PrefectureNarita\nKatoriIbaraki PrefectureInashiki\nKawachi","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Kōzaki has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kōzaki is 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1414 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.0 °C.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[4] the population of Kōzaki has remained relatively steady over the past 70 years.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shimōsa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim%C5%8Dsa_Province"},{"link_name":"Meiji Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-1"}],"text":"Kōzaki was historically part of Shimōsa Province until the formation of Chiba Prefecture at the beginning of the Meiji Period (1868 – 1912). Kōzaki and Yonezawa villages were founded on April 1, 1889 within Katori District of Chiba Prefecture with the creation the modern municipalities system. Kōzaki was elevated to town status on March 12, 1890. On January 5, 1955, Yonezawa merged into the town of Kōzaki.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"Chiba 10th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_10th_district"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Kōzaki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Kōzaki, together with the city of Katori and town of Tako, contributes two members to the Chiba Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Chiba 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita,_Chiba"}],"text":"Kōzaki is a regional commercial center with some light manufacturing industries. Some 28% of the workforce commutes to the city of Narita per the 2010 census.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kōzaki has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishraqi	Illuminationism	["1 History","2 Key concepts","2.1 Ishraq","3 Legacy","3.1 Mulla Sadra","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Further reading"]	Islamic philosophy introduced by Suhrawardi Not to be confused with Divine illumination. Illuminationism (Persian حكمت اشراق hekmat-e eshrāq, Arabic: حكمة الإشراق ḥikmat al-ishrāq, both meaning "Wisdom of the Rising Light"), also known as Ishrāqiyyun or simply Ishrāqi (Persian اشراق, Arabic: الإشراق, lit. "Rising", as in "Shining of the Rising Sun") is a philosophical and mystical school of thought introduced by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (honorific: Shaikh al-ʿIshraq or Shaikh-i-Ishraq, both meaning "Master of Illumination") in the twelfth century, established with his Kitab Hikmat al-Ishraq (lit: "Book of the Wisdom of Illumination"), a fundamental text finished in 1186. Written with influence from Avicennism, Peripateticism, and Neoplatonism, the philosophy is nevertheless distinct as a novel and holistic addition to the history of Islamic philosophy. History Ilkhanate-Mongols besieging Baghdad under the command of Hulagu Khan, c. 1430. While the Ilkhanate-Mongol Siege of Baghdad and the destruction of the House of Wisdom (Arabic: بيت الحكمة, romanized: Bayt al-Ḥikmah) effectively ended the Islamic Golden Age in 1258, it also paved the way for novel philosophical invention. Such an example is the work of philosopher Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, specifically his Kitāb al-Muʿtabar ("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); the book's challenges to the Aristotelian norm in Islamic philosophy along with al-Baghdādī's emphasis on "evident self-reflection" and his revival of the Platonic use of light as a metaphor for phenomena like inspiration all influenced the philosophy of Suhrawardi. The philosopher and logician Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji further inspired Suhrawardi with his foundational works on mathematics and his creativity in reconstructing the Organon; Savaji's two-part logic based on "expository propositions" (al-aqwāl al-šāreḥa) and "proof theory" (ḥojaj) served as the precursory model for Suhrawardi's own "Rules of Thought" (al-Żawābeṭ al-fekr). Among the three Islamic philosophers mentioned in Suhrawardi's work, al-Baghdādī and Savaji are two of them. Upon finishing his Kitab Hikmat al-Ishraq (lit: "Book of the Wisdom of Illumination"), the Persian philosopher Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi founded Illuminationism in 1186. The Persian and Islamic school draws on ancient Iranian philosophical disciplines, Avicennism (Ibn Sina's early Islamic philosophy), Neoplatonic thought (modified by Ibn Sina), and the original ideas of Suhrawardi. Key concepts In his Philosophy of Illumination, Suhrawardi argued that light operates at all levels and hierarchies of reality (PI, 97.7–98.11). Light produces immaterial and substantial lights, including immaterial intellects (angels), human and animal souls, and even 'dusky substances', such as bodies. Suhrawardi's metaphysics is based on two principles. The first is a form of the principle of sufficient reason. The second principle is Aristotle's principle that an actual infinity is impossible. Ishraq The essential meaning of ishrāq (Persian اشراق, Arabic: الإشراق) is "rising", specifically referring to the sunrise, though "illumination" is the more common translation. It has used both Arabic and Persian philosophical texts as means to signify the relation between the "apprehending subject" (al-mawżuʿ al-modrek) and the "apprehensible object" (al-modrak); beyond philosophical discourse, it is a term used in common discussion. Suhrawardi utilized the ordinariness of the word in order to encompass the all that is mystical along with an array of different kinds of knowledge, including elhām, meaning personal inspiration. Legacy None of Suhrawardi's works were translated into Latin, so he remained unknown in the Latin West, although his work continued to be studied in the Islamic East. According to Hosein Nasr, Suhrawardi was unknown to the west until he was translated to western languages by contemporary thinkers such as Henry Corbin, and he remains largely unknown even in countries within the Islamic world. Suhrawardi tried to present a new perspective on questions like those of existence. He not only caused peripatetic philosophers to confront such new questions, but also gave new life to the body of philosophy after Avicenna. According to John Walbridge, Suhrawardi's critiques of Peripatetic philosophy could be counted as an important turning point for his successors. Although Suhravardi was first a pioneer of Peripatetic philosophy, he later became a Platonist following a mystical experience. He is also counted as one who revived the ancient wisdom in Persia by his philosophy of illumination. His followers, such as Shahrzouri and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi tried to continue the way of their teacher. Suhrewardi makes a distinction between two approaches in the philosophy of illumination: one approach is discursive and another is intuitive. Illuminationist thinkers in the School of Isfahan played a significant role in revitalizing academic life in the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I (1588-1629). Avicennan thought continued to inform philosophy during the reign of the Safavid Empire. Illuminationism was taught in Safavid Madrasas (Place of Study) established by pious shahs. Mulla Sadra Mulla Sadra (Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī) was a 17th-century Iranian philosopher who was considered a master of illuminationism. He wrote a book titled al-Asfar meaning "The Yellow" or "The Light." The word Asfar also denotes a journey of the soul back to Allah. He developed his book into an entire School of Thought, he did not refer to al-Asfar as a philosophy but as "wisdom." Sadra taught how one could be illuminated or given wisdom until becoming a sage. Al-Asfar was one piece of illuminationism which is still an active part of Islamic philosophy today. Al-Asfar was representative of Mulla Sadra's entire philosophical worldview. Like many important Arabian works it is difficult for the western world to understand because it has not been translated into English. Mulla Sadra eventually became the most significant teacher at the religious school known as Madrasa-yi His philosophies are still taught throughout the Islamic East and South Asia. Al-Asfar is Mulla Sadra's book explaining his view of illuminationism. He views problems starting with a Peripatetic sketch. This Aristotelian style of teaching is reminiscent of Islamic Golden Age Philosopher Avicenna. Mulla Sadra often refers to the Qur'an when dealing with philosophical problems. He even quotes Qur'anic verses while explaining philosophy. He wrote exegeses of the Qur'an such as his explanation of Al-Kursi. Asfar means journey. In al-Asfar you are gaining on a journey to gain wisdom. Mulla Sadra used philosophy as a set spiritual exercises to become more wise. Eventually this as you go through life you continue to gain more knowledge until you become a sage, hence godlike. In Mulla Sadra's book The Transcendent Philosophy of the Four Journeys of the Intellect he describes the four journeys of A journey from creation to the Truth or Creator A journey from the Truth to the Truth A journey that stands in relation to the first journey because it is from the Truth to creation with the Truth A journey that stands in relation to the second journey because it is from the Truth to the creation. See also Divine illumination Divine light Notes ^ a b c Ziai, Hossein (2004). "Illuminationism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), "al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, archived from the original on 28 February 2008, retrieved 2008-02-03 ^ HOSSEIN ZIAI, "EBN SAHLĀN SĀVAJĪ, Qāżī ZAYN-AL-DĪN ʿOMAR " in Encyclopaedia Iranica ^ John Walbridge, "The leaven of the ancients: Suhrawardī and the heritage of the Greeks", State University of New York Press, 1999. Excerpt: "Suhrawardi, a 12th-century Persian philosopher, was a key figure in the transition of Islamic thought from the neo-Aristotelianism of Avicenna to the mystically oriented philosophy of later centuries." ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "The need for a sacred science", SUNY Press, 1993. Pg 158: "Persian philosopher Suhrawardi refers in fact to this land as na-kuja abad, which in Persian means literally utopia." ^ Matthew Kapstein, University of Chicago Press, 2004, "The presence of light: divine radiance and religious experience", University of Chicago Press, 2004. pg 285:"..the light of lights in the system of the Persian philosopher Suhrawardi" ^ Henry Corbin. The Voyage and the Messenger. Iran and Philosophy. Containing previous unpublished articles and lectures from 1948 to 1976. North Atlantic Books. Berkeley, California. 1998. ISBN 1-55643-269-0. ^ Henry Corbin. The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism. Omega Publications, New York. 1994. ISBN 0-930872-48-7. ^ Philosophy of Illumination 77.1–78.9 ^ Philosophy of Illumination 87.1–89.8 ^ Marcotte, Roxanne, "Suhrawardi", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). ^ Naṣr, Ḥusain (1997). Three Muslim sages: Avicenna - Suhrawardī - Ibn 'Arabī (Third ed.). Delmar, NY: Caravan Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-88206-500-9. ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7914-8155-4. ^ John Walbridge (2004). "Suhrawardī and Illuminationism". In Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–223. ISBN 9780511999864. ^ "Safavid- Mughal Cultural Interrelations as reflected in Matenadaran's 'Bayaz' Manuscript Illumination \| Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) \| انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی". associationforiranianstudies.org. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ a b c d "Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF". leibniz.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ Moazzen, Maryam (2011). Shi'ite Higher Learning and the Role of the Madrasa-yi Sulṭānī in Late Safavid Iran (Thesis). hdl:1807/29816. ^ Razavi, Mehdi Amin (1997). Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination. Curzon. ISBN 978-0700704125. ^ Fierro, Maribel (1993). "Al-Aṣfar". Studia Islamica (77): 169–181. doi:10.2307/1595794. hdl:10261/281031. JSTOR 1595794. ^ Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), "Mulla Sadra", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-04-10 ^ a b Kamal, Muhammad (2006). Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Ashgate World Philosophies Series. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5271-8. ^ SIPR. "Methodology". MullaSadra.org. ^ Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), "Mulla Sadra", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-04-09 Further reading Razavi, Mehdi Amin (2015). Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (ed.). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138883840. Tianyi, Zhang (22 December 2022). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Nature of Suhrawardi's Illuminationism: Light in the Cave. Brill. 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Written with influence from Avicennism, Peripateticism, and Neoplatonism, the philosophy is nevertheless distinct as a novel and holistic addition to the history of Islamic philosophy.","title":"Illuminationism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagdad1258.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Mongols besieging Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)"},{"link_name":"Hulagu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Siege of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)"},{"link_name":"House of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ziai-1"},{"link_name":"Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Aristotelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism"},{"link_name":"Platonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langermann-2"},{"link_name":"Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_Omar_Savaji"},{"link_name":"Organon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ziai-1"},{"link_name":"Iranian philosophical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"early Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"}],"text":"Ilkhanate-Mongols besieging Baghdad under the command of Hulagu Khan, c. 1430.While the Ilkhanate-Mongol Siege of Baghdad and the destruction of the House of Wisdom (Arabic: بيت الحكمة, romanized: Bayt al-Ḥikmah) effectively ended the Islamic Golden Age in 1258, it also paved the way for novel philosophical invention.[1] Such an example is the work of philosopher Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, specifically his Kitāb al-Muʿtabar (\"The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection\"); the book's challenges to the Aristotelian norm in Islamic philosophy along with al-Baghdādī's emphasis on \"evident self-reflection\" and his revival of the Platonic use of light as a metaphor for phenomena like inspiration all influenced the philosophy of Suhrawardi.[2] The philosopher and logician Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji further inspired Suhrawardi with his foundational works on mathematics and his creativity in reconstructing the Organon; Savaji's two-part logic based on \"expository propositions\" (al-aqwāl al-šāreḥa) and \"proof theory\" (ḥojaj) served as the precursory model for Suhrawardi's own \"Rules of Thought\" (al-Żawābeṭ al-fekr).[3] Among the three Islamic philosophers mentioned in Suhrawardi's work, al-Baghdādī and Savaji are two of them.Upon finishing his Kitab Hikmat al-Ishraq (lit: \"Book of the Wisdom of Illumination\"), the Persian[4][5][6][1] philosopher Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi founded Illuminationism in 1186. The Persian and Islamic school draws on ancient Iranian philosophical disciplines,[7][8] Avicennism (Ibn Sina's early Islamic philosophy), Neoplatonic thought (modified by Ibn Sina), and the original ideas of Suhrawardi.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"principle of sufficient reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason"},{"link_name":"actual infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_infinity"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In his Philosophy of Illumination, Suhrawardi argued that light operates at all levels and hierarchies of reality (PI, 97.7–98.11). Light produces immaterial and substantial lights, including immaterial intellects (angels), human and animal souls, and even 'dusky substances', such as bodies.[9]Suhrawardi's metaphysics is based on two principles. The first is a form of the principle of sufficient reason. The second principle is Aristotle's principle that an actual infinity is impossible.[10]","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise"},{"link_name":"apprehending subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"apprehensible object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ziai-1"}],"sub_title":"Ishraq","text":"The essential meaning of ishrāq (Persian اشراق, Arabic: الإشراق) is \"rising\", specifically referring to the sunrise, though \"illumination\" is the more common translation. It has used both Arabic and Persian philosophical texts as means to signify the relation between the \"apprehending subject\" (al-mawżuʿ al-modrek) and the \"apprehensible object\" (al-modrak); beyond philosophical discourse, it is a term used in common discussion. Suhrawardi utilized the ordinariness of the word in order to encompass the all that is mystical along with an array of different kinds of knowledge, including elhām, meaning personal inspiration.[1]","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_West"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hosein Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosein_Nasr"},{"link_name":"Henry Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Corbin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Peripatetic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"School of Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Isfahan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_empire"},{"link_name":"Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leibniz.stanford.edu-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leibniz.stanford.edu-16"},{"link_name":"Madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"None of Suhrawardi's works were translated into Latin, so he remained unknown in the Latin West, although his work continued to be studied in the Islamic East.[11]\nAccording to Hosein Nasr, Suhrawardi was unknown to the west until he was translated to western languages by contemporary thinkers such as Henry Corbin, and he remains largely unknown even in countries within the Islamic world.[12]Suhrawardi tried to present a new perspective on questions like those of existence. He not only caused peripatetic philosophers to confront such new questions, but also gave new life to the body of philosophy after Avicenna.[13] According to John Walbridge, Suhrawardi's critiques of Peripatetic philosophy could be counted as an important turning point for his successors. Although Suhravardi was first a pioneer of Peripatetic philosophy, he later became a Platonist following a mystical experience. He is also counted as one who revived the ancient wisdom in Persia by his philosophy of illumination. His followers, such as Shahrzouri and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi tried to continue the way of their teacher. Suhrewardi makes a distinction between two approaches in the philosophy of illumination: one approach is discursive and another is intuitive.[14]Illuminationist thinkers in the School of Isfahan played a significant role in revitalizing academic life in the[15] Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I (1588-1629).[16] Avicennan thought continued to inform philosophy during the reign of the Safavid Empire.[16] Illuminationism was taught in Safavid Madrasas (Place of Study) established by pious shahs.[17]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mulla Sadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamal-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leibniz.stanford.edu-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leibniz.stanford.edu-16"},{"link_name":"Mulla Sadra's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra"},{"link_name":"Peripatetic sketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_school"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"exegeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafasir_Al_Quran"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Transcendent Philosophy of the Four Journeys of the Intellect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transcendent_Philosophy_of_the_Four_Journeys_of_the_Intellect"},{"link_name":"Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamal-21"}],"sub_title":"Mulla Sadra","text":"Mulla Sadra (Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī) was a 17th-century Iranian philosopher who was considered a master[18] of illuminationism. He wrote a book titled al-Asfar meaning \"The Yellow\"[19] or \"The Light.\" The word Asfar also denotes a journey of the soul back to Allah. He developed his book into an entire School of Thought, he did not refer to al-Asfar as a philosophy but as \"wisdom.\" Sadra taught how one could be illuminated or given wisdom until becoming a sage.[20] Al-Asfar was one piece of illuminationism which is still an active part of Islamic philosophy today. Al-Asfar was representative of Mulla Sadra's entire philosophical worldview.[21] Like many important Arabian works it is difficult for the western world to understand because it has not been translated into English. Mulla Sadra eventually became the most significant teacher at the religious school known as Madrasa-yi[16] His philosophies are still taught throughout the Islamic East and South Asia.[16]Al-Asfar is Mulla Sadra's book explaining his view of illuminationism. He views problems starting with a Peripatetic sketch.[22] This Aristotelian style of teaching is reminiscent of Islamic Golden Age Philosopher Avicenna. Mulla Sadra often refers to the Qur'an when dealing with philosophical problems. He even quotes Qur'anic verses while explaining philosophy. He wrote exegeses of the Qur'an such as his explanation of Al-Kursi.Asfar means journey. In al-Asfar you are gaining on a journey to gain wisdom. Mulla Sadra used philosophy as a set spiritual exercises to become more wise. Eventually this as you go through life you continue to gain more knowledge until you become a sage, hence godlike.[23]In Mulla Sadra's book The Transcendent Philosophy of the Four Journeys of the Intellect he describes the four journeys ofA journey from creation to the Truth or Creator\nA journey from the Truth to the Truth\nA journey that stands in relation to the first journey because it is from the Truth to creation with the Truth\nA journey that stands in relation to the second journey because it is from the Truth to the creation.[21]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ziai_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ziai_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ziai_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Illuminationism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/illuminationism"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Langermann_2-0"},{"link_name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm"},{"link_name":"Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080228095111/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-sahlan-savaji"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55643-269-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55643-269-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-930872-48-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930872-48-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Suhrawardi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/suhrawardi/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88206-500-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88206-500-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y0ZFkdlCFnYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7914-8155-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8155-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780511999864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511999864"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Safavid- Mughal Cultural Interrelations as reflected in Matenadaran's 'Bayaz' Manuscript Illumination \| Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) \| انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//associationforiranianstudies.org/node/149"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leibniz.stanford.edu_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leibniz.stanford.edu_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leibniz.stanford.edu_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leibniz.stanford.edu_16-3"},{"link_name":"\"Friends of the SEP Society - 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Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2020-04-10.\n\n^ Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), \"al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)\", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, archived from the original on 28 February 2008, retrieved 2008-02-03\n\n^ HOSSEIN ZIAI, \"EBN SAHLĀN SĀVAJĪ, Qāżī ZAYN-AL-DĪN ʿOMAR \" in Encyclopaedia Iranica [1]\n\n^ John Walbridge, \"The leaven of the ancients: Suhrawardī and the heritage of the Greeks\", State University of New York Press, 1999. Excerpt: \"Suhrawardi, a 12th-century Persian philosopher, was a key figure in the transition of Islamic thought from the neo-Aristotelianism of Avicenna to the mystically oriented philosophy of later centuries.\"\n\n^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, \"The need for a sacred science\", SUNY Press, 1993. Pg 158: \"Persian philosopher Suhrawardi refers in fact to this land as na-kuja abad, which in Persian means literally utopia.\"\n\n^ Matthew Kapstein, University of Chicago Press, 2004, \"The presence of light: divine radiance and religious experience\", University of Chicago Press, 2004. pg 285:\"..the light of lights in the system of the Persian philosopher Suhrawardi\"\n\n^ Henry Corbin. The Voyage and the Messenger. Iran and Philosophy. Containing previous unpublished articles and lectures from 1948 to 1976. North Atlantic Books. Berkeley, California. 1998. ISBN 1-55643-269-0.\n\n^ Henry Corbin. The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism. Omega Publications, New York. 1994. ISBN 0-930872-48-7.\n\n^ Philosophy of Illumination 77.1–78.9\n\n^ Philosophy of Illumination 87.1–89.8\n\n^ Marcotte, Roxanne, \"Suhrawardi\", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).\n\n^ Naṣr, Ḥusain (1997). Three Muslim sages: Avicenna - Suhrawardī - Ibn 'Arabī (Third ed.). Delmar, NY: Caravan Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-88206-500-9.\n\n^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7914-8155-4.\n\n^ John Walbridge (2004). \"Suhrawardī and Illuminationism\". In Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–223. ISBN 9780511999864.\n\n^ \"Safavid- Mughal Cultural Interrelations as reflected in Matenadaran's 'Bayaz' Manuscript Illumination \| Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) \| انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی\". associationforiranianstudies.org. Retrieved 2020-04-10.\n\n^ a b c d \"Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF\". leibniz.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-10.\n\n^ Moazzen, Maryam (2011). Shi'ite Higher Learning and the Role of the Madrasa-yi Sulṭānī in Late Safavid Iran (Thesis). hdl:1807/29816.\n\n^ Razavi, Mehdi Amin (1997). Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination. Curzon. ISBN 978-0700704125.\n\n^ Fierro, Maribel (1993). \"Al-Aṣfar\". Studia Islamica (77): 169–181. doi:10.2307/1595794. hdl:10261/281031. JSTOR 1595794.\n\n^ Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), \"Mulla Sadra\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-04-10\n\n^ a b Kamal, Muhammad (2006). Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Ashgate World Philosophies Series. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5271-8.\n\n^ SIPR. \"Methodology\". MullaSadra.org.\n\n^ Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), \"Mulla Sadra\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-04-09","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasr, Seyyed 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rug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_rug"},{"link_name":"Qashabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashabiya"},{"link_name":"Tagelmust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelmust"},{"link_name":"Taqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)"},{"link_name":"Tarboosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarboosh"},{"link_name":"Turban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turban"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716920#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/979752/"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14449532d"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14449532d"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544284905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90000334"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/077067576"},{"link_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/israkiyye"}],"text":"Razavi, Mehdi Amin (2015). Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (ed.). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138883840.\nTianyi, Zhang (22 December 2022). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Nature of Suhrawardi's Illuminationism: Light in the Cave. Brill. 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rug\nQashabiya\nTagelmust\nTaqiyah\nTarboosh\nTurbanPortals: Religion Islam Education PsychologyAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRef\nİslâm Ansiklopedisi","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Ilkhanate-Mongols besieging Baghdad under the command of Hulagu Khan, c. 1430.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/220px-Bagdad1258.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Divine illumination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_illumination"},{"title":"Divine light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_light"}]	[{"reference":"Ziai, Hossein (2004). \"Illuminationism\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/illuminationism","url_text":"\"Illuminationism\""}]},{"reference":"Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), \"al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)\", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, archived from the original on 28 February 2008, retrieved 2008-02-03","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm","url_text":"Islamic Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228095111/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Naṣr, Ḥusain (1997). Three Muslim sages: Avicenna - Suhrawardī - Ibn 'Arabī (Third ed.). Delmar, NY: Caravan Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-88206-500-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88206-500-9","url_text":"0-88206-500-9"}]},{"reference":"Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7914-8155-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0ZFkdlCFnYC","url_text":"Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8155-4","url_text":"978-0-7914-8155-4"}]},{"reference":"John Walbridge (2004). \"Suhrawardī and Illuminationism\". In Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–223. ISBN 9780511999864.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511999864","url_text":"9780511999864"}]},{"reference":"\"Safavid- Mughal Cultural Interrelations as reflected in Matenadaran's 'Bayaz' Manuscript Illumination \| Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) \| انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی\". associationforiranianstudies.org. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://associationforiranianstudies.org/node/149","url_text":"\"Safavid- Mughal Cultural Interrelations as reflected in Matenadaran's 'Bayaz' Manuscript Illumination \| Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) \| انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF\". leibniz.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://leibniz.stanford.edu/friends/preview/mulla-sadra/","url_text":"\"Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF\""}]},{"reference":"Moazzen, Maryam (2011). Shi'ite Higher Learning and the Role of the Madrasa-yi Sulṭānī in Late Safavid Iran (Thesis). hdl:1807/29816.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F29816","url_text":"1807/29816"}]},{"reference":"Razavi, Mehdi Amin (1997). Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination. Curzon. ISBN 978-0700704125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700704125","url_text":"978-0700704125"}]},{"reference":"Fierro, Maribel (1993). \"Al-Aṣfar\". Studia Islamica (77): 169–181. doi:10.2307/1595794. hdl:10261/281031. JSTOR 1595794.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595794","url_text":"10.2307/1595794"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F281031","url_text":"10261/281031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595794","url_text":"1595794"}]},{"reference":"Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), \"Mulla Sadra\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-04-10","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/mulla-sadra/","url_text":"\"Mulla Sadra\""}]},{"reference":"Kamal, Muhammad (2006). Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Ashgate World Philosophies Series. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5271-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/MuhammadKamalMullaSadrasTranscendentPhilosBookZZ.org","url_text":"Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5271-8","url_text":"0-7546-5271-8"}]},{"reference":"SIPR. \"Methodology\". MullaSadra.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mullasadra.org/new_site/English/Mullasadra/Methodology.htm","url_text":"\"Methodology\""}]},{"reference":"Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), \"Mulla Sadra\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-04-09","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/mulla-sadra/","url_text":"\"Mulla Sadra\""}]},{"reference":"Razavi, Mehdi Amin (2015). Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (ed.). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138883840.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr","url_text":"Nasr, Seyyed Hossein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138883840","url_text":"978-1138883840"}]},{"reference":"Tianyi, Zhang (22 December 2022). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Nature of Suhrawardi's Illuminationism: Light in the Cave. Brill. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Clarendon	Constitutions of Clarendon	["1 Purposes","2 Effect","3 References","4 External links"]	Legislation passed by Henry II restricting Church power The Constitutions of Clarendon were a set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England in 1164. The Constitutions were composed of 16 articles and represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of papal authority in England. In the anarchic conditions of Henry II's predecessor, Stephen (reigned 1135–1154), the church had extended its jurisdiction by taking advantage of the weakness of royal authority. The Constitutions were claimed to restore the law as it was observed during the reign of Henry I (1100–1135). 12th-century depiction of Henry II with Thomas Becket The Constitutions take their name from Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire, the royal hunting lodge at which they were promulgated. Purposes The Constitutions' primary goal was to deal with the controversial issue of "criminous clerks", or clergy who had been accused of committing a serious secular crime but were tried in ecclesiastical courts by "benefit of clergy". Unlike royal courts, these ecclesiastical courts were strictly limited in the punishments to which a convicted felon could be subjected; in particular the spilling of blood was prohibited. An ecclesiastical case of murder often ended with the defendant being defrocked (dismissed from the priesthood). In a royal court, murder was often punished with mutilation or death. The Constitutions of Clarendon were Henry II's attempts to deal with these problems (and conveniently increase his own power at the same time) by claiming that once the ecclesiastical courts had tried and defrocked clergymen, the Church could no longer protect the individual, and convicted former clergy could be further punished under the jurisdiction of secular courts. It was formerly supposed that Henry wanted all clerics accused of crimes to be tried in the King's Courts. But this impression, as F. W. Maitland showed, is certainly wrong. A rather complicated arrangement was proposed by which cognizance of the case was first to be taken in the King's Court. If the culprit proved to be a cleric, the case was to be tried in the ecclesiastical court, but an officer of the King's Court was to be present. The officer, if the accused was found guilty, was to conduct him back to the King's Court after degradation, where he would be dealt with as an ordinary criminal and adequately punished. The king's contention was that flogging, fines, degradation, and excommunication, beyond which the spiritual courts could not go, were insufficient as punishment. The archbishop urged that, apart from the principle of clerical privilege, to degrade a man first and to hang him afterwards was to punish him twice for the same offence. Once degraded, he lost all his rights, and if he committed another crime, he might then be punished with death like any other felon. Effect Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury (1162–1170), resisted the Constitutions, especially the clause concerning "criminous clerks". As a result, Henry put Becket up for trial at Northampton. Becket fled into exile with his family. Bishops were in agreement over the articles until the Pope disapproved and then Becket repudiated his arguments. The controversy resulted, becoming so bitter that Becket was murdered on 29 December 1170. After this Henry felt compelled to revoke the two controversial clauses, which went against canon law. However, the rest stayed in effect as law of the land. References ^ F. W. Maitland, Roman Canon Law in the Church of England: six essays (London, 1898), pp. 132–147. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Constitutions of Clarendon The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Constitutions of Clarendon (source text) Constitutions of Clarendon Blog: Constitutions of Clarendon "Clarendon, Constitutions of" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical privileges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_privileges"},{"link_name":"papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"anarchic conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jindrich2_Beckett.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Thomas Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"Clarendon Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Palace"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"}],"text":"The Constitutions of Clarendon were a set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England in 1164. The Constitutions were composed of 16 articles and represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of papal authority in England. In the anarchic conditions of Henry II's predecessor, Stephen (reigned 1135–1154), the church had extended its jurisdiction by taking advantage of the weakness of royal authority. The Constitutions were claimed to restore the law as it was observed during the reign of Henry I (1100–1135).12th-century depiction of Henry II with Thomas BecketThe Constitutions take their name from Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire, the royal hunting lodge at which they were promulgated.","title":"Constitutions of Clarendon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecclesiastical courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_courts"},{"link_name":"benefit of clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_of_clergy"},{"link_name":"defrocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defrocked"},{"link_name":"F. W. Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Constitutions' primary goal was to deal with the controversial issue of \"criminous clerks\", or clergy who had been accused of committing a serious secular crime but were tried in ecclesiastical courts by \"benefit of clergy\". Unlike royal courts, these ecclesiastical courts were strictly limited in the punishments to which a convicted felon could be subjected; in particular the spilling of blood was prohibited. An ecclesiastical case of murder often ended with the defendant being defrocked (dismissed from the priesthood). In a royal court, murder was often punished with mutilation or death.The Constitutions of Clarendon were Henry II's attempts to deal with these problems (and conveniently increase his own power at the same time) by claiming that once the ecclesiastical courts had tried and defrocked clergymen, the Church could no longer protect the individual, and convicted former clergy could be further punished under the jurisdiction of secular courts.It was formerly supposed that Henry wanted all clerics accused of crimes to be tried in the King's Courts. But this impression, as F. W. Maitland showed, is certainly wrong.[1] A rather complicated arrangement was proposed by which cognizance of the case was first to be taken in the King's Court.If the culprit proved to be a cleric, the case was to be tried in the ecclesiastical court, but an officer of the King's Court was to be present. The officer, if the accused was found guilty, was to conduct him back to the King's Court after degradation, where he would be dealt with as an ordinary criminal and adequately punished.The king's contention was that flogging, fines, degradation, and excommunication, beyond which the spiritual courts could not go, were insufficient as punishment. The archbishop urged that, apart from the principle of clerical privilege, to degrade a man first and to hang him afterwards was to punish him twice for the same offence. Once degraded, he lost all his rights, and if he committed another crime, he might then be punished with death like any other felon.","title":"Purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becket_controversy"}],"text":"Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury (1162–1170), resisted the Constitutions, especially the clause concerning \"criminous clerks\". As a result, Henry put Becket up for trial at Northampton. Becket fled into exile with his family. Bishops were in agreement over the articles until the Pope disapproved and then Becket repudiated his arguments. The controversy resulted, becoming so bitter that Becket was murdered on 29 December 1170. After this Henry felt compelled to revoke the two controversial clauses, which went against canon law. However, the rest stayed in effect as law of the land.","title":"Effect"}]	[{"image_text":"12th-century depiction of Henry II with Thomas Becket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jindrich2_Beckett.jpg/220px-Jindrich2_Beckett.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Clarendon, Constitutions of\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Clarendon,_Constitutions_of","url_text":"\"Clarendon, Constitutions of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/romancanonlawin00maitgoog","external_links_name":"Roman Canon Law in the Church of England: six essays"},{"Link":"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/constcla.asp","external_links_name":"Constitutions of Clarendon"},{"Link":"http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Constitutions of Clarendon"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Clarendon,_Constitutions_of","external_links_name":"\"Clarendon, Constitutions of\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W300EI	WPLJ	["1 History","1.1 As WABC-FM","1.2 As WPLJ","1.2.1 Album rock era (1971–1983)","1.2.2 Top 40 era (1983–1992)","1.2.3 Hot AC era (1992–2019)","1.2.4 2000s","1.2.5 2010s","1.3 Sale and transition to K-Love","2 HD Radio","3 Logo history","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2021) K-Love radio station in New York City This article is about the radio station, WPLJ. For the song written by the Four Deuces, see Four Deuces § W-P-L-J. WPLJNew York, New YorkUnited StatesBroadcast areaNew York metropolitan areaFrequency95.5 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingK-Love (primary)ProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatChristian adult contemporarySubchannelsHD2: Air1HD3: WRDR simulcast (Christian radio)NetworkK-LoveOwnershipOwnerEducational Media FoundationSister stationsWARWHistoryFirst air dateMay 4, 1948 (76 years ago) (1948-05-04)Former call signsWJZ-FM (1948–1953)WABC-FM (1953–1971)WPLJ (1971–1987)WWPR (1987–1988)Call sign meaningnamed after the Four Deuces song "W-P-L-J" (artifact of former format)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID73887ClassBERP6,700 wattsHAAT408 meters (1,339 ft)Transmitter coordinates40°44′53″N 73°59′10″W / 40.748°N 73.986°W / 40.748; -73.986Translator(s)94.3 MHz W232AL (Pomona)94.9 MHz W235BB (Hauppauge)104.5 MHz W283BA (Selden)107.9 MHz W300EI (New York)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsiteklove.com WPLJ (95.5 FM) is a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station licensed to New York, New York. It carries a Christian adult contemporary radio format and is owned by the Educational Media Foundation (EMF), based in Franklin, Tennessee. It broadcasts EMF's flagship programming service, "K-Love." The station seeks donations on the air and on its website. WPLJ is a Class B FM station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 6,700 watts, transmitting from atop the Empire State Building in Midtown Manhattan. WPLJ broadcasts on several HD Radio digital subchannels in addition to its analog transmission. It is also heard on three FM translators around the New York metropolitan area, including 94.3 MHz in Pomona, 94.9 in Hauppauge and 104.5 in Selden. History As WABC-FM 1953 advertisement announcing the call letter change from WJZ-FM to WABC-FM. The station went on the air on May 4, 1948, under the call sign WJZ-FM. In March 1953, the station's call letters were changed to WABC-FM following the merger of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) with United Paramount Theatres. As most FM stations did during the medium's formative years, 95.5 FM simulcast the programming of its AM sister station, WJZ/WABC (770 AM). In the early 1960s, however, WABC-FM began to program itself separately from WABC (AM). During the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike, the station programmed news for 17 hours daily. Two-and-a-half years before WINS launched its own around-the-clock, all-news format in April 1965, it was the first such attempt in the New York market. This was followed by stints with Broadway show tunes and general freeform programming, including broadcasts of New York Mets baseball games. WABC's AM personalities, such as Dan Ingram, Chuck Leonard, and Bob Lewis, hosted programs on the FM side which were the total opposites of the top 40-powered sound for which they were better known on AM. WABC-FM continued to simulcast its AM sister station during Herb Oscar Anderson's morning drive program. At the start of 1968, ABC split its radio network into four distinct components, one of which was dedicated to FM radio. The following year, WABC-FM and its sister stations—KABC-FM in Los Angeles; WLS-FM in Chicago; KGO-FM in San Francisco; WXYZ-FM in Detroit; KQV-FM in Pittsburgh; and newly acquired KXYZ-FM in Houston—began carrying an automated, youth-oriented, progressive rock format known as Love. As WPLJ Album rock era (1971–1983) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)WPLJ's logo from the early 1970s. All of ABC's FM stations adopted this same logo style at this time; a version of this is still in use today by former sister station KLOS, which broadcasts on the same frequency. In late 1970, Allen Shaw, the then-president of ABC's FM station group, announced two big changes to take place in early 1971: ABC dropped Love and installed completely live-and-local, freeform rock formats. The network also applied for call letter changes for the seven stations. The New York outlet was slated to be renamed WRIF, but a clerical error on the part of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) resulted in those calls being awarded to the former WXYZ-FM in Detroit—whose own request for WDAI ("Detroit Auto Industry") was itself given mistakenly to WLS-FM in Chicago—leaving WABC-FM to start from scratch for its own rebranding. On February 14, 1971, the station's call letters changed to WPLJ, chosen after Allen Shaw noticed the letter combination as the name of a song on the 1970 Mothers of Invention record, Burnt Weeny Sandwich. The song, "W-P-L-J", was originally performed by the Four Deuces in 1955 and stood for "White Port and Lemon Juice". On the air, the station hired John Zacherle, Alex Bennett, Vin Scelsa, Jimmy Fink, and Michael Cuscuna (from WMMR and WXPN in Philadelphia) as personalities. All seven ABC-owned FM stations also adopted a shared logo styling with the callsign and frequency within a multi-colored oval; WRIF and KLOS (the former KABC-FM) continue to use a form of this logo to the present day. In September 1971, Allen Shaw and ABC programming executive Bob Henaberry designed and pioneered the very first album-oriented rock (AOR) format on WPLJ, playing only the best cuts from the best-selling rock albums with a minimum of disc jockey talk. Using the slogan "Rock 'N Stereo", the station played artists such as Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Aerosmith, Jimi Hendrix, Cream, The Doobie Brothers, Steely Dan, Elton John, Deep Purple, Billy Joel, Rod Stewart, David Bowie, and The Allman Brothers. The station also played pop songs from artists such as James Taylor, Stevie Wonder, and Carly Simon, distinguishing itself from top 40 stations (such as co-owned WABC) by playing more tracks from their albums. The station's Arbitron ratings shot up dramatically, and WPLJ became New York's most listened-to FM rock station for most of the 1970s. In 1973, ABC transferred Willard Lochridge, the general manager of WRIF in Detroit, to New York to manage WPLJ. The following year, Lochridge brought his Detroit program director, Larry Berger to WPLJ, and adopted a new slogan: "New York's Best Rock". Some of the personalities on the station during this period included Jim Kerr, Pat St. John, Jimmy Fink, Carol Miller, Tony Pigg, John Zacherle, Alex Bennett, Bob Marrone, and Dave Charity. Berger himself hosted a Sunday night call-in show, in which he discussed seemingly any topic with listeners—except the specifics of the playlist. During these call-in segments, some callers suggested that the station sped up (or "pitched up") the music so that they could fit in more commercials while still being able to claim that they played a large number of songs per hour. Berger repeatedly denied that this practice was in use at WPLJ. In the September 20, 1999, episode of Crap from the Past, host Ron "Boogiemonster" Gerber suggested that music was sped up on WPLJ to make the same music sound less dynamic on other stations. Another Sunday night show began in 1973, then-Father Bill Ayres' long-running show, at first called On This Rock and later (after Ayres left the priesthood in the 1980s) titled The Bill Ayres Show. Known on-air as Father Bill Ayres, the show mixed spirituality and social consciousness together with the music of Harry Chapin, Bob Seger, and others. The show also aired on its sister station WABC on Sunday mornings within the last years of its top 40 music format. Ayres continued to host the show until the transfer of control of WPLJ to Educational Media Foundation in May 2019. By the late 1970s, WPLJ tended to emphasize harder rock artists such as Led Zeppelin (there was a nightly "Get the Led Out" segment), Kansas, Boston, and Queen, which all happened to get less airplay than on competing station WNEW-FM. At this point, the station reduced its play of softer pop songs, and their ratings remained competitive. Mark Goodman came to WPLJ from Philadelphia in 1980 and was on the air as word broke out of John Lennon's murder the evening of December 8. Goodman departed the station a few months later to become one of the original VJs for the MTV cable channel. In 1981, Berger hired Marc Coppola, a rock-oriented disc jockey from suburban rival WBAB on Long Island, to do the 10 p.m.–2 a.m. shift Monday through Saturday. During its AOR phase, the station was noted for its promotional montages consisting of snippets of classic rock songs spliced together by St. John, emphasizing a subject or theme, such as gasoline (during the gas shortages of the 1970s). From the time of Berger's arrival, WPLJ beat main rock rival WNEW-FM in virtually every Arbitron ratings period. In 1982, WPLJ received a direct competitor in WAPP, which adopted a near-identical AOR format to WPLJ (WAPP launched its rock format commercial-free and remained so for the summer of 1982). WAPP beat WPLJ in the ratings in the fall of 1982, and WPLJ reacted by adding more new wave such as A Flock of Seagulls, Dexy's Midnight Runners, The Go-Go's, Elvis Costello, Men at Work, and Soft Cell, mixed in with the usual AOR fare. WPLJ's ratings ended up besting those of WAPP after the latter started playing commercials in the fall of 1982. In early 1983, the station added "Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson, playing it several times a day (many AOR stations, including WNEW-FM, added that song and it charted on the rock tracks chart). In March 1983, WPLJ added Jackson's other hit "Beat It", which received very positive reaction. While Jackson was not a typical AOR artist, that cut was played by many AOR stations due to Eddie Van Halen's role in the song. The station also dropped most 1960s songs by May and was cutting back on AOR artists while playing more contemporary rockers. Top 40 era (1983–1992) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In early 1983, the station began a transition from AOR to Top 40/Contemporary hit radio (CHR). With word that a top 40 format was coming to WVNJ-FM (100.3 FM), WPLJ moved further in a CHR direction. Though the station began playing artists like Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson, Larry Berger stated that he did not make the decision to move to a CHR format until the last week of June; WPLJ adopted a rock-leaning CHR format on June 30, 1983. At that point, the station played predominantly AOR and new wave rock cuts, and mixed in two or three rhythmic pop cuts like "Flashdance... What a Feeling" by Irene Cara, "Time (Clock of the Heart)" by Culture Club, "She Works Hard for the Money" by Donna Summer, and others. The station maintained its "New York's Best Rock" slogan, even though the station moved away from playing predominantly rock songs. Berger discussed the changes on his call-in show in July 1983, to the disapproving reaction from the rock audience. (Competitor WNBC had been a de facto AM top-40 station while WYNY had been the de facto FM hits station throughout the early 1980s, playing many current songs as part of its hot adult contemporary format). WPLJ's airstaff, which stayed on during the early transition months, gradually changed, as WNEW-FM picked up some of the station's best-known disc jockeys such as Carol Miller and Pat St. John. (Jim Kerr and sidekick Shelli Sonstein remained with the station through the end of the decade.) Jimmy Fink, Tony Pigg, and Marc Coppola eventually moved to Infinity Broadcasting's WXRK when it debuted a couple of years later. In August 1983, at the same time WVNJ had been re-christened as WHTZ ("Z100"), WPLJ became known as "The Home of the Hits", and in October, added top 40-style jingles. In a way, it was "New York's Hit Music Station" just before WHTZ went on the air. The following spring, WPLJ identified itself very briefly as "The New Musicradio PLJ" before segueing to "Hitradio 95" just a short time later. In early 1985, the station became known on-air as "Power 95". Ratings went up after switching to CHR, though they were still just behind Z100 most of the time. On December 17, 1987, the station changed its call letters to WWPR (to complement its "Power 95" branding). (Rival WHTZ joked that the "PR" in the calls stood for "Puerto Rican" and that the station planned to flip to a Spanish-language format.) The WPLJ call-sign returned the following year, on December 21, 1988, when research indicated that listeners still identified the station as WPLJ. Berger departed in 1988, replaced immediately by his music director Jessica Ettinger, who was named acting program director. In 1989, general manager Dana Horner hired Gary Bryan from KUBE in Seattle as program director. Bryan also served as morning show host beginning that July, ousting 15-year WPLJ morning host veteran Jim Kerr, and creating an audience outcry. WPLJ continued to be successful until 1990, when ratings started to decline. With significant pop competition—WQHT ("Hot 97") playing dance and urban pop songs and WHTZ playing mainstream pop music—WPLJ dropped the "Power 95" branding and returned to identify by its call letters; musically, the station began leaning toward more pop-rock hits. In May, Bryan left the station to host rival WHTZ's morning zoo program beginning that August. ABC brass then replaced Horner with Mitch Dolan as general manager and president of programming, while Tom Cuddy was named vice president of programming, and Rocky Allen was named as the station's new morning host in August. WPLJ began to regain some momentum; however, in early 1991, Cuddy and Dolan hired Scott Shannon, who had just left his rock hits project, KQLZ ("Pirate Radio") in Los Angeles. Shannon, who was responsible for WHTZ's early success and served as that station's first morning zoo host, took over as WPLJ's program director and morning show host (replacing Rocky Allen) in April 1991. The station then immediately rebranded as "Mojo Radio" on April 2 (Shannon's first show was on April 11), and the station began playing mainstream pop music, with ratings improving slightly. After Shannon had a series of morning show co-hosts over the summer, Todd Pettengill joined as his permanent co-host on August 19, 1991, forming Scott & Todd in the Morning. Also, WPLJ began dayparting its programming by leaning towards adult top 40 with more gold and recurrents being played during the daytime hours, while still playing some rhythmic material during the evening hours. Hot AC era (1992–2019) By February 1992, the station shifted to what was becoming a popular format: hot adult contemporary (hot AC), at about the same time a slightly different version was being pioneered in Houston at KHMX. In an attempt to differentiate itself from its competitors, WPLJ adopted the slogan "No Rap, No Hard Stuff, No Sleepy Elevator Music, Just the Best Songs on the Radio". In addition, the "Mojo Radio" moniker was dropped and the station began using the moniker "95-5 PLJ" (with the "W" typically omitted except for legal station identification). The station playlist featured many songs familiar only to New Yorkers and obscure oldies that would not have been typical for the format in other markets. (In a bit of irony, WPLJ may have helped pioneer many of the concepts made popular by the diverse-playlist, music-intensive adult hits format of 2005.) Initially, WPLJ leaned towards 1970s hits, as well as mixing in liberal doses of disco, and did regular theme weekends featuring one-hit wonders and number-one songs, among others. Eventually, it also dedicated Monday-Saturday nights to playing nothing but 1970s music, hosted by former WKTU disc jockey Al Bandiero, a practice that continued for the next few years. In January 1993, Rocky Allen returned to WPLJ, this time to do afternoon drive for several years, until moving to WABC for the morning drive slot in January 1999. (Allen returned again to WPLJ in late 2005.) A year after Allen's return, WPLJ hired John "Kato" Machay from KUBE Seattle to serve as the station's executive morning show producer and air talent, leading to the station winning Billboard's Morning Show of the Year award for five straight years. In 1995, WPLJ signed an agreement with Usen Group of Tokyo, a 500-channel audio cable system, to carry the station live in real-time throughout Japan. Also, from August 7 to 13 of that year, WPLJ was simulcast on Heart 106.2 in London as part of testing transmissions before it signed on September 5 with a hot AC format. In mid-1996, WPLJ began syndicating Scott & Todd to WMTX in Tampa, Florida (where Scott had launched the "morning zoo" concept into nationwide success) and WKLI-FM in Albany, New York (where Todd would get his first big-market break), with a nationwide syndication deal launching in May 1997. The syndication attempt ended October 16, 1998, as management desired to refocus the show to a local audience. On February 5, 1999, WPLJ abruptly moved to a modern adult contemporary format, a variation of the hot AC format. The station eliminated all 1970s music from the playlist and changed its slogan to "New York's Hit Music Station Without the Rap" in an attempt to distance itself from competitors that played rap music. In addition, many on-air personalities exited, including Kristie McIntyre, Danny & Onions, WPLJ veteran Fast Jimi Roberts and, a short time later, Kato Machay. However, modern AC had peaked in 1997-98, and the station transitioned back to a hot AC format, with its playlist consisting of songs from the 1980s, 1990s, and the present. 2000s In 2005, with ratings in decline, WPLJ once again started to play more music from the 1970s and 1980s. Given its heritage as both a rock station in the 1970s and a pioneering hot AC in the early and mid-1990s, many people in the radio business saw this move as a precursor to the station switching to an adult hits format. However, they were beaten by WCBS-FM, which abruptly switched from oldies to the Jack FM format on June 3, 2005 (WCBS-FM would return to the oldies/classic hits format two years later). WPLJ returned to playing music of the late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. While not an overall ratings success, WPLJ had for years been among the more financially successful stations in the New York City market, billing in excess of $40 million per year. WPLJ did extremely well with adult women in the lucrative nine northern New Jersey counties adjacent to New York City. During its top 40 years, WPLJ used jingles from JAM Creative Productions, some of which were packages previously used on sister station WABC during its top 40 days; since becoming a hot AC station, WPLJ had used jingles from TM Studios. WPLJ and WABC were included in the sale of ABC Radio and the ABC Radio Networks by The Walt Disney Company to Citadel, announced in February 2006 and finalized on June 12, 2007. In late February 2008, the Rocky Allen Showgram featuring Rocky Allen and Blain Ensley was dropped as part of a company-wide series of staff cutbacks at Citadel. On February 16, 2009, WPLJ started airing the syndicated program The Billy Bush Show in the evenings. He was later replaced by local host Ralphie Aversa. In April 2009, WPLJ adopted a new slogan, "Scott and Todd in the Morning and Today's Best Music". A new logo was introduced that July. 2010s On July 25, 2011, Scott and Todd, with the new addition of Cooper Lawrence, were part of a six-week summer test of 20th Television's nightly entertainment news magazine Dish Nation. In January 2012, 20th announced the return of Dish Nation for a full 52-week season with Scott and Todd as members of its four-city roundtable. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011. By October 2011, adult contemporary rival WWFS (owned by CBS Radio) shifted to hot AC; this gave New York City two hot adult contemporary stations for the first time since 1998, when WBIX dropped it for a rhythmic oldies format. On February 7, 2014, Scott Shannon announced his retirement from WPLJ after 22 years. Co-host Todd Pettengill immediately took control of the morning show, which re-branded as The Todd Show on February 24. On January 5, 2015, The Todd Show was re-branded to Todd & Jayde in the Morning, with Jayde Donovan (Patricia Sweet) joining Pettengill as a co-host. With the change, co-hosts Cooper Lawrence, Fitz, and Meatballs (Richard Deaver Jr.) were all released. Monk (Joe Pardavila), Annie (Anne Marie Leamy), and Johnny on the Street (John Mingione, formerly 'John Online' of WBLI on Long Island) were the other cast members of Todd & Jayde in the Morning. During this time, due to increased competition, WPLJ re-added 1980s and 1990s songs to its playlist, as well as adding more rhythmic material. By November 2015, the station removed most of the 1980s music from its playlist. Sale and transition to K-Love "May the 48-year run of this radio station prove to be a testament to the power and the love of terrestrial radio. And may the mere thought of the letters P-L-J bring a smile to your face, a warmth to your heart, and a tingle to your ears. "Here's to those who have walked these halls and breathed life into these microphones. It is with peace, love, and joy that we toast the white port lemon juice. Here's to 'PLJ! "And for one final time–from high above Madison Square Garden–this is the world-famous WPLJ, New York." Race Taylor, from his "farewell toast" to WPLJ On February 13, 2019, WPLJ and five other Cumulus Media stations were sold to the Rocklin, California-based nonprofit broadcaster, Educational Media Foundation (EMF) for $103.5 million. This transaction would allow Cumulus to generate "substantial cash for debt repayment and investment in other business opportunities," according to its President and CEO Mary Berner. After the sale received final approval by the FCC, EMF announced that WPLJ and the other Cumulus stations acquired would all begin broadcasting its primary programming service, K-Love, on June 1 at midnight local time; this was later moved up to May 31 at 7:00 pm, five hours earlier than originally planned. Current and surviving former WPLJ air personalities and staffers gathered together for a farewell celebration, held at The Cutting Room on May 23. It was the first event in what would be a week-long celebration of the station's 48-year run, which continued through the Memorial Day weekend with the station "clearing out the library" by playing songs from each year between 1971 and the present, along with vintage jingles and sweepers. The penultimate broadcast day on May 30 was filled with guest appearances from WPLJ alumni, including an on-air reunion of Todd Pettengill and his former morning co-host, Scott Shannon. The current airstaff began their goodbyes as well and that continued into May 31, with the final air shift handled by afternoon personality Race Taylor. The last songs heard on WPLJ were "Imagine" by John Lennon—the final song played by WABC before their format switch from Top 40 to talk in May 1982—followed by a cover version of "W-P-L-J" by Hall & Oates, recorded live during a visit by the group to the station several years earlier. Taylor then played the closing lyrics of "The End" by the Beatles, before offering WPLJ a final toast, completing the closedown at 7:02 pm. Following just over a minute of silence, EMF began operating WPLJ as the new New York City outlet of K-Love; K-Love programming had previously been heard in the New York area since May 2011 over Port Chester, New York-licensed WKLV-FM (96.7 FM). EMF changed WKLV-FM's call letters to WARW and its format to secondary service Air1 on July 19, 2019. In addition to converting the 95.5 FM license to noncommercial educational status, EMF also acquired the WPLJ call letters from Cumulus. HD Radio WPLJ signed on digital operations in late 2005. WPLJ-HD1 carries a digital simulcast of the analog signal. The WPLJ-HD2 subchannel originally broadcast all-70s hits, and then programming from Scott Shannon's True Oldies Channel that was distributed by ABC Radio. On July 4, 2014, WPLJ-HD2 flipped to an adult contemporary format known as "FAS" (referring to former sister station WFAS-FM, which flipped from AC to urban AC), due to the discontinuation of The True Oldies Channel's distribution. (The "FAS" programming was also relayed on translator W232AL (94.3 FM), located in White Plains, New York). The FAS programming moved to WPLJ-HD3 (which had previously aired a simulcast of WABC) in autumn 2017, with the Russian-language "Russkaya Reklama" programming moving from WNEW-FM-HD4 to WPLJ-HD2. On May 1, 2019, the FAS programming on WPLJ-HD3 and W232AL ceased operations. After EMF acquired the station on May 31, 2019, WPLJ-HD2 adopted a simulcast of the Christian-formatted "Bridge Radio" fed by WRDR in Freehold Township, New Jersey (this would later be moved to WPLJ-HD4, with the K-Love Classics service being installed on the HD2). Also in 2019, WPLJ-HD3 adopted a simulcast of the Christian-formatted "Air1". Logo history WPLJ logo used from 2005 to 2009 WPLJ logo used from February 24, 2014 to October 30, 2014. WPLJ logo from October 30, 2014 to May 31, 2019. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WPLJ". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ "WPLJ-FM 95.5 MHz - New York, NY". radio-locator.com. ^ Radio-Locator.com/W283BA ^ "WABC and WABC-TV ad". Broadcasting-Telecasting. Vol. 44, no. 9. March 2, 1953. p. 37. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ "WJZ-FM in New York operating at 95.5 mc." Broadcasting - Telecasting, May 10, 1948, pg. 80. ^ "Ambitious ABC planning initiated under new merged ownership." Broadcasting-Telecasting, February 16, 1953, pp. 27–29. ^ "It's now WABC-AM-FM-TV; ABC also changes slides." Broadcasting-Telecasting, March 2, 1953, pg. 70. ^ WABC-AM-FM-TV advertisement. Broadcasting-Telecasting, March 2, 1953, pg. 37. ^ "Strikebound N.Y. depends on air news." Broadcasting, December 17, 1962, pg. 44 ^ WABC-FM advertisement. Broadcasting, December 24, 1962, pp. 38–39 ^ "Baseball tops $31 million." Broadcasting, February 19, 1968, pp. 40–49. ^ "600 stations set for new ABC." Broadcasting, January 1, 1968, pp. 42–44. ^ "ABC Radio sends its 'Love' to FM." Broadcasting, February 17, 1969, pg. 77. ^ "ABC puts a new emphasis on FM." Broadcasting, August 10, 1970, pg. 45. ^ "ABC asks FCC for ok to change FM calls." Broadcasting, September 14, 1970, pg. 48. ^ "For the record." Broadcasting, March 8, 1971, pg. 59 ^ Neer, Richard (2001). FM: The Rise and Fall of Rock Radio. Random House Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 9781588360731. ^ Konig, Susan. "Q&A: Bill Ayres; In Forefront of Fighting World Hunger". The New York Times. March 29, 1998 ^ "Mark Goodman: Original MTV VJ" The Sands. ^ Sloan, Dave; Cantos, Holly. "John Lennon 1980" What Difference Does It Make. ^ "WPLJ 95.5 New York - Larry Berger Explains change from Rock to Top 40 - August 1983" – via YouTube. ^ "Street Talk" (PDF). Radio & Records. April 19, 1985. p. 26. Retrieved July 4, 2019. ^ "WWPR (Power 95)/NY" (PDF). Radio & Records. December 23, 1988. p. 25. Retrieved April 19, 2019. ^ "Major Market Morning Men Move On Out" (PDF). Radio & Records. July 7, 1989. p. 1. Retrieved May 26, 2019. ^ "Bryan Joins Z100 Zoo" (PDF). Radio & Records. July 27, 1990. p. 1. Retrieved May 26, 2019. ^ "WPLJ Names Cuddy VP/Programming" (PDF). Radio & Records. March 30, 1990. p. 3. Retrieved May 26, 2019. ^ "Allen Wins WPLJ Morning Position" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 3, 1990. p. 1. Retrieved April 19, 2019. ^ "WPLJ Banks On Mornings" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 24, 1990. p. 42. Retrieved April 19, 2019. ^ "Shannon Back To New York As WPLJ PD/Morning Man" (PDF). Radio & Records. April 5, 1991. p. 1. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "First Show, Scott Shannon In The Morning – 95.5 WPLJ New York — April 11, 1991". August 6, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "Hoodoo That Voodoo?" (PDF). Radio & Records. April 12, 1991. p. 32. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "Can Shannon Get WPLJ's Mojo Working?" (PDF). Billboard. April 13, 1991. p. 12. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "Less Rap In Mojo Mix" (PDF). Billboard. August 9, 1991. Retrieved February 4, 2020. ^ "Vox Jox" (PDF). Billboard. August 17, 1991. p. 13. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "WPLJ 25th Anniversary" (PDF). Billboard. December 21, 1996. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "WPLJ/New York Celebrates 30 Years On The Air" (PDF). R&R. March 29, 2002. p. 1. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "No Mo' Mojo" (PDF). Radio & Records. February 7, 1992. p. 24. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ McGeever, Mike (August 26, 1995). "WPLJ Gets To Heart Of London". Billboard. p. 113. Retrieved February 8, 2023. ^ "At 25, WPLJ Finds Silver Lining in Pop". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "1997: The Year Of CHR Resurgence" (PDF). Radio & Records. December 19, 1997. p. 37. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "Morning Miscellany" (PDF). Radio & Records. October 2, 1998. p. 28. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "WPLJ Embarks On Its Post -Rocky Road" (PDF). Radio & Records. February 12, 1999. p. 28. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ Fybush, Scott (March 3, 2008). "This Week's Bloodbath: Citadel". NorthEast Radio Watch. ^ "Billy Bush: Radio Stations". February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2009. ^ Hinckley, David (June 16, 2011). "'Dish Nation' launching on Fox TV, radio hosts Scott and Todd to 'dish' on gossip, entertainment". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2011. ^ Downey, Kevin. "Dish Nation Clearances Top 80%". TV News Check. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. ^ "Cumulus now owns Citadel Broadcasting". Atlanta Business Journal (subscription required). September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011. ^ Venta, Lance (February 7, 2014). "Scott Shannon retires from WPLJ". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "Jayde Donovan Joins WPLJ As Morning Co-Host". All Access. All Access Music Group. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ Venta, Lance (February 13, 2019). "Cumulus Sells Six To EMF & Swaps With Entercom In New York & Indianapolis". RadioInsight. Retrieved February 13, 2019. ^ "This Is The End: EMF To Take Over Iconic Cumulus Stations June 1". Inside Radio. May 15, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019. ^ Venta, Lance (May 15, 2019). "EMF To Begin Operating Its Six Cumulus Acquisitions On June 1". RadioInsight. Retrieved June 12, 2019. ^ a b Niemietz, Brian (May 8, 2019). "Rock station 95.5 WPLJ will end nearly 50 years of broadcasting on May 31". Daily News. New York. Retrieved May 8, 2019. ^ a b Venta, Lance (May 8, 2019). "WPLJ Announces Sign-Off Date". RadioInsight. Retrieved May 8, 2019. ^ "WPLJ/New York Sign-Off Festivities Set For May 30th & 31st". All Access. All Access Music Group. May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "- YouTube" – via YouTube. ^ Venta, Lance (May 27, 2019). "EMF Sets New Call Letters For Cumulus/Aloha Acquisitions; WRQX Moves To..." RadioInsight. Retrieved May 27, 2019. ^ "WPLJ 95.5 HD-2 New York - All 70s - March 23 2006" – via YouTube. ^ "Radio Stations". Scott Shannon's True Oldies Channel. Archived from the original on July 28, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008. ^ Venta, Lance (May 2, 2019). "94.3 WFAS Ceases Operations". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Further reading Larry Berger's Years At WPLJ Recollections of "New York's Best Rock" era by program director and air staff (archived 2005) Brad Blanks, WPLJ morning contributor interview External links Official website WPLJ in the FCC FM station database WPLJ in Nielsen Audio's FM station database FCC History Cards for WPLJ W232AL in the FCC FM station database W232AL at FCCdata.org W235BB in the FCC FM station database W235BB at FCCdata.org W283BA in the FCC FM station database W283BA at FCCdata.org W300EI in the FCC FM station database W300EI at FCCdata.org vteRadio stations in New York City (the Five Boroughs) and Newark, New Jersey This area also includes the following counties in New Jersey: Bergen Essex Hudson Passaic By AM frequency 570 620 6601 7101 7701 820 8801 930 970 1010 1050 11301 1160 1190 1280 1330 1380 1430 1460 1480 1500 15601, 3 1600 1660 Apex/VHF FM 42.8 By FM frequency 87.75 88.3 88.7 88.9 89.1 WFDU2 WNYU-FM2 89.5 89.9 90.3 WHCR-FM WKRB WMSC 90.7 91.1 91.5 92.3 92.7 93.1 93.5 93.9 94.7 95.5 96.3 96.7 97.1 97.9 98.7 99.1 99.5 100.3 101.1 101.9 102.7 103.5 103.9 104.3 105.1 105.9 106.7 107.5 LPFM 95.9 102.3 105.5 WDMB-LP2 WQEQ-LP2 Translators 91.9 95.1 97.5 98.3 101.5 102.3 103.1 104.7 107.9 Via FM subcarrier 67 kHz Chinese Radio New York Gatewave radio reading service Radio Maria Stati Uniti (Italian) 92 kHz ICN Radio Radio Maria Estados Unidos (Spanish) RBC Radio NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.55 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.3-1 88.3-2 89.1-12 89.1-22 89.1-32 89.5-1 89.5-2 89.9-1 89.9-2 89.9-3 90.7-1 90.7-2 92.3-1 92.3-2 92.3-3 93.1-1 93.9-1 93.9-2 93.9-3 94.7-1 94.7-2 94.7-3 95.5-1 95.5-2 95.5-3 95.5-4 96.3-1 96.3-2 96.3-3 96.3-4 96.7-1 96.7-2 96.7-3 97.1-1 97.9-1 99.1-1 99.1-2 99.1-3 100.3-1 101.1-1 101.1-2 101.1-3 101.9-1 101.9-2 101.9-3 102.7-1 103.5-1 103.5-2 103.5-3 104.3-1 104.3-2 105.1-1 105.1-2 105.1-3 105.9-1 105.9-2 106.7-1 106.7-2 107.5-1 By call sign KWO35 W220EJ W236CH W248CG W252CS W268BY W272DX W276AQ W284BW W300EI WA2XMN WABC1 WADO WARW HD2 HD3 WAXQ HD2 WAWZ HD2 HD3 WBAI WBBR1 WBGO HD2 WBLS WBQE-LP WCBS1 WCBS-FM HD2 HD3 WDMB-LP2 WEPN WEPN-FM WFAN1 WFAN-FM HD2 HD3 WFDU2 HD2 HD3 WFME1, 3 WFME-FM WFMU WFUV HD2 WGHT WHCR-FM WHTZ WINS WINS-FM HD2 HD3 WKCR-FM HD2 HD3 WKDM WKRB WKTU HD2 HD3 WLIB WLTW HD2 WMCA WMSC WNEW-FM WNSW WNVU WNYC WNYC-FM HD2 HD3 WNYE WNYM WNYU-FM2 WNYZ-LD5 WOR1 WPAT WPAT-FM WPLJ HD2 HD3 HD4 WPSC-FM WQEQ-LP2 WQHT WQXR-FM HD2 WSIA WSKQ-FM WSNR WSOU HD2 WVBN HD2 WVNJ WVOX WWPR-FM HD2 HD3 WWRL WWRU WWRV WXBK HD2 HD3 WXNY-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WYNE-LP WZRC Internet 8-Ball Radio D100 Radio New York East Village Radio KPISS.fm Newtown Radio Voice of NY Radio Korea Pulse 87 Radio Free Brooklyn Soho Radio The Lot Radio WBAR Defunct 2XG/WJX Art International Radio4 Jukebox Radio New Country Y-107 W2XEA/KE2XCC W2XMN W31NY/WFMN WDT WDY WEVD WGYN WJDM (1530 AM) WJY (Hoboken, New Jersey) WJY (New York City) WLWL WMGM-FM (100.3 FM) WNBC (660 AM) WBBR/WPOW (1330 AM) WNBC-FM (97.1 FM) WPAT-FM (1949–1951) WRNY WWDX Radio stations in the New York metropolitan area New York City Long Island Lower Hudson Valley Middlesex-Somerset-Union Monmouth-Ocean Morristown Sussex Other nearby regions Bridgeport Danbury Middletown-Newburgh Poughkeepsie-Kingston Stamford-Norwalk Trenton See also List of radio stations in New York Mass media in New York City Radio stations TV stations Newspapers Notes 1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage. 2. Under a "Shared Time" agreement. 3. Station is silent. 4. Defunct internet radio station. 5. Audio from channel 6 TV station vteK-Love member stations KAKL KAKV KAWK KBKV KBLV KBMK KBMV-FM KDKL KEKL KELU KFLV KFMK KGKV KGLV KHKL KHLR KHLV KIKL KILV KJKL KJLV KKHI KKLB KKLC KKLG KKLM KKLP KKLQ KKLT KKLU KKLV KKLW KKLY KKMR KKVO KLAG KLBV KLBZ KLCF KLCQ KLCX KLDQ KLDV KLDX KLFG KLFH KLFJ KLFS KLFV KLGU KLGW KLHK KLHQ KLHV KLJV KLKA KLKF KLKI KLKM KLKV KLLR KLLU KLMD KLMK KLMQ KLNB KLNQ KLOF KLON KLOV KLOY KLPT KLRH KLRI KLRJ KLRK-FM KLRM KLRO KLRQ KLRS KLRV KLRW KLRX KLRY KLSB KLSF KLSK KLSW KLTQ KLTU KLTW KLUU KLUW KLUY KLVA KLVB KLVC KLVG KLVH KLVJ KLVK KLVM KLVN KLVP KLVR KLVS KLVU KLVW KLVY KLWA KLWC KLWO KLWR KLWV KLXA KLXB KLXC KLXD KLXE KLXF KLXG KLXH KLXI KLXN KLXP KLXV KLXY KLXZ KLZV KMFC KMKL KMKV KMLR KMLT KMLV KMVS KNBQ KNDL KNDW KNKL KNOL KOBC KPLV KQKL KQLR KQLV KRKL KRKM KRLE KRLH KRLP KRLR KRLU KRTY KSFS KSLY KTKL KTLI KUKV KULV KVID KVKL KVLB KVLD KVLK KVLP KVLQ KVLR KVLT KVLW KVLX KVPP KWKL KWLR KWLU KXLV KYKL KYKV KYLR KYLV KZKL KZKV KZLO KZLR KZLV WAIH WAKC WAKL WAWM WBKC WBKL WBKV WBNK WCCC WCKL WCLR WCRR WDKL WDKV WDLV WEBF WEKL WEKV WEZW WFLO-FM WFLV WFVL WGCK-FM WGKV WGLH WGLU WHKQ WHKU WHKV WHVK WIKL WIKV WILV WJKB WJKE WJKL WJKV WJLR WJLV WKBP WKCC WKCD WKDL WKEL WKFF WKFV WKGV WKHC WKHL WKHW WKIV WKIW WKJL WKLN WKLU WKLV-FM WKLZ WKMH WKMW WKMY WKPA WKRT WKTH WKVB WKVC WKVF WKVG WKVH WKVJ WKVK WKVN WKVO WKVP WKVR WKVU WKVV WKVW WKVY WKVZ WKWO WKWP WKWR WKWV WKYF WKYP WKYV WKZV WLBW WLCW WLEZ WLFM WLFV WLGF WLGQ WLGV WLGW WLGX WLGY WLJV WLKA WLKB WLKE WLKH WLKJ WLKP WLKU WLKV WLKW WLOQ WLRB WLRJ WLRK WLRX WLSF WLSW WLTK WLVE WLVG WLVM WLVN WLVO WLVU WLVV WLVW WLVX WLVZ WLXB WLXD WLXF WLXJ WLXQ WLXW WLXZ WLZV WMHK WMLE WMLV WMRK-FM WMSJ WMXK WNKC WNKL WNLT WNPQ WOHK WOKL WORG WPFF WPFM WPKC WPKC-FM WPKV WPLJ WPLV WPYK WQKV WQLR WRCM WRKV WSHN WTCF WTKL WUKL WUKV WULV WVIE WVKV WVLO WVRB WWLT WWLV WXKV WXKY WYKC WYKL WYKV WYLR WYLV WYNG WZKC WZKL WZKV WZLV News/talk/sports networks Bloomberg Radio ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio NPR SportsMap Music brands Bob FM Froggy (country only) Hank FM Jack FM KISS-FM MOViN Nash FM (country only) Religious networks AFR Air 1 K-LOVE Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic MusicBrainz place	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four Deuces § W-P-L-J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Deuces#W-P-L-J"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"non-commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercial_educational_station"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"New York, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Christian adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"radio format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"Educational Media Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Media_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"K-Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Love"},{"link_name":"Class B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"transmitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitting"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"digital subchannels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"analog transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_transmission"},{"link_name":"FM translators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_translator"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hauppauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauppauge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selden,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"K-Love radio station in New York CityThis article is about the radio station, WPLJ. For the song written by the Four Deuces, see Four Deuces § W-P-L-J.WPLJ (95.5 FM) is a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station licensed to New York, New York. It carries a Christian adult contemporary radio format and is owned by the Educational Media Foundation (EMF), based in Franklin, Tennessee. It broadcasts EMF's flagship programming service, \"K-Love.\" The station seeks donations on the air and on its website.WPLJ is a Class B FM station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 6,700 watts, transmitting from atop the Empire State Building in Midtown Manhattan.[2] WPLJ broadcasts on several HD Radio digital subchannels in addition to its analog transmission. It is also heard on three FM translators around the New York metropolitan area, including 94.3 MHz in Pomona, 94.9 in Hauppauge and 104.5 in Selden.[3]","title":"WPLJ"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WJZ_now_WABC_advertisement_(1953).jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-callchange-4"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"United Paramount Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Paramount_Theatres"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"WJZ/WABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"1962–63 New York City newspaper strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_New_York_City_newspaper_strike"},{"link_name":"news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WINS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"show tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_tune"},{"link_name":"freeform programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_radio"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dan Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Chuck Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Leonard"},{"link_name":"top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"radio network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"WLS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS-FM"},{"link_name":"KGO-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOSF"},{"link_name":"KQV-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQV-FM"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"KXYZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHMX"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"automated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_automation"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"As WABC-FM","text":"1953 advertisement announcing the call letter change from WJZ-FM to WABC-FM.[4]The station went on the air on May 4, 1948, under the call sign WJZ-FM.[5] In March 1953, the station's call letters were changed to WABC-FM following the merger of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) with United Paramount Theatres.[6][7][8] As most FM stations did during the medium's formative years, 95.5 FM simulcast the programming of its AM sister station, WJZ/WABC (770 AM).In the early 1960s, however, WABC-FM began to program itself separately from WABC (AM). During the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike, the station programmed news for 17 hours daily.[9][10] Two-and-a-half years before WINS launched its own around-the-clock, all-news format in April 1965, it was the first such attempt in the New York market. This was followed by stints with Broadway show tunes and general freeform programming, including broadcasts of New York Mets baseball games.[11] WABC's AM personalities, such as Dan Ingram, Chuck Leonard, and Bob Lewis, hosted programs on the FM side which were the total opposites of the top 40-powered sound for which they were better known on AM. WABC-FM continued to simulcast its AM sister station during Herb Oscar Anderson's morning drive program.At the start of 1968, ABC split its radio network into four distinct components, one of which was dedicated to FM radio.[12] The following year, WABC-FM and its sister stations—KABC-FM in Los Angeles; WLS-FM in Chicago; KGO-FM in San Francisco; WXYZ-FM in Detroit; KQV-FM in Pittsburgh; and newly acquired KXYZ-FM in Houston—began carrying an automated, youth-oriented, progressive rock format known as Love.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As WPLJ","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WPLJ1970s.jpg"},{"link_name":"KLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLOS"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"the former WXYZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRIF"},{"link_name":"WLS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS-FM"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mothers of Invention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_Invention"},{"link_name":"Burnt Weeny Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_Weeny_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"W-P-L-J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-P-L-J"},{"link_name":"Four Deuces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Deuces"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Zacherle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zacherle"},{"link_name":"Alex Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bennett_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Vin Scelsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Scelsa"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Fink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fink"},{"link_name":"Michael Cuscuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cuscuna"},{"link_name":"WMMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMMR"},{"link_name":"WXPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXPN"},{"link_name":"callsign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callsign"},{"link_name":"KLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLOS"},{"link_name":"album-oriented rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-oriented_rock"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Doobie Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doobie_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Steely Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steely_Dan"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"The Allman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Carly Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon"},{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pat St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_St._John"},{"link_name":"Carol Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Miller_(disc_jockey)"},{"link_name":"Ron \"Boogiemonster\" Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_%22Boogiemonster%22_Gerber"},{"link_name":"Father Bill Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ayres"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-konig-18"},{"link_name":"Harry Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Chapin"},{"link_name":"Bob Seger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Seger"},{"link_name":"WABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_(band)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(band)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"WNEW-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNEW-FM"},{"link_name":"Mark Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"John Lennon's murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"VJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_jockey"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"WBAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAB"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"gas shortages of the 1970s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"WAPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKTU"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"A Flock of Seagulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls"},{"link_name":"Dexy's Midnight Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexy%27s_Midnight_Runners"},{"link_name":"The Go-Go's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Men at Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_at_Work"},{"link_name":"Soft Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Cell"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Beat It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_It"},{"link_name":"Eddie Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Van_Halen"}],"sub_title":"As WPLJ - Album rock era (1971–1983)","text":"WPLJ's logo from the early 1970s. All of ABC's FM stations adopted this same logo style at this time; a version of this is still in use today by former sister station KLOS, which broadcasts on the same frequency.In late 1970, Allen Shaw, the then-president of ABC's FM station group, announced two big changes to take place in early 1971: ABC dropped Love and installed completely live-and-local, freeform rock formats. The network also applied for call letter changes for the seven stations.[14][15] The New York outlet was slated to be renamed WRIF, but a clerical error on the part of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) resulted in those calls being awarded to the former WXYZ-FM in Detroit—whose own request for WDAI (\"Detroit Auto Industry\") was itself given mistakenly to WLS-FM in Chicago—leaving WABC-FM to start from scratch for its own rebranding. On February 14, 1971, the station's call letters changed to WPLJ,[16] chosen after Allen Shaw noticed the letter combination as the name of a song on the 1970 Mothers of Invention record, Burnt Weeny Sandwich. The song, \"W-P-L-J\", was originally performed by the Four Deuces in 1955 and stood for \"White Port and Lemon Juice\".[17] On the air, the station hired John Zacherle, Alex Bennett, Vin Scelsa, Jimmy Fink, and Michael Cuscuna (from WMMR and WXPN in Philadelphia) as personalities. All seven ABC-owned FM stations also adopted a shared logo styling with the callsign and frequency within a multi-colored oval; WRIF and KLOS (the former KABC-FM) continue to use a form of this logo to the present day.In September 1971, Allen Shaw and ABC programming executive Bob Henaberry designed and pioneered the very first album-oriented rock (AOR) format on WPLJ, playing only the best cuts from the best-selling rock albums with a minimum of disc jockey talk. Using the slogan \"Rock 'N Stereo\", the station played artists such as Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Aerosmith, Jimi Hendrix, Cream, The Doobie Brothers, Steely Dan, Elton John, Deep Purple, Billy Joel, Rod Stewart, David Bowie, and The Allman Brothers. The station also played pop songs from artists such as James Taylor, Stevie Wonder, and Carly Simon, distinguishing itself from top 40 stations (such as co-owned WABC) by playing more tracks from their albums. The station's Arbitron ratings shot up dramatically, and WPLJ became New York's most listened-to FM rock station for most of the 1970s.[citation needed]In 1973, ABC transferred Willard Lochridge, the general manager of WRIF in Detroit, to New York to manage WPLJ. The following year, Lochridge brought his Detroit program director, Larry Berger to WPLJ, and adopted a new slogan: \"New York's Best Rock\". Some of the personalities on the station during this period included Jim Kerr, Pat St. John, Jimmy Fink, Carol Miller, Tony Pigg, John Zacherle, Alex Bennett, Bob Marrone, and Dave Charity. Berger himself hosted a Sunday night call-in show, in which he discussed seemingly any topic with listeners—except the specifics of the playlist. During these call-in segments, some callers suggested that the station sped up (or \"pitched up\") the music so that they could fit in more commercials while still being able to claim that they played a large number of songs per hour. Berger repeatedly denied that this practice was in use at WPLJ. In the September 20, 1999, episode of Crap from the Past, host Ron \"Boogiemonster\" Gerber suggested that music was sped up on WPLJ to make the same music sound less dynamic on other stations.Another Sunday night show began in 1973, then-Father Bill Ayres' long-running show, at first called On This Rock and later (after Ayres left the priesthood in the 1980s) titled The Bill Ayres Show.[18] Known on-air as Father Bill Ayres, the show mixed spirituality and social consciousness together with the music of Harry Chapin, Bob Seger, and others. The show also aired on its sister station WABC on Sunday mornings within the last years of its top 40 music format. Ayres continued to host the show until the transfer of control of WPLJ to Educational Media Foundation in May 2019.By the late 1970s, WPLJ tended to emphasize harder rock artists such as Led Zeppelin (there was a nightly \"Get the Led Out\" segment), Kansas, Boston, and Queen, which all happened to get less airplay than on competing station WNEW-FM. At this point, the station reduced its play of softer pop songs, and their ratings remained competitive. Mark Goodman came to WPLJ from Philadelphia in 1980 and was on the air as word broke out of John Lennon's murder the evening of December 8. Goodman departed the station a few months later to become one of the original VJs for the MTV cable channel.[19][20] In 1981, Berger hired Marc Coppola, a rock-oriented disc jockey from suburban rival WBAB on Long Island, to do the 10 p.m.–2 a.m. shift Monday through Saturday.During its AOR phase, the station was noted for its promotional montages consisting of snippets of classic rock songs spliced together by St. John, emphasizing a subject or theme, such as gasoline (during the gas shortages of the 1970s). From the time of Berger's arrival, WPLJ beat main rock rival WNEW-FM in virtually every Arbitron ratings period.[citation needed]In 1982, WPLJ received a direct competitor in WAPP, which adopted a near-identical AOR format to WPLJ (WAPP launched its rock format commercial-free and remained so for the summer of 1982). WAPP beat WPLJ in the ratings in the fall of 1982, and WPLJ reacted by adding more new wave such as A Flock of Seagulls, Dexy's Midnight Runners, The Go-Go's, Elvis Costello, Men at Work, and Soft Cell, mixed in with the usual AOR fare. WPLJ's ratings ended up besting those of WAPP after the latter started playing commercials in the fall of 1982. In early 1983, the station added \"Billie Jean\" by Michael Jackson, playing it several times a day (many AOR stations, including WNEW-FM, added that song and it charted on the rock tracks chart). In March 1983, WPLJ added Jackson's other hit \"Beat It\", which received very positive reaction. While Jackson was not a typical AOR artist, that cut was played by many AOR stations due to Eddie Van Halen's role in the song. The station also dropped most 1960s songs by May and was cutting back on AOR artists while playing more contemporary rockers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top 40/Contemporary hit radio (CHR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"WVNJ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVNJ-FM"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"Flashdance... What a Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdance..._What_a_Feeling"},{"link_name":"Irene Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Cara"},{"link_name":"Time (Clock of the Heart)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(Clock_of_the_Heart)"},{"link_name":"Culture Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Club"},{"link_name":"She Works Hard for the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Works_Hard_for_the_Money"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"WNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFAN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WYNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQHT"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Fink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fink"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"WXRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS-FM"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Jessica Ettinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Ettinger"},{"link_name":"Gary Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Bryan"},{"link_name":"KUBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUBE_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"WQHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQHT"},{"link_name":"urban pop songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"morning zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_zoo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Rocky Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Allen"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Scott Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Shannon"},{"link_name":"KQLZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQLZ_(defunct)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Todd Pettengill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Pettengill"},{"link_name":"dayparting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayparting"},{"link_name":"adult top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_top_40"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"As WPLJ - Top 40 era (1983–1992)","text":"In early 1983, the station began a transition from AOR to Top 40/Contemporary hit radio (CHR). With word that a top 40 format was coming to WVNJ-FM (100.3 FM), WPLJ moved further in a CHR direction. Though the station began playing artists like Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson, Larry Berger stated that he did not make the decision to move to a CHR format until the last week of June; WPLJ adopted a rock-leaning CHR format on June 30, 1983. At that point, the station played predominantly AOR and new wave rock cuts, and mixed in two or three rhythmic pop cuts like \"Flashdance... What a Feeling\" by Irene Cara, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" by Culture Club, \"She Works Hard for the Money\" by Donna Summer, and others. The station maintained its \"New York's Best Rock\" slogan, even though the station moved away from playing predominantly rock songs. Berger discussed the changes on his call-in show in July 1983, to the disapproving reaction from the rock audience.[21] (Competitor WNBC had been a de facto AM top-40 station while WYNY had been the de facto FM hits station throughout the early 1980s, playing many current songs as part of its hot adult contemporary format). WPLJ's airstaff, which stayed on during the early transition months, gradually changed, as WNEW-FM picked up some of the station's best-known disc jockeys such as Carol Miller and Pat St. John. (Jim Kerr and sidekick Shelli Sonstein remained with the station through the end of the decade.) Jimmy Fink, Tony Pigg, and Marc Coppola eventually moved to Infinity Broadcasting's WXRK when it debuted a couple of years later.In August 1983, at the same time WVNJ had been re-christened as WHTZ (\"Z100\"), WPLJ became known as \"The Home of the Hits\", and in October, added top 40-style jingles. In a way, it was \"New York's Hit Music Station\" just before WHTZ went on the air. The following spring, WPLJ identified itself very briefly as \"The New Musicradio PLJ\" before segueing to \"Hitradio 95\" just a short time later. In early 1985, the station became known on-air as \"Power 95\".[22] Ratings went up after switching to CHR, though they were still just behind Z100 most of the time.On December 17, 1987, the station changed its call letters to WWPR (to complement its \"Power 95\" branding). (Rival WHTZ joked that the \"PR\" in the calls stood for \"Puerto Rican\" and that the station planned to flip to a Spanish-language format.) The WPLJ call-sign returned the following year, on December 21, 1988, when research indicated that listeners still identified the station as WPLJ.[23] Berger departed in 1988, replaced immediately by his music director Jessica Ettinger, who was named acting program director. In 1989, general manager Dana Horner hired Gary Bryan from KUBE in Seattle as program director. Bryan also served as morning show host beginning that July, ousting 15-year WPLJ morning host veteran Jim Kerr, and creating an audience outcry.[24]WPLJ continued to be successful until 1990, when ratings started to decline. With significant pop competition—WQHT (\"Hot 97\") playing dance and urban pop songs and WHTZ playing mainstream pop music—WPLJ dropped the \"Power 95\" branding and returned to identify by its call letters; musically, the station began leaning toward more pop-rock hits. In May, Bryan left the station to host rival WHTZ's morning zoo program beginning that August.[25] ABC brass then replaced Horner with Mitch Dolan as general manager and president of programming, while Tom Cuddy was named vice president of programming,[26] and Rocky Allen was named as the station's new morning host in August.[27][28]WPLJ began to regain some momentum; however, in early 1991, Cuddy and Dolan hired Scott Shannon, who had just left his rock hits project, KQLZ (\"Pirate Radio\") in Los Angeles. Shannon, who was responsible for WHTZ's early success and served as that station's first morning zoo host, took over as WPLJ's program director and morning show host (replacing Rocky Allen) in April 1991. The station then immediately rebranded as \"Mojo Radio\" on April 2 (Shannon's first show was on April 11), and the station began playing mainstream pop music, with ratings improving slightly.[29][30][31][32] After Shannon had a series of morning show co-hosts over the summer, Todd Pettengill joined as his permanent co-host on August 19, 1991, forming Scott & Todd in the Morning. Also, WPLJ began dayparting its programming by leaning towards adult top 40 with more gold and recurrents being played during the daytime hours, while still playing some rhythmic material during the evening hours.[33][34][35][36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"KHMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHMX"},{"link_name":"Rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Hard Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Elevator Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_Music"},{"link_name":"station identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_identification"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"adult hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_hits"},{"link_name":"1970s hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_in_music"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"one-hit wonders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hit_wonder"},{"link_name":"WKTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS-FM"},{"link_name":"Al Bandiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bandiero"},{"link_name":"Usen Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/USEN"},{"link_name":"Heart 106.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_London"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.1995-38"},{"link_name":"WMTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBTP"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"WKLI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKLI-FM"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"modern adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"As WPLJ - Hot AC era (1992–2019)","text":"By February 1992, the station shifted to what was becoming a popular format: hot adult contemporary (hot AC), at about the same time a slightly different version was being pioneered in Houston at KHMX. In an attempt to differentiate itself from its competitors, WPLJ adopted the slogan \"No Rap, No Hard Stuff, No Sleepy Elevator Music, Just the Best Songs on the Radio\". In addition, the \"Mojo Radio\" moniker was dropped and the station began using the moniker \"95-5 PLJ\" (with the \"W\" typically omitted except for legal station identification).[37]The station playlist featured many songs familiar only to New Yorkers and obscure oldies that would not have been typical for the format in other markets. (In a bit of irony, WPLJ may have helped pioneer many of the concepts made popular by the diverse-playlist, music-intensive adult hits format of 2005.) Initially, WPLJ leaned towards 1970s hits, as well as mixing in liberal doses of disco, and did regular theme weekends featuring one-hit wonders and number-one songs, among others. Eventually, it also dedicated Monday-Saturday nights to playing nothing but 1970s music, hosted by former WKTU disc jockey Al Bandiero, a practice that continued for the next few years.In January 1993, Rocky Allen returned to WPLJ, this time to do afternoon drive for several years, until moving to WABC for the morning drive slot in January 1999. (Allen returned again to WPLJ in late 2005.) A year after Allen's return, WPLJ hired John \"Kato\" Machay from KUBE Seattle to serve as the station's executive morning show producer and air talent, leading to the station winning Billboard's Morning Show of the Year award for five straight years. In 1995, WPLJ signed an agreement with Usen Group of Tokyo, a 500-channel audio cable system, to carry the station live in real-time throughout Japan. Also, from August 7 to 13 of that year, WPLJ was simulcast on Heart 106.2 in London as part of testing transmissions before it signed on September 5 with a hot AC format.[38] In mid-1996, WPLJ began syndicating Scott & Todd to WMTX in Tampa, Florida (where Scott had launched the \"morning zoo\" concept into nationwide success) and WKLI-FM in Albany, New York (where Todd would get his first big-market break), with a nationwide syndication deal launching in May 1997.[39][40] The syndication attempt ended October 16, 1998, as management desired to refocus the show to a local audience.[41]On February 5, 1999, WPLJ abruptly moved to a modern adult contemporary format, a variation of the hot AC format. The station eliminated all 1970s music from the playlist and changed its slogan to \"New York's Hit Music Station Without the Rap\" in an attempt to distance itself from competitors that played rap music. In addition, many on-air personalities exited, including Kristie McIntyre, Danny & Onions, WPLJ veteran Fast Jimi Roberts and, a short time later, Kato Machay.[42] However, modern AC had peaked in 1997-98, and the station transitioned back to a hot AC format, with its playlist consisting of songs from the 1980s, 1990s, and the present.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"WCBS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCBS-FM"},{"link_name":"Jack FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_FM"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"northern New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"JAM Creative Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAM_Creative_Productions"},{"link_name":"TM Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TM_Studios"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw43-43"},{"link_name":"The Billy Bush Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bush"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"As WPLJ - 2000s","text":"In 2005, with ratings in decline, WPLJ once again started to play more music from the 1970s and 1980s. Given its heritage as both a rock station in the 1970s and a pioneering hot AC in the early and mid-1990s, many people in the radio business saw this move as a precursor to the station switching to an adult hits format.[by whom?] However, they were beaten by WCBS-FM, which abruptly switched from oldies to the Jack FM format on June 3, 2005 (WCBS-FM would return to the oldies/classic hits format two years later). WPLJ returned to playing music of the late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.[citation needed]While not an overall ratings success, WPLJ had for years been among the more financially successful stations in the New York City market, billing in excess of $40 million per year. WPLJ did extremely well with adult women in the lucrative nine northern New Jersey counties adjacent to New York City.[citation needed]During its top 40 years, WPLJ used jingles from JAM Creative Productions, some of which were packages previously used on sister station WABC during its top 40 days; since becoming a hot AC station, WPLJ had used jingles from TM Studios.[citation needed]WPLJ and WABC were included in the sale of ABC Radio and the ABC Radio Networks by The Walt Disney Company to Citadel, announced in February 2006 and finalized on June 12, 2007.In late February 2008, the Rocky Allen Showgram featuring Rocky Allen and Blain Ensley was dropped as part of a company-wide series of staff cutbacks at Citadel.[43] On February 16, 2009, WPLJ started airing the syndicated program The Billy Bush Show in the evenings.[44] He was later replaced by local host Ralphie Aversa.In April 2009, WPLJ adopted a new slogan, \"Scott and Todd in the Morning and Today's Best Music\". A new logo was introduced that July.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20th Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Television"},{"link_name":"Dish Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_Nation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abj-citadelcumulus-47"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"WWFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWFS"},{"link_name":"WBIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWPR-FM"},{"link_name":"rhythmic oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_oldies"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"WBLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBLI"}],"sub_title":"As WPLJ - 2010s","text":"On July 25, 2011, Scott and Todd, with the new addition of Cooper Lawrence, were part of a six-week summer test of 20th Television's nightly entertainment news magazine Dish Nation.[45] In January 2012, 20th announced the return of Dish Nation for a full 52-week season with Scott and Todd as members of its four-city roundtable.[46]Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.[47] By October 2011, adult contemporary rival WWFS (owned by CBS Radio) shifted to hot AC; this gave New York City two hot adult contemporary stations for the first time since 1998, when WBIX dropped it for a rhythmic oldies format.On February 7, 2014, Scott Shannon announced his retirement from WPLJ after 22 years. Co-host Todd Pettengill immediately took control of the morning show, which re-branded as The Todd Show on February 24.[48]On January 5, 2015, The Todd Show was re-branded to Todd & Jayde in the Morning, with Jayde Donovan (Patricia Sweet) joining Pettengill as a co-host.[49] With the change, co-hosts Cooper Lawrence, Fitz, and Meatballs (Richard Deaver Jr.) were all released. Monk (Joe Pardavila), Annie (Anne Marie Leamy), and Johnny on the Street (John Mingione, formerly 'John Online' of WBLI on Long Island) were the other cast members of Todd & Jayde in the Morning. During this time, due to increased competition, WPLJ re-added 1980s and 1990s songs to its playlist, as well as adding more rhythmic material. By November 2015, the station removed most of the 1980s music from its playlist.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"toast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_(honor)"},{"link_name":"Rocklin, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocklin,_California"},{"link_name":"Educational Media Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Media_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI130219-50"},{"link_name":"K-Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Love"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsideRadioWRQX-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI150519-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN080519-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI080519-54"},{"link_name":"The Cutting Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cutting_Room"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN080519-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI080519-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA_2019-05-28-55"},{"link_name":"Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(John_Lennon_song)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"Hall & Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates"},{"link_name":"The End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"toast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_(honor)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Port Chester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"WARW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WARW_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Air1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air1"},{"link_name":"noncommercial educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommercial_educational"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI270519-57"}],"sub_title":"Sale and transition to K-Love","text":"\"May the 48-year run of this radio station prove to be a testament to the power and the love of terrestrial radio. And may the mere thought of the letters P-L-J bring a smile to your face, a warmth to your heart, and a tingle to your ears.\n\"Here's to those who have walked these halls and breathed life into these microphones. It is with peace, love, and joy that we toast the white port lemon juice. Here's to 'PLJ!\n\"And for one final time–from high above Madison Square Garden–this is the world-famous WPLJ, New York.\"\n\n\nRace Taylor, from his \"farewell toast\" to WPLJOn February 13, 2019, WPLJ and five other Cumulus Media stations were sold to the Rocklin, California-based nonprofit broadcaster, Educational Media Foundation (EMF) for $103.5 million. This transaction would allow Cumulus to generate \"substantial cash for debt repayment and investment in other business opportunities,\" according to its President and CEO Mary Berner.[50] After the sale received final approval by the FCC, EMF announced that WPLJ and the other Cumulus stations acquired would all begin broadcasting its primary programming service, K-Love, on June 1 at midnight local time;[51][52] this was later moved up to May 31 at 7:00 pm, five hours earlier than originally planned.[53][54]Current and surviving former WPLJ air personalities and staffers gathered together for a farewell celebration, held at The Cutting Room on May 23. It was the first event in what would be a week-long celebration of the station's 48-year run, which continued through the Memorial Day weekend with the station \"clearing out the library\" by playing songs from each year between 1971 and the present, along with vintage jingles and sweepers. The penultimate broadcast day on May 30 was filled with guest appearances from WPLJ alumni, including an on-air reunion of Todd Pettengill and his former morning co-host, Scott Shannon. The current airstaff began their goodbyes as well and that continued into May 31, with the final air shift handled by afternoon personality Race Taylor.[53][54][55]The last songs heard on WPLJ were \"Imagine\" by John Lennon—the final song played by WABC before their format switch from Top 40 to talk in May 1982—followed by a cover version of \"W-P-L-J\" by Hall & Oates, recorded live during a visit by the group to the station several years earlier. Taylor then played the closing lyrics of \"The End\" by the Beatles, before offering WPLJ a final toast, completing the closedown at 7:02 pm.[56] Following just over a minute of silence, EMF began operating WPLJ as the new New York City outlet of K-Love; K-Love programming had previously been heard in the New York area since May 2011 over Port Chester, New York-licensed WKLV-FM (96.7 FM). EMF changed WKLV-FM's call letters to WARW and its format to secondary service Air1 on July 19, 2019.In addition to converting the 95.5 FM license to noncommercial educational status, EMF also acquired the WPLJ call letters from Cumulus.[57]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"70s hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_in_music"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Scott Shannon's True Oldies Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Oldies_Channel"},{"link_name":"ABC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"WFAS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFAS-FM"},{"link_name":"urban AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_AC"},{"link_name":"White Plains, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"WABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WNEW-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNEW-FM"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"WRDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRDR"},{"link_name":"Freehold Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"K-Love Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Love_Classics"}],"text":"WPLJ signed on digital operations in late 2005. WPLJ-HD1 carries a digital simulcast of the analog signal. The WPLJ-HD2 subchannel originally broadcast all-70s hits,[58] and then programming from Scott Shannon's True Oldies Channel that was distributed by ABC Radio.[59] On July 4, 2014, WPLJ-HD2 flipped to an adult contemporary format known as \"FAS\" (referring to former sister station WFAS-FM, which flipped from AC to urban AC), due to the discontinuation of The True Oldies Channel's distribution. (The \"FAS\" programming was also relayed on translator W232AL (94.3 FM), located in White Plains, New York). The FAS programming moved to WPLJ-HD3 (which had previously aired a simulcast of WABC) in autumn 2017, with the Russian-language \"Russkaya Reklama\" programming moving from WNEW-FM-HD4 to WPLJ-HD2. On May 1, 2019, the FAS programming on WPLJ-HD3 and W232AL ceased operations.[60]After EMF acquired the station on May 31, 2019, WPLJ-HD2 adopted a simulcast of the Christian-formatted \"Bridge Radio\" fed by WRDR in Freehold Township, New Jersey (this would later be moved to WPLJ-HD4, with the K-Love Classics service being installed on the HD2). Also in 2019, WPLJ-HD3 adopted a simulcast of the Christian-formatted \"Air1\".","title":"HD Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLJ_LOGO.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLJ_LOGO_2014.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WPLJ_Logo_2014.png"}],"text":"WPLJ logo used from 2005 to 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWPLJ logo used from February 24, 2014 to October 30, 2014.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWPLJ logo from October 30, 2014 to May 31, 2019.","title":"Logo history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Berger's Years At WPLJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mrpopculture.com/thereport/fm-radio-history-interview-larry-berger-wplj-ny/"},{"link_name":"Recollections of \"New York's Best Rock\" era by program director and air staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051212072831/http://musicradio.computer.net/nybest/wwwboard/nybestboard1.html"},{"link_name":"Brad Blanks, WPLJ morning contributor interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110715055904/http://pctv76.com/show.php?epid=589"}],"text":"Larry Berger's Years At WPLJ\nRecollections of \"New York's Best Rock\" era by program director and air staff (archived 2005)\nBrad Blanks, WPLJ morning contributor interview","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"1953 advertisement announcing the call letter change from WJZ-FM to WABC-FM.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WJZ_now_WABC_advertisement_%281953%29.jpg/220px-WJZ_now_WABC_advertisement_%281953%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"WPLJ's logo from the early 1970s. All of ABC's FM stations adopted this same logo style at this time; a version of this is still in use today by former sister station KLOS, which broadcasts on the same frequency.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/WPLJ1970s.jpg/220px-WPLJ1970s.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WPLJ\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=73887","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WPLJ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ-FM 95.5 MHz - New York, NY\". radio-locator.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/finder?call=wplj&x=0&y=0&sr=Y&s=C","url_text":"\"WPLJ-FM 95.5 MHz - New York, NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"WABC and WABC-TV ad\". Broadcasting-Telecasting. Vol. 44, no. 9. March 2, 1953. p. 37. Retrieved March 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele44unse#page/n904/mode/1up","url_text":"\"WABC and WABC-TV ad\""}]},{"reference":"Neer, Richard (2001). FM: The Rise and Fall of Rock Radio. Random House Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 9781588360731.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=24wr6CsDyC8C&pg=PT85","url_text":"FM: The Rise and Fall of Rock Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588360731","url_text":"9781588360731"}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ 95.5 New York - Larry Berger Explains change from Rock to Top 40 - August 1983\" – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3-Qqvu1qv0","url_text":"\"WPLJ 95.5 New York - Larry Berger Explains change from Rock to Top 40 - August 1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Talk\" (PDF). Radio & Records. April 19, 1985. p. 26. Retrieved July 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/80s/85/RR-1985-04-19-OCR-Page-0024.pdf","url_text":"\"Street Talk\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWPR (Power 95)/NY\" (PDF). Radio & Records. December 23, 1988. p. 25. Retrieved April 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1988/RR-1988-12-23.pdf#page=25","url_text":"\"WWPR (Power 95)/NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Market Morning Men Move On Out\" (PDF). Radio & Records. July 7, 1989. p. 1. Retrieved May 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1989/RR-1989-07-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Major Market Morning Men Move On Out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bryan Joins Z100 Zoo\" (PDF). Radio & Records. July 27, 1990. p. 1. Retrieved May 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1990/RR-1990-07-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Bryan Joins Z100 Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ Names Cuddy VP/Programming\" (PDF). Radio & Records. March 30, 1990. p. 3. Retrieved May 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1990/RR-1990-03-30.pdf#page=5","url_text":"\"WPLJ Names Cuddy VP/Programming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allen Wins WPLJ Morning Position\" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 3, 1990. p. 1. Retrieved April 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1990/RR-1990-08-03.pdf","url_text":"\"Allen Wins WPLJ Morning Position\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ Banks On Mornings\" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 24, 1990. p. 42. Retrieved April 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1990/RR-1990-08-24.pdf#page=42","url_text":"\"WPLJ Banks On Mornings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shannon Back To New York As WPLJ PD/Morning Man\" (PDF). Radio & Records. April 5, 1991. p. 1. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1991/RR-1991-04-05.pdf","url_text":"\"Shannon Back To New York As WPLJ PD/Morning Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Show, Scott Shannon In The Morning – 95.5 WPLJ New York — April 11, 1991\". August 6, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://airchexx.com/2016/08/06/first-show-scott-shannon-in-the-morning-95-5-wplj-new-york-april-11-1991/","url_text":"\"First Show, Scott Shannon In The Morning – 95.5 WPLJ New York — April 11, 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hoodoo That Voodoo?\" (PDF). Radio & Records. April 12, 1991. p. 32. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1991/RR-1991-04-12.pdf#page=32","url_text":"\"Hoodoo That Voodoo?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can Shannon Get WPLJ's Mojo Working?\" (PDF). Billboard. April 13, 1991. p. 12. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1991/BB-1991-04-13.pdf#page=12","url_text":"\"Can Shannon Get WPLJ's Mojo Working?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Less Rap In Mojo Mix\" (PDF). Billboard. August 9, 1991. Retrieved February 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1991/RR-1991-08-09.pdf#page=21","url_text":"\"Less Rap In Mojo Mix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vox Jox\" (PDF). Billboard. August 17, 1991. p. 13. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1991/BB-1991-08-17.pdf#page=13","url_text":"\"Vox Jox\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ 25th Anniversary\" (PDF). Billboard. December 21, 1996. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-12-21.pdf#page=61","url_text":"\"WPLJ 25th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ/New York Celebrates 30 Years On The Air\" (PDF). R&R. March 29, 2002. p. 1. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2002/RR-2002-03-29.pdf#page=3","url_text":"\"WPLJ/New York Celebrates 30 Years On The Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Mo' Mojo\" (PDF). Radio & Records. February 7, 1992. p. 24. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1992/RR-1992-02-07.pdf#page=24","url_text":"\"No Mo' Mojo\""}]},{"reference":"McGeever, Mike (August 26, 1995). \"WPLJ Gets To Heart Of London\". Billboard. p. 113. Retrieved February 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wAsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA113","url_text":"\"WPLJ Gets To Heart Of London\""}]},{"reference":"\"At 25, WPLJ Finds Silver Lining in Pop\". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/25-wplj-finds-silver-lining-pop-article-1.737341","url_text":"\"At 25, WPLJ Finds Silver Lining in Pop\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997: The Year Of CHR Resurgence\" (PDF). Radio & Records. December 19, 1997. p. 37. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1997/RR-1997-12-19.pdf#page=37","url_text":"\"1997: The Year Of CHR Resurgence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morning Miscellany\" (PDF). Radio & Records. October 2, 1998. p. 28. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1998/RR-1998-10-02.pdf#page=30","url_text":"\"Morning Miscellany\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ Embarks On Its Post -Rocky Road\" (PDF). Radio & Records. February 12, 1999. p. 28. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1999/RR-1999-02-12.pdf#page=30","url_text":"\"WPLJ Embarks On Its Post -Rocky Road\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (March 3, 2008). \"This Week's Bloodbath: Citadel\". NorthEast Radio Watch.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fybush.com/NERW/2008/080303/nerw.html","url_text":"\"This Week's Bloodbath: Citadel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Bush: Radio Stations\". February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708001430/http://www.billybushshow.com/stationfinder?state=NY&ACTION(stateSearch)=Search","url_text":"\"Billy Bush: Radio Stations\""},{"url":"http://www.billybushshow.com/stationfinder?state=NY&ACTION%28stateSearch%29=Search","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hinckley, David (June 16, 2011). \"'Dish Nation' launching on Fox TV, radio hosts Scott and Todd to 'dish' on gossip, entertainment\". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523193750/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-06-16/entertainment/29681574_1_radio-hosts-wplj-wdvd","url_text":"\"'Dish Nation' launching on Fox TV, radio hosts Scott and Todd to 'dish' on gossip, entertainment\""},{"url":"http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-06-16/entertainment/29681574_1_radio-hosts-wplj-wdvd","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Downey, Kevin. \"Dish Nation Clearances Top 80%\". TV News Check. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140528030636/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/57736/dish-nation-us-clearances-top-80","url_text":"\"Dish Nation Clearances Top 80%\""},{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2012/02/28/57736/dish-nation-us-clearances-top-80","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cumulus now owns Citadel Broadcasting\". Atlanta Business Journal (subscription required). September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2011/09/16/cumulus-now-owns-citadel-broadcasting.html","url_text":"\"Cumulus now owns Citadel Broadcasting\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (February 7, 2014). \"Scott Shannon retires from WPLJ\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/87592/scott-shannon-retires-from-wplj/","url_text":"\"Scott Shannon retires from WPLJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jayde Donovan Joins WPLJ As Morning Co-Host\". All Access. All Access Music Group. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/136436/jayde-donovan-joins-wplj-as-morning-co-host","url_text":"\"Jayde Donovan Joins WPLJ As Morning Co-Host\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (February 13, 2019). \"Cumulus Sells Six To EMF & Swaps With Entercom In New York & Indianapolis\". RadioInsight. Retrieved February 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/174511/cumulus-sells-six-to-emf-swaps-with-entercom-in-new-york-indianapolis/","url_text":"\"Cumulus Sells Six To EMF & Swaps With Entercom In New York & Indianapolis\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Is The End: EMF To Take Over Iconic Cumulus Stations June 1\". Inside Radio. May 15, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insideradio.com/free/this-is-the-end-emf-to-take-over-iconic-cumulus/article_a6239ea2-7751-11e9-9627-b3d792420809.html","url_text":"\"This Is The End: EMF To Take Over Iconic Cumulus Stations June 1\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (May 15, 2019). \"EMF To Begin Operating Its Six Cumulus Acquisitions On June 1\". RadioInsight. Retrieved June 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/176852/emf-to-begin-operating-its-six-cumulus-acquisitions-on-june-1/","url_text":"\"EMF To Begin Operating Its Six Cumulus Acquisitions On June 1\""}]},{"reference":"Niemietz, Brian (May 8, 2019). \"Rock station 95.5 WPLJ will end nearly 50 years of broadcasting on May 31\". Daily News. New York. Retrieved May 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-955-wplg-radio-off-air-end-broadcasting-20190508-g4ff2gxxyzcmvbm2sk4j2cusry-story.html","url_text":"\"Rock station 95.5 WPLJ will end nearly 50 years of broadcasting on May 31\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)","url_text":"Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (May 8, 2019). \"WPLJ Announces Sign-Off Date\". RadioInsight. Retrieved May 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/176644/wplj-announces-sign-off-date/","url_text":"\"WPLJ Announces Sign-Off Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ/New York Sign-Off Festivities Set For May 30th & 31st\". All Access. All Access Music Group. May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/186715/wplj-new-york-sign-off-festivities-set-for-may-30t","url_text":"\"WPLJ/New York Sign-Off Festivities Set For May 30th & 31st\""}]},{"reference":"\"- YouTube\" – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFQHKLxNQWk","url_text":"\"- YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (May 27, 2019). \"EMF Sets New Call Letters For Cumulus/Aloha Acquisitions; WRQX Moves To...\" RadioInsight. Retrieved May 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/177221/emf-sets-new-call-letters-for-cumulus-aloha-acquisitions-wrqx-moves-to/","url_text":"\"EMF Sets New Call Letters For Cumulus/Aloha Acquisitions; WRQX Moves To...\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPLJ 95.5 HD-2 New York - All 70s - March 23 2006\" – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1WOasUKCbk","url_text":"\"WPLJ 95.5 HD-2 New York - All 70s - March 23 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Stations\". Scott Shannon's True Oldies Channel. Archived from the original on July 28, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080728203304/http://www.trueoldieschannel.com/html/stations.html","url_text":"\"Radio Stations\""},{"url":"http://www.trueoldieschannel.com/html/stations.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (May 2, 2019). \"94.3 WFAS Ceases Operations\". RadioInsight. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1994_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Men	Handball at the 1994 Asian Games – Men	["1 Results","2 Final standing","3 References","4 External links"]	Men at the 1994 Asian GamesVenueHigashiku Sports CenterDate6–14 October 1994Nations5Medalists South Korea Japan China← 19901998 → Handball at the1994 Asian Gamesmenwomenvte Main article: Handball at the 1994 Asian Games Men's handball at the 1994 Asian Games was held in Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima from October 6 to October 14, 1994. Results All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00) Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 South Korea 4 3 1 0 106 72 +34 7 2 Japan 4 2 0 2 81 80 +1 4 3 China 4 2 0 2 78 90 −12 4 4 Kuwait 4 1 1 2 82 85 −3 3 5 Saudi Arabia 4 1 0 3 76 96 −20 2 Source: ResultsNotes: ^ a b Head-to-head result: JPN 18–17 CHN. 6 October 9:00 South Korea 26–12 Saudi Arabia Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (8–6) 6 October 18:30 Kuwait 20–17 Japan Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (4–8) 8 October 15:00 China 17–18 Japan Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (9–9) 8 October 16:30 South Korea 22–22 Kuwait Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (11–10) 10 October 15:00 Saudi Arabia 25–22 Kuwait Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (10–13) 10 October 16:30 China 17–32 South Korea Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (8–16) 12 October 17:00 Kuwait 18–21 China Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (8–10) 12 October 18:30 Japan 25–17 Saudi Arabia Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (14–7) 14 October 15:00 Saudi Arabia 22–23 China Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (9–13) 14 October 16:30 Japan 21–26 South Korea Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima (9–10) Final standing Rank Team Pld W D L South Korea 4 3 1 0 Japan 4 2 0 2 China 4 2 0 2 4 Kuwait 4 1 1 2 5 Saudi Arabia 4 1 0 3 References Results External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"1994 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"}],"text":"Men's handball at the 1994 Asian Games was held in Higashiku Sports Center, Hiroshima from October 6 to October 14, 1994.","title":"Handball at the 1994 Asian Games – Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC+09:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B09:00"},{"link_name":"Results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//todor66.com/handball/Asia/Men_Asia_Games_1994.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_JPN0.41308281263946_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_JPN0.41308281263946_1-1"}],"text":"All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00)Source: ResultsNotes:^ a b Head-to-head result: JPN 18–17 CHN.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standing"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://todor66.com/handball/Asia/Men_Asia_Games_1994.html","external_links_name":"Results"},{"Link":"http://todor66.com/handball/Asia/Men_AG_1994.html","external_links_name":"Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970804231327/http://www.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/C/ASIA/Sports/Result/eachgame/handball.html","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_Nuit	Chanson de Nuit	["1 Structure","2 Instrumentation","3 Arrangements","4 Notable performances","5 Performances on video","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Chanson de Nuit, Op. 15, No. 1, is a musical work composed by Edward Elgar for violin and piano, and later orchestrated by the composer. Its first publication was in 1897, though it is considered that it was almost certainly written in 1889 or 1890. It has invited comparison with, and has been said to be a finer work than its more popular "companion" piece, Chanson de Matin, Op. 15, No. 2. The orchestral version of the work was published in 1899, and first performed, together with Chanson de Matin, at a Queen's Hall Promenade Concert conducted by Henry Wood on 14 September 1901. The work was dedicated to F. Ehrke, M.D. Structure Andante, 4/4, G major A performance will take around three and a half minutes. Instrumentation Elgar scored Chanson de Nuit (and Chanson de Matin) for a small orchestra consisting of one flute, one oboe, two clarinets, one bassoon, two horns, the string section, and a harp. Arrangements The work is most well known in its original form (Violin & Piano) and the composer's orchestral version. Other noteworthy arrangements are for cello and piano, for viola and piano (both by the composer), and for organ by his friend A. Herbert Brewer. Notable performances In 1976 Dominique Bagouet had his first great success with his performance of Chanson de Nuit, winning the Concours de Bagnolet. Performances on video Old Bridge Chamber Orchestra (amateur) cond. Gregg Martin - Orchestra Notes ^ Kennedy, Portrait of Elgar, p. 343 ^ Young, Elgar, O.M., p. 405 ^ Dr. Frank Ehrke of the Manor House, Kempsey was 1st violin in the Worcestershire Philharmonic Society Orchestra References Kennedy, Michael (1987). Portrait of Elgar (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-284017-7. Young, Percy M. (1973). Elgar O.M.: a study of a musician. London: Collins. OCLC 869820. Score, Elgar: Chanson de Matin, Novello & Co., London, 1897, 1899. External links Chanson de Nuit: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Chanson de Nuit at AllMusic Elgar Society website: Chansons de Matin et de Nuit vteEdward ElgarList of compositionsIncidental Diarmuid and Grania (1901) The Crown of India (1911–12) The Starlight Express (1915–16) The Sanguine Fan (1917) Symphonies Symphony No. 1 (1907–08) Symphony No. 2 (1909–11) Symphony No. 3 (1932–34; completed by Payne in 1997) Orchestral The Wand of Youth (1869–1907) Powick Asylum Music (1879–1884) Sevillana (1884) Froissart (1890) Sursum corda (1894) Serenade for Strings (1894) Three Bavarian Dances (1898) Enigma Variations (1899) Cockaigne Overture (1900–01) Pomp and Circumstance Marches (1901–30) Dream Children (1902) Introduction and Allegro (1904–05) In the South (Alassio) (1904–05) Elegy (1909) Falstaff (1913) Sospiri (1914) Carillon (1914) Polonia (1915) Une voix dans le désert (1915) Le drapeau belge (1917) Nursery Suite (1930) The Severn Suite (1930) Concertante Violin Concerto (1901–10) Romance (1910) Cello Concerto (1918–19) Chamber Duett for trombone and double bass (1887) Idylle (1883) Salut d'Amour (1888) Chanson de Nuit (1897) Chanson de Matin (1899) Violin Sonata (1918) String Quartet (1918) Piano Quintet (1918–19) Keyboard Organ Sonata (1898) Concert Allegro (1901) Choral The Black Knight (1889–93) From the Bavarian Highlands (1895–96) The Dream of Gerontius (1899–1900) The Kingdom (1901–06) Coronation Ode (1902) The Apostles (1902–03) The Music Makers (1912) The Spirit of England (1915–17) Vocal "The Language of Flowers" (1872) "The Self Banished" (1875) "A War Song" (1884) Seven Lieder "Like to the Damask Rose" (1892) "Queen Mary's Song" (1889) "A Song of Autumn" (1892) "The Poet's Life" (1892) "Through the Long Days" (1885) "Rondel" (1894) "The Shepherd's Song" (1892) "Is she not passing fair?" (1886) "As I laye a-thynkynge" (1888) "The Wind at Dawn" (1888) "After" (1900) "A Song of Flight" (1900) Sea Pictures "Sea Slumber Song" "In Haven" "Sabbath Morning at Sea" "Where Corals Lie" "The Swimmer" (1897–99) "Dry those fair, those crystal eyes" (1899) "Always and Everywhere" (1901) "Come, Gentle Night!" (1901) "In the Dawn" (1901) "Speak, Music!" (1901) "There are seven that pull the thread" (1901) "In Moonlight" ((1904) "Follow the Colours" (1907) "Pleading" (1908) "A Child Asleep" (1909) "Oh, soft was the song" (1910) "Was it some Golden Star?" (1910) "Twilight" (1910) "The Chariots of the Lord" (1914) "Fight for Right" (1916) "Inside the Bar" (1917) "The Blue Mountains" (1924) "The Immortal Legions" (1924) Pageant of Empire (1924) "XTC" (1930) Other topics Dorabella Cipher Elgar Birthplace Museum The Elgar Sisters Elgar Society Elgar Uplands Elgar (film) Family August Jaeger Alice Elgar Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chanson de Matin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_Matin"},{"link_name":"Queen's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall"},{"link_name":"Henry Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Joseph_Wood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chanson de Nuit, Op. 15, No. 1, is a musical work composed by Edward Elgar for violin and piano, and later orchestrated by the composer. Its first publication was in 1897,[1] though it is considered that it was almost certainly written in 1889 or 1890.It has invited comparison with, and has been said to be a finer work than its more popular \"companion\" piece, Chanson de Matin, Op. 15, No. 2.The orchestral version of the work was published in 1899, and first performed, together with Chanson de Matin, at a Queen's Hall Promenade Concert conducted by Henry Wood on 14 September 1901.[2]The work was dedicated to F. Ehrke, M.D.[3]","title":"Chanson de Nuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andante_(tempo)"},{"link_name":"G major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_major"}],"text":"Andante, 4/4, G majorA performance will take around three and a half minutes.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinets"},{"link_name":"bassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"string section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"}],"text":"Elgar scored Chanson de Nuit (and Chanson de Matin) for a small orchestra consisting of one flute, one oboe, two clarinets, one bassoon, two horns, the string section, and a harp.","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"Herbert Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Brewer"}],"text":"The work is most well known in its original form (Violin & Piano) and the composer's orchestral version.\nOther noteworthy arrangements are for cello and piano, for viola and piano (both by the composer), and for organ by his friend A. Herbert Brewer.","title":"Arrangements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominique Bagouet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Bagouet"}],"text":"In 1976 Dominique Bagouet had his first great success with his performance of Chanson de Nuit, winning the Concours de Bagnolet.","title":"Notable performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Bridge Chamber Orchestra (amateur) cond. Gregg Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=maf1VE2Yg_o"}],"text":"Old Bridge Chamber Orchestra (amateur) cond. Gregg Martin - Orchestra","title":"Performances on video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Kempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempsey,_Worcestershire"}],"text":"^ Kennedy, Portrait of Elgar, p. 343\n\n^ Young, Elgar, O.M., p. 405\n\n^ Dr. Frank Ehrke of the Manor House, Kempsey was 1st violin in the Worcestershire Philharmonic Society Orchestra","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kennedy, Michael (1987). Portrait of Elgar (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-284017-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)","url_text":"Kennedy, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284017-7","url_text":"0-19-284017-7"}]},{"reference":"Young, Percy M. (1973). Elgar O.M.: a study of a musician. London: Collins. OCLC 869820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869820","url_text":"869820"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maf1VE2Yg_o","external_links_name":"Old Bridge Chamber Orchestra (amateur) cond. Gregg Martin"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869820","external_links_name":"869820"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/composition/mc0002487369","external_links_name":"Chanson de Nuit"},{"Link":"http://www.elgar.org/3chanson.htm","external_links_name":"Elgar Society website: Chansons de Matin et de Nuit"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/1ac28578-14c1-4d9f-b0c6-3cb4c5f8f8b0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_los_%C3%81ngeles	Cerro de los Ángeles	["1 See also","2 References","2.1 Bibliography","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°18′31″N 3°41′04″W / 40.3086°N 3.68444°W / 40.3086; -3.68444Hill in Getafe, Spain This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cerro de los Ángeles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The monument built after the Spanish Civil War encloses a church within its base. The Cerro de los Ángeles (Hill of the Angels) is a hill located in Getafe, Spain, about 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Madrid. The site is famous for being the geographic centre of the Iberian Peninsula. On top of the hill there is a fourteenth-century monastery named Our Lady of the Angels (Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles), as well as the Monument to the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Monumento al Sagrado Corazón), built in 1919 to dedicate the country and inaugurated by king Alfonso XIII. The original monument was created by architect Carlos Maura Nadal and sculptor Aniceto Marinas y García, and was inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII on 30 May 1919. Republicans dynamited the monument on 7 August 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, due to its religious and political symbolism, and because the Catholic Church in Spain supported the Nationalists. There was a proposal to replace it with a figure representing Liberty or the Republic, but this was not executed due to the war and the defeat of the Republicans. Bullet marks dating from the war can be seen on the Sagrado Corazón monument as well as the walls of the monastery. After the war, the Franco government moved the remains of the monument across the esplanade and, funded by popular subscription, rebuilt a bigger version with an underground church. The current monument is almost identical in design to the 1919 monument, but on a larger scale. Construction began in 1944 in accordance with designs by the architects Pedro Muguruza and Luis Quijada Martínez. The monument shows Christ with open arms, inviting all men to come to Him. The 11.5 metres (38 ft) high statue on a 26 metres (85 ft) pedestal is the work of Aniceto Marinas, and the group of sculptures around the base is by Fernando Cruz Solís. The monument was opened in 1965. The crypt, which did not exist in the original monument, was opened in 1975. In the monument resides the patron virgin of Getafe. The slopes of the hill are populated with maritime pines as well as parks, springs, paths, a bar and soccer grounds. From the geologic point of view, the hill has a peak altitude of 670 meters (2,200 feet) above sea level, with the base at 610 meters (2,000 feet). The area surrounding the hill is flat in all directions, making for great panoramic views of Madrid, Getafe, and the surrounding countryside. A radio tower sits on the peak of the hill besides the monastery. The seminary for the diocese of Getafe is located by the monastery. See also Valle de los Caídos References ^ "Cerro de los Ángeles (Official website)" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-03-02. ^ Monumento Antiguo. ^ González Martínez 1999, p. 182. ^ El Monumento al Sagrado Corazón. Bibliography "El Monumento al Sagrado Corazón". Cerro de los Ángeles. Retrieved 2012-08-13. González Martínez, Carmen (1999). Guerra Civil en Murcia: Un Análisis Sobre el Poder y Los Comportamientos Colectivos. EDITUM. p. 182. ISBN 978-84-8371-096-8. Retrieved 2012-08-13. "Monumento Antiguo". Cerro de los Ángeles. Retrieved 2012-08-13. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerro de los Ángeles. (in Spanish) Official website Authority control databases VIAF 40°18′31″N 3°41′04″W / 40.3086°N 3.68444°W / 40.3086; -3.68444	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerro-angeles1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Getafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cerro-1"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Heart_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumento_Antiguo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Mart%C3%ADnez1999182-3"},{"link_name":"Franco government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_under_Franco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Monumento_al_Sagrado_Coraz%C3%B3n-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"maritime pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Pine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"diocese of Getafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Getafe"}],"text":"Hill in Getafe, SpainThe monument built after the Spanish Civil War encloses a church within its base.The Cerro de los Ángeles (Hill of the Angels) is a hill located in Getafe, Spain, about 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Madrid. The site is famous for being the geographic centre of the Iberian Peninsula.[1] On top of the hill there is a fourteenth-century monastery named Our Lady of the Angels (Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles), as well as the Monument to the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Monumento al Sagrado Corazón), built in 1919 to dedicate the country and inaugurated by king Alfonso XIII.The original monument was created by architect Carlos Maura Nadal and sculptor Aniceto Marinas y García, and was inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII on 30 May 1919.Republicans dynamited the monument on 7 August 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, due to its religious and political symbolism, and because the Catholic Church in Spain supported the Nationalists.[2] \nThere was a proposal to replace it with a figure representing Liberty or the Republic, but this was not executed due to the war and the defeat of the Republicans.[3]Bullet marks dating from the war can be seen on the Sagrado Corazón monument as well as the walls of the monastery.After the war, the Franco government moved the remains of the monument across the esplanade and, funded by popular subscription, rebuilt a bigger version with an underground church.The current monument is almost identical in design to the 1919 monument, but on a larger scale.\nConstruction began in 1944 in accordance with designs by the architects Pedro Muguruza and Luis Quijada Martínez.\nThe monument shows Christ with open arms, inviting all men to come to Him.\nThe 11.5 metres (38 ft) high statue on a 26 metres (85 ft) pedestal is the work of Aniceto Marinas, and the group of sculptures around the base is by Fernando Cruz Solís.\nThe monument was opened in 1965. The crypt, which did not exist in the original monument, was opened in 1975.[4]In the monument resides the patron virgin of Getafe.[citation needed]The slopes of the hill are populated with maritime pines as well as parks, springs, paths, a bar and soccer grounds.[citation needed]From the geologic point of view, the hill has a peak altitude of 670 meters (2,200 feet) above sea level, with the base at 610 meters (2,000 feet). The area surrounding the hill is flat in all directions, making for great panoramic views of Madrid, Getafe, and the surrounding countryside.A radio tower sits on the peak of the hill besides the monastery.\nThe seminary for the diocese of Getafe is located by the monastery.","title":"Cerro de los Ángeles"}]	[{"image_text":"The monument built after the Spanish Civil War encloses a church within its base.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cerro-angeles1.jpg/250px-Cerro-angeles1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Valle de los Caídos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cerro de los Ángeles (Official website)\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cerrodelosangeles.es/","url_text":"\"Cerro de los Ángeles (Official website)\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Monumento al Sagrado Corazón\". Cerro de los Ángeles. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Wilson_(journalist)	Elliott Wilson (journalist)	["1 Early life","2 Writing career","2.1 Breakup with XXL","3 Personal life","4 Cultural work","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	American journalist, television producer and magazine editor Elliott WilsonWilson at the Museum of Pop Culture in 2010Born (1971-01-14) January 14, 1971 (age 53)Queens, New York, U.S.Alma materLaGuardia Community CollegeOccupation(s)Journalist, television producerYears active1992-presentKnown forRap Radar, XXL, Respect.Spouse Danyel Smith (m. 2005)Websiterapradar.com Elliott Wilson (born January 14, 1971) is an American journalist, television producer, and magazine editor. He is the founder and CEO of Rap Radar. In the past, he has worked as editor-in-chief of XXL Magazine. While there, he became known for his editorials under the nickname "YN". Over the course of his career, Elliott has interviewed and profiled a number of artists, including Jay-Z, Drake, and Mary J. Blige. He is currently the Editorial Director at UPROXX. Early life Elliott Wilson was born January 14, 1971, in the Woodside Houses development of Queens, New York. His father is African American and his mother is of Ecuadorian and Greek descent. He attended William Cullen Bryant High School, went on to attend LaGuardia Community College, and received an associate degree in Liberal Arts in 1992. He has two younger brothers, Kenneth and Steven. Writing career Wilson has been writing and talking about hip hop and rap music since 1992, when he became music editor for Beat-Down Newspaper. He is the co-author of two critically acclaimed books, "Book of Rap Lists" and "Big Book of Racism!". Both books were created in the spirit of the short-lived magazine Ego trip. In 2004 Entertainment Weekly named the ego trip collective one of the "25 Funniest People in America". Wilson has written for a number of publications, including GQ, VIBE, and Rolling Stone. In spring of 1996 Wilson went to College Music Journal as a beat-box editor. At the end of that year he was promoted as music editor of The Source magazine. In September, 1999, Wilson went to work at Harris Publications as editor-in-chief of XXL Magazine, and in 2005 he launched their website, XXLmag.com. He also co-created Hip-Hop Soul. In 2004, Wilson co-executive produced VH1’s TV’s Illest Minority Moments: Presented by ego trip. In 2005 Wilson co-executive produced three specials for VH1, under the Ego trip’s "Race-O-Rama: Blackaphobia, In Race We Lust, and Dude Where’s My Ghetto Pass?". In January 2007, VH1 debuted the eight-episode series Ego trip's The (White) Rapper Show, where Wilson served as co-executive producer. In April 2008, VH1 debuted Ego trip's Miss Rap Supreme, where Wilson also served as co-executive producer. In 2010 Wilson became RESPECT.'s editor-in-chief. Breakup with XXL Wilson's tenure at XXL ended in January 2008 under controversial circumstances. On March 9, 2009, in partnership with Paul Rosenberg, he launched RapRadar.com, a webpage that documents mainstream hip-hop and rap culture in real time. Rap Radar has been nominated for best hip-hop web site for the BET Hip Hop Awards in 2010, 2011, and 2012. In 2010, Wilson became editor of RESPECT. magazine. In 2012, Wilson launched "Keep It Thoro", a two-hour weekly show on East Village Radio. The show, hosted by Wilson, features new music, and interviews with today's most popular and relevant artists. Since the summer of 2012, Keep It Thoro has been EVR's No. 1 overall show. In 2011, The Hollywood Reporter named Wilson to its list of "Top 20 Music Industry Innovators". Billboard named Elliott to its "Twitter 140" in 2011 and 2012, a list of the most influential people in the music business. In 2011, MTV listed Wilson as one of six "Hip-hop Culture MVPs". He has appeared as an expert on ABC, CNN, MTV, MTV2, VH1, BET, among others. Personal life Wilson lives in Brooklyn, New York, with his wife, Danyel Smith. They were married in Los Angeles in June 2005. Cultural work This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) HRDCVR a hardcover cultural magazine in partnership with wife Danyel Smith. Founder of RapRadar.com: Premiere Rap Blog for the latest news, music and video in Hip Hop Culture Host of Rap Radar Podcast "Hip hop's premier website connects with our culture's most important voices" in collaboration with Brian "BDot" Miller WatchLOUD.com presents CRWN with Elliott Wilson where the world's greatest hip-hop journalist interviews today's hottest rap stars Editorial Director, Culture & Content, TIDAL See also List of writers on popular music Music journalism References ^ "XXL Editor-in-Chief Elliott Wilson Fired". Allen Jacobs. Hiphop DX. January 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "Jay-Z Finally Speaks About Marriage to Beyoncé". Stephen M. Silverman. People Magazine. August 8, 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "Watch Elliott Wilson Interview Drake". The Fader. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ Rashed, Ayana. "Watch: Mary J. Blige Live Interview for TIDAL's CRWN Series On (11/25)". respect-mag.com. Respect Magazine. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ Saponara, Michael (2024-04-24). "Elliott Wilson Named Editorial Director of UPROXX, HipHopDX & Dime Magazine as Brands Come Under New Ownership". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-06-02. ^ "Devine Styler". Beatdown. 1 (2). 1992. Retrieved 30 November 2012. ^ Jenkins, Sacha; Wilson, Elliott (1999). Book of Rap Lists. St. Martin’s Press. pp. 352. ISBN 0-312-24298-0. Retrieved December 2, 2012. ^ Jenkins, Sacha; Wilson, Elliott (2002). Big Book of Racism!. Regan Books/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-098896-7. Retrieved December 2, 2012. ^ "Entertainment Weekly's 25 Funniest People In America". Stereogum. May 14, 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "The Year in Music: It's the End of Rock as We Know It—and We Feel Fine". john Ritter. GQ. December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "The Jay-T Family Tree". Rolling Stone: 24. 1999. Retrieved 30 November 2012. ^ ""TV's Illest Minority Moments Presented by: ego trip" Debuts This Weekend". Nolan Strong. All hip hop. February 21, 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ Ego Trip's Miss Rap Supreme. "Miss Rap Supreme's contestants". VH1. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2004. ^ "Miss Info Exclusive: RapRadar Sneak Peek". Missinfo. March 7, 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "Keep it Thoro". East Village Radio. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "Hollywood Reporter Offers List Of Top 20 Music Industry Innovators". Allaccess. February 11, 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "Billboard's Twitter 140: Music-Industry Characters You Need To Follow". Billboard. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "The Music Industry Characters You Need to Follow". Billboard. July 26, 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "HOME". HRDCVR. Retrieved 2016-02-06. ^ "Rap Radar". Rap Radar. Retrieved 2016-02-06. ^ "Rap Radar Podcast". www1.play.it. Retrieved 2016-02-06. ^ "What We Learned From Meek Mill's CRWN Interview". Hip-Hop News, Rumors, Rap Music & Videos \|AllHipHop. Retrieved 2016-02-06. ^ "Tidal Appoints Elliott Wilson, Tony Gervino To Newly Created Culture & Content Roles". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-05-11. External links Rap Radar official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"XXL Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mary J. Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Elliott Wilson (born January 14, 1971) is an American journalist, television producer, and magazine editor. He is the founder and CEO of Rap Radar. In the past, he has worked as editor-in-chief of XXL Magazine.[1] While there, he became known for his editorials under the nickname \"YN\".Over the course of his career, Elliott has interviewed and profiled a number of artists, including Jay-Z,[2] Drake,[3] and Mary J. Blige.[4]He is currently the Editorial Director at UPROXX.[5]","title":"Elliott Wilson (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorians"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"William Cullen Bryant High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant_High_School"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Community_College"},{"link_name":"associate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree"},{"link_name":"Liberal Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education"}],"text":"Elliott Wilson was born January 14, 1971, in the Woodside Houses development of Queens, New York. His father is African American and his mother is of Ecuadorian and Greek descent. He attended William Cullen Bryant High School, went on to attend LaGuardia Community College, and received an associate degree in Liberal Arts in 1992. He has two younger brothers, Kenneth and Steven.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beat-Down Newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beat-Down_Newspaper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ego trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_trip_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"VIBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIBE"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"College Music Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Music_Journal"},{"link_name":"The Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Source_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Harris Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Publications"},{"link_name":"XXL Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Hip-Hop Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-Hop_Soul"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ego trip's The (White) Rapper Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_trip%27s_The_(White)_Rapper_Show"},{"link_name":"Ego trip's Miss Rap Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_trip%27s_Miss_Rap_Supreme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"RESPECT.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect._(magazine)"}],"text":"Wilson has been writing and talking about hip hop and rap music since 1992,[6] when he became music editor for Beat-Down Newspaper. He is the co-author of two critically acclaimed books, \"Book of Rap Lists\" and \"Big Book of Racism!\".[7][8] Both books were created in the spirit of the short-lived magazine Ego trip. In 2004 Entertainment Weekly named the ego trip collective one of the \"25 Funniest People in America\".[9] Wilson has written for a number of publications, including GQ, VIBE, and Rolling Stone.[10][11]In spring of 1996 Wilson went to College Music Journal as a beat-box editor. At the end of that year he was promoted as music editor of The Source magazine. In September, 1999, Wilson went to work at Harris Publications as editor-in-chief of XXL Magazine, and in 2005 he launched their website, XXLmag.com. He also co-created Hip-Hop Soul. In 2004, Wilson co-executive produced VH1’s TV’s Illest Minority Moments: Presented by ego trip.[12] In 2005 Wilson co-executive produced three specials for VH1, under the Ego trip’s \"Race-O-Rama: Blackaphobia, In Race We Lust, and Dude Where’s My Ghetto Pass?\". In January 2007, VH1 debuted the eight-episode series Ego trip's The (White) Rapper Show, where Wilson served as co-executive producer. In April 2008, VH1 debuted Ego trip's Miss Rap Supreme, where Wilson also served as co-executive producer.[13] In 2010 Wilson became RESPECT.'s editor-in-chief.","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rosenberg_(music_manager)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"BET Hip Hop Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Hip_Hop_Awards"},{"link_name":"RESPECT. magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESPECT._(magazine)"},{"link_name":"East Village Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village_Radio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"MTV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV2"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television"}],"sub_title":"Breakup with XXL","text":"Wilson's tenure at XXL ended in January 2008 under controversial circumstances. On March 9, 2009, in partnership with Paul Rosenberg, he launched RapRadar.com,[14] a webpage that documents mainstream hip-hop and rap culture in real time. Rap Radar has been nominated for best hip-hop web site for the BET Hip Hop Awards in 2010, 2011, and 2012. In 2010, Wilson became editor of RESPECT. magazine. In 2012, Wilson launched \"Keep It Thoro\", a two-hour weekly show on East Village Radio.[15] The show, hosted by Wilson, features new music, and interviews with today's most popular and relevant artists. Since the summer of 2012, Keep It Thoro has been EVR's No. 1 overall show.In 2011, The Hollywood Reporter named Wilson to its list of \"Top 20 Music Industry Innovators\".[16] Billboard named Elliott to its \"Twitter 140\" in 2011 and 2012, a list of the most influential people in the music business.[17][18] In 2011, MTV listed Wilson as one of six \"Hip-hop Culture MVPs\". He has appeared as an expert on ABC, CNN, MTV, MTV2, VH1, BET, among others.","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Danyel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Wilson lives in Brooklyn, New York, with his wife, Danyel Smith. They were married in Los Angeles in June 2005.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Danyel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyel_Smith"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"HRDCVR[19] a hardcover cultural magazine in partnership with wife Danyel Smith.\nFounder of RapRadar.com:[20] Premiere Rap Blog for the latest news, music and video in Hip Hop Culture\nHost of Rap Radar Podcast[21] \"Hip hop's premier website connects with our culture's most important voices\" in collaboration with Brian \"BDot\" Miller\nWatchLOUD.com presents CRWN[22] with Elliott Wilson where the world's greatest hip-hop journalist interviews today's hottest rap stars\nEditorial Director, Culture & Content, TIDAL[23]","title":"Cultural work"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of writers on popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writers_on_popular_music"},{"title":"Music journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"}]	[{"reference":"\"XXL Editor-in-Chief Elliott Wilson Fired\". Allen Jacobs. Hiphop DX. January 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100330151059/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.6179/title.xxl-editor-in-chief-elliott-wilson-fired","url_text":"\"XXL Editor-in-Chief Elliott Wilson Fired\""},{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.6179/title.xxl-editor-in-chief-elliott-wilson-fired","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jay-Z Finally Speaks About Marriage to Beyoncé\". Stephen M. Silverman. People Magazine. August 8, 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20217917,00.html","url_text":"\"Jay-Z Finally Speaks About Marriage to Beyoncé\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Silverman","url_text":"Stephen M. Silverman"}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Elliott Wilson Interview Drake\". The Fader. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2013/09/25/drake-interview-elliott-wilson-crwn-nyu-vide","url_text":"\"Watch Elliott Wilson Interview Drake\""}]},{"reference":"Rashed, Ayana. \"Watch: Mary J. Blige Live Interview for TIDAL's CRWN Series On (11/25)\". respect-mag.com. Respect Magazine. Retrieved 26 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://respect-mag.com/2019/11/watch-mary-j-blige-live-interview-for-tidals-crwn-series-on-11-25/","url_text":"\"Watch: Mary J. Blige Live Interview for TIDAL's CRWN Series On (11/25)\""}]},{"reference":"Saponara, Michael (2024-04-24). \"Elliott Wilson Named Editorial Director of UPROXX, HipHopDX & Dime Magazine as Brands Come Under New Ownership\". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/elliott-wilson-editorial-director-uproxx-studios-hiphopdx-dime-1235665339/","url_text":"\"Elliott Wilson Named Editorial Director of UPROXX, HipHopDX & Dime Magazine as Brands Come Under New Ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Devine Styler\". Beatdown. 1 (2). 1992. Retrieved 30 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://elliottwilson.tumblr.com/post/2700993793/my-1st-single-yn40","url_text":"\"Devine Styler\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Sacha; Wilson, Elliott (1999). Book of Rap Lists. St. Martin’s Press. pp. 352. ISBN 0-312-24298-0. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/egotripsbookofra00jenk/page/352","url_text":"Book of Rap Lists"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/egotripsbookofra00jenk/page/352","url_text":"352"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-24298-0","url_text":"0-312-24298-0"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Sacha; Wilson, Elliott (2002). Big Book of Racism!. Regan Books/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-098896-7. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/egotripsbigbooko00sach","url_text":"Big Book of Racism!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-098896-7","url_text":"0-06-098896-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment Weekly's 25 Funniest People In America\". Stereogum. May 14, 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://stereogum.com/362/entertainment_weeklys_25_funniest_people_in_americ/news/","url_text":"\"Entertainment Weekly's 25 Funniest People In America\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Year in Music: It's the End of Rock as We Know It—and We Feel Fine\". john Ritter. GQ. December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201112/year-in-music-review-best-artists-albums","url_text":"\"The Year in Music: It's the End of Rock as We Know It—and We Feel Fine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jay-T Family Tree\". Rolling Stone: 24. 1999. Retrieved 30 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://elliottwilson.tumblr.com/post/9205373785/damn-wrecklawww-took-me-back","url_text":"\"The Jay-T Family Tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"TV's Illest Minority Moments Presented by: ego trip\" Debuts This Weekend\". Nolan Strong. All hip hop. February 21, 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://allhiphop.com/2004/02/21/tvs-illest-minority-moments-presented-by-ego-trip-debuts-this-weekend/","url_text":"\"\"TV's Illest Minority Moments Presented by: ego trip\" Debuts This Weekend\""}]},{"reference":"Ego Trip's Miss Rap Supreme. \"Miss Rap Supreme's contestants\". VH1. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411024147/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/ego_trips_miss_rap_supreme/series_characters.jhtml","url_text":"\"Miss Rap Supreme's contestants\""},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/ego_trips_miss_rap_supreme/series_characters.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Info Exclusive: RapRadar Sneak Peek\". Missinfo. March 7, 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.missinfo.tv/index.php/miss-info-exclusive-rapradar-sneak-peek/","url_text":"\"Miss Info Exclusive: RapRadar Sneak Peek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keep it Thoro\". East Village Radio. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130123045737/http://www.eastvillageradio.com/shows/nowplaying.aspx?contentid=20284&showid=316004","url_text":"\"Keep it Thoro\""},{"url":"http://www.eastvillageradio.com/shows/nowplaying.aspx?contentid=20284&showid=316004","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood Reporter Offers List Of Top 20 Music Industry Innovators\". Allaccess. February 11, 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/102491/hollywood-reporter-offers-list-of-top-20-music-ind","url_text":"\"Hollywood Reporter Offers List Of Top 20 Music Industry Innovators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard's Twitter 140: Music-Industry Characters You Need To Follow\". Billboard. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110601085314/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/billboard-s-twitter-140-music-industry-characters-1005079252.story","url_text":"\"Billboard's Twitter 140: Music-Industry Characters You Need To Follow\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/billboard-s-twitter-140-music-industry-characters-1005079252.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Music Industry Characters You Need to Follow\". Billboard. July 26, 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121212075715/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/record-labels/twitter-140-page-14-1007684552.story","url_text":"\"The Music Industry Characters You Need to Follow\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/record-labels/twitter-140-page-14-1007684552.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HOME\". HRDCVR. Retrieved 2016-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrdcvr.com/","url_text":"\"HOME\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rap Radar\". Rap Radar. Retrieved 2016-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://rapradar.com/","url_text":"\"Rap Radar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rap Radar Podcast\". www1.play.it. Retrieved 2016-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.play.it/audio/rap-radar-podcast/","url_text":"\"Rap Radar Podcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"What We Learned From Meek Mill's CRWN Interview\". Hip-Hop News, Rumors, Rap Music & Videos \|AllHipHop. 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Retrieved 2018-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7694084/tidal-appoints-elliott-wilson-tony-gervino-culture-content-roles/","url_text":"\"Tidal Appoints Elliott Wilson, Tony Gervino To Newly Created Culture & Content Roles\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://rapradar.com/","external_links_name":"rapradar.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100330151059/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.6179/title.xxl-editor-in-chief-elliott-wilson-fired","external_links_name":"\"XXL Editor-in-Chief Elliott Wilson Fired\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.6179/title.xxl-editor-in-chief-elliott-wilson-fired","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20217917,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Jay-Z Finally Speaks About Marriage to Beyoncé\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefader.com/2013/09/25/drake-interview-elliott-wilson-crwn-nyu-vide","external_links_name":"\"Watch Elliott Wilson Interview Drake\""},{"Link":"https://respect-mag.com/2019/11/watch-mary-j-blige-live-interview-for-tidals-crwn-series-on-11-25/","external_links_name":"\"Watch: Mary J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitman_School_District	Pitman School District	["1 Reconfiguration","2 Schools","3 Administration","4 Board of education","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°44′04″N 75°08′22″W / 39.734455°N 75.139453°W / 39.734455; -75.139453School district in Gloucester County, New Jersey, US Pitman School DistrictAddress420 Hudson Avenue Pitman, Gloucester County, New Jersey, 08071United StatesCoordinates39°44′04″N 75°08′22″W / 39.734455°N 75.139453°W / 39.734455; -75.139453District informationGradesPreK-12SuperintendentSteven CrispinBusiness administratorCarisa RoseSchools5Students and staffEnrollment1,134 (as of 2021–22)Faculty118.8 FTEsStudent–teacher ratio9.5:1Other informationDistrict Factor GroupFGWebsitewww.pitman.k12.nj.us Ind. Per pupil Districtspending Rank() K-12average %± vs.average 1ATotal Spending$17,27318$18,891−8.6% 1Budgetary Cost14,0572814,783−4.9% 2Classroom Instruction8,607318,763−1.8% 6Support Services2,183312,392−8.7% 8Administrative Cost1,551181,4854.4% 10Operations & Maintenance1,30981,783−26.6% 13Extracurricular Activities3611326834.7% 16Median Teacher Salary65,9544064,043Data from NJDoE 2014 Taxpayers' Guide to Education Spending.Of K-12 districts with up to 1,800 students. Lowest spending=1; Highest=49 The Pitman School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Pitman, in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprising five schools, had an enrollment of 1,134 students and 118.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.5:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "FG", the fourth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. Reconfiguration Due to a loss of state aid the Board of Education announced in April 2023 a reconfiguration plan for the school district. Beginning with the 2023–2024 school year the Pitman Schools will be organized so that Memorial School serves grades PreK-1, Pitman Elementary School (housed at the former Pitman Middle School) will cover grades 2-6 and Pitman Junior/Senior High School will house students in grades 7–12.: The students of W. C. K. Walls Elementary School and Elwood Kindle Elementary School voted on the new name for their school and selected Pitman Elementary School. This name must still be approved by the Board of Education. Schools Schools in the district (with 2021–22 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Elementary schools Elwood Kindle Elementary School with 174 students in grades K-5 Karolyn Mason, principal Memorial Elementary School with 196 students in grades PreK-5 Kiersten Sager Miller, principal W. C. K. Walls Elementary School with 174 students in grades PreK-5 Chris Morris, principal Pitman Middle School with 256 students in grades 6-8 Kristen Stewart, principal High school Pitman High School with 324 students in grades 9-12 Cherie Lombardo, principal Administration Core members of the district's administration are: Steven Crispin, interim superintendent Carisa Rose, business administrator and board secretary Board of education The district's board of education, composed of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. References ^ a b c d District information for Pitman Boro School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed December 1, 2022. ^ Taxpayers' Guide to Education Spending April 2013, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed April 15, 2013. ^ Pitman Board of Education District Policy 0110 - Identification, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. "Purpose The Board of Education exists for the purpose of providing a thorough and efficient system of free public education in grades Pre-Kindergarten through twelve in the Pitman School District. Composition The Pitman School District is comprised of all the area within the municipal boundaries of Pitman." ^ NJ Department of Education District Factor Groups (DFG) for School Districts, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed October 19, 2014. ^ Home page, Pitman School District. Accessed June 6, 2023. ^ DeLucia, Matt. "NJ students cast votes on primary day to choose school's new name", WCAU, June 7, 2023. Accessed June 7, 2023. ^ School Data for the Pitman School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed December 1, 2022. ^ Schools, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ 2023-24 Gloucester County Office of Education Public School Directory, Gloucester County, New Jersey. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ School Performance Reports for the Pitman Boro School District, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed April 3, 2024. ^ New Jersey School Directory for the Pitman School District, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ Elwood Kindle Elementary School, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Administration, Elwood Kindle Elementary School. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Memorial Elementary School, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Administration, Elwood Kindle Elementary School. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ W. C. K. Walls Elementary School, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Administration, W. C. K. Walls Elementary School. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Pitman Middle School, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Administration, Pitman Middle School. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Pitman High School, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Administration, Pitman High School. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Administration Staff, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ New Jersey School Directory for Gloucester County, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ New Jersey Boards of Education by District Election Types - 2018 School Election, New Jersey Department of Education, updated February 16, 2018. Accessed January 26, 2020. ^ Annual Comprehensive Financial Report of the Pitman Borough School District, New Jersey Department of Education, for year ending June 30, 2021. Accessed January 30, 2023. "The School District is a Type II district located in the County of Gloucester, State of New Jersey. As a Type II district, the School District functions independently through a Board of Education. The Board is comprised of nine members elected to three-year terms. These terms are staggered so that three members' terms expire each year. The purpose of the School District is to educate students in grades kindergarten through twelve at its five schools." ^ Board of Education, Pitman School District. Accessed January 30, 2023. External links Pitman School District School Performance Reports for the Pitman School District, New Jersey Department of Education School Data for the Pitman School District, National Center for Education Statistics vteEducation in Gloucester County, New JerseySchooldistrictsK-6 East Greenwich Township Elk Township Franklin Township Harrison Township Mantua Township National Park South Harrison Township Swedesboro-Woolwich Wenonah Westville Woodbury Heights K-8 Greenwich Township Logan Township K-12 Clayton Deptford Township Glassboro Gloucester Special Services Monroe Township Paulsboro Pitman Washington Township West Deptford Township Woodbury 7-12 Clearview Regional Delsea Regional Gateway Regional Kingsway Regional 9-12 Gloucester County Vocational-Technical School District None Newfield (to Buena Regional in Atlantic County) Publichigh schools Clayton Clearview Regional Delsea Regional Deptford Township Gateway Regional Glassboro Gloucester Tech Kingsway Regional Paulsboro Pitman Washington Township West Deptford Williamstown Woodbury Private Gloucester County Christian Our Lady of Mercy Victory Christian Tertiary Rowan College of South Jersey Gloucester County Campus School districts by county: Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union WarrenHigh schools by county Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"pre-kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-kindergarten"},{"link_name":"twelfth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade"},{"link_name":"Pitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitman,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Gloucester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-1"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"District Factor Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Factor_Group"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"School district in Gloucester County, New Jersey, USThe Pitman School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Pitman, in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.[3]As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprising five schools, had an enrollment of 1,134 students and 118.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.5:1.[1]The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group \"FG\", the fourth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.[4]","title":"Pitman School District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Due to a loss of state aid the Board of Education announced in April 2023 a reconfiguration plan for the school district. Beginning with the 2023–2024 school year the Pitman Schools will be organized so that Memorial School serves grades PreK-1, Pitman Elementary School (housed at the former Pitman Middle School) will cover grades 2-6 and Pitman Junior/Senior High School will house students in grades 7–12.:[5]The students of W. C. K. Walls Elementary School and Elwood Kindle Elementary School voted on the new name for their school and selected Pitman Elementary School. This name must still be approved by the Board of Education.[6]","title":"Reconfiguration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Center for Education Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pitman High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitman_High_School"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Schools in the district (with 2021–22 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[7]) are:[8][9][10][11]Elementary schoolsElwood Kindle Elementary School[12] with 174 students in grades K-5\nKarolyn Mason, principal[13]\nMemorial Elementary School[14] with 196 students in grades PreK-5\nKiersten Sager Miller, principal[15]\nW. C. K. Walls Elementary School[16] with 174 students in grades PreK-5\nChris Morris, principal[17]\nPitman Middle School[18] with 256 students in grades 6-8\nKristen Stewart, principal[19]High schoolPitman High School[20] with 324 students in grades 9-12\nCherie Lombardo, principal[21]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Core members of the district's administration are:[22][23]Steven Crispin, interim superintendent\nCarisa Rose, business administrator and board secretary","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_education"},{"link_name":"contradictory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The district's board of education, composed of nine members,[contradictory] sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_droplet_ejection	Acoustic droplet ejection	["1 History","2 Ejection mechanism","3 Applications of acoustic transfer","4 See also","5 References"]	Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) uses a pulse of ultrasound to move low volumes of fluids (typically nanoliters or picoliters) without any physical contact. This technology focuses acoustic energy into a fluid sample in order to eject droplets as small as a picoliter. ADE technology is a very gentle process, and it can be used to transfer proteins, high molecular weight DNA and live cells without damage or loss of viability. This feature makes the technology suitable for a wide variety of applications including proteomics and cell-based assays. History Acoustic droplet ejection was first reported in 1927 by Robert W. Wood and Alfred Loomis, who noted that when a high-power acoustic generator was immersed in an oil bath, a mound formed on the surface of the oil and, like a "miniature volcano", ejected a continuous stream of droplets. Ripples that appear in a glass of water placed on a loud speaker show that acoustic energy can be converted to kinetic energy in a fluid. If the sound is turned up enough, droplets will jump from the liquid. This technique was refined in the 1970s and 1980s by Xerox and IBM and other organizations to provide a single droplet on-demand for printing ink onto a page. Two California-based companies, EDC Biosystems Inc. and Labcyte Inc. (both now acquired by Beckman Coulter), exploit acoustic energy for two separate functions: 1) as a liquid transfer device and 2) as a device for liquid auditing. Ejection mechanism To eject a droplet, a transducer generates and transfers acoustic energy to a source well. When the acoustic energy is focused near the surface of the liquid, a mound of liquid is formed and a droplet is ejected. The diameter of the droplet scales inversely with the frequency of the acoustic energy—higher frequencies produce smaller droplets. Unlike other liquid transfer devices, no pipette tips, pin tools, or nozzles touch the source liquid or destination surfaces. Liquid transfer methods that rely on droplet formation through an orifice, e.g., disposable tips or capillary nozzles, invariably lose precision as the transfer volume decreases. Touchless acoustic transfer provides a coefficient of variation (CV) that is significantly lower than other techniques and is independent of volume at the levels tested. ADE shoots a droplet from a source well upward to an inverted receiving plate positioned above the source plate. Liquids ejected from the source are captured by dry plates due to surface tension. For larger volumes, multiple droplets can be rapidly ejected from the source (typically 100 to 500 droplets/sec) to the destination with the coefficient of variation typically <4% over a volume range of two orders of magnitude. Applications of acoustic transfer The following applications are among those that can benefit from the features of acoustic droplet ejection: High throughput screening Microelectromechanical systems Assay miniaturization Eliminating cross-contamination Reducing plastic waste in biological research Direct loading of mass spectrometers See also Acoustic droplet vaporization Journal of Laboratory Automation Special Issue: Advancing Scientific Innovation with Acoustic Droplet Ejection References ^ R. W. Wood; A. L. Loomis (1927). "The Physical and Biological Effects of High Frequency Sound Waves of Great Intensity". Philosophical Magazine. 4 (22): 417–436. ^ K. A. Krause (1973). "Focusing Ink Jet Head". IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin. 16 (4): 1168. ^ R. Ellson; M. Mutz; B. Browning; L. Lee; M.F. Miller; R. Papen (2003). "Transfer of Low Nanoliter Volumes between Microwell Plates Using Focused Acoustics – Automation Considerations". Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation. 8 (5): 29–34. doi:10.1016/S1535-5535(03)00011-X. ^ R. Ellson (2002). "Picoliter: enabling precise transfer of nanoliter and picoliter volumes". Drug Discovery Today. 7 (5): 32–34. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(02)02176-1. ^ J. Comley (2004). "Continued Miniaturisation of Assay Technologies Drives Market for Nanolitre Dispensing". Drug Discovery World. Summer: 43–54. ^ Yin, Xingyu; Scalia, Alexander; Leroy, Ludmila; Cuttitta, Christina M.; Polizzo, Gina M.; Ericson, Daniel L.; Roessler, Christian G.; Campos, Olven; Ma, Millie Y.; Agarwal, Rakhi; Jackimowicz, Rick; Allaire, Marc; Orville, Allen M.; Sweet, Robert M.; Soares, Alexei S. (2014). "Hitting the target: fragment screening with acoustic in situ co-crystallization of proteins plus fragment libraries on pin-mounted data-collection micromeshes". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 70 (5): 1177–1189. doi:10.1107/S1399004713034603. PMC 4014116. PMID 24816088.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Acoustic droplet ejection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert W. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Wood"},{"link_name":"Alfred Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Lee_Loomis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Xerox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beckman Coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckman_Coulter"}],"text":"Acoustic droplet ejection was first reported in 1927 by Robert W. Wood and Alfred Loomis,[1] who noted that when a high-power acoustic generator was immersed in an oil bath, a mound formed on the surface of the oil and, like a \"miniature volcano\", ejected a continuous stream of droplets. Ripples that appear in a glass of water placed on a loud speaker show that acoustic energy can be converted to kinetic energy in a fluid. If the sound is turned up enough, droplets will jump from the liquid. This technique was refined in the 1970s and 1980s by Xerox and IBM[2] and other organizations to provide a single droplet on-demand for printing ink onto a page. Two California-based companies, EDC Biosystems Inc. and Labcyte Inc. (both now acquired by Beckman Coulter), exploit acoustic energy for two separate functions: 1) as a liquid transfer device and 2) as a device for liquid auditing.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pipette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette"},{"link_name":"pin tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pin_tool&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nozzles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzle"},{"link_name":"coefficient of variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"To eject a droplet, a transducer generates and transfers acoustic energy to a source well. When the acoustic energy is focused near the surface of the liquid, a mound of liquid is formed and a droplet is ejected. The diameter of the droplet scales inversely with the frequency of the acoustic energy—higher frequencies produce smaller droplets.[3][4] Unlike other liquid transfer devices, no pipette tips, pin tools, or nozzles touch the source liquid or destination surfaces. Liquid transfer methods that rely on droplet formation through an orifice, e.g., disposable tips or capillary nozzles, invariably lose precision as the transfer volume decreases. Touchless acoustic transfer provides a coefficient of variation (CV) that is significantly lower than other techniques and is independent of volume at the levels tested.ADE shoots a droplet from a source well upward to an inverted receiving plate positioned above the source plate. Liquids ejected from the source are captured by dry plates due to surface tension. For larger volumes, multiple droplets can be rapidly ejected from the source (typically 100 to 500 droplets/sec) to the destination with the coefficient of variation typically <4% over a volume range of two orders of magnitude.[5]","title":"Ejection mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High throughput screening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_throughput_screening"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Microelectromechanical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems"},{"link_name":"Assay miniaturization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assay_miniaturization&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eliminating cross-contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eliminating_cross-contamination&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reducing plastic waste in biological research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reducing_plastic_waste_in_biological_research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Direct loading of mass spectrometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_loading_of_mass_spectrometers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The following applications are among those that can benefit from the features of acoustic droplet ejection:High throughput screening[6]\nMicroelectromechanical systems\nAssay miniaturization\nEliminating cross-contamination\nReducing plastic waste in biological research\nDirect loading of mass spectrometers","title":"Applications of acoustic transfer"}]	[]	[{"title":"Acoustic droplet vaporization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_droplet_vaporization"},{"title":"Journal of Laboratory Automation Special Issue: Advancing Scientific Innovation with Acoustic Droplet Ejection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.sagepub.com/toc/jlac/21/1/"}]	[{"reference":"R. W. Wood; A. L. Loomis (1927). \"The Physical and Biological Effects of High Frequency Sound Waves of Great Intensity\". Philosophical Magazine. 4 (22): 417–436.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. A. Krause (1973). \"Focusing Ink Jet Head\". IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin. 16 (4): 1168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R. Ellson; M. Mutz; B. Browning; L. Lee; M.F. Miller; R. Papen (2003). \"Transfer of Low Nanoliter Volumes between Microwell Plates Using Focused Acoustics – Automation Considerations\". Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation. 8 (5): 29–34. doi:10.1016/S1535-5535(03)00011-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1535-5535%2803%2900011-X","url_text":"10.1016/S1535-5535(03)00011-X"}]},{"reference":"R. Ellson (2002). \"Picoliter: enabling precise transfer of nanoliter and picoliter volumes\". Drug Discovery Today. 7 (5): 32–34. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(02)02176-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2802%2902176-1","url_text":"10.1016/S1359-6446(02)02176-1"}]},{"reference":"J. Comley (2004). \"Continued Miniaturisation of Assay Technologies Drives Market for Nanolitre Dispensing\". Drug Discovery World. Summer: 43–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Yin, Xingyu; Scalia, Alexander; Leroy, Ludmila; Cuttitta, Christina M.; Polizzo, Gina M.; Ericson, Daniel L.; Roessler, Christian G.; Campos, Olven; Ma, Millie Y.; Agarwal, Rakhi; Jackimowicz, Rick; Allaire, Marc; Orville, Allen M.; Sweet, Robert M.; Soares, Alexei S. (2014). \"Hitting the target: fragment screening with acoustic in situ co-crystallization of proteins plus fragment libraries on pin-mounted data-collection micromeshes\". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 70 (5): 1177–1189. doi:10.1107/S1399004713034603. PMC 4014116. PMID 24816088.","urls":[{"url":"http://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=si_pubs","url_text":"\"Hitting the target: fragment screening with acoustic in situ co-crystallization of proteins plus fragment libraries on pin-mounted data-collection micromeshes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS1399004713034603","url_text":"10.1107/S1399004713034603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014116","url_text":"4014116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24816088","url_text":"24816088"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/jlac/21/1/","external_links_name":"Journal of Laboratory Automation Special Issue: Advancing Scientific Innovation with Acoustic Droplet Ejection"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1535-5535%2803%2900011-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1535-5535(03)00011-X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2802%2902176-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1359-6446(02)02176-1"},{"Link":"http://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=si_pubs","external_links_name":"\"Hitting the target: fragment screening with acoustic in situ co-crystallization of proteins plus fragment libraries on pin-mounted data-collection micromeshes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS1399004713034603","external_links_name":"10.1107/S1399004713034603"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014116","external_links_name":"4014116"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24816088","external_links_name":"24816088"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105.7_FM	105.7 FM	["1 Argentina","2 Australia","3 Brazil","4 Canada (Channel 289)","5 China","6 Iraq","7 Italy","8 Malaysia","9 Mexico","10 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","11 South Korea","12 United Kingdom","13 United States (Channel 289)","14 References"]	FM radio frequency This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "105.7 FM" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.7 MHz: Argentina A in Mendoza Cadena norte in Jesús María, Córdoba Cien in Villa Carlos Paz, Córdoba Ciudad in Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires Corazón Disco in Buenos Aires Diagonal in Machagai, Chaco Famailla in Famaillá, Tucumán Glaciar in Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz Imaginate in Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires La Misma Fe in San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires Oasis in Puan, Buenos Aires Ok in Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires Pasión in Rosario, Santa Fe Planeta in Buenos Aires Redentor in Rosario, Santa Fe Radio María in San Martín, Mendoza Australia 8DDD in Darwin, Northern Territory 2KY in Taree, New South Wales ABC Far North in Cooktown, Queensland ABC NewsRadio in Mount Gambier, South Australia 2HVR in Muswellbrook, New South Wales ABC Western Queensland in Roma, Queensland Radio National in Toowoomba, Queensland Radio National in Woomera, South Australia Rhema FM in Mount Isa, Queensland SBS Radio in Hobart, Tasmania 2BDR in Albury, New South Wales 2JJJ in Sydney, New South Wales Radio Metro in Gold Coast, Queensland Brazil ZYD 658 in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Canada (Channel 289) CBAF-FM-2 in Allardville, New Brunswick CBAM-FM-1 in Sackville, New Brunswick CBU-FM in Vancouver, British Columbia CBYS-FM in Sparwood, British Columbia CFDM-FM in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan CFGL-FM in Laval, Quebec CHQC-FM in Saint John, New Brunswick CHRE-FM in St. Catharines, Ontario CIBQ-FM in Brooks, Alberta CICF-FM in Vernon, British Columbia CIKR-FM in Kingston, Ontario CJMI-FM in Strathroy, Ontario CKKN-FM-2 in Mackenzie, British Columbia VOAR-9-FM in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador China CNR Tibetan Radio in Lhasa SMG Shanghai Jiao Tong Tai in Shanghai GRT Voice Of Pearl River channel in Shenzhen Iraq XFM 105.7 Italy Radio Ciroma 105.7 in Cosenza, Calabria Malaysia Ai FM in Kota Bharu, Kelantan Lite in Klang Valley and Eastern Pahang Nasional FM in Johor Bahru, Johor and Singapore Mexico XHBM-FM in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí XHCCFG-FM in Juan Aldama, Zacatecas XHDE-FM in Arteaga, Coahuila XHECH-FM in Purépero, Michoacán XHEMI-FM in Cosoleacaque, Veracruz XHIU-FM in Oaxaca, Oaxaca XHJAC-FM in Jacona-Zamora, Michoacán XHLJ-FM in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco XHOF-FM in Mexico City XHOS-FM in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora XHPRS-FM in Tecate, Baja California XHR-FM in Linares, Nuevo León XHRUC-FM in Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua XHTH-FM in Palizada, Campeche XHVOC-FM in Bahía de Kino, Sonora XHXT-FM in Tepic, Nayarit Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Praise FM (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) South Korea Korea New Network's Seoul Broadcasting System's Radio Station LOVE FM Relay Chanel United Kingdom Heart North and Mid Wales in Llandudno Smooth West Midlands in Birmingham and the West Midlands Mearns FM in South Aberdeenshire Capital Scotland in Edinburgh & Fife United States (Channel 289) KBGB in Magness, Arkansas KBIC in Raymondville, Texas KCPJ-LP in Crete, Nebraska KDIL-LP in Kennewick, Washington KDXN in South Heart, North Dakota KHCB-FM in Houston, Texas KJET in Union, Washington KJJP in Amarillo, Texas KJRL in Herington, Kansas KJVI in Robert Lee, Texas KKQX in Manhattan, Montana KMCK-FM in Prairie Grove, Arkansas KMDG in Hays, Kansas KMVN in Anchorage, Alaska KNAF-FM in Fredericksburg, Texas KOAS in Dolan Springs, Arizona KOHM in Ridgecrest, California KOKZ in Waterloo, Iowa KOZZ-FM in Reno, Nevada KPMX in Sterling, Colorado KPNT in Collinsville, Illinois KQAK in Bend, Oregon KQMX in Lost Hills, California KRBL in Idalou, Texas KRDR in Alva, Oklahoma KRNB in Decatur, Texas KROU in Spencer, Oklahoma KRSE in Yakima, Washington KSUX in Winnebago, Nebraska KTKO (FM) in Beeville, Texas KTYV in Steamboat Springs, Colorado KUXX in Jackson, Minnesota KVAY in Lamar, Colorado KVGL in Manderson, Wyoming KVRD-FM in Cottonwood, Arizona KVRU-LP in Seattle, Washington KVVF in Santa Clara, California KVVP in Leesville, Louisiana KWBR-LP in Saint George, Utah KWGL in Ouray, Colorado KXCJ-LP in Cave Junction, Oregon KXKX in Knob Noster, Missouri KXRS in Hemet, California KYKX in Longview, Texas KZBD in Spokane, Washington KZGI in Sedro-Woolley, Washington WAKH in McComb, Mississippi WAPL in Appleton, Wisconsin WBNW-FM in Endicott, New York WBZY in Canton, Georgia WCFW in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin WCHR-FM in Manahawkin, New Jersey WCJZ in Cannelton, Indiana WCLN-FM in Rennert, North Carolina WCSN-FM in Orange Beach, Alabama WCUP in L'anse, Michigan WDTL in Indianola, Mississippi WECA-LP in Palm Bay, Florida WEMA-LP in Marlborough, Pennsylvania WEMZ-LP in Plymouth, Pennsylvania WERF-LP in Gainesville, Florida WETF-LP in South Bend, Indiana WFFM in Ashburn, Georgia WFRF-FM in Monticello, Florida WGAY in Sugarloaf Key, Florida WGEO-LP in Georgetown, South Carolina WGRK-FM in Greensburg, Kentucky WHBE-FM in Eminence, Kentucky WHMX in Lincoln, Maine WHTI in Salem, West Virginia WHWS-LP in Geneva, New York WIHG in Rockwood, Tennessee WIXO in Peoria, Illinois WJGM in Baldwin, Florida WJKL in San Juan, Puerto Rico WJUK-LP in Plymouth, Indiana WJZ-FM in Catonsville, Maryland WKJS in Richmond, Virginia WLBM-LP in Danville, Illinois WLGC-FM in Greenup, Kentucky WLKC in Campton, New Hampshire WLKJ in Portage, Pennsylvania WLUB in Augusta, Georgia WLWM-LP in Charlestown, New Hampshire WMCC-LP in Spencer, West Virginia WMJI in Cleveland, Ohio WMXH-FM in Luray, Virginia WPGR-LP in Clear Lake, Wisconsin WQAH-FM in Addison, Alabama WQAK in Union City, Tennessee WQBK-FM in Malta, New York WQJT-LP in Freeport, Illinois WQXA-FM in York, Pennsylvania WROR-FM in Framingham, Massachusetts WRSF in Columbia, North Carolina WSRW-FM in Grand Rapids, Michigan WSVP-LP in Springvale, Maine WTBK in Manchester, Kentucky WUCL in De Kalb, Mississippi WUUK-LP in Canadohta Lake, Pennsylvania WUZR in Bicknell, Indiana WVBZ in Clemmons, North Carolina WWLL in Sebring, Florida WWWM-FM in Eden Prairie, Minnesota WXCX in Siren, Wisconsin WXPB-LP in Athens, Georgia WXZX in Hilliard, Ohio WYXB in Indianapolis, Indiana WZHT in Troy, Alabama WZOM in Defiance, Ohio WZTK in Alpena, Michigan References ^ "NASIONALfm - Frekuensi". Radio Televisyen Malaysia. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020. ^ "Saga going Smooth". birminghampost. 12 March 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Means FM". 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 18 June 2020. vteLists of radio stations by frequencyStations that broadcast for public receptionContinuous wave/MorseVLFin kHz 17.2 20.5 23 25 25.1 25.5 LF (LW)Radio clocks 40 50 60 60 60 66.67 68.5 77.5 77.5 100 162 By AMfrequenciesLF (LW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing 153 162 1641 171 1771 180 1831 189 198 207 2091 216 225 2271 234 243 252 261 270 279 MF (MW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing 531 540 549 558 567 576 585 594 603 612 621 630 639 648 657 666 675 684 693 702 711 720 729 738 747 756 765 774 783 792 801 810 819 828 837 846 855 864 873 882 891 900 909 918 927 936 945 954 963 972 981 990 999 1008 1017 1026 1035 1044 1053 1062 1071 1080 1089 1098 1107 1116 1125 1134 1143 1152 1161 1170 1179 1188 1197 1206 1215 1224 1233 1242 1251 1260 1269 1278 1287 1296 1305 1314 1323 1332 1341 1350 1359 1368 1377 1386 1395 1404 1413 1422 1431 1440 1449 1458 1467 1476 1485 1494 1503 1512 1521 1530 1539 1548 1557 1566 1575 1584 1593 1602 1611 1620 1629 1638 1647 1656 1665 1674 1683 1692 1701 1710 Region 2, 10 kHz spacing 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 High frequency shortwave frequencies in MHz120 m 2.5 2.5 2.5 90 m 3.2474 3.25 3.33 75 m 3.81 4.015 4.146 4.2075 4.213 4.363 4.372 4.387 4.414 60 m 4.8615 4.996 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.006 5.025 5.13 5.83 49 m 6.03 6.07 6.15 6.16 6.16 6.317 6.318 6.351 6.37 6.51 6.9 41 m 7.49 7.505 7.6 7.646 7.795 7.8 7.85 31 m 8.006 8.113 8.120 8.291 8.421 8.473 8.4785 8.625 8.646 8.686 8.728 8.728 8.746 8.749 8.809 9.265 9.275 9.33 9.395 9.475 9.955 9.835 9.996 10 10 10 10 25 m 12.5815 12.5905 12.6645 12.691 12.857 13.026 13.0425 13.14 13.173 13.146 13.191 19 m 14.67 14.996 15 15 15 15 15 15.42 15.77 16 m 16.809 16.905 16.957 16.9615 17.094 17.257 17.26 15 m 19.6855 20 13 m 22.3835 22.447 22.461 22.735 22.762 22.783 11 m 25 By FMfrequenciesVHF (Band I/ OIRT FM)Regions 1 and 3, 30 kHz spacing3 65.84 74.00 VHF (Band II/ CCIR FM)Regions 1 and 3, 50/100 kHz spacing3 87.5 87.6 87.7 87.8 87.9 88.0 88.2 88.4 88.6 88.8 89.0 89.2 89.4 89.6 89.8 90.0 90.2 90.4 90.6 90.8 91.0 91.2 91.4 91.6 91.8 92.0 92.2 92.4 92.6 92.8 93.0 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.8 94.0 94.2 94.4 94.6 94.8 95.0 95.2 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.8 99.0 99.2 99.4 99.6 99.8 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.8 101.0 101.2 101.4 101.6 101.8 102.0 102.2 102.4 102.6 102.8 103.0 103.2 103.4 103.6 103.8 104.0 104.2 104.4 104.6 104.8 105.0 105.2 105.4 105.6 105.8 106.0 106.2 106.4 106.6 106.8 107.0 107.2 107.4 107.6 107.8 108.0 Region 2, 200 kHz spacing 87.7 87.9 88.1 88.3 88.5 88.7 88.9 89.1 89.3 89.5 89.7 89.9 90.1 90.3 90.5 90.7 90.9 91.1 91.3 91.5 91.7 91.9 92.1 92.3 92.5 92.7 92.9 93.1 93.3 93.5 93.7 93.9 94.1 94.3 94.5 94.7 94.9 95.1 95.3 95.5 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.9 99.1 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.9 100.1 100.3 100.5 100.7 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.5 101.7 101.9 102.1 102.3 102.5 102.7 102.9 103.1 103.3 103.5 103.7 103.9 104.1 104.3 104.5 104.7 104.9 105.1 105.3 105.5 105.7 105.9 106.1 106.3 106.5 106.7 106.9 107.1 107.3 107.5 107.7 107.9 Japan FM, Brazil eFM 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 76.7 76.8 76.9 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 77.6 77.7 77.8 77.9 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.7 78.8 78.9 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 79.6 79.7 79.8 79.9 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.8 80.9 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 81.9 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.6 82.7 82.8 82.9 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 83.7 83.8 83.9 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 84.7 84.8 84.9 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 85.6 85.7 85.8 85.9 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 86.6 86.7 86.8 86.9 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 Weather radio 162.400 162.425 162.450 162.475 162.500 162.525 162.550 1 Non-standard frequency 2 Shortwave uses a combination of AM, VSB, USB and LSB, with some NBFM and CW/morse code (in the case of time signal stations) as well as numerous frequencies, depending on the time of day/night, season, and solar activity level. A reasonably full list from 16 kHz to 27MHz can be found at 3 Regions 1 and 3 also use Region 2's frequencies as well, with 50 to 100 kHz spacing. 4 See also: Template:Audio broadcasting, Apex (radio band) and OIRT	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"}],"text":"The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.7 MHz:","title":"105.7 FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cadena norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadena_norte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cien_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ciudad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciudad_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corazón Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coraz%C3%B3n_Disco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diagonal_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Famailla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Famailla_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glaciar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaciar_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Imaginate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imaginate_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Misma Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Misma_Fe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Nicolás de los Arroyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_los_Arroyos"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oasis_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ok_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pasión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasi%C3%B3n_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Planeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planeta_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Redentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redentor_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radio María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Mar%C3%ADa"}],"text":"A in Mendoza\nCadena norte in Jesús María, Córdoba\nCien in Villa Carlos Paz, Córdoba\nCiudad in Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires\nCorazón Disco in Buenos Aires\nDiagonal in Machagai, Chaco\nFamailla in Famaillá, Tucumán\nGlaciar in Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz\nImaginate in Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires\nLa Misma Fe in San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires\nOasis in Puan, Buenos Aires\nOk in Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires\nPasión in Rosario, Santa Fe\nPlaneta in Buenos Aires\nRedentor in Rosario, Santa Fe\nRadio María in San Martín, Mendoza","title":"Argentina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8DDD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105.7_ABC_Darwin"},{"link_name":"2KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2KY"},{"link_name":"ABC Far North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Far_North"},{"link_name":"ABC NewsRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio"},{"link_name":"2HVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Upper_Hunter"},{"link_name":"ABC Western Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Western_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Radio National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_National"},{"link_name":"Radio National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_National"},{"link_name":"Rhema FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhema_FM"},{"link_name":"SBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"2BDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2BDR"},{"link_name":"2JJJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2JJJ"},{"link_name":"Radio Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Metro"}],"text":"8DDD in Darwin, Northern Territory\n2KY in Taree, New South Wales\nABC Far North in Cooktown, Queensland\nABC NewsRadio in Mount Gambier, South Australia\n2HVR in Muswellbrook, New South Wales\nABC Western Queensland in Roma, Queensland\nRadio National in Toowoomba, Queensland\nRadio National in Woomera, South Australia\nRhema FM in Mount Isa, Queensland\nSBS Radio in Hobart, Tasmania\n2BDR in Albury, New South Wales\n2JJJ in Sydney, New South Wales\nRadio Metro in Gold Coast, Queensland","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ZYD 658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Ga%C3%BAcha"}],"text":"ZYD 658 in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul","title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBAF-FM-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBAF-FM-2"},{"link_name":"CBAM-FM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBAM-FM-1"},{"link_name":"CBU-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBU-FM"},{"link_name":"CBYS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBYS-FM"},{"link_name":"CFDM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFDM-FM"},{"link_name":"CFGL-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFGL-FM"},{"link_name":"CHQC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHQC-FM"},{"link_name":"CHRE-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRE-FM"},{"link_name":"CIBQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIBQ-FM"},{"link_name":"CICF-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICF-FM"},{"link_name":"CIKR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIKR-FM"},{"link_name":"CJMI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJMI-FM"},{"link_name":"CKKN-FM-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKKN-FM-2"},{"link_name":"VOAR-9-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOAR-FM"}],"text":"CBAF-FM-2 in Allardville, New Brunswick\nCBAM-FM-1 in Sackville, New Brunswick\nCBU-FM in Vancouver, British Columbia\nCBYS-FM in Sparwood, British Columbia\nCFDM-FM in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan\nCFGL-FM in Laval, Quebec\nCHQC-FM in Saint John, New Brunswick\nCHRE-FM in St. Catharines, Ontario\nCIBQ-FM in Brooks, Alberta\nCICF-FM in Vernon, British Columbia\nCIKR-FM in Kingston, Ontario\nCJMI-FM in Strathroy, Ontario\nCKKN-FM-2 in Mackenzie, British Columbia\nVOAR-9-FM in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador","title":"Canada (Channel 289)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Radio"},{"link_name":"SMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_Tai"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"}],"text":"CNR Tibetan Radio in Lhasa\nSMG Shanghai Jiao Tong Tai in Shanghai\nGRT Voice Of Pearl River channel in Shenzhen","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XFM 105.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XFM_105.7&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"XFM 105.7","title":"Iraq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Ciroma 105.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Ciroma_105.7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cosenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosenza"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"}],"text":"Radio Ciroma 105.7 in Cosenza, Calabria","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ai FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_FM"},{"link_name":"Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite_(radio_station)"},{"link_name":"Nasional FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasional_FM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ai FM in Kota Bharu, Kelantan\nLite in Klang Valley and Eastern Pahang\nNasional FM in Johor Bahru, Johor and Singapore[1]","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XHBM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHBM-FM"},{"link_name":"XHCCFG-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XHCCFG-FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"XHDE-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHDE-FM"},{"link_name":"XHECH-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHECH-FM"},{"link_name":"XHEMI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHEMI-FM"},{"link_name":"XHIU-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHIU-FM"},{"link_name":"XHJAC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHJAC-FM"},{"link_name":"XHLJ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHLJ-FM"},{"link_name":"XHOF-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHOF-FM"},{"link_name":"XHOS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHOS-FM"},{"link_name":"XHPRS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHPRS-FM"},{"link_name":"XHR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHR-FM"},{"link_name":"XHRUC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHRUC-FM"},{"link_name":"XHTH-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTH-FM"},{"link_name":"XHVOC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XHVOC-FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"XHXT-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHXT-FM"}],"text":"XHBM-FM in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí\nXHCCFG-FM in Juan Aldama, Zacatecas\nXHDE-FM in Arteaga, Coahuila\nXHECH-FM in Purépero, Michoacán\nXHEMI-FM in Cosoleacaque, Veracruz\nXHIU-FM in Oaxaca, Oaxaca\nXHJAC-FM in Jacona-Zamora, Michoacán\nXHLJ-FM in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco\nXHOF-FM in Mexico City\nXHOS-FM in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora\nXHPRS-FM in Tecate, Baja California\nXHR-FM in Linares, Nuevo León\nXHRUC-FM in Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua\nXHTH-FM in Palizada, Campeche\nXHVOC-FM in Bahía de Kino, Sonora\nXHXT-FM in Tepic, Nayarit","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Praise FM (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_FM_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)"}],"text":"Praise FM (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)","title":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korea New Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_New_Network"},{"link_name":"Seoul Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System"}],"text":"Korea New Network's Seoul Broadcasting System's Radio Station LOVE FM Relay Chanel","title":"South Korea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart North and Mid Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_North_and_Mid_Wales"},{"link_name":"Smooth West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mearns FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mearns_FM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Capital Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Scotland"}],"text":"Heart North and Mid Wales in Llandudno\nSmooth West Midlands in Birmingham and the West Midlands[2]\nMearns FM in South Aberdeenshire[3]\nCapital Scotland in Edinburgh & Fife","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KBGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBGB"},{"link_name":"KBIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBIC"},{"link_name":"KCPJ-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCPJ-LP"},{"link_name":"KDIL-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KDIL-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KDXN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDXN"},{"link_name":"KHCB-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHCB-FM"},{"link_name":"KJET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJET"},{"link_name":"KJJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJJP"},{"link_name":"KJRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJRL"},{"link_name":"KJVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KJVI&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KKQX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKQX"},{"link_name":"KMCK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMCK-FM"},{"link_name":"KMDG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMDG"},{"link_name":"KMVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMVN"},{"link_name":"KNAF-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNAF-FM"},{"link_name":"KOAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOAS"},{"link_name":"KOHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOHM"},{"link_name":"KOKZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOKZ"},{"link_name":"KOZZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOZZ-FM"},{"link_name":"KPMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMX"},{"link_name":"KPNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPNT"},{"link_name":"KQAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQAK"},{"link_name":"KQMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQMX"},{"link_name":"KRBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRBL"},{"link_name":"KRDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRDR_(FM)"},{"link_name":"KRNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRNB"},{"link_name":"KROU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KROU"},{"link_name":"KRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRSE"},{"link_name":"KSUX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSUX"},{"link_name":"KTKO (FM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTKO_(FM)"},{"link_name":"KTYV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTYV_(FM)"},{"link_name":"KUXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUXX"},{"link_name":"KVAY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVAY"},{"link_name":"KVGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVGL"},{"link_name":"KVRD-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVRD-FM"},{"link_name":"KVRU-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVRU-LP"},{"link_name":"KVVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVVF"},{"link_name":"KVVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVVP"},{"link_name":"KWBR-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWBR-LP"},{"link_name":"KWGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWGL"},{"link_name":"KXCJ-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KXCJ-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KXKX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXKX"},{"link_name":"KXRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXRS"},{"link_name":"KYKX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYKX"},{"link_name":"KZBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZBD"},{"link_name":"KZGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KZGI&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WAKH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAKH"},{"link_name":"WAPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPL"},{"link_name":"WBNW-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBNW-FM"},{"link_name":"WBZY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZY"},{"link_name":"WCFW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCFW_(FM)"},{"link_name":"WCHR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCHR-FM"},{"link_name":"WCJZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCJZ"},{"link_name":"WCLN-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCLN-FM"},{"link_name":"WCSN-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCSN-FM"},{"link_name":"WCUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCUP"},{"link_name":"WDTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDTL"},{"link_name":"WECA-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WECA-LP"},{"link_name":"WEMA-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WEMA-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WEMZ-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WEMZ-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WERF-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WERF-LP"},{"link_name":"WETF-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WETF-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WFFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFFM"},{"link_name":"WFRF-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFRF-FM"},{"link_name":"WGAY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGAY_(FM)"},{"link_name":"WGEO-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGEO-LP"},{"link_name":"WGRK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGRK-FM"},{"link_name":"WHBE-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHBE-FM"},{"link_name":"WHMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHMX"},{"link_name":"WHTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHTI"},{"link_name":"WHWS-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHWS-LP"},{"link_name":"WIHG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIHG"},{"link_name":"WIXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIXO"},{"link_name":"WJGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJGM"},{"link_name":"WJKL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJKL_(FM)"},{"link_name":"WJUK-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WJUK-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WJZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJZ-FM"},{"link_name":"WKJS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKJS"},{"link_name":"WLBM-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WLBM-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WLGC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLGC-FM"},{"link_name":"WLKC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLKC"},{"link_name":"WLKJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLKJ"},{"link_name":"WLUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLUB"},{"link_name":"WLWM-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLWM-LP"},{"link_name":"WMCC-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMCC-LP"},{"link_name":"WMJI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMJI"},{"link_name":"WMXH-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMXH-FM"},{"link_name":"WPGR-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPGR-LP"},{"link_name":"WQAH-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQAH-FM"},{"link_name":"WQAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQAK"},{"link_name":"WQBK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQBK-FM"},{"link_name":"WQJT-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WQJT-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WQXA-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQXA-FM"},{"link_name":"WROR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WROR-FM"},{"link_name":"WRSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRSF"},{"link_name":"WSRW-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSRW-FM"},{"link_name":"WSVP-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSVP-LP"},{"link_name":"WTBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTBK"},{"link_name":"WUCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUCL_(FM)"},{"link_name":"WUUK-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WUUK-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WUZR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUZR"},{"link_name":"WVBZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVBZ"},{"link_name":"WWLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWLL"},{"link_name":"WWWM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWWM-FM"},{"link_name":"WXCX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXCX"},{"link_name":"WXPB-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXPB-LP"},{"link_name":"WXZX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXZX"},{"link_name":"WYXB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYXB"},{"link_name":"WZHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZHT"},{"link_name":"WZOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZOM"},{"link_name":"WZTK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZTK"}],"text":"KBGB in Magness, Arkansas\nKBIC in Raymondville, Texas\nKCPJ-LP in Crete, Nebraska\nKDIL-LP in Kennewick, Washington\nKDXN in South Heart, North Dakota\nKHCB-FM in Houston, Texas\nKJET in Union, Washington\nKJJP in Amarillo, Texas\nKJRL in Herington, Kansas\nKJVI in Robert Lee, Texas\nKKQX in Manhattan, Montana\nKMCK-FM in Prairie Grove, Arkansas\nKMDG in Hays, Kansas\nKMVN in Anchorage, Alaska\nKNAF-FM in Fredericksburg, Texas\nKOAS in Dolan Springs, Arizona\nKOHM in Ridgecrest, California\nKOKZ in Waterloo, Iowa\nKOZZ-FM in Reno, Nevada\nKPMX in Sterling, Colorado\nKPNT in Collinsville, Illinois\nKQAK in Bend, Oregon\nKQMX in Lost Hills, California\nKRBL in Idalou, Texas\nKRDR in Alva, Oklahoma\nKRNB in Decatur, Texas\nKROU in Spencer, Oklahoma\nKRSE in Yakima, Washington\nKSUX in Winnebago, Nebraska\nKTKO (FM) in Beeville, Texas\nKTYV in Steamboat Springs, Colorado\nKUXX in Jackson, Minnesota\nKVAY in Lamar, Colorado\nKVGL in Manderson, Wyoming\nKVRD-FM in Cottonwood, Arizona\nKVRU-LP in Seattle, Washington\nKVVF in Santa Clara, California\nKVVP in Leesville, Louisiana\nKWBR-LP in Saint George, Utah\nKWGL in Ouray, Colorado\nKXCJ-LP in Cave Junction, Oregon\nKXKX in Knob Noster, Missouri\nKXRS in Hemet, California\nKYKX in Longview, Texas\nKZBD in Spokane, Washington\nKZGI in Sedro-Woolley, Washington\nWAKH in McComb, Mississippi\nWAPL in Appleton, Wisconsin\nWBNW-FM in Endicott, New York\nWBZY in Canton, Georgia\nWCFW in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin\nWCHR-FM in Manahawkin, New Jersey\nWCJZ in Cannelton, Indiana\nWCLN-FM in Rennert, North Carolina\nWCSN-FM in Orange Beach, Alabama\nWCUP in L'anse, Michigan\nWDTL in Indianola, Mississippi\nWECA-LP in Palm Bay, Florida\nWEMA-LP in Marlborough, Pennsylvania\nWEMZ-LP in Plymouth, Pennsylvania\nWERF-LP in Gainesville, Florida\nWETF-LP in South Bend, Indiana\nWFFM in Ashburn, Georgia\nWFRF-FM in Monticello, Florida\nWGAY in Sugarloaf Key, Florida\nWGEO-LP in Georgetown, South Carolina\nWGRK-FM in Greensburg, Kentucky\nWHBE-FM in Eminence, Kentucky\nWHMX in Lincoln, Maine\nWHTI in Salem, West Virginia\nWHWS-LP in Geneva, New York\nWIHG in Rockwood, Tennessee\nWIXO in Peoria, Illinois\nWJGM in Baldwin, Florida\nWJKL in San Juan, Puerto Rico\nWJUK-LP in Plymouth, Indiana\nWJZ-FM in Catonsville, Maryland\nWKJS in Richmond, Virginia\nWLBM-LP in Danville, Illinois\nWLGC-FM in Greenup, Kentucky\nWLKC in Campton, New Hampshire\nWLKJ in Portage, Pennsylvania\nWLUB in Augusta, Georgia\nWLWM-LP in Charlestown, New Hampshire\nWMCC-LP in Spencer, West Virginia\nWMJI in Cleveland, Ohio\nWMXH-FM in Luray, Virginia\nWPGR-LP in Clear Lake, Wisconsin\nWQAH-FM in Addison, Alabama\nWQAK in Union City, Tennessee\nWQBK-FM in Malta, New York\nWQJT-LP in Freeport, Illinois\nWQXA-FM in York, Pennsylvania\nWROR-FM in Framingham, Massachusetts\nWRSF in Columbia, North Carolina\nWSRW-FM in Grand Rapids, Michigan\nWSVP-LP in Springvale, Maine\nWTBK in Manchester, Kentucky\nWUCL in De Kalb, Mississippi\nWUUK-LP in Canadohta Lake, 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Radio Televisyen Malaysia. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119013315/http://nasionalfm.rtm.gov.my/frekuensi","url_text":"\"NASIONALfm - Frekuensi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia","url_text":"Radio Televisyen Malaysia"},{"url":"http://nasionalfm.rtm.gov.my/frekuensi","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saga going Smooth\". birminghampost. 12 March 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/saga-going-smooth-3972462","url_text":"\"Saga going Smooth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Means FM\". 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2009-06-12. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC19	Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19	["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 28°30′24″N 80°33′15″W / 28.50667°N 80.55417°W / 28.50667; -80.55417Project Gemini launch facility This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Launch Complex 19A multiple exposure photograph of the configuration of Pad 19 up until the launch of Gemini 10.Launch siteCape Canaveral Space Force StationLocation28°30′24″N 80°33′15″W / 28.50667°N 80.55417°W / 28.50667; -80.55417Short nameLC-19OperatorUS Space ForceTotal launches27Launch pad(s)1Orbital inclination range28° - 57°Launch historyStatusInactiveFirst launchAugust 14, 1959HGM-25A Titan ILast launchNovember 11, 1966Titan II GLV / Gemini XIIAssociatedrocketsHGM-25A Titan ILGM-25C Titan IITitan II GLV Launch Complex 19 (LC-19) is a deactivated launch site on Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida used by NASA to launch all of the Gemini crewed spaceflights. It was also used by uncrewed Titan I and Titan II missiles. LC-19 was in use from 1959 to 1966, during which time it saw 27 launches, 10 of which were crewed. The first flight from LC-19 was on August 14, 1959 and ended in a pad explosion, extensively damaging the facility, which took a few months to repair. The first successful launch from LC-19 was also a Titan I, on February 2, 1960. After being converted for the Titan II ICBM program in 1962, LC-19 was later designated for the Gemini flights. After the program concluded in December 1966, LC-19 was closed down. The Gemini white room from the top of the booster erector has been partially restored and is on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum located at Complex 26. Gallery Diagram of Complex 19. Diagram of the blockhouse at Complex 19. LC-19 white room is in the right background, on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum. The erector is lowered in preparation for the launch of Gemini 5. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19. Gemini Program Gemini 1 Gemini 2 Gemini 3 Gemini 4 Gemini 5 Gemini 7 Gemini 6A Gemini 8 Gemini 9A Gemini 10 Gemini 11 Gemini 12 Titan I Titan II References ^ a b c "Cohort Program - Step Level 2" (PDF). NASA Safety Center. NASA. 20 February 2018. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. vteCape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch and landing sites Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Kennedy Space Center Spaceport Florida Launch sitesActive LC-39 A B C SLC-40 SLC-41 SLC-46 LC-48 Inactive LC-1 LC-2 LC-3 LC-4 LC-5 LC-6 LC-9 LC-10 LC-11 LC-12 LC-13 LC-14 LC-15 SLC-17 LC-18 LC-19 LC-21 LC-22 LC-25 LC-26 LC-29 LC-30 LC-31 LC-32 LC-34 SLC-37 LC-43 LC-45 LC-47 Under construction LC-16 SLC-20 LC-36 Landing sites LZ-1 LZ-2 SFS Skid Strip SLF Related Air Force Space and Missile Museum Eastern Range Grand Turk Island drop zone Patrick Space Force Base vteProject GeminiMissionsUncrewed Gemini 1 2 Crewed Gemini 3 4 5 7 6A 8 9A 10 11 12 Astronauts Gemini 3: Gus Grissom (command pilot), John Young (pilot) Gemini 4: James McDivitt (command pilot), Ed White (pilot) Gemini 5: Gordon Cooper (command pilot), Pete Conrad (pilot) Gemini 7: Frank Borman (command pilot), Jim Lovell (pilot) Gemini 6A: Wally Schirra (command pilot), Tom Stafford (pilot) Gemini 8: Neil Armstrong (command pilot), David Scott (pilot) Gemini 9A: Tom Stafford (command pilot), Gene Cernan (pilot) Gemini 10: John Young (command pilot), Michael Collins (pilot) Gemini 11: Pete Conrad (command pilot), Richard Gordon (pilot) Gemini 12: Jim Lovell (command pilot), Buzz Aldrin (pilot) Components Gemini spacecraft SC-2 Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System Titan rocket Gemini Guidance Computer Agena target vehicle Gemini space suit Launch sites Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19 / Launch Complex 14 Developments Advanced Gemini Blue Gemini / Military Orbital Development System Manned Orbiting Laboratory OPS 0855 Big Gemini Related Charles Bassett Elliot See Manned Space Flight Network Rendezvous Docking Simulator 1966 NASA T-38 crash vteNASAPolicy and historyHistory(creation) NACA (1915) National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958) Space Task Group (1958) Paine (1986) Rogers (1986) Ride (1987) Space Exploration Initiative (1989) Augustine (1990) U.S. National Space Policy (1996) CFUSAI (2002) CAIB (2003) Vision for Space Exploration (2004) Aldridge (2004) Augustine (2009) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Ranks and positions Chief Budget NASA research spinoff technologies NASA+ NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Mercury Control Center Manned Space Flight Network Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Complex 48 Launch Control Center Operations and Checkout Building Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Science Mission Directorate Human spaceflightprogramsPast X-15 (suborbital) Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz (with the Soviet space program) Space Shuttle Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Commercial Crew Orion Artemis Lunar Gateway Robotic programsPast Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Exploration Mars Exploration Rover Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorers Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Solar Terrestrial Probes Commercial Lunar Payload Services SIMPLEx Individual featured missions(human and robotic)Past Apollo 11 COBE Mercury 3 Mercury-Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo timeline GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Spitzer Space Telescope Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Dawn Kepler space telescope Opportunity rover timeline observed RHESSI InSight Ingenuity helicopter flights Currentlyoperating Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey New Horizons International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Swift THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes Solar Dynamics Observatory Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 Voyager 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS-REx Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Mars 2020 Perseverance rover timeline James Webb Space Telescope timeline PACE Future Joint Polar Satellite System NISAR Europa Clipper Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Communicationsand navigation Near Earth Network Space Network Deep Space Network (Goldstone Madrid Canberra Space Flight Operations Facility) Deep Space Atomic Clock NASA lists Astronauts by name by year Gemini astronauts Apollo astronauts Space Shuttle crews NASA aircraft NASA missions uncrewed missions Apollo missions Space Shuttle missions United States rockets NASA cancellations NASA cameras on spacecraft NASA imagesand artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Deep fields Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record Apollo 11 goodwill messages NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images Related "We choose to go to the Moon" Apollo 8 Genesis reading Apollo 15 postal covers incident Space Mirror Memorial The Astronaut Monument Lunar sample displays Moon rocks stolen or missing U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame Space program on U.S. stamps Apollo 17 Moon mice Moon tree Other primates in space NASA International Space Apps Challenge Astronauts Day Nikon NASA F4 Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral Space Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_program"},{"link_name":"Titan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_I"},{"link_name":"Titan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_II"},{"link_name":"missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSCCohortTour-1"},{"link_name":"white room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_structure#White_room"},{"link_name":"Air Force Space and Missile Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Space_and_Missile_Museum"},{"link_name":"Complex 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSCCohortTour-1"}],"text":"Project Gemini launch facilityLaunch Complex 19 (LC-19) is a deactivated launch site on Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida used by NASA to launch all of the Gemini crewed spaceflights. It was also used by uncrewed Titan I and Titan II missiles.[1]LC-19 was in use from 1959 to 1966, during which time it saw 27 launches, 10 of which were crewed. The first flight from LC-19 was on August 14, 1959 and ended in a pad explosion, extensively damaging the facility, which took a few months to repair. The first successful launch from LC-19 was also a Titan I, on February 2, 1960. After being converted for the Titan II ICBM program in 1962, LC-19 was later designated for the Gemini flights. After the program concluded in December 1966, LC-19 was closed down.The Gemini white room from the top of the booster erector has been partially restored and is on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum located at Complex 26.[1]","title":"Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complex19.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complex19block.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EMDSW8.jpg"},{"link_name":"white room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_room_(spaceflight)"},{"link_name":"Air Force Space and Missile Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Space_and_Missile_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_5_on_the_pad_-_GPN-2006-000039.jpg"}],"text":"Diagram of Complex 19.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiagram of the blockhouse at Complex 19.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLC-19 white room is in the right background, on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe erector is lowered in preparation for the launch of Gemini 5.","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_19"},{"title":"Gemini Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Program"},{"title":"Gemini 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_1"},{"title":"Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_2"},{"title":"Gemini 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_3"},{"title":"Gemini 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4"},{"title":"Gemini 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5"},{"title":"Gemini 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_7"},{"title":"Gemini 6A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_6A"},{"title":"Gemini 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8"},{"title":"Gemini 9A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_9A"},{"title":"Gemini 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_10"},{"title":"Gemini 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_11"},{"title":"Gemini 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_12"},{"title":"Titan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_I"},{"title":"Titan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_II_GLV"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cohort Program - Step Level 2\" (PDF). NASA Safety Center. NASA. 20 February 2018. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nsc.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/step/cohort-2018/ccafs-tour-sheet.pdf","url_text":"\"Cohort Program - Step Level 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422121740/https://nsc.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/step/cohort-2018/ccafs-tour-sheet.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_19&params=28_30_24_N_80_33_15_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"28°30′24″N 80°33′15″W / 28.50667°N 80.55417°W / 28.50667; -80.55417"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cape+Canaveral+Launch+Complex+19%22","external_links_name":"\"Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cape+Canaveral+Launch+Complex+19%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cape+Canaveral+Launch+Complex+19%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cape+Canaveral+Launch+Complex+19%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cape+Canaveral+Launch+Complex+19%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cape+Canaveral+Launch+Complex+19%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_19&params=28_30_24_N_80_33_15_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"28°30′24″N 80°33′15″W / 28.50667°N 80.55417°W / 28.50667; -80.55417"},{"Link":"https://nsc.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/step/cohort-2018/ccafs-tour-sheet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cohort Program - Step Level 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422121740/https://nsc.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/step/cohort-2018/ccafs-tour-sheet.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines","external_links_name":"public domain material"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Chang	Sam Chang	["1 Background","2 Business","3 Investments","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References"]	Taiwanese-American businessman and developer Sam ChangBornJuly 29, 1960Taipei, TaiwanOccupationReal estate developerChildrenDanny Chang Kevin Chang Jeffrey Chang Jennifer Chang Sam ChangChinese張善良TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhāng Shànliáng Sam Chang (Chinese name: Shen Leong Chang) is a Taiwanese-American businessman and developer in New York City. Background A native of Taiwan, Chang dropped out of high school to help his parents manage a Los Angeles hotel. Prior to becoming a developer in New York City, Chang operated hotels and restaurants in the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland. His first New York project was in 1997. Business Chang is the chairman of McSam Hotel Group, and is one of the largest hotel developers in New York City. His company has completed 25 hotels in the five boroughs of New York City, with a stated goal of at least 50. He currently has 4,000 rooms under development for a variety of national hotel chains. He is the first Asian American to build a high-rise hotel in Manhattan. Many of Chang's hotels are designed by New York architects Gene Kaufman and Michael Kang. Tritel Construction (of which he is a 50% partner) handles much of the construction. Chang was honored as a 2007 "Developer of the Year" by Hilton Hotels, for the multiple Hilton properties he is developing in Manhattan and Connecticut. Investments Chang has a 7.5 percent stake in Trump Entertainment Resorts. Personal life Chang has four children: Danny, Kevin, Jeffrey, and Jennifer. See also Chinese Americans in New York City References ^ Elkies \|, Lauren. "Sam Chang - The Real Deal". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved 2020-07-15. ^ a b c Bahree, Megha (2006-06-19), "Upgrading", Forbes, retrieved 2008-03-01 ^ a b Jones, David (2008-02-29), "Chang bets big on Trump Entertainment", The Real Deal, archived from the original on 2008-03-08, retrieved 2008-03-01 ^ Ferris, Marc (2006-12-01), "Checking in with Sam Chang", The Real Deal, archived from the original on 2008-12-01, retrieved 2008-03-01 ^ Bagli, Charles V. (2009-10-02). "Little Rooms, Big Profits". New York Times. ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (2008-02-17), "In Hotel Design, He's Mr. Prolific", New York Times, retrieved 2008-03-01 ^ News Release: Hilton Hotels Corporation Announces Top Developers and Hotels Among Focused-Service Brands, Hilton Hotels Corporation, 2007-03-12, archived from the original on 2013-11-03, retrieved 2008-03-01 ^ Shott, Chris (2007-12-11), "Cha-Chang! Sam Chang Builds First, Brands Later", New York Observer, archived from the original on 2011-05-17, retrieved 2008-03-01 ^ The Real Deal: "Sam Chang" by Lauren Elkies retrieved March 23, 2014	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese-American"},{"link_name":"developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_development"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Sam Chang (Chinese name: Shen Leong Chang[1]) is a Taiwanese-American businessman and developer in New York City.","title":"Sam Chang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes_20060619-2"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes_20060619-2"}],"text":"A native of Taiwan, Chang dropped out of high school to help his parents manage a Los Angeles hotel.[2] Prior to becoming a developer in New York City, Chang operated hotels and restaurants in the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland. His first New York project was in 1997.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McSam Hotel Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McSam_Hotel_Group"},{"link_name":"five boroughs of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-realdeal_20080229-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-realdeal_20061201-4"},{"link_name":"Asian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"high-rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-rise"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_20080217-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes_20060619-2"},{"link_name":"Hilton Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hilton_20070312-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyo_20071211-8"}],"text":"Chang is the chairman of McSam Hotel Group, and is one of the largest hotel developers in New York City. His company has completed 25 hotels in the five boroughs of New York City, with a stated goal of at least 50. He currently has 4,000 rooms under development for a variety of national hotel chains.[3][4] He is the first Asian American to build a high-rise hotel in Manhattan.[5]Many of Chang's hotels are designed by New York architects Gene Kaufman[6] and Michael Kang. Tritel Construction (of which he is a 50% partner) handles much of the construction.[2]Chang was honored as a 2007 \"Developer of the Year\" by Hilton Hotels, for the multiple Hilton properties he is developing in Manhattan and Connecticut.[7][8]","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trump Entertainment Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Entertainment_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-realdeal_20080229-3"}],"text":"Chang has a 7.5 percent stake in Trump Entertainment Resorts.[3]","title":"Investments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Chang has four children: Danny, Kevin, Jeffrey, and Jennifer.[9]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	[{"title":"Chinese Americans in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_New_York_City"}]	[{"reference":"Elkies \|, Lauren. \"Sam Chang - The Real Deal\". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved 2020-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://therealdeal.com/closings/sam-chang/","url_text":"\"Sam Chang - The Real Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Bahree, Megha (2006-06-19), \"Upgrading\", Forbes, retrieved 2008-03-01","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0619/078.html","url_text":"\"Upgrading\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Jones, David (2008-02-29), \"Chang bets big on Trump Entertainment\", The Real Deal, archived from the original on 2008-03-08, retrieved 2008-03-01","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080308105756/http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/chang-bets-big-on-trump-entertainment","url_text":"\"Chang bets big on Trump Entertainment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Deal_(magazine)","url_text":"The Real Deal"},{"url":"http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/chang-bets-big-on-trump-entertainment","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ferris, Marc (2006-12-01), \"Checking in with Sam Chang\", The Real Deal, archived from the original on 2008-12-01, retrieved 2008-03-01","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194454/http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/checking-in-with-sam-chang","url_text":"\"Checking in with Sam Chang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Deal_(magazine)","url_text":"The Real Deal"},{"url":"http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/checking-in-with-sam-chang","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bagli, Charles V. (2009-10-02). \"Little Rooms, Big Profits\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/nyregion/04chang.html","url_text":"\"Little Rooms, Big Profits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Fred A. (2008-02-17), \"In Hotel Design, He's Mr. Prolific\", New York Times, retrieved 2008-03-01","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/realestate/commercial/17sqft.html","url_text":"\"In Hotel Design, He's Mr. Prolific\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"News Release: Hilton Hotels Corporation Announces Top Developers and Hotels Among Focused-Service Brands, Hilton Hotels Corporation, 2007-03-12, archived from the original on 2013-11-03, retrieved 2008-03-01","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103134532/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=88577&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=973945&highlight=","url_text":"News Release: Hilton Hotels Corporation Announces Top Developers and Hotels Among Focused-Service Brands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_Corporation","url_text":"Hilton Hotels Corporation"},{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=88577&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=973945&highlight=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shott, Chris (2007-12-11), \"Cha-Chang! Sam Chang Builds First, Brands Later\", New York Observer, archived from the original on 2011-05-17, retrieved 2008-03-01","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517162807/http://www.observer.com/2007/cha-chang-sam-chang-builds-first-brands-later?page=0,0","url_text":"\"Cha-Chang! Sam Chang Builds First, Brands Later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Observer","url_text":"New York Observer"},{"url":"https://www.observer.com/2007/cha-chang-sam-chang-builds-first-brands-later?page=0%2C0","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://therealdeal.com/closings/sam-chang/","external_links_name":"\"Sam Chang - The Real Deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0619/078.html","external_links_name":"\"Upgrading\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080308105756/http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/chang-bets-big-on-trump-entertainment","external_links_name":"\"Chang bets big on Trump Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/chang-bets-big-on-trump-entertainment","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194454/http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/checking-in-with-sam-chang","external_links_name":"\"Checking in with Sam Chang\""},{"Link":"http://ny.therealdeal.com/articles/checking-in-with-sam-chang","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/nyregion/04chang.html","external_links_name":"\"Little Rooms, Big Profits\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/realestate/commercial/17sqft.html","external_links_name":"\"In Hotel Design, He's Mr. Prolific\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103134532/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=88577&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=973945&highlight=","external_links_name":"News Release: Hilton Hotels Corporation Announces Top Developers and Hotels Among Focused-Service Brands"},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=88577&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=973945&highlight=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517162807/http://www.observer.com/2007/cha-chang-sam-chang-builds-first-brands-later?page=0,0","external_links_name":"\"Cha-Chang! Sam Chang Builds First, Brands Later\""},{"Link":"https://www.observer.com/2007/cha-chang-sam-chang-builds-first-brands-later?page=0%2C0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://therealdeal.com/closings/sam-chang/","external_links_name":"The Real Deal: \"Sam Chang\" by Lauren Elkies"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_toll	Road toll (historical)	["1 History","2 River toll","2.1 In mythology","3 Extortion","4 See also","5 References"]	The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Not to be confused with Road toll (Australia and New Zealand). The road toll was a historical fee charged to travellers and merchants in return for permission to use the roads and waterways of the country or state concerned. It was reinforced in the Holy Roman Empire by the law of Straßenzwang which meant that traders in certain goods had to use specified roads. In return, they were usually guaranteed safe passage under the right of escort or Geleitrecht. The road toll was widespread especially in medieval times, and, in addition to the payments from the staple rights, was an important source of income. History Road tolls usually had to be paid at strategic locations such as bridges (sometimes called a bridge toll) or gates. In Europe, the road toll goes back to the practice of the Germanic tribes, who charged fees to travellers if they wanted to cross over mountain passages. From that time, road tolls became commonplace in medieval times, especially in the Holy Roman Empire. The Empire had a "passage system" whereby a number of toll stations would be established on a route where small tolls were collected. Examples were the Ochsenweg in Schleswig-Holstein which had toll stations at Königsau and Rendsburg, Neumünster, Bramstedt and Ulzburg, as well as the Gabler Road with the Karlsfried Castle as its toll station. Another form of road tax was Liniengeld, which had to be paid when entering the city of Vienna from the beginning of the 18th century. A special form of road toll was the Pflasterzoll , which had to be paid to fund the initial cobbling of a road and its subsequent upkeep. River toll Pfalzgrafenstein Castle in the Rhine near Kaub Another form of toll on medieval travel was the river toll that was raised for the use of a waterway. Outside the towns themselves, toll stations were established in some cases at special locations; for example, Loevestein Castle in the Netherlands was built at a strategic point on the confluence of two rivers. Ships and boats had to pay a river toll here in order to proceed down the river. The Kingdom of Denmark had Kronborg Castle built from the receipts of the Sound Toll, a toll on ships for using the Sound of Denmark. In a document at the imperial castle of Cochem dated 17 March 1130, which Count Palatine William of Ballenstedt had made out, mention was made of the usual river toll charged on the Moselle at one of its toll stations. The building also had the status of a toll castle. By contrast, the castle of Pfalzgrafenstein Castle in the Rhine near Kaub was exclusively used to collect river tolls. Another well known toll site on the Rhine was the imperial palace of Kaiserswerth built in 1174, while the toll station at Stolzenfels Castle was also well positioned between Koblenz and Frankfurt. In mythology In Greek mythology the ferryman, Charon, charged the dead a river toll of one obolus for transporting them over the Acheron (also called the Lethe or Styx) so that they were able to enter the Underworld or Hades. This was called Charon’s obul. Coins were placed either in the mouth or on the eyes of the dead. This practice gave the mourning relatives peace of mind knowing their loved ones would be able to cross safely into the afterlife. Extortion In the Middle Ages, road tolls were occasionally demanded from towns, monasteries, castles and villages by roaming armed bands; in return for which they would waive their use of force. This was especially true of the Normans and Vikings, but also of large bands of robbers. This type of payment was also referred to as Danegeld (payment to Danish warriors). In England, it is estimated that 30,000 pounds of silver were paid in the 9th century as Danegeld. See also Toll road References ^ Thomas Kühtreiber: Straße und Burg. Anmerkungen zu einem vielschichtigen Verhältnis, pp. 286ff. In: Kornelia Holzner-Tobisch, Thomas Kühtreiber, Gertrud Blaschitz (eds.), Die Vielschichtigkeit der Straße. Kontinuität und Wandel in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Realienkunde des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit 22, Vienna, 2012, 263-301 ^ Klaus-Joachim Lorenzen-Schmidt, Ortwin Pelc (ed.): Das neue Schleswig-Holstein Lexikon. Wachholtz, Neumünster, 2006, Lemma Zoll.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Road toll (Australia and New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_toll_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee"},{"link_name":"merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"waterways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterways"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Geleitrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleitrecht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"staple rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_rights"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Road toll (Australia and New Zealand).The road toll was a historical fee charged to travellers and merchants in return for permission to use the roads and waterways of the country or state concerned. It was reinforced in the Holy Roman Empire by the law of Straßenzwang which meant that traders in certain goods had to use specified roads. In return, they were usually guaranteed safe passage under the right of escort or Geleitrecht.[1] The road toll was widespread especially in medieval times, and, in addition to the payments from the staple rights, was an important source of income.","title":"Road toll (historical)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Germanic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_tribes"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ochsenweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochsenweg"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Königsau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konge%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Rendsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendsburg"},{"link_name":"Neumünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Bramstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramstedt_(Hagen_in_Bremen)"},{"link_name":"Ulzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulzburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gabler Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabler_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabler_Stra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Karlsfried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsfried&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsfried"},{"link_name":"Liniengeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniengeld"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Pflasterzoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pflasterzoll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflasterzoll"}],"text":"Road tolls usually had to be paid at strategic locations such as bridges (sometimes called a bridge toll) or gates. In Europe, the road toll goes back to the practice of the Germanic tribes, who charged fees to travellers if they wanted to cross over mountain passages. From that time, road tolls became commonplace in medieval times, especially in the Holy Roman Empire. The Empire had a \"passage system\" whereby a number of toll stations would be established on a route where small tolls were collected. Examples were the Ochsenweg in Schleswig-Holstein which had toll stations at Königsau and Rendsburg, Neumünster, Bramstedt and Ulzburg,[2] as well as the Gabler Road [de] with the Karlsfried [de] Castle as its toll station. Another form of road tax was Liniengeld, which had to be paid when entering the city of Vienna from the beginning of the 18th century.A special form of road toll was the Pflasterzoll [de], which had to be paid to fund the initial cobbling of a road and its subsequent upkeep.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pfalzgrafenstein001.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pfalzgrafenstein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfalzgrafenstein_Castle"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterway"},{"link_name":"Loevestein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loevestein_Castle"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kronborg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronborg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sound Toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Toll"},{"link_name":"the Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund"},{"link_name":"imperial castle of Cochem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochem_Castle"},{"link_name":"William of Ballenstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_of_Weimar-Orlam%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle"},{"link_name":"toll castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_castle"},{"link_name":"Pfalzgrafenstein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfalzgrafenstein_Castle"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Kaub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaub"},{"link_name":"imperial palace of Kaiserswerth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_palace_of_Kaiserswerth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserpfalz_Kaiserswerth"},{"link_name":"Stolzenfels Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolzenfels_Castle"}],"text":"Pfalzgrafenstein Castle in the Rhine near KaubAnother form of toll on medieval travel was the river toll that was raised for the use of a waterway. Outside the towns themselves, toll stations were established in some cases at special locations; for example, Loevestein Castle in the Netherlands was built at a strategic point on the confluence of two rivers. Ships and boats had to pay a river toll here in order to proceed down the river.The Kingdom of Denmark had Kronborg Castle built from the receipts of the Sound Toll, a toll on ships for using the Sound of Denmark.In a document at the imperial castle of Cochem dated 17 March 1130, which Count Palatine William of Ballenstedt had made out, mention was made of the usual river toll charged on the Moselle at one of its toll stations. The building also had the status of a toll castle. By contrast, the castle of Pfalzgrafenstein Castle in the Rhine near Kaub was exclusively used to collect river tolls. Another well known toll site on the Rhine was the imperial palace of Kaiserswerth [de] built in 1174, while the toll station at Stolzenfels Castle was also well positioned between Koblenz and Frankfurt.","title":"River toll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Charon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"obolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obol_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Acheron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheron"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"}],"sub_title":"In mythology","text":"In Greek mythology the ferryman, Charon, charged the dead a river toll of one obolus for transporting them over the Acheron (also called the Lethe or Styx) so that they were able to enter the Underworld or Hades. This was called Charon’s obul. Coins were placed either in the mouth or on the eyes of the dead. This practice gave the mourning relatives peace of mind knowing their loved ones would be able to cross safely into the afterlife.","title":"River toll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"robbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber"},{"link_name":"Danegeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danegeld"}],"text":"In the Middle Ages, road tolls were occasionally demanded from towns, monasteries, castles and villages by roaming armed bands; in return for which they would waive their use of force. This was especially true of the Normans and Vikings, but also of large bands of robbers. This type of payment was also referred to as Danegeld (payment to Danish warriors). In England, it is estimated that 30,000 pounds of silver were paid in the 9th century as Danegeld.","title":"Extortion"}]	[{"image_text":"Pfalzgrafenstein Castle in the Rhine near Kaub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pfalzgrafenstein001.JPG/220px-Pfalzgrafenstein001.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Toll road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_toll_(historical)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/1496344/Strasse_und_Burg._Anmerkungen_zu_einem_vielschichtigen_Verhaltnis._In_Kornelia_Holzner-Tobisch_Thomas_Kuhtreiber_Gertrud_Blaschitz_Hg._Die_Vielschichtigkeit_der_Strasse._Kontinuitat_und_Wandel_in_Mittelalter_und_fruher_Neuzeit_Veroffentlichungen_des_Instituts_fur_Realienkunde_des_Mittelalters_und_der_fruhen_Neuzeit_22_Wien_2012_263-301","external_links_name":"Straße und Burg. Anmerkungen zu einem vielschichtigen Verhältnis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1b	TRAPPIST-1b	["1 Physical characteristics","1.1 Mass, radius, and temperature","1.2 Orbit","1.3 Host star","1.4 Atmosphere","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]	Rocky exoplanet orbiting TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1bEarth and TRAPPIST-1b comparedDiscoveryDiscovered byMichaël Gillon et al.Discovery siteTRAPPISTDiscovery dateMay 2, 2016Detection methodTransitOrbital characteristicsSemi-major axis0.01154 ± 0.00010 AU (1,726,000 ± 15,000 km)Eccentricity0.00622±0.00304Orbital period (sidereal)1.510826 ± 0.000006 d (36.25982 ± 0.00014 h)Inclination89.728°±0.165°Argument of periastron336.86°±34.24°StarTRAPPIST-1Physical characteristicsMean radius1.116+0.014−0.012 R🜨Mass1.374±0.069 M🜨Mean density5.425+0.265−0.272 g/cm3Surface gravity1.102±0.052 g10.80±0.51 m/s2Temperature397.6±3.8 K (124.5 °C; 256.0 °F, equilibrium)503+26−27 K (230 °C; 446 °F, surface)AtmosphereComposition by volumeNone or extremely thin TRAPPIST-1b is a mainly rocky exoplanet orbiting around the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1, located 40.7 light-years (12.5 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. The planet was detected using the transit method, where a planet dims the host star's light as it passes in front of it. It was first announced on May 2, 2016, and later studies were able to refine its physical parameters. The planet is about 37% more massive than Earth and about 39% larger in volume; thus its density is very similar. It is the innermost of seven planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1, all of which are terrestrial, but is too close to its star to be in the habitable zone. Observations by the James Webb Space Telescope announced in 2023 suggest that it does not have any significant atmosphere. Its albedo is very low, making it dark in color. Physical characteristics Mass, radius, and temperature TRAPPIST-1b is very similar in both mass, radius, and gravity to Earth. It has a radius of 1.116 R🜨, a mass of 1.374 M🜨, and about 110% Earth's surface gravity. Initial estimates of the planet's density suggested that it is not entirely rocky; with a density of 3.98 g/cm3, about ≤5% of its mass must be volatiles, likely in the form of a thick Venus-like atmosphere due to it receiving nearly four times more energy than Earth does. However, refined density estimates show that the planet is only slightly less dense than Earth. Assuming the presence of an atmosphere, the planet's surface temperature was initially estimated to be between 750 K (477 °C; 890 °F) and 1,500 K (1,230 °C; 2,240 °F), potentially as high as 2,000 K (1,730 °C; 3,140 °F). This is much hotter than the surface of Venus and may be hot enough that the surface is molten lava. An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1b by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023, suggests that the planet does not have any significant atmosphere, with a measured surface temperature of about 503 K (230 °C; 446 °F), and a low albedo. The planet may be very geologically active due to tidal squeezing similar to Jupiter's moon Io, which happens to have a similar orbital period and eccentricity (see TRAPPIST-1#Resonance and tides for references). Orbit TRAPPIST-1b orbits very close to its parent star. One orbit requires only 36 hours, or about 1.51 Earth days. It orbits about 0.0115 AU (1.72 million km; 1.07 million mi) from its star, just 1.2% the distance between Earth and the Sun. The close proximity to its host star means that TRAPPIST-1b is likely tidally locked. It also has a very circular orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.00622, significantly more circular than Earth's orbit, which has an eccentricity of 0.0167086. Host star TRAPPIST-1b orbits the ultracool red dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. It has a mass of 0.089 M☉ and is only 0.121 R☉, with a surface temperature of 2,511 K (2,238 °C; 4,060 °F) and an age between 3 and 8 billion years. The Sun, in comparison, has a surface temperature of 5,778 K (5,505 °C; 9,941 °F) and is about 4.5 billion years old. TRAPPIST-1 is also very dim, with a luminosity about 0.0005 times that of the Sun. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent magnitude of 18.80. Atmosphere Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1b (March 2023) The combined transmission spectra of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rule out cloud-free hydrogen-dominated atmospheres for both planets, so they are unlikely to harbor extended gas envelopes. Also, no helium emission from TRAPPIST-1b has been detected. Prior to JWST observations, other atmospheres, from a cloud-free water-vapor atmosphere to a Venus-like atmosphere, remained consistent with the featureless spectra. In 2018, the planet's atmosphere was better examined by the Spitzer Space Telescope and suggested to be quite large and hot, although the presence of an atmosphere could not be confirmed. The planet's transmission spectrum and refined density estimate suggested two main possibilities for the atmosphere: one rich in carbon dioxide, or one rich in water vapor. The more likely CO2 atmosphere would have a scale height of approximately 52 kilometers (32 miles) (Earth's being 8 km (5.0 mi), and Venus' at 15.9 km (9.9 mi)) and an average temperature in excess of 1,400 K (1,130 °C; 2,060 °F), far greater than the planet's equilibrium temperature of 397.6 K (124.5 °C; 256.0 °F). A water vapor atmosphere would need to have a scale height of >100 km (62 mi) and a temperature >1,800 K (1,530 °C; 2,780 °F) to produce the variations seen in the planet's transit depths and its transmission spectrum, and would be vulnerable to photodissociation where CO2 would not be. Other sources for the effects seen, such as hazes and thick clouds, would require an even larger atmosphere. TRAPPIST-1b will have to be studied further to confirm its potential large atmosphere. An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1b by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in March 2023, suggests that the planet does not have any significant atmosphere. Atmospheres containing carbon dioxide with surface pressures greater than 0.1 bar can be ruled out at 3-sigma, and pressures greater than 0.01 bar at 1-sigma. Further studies of the exoplanet by transmission spectroscopy (primary eclipse), reported in September 2023, also confirmed the absence of a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, but due to stellar contamination were unable to determine the presence or absence of other types of atmospheres based on the transmission spectroscopy data alone. This does not affect the previous results based on emission spectroscopy. Gallery Artist's view of planets transiting red dwarf star in TRAPPIST-1 system The Sun and the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 to scale. The faint star has only 11% of the diameter of the Sun and is much redder in colour. Artist's impression of three of the planets (b, c, and d) orbiting TRAPPIST-1 Artist's impression video, near one of the three planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1. One of the inner planets is shown in transit across the disc of its tiny and dim parent star. See also 55 Cancri e, a very hot planet with a confirmed atmosphere. LHS 3844 b, a hot, rocky planet without an atmosphere References ^ a b Gillon, Michaël; Jehin, Emmanuël; Lederer, Susan M.; Delrez, Laetitia; et al. (May 2016). "Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star". Nature. 533 (7602): 221–224. arXiv:1605.07211. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..221G. doi:10.1038/nature17448. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5321506. PMID 27135924. ^ a b c d Agol, Eric; Dorn, Caroline; Grimm, Simon L.; Turbet, Martin; et al. (1 February 2021). "Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides". The Planetary Science Journal. 2 (1): 1. arXiv:2010.01074. Bibcode:2021PSJ.....2....1A. doi:10.3847/psj/abd022. S2CID 222125312. ^ a b c d e f Grimm, Simon L.; Demory, Brice-Olivier; Gillon, Michael; Dorn, Caroline; Agol, Eric; Burdanov, Artem; Delrez, Laetitia; Sestovic, Marko; Triaud, Amaury H.M.J.; Turbet, Martin; Bolmont, Emeline; Caldas, Anthony; de Wit, Julien; Jehin, Emmanuel; Leconte, Jeremy; Raymond, Sean N.; Van Grootel, Valerie; Burgasser, Adam J.; Carey, Sean; Fabrycky, Daniel; Heng, Kevin; Hernandez, David M.; Ingalls, James G.; Lederer, Susan; Selsis, Franck; Queloz, Didier (2018). "The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A68. arXiv:1802.01377. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..68G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732233. S2CID 3441829. ^ Van Grootel, Valerie; Fernandes, Catarina S.; Gillon, Michaël; Jehin, Emmanuel; Scuflaire, Richard; et al. (2018). "Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1". The Astrophysical Journal. 853 (1): 30. arXiv:1712.01911. Bibcode:2018ApJ...853...30V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa023. S2CID 54034373. ^ Ducrot, E.; Gillon, M.; Delrez, L.; Agol, E.; et al. (1 August 2020). "TRAPPIST-1: Global results of the Spitzer Exploration Science Program Red Worlds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 640: A112. arXiv:2006.13826. Bibcode:2020A&A...640A.112D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937392. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 220041987. ^ a b c d e Greene, Thomas P.; Bell, Taylor J.; Ducrot, Elsa; Dyrek, Achrène; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Fortney, Jonathan J. (March 2023). "Thermal Emission from the Earth-sized Exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b using JWST". Nature. 618 (7963): 39–42. arXiv:2303.14849. Bibcode:2023Natur.618...39G. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05951-7. PMID 36972683. S2CID 257767242. ^ a b c d "NASA's Webb Measures the Temperature of a Rocky Exoplanet". webbtelescope.org. STScI. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023. ^ a b Ih, Jegug; Kempton, Eliza M.-R.; Whittaker, Emily A.; Lessard, Madeline (May 2023). "Constraining the Thickness of the Atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1 b from its JWST Secondary Eclipse Observation". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 952 (1): L4. arXiv:2305.10414. Bibcode:2023ApJ...952L...4I. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace03b. ^ a b Delrez, Laetitia; Gillon, Michael; H.M.J, Amaury; Brice-Oliver Demory, Triaud; de Wit, Julien; Ingalls, James; Agol, Eric; Bolmont, Emeline; Burdanov, Artem; Burgasser, Adam J.; Carey, Sean J.; Jehin, Emmanuel; Leconte, Jeremy; Lederer, Susan; Queloz, Didier; Selsis, Franck; Grootel, Valerie Van (2018). "Early 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 3577–3597. arXiv:1801.02554. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.3577D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty051. ^ Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran; et al. (2021), "Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and F", The Astronomical Journal, 162 (3): 82, arXiv:2106.11444, Bibcode:2021AJ....162...82K, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57 ^ de Wit, Julien; et al. (2016). "A combined transmission spectrum of the Earth-sized exoplanets TRAPPIST-1 b and c". Nature. 537 (7618): 69–72. arXiv:1606.01103. Bibcode:2016Natur.537...69D. doi:10.1038/nature18641. PMID 27437572. S2CID 205249853. ^ Sherburne, Morgan (25 September 2023). "James Webb Space Telescope's first spectrum of a TRAPPIST-1 planet". Phys.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023. ^ Lim, Olivia; et al. (22 September 2023). "Atmospheric Reconnaissance of TRAPPIST-1 b with JWST/NIRISS: Evidence for Strong Stellar Contamination in the Transmission Spectra". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 95 (1): L22. arXiv:2309.07047. Bibcode:2023ApJ...955L..22L. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acf7c4. ^ "Artist's view of planets transiting red dwarf star in TRAPPIST-1 system". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 21 July 2016. vteTRAPPIST-1 systemStar TRAPPIST-1 Planets b c d e f g h Category:TRAPPIST-1 Portal:Astronomy vteExoplanets Planet Definition IAU Planetary science Main topics Exoplanet Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters Methods of detecting exoplanets Planetary system Planet-hosting stars Sizesand typesTerrestrial Carbon planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Hycean planet Ice planet Iron planet (Super-Mercury) Lava planet Ocean world Mega-Earth Sub-Earth Super-Earth Gaseous Eccentric Jupiter Mini-Neptune (Gas dwarf) Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Gas giant Ice giant Super-Jupiter Super-Neptune Super-puff Ultra-hot Jupiter Ultra-hot Neptune Other types Blanet Brown dwarf Chthonian planet Circumbinary planet Circumtriple planet Disrupted planet Double planet Ecumenopolis Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune Toroidal planet Ultra-cool dwarf Ultra-short period planet (USP) Formation and evolution Accretion Accretion disk Asteroid belt Circumplanetary disk Circumstellar disc Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Debris disk Detached object Disrupted planet Excretion disk Exozodiacal dust Extraterrestrial materials Extraterrestrial sample curation Giant-impact hypothesis Gravitational collapse Hills cloud Internal structure Interplanetary dust cloud Interplanetary medium Interplanetary space Interstellar cloud Interstellar dust Interstellar medium Interstellar space Kuiper belt List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules Merging stars Molecular cloud Nebular hypothesis Oort cloud Outer space Planetary migration Planetary system Planetesimal Planet formation Protoplanetary disk Ring system Rubble pile Sample-return mission Scattered disc Star formation Systems Exocomet Interstellar Exomoon Tidally detached Rogue planet Orbits Retrograde Trojan Mean-motion resonances Titius–Bode law Host stars A B Binary star Brown dwarfs F/Yellow-white dwarfs G/Yellow dwarfs Herbig Ae/Be K/Orange dwarfs M/Red dwarfs Pulsar Red giant Subdwarf B Subgiant T Tauri White dwarfs Yellow giants Detection Astrometry Direct imaging list Microlensing list Polarimetry Timing list Radial velocity list Transit method list Transit-timing variation Habitability Astrobiology Astrooceanography Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems Habitability of natural satellites Habitability of neutron star systems Habitability of red dwarf systems Habitability of yellow dwarf systems Habitable zone for complex life List of potentially habitable exoplanets Tholin Superhabitable planet Catalogues Nearby Habitable Systems Exoplanet Data Explorer Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia NASA Exoplanet Archive NASA Star and Exoplanet Database Open Exoplanet Catalogue Lists Exoplanetary systems Host stars Multiplanetary systems Stars with proto-planetary discs Exoplanets Discoveries Extremes Firsts Nearest Largest Heaviest Terrestrial candidates Kepler 1–500 501–1000 1001–1500 1501–2000 K2 Potentially habitable Proper names Discovered exoplanets by year before 2000 2000–2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Other Carl Sagan Institute Exoplanet naming convention Exoplanet phase curves Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer Extragalactic planet Extrasolar planets in fiction Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets Neptunian desert Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Planets in globular clusters Small planet radius gap Sudarsky's gas giant classification Discoveries of exoplanets Search projects vte2016 in space « 2015 2017 » Space probe launches Hitomi (X-ray observatory; 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November 2023) OSIRIS-REx (sample return from asteroid Bennu; September 2023) First space-based solar power demonstration Euclid Space telescope (launch; 1 July 2023) Outer space portal Category:2022 in outer space — Category:2023 in outer space — Category:2024 in outer space vteConstellation of Aquarius Aquarius in Chinese astronomy Aquarius Stream List of stars in Aquarius StarsBayer α (Sadalmelik) β (Sadalsuud) γ (Sadachbia) δ (Skat) ε (Albali) ζ η θ (Ancha) ι κ (Situla) λ (Hydor) μ ν ξ (Bunda) ο π ρ σ τ1 τ2 υ φ χ ψ1 (91) ψ2 ψ3 ω1 ω2 A1 A2 b1 b2 b3 c1 c2 c3 d e f g1 g2 h i1 i2 i3 k α PsA C Flamsteed 1 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 26 28 29 30 32 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 44 45 47 49 50 51 54 56 58 60 61 64 65 67 70 72 74 75 77 78 81 82 84 85 87 94 96 97 100 Variable R U AE DV EP EW EZ FO HK IL HU IZ LP HR 8017 8056 8121 8263 8363 8453 8500 8507 8581 8612 8629 8645 8716 8783 8836 8856 8879 8924 9014 HD 206610 (Bosona) 210277 212771 (Lionrock) 215152 219617 220466 220689 222093 222582 Other 2MASS J21392676+0220226 BD−22 5866 Gliese 849 K2-21 K2-28 K2-58 K2-72 K2-138 LS IV-14 116 Sneden's Star TRAPPIST-1 WASP-6 (Márohu) WASP-47 WASP-69 WASP-75 Exoplanets ψ1 Aquarii b Gliese 849 b Gliese 876 b c d e HD 206610 b HD 210277 b HD 212771 b (Victoriapeak) HD 221416 b HD 222582 b K2-66b K2-72b c d e K2-138b TRAPPIST-1b c d e f g h WASP-6b Star clusters Messier 2 Messier 72 Messier 73 Nebulae Helix Nebula Saturn Nebula GalaxiesNGC 6975 7001 7010 7047 7051 7065 7069 7077 7081 7184 7252 7257 7301 7302 7393 7492 7585 7592 7600 7606 7723 7727 7759 Other Aquarius Dwarf ESO 603-G21 Lyman-alpha blob 1 PGC 1228197 PHL 293B RX J2129.7+0005 BCG SMM J2135-0102 WISE J224607.57−052635.0 Galaxy clusters Abell 2597 RXC J2211.7-0350 XMMXCS 2215-1738 Astronomical events SN 2213-1745 Category Portals: Astronomy Biology Space	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"ultra-cool dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf"},{"link_name":"TRAPPIST-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"transit method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillon2016-1"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet"},{"link_name":"habitable zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_zone"},{"link_name":"James Webb Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene2023-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWST-20230327-7"},{"link_name":"albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo"}],"text":"TRAPPIST-1b is a mainly rocky exoplanet orbiting around the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1, located 40.7 light-years (12.5 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. The planet was detected using the transit method, where a planet dims the host star's light as it passes in front of it. It was first announced on May 2, 2016,[1] and later studies were able to refine its physical parameters.The planet is about 37% more massive than Earth and about 39% larger in volume; thus its density is very similar. It is the innermost of seven planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1, all of which are terrestrial, but is too close to its star to be in the habitable zone. Observations by the James Webb Space Telescope announced in 2023 suggest that it does not have any significant atmosphere.[6][7] Its albedo is very low, making it dark in color.","title":"TRAPPIST-1b"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R🜨","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius"},{"link_name":"M🜨","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agol2021-2"},{"link_name":"volatiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm2018-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agol2021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm2018-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene2023-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWST-20230327-7"},{"link_name":"albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ih2023-8"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)"},{"link_name":"TRAPPIST-1#Resonance and tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1#Resonance_and_tides"}],"sub_title":"Mass, radius, and temperature","text":"TRAPPIST-1b is very similar in both mass, radius, and gravity to Earth. It has a radius of 1.116 R🜨, a mass of 1.374 M🜨, and about 110% Earth's surface gravity.[2] Initial estimates of the planet's density suggested that it is not entirely rocky; with a density of 3.98 g/cm3, about ≤5% of its mass must be volatiles, likely in the form of a thick Venus-like atmosphere due to it receiving nearly four times more energy than Earth does.[3] However, refined density estimates show that the planet is only slightly less dense than Earth.[2]Assuming the presence of an atmosphere, the planet's surface temperature was initially estimated to be between 750 K (477 °C; 890 °F) and 1,500 K (1,230 °C; 2,240 °F), potentially as high as 2,000 K (1,730 °C; 3,140 °F). This is much hotter than the surface of Venus and may be hot enough that the surface is molten lava.[3] An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1b by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023, suggests that the planet does not have any significant atmosphere, with a measured surface temperature of about 503 K (230 °C; 446 °F),[6][7] and a low albedo.[8] The planet may be very geologically active due to tidal squeezing similar to Jupiter's moon Io, which happens to have a similar orbital period and eccentricity (see TRAPPIST-1#Resonance and tides for references).","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delrez2018-9"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm2018-3"},{"link_name":"tidally locked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking"}],"sub_title":"Orbit","text":"TRAPPIST-1b orbits very close to its parent star. One orbit requires only 36 hours, or about 1.51 Earth days.[9] It orbits about 0.0115 AU (1.72 million km; 1.07 million mi) from its star, just 1.2% the distance between Earth and the Sun.[3] The close proximity to its host star means that TRAPPIST-1b is likely tidally locked. It also has a very circular orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.00622, significantly more circular than Earth's orbit, which has an eccentricity of 0.0167086.","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Host star","text":"TRAPPIST-1b orbits the ultracool red dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. It has a mass of 0.089 M☉ and is only 0.121 R☉, with a surface temperature of 2,511 K (2,238 °C; 4,060 °F) and an age between 3 and 8 billion years. The Sun, in comparison, has a surface temperature of 5,778 K (5,505 °C; 9,941 °F) and is about 4.5 billion years old. TRAPPIST-1 is also very dim, with a luminosity about 0.0005 times that of the Sun. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent magnitude of 18.80.","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocky_exoplanet_TRAPPIST-1_b_(illustration)_(weic2309a).jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2021-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deWit2016-11"},{"link_name":"Spitzer Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"water vapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor"},{"link_name":"scale height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_height"},{"link_name":"equilibrium temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_temperature"},{"link_name":"photodissociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodissociation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delrez2018-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimm2018-3"},{"link_name":"James Webb Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene2023-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWST-20230327-7"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"surface pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)"},{"link_name":"3-sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sigma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ih2023-8"},{"link_name":"transmission spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHY-20230925-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAJL-20230922-13"}],"sub_title":"Atmosphere","text":"Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1b (March 2023)The combined transmission spectra of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rule out cloud-free hydrogen-dominated atmospheres for both planets, so they are unlikely to harbor extended gas envelopes. Also, no helium emission from TRAPPIST-1b has been detected.[10] Prior to JWST observations, other atmospheres, from a cloud-free water-vapor atmosphere to a Venus-like atmosphere, remained consistent with the featureless spectra.[11]In 2018, the planet's atmosphere was better examined by the Spitzer Space Telescope and suggested to be quite large and hot, although the presence of an atmosphere could not be confirmed. The planet's transmission spectrum and refined density estimate suggested two main possibilities for the atmosphere: one rich in carbon dioxide, or one rich in water vapor. The more likely CO2 atmosphere would have a scale height of approximately 52 kilometers (32 miles) (Earth's being 8 km (5.0 mi), and Venus' at 15.9 km (9.9 mi)) and an average temperature in excess of 1,400 K (1,130 °C; 2,060 °F), far greater than the planet's equilibrium temperature of 397.6 K (124.5 °C; 256.0 °F). A water vapor atmosphere would need to have a scale height of >100 km (62 mi) and a temperature >1,800 K (1,530 °C; 2,780 °F) to produce the variations seen in the planet's transit depths and its transmission spectrum, and would be vulnerable to photodissociation where CO2 would not be. Other sources for the effects seen, such as hazes and thick clouds, would require an even larger atmosphere. TRAPPIST-1b will have to be studied further to confirm its potential large atmosphere.[9][3]An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1b by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in March 2023, suggests that the planet does not have any significant atmosphere.[6][7] Atmospheres containing carbon dioxide with surface pressures greater than 0.1 bar can be ruled out at 3-sigma, and pressures greater than 0.01 bar at 1-sigma.[8] Further studies of the exoplanet by transmission spectroscopy (primary eclipse), reported in September 2023, also confirmed the absence of a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, but due to stellar contamination were unable to determine the presence or absence of other types of atmospheres based on the transmission spectroscopy data alone. This does not affect the previous results based on emission spectroscopy.[12][13]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%27s_view_of_planets_transiting_red_dwarf_star_in_TRAPPIST-1_system.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_between_the_Sun_and_the_ultracool_dwarf_star_TRAPPIST-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TRAPPIST-1_and_its_three_planets.jpg"}],"text":"Artist's view of planets transiting red dwarf star in TRAPPIST-1 system[14]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Sun and the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 to scale. The faint star has only 11% of the diameter of the Sun and is much redder in colour.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArtist's impression of three of the planets (b, c, and d) orbiting TRAPPIST-1\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArtist's impression video, near one of the three planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1. One of the inner planets is shown in transit across the disc of its tiny and dim parent star.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1b (March 2023)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rocky_exoplanet_TRAPPIST-1_b_%28illustration%29_%28weic2309a%29.jpg/220px-Rocky_exoplanet_TRAPPIST-1_b_%28illustration%29_%28weic2309a%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"55 Cancri e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri_e"},{"title":"LHS 3844 b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHS_3844_b"}]	[{"reference":"Gillon, Michaël; Jehin, Emmanuël; Lederer, Susan M.; Delrez, Laetitia; et al. (May 2016). \"Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star\". Nature. 533 (7602): 221–224. arXiv:1605.07211. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..221G. doi:10.1038/nature17448. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5321506. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragi%C5%A1a_Nedovi%C4%87	Dragiša Nedović	["1 Biography","2 Selected songs","3 References"]	Dragiša Nedović (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгиша Недовић; Kragujevac, Kingdom of Serbia, 20 July 1916 – 31 January 1966) was a Serbian folk songwriter, composer and musician. Having lived in Serbia, Bosnia and Dalmatia, he composed numerous tunes in Serbian folk ("Stani, stani Ibar vodo"), Bosnian Sevdalinka ("U lijepom starom gradu Višegradu") and Dalmatian ("Kad si bila mala, Mare") popular styles. He composed several hundred songs, and many of them remain popular standards to this day, although Nedović's authorship is not universally known. Biography Dragiša Nedović was born on 20 July 1916 in Kragujevac, in central Serbia. His parents, Andrija and Gina, had nine children — five sons and three daughters, three of whom having died early. As the family was poor, Nedović left his home in 1932 as a 16-year-old and worked as a traveling musician across Serbia, Bosnia, and Dalmatia. Self-taught but talented, he was quick to adapt to local styles and created numerous tunes, which quickly became popular and picked up by other orchestras. As he did not make recordings or published the songs through recording houses, his authorship of many of those songs was often forgotten and revealed only later, through research. To this day, many of them are considered "traditional" in the eyes of the general public. After years of roaming, he returned to his hometown Kragujevac and continued writing. A man of inspiration, he would inscribe lyrics as they came to him, on paper notes, envelopes or handkerchiefs. During the German occupation of Serbia in World War II, Nedović was arrested along with many citizens in the Kragujevac massacre on 21 October 1941. However, he was spared as a famous writer and deported into the Dormagen detention camp in Germany, where he would spend the rest of the war. When he returned from the detention, he found that most of his lyrics were lost. Undeterred, he continued on songwriting. With several fellow composers, he formed the "First union of composers and writers of songs and dances with popular motives". Nedović's health, however, worsened, as he contracted tuberculosis in 1950. As an homage to the disease, he wrote the song Pluća su mi bolna, zdravlja više nemam ('My Lungs Hurt, My Health Has Gone'), performed by Zaim Imamović. It was soon banned for public performance, as it allegedly caused several suicides by people suffering from the then-incurable disease. However, Nedović was saved by peniciline treatment, only to discover that he had a severe heart condition as well. Nedović died from a heart attack in his hometown Kragujevac on 31 January 1966. He is buried in the city cemetery, in a common grave with his two brothers Dragoljub and Lazar, both of them died relatively young. He had two children, son Aleksandar and daughter Rada. Selected songs Serbian "Stani, stani Ibar vodo" "Lepe li su, nano, Gružanke devojke" "Tekla reka Lepenica" "Obraše se vinogradi" "Na Moravi vodenica stara" "Siroma sam, druže" "Jesen prođe, ja se ne ozenih" "Jesi l' čuo mili rode" "Lepo ti je biti čobanica" Bosnian "U lijepom starom gradu Višegradu" "Iz Bosne se jedna pjesma čuje" "Prođoh Bosnom kroz gradove" Dalmatian "Kad si bila mala Mare" "O lipa ti neznanko" "O brodiću bijeli" References ^ a b c d Vučković, Branko (21 July 2014). "Kragujevčanin autor nezaboravnih sevdalinki". ^ a b c d e Bataveljić, Dragan (December 2003). Dragiša Nedović — Život i Delo — 1916—1966. Kragujevac. ISBN 9788684929008. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ M. Kusmuk (13 January 2013). "Dragiša Nedović: Šumadinac sa Bikavca" (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. ^ "Balkanologie". 2000. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dragiša Nedović"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kragujevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bataveljic-2"},{"link_name":"traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bataveljic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bataveljic-2"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac_massacre"},{"link_name":"Dormagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormagen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bataveljic-2"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Zaim Imamović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaim_Imamovi%C4%87_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"peniciline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peniciline"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bataveljic-2"}],"text":"Dragiša Nedović was born on 20 July 1916 in Kragujevac, in central Serbia. His parents, Andrija and Gina, had nine children — five sons and three daughters, three of whom having died early.[2]As the family was poor, Nedović left his home in 1932 as a 16-year-old and worked as a traveling musician across Serbia, Bosnia, and Dalmatia. Self-taught but talented, he was quick to adapt to local styles and created numerous tunes, which quickly became popular and picked up by other orchestras. As he did not make recordings or published the songs through recording houses, his authorship of many of those songs was often forgotten and revealed only later, through research. To this day, many of them are considered \"traditional\" in the eyes of the general public.[2] After years of roaming, he returned to his hometown Kragujevac and continued writing. A man of inspiration, he would inscribe lyrics as they came to him, on paper notes, envelopes or handkerchiefs.[2]During the German occupation of Serbia in World War II, Nedović was arrested along with many citizens in the Kragujevac massacre on 21 October 1941. However, he was spared as a famous writer and deported into the Dormagen detention camp in Germany, where he would spend the rest of the war. When he returned from the detention, he found that most of his lyrics were lost. Undeterred, he continued on songwriting. With several fellow composers, he formed the \"First union of composers and writers of songs and dances with popular motives\".[2]Nedović's health, however, worsened, as he contracted tuberculosis in 1950. As an homage to the disease, he wrote the song Pluća su mi bolna, zdravlja više nemam ('My Lungs Hurt, My Health Has Gone'), performed by Zaim Imamović. It was soon banned for public performance, as it allegedly caused several suicides by people suffering from the then-incurable disease.[3] However, Nedović was saved by peniciline treatment, only to discover that he had a severe heart condition as well. Nedović died from a heart attack in his hometown Kragujevac on 31 January 1966. He is buried in the city cemetery, in a common grave with his two brothers Dragoljub and Lazar, both of them died relatively young. He had two children, son Aleksandar and daughter Rada.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SE-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SE-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SE-1"}],"text":"Serbian[1]\"Stani, stani Ibar vodo\"\n\"Lepe li su, nano, Gružanke devojke\"\n\"Tekla reka Lepenica\"\n\"Obraše se vinogradi\"\n\"Na Moravi vodenica stara\"\n\"Siroma sam, druže\"\n\"Jesen prođe, ja se ne ozenih\"\n\"Jesi l' čuo mili rode\"\n\"Lepo ti je biti čobanica\"[4]Bosnian[1]\"U lijepom starom gradu Višegradu\"\n\"Iz Bosne se jedna pjesma čuje\"\n\"Prođoh Bosnom kroz gradove\"Dalmatian[1]\"Kad si bila mala Mare\"\n\"O lipa ti neznanko\"\n\"O brodiću bijeli\"","title":"Selected songs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Vučković, Branko (21 July 2014). \"Kragujevčanin autor nezaboravnih sevdalinki\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/kragujevcanin-autor-nezaboravnih-sevdalinki/25464487.html","url_text":"\"Kragujevčanin autor nezaboravnih sevdalinki\""}]},{"reference":"Bataveljić, Dragan (December 2003). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khom	Khom	["1 See also","2 References"]	Historical Thai term for the Khmer people and civilization For the scripts, see Khom script. Khom (Thai: ขอม, pronounced ) is a Thai- and Lao-language term referring to the people and civilization of the ancient Khmer Empire. Its use is recorded as early as the 12th century, though its exact meaning—whether it refers to a specific empire, a certain historical period, or the Khmer people in general—has been unclear throughout history. The term has been used extensively in 20th-century Thai historiography, partly as a way to disassociate the historical Angkorian civilization—of which many archaeological sites are spread throughout present-day Thailand—from the present-day Khmer people who form the majority population of Cambodia, whom many Thais still believe to be an inferior race unrelated to the people of the ancient empire. This discourse was popularized by 20th-century Thai nationalist thinker Luang Wichitwathakan who asserted that contemporary Khmers are unrelated to the ethnic group responsible for the Angkorian civilization, coining the term "khom" for this purpose. By repurposing the term "khom" derived from the ancient Thai term "Khmer Krom" meaning "lowland Khmer", Wichitwathakan attempted to create a new ethnicity to accentuate a distinct separation between Angkor and Cambodia, despite the ethnic continuity between Angkor's builders and present-day Khmer being well-established. This is a commonly leveraged theme for anti-Khmer sentiment and historical negationism in Thai nationalist discourse. See also Khom Thai script, a variant of the Khmer script used in Thailand References ^ Denes, Alexandra (2022). "A Siamese Prince Journeys to Angkor". Journal of the Siam Society. 110 (1): 58. ^ Ünaldi, Serhat (2008). Reconstructing Angkor: Images of the Past and Their Impact on Thai-Cambodian Relations (PDF). Südostasien Working Papers. Vol. 33. Berlin: Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften. pp. 16–17. ^ Fry, Gerald W (2012-09-23). "Complex relations between Thais,Khmers". The Nation. Retrieved 2023-11-13. First, many Thais think that Khom and Khmer are different peoples – with the Khom being the people who built the great Angkor empire and magnificent architecture and who are now extinct. They see the Khmer as a different people who now control Cambodia and who committed the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, the Khom and Khmer are the same people. ^ Vail, Peter (June 2007). "Thailand's Khmer as 'invisible minority': Language, ethnicity and cultural politics in north-eastern Thailand". Asian Ethnicity. 8 (2): 111–130. doi:10.1080/14631360701406247. ISSN 1463-1369.Kasetsiri, Charnvit (16 March 2003). "Thailand and Cambodia: A Love-Hate Relationship". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. No. 3. cited in ibid.	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Its use is recorded as early as the 12th century, though its exact meaning—whether it refers to a specific empire, a certain historical period, or the Khmer people in general—has been unclear throughout history.[1] \nThe term has been used extensively in 20th-century Thai historiography, partly as a way to disassociate the historical Angkorian civilization—of which many archaeological sites are spread throughout present-day Thailand—from the present-day Khmer people who form the majority population of Cambodia, whom many Thais still believe to be an inferior race unrelated to the people of the ancient empire. This discourse was popularized by 20th-century Thai nationalist thinker Luang Wichitwathakan who asserted that contemporary Khmers are unrelated to the ethnic group responsible for the Angkorian civilization, coining the term \"khom\" for this purpose. By repurposing the term \"khom\" derived from the ancient Thai term \"Khmer Krom\" meaning \"lowland Khmer\", Wichitwathakan attempted to create a new ethnicity to accentuate a distinct separation between Angkor and Cambodia, despite the ethnic continuity between Angkor's builders and present-day Khmer being well-established.[2][3]This is a commonly leveraged theme for anti-Khmer sentiment and historical negationism in Thai nationalist discourse.[4]","title":"Khom"}]	[]	[{"title":"Khom Thai script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khom_Thai_script"},{"title":"Khmer script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_script"}]	[{"reference":"Denes, Alexandra (2022). \"A Siamese Prince Journeys to Angkor\". Journal of the Siam Society. 110 (1): 58.","urls":[{"url":"https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/255843","url_text":"\"A Siamese Prince Journeys to Angkor\""}]},{"reference":"Ünaldi, Serhat (2008). 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No. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://kyotoreview.org/issue-3-nations-and-stories/a-love-hate-relationship/","url_text":"\"Thailand and Cambodia: A Love-Hate Relationship\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/255843","external_links_name":"\"A Siamese Prince Journeys to Angkor\""},{"Link":"https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/de/region/suedostasien/publikationen/working-papers/soa-wp-033-reconstructing-angkor-serhat-unaldi.pdf","external_links_name":"Reconstructing Angkor: Images of the Past and Their Impact on Thai-Cambodian Relations"},{"Link":"https://www.nationthailand.com/perspective/30190969","external_links_name":"\"Complex relations between Thais,Khmers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14631360701406247","external_links_name":"10.1080/14631360701406247"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1463-1369","external_links_name":"1463-1369"},{"Link":"https://kyotoreview.org/issue-3-nations-and-stories/a-love-hate-relationship/","external_links_name":"\"Thailand and Cambodia: A Love-Hate Relationship\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodgson_(rugby)	Andrew Hodgson (rugby)	["1 References","2 External links"]	English rugby footballer Andy HodgsonPersonal informationFull nameAndrew HodgsonBorn (1976-02-09) 9 February 1976 (age 48)Playing informationRugby leaguePositionFullback, Wing Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1997–98 Bradford Bulls 16 2 3 0 14 1999 Wakefield Trinity Wildcats 14 4 1 0 18 Total 30 6 4 0 32 Rugby unionPositionCentre Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1997–2017 Wharfedale 283 101 1 0 508 2017 Sheffield 5 0 6 0 15 Total 288 101 7 0 523 Source: Andy Hodgson ((1976-02-09)9 February 1976) is a professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. He played club level rugby league (RL) for Bradford Bulls and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, as a fullback, or wing, and club level rugby union (RU) for Wharfedale and Sheffield, as a centre. References ^ "Player Summary: Andrew Hodgson". Rugby League Records. Rugby League Record Keepers Club. Retrieved 5 April 2023. ^ a b "Andrew Hodgson Details". Rugby Statbunker. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023. External links 1999 RUGBY LEAGUE: TEAM-BY-TEAM GUIDE TO SUPER LEAGUE Photograph at wharfedalerufc.co.uk	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Bradford Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Trinity Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Wing"},{"link_name":"Wharfedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfedale_R.U.F.C."},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_RUFC"},{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#13._Outside_centre_.26_12._Inside_centre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rugby_Statbunker_Record_by_Competition-2"}],"text":"Andy Hodgson ((1976-02-09)9 February 1976) is a professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. He played club level rugby league (RL) for Bradford Bulls and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, as a fullback, or wing, and club level rugby union (RU) for Wharfedale and Sheffield, as a centre.[2]","title":"Andrew Hodgson (rugby)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Player Summary: Andrew Hodgson\". Rugby League Records. Rugby League Record Keepers Club. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.rugbyleaguerecords.com/playersummary.php?tselect=601","url_text":"\"Player Summary: Andrew Hodgson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Hodgson Details\". Rugby Statbunker. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://rugby.statbunker.com/players/getPlayerDetails?player_id=2625","url_text":"\"Andrew Hodgson Details\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://stats.rugbyleaguerecords.com/playersummary.php?tselect=601","external_links_name":"\"Player Summary: Andrew Hodgson\""},{"Link":"http://rugby.statbunker.com/players/getPlayerDetails?player_id=2625","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Hodgson Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league-teambyteam-guide-to-super-league-1078496.html","external_links_name":"1999 RUGBY LEAGUE: TEAM-BY-TEAM GUIDE TO SUPER LEAGUE"},{"Link":"http://www.wharfedalerufc.co.uk/wp-content/gallery/plaryers-2012-2013-season/hodgson.jpg","external_links_name":"Photograph at wharfedalerufc.co.uk"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Rustem	Jan Rustem	["1 Biography","2 Selected portraits","3 References"]	Armenian painter This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Self-portrait (date unknown) Jan Rustem (Armenian: Յան Ռուստամ; 1762 – 21 June 1835) was a painter of Armenian ethnicity who lived and worked in the territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Primarily a portrait painter, he was commissioned to execute portraits of notable personalities of his epoch. For many years he was a professor at Vilnius University. Biography He was born in Constantinople, and as a young orphan boy was sponsored by Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, who invited him to the Commonwealth around 1774. Czartoryski paid for his studies in Warsaw, where among his tutors were Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine and Marcello Bacciarelli. Between 1788 and 1790, he moved to Germany, where he became a freemason. Two years later he returned to the Lithuanian-Polish Commonwealth and lived for some time in Warsaw, later moving to Vilnius. Following the partitions of the Commonwealth, Rustem started working for Vilnius University, as an assistant to Franciszek Smuglewicz. After Smuglewicz's death, the professorship of Fine Art was awarded in 1810 to the Englishman, Joseph Saunders and Rustem became his collaborator. In 1811, he became a professor of sketching and in 1819 became a professor of painting. Rustem retired in 1826, but continued to give lectures until his death, which occurred near Dūkštas, Lithuania. Among his successful students were Taras Shevchenko, Józef Oleszkiewicz, Kanuty Rusiecki, and Michał Kulesza. Selected portraits Michał Józef Römer Jan Śniadecki Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł Krystyna Frank, wife of Dr. Józef Frank References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jan Rustem. (in Polish) Od starożytności do współczesności - Malarstwo i rzeźba, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN S.A., Warszawa 2006 (in Polish) Malarstwo Polskie w zbiorach za granicą, Stefania Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska, Wydawnictwo Kluszczyński, 2003, ISBN 83-88080-85-7 (in Polish) Rustem, Jan, webart: malarstwo polskie Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Poland Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Rustem._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC_(1830).jpg"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"portrait painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_painting"},{"link_name":"Vilnius University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_University"}],"text":"Self-portrait (date unknown)Jan Rustem (Armenian: Յան Ռուստամ; 1762 – 21 June 1835) was a painter of Armenian ethnicity who lived and worked in the territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Primarily a portrait painter, he was commissioned to execute portraits of notable personalities of his epoch. For many years he was a professor at Vilnius University.","title":"Jan Rustem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kazimierz_Czartoryski"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine"},{"link_name":"Marcello Bacciarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Bacciarelli"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"partitions of the Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Smuglewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Smuglewicz"},{"link_name":"Joseph Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Saunders_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"Dūkštas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ABk%C5%A1tas"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Taras Shevchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko"},{"link_name":"Józef Oleszkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleszkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Kanuty Rusiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuty_Rusiecki"},{"link_name":"Michał Kulesza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kulesza"}],"text":"He was born in Constantinople, and as a young orphan boy was sponsored by Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, who invited him to the Commonwealth around 1774. Czartoryski paid for his studies in Warsaw, where among his tutors were Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine and Marcello Bacciarelli. Between 1788 and 1790, he moved to Germany, where he became a freemason. Two years later he returned to the Lithuanian-Polish Commonwealth and lived for some time in Warsaw, later moving to Vilnius.Following the partitions of the Commonwealth, Rustem started working for Vilnius University, as an assistant to Franciszek Smuglewicz. After Smuglewicz's death, the professorship of Fine Art was awarded in 1810 to the Englishman, Joseph Saunders and Rustem became his collaborator. In 1811, he became a professor of sketching and in 1819 became a professor of painting. Rustem retired in 1826, but continued to give lectures until his death, which occurred near Dūkštas, Lithuania. Among his successful students were Taras Shevchenko, Józef Oleszkiewicz, Kanuty Rusiecki, and Michał Kulesza.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mykolas_Riomeris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michał Józef Römer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_J%C3%B3zef_R%C3%B6mer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_%C5%9Aniadecki_cr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Śniadecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%9Aniadecki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Jundzi%C5%82._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB_(J._Rustem,_1822).jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Bonifacy_Jundzi%C5%82%C5%82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rustem-Portret_Krystyny_Frankowej.jpg"}],"text":"Michał Józef Römer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Śniadecki\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKrystyna Frank, wife of Dr. Józef Frank","title":"Selected portraits"}]	[{"image_text":"Self-portrait (date unknown)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jan_Rustem._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC_%281830%29.jpg/215px-Jan_Rustem._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC_%281830%29.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309223641/http://webart.omikron.com.pl/paint/authors/rust_ja/index.htm","external_links_name":"Rustem, Jan"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1649802/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066821590","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40438095","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp8DbbyVdbHj4h7YHt8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16965600n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16965600n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128793260","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006057047","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810663156105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/68992","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500084995","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128793260.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/253196841","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Brabenec	Kamil Brabenec	["1 References","2 External links"]	For his father, the basketball player, see Kamil Brabenec (basketball). Czech professional ice hockey player Ice hockey player Kamil BrabenecBorn (1976-05-17) May 17, 1976 (age 48)Brno, CzechoslovakiaHeight 6 ft 1 in (185 cm)Weight 183 lb (83 kg; 13 st 1 lb)Position Left wingShoots LeftAlps HL team HC EgnaNHL draft UndraftedPlaying career 1996–present Kamil Brabenec (born May 17, 1976) is a Czech professional ice hockey player who currently plays with HC Egna in the Alps Hockey League. Brabenec previously played for HKm Zvolen, HC Kometa Brno, HC České Budějovice, HC Keramika Plzeň, Luleå HF and HC Vsetín. He won a Slovak Extraliga with HKm Zvolen (2012-2013) and a Czech Extraliga with HC Kometa Brno (2016-2017). His father of the same name was an international basketball player for Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 80s, and his sister Andrea Brabencová and daughter Kristýna Brabencová also played that sport at a high level. His son Jakub Brabenec is a hockey player who was drafted by NHL team Vegas Golden Knights in 2021. References ^ Profile at HC Kometa Brno official website ^ "Einen tschechischen Meister zieht es ins Unterland" (in German). August 2, 2017. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ Brabenec Kamil, Menšíkova jedenáctka (in Czech) ^ Doma mluvíme moravsky. Holky někdy nevěděly, co říkám, směje se Brabencová , Patrik El-Talabáni, deník.cz, 16 May 2018(in Czech) ^ VGK Sign Forward Jakub Brabenec to Three-Year, Entry-Level Contract, Vegas Golden Knights / NHL.com, 10 December 2022 External links Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or The Internet Hockey Database This biographical article relating to a Czech ice hockey winger is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamil Brabenec (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Brabenec_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"HC Egna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Egna"},{"link_name":"Alps Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"HKm Zvolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKm_Zvolen"},{"link_name":"HC Kometa Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Kometa_Brno"},{"link_name":"HC České Budějovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice"},{"link_name":"HC Keramika Plzeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Keramika_Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Luleå HF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_HF"},{"link_name":"HC Vsetín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Vset%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Slovak Extraliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Extraliga"},{"link_name":"HKm Zvolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKm_Zvolen"},{"link_name":"Czech Extraliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Extraliga"},{"link_name":"HC Kometa Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Kometa_Brno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"father of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Brabenec_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andrea Brabencová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Brabencov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Brabencov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kristýna Brabencová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krist%C3%BDna_Brabencov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%BDna_Brabencov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jakub Brabenec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Brabenec"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Vegas Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For his father, the basketball player, see Kamil Brabenec (basketball).Czech professional ice hockey playerIce hockey playerKamil Brabenec (born May 17, 1976) is a Czech professional ice hockey player who currently plays with HC Egna in the Alps Hockey League.Brabenec previously played for HKm Zvolen, HC Kometa Brno, HC České Budějovice, HC Keramika Plzeň, Luleå HF and HC Vsetín. He won a Slovak Extraliga with HKm Zvolen (2012-2013) and a Czech Extraliga with HC Kometa Brno (2016-2017).[1][2]His father of the same name was an international basketball player for Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 80s,[3] and his sister Andrea Brabencová [it] and daughter Kristýna Brabencová [it] also played that sport at a high level.[4] His son Jakub Brabenec is a hockey player who was drafted by NHL team Vegas Golden Knights in 2021.[5]","title":"Kamil Brabenec"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Einen tschechischen Meister zieht es ins Unterland\" (in German). August 2, 2017. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175043/http://www.hc-neumarkt.com/de/news/1-nachrichten/2906-einen-tschechischen-meister-zieht-es-ins-unterland.html","url_text":"\"Einen tschechischen Meister zieht es ins Unterland\""},{"url":"http://www.hc-neumarkt.com/de/news/1-nachrichten/2906-einen-tschechischen-meister-zieht-es-ins-unterland.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.hc-kometa.cz/hrac.asp?id=Kamil-Brabenec-835&sezona=2011&kategorie=MUZ","external_links_name":"Profile at HC Kometa Brno official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175043/http://www.hc-neumarkt.com/de/news/1-nachrichten/2906-einen-tschechischen-meister-zieht-es-ins-unterland.html","external_links_name":"\"Einen tschechischen Meister zieht es ins Unterland\""},{"Link":"http://www.hc-neumarkt.com/de/news/1-nachrichten/2906-einen-tschechischen-meister-zieht-es-ins-unterland.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mensikova11.cz/soupiska-hracu/21/","external_links_name":"Brabenec Kamil"},{"Link":"https://brnensky.denik.cz/ostatni_region/doma-mluvime-moravsky-holky-nekdy-nevedely-co-rikam-smeje-se-brabencova-20180516.html","external_links_name":"Doma mluvíme moravsky. Holky někdy nevěděly, co říkám, směje se Brabencová"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/goldenknights/news/vgk-sign-forward-jakub-brabenec-to-three-year-entry-level-contract/c-338316990","external_links_name":"VGK Sign Forward Jakub Brabenec to Three-Year, Entry-Level Contract"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=504&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=56325","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamil_Brabenec&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress(O)	Indian National Congress (Organisation)	["1 Leaders","2 See also","3 Notes"]	Political party in India Indian National Congress (Organisation) AbbreviationINC(O)Leader Leaders K. KamarajMorarji DesaiS. NijalingappaC. M. PoonachaNeelam Sanjiva ReddyAtulya GhoshS. K. PatilHitendra Kanaiyalal DesaiSatyendra Narayan SinhaChandra Bhanu GuptaVeerendra PatilAshoka MehtaTribhuvan Narain SinghRam Subhag SinghB. D. Sharma Founded1969Dissolved1977Split fromINCMerged intoJanata PartyIdeologyAnti-socialismConservatismAnti-SovietismPolitical positionCentre-rightNational affiliationJanata MorchaColours TurquoiseElection symbolWoman spinning wheelPolitics of IndiaPolitical partiesElections The Indian National Congress (Organisation) also known as Congress (O) or Syndicate/Old Congress was a political party in India formed when the Congress party split following the expulsion of Indira Gandhi. On 12 November 1969, the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi was expelled from the Congress party for violating party discipline. The party finally split with Indira Gandhi setting up a rival organisation Indian National Congress (Requisitionists), which came to be known as Congress (R) or Indicate . In the All India Congress Committee, 446 of its 705 members walked over to Indira's side. K Kamaraj and later Morarji Desai were the leaders of the INC(O). INC(O) led governments in Bihar under Bhola Paswan Shastri, Karnataka under Veerendra Patil, and in Gujarat under Hitendra K Desai. It was also a part of the Janata Morcha that ruled Gujarat under Babubhai J. Patel from 1975–1976 during the emergency era. The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilise popular support for the party. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more right-wing agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. In the 1971 general election, the Indian National Congress (O) won about 10% of the vote and 16 Lok Sabha seats, against 44% of the vote and 352 seats for Indira's Indian National Congress (R). In March 1977, the party fought the post-Emergency election under the banner of Janata Party. The Janata Party alliance inflicted crushing defeat to Indira's Congress Party. Nevertheless, the total vote share of Congress (O) in 1977 was almost halved from 1971 and they lost three seats. Later the same year, INC(O) formally merged with the Bharatiya Lok Dal, Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Socialist Party of India, Swatantra Party and others to form the Janata Party. Congress (O)'s leader Morarji Desai served as the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979; this was India's first non-Congress government. But this government could not run for 5 years and fell in 1979. Fresh Elections were called in 1980 and Indira's Indian National congress (R) swept the country and defeated the Janata party. Leaders Morarji Desai Neelam Sanjiva Reddy S. Nijalingappa K. Kamaraj S. K. Patil Hitendra K Desai Veerendra Patil C. M. Poonacha Atulya Ghosh Satyendra Narayan Sinha Chandra Bhanu Gupta P. M. Nadagouda Ashoka Mehta Tribhuvan Narain Singh Ram Subhag Singh B. D. Sharma See also Indian National Congress breakaway parties Indian National Congress Bharatiya Janata Party All India Trinamool Congress Aam Aadmi Party Notes ^ Paul, Sudeep (28 August 2020). "Crisis and the Congress". Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (October 2017). "The Roots and Varieties of Political Conservatism in India". Studies in Indian Politics. 5 (2). Sage Journals: 205–217. doi:10.1177/2321023017727968. S2CID 158365025. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (6 October 2017). "How Gujarat Congress embraced conservatism: The story of MK Gandhi, Indulal Yagnik and Sardar Patel". Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ Chandra, Bipan & others (2000). India after Independence 1947-2000, New Delhi:Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-027825-7, p.236 ^ Singh, Kuldip (11 April 1995). "OBITUARY: Morarji Desai". The Independent. Retrieved 27 June 2009. vte The Emergency of 1975–1977Personalities Atal Bihari Vajpayee Basawon Singh (Sinha) Bansi Lal C. Achutha Menon Charan Singh Chandra Shekhar Devakanta Barua Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed George Fernandes Hans Raj Khanna Harchand Singh Longowal H. N. Bahuguna Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Jagmohan Jagmohanlal Sinha Jayaprakash Narayan Jivatram Kripalani K. Kamaraj K. Karunakaran L. K. Advani M. G. Ramachandran M. Karunanidhi Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Niren De Pranab Mukherjee Raj Narain Sanjay Gandhi Siddhartha Shankar Ray Subramanian Swamy Zail Singh Organisations Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Lok Dal Communist Party of India (Marxist) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam Indian National Congress (Organisation) Indian National Congress (R) Indian National Congress Janata Morcha Janata Party People's Union for Civil Liberties Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Shiromani Akali Dal Socialist Party of India Swatantra Party Events State of Emergency in India State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 38th Amendment 39th Amendment 42nd Amendment Turkman gate demolition and rioting Baroda dynamite case Shah Commission Maintenance of Internal Security Act Rajan case Indian general election, 1977	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Congress party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Congress (R)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)"},{"link_name":"All India Congress Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"K Kamaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Kamaraj"},{"link_name":"Morarji Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarji_Desai"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Bhola Paswan Shastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhola_Paswan_Shastri"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Veerendra Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerendra_Patil"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Hitendra K Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitendra_K_Desai"},{"link_name":"Janata Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Morcha"},{"link_name":"Babubhai J. Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babubhai_J._Patel"},{"link_name":"the emergency era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"1971 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"post-Emergency election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Lok Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Jan Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Jan_Sangh"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_India"},{"link_name":"Swatantra Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Party"},{"link_name":"Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Morarji Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarji_Desai"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK-5"}],"text":"Political party in IndiaThe Indian National Congress (Organisation) also known as Congress (O) or Syndicate/Old Congress was a political party in India formed when the Congress party split following the expulsion of Indira Gandhi.On 12 November 1969, the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi was expelled from the Congress party for violating party discipline. The party finally split with Indira Gandhi setting up a rival organisation Indian National Congress (Requisitionists), which came to be known as Congress (R) or Indicate . In the All India Congress Committee, 446 of its 705 members walked over to Indira's side.[4] K Kamaraj and later Morarji Desai were the leaders of the INC(O).INC(O) led governments in Bihar under Bhola Paswan Shastri, Karnataka under Veerendra Patil, and in Gujarat under Hitendra K Desai. It was also a part of the Janata Morcha that ruled Gujarat under Babubhai J. Patel from 1975–1976 during the emergency era.The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilise popular support for the party. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more right-wing agenda, and distrusted Soviet help.In the 1971 general election, the Indian National Congress (O) won about 10% of the vote and 16 Lok Sabha seats, against 44% of the vote and 352 seats for Indira's Indian National Congress (R). In March 1977, the party fought the post-Emergency election under the banner of Janata Party.The Janata Party alliance inflicted crushing defeat to Indira's Congress Party. Nevertheless, the total vote share of Congress (O) in 1977 was almost halved from 1971 and they lost three seats. Later the same year, INC(O) formally merged with the Bharatiya Lok Dal, Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Socialist Party of India, Swatantra Party and others to form the Janata Party. Congress (O)'s leader Morarji Desai served as the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979; this was India's first non-Congress government.[5] But this government could not run for 5 years and fell in 1979. Fresh Elections were called in 1980 and Indira's Indian National congress (R) swept the country and defeated the Janata party.","title":"Indian National Congress (Organisation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morarji Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarji_Desai"},{"link_name":"Neelam Sanjiva Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy"},{"link_name":"S. Nijalingappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Nijalingappa"},{"link_name":"K. Kamaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Kamaraj"},{"link_name":"S. K. Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._K._Patil"},{"link_name":"Hitendra K Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitendra_K_Desai"},{"link_name":"Veerendra Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerendra_Patil"},{"link_name":"C. M. Poonacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Poonacha"},{"link_name":"Atulya Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atulya_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Satyendra Narayan Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Narayan_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Chandra Bhanu Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Bhanu_Gupta"},{"link_name":"P. M. Nadagouda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._M._Nadagouda"},{"link_name":"Ashoka Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Tribhuvan Narain Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribhuvan_Narain_Singh"},{"link_name":"Ram Subhag Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh"},{"link_name":"B. D. Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._D._Sharma"}],"text":"Morarji Desai\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\nS. Nijalingappa\nK. Kamaraj\nS. K. Patil\nHitendra K Desai\nVeerendra Patil\nC. M. Poonacha\nAtulya Ghosh\nSatyendra Narayan Sinha\nChandra Bhanu Gupta\nP. M. Nadagouda\nAshoka Mehta\nTribhuvan Narain Singh\nRam Subhag Singh\nB. D. Sharma","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Crisis and the Congress\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/crisis-and-the-congress/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Roots and Varieties of Political Conservatism in India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2321023017727968"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/2321023017727968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F2321023017727968"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"158365025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158365025"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"How Gujarat Congress embraced conservatism: The story of MK Gandhi, Indulal Yagnik and Sardar Patel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scroll.in/article/852975/how-gujarat-congress-embraced-conservatism-the-story-of-mk-gandhi-indulal-yagnik-and-sardar-patel"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-027825-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027825-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UK_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"OBITUARY: Morarji Desai\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Emergency_(India)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Emergency_(India)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Emergency_(India)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"The Emergency of 1975–1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)"},{"link_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee"},{"link_name":"Basawon Singh (Sinha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basawon_Singh_(Sinha)"},{"link_name":"Bansi Lal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansi_Lal"},{"link_name":"C. Achutha Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Achutha_Menon"},{"link_name":"Charan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Chandra Shekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar"},{"link_name":"Devakanta Barua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devakanta_Barua"},{"link_name":"Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"George Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Hans Raj Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna"},{"link_name":"Harchand Singh Longowal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal"},{"link_name":"H. N. Bahuguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Jagjivan Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram"},{"link_name":"Jagmohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagmohan"},{"link_name":"Jagmohanlal Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagmohanlal_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakash Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Jivatram Kripalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani"},{"link_name":"K. Kamaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Kamaraj"},{"link_name":"K. Karunakaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Karunakaran"},{"link_name":"L. K. Advani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._K._Advani"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"},{"link_name":"Morarji Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarji_Desai"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Neelam Sanjiva Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Niren De","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niren_De"},{"link_name":"Pranab Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Raj Narain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Narain"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Siddhartha Shankar Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray"},{"link_name":"Subramanian Swamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy"},{"link_name":"Zail Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zail_Singh"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Jana Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Lok Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"Dravidar Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress (Organisation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress (R)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Janata Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Morcha"},{"link_name":"Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Union for Civil Liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"Shiromani Akali Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)"},{"link_name":"Swatantra Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Party"},{"link_name":"State of Emergency in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India"},{"link_name":"State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain"},{"link_name":"38th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"39th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"42nd Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"Turkman gate demolition and rioting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkman_gate_demolition_and_rioting"},{"link_name":"Baroda dynamite case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case"},{"link_name":"Shah Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Commission"},{"link_name":"Maintenance of Internal Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"Rajan case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajan_case"},{"link_name":"Indian general election, 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1977"}],"text":"^ Paul, Sudeep (28 August 2020). \"Crisis and the Congress\". Retrieved 14 January 2024.\n\n^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (October 2017). \"The Roots and Varieties of Political Conservatism in India\". Studies in Indian Politics. 5 (2). Sage Journals: 205–217. doi:10.1177/2321023017727968. S2CID 158365025.\n\n^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (6 October 2017). \"How Gujarat Congress embraced conservatism: The story of MK Gandhi, Indulal Yagnik and Sardar Patel\". Retrieved 14 January 2024.\n\n^ Chandra, Bipan & others (2000). India after Independence 1947-2000, New Delhi:Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-027825-7, p.236\n\n^ Singh, Kuldip (11 April 1995). \"OBITUARY: Morarji Desai\". The Independent. Retrieved 27 June 2009.vte The Emergency of 1975–1977Personalities\nAtal Bihari Vajpayee\nBasawon Singh (Sinha)\nBansi Lal\nC. Achutha Menon\nCharan Singh\nChandra Shekhar\nDevakanta Barua\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed\nGeorge Fernandes\nHans Raj Khanna\nHarchand Singh Longowal\nH. N. Bahuguna\nIndira Gandhi\nJagjivan Ram\nJagmohan\nJagmohanlal Sinha\nJayaprakash Narayan\nJivatram Kripalani\nK. Kamaraj\nK. Karunakaran\nL. K. Advani\nM. G. Ramachandran\nM. Karunanidhi\nMorarji Desai\nNarendra Modi\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\nNiren De\nPranab Mukherjee\nRaj Narain\nSanjay Gandhi\nSiddhartha Shankar Ray\nSubramanian Swamy\nZail Singh\nOrganisations\nBharatiya Jana Sangh\nBharatiya Lok Dal\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist)\nDravida Munnetra Kazhagam\nDravidar Kazhagam\nIndian National Congress (Organisation)\nIndian National Congress (R)\nIndian National Congress\nJanata Morcha\nJanata Party\nPeople's Union for Civil Liberties\nRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh\nShiromani Akali Dal\nSocialist Party of India\nSwatantra Party\nEvents\nState of Emergency in India\nState of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain\n38th Amendment\n39th Amendment\n42nd Amendment\nTurkman gate demolition and rioting\nBaroda dynamite case\nShah Commission\nMaintenance of Internal Security Act\nRajan case\nIndian general election, 1977","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Indian National Congress breakaway parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties"},{"title":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"title":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"title":"All India Trinamool Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress"},{"title":"Aam Aadmi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party"}]	[{"reference":"Paul, Sudeep (28 August 2020). \"Crisis and the Congress\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_Ba_Oo	Saw Ba Oo	["1 Lethwei record","2 Mixed martial arts record","3 References","4 External links"]	Burmese mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter and Lethwei fighter The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Saw Ba Oo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Saw Ba OoBornKale, Kayin State, MyanmarNative nameSaw Wunna Htay Burmese: စောဝဏ္ဏဌေးNationalityBurmese (Karen)Height170 cm (5 ft 7 in)Weight67 kg (148 lb; 11 st)StanceOrthodoxTeamTaung Ka Lay Club Saw Ba Oo (Burmese: စောဘဦး) is a Burmese Lethwei fighter and mixed martial artist. He is signed to the World Lethwei Championship and ONE Championship's Lightweight division. Lethwei record Professional Lethwei record 19 Wins, 8 Losses, 24 Draws Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 2019-03-12 Draw Tha Pyay Nyo Lethwei Challenge Fights Ye Township, Mon State, Myanmar Draw 5 3:00 2019-02-22 Loss Yan Naing Tun WLC 7: Mighty Warriors Mandalay, Myanmar Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 2019-02-04 Loss Pakaw Dabphong Myanmar vs. Thailand Challenge Fights Hlaingbwe Township, Kayin State, Myanmar KO 4 2018-06-02 Loss Artur Saladiak WLC 5: Knockout War Naypyidaw, Myanmar KO 4 1:00 2018-02-17 Win Tha Pyay Nyo WLC 4: Bareknuckle-King Naypyidaw, Myanmar Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 2017-03-03 Loss Thway Thit Win Hlaing WLC 1: The Great Beginning Yangon, Myanmar Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 2015-04-11 Loss Kyar Pauk Thuwunna Stadium Yangon, Myanmar TKO 4 Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 4 matches 2 wins 2 losses By knockout 2 1 By decision 0 1 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Loss 2–2 Phoe Thaw Decision (split) ONE: Hero's Dream November 3, 2017 3 5:00 Yangon, Myanmar Win 2–1 Kyal Sin Phyo TKO (doctor stoppage) ONE: State of Warriors October 7, 2016 2 2:32 Yangon, Myanmar Loss 1–1 Thway Thit Aung KO (punch) ONE: Kingdom of Warriors July 18, 2015 1 2:25 Yangon, Myanmar ONE Myanmar Lightweight Tournament Final. Win 1–0 Dawna Aung TKO (elbow and punches) 1 4:03 ONE Myanmar Lightweight Tournament Semifinal. References ^ saw-ba-oo onefc.com ^ SAW BA OO mmajunkie.com ^ Saw Ba Oo sherdog ^ Saw-Ba-Oo tapology.com External links Saw Ba Oo Facebook Page This biographical article related to mixed martial arts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to sport in Myanmar is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Lethwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethwei"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist"},{"link_name":"World Lethwei Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Lethwei_Championship"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Saw Ba Oo (Burmese: စောဘဦး) is a Burmese Lethwei fighter and mixed martial artist. He is signed to the World Lethwei Championship and ONE Championship's Lightweight division.[1][2]","title":"Saw Ba Oo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lethwei record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"[3][4]","title":"Mixed martial arts record"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Saw+Ba+Oo%22","external_links_name":"\"Saw Ba Oo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Saw+Ba+Oo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Saw+Ba+Oo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Saw+Ba+Oo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Saw+Ba+Oo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Saw+Ba+Oo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://onefc.com/articles/phoe-thaw-edges-saw-ba-oo-in-thrilling-split-decision/","external_links_name":"saw-ba-oo"},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/fighters/saw-ba-oo/","external_links_name":"SAW BA OO"},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Saw-Ba-Oo-201685/","external_links_name":"Saw Ba Oo"},{"Link":"https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/107382-saw-ba-oo/","external_links_name":"Saw-Ba-Oo"},{"Link":"https://web.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100011267981289/","external_links_name":"Saw Ba Oo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saw_Ba_Oo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saw_Ba_Oo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KhTZ-16	KhTZ-16	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Soviet improvised armoured vehicle Abandoned KhTZ-16 in 1942 The KhTZ-16 (Russian: ХТЗ-16) (after the Kharkiv Tractor Factory; Ukrainian: Харківський Тракторний Завод) was a Soviet improvised fighting vehicle of the Second World War, built on the chassis of an STZ-3 tractor. The vehicles were built in Kharkiv until the factory was evacuated to the east, at which time production moved to Stalingrad. No less than 809 vehicles were planned, but no more than about 60-90 were actually built. Some vehicles were used in the fighting around Kharkiv in October 1941, but were quickly lost in battle against Axis forces. The vehicle was operated by a crew of two, and armed with a 45mm anti-tank gun, 37mm anti-aircraft gun and a 7.62mm DT or Degtyarev light machine gun mounted in a fixed superstructure. See also Disston Tractor Tank Schofield tank NI tank Kubuś Bedford OXA Bob Semple tank References ^ Kolomiets, Maxim (1997). "Бронетракторы. Часть 3" . armor.kiev.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-10-19. Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, p. 142. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to KhTZ-16. Soviet armored tractors Kolomiets M. M-Hobby, #3, 1997 "Bronetractors, part III" Tanks Encyclopedia provides extensive photographs and substantial information. vteSoviet armoured fighting vehicles of World War II vteSoviet tanks of World War IITankettes T-27 Amphibious T-37A T-38 T-40 Fast BT-2/BT-5 BT-7 BT-8 Light T-18 T-26 T-50 T-60 T-70/T-80 Medium T-28 T-34 T-43 T-44 Heavy T-35 KV-1/KV-2 IS-2/IS-3 vteSelf-propelled artilleryGuns and anti-tank guns ZiS-30 SU-5 SU-76 SU-85 SU-100 SU-122 SU-152 ISU-122 ISU-152 Anti-aircraft guns ZSU-37 T-60Z T-70Z T-90 vteArmored carsLight D-8 D-12 D-13 FAI BA-20 BA-64 PB-4 PB-7 BA-30 Medium BA-27 BA-I BA-3 BA-6 BA-10 Heavy BA-11 vteAerosledsAerosleds ANT-IV NKL-16 NKL-26 RF-8 ASD-400 vteArtillery tractorsArmored Artillery tractors AT-42 artillery tractor T-26-T Komsomolets Komintern Voroshilovets Artillery tractors S-2 Stalinets S-60 Stalinets S-65 Stalinets Kommunar STZ-3 STZ-5 YA-12 vteExperimental and improvised vehiclesExperimental S-51 SU-14 SU-101 A-40 flying tank T-43 tank SU-100Y SPG PPG tankette Improvised KhTZ-16 IZ NI tank List of armored fighting vehicles of the Soviet Union Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II List of Soviet tank factories This military vehicle article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortepan_229606.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv Tractor Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Tractor_Plant"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"improvised fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"anti-tank gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_gun"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"Degtyarev light machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degtyarev_light_machine_gun"}],"text":"Abandoned KhTZ-16 in 1942The KhTZ-16 (Russian: ХТЗ-16) (after the Kharkiv Tractor Factory; Ukrainian: Харківський Тракторний Завод) was a Soviet improvised fighting vehicle of the Second World War, built on the chassis of an STZ-3 tractor.[1] The vehicles were built in Kharkiv until the factory was evacuated to the east, at which time production moved to Stalingrad. No less than 809 vehicles were planned, but no more than about 60-90 were actually built. Some vehicles were used in the fighting around Kharkiv in October 1941, but were quickly lost in battle against Axis forces.The vehicle was operated by a crew of two, and armed with a 45mm anti-tank gun, 37mm anti-aircraft gun and a 7.62mm DT or Degtyarev light machine gun mounted in a fixed superstructure.","title":"KhTZ-16"}]	[{"image_text":"Abandoned KhTZ-16 in 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fortepan_229606.jpg/220px-Fortepan_229606.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Disston Tractor Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disston_Tractor_Tank"},{"title":"Schofield tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofield_tank"},{"title":"NI tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NI_tank"},{"title":"Kubuś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubu%C5%9B"},{"title":"Bedford OXA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_OXA"},{"title":"Bob Semple tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Semple_tank"}]	[{"reference":"Kolomiets, Maxim (1997). \"Бронетракторы. Часть 3\" [Bronetractors, Part 3]. armor.kiev.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/WWII/tractor/bronetr3.html","url_text":"\"Бронетракторы. Часть 3\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/WWII/tractor/bronetr3.html","external_links_name":"\"Бронетракторы. Часть 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/galleries/Armored_Tractors.htm","external_links_name":"Soviet armored tractors"},{"Link":"http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/WWII/tractor/bronetr3.html","external_links_name":"Kolomiets M. M-Hobby, #3, 1997 \"Bronetractors, part III\""},{"Link":"http://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/soviet/soviet_KhTZ-16.php","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KhTZ-16&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokegama_River_(St._Louis_River_tributary)	Pokegama River (St. Louis River tributary)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°40′53″N 92°09′15″W / 46.68139°N 92.15417°W / 46.68139; -92.15417River in the United StatesPokegama RiverMouth of the Pokegama RiverLocationCountryUnited StatesPhysical characteristicsSource • locationMinnesota Length26.3 mi-long (42.3 km) The Pokegama River is a 26.3-mile-long (42.3 km) river in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the United States. It is a tributary of the Saint Louis River, joining it in the western part of the city of Superior, Wisconsin. See also List of rivers of Minnesota References ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed May 7, 2012 ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pokegama River (St. Louis River tributary) External links Minnesota Watersheds USGS Hydrologic Unit Map - State of Minnesota (1974) 46°40′53″N 92°09′15″W / 46.68139°N 92.15417°W / 46.68139; -92.15417 Authority control databases NARA This article related to a river or creek in Minnesota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a location in Douglas County, Wisconsin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Wisconsin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-1"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Superior, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"River in the United StatesThe Pokegama River is a 26.3-mile-long (42.3 km)[1] river in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the United States.[2] It is a tributary of the Saint Louis River, joining it in the western part of the city of Superior, Wisconsin.","title":"Pokegama River (St. Louis River tributary)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of rivers of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Minnesota"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pokegama_River_(St._Louis_River_tributary)&params=46_40_53_N_92_09_15_W_region:US-MN_source:GNIS_type:river","external_links_name":"46°40′53″N 92°09′15″W / 46.68139°N 92.15417°W / 46.68139; -92.15417"},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"The National Map"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1571731","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pokegama River (St. Louis River tributary)"},{"Link":"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watersheds/index.html","external_links_name":"Minnesota Watersheds"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pokegama_River_(St._Louis_River_tributary)&params=46_40_53_N_92_09_15_W_region:US-MN_source:GNIS_type:river","external_links_name":"46°40′53″N 92°09′15″W / 46.68139°N 92.15417°W / 46.68139; -92.15417"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10043495","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokegama_River_(St._Louis_River_tributary)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokegama_River_(St._Louis_River_tributary)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokegama_River_(St._Louis_River_tributary)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Fun_(film)	Just for Fun (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]	1963 British film by Gordon Flemyng Just for FunOriginal lobby card of Bobby VeeDirected byGordon FlemyngWritten byMilton SubotskyProduced byMax RosenbergMilton SubotskyStarring Mark Wynter Cherry Roland >Alan Caddy Bobby Vee CinematographyNicolas RoegEdited byRaymond PoultonMusic byTony HatchProductioncompanyAmicus ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date February 1963 (1963-02) Running time85 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Just for Fun is a 1963 British musical film directed by Gordon Flemyng and starriing Mark Wynter and Cherry Roland. It was written by Amicus co-founder Milton Subotsky. Cinematography was by Nicolas Roeg. Plot When English teenagers win the right to vote, the established political parties compete for their support. However, when the Prime Minister cuts the amount of pop music allowed on TV, young Mark and Cherry start their own "Teenage Party" and use some of England's pop singers to help. Cast Mark Wynter as Mark Cherry Roland as Cherry Richard Vernon as Prime minister Reginald Beckwith as Opposition leader John Wood as Official Jeremy Lloyd as Prime minister's son Harry Fowler as interviewer Edwin Richfield as man with a CND badge Alan Freeman as narrator David Jacobs as disc jJockey Jimmy Savile as disc jockey Irene Handl as housewife Hugh Lloyd as plumber Dick Emery Mario Fabrizi Ken Parry Gary Hope Douglas Ives Ian Gray John Martin Jack Bentley Frank Williams Gordon Rollings Bobby Vee The Crickets Freddy Cannon Johnny Tillotson Ketty Lester Joe Brown and the Bruvvers Karl Denver Kenny Lynch Jet Harris Tony Meehan Clodagh Rodgers Louise Cordet Lyn Cornell The Tornados The Springfields The Spotnicks Jimmy Powell Brian Poole and the Tremeloes Sounds Incorporated The Vernons Girls Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "After a promising beginning, in which the two major political parties ruefully appraise their own vote-appeal, with the Right proclaiming "We Never Had It So Good" and the Left sadly echoing "I've Never Had It", the script – such as it is – gets bogged down in tiresomely juvenile antics as the Top People try to crush the budding teenage politicians. A few guest stars interrupt with their turns, allowing Dick Emery a mildly funny moment impersonating the entire panel of a "Juke Box Jury" show. For the rest, the script devotes itself faithfully to providing cues for music, of the calibre of "Hey, it's time for the Alan Freeman show" (switching on a TV set) or "Hey, look it's ..." (passing a convenient TV studio). The numbers themselves, all twenty-eight of them, follow the TV variety show formula, and are unimaginatively presented in cramped settings. Some of the singers – Joe Brown, Cloda Rogers and Kenny Lynch in particular – reveal pleasing personalities; but the film is strictly for incurable addicts." TCM wrote, "episodic in the extreme, Just for Fun plays like an evening of Vaudeville, with the various singing acts punctuated by broad comic bits that are more miss than hit but retain, at least at this distance, an undeniable vintage charm ... sweet relief comes in the form of the assembled musical talent, whose contributions are well-staged by director Gordon Flemyng." References ^ "Just for Fun". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 26 January 2024. ^ "Just for Fun". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 30 (348): 66. 1 January 1963 – via ProQuest. ^ "Just for Fun (1963) - Home Video Reviews - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. External links Just for Fun at TCMDB Just for Fun at IMDb Just for Fun at AllMovie Just for Fun at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Just for Fun then-and-now location photographs at ReelStreets vteWorks directed by Gordon FlemyngFilms Solo for Sparrow (1962) Five to One (1963) Just for Fun (1963) Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965) Mystery Island (1966) Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. (1966) Great Catherine (1968) The Split (1968) The Last Grenade (1970) Miniseries Flight into Hell (1985) vteFilms by Amicus Productions It's Trad, Dad! (1962) Just for Fun (1963) Dr. Terror's House of Horrors (1965) Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965) The Skull (1965) The Psychopath (1966) Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. (1966) The Deadly Bees (1967) The Terrornauts (1967) They Came from Beyond Space (1967) Torture Garden (1967) Danger Route (1967) A Touch of Love (1969) Scream and Scream Again (1970) The Mind of Mr. Soames (1970) The House That Dripped Blood (1971) I, Monster (1971) Tales from the Crypt (1972) What Became of Jack and Jill? (1972) Asylum (1972) The Vault of Horror (1973) And Now the Screaming Starts! (1973) From Beyond the Grave (1974) Madhouse (1974) The Beast Must Die (1974) The Land That Time Forgot (1974) At the Earth's Core (1976) The People That Time Forgot (1977) See also The City of the Dead (1960) The Birthday Party (1968) The Uncanny (1977) Dominique (1979) The Monster Club (1981) This article about a musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Gordon Flemyng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Flemyng"},{"link_name":"Mark Wynter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wynter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFIsearch2-1"},{"link_name":"Amicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_Productions"},{"link_name":"Milton Subotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Subotsky"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Roeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg"}],"text":"Just for Fun is a 1963 British musical film directed by Gordon Flemyng and starriing Mark Wynter and Cherry Roland.[1] It was written by Amicus co-founder Milton Subotsky. 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Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Savile"},{"link_name":"Irene Handl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Handl"},{"link_name":"Hugh Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Dick Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Emery"},{"link_name":"Mario Fabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Fabrizi"},{"link_name":"Ken Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Parry"},{"link_name":"Jack Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bentley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Frank Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Rollings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Rollings"},{"link_name":"Bobby Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Vee"},{"link_name":"The Crickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crickets"},{"link_name":"Freddy Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Johnny Tillotson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tillotson"},{"link_name":"Ketty Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketty_Lester"},{"link_name":"Joe Brown and the Bruvvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Brown_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Karl Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Denver"},{"link_name":"Kenny Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Jet Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Harris"},{"link_name":"Tony Meehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Meehan"},{"link_name":"Clodagh Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodagh_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Louise Cordet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Cordet"},{"link_name":"Lyn Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Cornell"},{"link_name":"The Tornados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tornados"},{"link_name":"The Springfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Springfields"},{"link_name":"The Spotnicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spotnicks"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Powell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Brian Poole and the Tremeloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Poole_and_the_Tremeloes"},{"link_name":"Sounds Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"The Vernons Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vernons_Girls"}],"text":"Mark Wynter as Mark\nCherry Roland as Cherry\nRichard Vernon as Prime minister\nReginald Beckwith as Opposition leader\nJohn Wood as Official\nJeremy Lloyd as Prime minister's son\nHarry Fowler as interviewer\nEdwin Richfield as man with a CND badge\nAlan Freeman as narrator\nDavid Jacobs as disc jJockey\nJimmy Savile as disc jockey\nIrene Handl as housewife\nHugh Lloyd as plumber\nDick Emery\nMario Fabrizi\nKen Parry\nGary Hope\nDouglas Ives\nIan Gray\nJohn Martin\nJack Bentley\nFrank Williams\nGordon Rollings\nBobby Vee\nThe Crickets\nFreddy Cannon\nJohnny Tillotson\nKetty Lester\nJoe Brown and the Bruvvers\nKarl Denver\nKenny Lynch\nJet Harris\nTony Meehan\nClodagh Rodgers\nLouise Cordet\nLyn Cornell\nThe Tornados\nThe Springfields\nThe Spotnicks\nJimmy Powell\nBrian Poole and the Tremeloes\nSounds Incorporated\nThe Vernons Girls","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"Juke Box Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_Box_Jury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"TCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"After a promising beginning, in which the two major political parties ruefully appraise their own vote-appeal, with the Right proclaiming \"We Never Had It So Good\" and the Left sadly echoing \"I've Never Had It\", the script – such as it is – gets bogged down in tiresomely juvenile antics as the Top People try to crush the budding teenage politicians. A few guest stars interrupt with their turns, allowing Dick Emery a mildly funny moment impersonating the entire panel of a \"Juke Box Jury\" show. For the rest, the script devotes itself faithfully to providing cues for music, of the calibre of \"Hey, it's time for the Alan Freeman show\" (switching on a TV set) or \"Hey, look it's ...\" (passing a convenient TV studio). The numbers themselves, all twenty-eight of them, follow the TV variety show formula, and are unimaginatively presented in cramped settings. Some of the singers – Joe Brown, Cloda Rogers and Kenny Lynch in particular – reveal pleasing personalities; but the film is strictly for incurable addicts.\"[2]TCM wrote, \"episodic in the extreme, Just for Fun plays like an evening of Vaudeville, with the various singing acts punctuated by broad comic bits that are more miss than hit but retain, at least at this distance, an undeniable vintage charm ... sweet relief comes in the form of the assembled musical talent, whose contributions are well-staged by director Gordon Flemyng.\"[3]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Just for Fun\". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 26 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150028726","url_text":"\"Just for Fun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Just for Fun\". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 30 (348): 66. 1 January 1963 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/1305831347/CF15A81892A144D8PQ/3","url_text":"\"Just for Fun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin","url_text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Just for Fun (1963) - Home Video Reviews - TCM.com\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_Fighters	The Miracle Fighters	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Critical reception","5 Award nomination","6 References","7 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Miracle Fighters" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1982 Hong Kong filmThe Miracle FightersFilm posterTraditional Chinese奇門遁甲Simplified Chinese奇门遁甲Hanyu PinyinQí Mén Dùn JiǎJyutpingKei4 Mun4 Deon6 Gaap3 Directed byYuen Woo-pingWritten byPeace GroupProduced byLeonard HoRaymond ChowStarringBryan LeungYuen Cheung-yanYuen Yat-choCinematographyMa Koon-wahEdited byPeter CheungMusic byTang Siu-lamProductioncompanyPeace Film Production (HK) Co.Distributed byGolden HarvestRelease date 23 July 1982 (1982-07-23) Running time99 minutesCountryHong KongLanguageCantoneseBox officeHK$8,482,128 The Miracle Fighters (Chinese: 奇門遁甲; pinyin: Qí Mén Dùn Jiǎ; Jyutping: Kei4 Mun4 Deon6 Gaap3; lit. 'Mysterious Gates Escape Technique') is a 1982 Hong Kong martial arts fantasy comedy film directed by Yuen Woo-ping and starring Bryan Leung, Yuen Cheung-yan and Yuen Yat-cho. The film's action sequences features various elements of fantasy, including magic. It was followed by two thematic sequels, Shaolin Drunkard (1983) and Taoism Drunkard (1984), which are similar in style with unrelated storylines. Plot During the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinese and Manchu people were not allowed to marry each other. After he is found to have taken a Han wife, the Emperor commands Ko Hung (Eddy Ko) to kill her. However he refuses, and he has to see his wife die. Ko Hung engages in a battle with the Sorcerer Bat (Yuen Shun-yi). To escape, he also takes the infant prince with him. Ko Hung later accidentally kills the prince. Ko Hung soon finds an infant under a tree. He adopts the boy and names him "Shu-kan", which is literally translated as "Tree Root". To cover up what he has done, he puts the prince's jade on Shu-kan. Over a decade later, the Sorcerer Bat tries to kill Ko. He also tries to kidnap Shu-kan and pass him off as the prince. Ko becomes heavily injured, and Shu-kan (Yuen Yat-cho) goes to find medicine to heal him. Shu-kan meets two elderly Taoist priests, Kei-moon (Bryan Leung) and Tun-kap (Yuen Cheung-yan). Kei-moon and Tun-kap are disciples of the same master (Yuen Siu-tien), and are always quarreling with each other. There the two teach Shu-kan their martial arts and magic skills. The Sorcerer Bat tries hard to get rid of the two to get Shu-kan, but later he manages to kill Tun-kap. Kei-moon then tells Shu-kan to enter a competition to obtain the Supreme Command. Shu-kan, using the skills he learned, enters the competition where he goes through many different obstacles before he faces off with the Sorcerer Bat. He eventually kills the Sorcerer Bat, wins the competition and brings the supreme command with him. As he returns, he and Kei-moon discover that Tun-kap actually faked her death to fool them to obtain the Supreme Command. The two elders then quarrel again over the Supreme Command. They then decide who will take it in a game of Rock-paper-scissors. First, they both hand gesture "rock", then "paper" but Shu-kan gestures "scissor" and beats them both. With the Supreme Command, Shu-kan commands them to stop quarreling. Cast Cast Role Bryan Leung Kei-moon / Old Man奇門 Yuen Cheung-yan Tun-kap / Old Woman遁甲 Yuen Yat-cho Shu-kan樹根 Eddy Ko Ko Hung高雄 Yuen Shun-yi Sorcerer Bat蝙蝠法師 Brandy Yuen Clown in the jar罈子裡的人 Huang Ha Rainmaker Tino Wong One of Sorcerer Bat's men蝙蝠法師手下 Yuen Siu-tien Master師父 Production According to assistant director Fish Fong, "maybe over 20,000" snakes were used for the film, and most of them died because of the dry ice used in a scene towards the end suffocating them. Critical reception Rick Baker and Ken Miller give the film a positive write-up, stating that it is "one of the most original, inventive and well-directed comedy-kung-fu movies ever". Award nomination 2nd Hong Kong Film Awards Nominated: Best Action Choreography (Yuen Woo-ping, Brandy Yuen, Yuen Shun-yee, Yuen Cheung-yan, Yuen Yat-cho, Chiu Chung-hing) References ^ a b c d Baker, Rick; Miller, Ken (2024). The New Essential Guide to Hong Kong Movies. New York, New York: RatPac Press & Skyhorse Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-64821-016-7. ^ "The Miracle Fighters". BBFC. Retrieved 19 June 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ "The Miracle Fighters". Eureka. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024. ^ Fong, Fish (interviewee), Lanuque, Arnaud (interviewer) (24 June 2024). At the Service of the Great Magician: An Interview with Fish Fong (Blu-ray). Event occurs at 12:24. External links The Miracle Fighters at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase The Miracle Fighters at Hong Kong Cinemagic The Miracle Fighters at IMDb vteFilms directed by Yuen Woo-ping Snake in the Eagle's Shadow (1978) Drunken Master (1978) Dance of the Drunk Mantis (1979) The Magnificent Butcher (1979) Dreadnaught (1981) Legend of a Fighter (1982) The Miracle Fighters (1982) Shaolin Drunkard (1983) Drunken Tai Chi (1984) Mismatched Couples (1985) Tiger Cage (1988) In the Line of Duty 4: Witness (1989) Tiger Cage 2 (1990) Tiger Cage 3 (1991) Iron Monkey (1993) Heroes Among Heroes (1993) Tai Chi Master (1993) Wing Chun (1994) Tai Chi Boxer (1996) True Legend (2010) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny (2016) The Thousand Faces of Dunjia (2017) Master Z: Ip Man Legacy (2018) Septet: The Story of Hong Kong (2022)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"Mysterious Gates Escape Technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qimen_Dunjia"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_film"},{"link_name":"fantasy comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_comedy"},{"link_name":"Yuen Woo-ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Woo-ping"},{"link_name":"Bryan Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Leung"},{"link_name":"Yuen Cheung-yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Cheung-yan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEG-1"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)"},{"link_name":"Shaolin Drunkard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Drunkard"},{"link_name":"Taoism Drunkard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism_Drunkard"}],"text":"1982 Hong Kong filmThe Miracle Fighters (Chinese: 奇門遁甲; pinyin: Qí Mén Dùn Jiǎ; Jyutping: Kei4 Mun4 Deon6 Gaap3; lit. 'Mysterious Gates Escape Technique') is a 1982 Hong Kong martial arts fantasy comedy film directed by Yuen Woo-ping and starring Bryan Leung, Yuen Cheung-yan and Yuen Yat-cho[1]. The film's action sequences features various elements of fantasy, including \nmagic. It was followed by two thematic sequels, Shaolin Drunkard (1983) and Taoism Drunkard (1984), which are similar in style with unrelated storylines.","title":"The Miracle Fighters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Manchu people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people"},{"link_name":"Eddy Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Ko"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUR-3"},{"link_name":"Yuen Shun-yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Shun-yi"},{"link_name":"Taoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist"},{"link_name":"Bryan Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Leung"},{"link_name":"Yuen Cheung-yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Cheung-yan"},{"link_name":"Yuen Siu-tien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Siu-tien"},{"link_name":"Rock-paper-scissors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-paper-scissors"}],"text":"During the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinese and Manchu people were not allowed to marry each other. After he is found to have taken a Han wife, the Emperor commands Ko Hung (Eddy Ko) to kill her[3]. However he refuses, and he has to see his wife die. Ko Hung engages in a battle with the Sorcerer Bat (Yuen Shun-yi). To escape, he also takes the infant prince with him. Ko Hung later accidentally kills the prince.Ko Hung soon finds an infant under a tree. He adopts the boy and names him \"Shu-kan\", which is literally translated as \"Tree Root\". To cover up what he has done, he puts the prince's jade on Shu-kan. Over a decade later, the Sorcerer Bat tries to kill Ko. He also tries to kidnap Shu-kan and pass him off as the prince. Ko becomes heavily injured, and Shu-kan (Yuen Yat-cho) goes to find medicine to heal him.Shu-kan meets two elderly Taoist priests, Kei-moon (Bryan Leung) and Tun-kap (Yuen Cheung-yan). Kei-moon and Tun-kap are disciples of the same master (Yuen Siu-tien), and are always quarreling with each other. There the two teach Shu-kan their martial arts and magic skills. The Sorcerer Bat tries hard to get rid of the two to get Shu-kan, but later he manages to kill Tun-kap.Kei-moon then tells Shu-kan to enter a competition to obtain the Supreme Command. Shu-kan, using the skills he learned, enters the competition where he goes through many different obstacles before he faces off with the Sorcerer Bat. He eventually kills the Sorcerer Bat, wins the competition and brings the supreme command with him. As he returns, he and Kei-moon discover that Tun-kap actually faked her death to fool them to obtain the Supreme Command. The two elders then quarrel again over the Supreme Command. They then decide who will take it in a game of Rock-paper-scissors. First, they both hand gesture \"rock\", then \"paper\" but Shu-kan gestures \"scissor\" and beats them both. With the Supreme Command, Shu-kan commands them to stop quarreling.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dry ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EURBlu-4"}],"text":"According to assistant director Fish Fong, \"maybe over 20,000\" snakes were used for the film, and most of them died because of the dry ice used in a scene towards the end suffocating them[4].","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEG-1"}],"text":"Rick Baker and Ken Miller give the film a positive write-up, stating that it is \"one of the most original, inventive and well-directed comedy-kung-fu movies ever\"[1].","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd Hong Kong Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Hong_Kong_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Action Choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Film_Award_for_Best_Action_Choreography"},{"link_name":"Yuen Woo-ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Woo-ping"},{"link_name":"Yuen Cheung-yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Cheung-yan"}],"text":"2nd Hong Kong Film Awards\nNominated: Best Action Choreography (Yuen Woo-ping, Brandy Yuen, Yuen Shun-yee, Yuen Cheung-yan, Yuen Yat-cho, Chiu Chung-hing)","title":"Award nomination"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Baker, Rick; Miller, Ken (2024). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughters_of_Cain	The Daughters of Cain	["1 Synopsis","2 Adaptations","3 Publication history","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Book by Colin Dexter The Daughters of Cain Cover of the first editionAuthorColin DexterLanguageEnglishSeriesInspector Morse series, #11GenreCrime novelPublisherMacmillanPublication date11 November 1994Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardcover)Pages320ISBN0-333-63004-1OCLC31763316Dewey Decimal823/.914 20LC ClassPR6054.E96 D38 1994Preceded byThe Way Through the Woods Followed byDeath Is Now My Neighbour The Daughters of Cain is a crime novel by Colin Dexter. It is the eleventh novel in the Inspector Morse series. Synopsis The body of Dr Felix McClure, Ancient History don of Wolsey College, Oxford, is found in his flat. A brutal murder – a single stab to the stomach with a broad knife. The police have no weapon, no suspect and no motive. The case leads Morse into the path of Edward Brooks, who himself disappears following a museum theft. Then the weapon is found and there are suddenly too many suspects. Adaptations This novel was adapted for television in the Inspector Morse series, airing as The Daughters of Cain, the second episode in series 8 in 1996. The main roles of the detectives were the same actors as throughout the series, John Thaw as Detective Chief Inspector Morse and Kevin Whately as Detective Sergeant Lewis. Publication history 1994, London: Macmillan ISBN 0-333-63004-1, Pub date 11 November 1994, Hardback References Further reading Bishop, David, The Complete Inspector Morse: From the Original Novels to the TV Series London: Reynolds & Hearn (2006) ISBN 1-905287-13-5 External links Novels portal vteInspector Morse by Colin DexterNovels Last Bus to Woodstock (1975) Last Seen Wearing (1976) The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn (1977) Service of All the Dead (1979) The Dead of Jericho (1981) The Riddle of the Third Mile (1983) The Secret of Annexe 3 (1986) The Wench Is Dead (1989) The Jewel That Was Ours (1991) The Way Through the Woods (1992) The Daughters of Cain (1994) Death Is Now My Neighbour (1996) The Remorseful Day (1999) Short stories Morse's Greatest Mystery (1993) Characters Lewis Hathaway Small Strange TV series Inspector Morse episodes Lewis episodes Endeavour characters episodes This article about a crime novel of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Colin Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse"}],"text":"The Daughters of Cain is a crime novel by Colin Dexter. It is the eleventh novel in the Inspector Morse series.","title":"The Daughters of Cain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolsey College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolsey_College"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"}],"text":"The body of Dr Felix McClure, Ancient History don of Wolsey College, Oxford, is found in his flat. A brutal murder – a single stab to the stomach with a broad knife. The police have no weapon, no suspect and no motive. The case leads Morse into the path of Edward Brooks, who himself disappears following a museum theft. Then the weapon is found and there are suddenly too many suspects.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Daughters of Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughters_of_Cain_(TV)"},{"link_name":"John Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thaw"},{"link_name":"Kevin Whately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Whately"}],"text":"This novel was adapted for television in the Inspector Morse series, airing as The Daughters of Cain, the second episode in series 8 in 1996. The main roles of the detectives were the same actors as throughout the series, John Thaw as Detective Chief Inspector Morse and Kevin Whately as Detective Sergeant Lewis.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-63004-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-63004-1"}],"text":"1994, London: Macmillan ISBN 0-333-63004-1, Pub date 11 November 1994, Hardback","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-905287-13-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905287-13-5"}],"text":"Bishop, David, The Complete Inspector Morse: From the Original Novels to the TV Series London: Reynolds & Hearn (2006) ISBN 1-905287-13-5","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31763316","external_links_name":"31763316"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Daughters_of_Cain&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Barbadori	Barbadori Altarpiece	["1 History","2 Description","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]	1438 artwork by Filippo Lippi Barbadori AltarpieceArtistFilippo LippiYear1438Mediumoil on panelDimensions208 cm × 244 cm (82 in × 96 in)LocationLouvre, Paris The Barbadori Altarpiece is a painting by Filippo Lippi, dated to 1438 and housed in the Louvre Museum of Paris. History Gherardo di Bartolomeo Barbadori, who died childless in 1429, left his heritage to the Captains of Orsanmichele for the realization, in the church of Santo Spirito, of a chapel dedicated to Saint Fridianus. The chapel was built in the old sacristy of the church and in 1433 it was decided to place an altarpiece there. The work was commissioned to Filippo Lippi around 1437, and a letter from Piero de' Medici to Domenico Veneziano, dated 1 April 1438, mentions the altarpiece as having not been finished yet. The painting remained in Santo Spirito until 1810, when it was disassembled and brought to France by the Napoleonic troops. After the 1815 restoration it was not given back. Description The panel follows the traditional polyptych pattern of the time only in the upper part, which has arcades and columns. Also differently from previous works, Lippi painted the Virgin as standing, and made her the central point of the composition. The angel on the left pulling up his garment is inspired by Nanni di Banco's group of the "Quattro Coronati", a sculpture in a niche of Orsanmichele. Another element of innovation (introduced at the same time by Fra Angelico) was the lack of a gilded background, replaced by an architectural space with a window opening to hilly landscape, inspired to Flemish contemporary works. The shell-shaped niche in the background, a typical element of 15th century Florentine painting, and of Lippi in particular, is inspired by a niche in the Tribunale of the Mercanzie in Orsanmichele, designed by Donatello. The kneeling saints are St. Augustine on the right and St. Fridianus on the left. On the far left is a self-portrait of Lippi, identified as the young monk behind the balustrade. The work was originally accompanied by a predella, which was returned to Florence after the fall of Napoleon and is now housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It includes three panels depicting St. Fridianus Changing the Course of the Serchio, An Angel Foretells the Virgin Mary's Death to Her, with the Arrival of the Apostles and St Augustine's Vision of the Holy Spirit. Predella of the Barbadori Altarpiece References ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Renaissance Art. Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. ISBN 978-1442264670. Sources De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999). I tempi dell'arte. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7212-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pala Barbadori. Page about the painting (in Italian) vteFilippo LippiPaintings Pietà (Florence; c. 1430–1435) Enthroned Madonna and Child (c. 1437) Barbadori Altarpiece (1438) Pietà (Milan; 1437–1439) Penitent Saint Jerome with a Young Monk (c. 1439) Madonna and Child with Angels and Saints (c. 1440) Martelli Annunciation (c. 1440) Marsuppini Coronation (after 1444) Annunciation with Two Kneeling Donors (1440–1445) Novitiate Altarpiece (c. 1440–1445) Coronation of the Virgin (1441–1447) Annunciation (Munich; c. 1443–1450) Annunciation (Rome; c. 1445–1450) Saint Anthony Abbot and Michael the Archangel (c. 1445–1450) Alessandri Altarpiece (c. 1440–1453) Bartolini Tondo (1452–1453) Madonna del Ceppo (c. 1452–1453) Madonna and Child (Parma; c. 1450–1455) Annunciation (London; c. 1449–1459) Seven Saints (c. 1449–1459) Mystical Nativity (c. 1459) Adoration of the Magi (c. 1440–1460; with Fra Angelico) Funeral of Saint Jerome (1452–1460) Stories of Saint Stephen and Saint John the Baptist (1452–1465) Adoration of the Christ Child (c. 1463) Madonna and Child (Florence; c. 1450–1465) Adoration of the Christ Child (Prato; c. 1455–1466) Madonna of Palazzo Medici-Riccardi (c. 1466–1469) Scenes from the Life of the Virgin Mary (1466–1469) Triptych of the Madonna of Humility with Saints (c. 1470) Related Fra Angelico Filippino Lippi (son)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filippo Lippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Lippi"},{"link_name":"Louvre Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Museum"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"The Barbadori Altarpiece is a painting by Filippo Lippi, dated to 1438 and housed in the Louvre Museum of Paris.","title":"Barbadori Altarpiece"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orsanmichele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichele"},{"link_name":"Santo Spirito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Spirito,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Saint Fridianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridianus"},{"link_name":"Piero de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Domenico Veneziano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Veneziano"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_war"}],"text":"Gherardo di Bartolomeo Barbadori, who died childless in 1429, left his heritage to the Captains of Orsanmichele for the realization, in the church of Santo Spirito, of a chapel dedicated to Saint Fridianus. The chapel was built in the old sacristy of the church and in 1433 it was decided to place an altarpiece there. The work was commissioned to Filippo Lippi around 1437, and a letter from Piero de' Medici to Domenico Veneziano, dated 1 April 1438, mentions the altarpiece as having not been finished yet.The painting remained in Santo Spirito until 1810, when it was disassembled and brought to France by the Napoleonic troops. After the 1815 restoration it was not given back.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyptych"},{"link_name":"Fra Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"Flemish contemporary works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_painting"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"predella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predella"},{"link_name":"Uffizi Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Serchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serchio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predella_pala_barbadori,_uffizi,_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predella_pala_barbadori,_uffizi,_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predella_pala_barbadori,_uffizi,_03.jpg"}],"text":"The panel follows the traditional polyptych pattern of the time only in the upper part, which has arcades and columns. Also differently from previous works, Lippi painted the Virgin as standing, and made her the central point of the composition.The angel on the left pulling up his garment is inspired by Nanni di Banco's group of the \"Quattro Coronati\", a sculpture in a niche of Orsanmichele. Another element of innovation (introduced at the same time by Fra Angelico) was the lack of a gilded background, replaced by an architectural space with a window opening to hilly landscape, inspired to Flemish contemporary works. The shell-shaped niche in the background, a typical element of 15th century Florentine painting, and of Lippi in particular, is inspired by a niche in the Tribunale of the Mercanzie in Orsanmichele, designed by Donatello.The kneeling saints are St. Augustine on the right and St. Fridianus on the left. On the far left is a self-portrait of Lippi, identified as the young monk behind the balustrade.[1]The work was originally accompanied by a predella, which was returned to Florence after the fall of Napoleon and is now housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It includes three panels depicting St. Fridianus Changing the Course of the Serchio, An Angel Foretells the Virgin Mary's Death to Her, with the Arrival of the Apostles and St Augustine's Vision of the Holy Spirit.Predella of the Barbadori Altarpiece","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-451-7212-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-451-7212-0"}],"text":"De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999). I tempi dell'arte. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7212-0.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Renaissance Art. Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. ISBN 978-1442264670.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442264670","url_text":"978-1442264670"}]},{"reference":"De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999). I tempi dell'arte. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7212-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-451-7212-0","url_text":"88-451-7212-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110618071454/http://www.restaurofilippolippi.it/opere/scheda_11.htm","external_links_name":"Page about the painting"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Donelli	Carlo Donelli	["1 Biography","2 References","3 Other projects"]	Italian painter (1661–1715) Compianto del Cristo morto (Fondazione Cariplo) Carlo Donelli (Milan, 1661–1715) was an Italian painter, known as Vimercati. Biography Donelli was probably a pupil of Ercole Procaccini the Younger and his training included the study of Daniele Crespi’s frescoes for the Carthusian monastery in Garegnano. Influenced by the painting of the Venetian Tenebrists, possibly through the work of Filippo Abbiati, he worked at first in the provinces (Codogno and Varese) and then on various churches in Milan. While few of Donelli’s works survive, significant evidence of his style is provided by his altarpiece of Saint Anne Offering Mary to the Eternal Father for the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Sorrows in Rho. References Domenico Sedini, Carlo Donelli, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article). Other projects Media related to Carlo Donelli at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF 2 WorldCat National Germany Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Italian People	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_(Scuola_milanese_-_XVII),_Compianto_del_Cristo_morto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fondazione Cariplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Cariplo"}],"text":"Compianto del Cristo morto (Fondazione Cariplo)Carlo Donelli (Milan, 1661–1715) was an Italian painter, known as Vimercati.","title":"Carlo Donelli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ercole Procaccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Procaccini"},{"link_name":"Daniele Crespi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Crespi"},{"link_name":"Filippo Abbiati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Abbiati"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"}],"text":"Donelli was probably a pupil of Ercole Procaccini the Younger and his training included the study of Daniele Crespi’s frescoes for the Carthusian monastery in Garegnano. Influenced by the painting of the Venetian Tenebrists, possibly through the work of Filippo Abbiati, he worked at first in the provinces (Codogno and Varese) and then on various churches in Milan. While few of Donelli’s works survive, significant evidence of his style is provided by his altarpiece of Saint Anne Offering Mary to the Eternal Father for the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Sorrows in Rho.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Carlo Donelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carlo_Donelli"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3659290#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/75042168"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/95857790"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjMpT7Md6vQBrdr7QB9Gpd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/133442802"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/81089"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500028516"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/donelli-carlo-detto-vimercati_(Dizionario-Biografico)"}],"text":"Media related to Carlo Donelli at Wikimedia CommonsAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nArtists\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nItalian People","title":"Other projects"}]	[{"image_text":"Compianto del Cristo morto (Fondazione Cariplo)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_%28Scuola_milanese_-_XVII%29%2C_Compianto_del_Cristo_morto.jpg/350px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_%28Scuola_milanese_-_XVII%29%2C_Compianto_del_Cristo_morto.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.artgate-cariplo.it/collezione-online/page45d.do?link=oln82d.redirect&kcond31d.att3=497","external_links_name":"Carlo Donelli"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402223047/http://www.artgate-cariplo.it/Portal-museo/page38.do?sp=page38&link=ln502&stu24.LanguageISOCtxParam=en","external_links_name":"Artgate"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/75042168","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95857790","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjMpT7Md6vQBrdr7QB9Gpd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133442802","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/81089","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500028516","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/donelli-carlo-detto-vimercati_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Evangelista_Venegas	Juan Evangelista Venegas	["1 Early years","2 1948 Summer Olympics","3 1948 Olympic results","4 Professional boxing career","5 Death and legacy","6 Notes","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	First Puerto Rican to win an Olympic medal Juan Evangelista VenegasBornJuan Evangelista Venegas TrinidadDecember 27, 1928Río Piedras, Puerto RicoDiedApril 16, 1987(1987-04-16) (aged 58)NationalityPuerto RicanOther names"Veneguitas"StatisticsWeight(s)BantamweightFeatherweightStanceSouthpaw Boxing recordTotal fights32Wins20Wins by KO7Losses10Draws2 Medal record Men's boxing Representing Puerto Rico Olympic Games 1948 London Bantamweight Juan Evangelista Venegas (December 27, 1928 – April 16, 1987) was a Puerto Rican boxer notable for winning Puerto Rico's first Olympic medal. Early years Venegas (birth name: Juan Evangelista Venegas Trinidad) was born in an underprivileged section of the town of Río Piedras. Río Piedras at the time was not incorporated into the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico. There street fighting was a common way of life and many of the youth at that time saw the sport of boxing as a way to a better life. Among them was Venegas, who admired Puerto Rico's first international boxing champion, Sixto Escobar. Venegas took up boxing and his performance in the ring soon caught the attention of the island's recently established Olympic Committee. In 1948 the Puerto Rican Olympic Committee included him in the delegation which would represent the island. 1948 Summer Olympics The 1948 Summer Olympics celebrated in London, was a historical one for Puerto Rico because it was the first time that the island would participate as a nation in an international sporting event. The island's delegation consisted of twelve members. In their opening ceremonies, the Puerto Rican delegation carried the flag of the United States into the Olympic stadium. The United States protested, claiming that two nations could not use the same flag at the same time. The decree of Commonwealth on July 25, 1952, would give the Puerto Rican delegation a flag of their own. In the 1948 Summer Olympics, known as the XIV Olympics, Juan Evangelista Venegas made Puerto Rican sports history by winning Puerto Rico's first Olympic medal ever when he beat Belgium's representative, Louis Callenboat, on points for a unanimous decision. He won the bronze medal in boxing in the Bantamweight division, falling short of the silver medal to Giovanni Zuddas. 1948 Olympic results Below are the results of Juan Evangelista Venegas who competed as a bantamweight boxer for Puerto Rico at the 1948 London Olympics: Round of 32: defeated Louis Calebout (Belgium) on points Round of 16: defeated Babu Lall (India) on points Quarterfinal: defeated Albert Perera (Ceylon) on points Semifinal: lost to Tibor Csík (Hungary) on points Bronze-Medal bout: defeated Álvaro Vicente (Spain) on points (won bronze medal) Professional boxing career After returning to a hero's welcome to Puerto Rico, Venegas turned professional. In 1948, Venegas made his professional boxing debut against Puerto Rican Abelardo Alejandro. Venegas, a southpaw, fought in the bantamweight and featherweight division for a total of 32 fights, compiling a record of 20-10-2. His last fight was in 1958 against Al Tisi. Death and legacy On April 16, 1987, Juan Evangelista Venegas died when he suffered a fall at his home which caused a skull fracture. A week before his death, he was honored by the College of Engineers and Surveyors of Puerto Rico. In honor of his memory, the Puerto Rican Boxing Commission sponsors the Juan Evangelista Venegas boxing tournament, which serves as a tune-up to future Olympic boxing prospects. There is a Juan Evangelista Venegas Olympic Cup which is given in other sports with Olympic orientation. Notes ^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Venegas and the second or maternal family name is Trinidad. See also Puerto Rico portal Black history in Puerto Rico List of Puerto Ricans References ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (October 2017). "Juan Evangelista Venegas Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2017-11-17. ^ "Las Olimpiadas". www.salonhogar.net. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2008-02-29. ^ "14.Olympic Games - London - 1948". www.amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-04-06. ^ a b "PUERTO RICO HERALD: Commonwealth Gives Puerto Rico A Sports Identity". www.puertorico-herald.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. ^ "Debut olímpico en Londres 1948". El Nuevo Día. June 25, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. ^ "Los medallistas olímpicos boricuas". El Nuevo Dia. August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2020. ^ "Juan Evangelista Venegas - BoxRec". boxrec.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2020-01-24. ^ Juan Evangelista Venegas Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine on Salon de la Fama del Deporte Riopedrense ^ Puerto Rico brilla ante EEUU y Guatemala. Archived 2013-04-02 at the Wayback Machine La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 30. Issue 1487. Page 4. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012. External links History of Puerto Rico Boxing record for Juan Evangelista Venegas from BoxRec (registration required) databaseOlympics Certificate of Death: Juan Evangelista Venegas Trinidad. Filed 17 April 1987. Puerto Rico, Dept. of Health, Div. of Vital Statistics, Reg. Dist. No. 152, File No. 0274 (326). Informant: Mrs. Nayda Venegas , Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"}],"text":"Juan Evangelista Venegas (December 27, 1928 – April 16, 1987) was a Puerto Rican boxer notable for winning Puerto Rico's first Olympic medal.","title":"Juan Evangelista Venegas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Sixto Escobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixto_Escobar"},{"link_name":"Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Olympic_Committee"}],"text":"Venegas (birth name: Juan Evangelista Venegas Trinidad[note 1]) was born in an underprivileged section of the town of Río Piedras. Río Piedras at the time was not incorporated into the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico. There street fighting was a common way of life and many of the youth at that time saw the sport of boxing as a way to a better life. Among them was Venegas, who admired Puerto Rico's first international boxing champion, Sixto Escobar. Venegas took up boxing and his performance in the ring soon caught the attention of the island's recently established Olympic Committee. In 1948 the Puerto Rican Olympic Committee included him in the delegation which would represent the island.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantamweight"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Zuddas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Zuddas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRH-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 1948 Summer Olympics celebrated in London, was a historical one for Puerto Rico because it was the first time that the island would participate as a nation in an international sporting event. The island's delegation consisted of twelve members.[2] In their opening ceremonies, the Puerto Rican delegation carried the flag of the United States into the Olympic stadium. The United States protested, claiming that two nations could not use the same flag at the same time. The decree of Commonwealth on July 25, 1952, would give the Puerto Rican delegation a flag of their own.[3]In the 1948 Summer Olympics, known as the XIV Olympics, Juan Evangelista Venegas made Puerto Rican sports history by winning Puerto Rico's first Olympic medal ever when he beat Belgium's representative, Louis Callenboat, on points for a unanimous decision. He won the bronze medal in boxing in the Bantamweight division, falling short of the silver medal to Giovanni Zuddas.[4][5]","title":"1948 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babu Lall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu_Lall"},{"link_name":"Albert Perera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Perera"},{"link_name":"Tibor Csík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_Cs%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Vicente"}],"text":"Below are the results of Juan Evangelista Venegas who competed as a bantamweight boxer for Puerto Rico at the 1948 London Olympics:Round of 32: defeated Louis Calebout (Belgium) on points\nRound of 16: defeated Babu Lall (India) on points\nQuarterfinal: defeated Albert Perera (Ceylon) on points\nSemifinal: lost to Tibor Csík (Hungary) on points[6]\nBronze-Medal bout: defeated Álvaro Vicente (Spain) on points (won bronze medal)","title":"1948 Olympic results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"southpaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handed"},{"link_name":"bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantamweight"},{"link_name":"featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherweight"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"After returning to a hero's welcome to Puerto Rico, Venegas turned professional. In 1948, Venegas made his professional boxing debut against Puerto Rican Abelardo Alejandro. Venegas, a southpaw, fought in the bantamweight and featherweight division for a total of 32 fights, compiling a record of 20-10-2. His last fight was in 1958 against Al Tisi.[7]","title":"Professional boxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRH-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On April 16, 1987, Juan Evangelista Venegas died when he suffered a fall at his home which caused a skull fracture. A week before his death, he was honored by the College of Engineers and Surveyors of Puerto Rico.[8]In honor of his memory, the Puerto Rican Boxing Commission sponsors the Juan Evangelista Venegas boxing tournament, which serves as a tune-up to future Olympic boxing prospects.[4] There is a Juan Evangelista Venegas Olympic Cup which is given in other sports with Olympic orientation.[9]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"}],"text":"^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Venegas and the second or maternal family name is Trinidad.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"Black history in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_history_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of Puerto Ricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans"}]	[{"reference":"Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (October 2017). \"Juan Evangelista Venegas Bio, Stats, and Results\". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2017-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171118223128/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/juan-venegas-1.html","url_text":"\"Juan Evangelista Venegas Bio, Stats, and Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/juan-venegas-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Las Olimpiadas\". www.salonhogar.net. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2008-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salonhogar.net/Enciclopedia/Las_Olimpiadas/indice2.htm","url_text":"\"Las Olimpiadas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105192037/http://www.salonhogar.net/Enciclopedia/Las_Olimpiadas/indice2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"14.Olympic Games - London - 1948\". www.amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/OlympicGames1948.html","url_text":"\"14.Olympic Games - London - 1948\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080514220546/http://www.amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/OlympicGames1948.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PUERTO RICO HERALD: Commonwealth Gives Puerto Rico A Sports Identity\". www.puertorico-herald.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193045/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/PRSportsBeat0630-en.html","url_text":"\"PUERTO RICO HERALD: Commonwealth Gives Puerto Rico A Sports Identity\""},{"url":"http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/PRSportsBeat0630-en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Debut olímpico en Londres 1948\". El Nuevo Día. June 25, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130121234606/http://www.elnuevodia.com/Xstatic/endi/template/imprimir.aspx?id=1286752&t=1","url_text":"\"Debut olímpico en Londres 1948\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa","url_text":"El Nuevo Día"},{"url":"http://www.elnuevodia.com/Xstatic/endi/template/imprimir.aspx?id=1286752&t=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Los medallistas olímpicos boricuas\". El Nuevo Dia. August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/deportes/otrosdeportes/lista/losmedallistasolimpicosboricuas-2226785/","url_text":"\"Los medallistas olímpicos boricuas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014152503/http://www.elnuevodia.com/deportes/otrosdeportes/lista/losmedallistasolimpicosboricuas-2226785","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Juan Evangelista Venegas - BoxRec\". boxrec.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2020-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxrec.com/media/index.php?title=Human:75854","url_text":"\"Juan Evangelista Venegas - BoxRec\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309180611/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php?title=Human:75854","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171118223128/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/juan-venegas-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Juan Evangelista Venegas Bio, Stats, and Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/juan-venegas-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.salonhogar.net/Enciclopedia/Las_Olimpiadas/indice2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Las Olimpiadas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105192037/http://www.salonhogar.net/Enciclopedia/Las_Olimpiadas/indice2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/OlympicGames1948.html","external_links_name":"\"14.Olympic Games - London - 1948\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080514220546/http://www.amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/OlympicGames1948.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193045/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/PRSportsBeat0630-en.html","external_links_name":"\"PUERTO RICO HERALD: Commonwealth Gives Puerto Rico A Sports Identity\""},{"Link":"http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/PRSportsBeat0630-en.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130121234606/http://www.elnuevodia.com/Xstatic/endi/template/imprimir.aspx?id=1286752&t=1","external_links_name":"\"Debut olímpico en Londres 1948\""},{"Link":"http://www.elnuevodia.com/Xstatic/endi/template/imprimir.aspx?id=1286752&t=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/deportes/otrosdeportes/lista/losmedallistasolimpicosboricuas-2226785/","external_links_name":"\"Los medallistas olímpicos boricuas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014152503/http://www.elnuevodia.com/deportes/otrosdeportes/lista/losmedallistasolimpicosboricuas-2226785","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/media/index.php?title=Human:75854","external_links_name":"\"Juan Evangelista Venegas - BoxRec\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309180611/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php?title=Human:75854","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.famadeportesrp.org/exaltados/perfiles/1989/juan.html","external_links_name":"Juan Evangelista Venegas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131954/http://www.famadeportesrp.org/exaltados/perfiles/1989/juan.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3991:puerto-rico-descolla-ante-eeuu-y-guatemala&catid=135:actualidad-del-sur&Itemid=423","external_links_name":"Puerto Rico brilla ante EEUU y Guatemala."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130402072030/http://periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3991:puerto-rico-descolla-ante-eeuu-y-guatemala&catid=135:actualidad-del-sur&Itemid=423","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml","external_links_name":"History of Puerto Rico"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/75854","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Juan Evangelista Venegas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070827125350/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=VENEGJUA01","external_links_name":"databaseOlympics"},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVJG-VZF7","external_links_name":"Certificate of Death: Juan Evangelista Venegas Trinidad."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Ra	Aki Ra	["1 Early life","2 Landmine clearing","3 Adopted children","4 Cambodian Self Help Demining","5 Recognition","6 Personal life","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Cambodian former child soldier, deminer, and museum curator (born c. 1970) Not to be confused with Akira (disambiguation). Aki RaAki RaBornEoun Yeakunknown (c. 1970)Siem Reap, CambodiaOccupation(s)Landmine campaigner, museum curator, director of all-Khmer de-mining NGOSpouse Hourt (died 2009)Children3 Aki Ra (sometimes written Akira, born c. 1970) is a former Khmer Rouge conscripted child soldier who works as a deminer and museum curator in Siem Reap, Cambodia. He has devoted his life to removing landmines in Cambodia and to caring for young landmine victims. Aki Ra states that since 1992 he has personally removed and destroyed as many as 50,000 landmines, and is the founder of the Cambodian Landmine Museum. Early life Aki Ra is unsure of his age, but believes he was born in 1970 or 1973. His parents were killed by the Khmer Rouge. Orphaned in a Khmer Rouge camp, he was taken in by a woman named Yourn who raised him and several other orphaned children. Like many others, he soon became a child soldier once his strength became sufficient to make him useful to local Khmer Rouge military commanders. When the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia with the intention of toppling the Khmer Rouge political regime, he was taken into the custody of Vietnamese soldiers. Later he enlisted with the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces formed by the new government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea. His duties included placing landmines along the mined area on Cambodia's border with Thailand. The name "Aki Ra" was given to him by a Japanese acquaintance and is not his birth name. He was born Eoun Yeak, but one of his supervisors once compared his efficiency to AKIRA, a heavy-duty appliance company in Japan. Landmine clearing Having laid thousands of landmines as a soldier, Aki Ra found employment as a deminer with the UN in 1991. After leaving UNMAS in 1992, he continued disarming and removing mines in his community. Having no demining tools, he used a knife, a hoe, a Leatherman and a stick. He would defuse the landmines and UXOs (unexploded ordnance) he found in small villages and bring home the empty casings. Sometimes he would sell them as scrap to help fund his work. Tourists began hearing stories about a young Khmer man who cleared landmines with a stick and had a house full of defused ordnance. in 1999 Aki Ra began charging a dollar to see his collection, using the money to help further his activities. Thus began the Cambodian Landmine Museum. Aki Ra cleared landmines where he had fought, when he heard about an accident, or when village chiefs and farmers would call him at the museum and tell him of mines in their villages and ask for his help. He conducted informal mine risk education groups to teach people about the dangers of unexploded ordnance and landmines. Adopted children While working in these villages he found many injured and abandoned children. He brought them home to live with him and his wife Hourt. Some of the children who moved to their home were also street kids from Siem Reap and Phnom Penh. Eventually he brought home over two dozen boys and girls. In early 2009, a boy came to live with Aki Ra and Hourt who had lost an arm and most of a hand to a cluster munition. He was working with his uncle in a field near Battambang, west of Siem Reap when he found an explosive probably left over from the Cambodian Civil War. Aki Ra found him in the hospital and told his family about the museum. He now lives there and attends school. Today, 29 children live at the Cambodia Landmine Museum Relief Center. In the past they were mainly landmine victims, but now they also include children born without limbs, polio victims, and some with HIV; some are orphans and some have parents who cannot afford to raise them. Funds from the museum are entirely dedicated to the support of these children to feed them, clothe them, and send them to school. Cambodian Self Help Demining Main article: Cambodian Self Help Demining Cambodian government authorities soon tried to close down the museum, and Aki Ra was required to cease his "uncertified" demining activities after being briefly imprisoned in 2001 and again in 2006. In 2005 he went to London where he was trained on ordnance disposal from the International School of Security and Explosives Education. In 2008 with the help of Landmine Relief Fund, an American charity, and the Vietnam Veterans Mine Clearing Team – Cambodia, an Australian veterans group, he obtained full certification as a deminer and established a new NGO, Cambodian Self Help Demining (CSHD). It is certified by the Cambodian Mine Action Authority which also regularly inspects ordnance displayed in the museum. The Landmine Relief Fund has had a representative in the country working with CSHD. Generous support has also been provided by film producer Richard Fitoussi and film director Tom Shadyac. The Landmine Museum was relocated and reopened in 2008. CSHD's charter is to clear small villages, areas considered "low priority" for other international demining organizations, who are busy in "high priority" areas. In its first year of activity CSHD cleared 163,000 square meters of land and put over 2,400 people back on land that had been too dangerous to farm or live on. CSHD did this for an average cost of US$4,314 per month. CSHD is funded primarily by its American and Australian partners, the Landmine Relief Fund and the Vietnam Veterans Mine Clearing Team – Cambodia. In 2009 the United States Department of State, Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement granted the Landmine Relief Fund US$100,000 to help CSHD in their work to clear ERW (explosive remnants of war) in "low priority villages" in Cambodia. Ongoing funding is uncertain as CSHD must compete with larger demining NGOs such as Mines Advisory Group and Halo Trust. Recognition In 2005 the book Children and the Akira Landmines Museum was published in Japanese, listing Aki Ra as the principal author. In 2006, Mitsurin Shōnen ~Jungle Boy~ manga by Akira Fukaya was published. The manga not only reports Aki Ra's story, but also the meetings the author had with Aki Ra. A second tome has been published in 2007 and a French translation, Enfant Soldat, has been published in 2009 by Éditions Delcourt. The documentary film A Perfect Soldier, describing Aki Ra's life, was released in 2010. In July 2010 Aki Ra was selected as a CNN Hero. In September he was chosen as a Top 10 CNN Hero for 2010. On 12 August 2012 Aki Ra was honored by the Manhae Foundation in South Korea with the 2012 Manhae Foundation Grand Prize for Peace. In February 2013 Aki Ra received the Paul P. Harris Fellowship for peace and conflict resolution from the Rotary Club of Gravenhurst, Ontario. Personal life The documentary film A Perfect Soldier implies that Aki Ra has suffered psychological problems, including depression, mood swings, nightmares and anxiety, as a result of his traumatic experiences as a soldier. Several sources state that Aki Ra has had health problems due to his chronic, repeated exposure to explosive chemicals such as TNT and RDX. In August 2018 Aki Ra was arrested for keeping defused, inert munitions on display at the Cambodian Landmine Museum. He was accused of lacking permits to display the munitions. The museum was closed for three months, but has since reopened. See also Cambodian Self Help Demining Cambodian Landmine Museum References ^ a b The Cambodian Landmine Museum and School Founders ^ "Life of the Land". Time. (31 October 2013). ^ a b Charlie Campbell (31 October 2013). "Life of the Land: A Former Child Soldier Makes Cambodia Safe". Time. ^ a b c Shibata Yukinori, "Book Review: Children and the Aki Ra Landmines Museum". Bulletin of the Jesuit Social Center. Tokyo, no. 129:129.3. ^ "Digging up the past: Legendary Cambodian deminer Aki Ra continues to build Cambodia's future by digging up its past". FCC Cambodia Monthly Newsletter. July 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2014. ^ a b c Ebonne Ruffins (30 July 2010). "Cambodian man clears land mines he set decades ago". CNN. ^ Mark Jenkins (January 2012). "Cambodia's Healing Fields: Land mines once crippled a war-ravaged Cambodia. Today the nation is a model for how to recover from this scourge". National Geographic. ^ Kyle Ellison (23 December 2011). "A step inside the Cambodian Landmine Museum". Gadling. ^ a b Antonio Graceffo (22 May 2008). "Aki Ra and Landmine Museum" Mekong.net. ^ "The Incredible Journey of Aki Ra, Former Child Soldier". Asia Society. Hong Kong (October 13, 2009). ^ a b Meghan Wallace (Fall 2010). "Hero Profile: Aki Ra". Journal of ERW and Mine Action. issue 14.3. ^ Terry Hodgkinson (30 October 2011). "Aki Ra's Landmine Museum". (video). ^ "Aki Ra's Cambodia Landmine Museum". Going Slowly. (November 2011). ^ Julie Stern & Megan Hinton (Spring 2014). "Landmine Museums Encourage Remembrance and Education". Journal of ERW and Mine Action. issue 18.1. ^ a b Matthew Smeal (13 November 2006). "Cambodia's slow recovery from Khmer Rouge". Eureka Street. 16 (17). ^ a b William Morse "Cambodia Landmine Museum". ^ Dan Eaton (26 February 2001). "Mad About Mines". Time. ^ Nicky Sullivan (1 June 2012). "From the good life to digging up land mines in Cambodia: Bill Morse chose to move to Cambodia to help activist Aki Ra rid the country of landmines". Christian Science Monitor. ^ Cambodian Self-Help Demining Website ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Using Landmines to Save Children's Lives. YouTube. ^ "Canadian filmmaker documents horrors of landmines". CTV News. 4 April 2012. ^ "Josh Peace". BravoFACT. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ Andy Brouwer (14 April 2007). "Aki Ra Coming Out of Retirement". ^ CSHD Facebook Page ^ Aki Ra (2005). Children and the Akira Landmines Museum. Books Sanseido. ^ Fukaya, Akira; Ra, Aki (2009). Enfant soldat T01 (DEL.SEINEN). Delcourt. ISBN 978-2756015125. ^ a b A Perfect Soldier, full documentary (50 min). ^ Jill Gaeta (Spring, 2013). "Review of Documentary A Perfect Soldier by John Severson". The Middle Ground Journal. Number 6. ^ "CNN Hero Aki Ra Disarms Land Mines In Cambodia He Placed Decades Earlier". 30 July 2010. ^ "CNN Heroes Archive: Aki Ra" ^ "Aki Ra awarded the Manhae Peace Prize". ^ "Aki Ra Wins Grand Peace Prize". Peace Works. 28 August 2012. ^ Alistair Walsh (8 February 2013). "Canadian Rotarians honour Aki Ra for peace work". Phnom Penh Post. ^ Fullerton, Jamie (22 October 2019). "'Whistles, warnings, kaboom!': a day with a landmine clearance team". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2020. External links The Cambodia Landmine Museum Cambodian Self Help Demining Cambodian Mine Action Center Project Enlighten Year Zero, Story of a Khmer Rouge Soldier Vietnam Veterans Mine Clearing Team – Cambodia YouTube Video for Cambodian Self Help Demining Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akira (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"child soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldier"},{"link_name":"deminer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deminer"},{"link_name":"museum curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_curator"},{"link_name":"Siem Reap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siem_Reap"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"landmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmines"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Landmine Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Landmine_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Akira (disambiguation).Aki Ra (sometimes written Akira, born c. 1970) is a former Khmer Rouge conscripted child soldier who works as a deminer and museum curator in Siem Reap, Cambodia. He has devoted his life to removing landmines in Cambodia and to caring for young landmine victims. Aki Ra states that since 1992 he has personally removed and destroyed as many as 50,000 landmines, and is the founder of the Cambodian Landmine Museum.[2]","title":"Aki Ra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambodialandminemuseum.org-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukinori-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruffins-6"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampuchean_People%27s_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Kampuchea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea"},{"link_name":"mined area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K5_Plan"},{"link_name":"Cambodia's border with Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruffins-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Aki Ra is unsure of his age, but believes he was born in 1970[3][1] or 1973.[4] His parents were killed by the Khmer Rouge.[5] Orphaned in a Khmer Rouge camp, he was taken in by a woman named Yourn who raised him and several other orphaned children. Like many others, he soon became a child soldier once his strength became sufficient to make him useful to local Khmer Rouge military commanders.[6] When the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia with the intention of toppling the Khmer Rouge political regime, he was taken into the custody of Vietnamese soldiers.[7] Later he enlisted with the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces formed by the new government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea. His duties included placing landmines along the mined area on Cambodia's border with Thailand.\nThe name \"Aki Ra\" was given to him by a Japanese acquaintance and is not his birth name. He was born Eoun Yeak, but one of his supervisors once compared his efficiency to AKIRA, a heavy-duty appliance company in Japan.[6][8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graceffo-9"},{"link_name":"UNMAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNMAS"},{"link_name":"Leatherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"unexploded ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Landmine Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Landmine_Museum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smeal-15"},{"link_name":"mine risk education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_action#Mine-risk_education_(MRE)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace-11"}],"text":"Having laid thousands of landmines as a soldier, Aki Ra found employment as a deminer with the UN in 1991.[9] After leaving UNMAS in 1992, he continued disarming and removing mines in his community. Having no demining tools, he used a knife, a hoe, a Leatherman and a stick.[10] He would defuse the landmines and UXOs (unexploded ordnance) he found in small villages and bring home the empty casings. Sometimes he would sell them as scrap to help fund his work.[11]Tourists began hearing stories about a young Khmer man who cleared landmines with a stick and had a house full of defused ordnance.[12] in 1999 Aki Ra began charging a dollar to see his collection, using the money to help further his activities.[13] Thus began the Cambodian Landmine Museum.[14]Aki Ra cleared landmines where he had fought, when he heard about an accident, or when village chiefs and farmers would call him at the museum and tell him of mines in their villages and ask for his help.[15] He conducted informal mine risk education groups to teach people about the dangers of unexploded ordnance and landmines.[11]","title":"Landmine clearing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graceffo-9"},{"link_name":"cluster munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_munition"},{"link_name":"Battambang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battambang"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruffins-6"},{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morse-16"}],"text":"While working in these villages he found many injured and abandoned children. He brought them home to live with him and his wife Hourt. Some of the children who moved to their home were also street kids from Siem Reap and Phnom Penh. Eventually he brought home over two dozen boys and girls.[9]In early 2009, a boy came to live with Aki Ra and Hourt who had lost an arm and most of a hand to a cluster munition. He was working with his uncle in a field near Battambang, west of Siem Reap when he found an explosive probably left over from the Cambodian Civil War. Aki Ra found him in the hospital and told his family about the museum. He now lives there and attends school. Today, 29 children live at the Cambodia Landmine Museum Relief Center.[6] In the past they were mainly landmine victims, but now they also include children born without limbs, polio victims, and some with HIV; some are orphans and some have parents who cannot afford to raise them.[16] Funds from the museum are entirely dedicated to the support of these children to feed them, clothe them, and send them to school.","title":"Adopted children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Self Help Demining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Self_Help_Demining"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tom Shadyac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shadyac"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morse-16"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Political-Military_Affairs"},{"link_name":"explosive remnants of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_remnants_of_war"},{"link_name":"Mines Advisory Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_Advisory_Group"},{"link_name":"Halo Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_Trust"}],"text":"Cambodian government authorities soon tried to close down the museum, and Aki Ra was required to cease his \"uncertified\" demining activities after being briefly imprisoned in 2001[17] and again in 2006.[18] In 2005 he went to London where he was trained on ordnance disposal from the International School of Security and Explosives Education. In 2008 with the help of Landmine Relief Fund, an American charity, and the Vietnam Veterans Mine Clearing Team – Cambodia, an Australian veterans group, he obtained full certification as a deminer and established a new NGO, Cambodian Self Help Demining (CSHD).[19][3] It is certified by the Cambodian Mine Action Authority which also regularly inspects ordnance displayed in the museum. The Landmine Relief Fund has had a representative in the country working with CSHD.[20] Generous support has also been provided by film producer Richard Fitoussi[21] and film director Tom Shadyac.[22]The Landmine Museum was relocated and reopened in 2008.[23][16]CSHD's charter is to clear small villages, areas considered \"low priority\" for other international demining organizations, who are busy in \"high priority\" areas. In its first year of activity CSHD cleared 163,000 square meters of land and put over 2,400 people back on land that had been too dangerous to farm or live on. CSHD did this for an average cost of US$4,314 per month.[24]CSHD is funded primarily by its American and Australian partners, the Landmine Relief Fund and the Vietnam Veterans Mine Clearing Team – Cambodia. In 2009 the United States Department of State, Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement granted the Landmine Relief Fund US$100,000 to help CSHD in their work to clear ERW (explosive remnants of war) in \"low priority villages\" in Cambodia. Ongoing funding is uncertain as CSHD must compete with larger demining NGOs such as Mines Advisory Group and Halo Trust.","title":"Cambodian Self Help Demining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukinori-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"A Perfect Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBXpTbDmbHc"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perfect-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"CNN Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Manhae Foundation Grand Prize for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhae_Prize"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Paul P. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_P._Harris"},{"link_name":"Rotary Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Club"},{"link_name":"Gravenhurst, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravenhurst,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 2005 the book Children and the Akira Landmines Museum was published in Japanese, listing Aki Ra as the principal author.[25][4]In 2006, Mitsurin Shōnen ~Jungle Boy~ manga by Akira Fukaya was published. The manga not only reports Aki Ra's story, but also the meetings the author had with Aki Ra. A second tome has been published in 2007 and a French translation, Enfant Soldat, has been published in 2009 by Éditions Delcourt.[26]The documentary film A Perfect Soldier, describing Aki Ra's life, was released in 2010.[27][28]In July 2010 Aki Ra was selected as a CNN Hero.[29] In September he was chosen as a Top 10 CNN Hero for 2010.[30]On 12 August 2012 Aki Ra was honored by the Manhae Foundation in South Korea with the 2012 Manhae Foundation Grand Prize for Peace.[31][32] In February 2013 Aki Ra received the Paul P. Harris Fellowship for peace and conflict resolution from the Rotary Club of Gravenhurst, Ontario.[33]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mood swings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_swings"},{"link_name":"traumatic experiences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_trauma"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perfect-27"},{"link_name":"health problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT#Safety_and_toxicity"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT"},{"link_name":"RDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukinori-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smeal-15"},{"link_name":"munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munitions"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The documentary film A Perfect Soldier implies that Aki Ra has suffered psychological problems, including depression, mood swings, nightmares and anxiety, as a result of his traumatic experiences as a soldier.[27]Several sources state that Aki Ra has had health problems due to his chronic, repeated exposure to explosive chemicals such as TNT and RDX.[4][15]In August 2018 Aki Ra was arrested for keeping defused, inert munitions on display at the Cambodian Landmine Museum. He was accused of lacking permits to display the munitions. The museum was closed for three months, but has since reopened.[34]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cambodian Self Help Demining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Self_Help_Demining"},{"title":"Cambodian Landmine Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Landmine_Museum"}]	[{"reference":"\"Digging up the past: Legendary Cambodian deminer Aki Ra continues to build Cambodia's future by digging up its past\". FCC Cambodia Monthly Newsletter. July 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061952/http://www.fcccambodia.com/red/newsletter/0707/aki-ra-landmine-museum.php","url_text":"\"Digging up the past: Legendary Cambodian deminer Aki Ra continues to build Cambodia's future by digging up its past\""},{"url":"http://www.fcccambodia.com/red/newsletter/0707/aki-ra-landmine-museum.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Using Landmines to Save Children's Lives. YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cXm1aFNZRg&t=293","url_text":"Using Landmines to Save Children's Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Peace\". BravoFACT. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016034504/http://www.bravofact.com/2012/01/30/josh-peace/","url_text":"\"Josh Peace\""},{"url":"http://www.bravofact.com/2012/01/30/josh-peace/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fukaya, Akira; Ra, Aki (2009). Enfant soldat T01 (DEL.SEINEN). Delcourt. ISBN 978-2756015125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2756015125","url_text":"978-2756015125"}]},{"reference":"Fullerton, Jamie (22 October 2019). \"'Whistles, warnings, kaboom!': a day with a landmine clearance team\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/oct/22/whistles-warnings-kaboom-a-day-with-a-landmine-clearance-team-cambodia","url_text":"\"'Whistles, warnings, kaboom!': a day with a landmine clearance team\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBXpTbDmbHc","external_links_name":"A Perfect Soldier"},{"Link":"http://www.cambodialandminemuseum.org/founders/","external_links_name":"The Cambodian Landmine Museum and School Founders"},{"Link":"http://world.time.com/2013/10/31/life-of-the-land/","external_links_name":"\"Life of the Land\""},{"Link":"http://world.time.com/2013/10/31/life-of-the-land/","external_links_name":"\"Life of the Land: A Former Child Soldier Makes Cambodia Safe\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesuitsocialcenter-tokyo.com/eng/bulletin/no129/iss129_3.html","external_links_name":"\"Book Review: Children and the Aki Ra Landmines Museum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061952/http://www.fcccambodia.com/red/newsletter/0707/aki-ra-landmine-museum.php","external_links_name":"\"Digging up the past: Legendary Cambodian deminer Aki Ra continues to build Cambodia's future by digging up its past\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcccambodia.com/red/newsletter/0707/aki-ra-landmine-museum.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/07/29/cnnheroes.cambodia.demining/","external_links_name":"\"Cambodian man clears land mines he set decades ago\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120107220024/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/01/landmines/jenkins-text","external_links_name":"\"Cambodia's Healing Fields: Land mines once crippled a war-ravaged Cambodia. Today the nation is a model for how to recover from this scourge\""},{"Link":"http://www.gadling.com/2011/12/23/a-step-inside-the-cambodian-landmine-museum/#!slide=955866","external_links_name":"\"A step inside the Cambodian Landmine Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/akira.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aki Ra and Landmine Museum\""},{"Link":"http://asiasociety.org/policy/social-issues/human-rights/incredible-journey-aki-ra-former-child-soldier","external_links_name":"\"The Incredible Journey of Aki Ra, Former Child Soldier\""},{"Link":"http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/14.3/mip/wallace/wallace.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Hero Profile: Aki Ra\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lICg5iBdHSs","external_links_name":"\"Aki Ra's Landmine Museum\""},{"Link":"http://journal.goingslowly.com/2010/11/aki-ras-cambodia-landmind-museum","external_links_name":"\"Aki Ra's Cambodia Landmine 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Baden_Collette	Bruce Baden Collette	["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 Taxon named in his honor","4 Taxon described by him","5 References"]	American zoologist and ichthyologist Bruce Baden ColletteBorn (1934-03-14) March 14, 1934 (age 90)Brooklyn, New York, U. S.Alma materCornell UniversityScientific careerFieldsIchthyologyAuthor abbrev. (zoology)Collette Bruce Baden Collette (born March 13, 1934) is an American ichthyologist. Biography He was born on March 13, 1934, in Brooklyn, New York. He is the son of Raymond Hill Collette and Agnes Hellen (Lavsen) Collette. Publications The diversity of fishes : biology, evolution, and ecology (with Gene S. Helfman and Douglas E. Facey); Malden (Mass.) : Blackwell science, cop. 2009. Results of the Tektite Program: ecology of coral reef fishes (with Sylvia Alice Earle); Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, 1972. Taxon named in his honor The creole darter (Etheostoma collettei) was named in his honour in 1969, The toadfish genus Colletteichthys was named in 2006 in his honour too. Taxon described by him See Category:Taxa named by Bruce Baden Collette References ^ Bruce Baden Collette ^ a b Press, Jaques Cattell (1982-08-01). American men & women of science: physical and biological sciences. Bowker. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-8352-1416-2. ^ a b Who's who in the South and Southwest. Marquis Who's Who. 1976. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8379-0815-1. ^ The diversity of fishes - WorldCat ^ Results of the Tektite Program - WorldCat ^ Birdsong, R. S.; L. W. Knapp (1969). "Etheostoma collettei a new darter of the subgenus Oligocephalus from Louisiana and Arkansas". Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany. 15 (3): 106–112. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (10 October 2019). "Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES (Toadfishes)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii Google Scholar ORCID Other SNAC IdRef This article about an American zoologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"ichthyologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyologist"}],"text":"Bruce Baden Collette (born March 13, 1934)[1][2] is an American ichthyologist.","title":"Bruce Baden Collette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"He was born on March 13, 1934, in Brooklyn, New York.[2][3] He is the son of Raymond Hill Collette and Agnes Hellen (Lavsen) Collette.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The diversity of fishes : biology, evolution, and ecology (with Gene S. Helfman and Douglas E. Facey); Malden (Mass.) : Blackwell science, cop. 2009.[4]\nResults of the Tektite Program: ecology of coral reef fishes (with Sylvia Alice Earle); Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, 1972.[5]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"creole darter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_darter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B&K-6"},{"link_name":"toadfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toadfish"},{"link_name":"Colletteichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletteichthys"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-7"}],"text":"The creole darter (Etheostoma collettei) was named in his honour in 1969,[6]\nThe toadfish genus Colletteichthys was named in 2006 in his honour too.[7]","title":"Taxon named in his honor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Taxa named by Bruce Baden Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Bruce_Baden_Collette"}],"text":"See Category:Taxa named by Bruce Baden Collette","title":"Taxon described by him"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Press, Jaques Cattell (1982-08-01). American men & women of science: physical and biological sciences. Bowker. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-8352-1416-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4T54tE2-aBIC&q=Bruce+Baden+Collette","url_text":"American men & women of science: physical and biological sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8352-1416-2","url_text":"978-0-8352-1416-2"}]},{"reference":"Who's who in the South and Southwest. Marquis Who's Who. 1976. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8379-0815-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XGtmAAAAMAAJ&q=Bruce+Baden+Collette","url_text":"Who's who in the South and Southwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-0815-1","url_text":"978-0-8379-0815-1"}]},{"reference":"Birdsong, R. S.; L. W. Knapp (1969). \"Etheostoma collettei a new darter of the subgenus Oligocephalus from Louisiana and Arkansas\". Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany. 15 (3): 106–112.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4335680#page/124/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Etheostoma collettei a new darter of the subgenus Oligocephalus from Louisiana and Arkansas\""}]},{"reference":"Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (10 October 2019). \"Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES (Toadfishes)\". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Fiji	Governor of Fiji	["1 List of governors of Fiji (1874–1970)","2 Governor's flag","3 Further reading","4 See also"]	Governor of FijiFlag of the governor of Fiji from 1908 to 1970StyleHis Excellency The Right HonourableResidenceGovernment House, SuvaAppointerKing/Queen of the United KingdomFormation10 October 1874First holderSir Hercules RobinsonFinal holderSir Robert Sidney FosterAbolished10 October 1970SuccessionGovernor-General of Fiji Politics of Fiji Constitution History Executive President (list) Wiliame Katonivere Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka Cabinet Attorney-General Siromi Turaga Leader of the Opposition Inia Seruiratu Legislative Parliament Speaker: Naiqama Lalabalavu Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice: Kamal Kumar Court of Appeal High Court Elections Electoral system Voting Political parties Post-independence elections 1972Mar 1977Sep 19771982198719921994199920012006201420182022Next Local government Recent local elections 20022005 Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister: Sitiveni Rabuka Diplomatic missions of / in Fiji Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Former and informal Monarchy Governor Governor-General Chief Minister Executive Council House of Representatives Constituencies Open Communal National Legislative Council Great Council of Chiefs Chairman Senate Vice-President Other countries vte Fiji was a British Crown colony from 1874 to 1970, and an independent dominion in the Commonwealth from 1970 to 1987. During this period, the head of state was the British monarch, but in practice his or her functions were normally exercised locally by the governor prior to independence (on 10 October 1970), and by the governor-general prior to the proclamation of a republic on 7 October 1987. From 1877 to 3 July 1952, governors of Fiji were also high commissioners for the Western Pacific. List of governors of Fiji (1874–1970) Following is a list of people who have served as governor of Fiji. No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term of office Monarch Took office Left office Colony of Fiji 1 Sir Hercules Robinson(1824–1897) 10 October 1874 June 1875 Victoria 2 Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon(1829–1912) 19 August 1875 1880 3 Sir William Des Vœux(1834–1909) 20 December 1880 21 January 1885 — John Bates Thurston(1836–1897)Acting Governor 21 January 1885 1 January 1887 4 Sir Charles Mitchell(1836–1899) 1 January 1887 February 1888 5 Sir John Bates Thurston(1836–1897) February 1888 7 February 1897 6 Sir George T. M. O'Brien(1844–1906) March 1897 1901 — Sir William Allardyce(1861–1930)Acting Governor 1901 10 September 1902 Edward VII 7 Sir Henry Jackson(1849–1908) 10 September 1902 11 October 1904 8 Sir Everard im Thurn(1852–1932) 11 October 1904 1910 — Sir Charles Major(1860–1933)Acting Governor 1910 21 February 1911 George V 9 Sir Francis May(1860–1922) 21 February 1911 25 July 1912 10 Sir Ernest Sweet-Escott(1857–1941) 25 July 1912 10 October 1918 — Sir Eyre Hutson(1864–1936)Acting for Sweet-Escott 1915 1916 11 Sir Cecil Hunter-Rodwell(1874–1953) 10 October 1918 25 April 1925 — Sir Eyre Hutson(1864–1936)Acting for Hunter-Rodwell 1919 1919 12 Sir Eyre Hutson(1864–1936) 25 April 1925 22 November 1929 13 Sir Murchison Fletcher(1878–1954) 22 November 1929 May 1936 Edward VIII — Sir Juxon Barton(1891–1980)Acting Governor May 1936 November 1936 14 Sir Arthur Richards(1885–1978) 28 November 1936 August 1938 George VI — Sir Juxon Barton(1891–1980)Acting Governor August 1938 September 1938 15 Sir Harry Luke(1884–1969) 16 September 1938 20 July 1942 — Alexander Theodore Newboult(1896–1964)Acting Governor 20 July 1942 22 July 1942 16 Sir Philip Mitchell(1890–1964) 22 July 1942 12 January 1944 — Sir John Rankine(1907–1987)Acting Governor 12 January 1944 4 May 1944 — Sir John Nicoll(1899–1981)Acting Governor 4 May 1944 23 October 1944 — Sir John Rankine(1907–1987)Acting Governor 23 October 1944 1 January 1945 17 Sir Alexander Grantham(1899–1978) 1 January 1945 21 March 1947 — Sir John Nicoll(1899–1981)Acting Governor 21 March 1947 8 October 1947 18 Sir Brian Freeston(1892–1958) 8 October 1947 6 October 1952 Elizabeth II 19 Sir Ronald Garvey(1903–1991) 6 October 1952 28 October 1958 20 Sir Kenneth Maddocks(1907–2001) 28 October 1958 6 January 1964 21 Sir Derek Jakeway(1915–1993) 6 January 1964 December 1968 22 Sir Robert Sidney Foster(1913–2005) December 1968 10 October 1970 In 1970, Fiji gained independence from the United Kingdom. After independence, the viceroy in Fiji was the governor-general of Fiji. Governor's flag Governor's flag, 1908–1970 Governor's flag, 1903–1908 Governor's flag, 1883–1903 Governor's flag, 1877–1883 Further reading Paul Knaplund, "Sir Arthur Gordon and Fiji: Some Gordon-Gladstone Letters." Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand 8#31 (1958) pp 281–296. See also Governor-General of Fiji List of heads of state of Fiji vteFiji articlesHistory Heads of state Cakobau period Colonial period Governors Modern history 1977 crisis 1987 coups Military–church relations 2000 coup Reconciliation Commission 2005–2006 crisis 2006 coup 2009 crisis Geography Archipelagoes Cities and towns Earthquakes Provinces Rivers Rotuma Volcanoes Wildlife Politics Chiefly system Constitution Cabinet Climate change Elections Foreign relations Great Council of Chiefs Chairman Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Local government Military Commander Monarchy Parliament Political parties President Vice-President Prime Minister Proposed charter Economy Central bank Companies Fijian dollar (currency) Stock exchange Telecommunications Transport Society Demographics Education Fijian (iTaukei) Indo-Fijians Health Languages Religion Rotuman people Squatting Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Festivals Flag Meke (dance) Literature Music Mythology Notable people Sports Traditions and ceremonies OutlineIndex Category vteGovernors, civil commissioners and administrators of British dependenciesCrownDependencies Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man Lieutenant Governor of Jersey Overseasterritories Governor of Anguilla Governor of Ascension (Administrator of Ascension) Governor of Bermuda Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory Governor of the Virgin Islands Governor of the Cayman Islands Governor of the Falkland Islands Governor of Gibraltar Governor of Montserrat Governor of Pitcairn Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Governor of Saint Helena Governor of Tristan da Cunha (Administrator of Tristan da Cunha) Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands former(Africa) Governor of British Mauritius Governor of British Cameroons Governor of the Gambia Governor of Gold Coast Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West Governor of Kenya Governor of Lagos Colony Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Governor of Northern Rhodesia Governor of Nyasaland Governor of Southern Rhodesia Governor of Nigeria Governor of Senegal Governor of the Seychelles Governor of Sierra Leone Governor-General of South Africa High Commissioner for Southern Africa Governors of British South African colonies Governor of British Somaliland Governor of Tanganyika Governor of Uganda Resident in Zanzibar former(Americas) Governor of the Bahamas Governor of Barbados Lieutenant Governor of Grenada Lieutenant-Governor of Berbice Governor of British Guiana Governor of British Honduras Governor of Cuba Governor of Dominica Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo Governor of Grenada Governor of Jamaica Governor of the Leeward Islands Governor of St. Lucia Governor of St. Vincent Governor of Trinidad and Tobago Lieutenant governors of Tobago Governor of Trinidad Governor of Newfoundland Governor General of Canada Governor of British Columbia Governor of New Brunswick Governor of Nova-Scotia Governor of Prince Edward Island Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands Governor-General of the West Indies Federation Governor of Connecticut Governor of Delaware Governor of Florida Governor of Georgia Governor of Maryland Governor of Massachusetts-Bay Governor of New Hampshire Governor of New-Jersey Governor of New-York Governor of North-Carolina Governor of Pennsylvania Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations Governor of South-Carolina Governor of Virginia former(Asia) Governor of Aden Governor of Burma Governor of Ceylon High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states General Adviser to the Government of Johore Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah Adviser to the Government of Kelantan Adviser to the Government of Perlis Adviser, Trengganu Governor of Hong Kong Viceroy and Governor-General of India Heads of the provinces of British India Governor of Aden Governor of Bengal Governor of Bombay Governor of Madras Governor of Sindh Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states Resident of Gwalior High Commissioner for Iraq Governor of Labuan Representative in Muscat and Oman High Commissioner for Malaya Governor of the Malayan Union Governor of North Borneo Resident Minister in Nepal High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan Governor of Penang Representative in the Raj of Sarawak Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak Governor of Singapore Representative in the Trucial States former(Europe) Governor of Cyprus Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands Governor of the Isle of Wight Civil Commissioner of Malta Governor of Malta Governor of Minorca Governor of Northern Ireland former(Oceania) Governor of Fiji Governor-General of New Zealand Governor-General of Papua New Guinea Governor of the Solomon Islands Consul in Tonga High Commissioner for the Western Pacific former(Australia) Governor-General of Australia Government Resident of Central Australia Governor of New South Wales Government Resident of North Australia Governor of Queensland Governor of South Australia Governor of Tasmania Governor of Victoria Governor of Western Australia Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crown colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"British 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During this period, the head of state was the British monarch, but in practice his or her functions were normally exercised locally by the governor prior to independence (on 10 October 1970), and by the governor-general prior to the proclamation of a republic on 7 October 1987.From 1877 to 3 July 1952, governors of Fiji were also high commissioners for the Western Pacific.","title":"Governor of Fiji"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"governor-general of Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Fiji"}],"text":"Following is a list of people who have served as governor of Fiji.In 1970, Fiji gained independence from the United Kingdom. After independence, the viceroy in Fiji was the governor-general of Fiji.","title":"List of governors of Fiji (1874–1970)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Fiji_(1908%E2%80%931970).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Fiji_(1903%E2%80%931908).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Fiji_(1883%E2%80%931903).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Fiji_(1877%E2%80%931883).svg"}],"text":"Governor's flag, 1908–1970\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor's flag, 1903–1908\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor's flag, 1883–1903\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor's flag, 1877–1883","title":"Governor's flag"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Paul Knaplund, \"Sir Arthur Gordon and Fiji: Some Gordon-Gladstone Letters.\" Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand 8#31 (1958) pp 281–296.","title":"Further 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towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Fiji"},{"title":"Earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Fiji"},{"title":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Fiji"},{"title":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Fiji"},{"title":"Rotuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotuma"},{"title":"Volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Fiji"},{"title":"Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Fiji"},{"title":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Fiji"},{"title":"Chiefly system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Chiefs_(Fiji)"},{"title":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Fiji"},{"title":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Fiji"},{"title":"Climate 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Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba"},{"title":"Governor of Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Dominica"},{"title":"Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo"},{"title":"Governor of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Grenada#British_governors_of_Grenada_(1762%E2%80%931802)"},{"title":"Governor of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Jamaica"},{"title":"Governor of the Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Leeward_Islands"},{"title":"Governor of St. Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_St._Lucia"},{"title":"Governor of St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_St._Vincent"},{"title":"Governor of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"title":"Lieutenant governors 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Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec#Lieutenant_Governors_of_the_Province_of_Quebec,_1760%E2%80%931791"},{"title":"Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Christopher,_Nevis_and_Anguilla"},{"title":"Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-in-Chief_of_the_Windward_Islands"},{"title":"Governor-General of the West Indies Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_West_Indies_Federation"},{"title":"Governor of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Connecticut"},{"title":"Governor of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania"},{"title":"Governor of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Florida"},{"title":"Governor of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Georgia"},{"title":"Governor of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland"},{"title":"Governor of Massachusetts-Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Massachusetts"},{"title":"Governor of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Hampshire"},{"title":"Governor of New-Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey"},{"title":"Governor of New-York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Governor_of_New_York"},{"title":"Governor of North-Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North-Carolina_(1712%E2%80%931776)"},{"title":"Governor of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania"},{"title":"Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island"},{"title":"Governor of South-Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina"},{"title":"Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia"},{"title":"Governor of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden"},{"title":"Governor of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Burma"},{"title":"Governor of Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon"},{"title":"High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya"},{"title":"General Adviser to the Government of Johore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Johore"},{"title":"Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Sultan_of_Kedah"},{"title":"Adviser to the Government of Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Kelantan"},{"title":"Adviser to the Government of Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Perlis"},{"title":"Adviser, Trengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser,_Trengganu"},{"title":"Governor of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Viceroy and Governor-General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_India"},{"title":"Governor of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden"},{"title":"Governor of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency"},{"title":"Governor of Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bombay_Presidency"},{"title":"Governor of Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_Governors_and_Presidents_of_Madras_Presidency"},{"title":"Governor of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_in_British_India"},{"title":"Resident of Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_of_Gwalior"},{"title":"High Commissioner for Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq#British_High_Commissioners_to_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq"},{"title":"Governor of Labuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Labuan"},{"title":"Representative in Muscat and Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Muscat_and_Oman"},{"title":"High Commissioner for Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Malaya"},{"title":"Governor of the Malayan Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Malayan_Union"},{"title":"Governor of North Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Borneo"},{"title":"Resident Minister in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_resident_ministers_in_Nepal"},{"title":"High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan"},{"title":"Governor of Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Penang"},{"title":"Representative in the Raj of Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Raj_of_Sarawak"},{"title":"Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak#Administration"},{"title":"Governor of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Singapore"},{"title":"Representative in the Trucial States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Trucial_States"},{"title":"Governor of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus"},{"title":"Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligoland"},{"title":"High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands"},{"title":"Governor of the Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Wight"},{"title":"Civil Commissioner of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_commissioners_of_Malta"},{"title":"Governor of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Malta"},{"title":"Governor of Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minorca"},{"title":"Governor of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"Governor of Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Governor-General of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand"},{"title":"Governor-General of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"title":"Governor of the Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_resident_commissioners_and_governors_of_the_Solomon_Islands"},{"title":"Consul in Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_consuls_in_Tonga"},{"title":"High Commissioner for the Western Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_the_Western_Pacific"},{"title":"Governor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia"},{"title":"Government Resident of Central Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Resident_of_Central_Australia"},{"title":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"title":"Government Resident of North Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Resident_of_North_Australia"},{"title":"Governor of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland"},{"title":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"title":"Governor of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Tasmania"},{"title":"Governor of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria"},{"title":"Governor of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia"},{"title":"Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Swan_River_Colony"},{"title":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Viceroys_of_the_British_monarch"}]	[]	[]

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